Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.16 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 949 119744 72521 2026-08-23T05:08:33Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ŵanthu |Zina = John Chilembwe |Chithuzi = [[File:John Chilembwe (2).png|197px]] |Ntchito = |Siku_lakubabikila = Juni 1871 |Malo_ghakubabikila = [[Maravi]] |Siku_lakufwila = 3 [[Feburuwar]] 1915 |Malo_ghakufwila = [[Mulanje (msumba)|Mulanje]], [[Malaŵi]] }} '''John Nkolongo Chilembwe''' (1871 – 3 [[Feburuwar]] 1915) wakawako mu chaka cha 1871 pafupi na pa Sangano mu boma la Chiradzulu. Awiske bakaba baYao ndipo anyina bakaba baCheŵa. Mu chaka cha [[:en:1885|1885]] Awiske na anyina John Chilembwe bakawukako ku muzi kwawo kufupi na ku Sangano na kuluta pa malo ayo yakaba ku manjililo ya zuba ya mulonga wa Mudi – apo sono mphakati-kati pa msumba wa Blantyre. Bakamutumizga John ku sukulu ya Tchalitchi cha ku Scotland (Church of Scotland) uko Chilembwe wakapanga sukulu mpaka Standard 3. Mu chaka cha [[:en:1892|1892]] Chilembwe wakayamba ntchito ngeti wakuphikila muliska Joseph Booth. Chilembwe wakaba wakutemwa kusambila ndiposo wakatemwa chomene kusambila unenesko wa uKhristu (Christianity). Pa chifukwa ichi, Booth wakamuzgola kuba wakumasulila (interpreter) uphalazgi wake. Joseph Booth wati watondeka kupanga banthu bafipa (African Americans) kuti bamupe ndalama kuti wayambile ntchito za [[:en: Chiuta|Chiuta]] mu British Central Africa, wakabapempha kuti ipo bamuyike John Chilembwe kuti wabe pa sukulu ndipo bakazomela na kumuyika Chilembwe pa sukulu ya Virginia Theological Seminary and College ku malo ya Lynchburg uko wakamalizga masambilo yake na kuba muliska mu chaka cha [[:en:1899|1899]]. Wati wamalizga masambilo yake, Chilembwe wakawelela ku British Central Africa. Pakwiza kwake wakayimapo ku [[:en: London|London]] uko wakatola chizomelezgo chakuti wayambiske uphalazgi wake kuno kukaya. Wati wawela, Chilembwe wakayamba uliska wake na kuchema tchalitchi chake Ajawa Providence Industrial Mission. Chifukwa chakuti banthu banandi awo bakaba baChawa yayi bakizanga, wakafupikizga zina kuti libe waka Providence Industrial Mission. Chilembwe wakatola Ida uyo wakaba mwana wa mwanakazi wa chiKololo na dada wa chiPhwitikizi (Portuguese). Nkhondo ya chalo chose chapasi (First World War) yikati yayamba pa zuba lachinayi la mwezi wa chinkhondi na chibili (4 August 1914), baNgerezi ba mu wato wakuchemeka ''SS Guendlen'' bakapoka wato wa baGeremani wakuchemeka ''Von Wissmann'' ndipo baGeremani ba ku German East Africa (sono [[Tanzania]]) bakanjila nakwamba nkhondo ku Karonga ndipo bangerezi bakayamba kuchichimizga banthu bakuno kuti babavwile pa nkhondo yawo. Chilembwe wakatondeka yayi na ivi chifukwa kuchimbizga baGeremani kubafwiska banthu banandi ba mu [[Nyasaland]]. Chilembwe wakalemba kalata mu nyuzi ya ''Nyasaland Times'' yakususka kuchichimizga banthu aba na kufumba chifukwa chakuti bafipa bafwile mu nkhondo ya bazungu. Mazuba makhumi yabili na yatatu mu mwezi wakwamba (23 January) mu chaka cha [[:en:1915|1915]], John Chilembwe wakayambiska chivundungwele chakuwukila baNgerezi. Chilembwe wakaghana-ghananga kuti pakuti baNgerezi bakaba pa nkhondo na baGeremani babenge na nkhongono zakulimbana na balwi bake yayi. Wakaghana-ghananga kuti ngeti chalo cha Haiti icho chikapoka wanangwa apo mulongozgi wa baFalansa (France) [[:en:Napoleon|Napoleon]] wakatangwanika na baNgerezi nayo wangatola wanangwa naumo baNgerezi bakatangwanikila na baGeremani. Chilembwe wakayamba chivundungwele ichi nyengo iyi chifukwa wakapokela kalata kufuma kwa Moses Chikwana yakuti bazungu bakakhumbanga kukoma Chilembwe na banthu bake pa zuba la makhumi yabili na yankhondi mu mwezi wakwamba uwu. Chilembwe wakakhumba kuti wayambe kubakoma bazungu ndiyo iwo bandakomepo basambili bake. Mu chaka cha [[:en:1897|1897]] John Chilembwe wakaluta ku chalo cha [[United States of America|America]] na Joseph Booth. Maghano-ghano ya Booth pakuluta na Chilembwe yakaba kuti wakamuvwile kupempha ndalama zakuvwila uphalazgi wake mu British Central Africa (zina la chalo cha Malaŵi chichali chindachemeke Nyasaland). Chilembwe wakakomeka na bapolisi na Garnet Kaduya, munung’una wa David Kaduya uyo wakaba munyake chomene wa Chilembwe, pa zuba lachitatu a mwezi wachibili (3 February) mu chaka cha [[:en:1915|1915]]. [[Category:Malaŵi]] roqiorgzsfq00z30d641i0r18eqepaj 4 2096 119746 102553 2026-08-23T05:26:07Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Box |<center><big><big>'''NOTE TO READERS:This page describes a widely accepted standard that all editors should normally follow. Changes made to it should reflect consensus. Jani lino likulongosola vyakukhwaskana na udindo wau Admin, chonde kusintha kulikose kukwenela kumanyiskika'''</big></big> <br/><br/> '''Pala muna fumbo linyake, chonde lutani pa: [[Wikipedia:Community Portal]].'''</center> }} Udindo wa u Adminstrator ukupelekeka kwa munthu uyo ngwakugomezgeka kweneso uyo wakumanya kulemba na kulondezga malango gha Wikipedia.Udindo wa u Admin ukung'anamula kulemba chala. Admin ni munthu wakugomezgeka uyo: * wangaponoska na kuleka kuponoska majani * kufufuta na kuleka kufufuta majani * kufufuta vithuzi na kukwezgela vithuzi * kujalila ŵagwiliski pano pa Wikipediya * kusintha majani na maonekelo gha wiki Mungapempha udindo wa u Admin pala: * Ndimwe ŵalendo chala ku nkhokwe zinyake za Wikimedia. Ndimwe mlembi kwakujumpha miyezi iŵili ndipo mukupulikiska za chilato chake. * Muna jani linu pano pa Wikipediya ndipo mukulembapo pano. * Mukulondezga malango ndipo muna ulemu na mavoti ghalighose. * Ŵalipo ŵanyake pano awo ŵangatola udindo uwo. Ngati ni [[m:Administrator on Meta|malango gha u Admin pa Meta]], ma admin awo ŵandagwiliske ntchito udindo wawo kwa nyengo zitali udindo wawo ukupokeka. == Mndandanda wa ma Ŵalongozgi (Administrators) == # [[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] # [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] == Mndandanda wa ma Ŵasankhi Udindo (bureaucrats) == # ... == Kupempha Udindo wa u Administrator == Chonde longosolani chifukwa icho mukukhumbila kukhala mlongozgi pano. Pala pajumpha masabata ghaŵili (until this Wikipedia gets more active, this period shall be 1 month), pala chikaya chazomelezga, mungaŵa mlongozgi. Nyengo ingakuzgika mpaka masabata ghaŵili usange palije ŵakuyowoyapo chilichose. * [[/Archive|Mwakusunga]] {{Box 2 |<center><big><big>'''IN ENGLISH'''</center> }} Administrator access is granted to known and trusted members of the community who are familiar with the policies of Wikipedia. Administrator access is not meant to imply editorial authority on the project. An administrator is simply a trusted user that can: * protect and unprotect pages * delete and undelete pages * delete images and other uploaded files * block and unblock users * edit the interface and other protected pages. You can request adminship if you meet the following criteria: * You are not completely new to Wikimedia projects. You have been an editor for at least 2 months and you understand and agree with the goals of the project. * You have a user page on this Wikipedia and are a contributor here. * You agree to follow relevant policies and respect consensus of the users. * There is a consensus amongst users here that you would be a suitable administrator. As with the [[m:Administrator on Meta|policy for administrator access on Meta]], inactive administrators may have their access removed. == List of administrators == # [[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] == List of bureaucrats == # ... == Requests for adminship == Please explain here why you need administrator or bureaucrat access. After two weeks (until this Wikipedia gets more active, this period shall be 1 month), if there is general agreement that you should be an administrator, one of the bureaucrats will fulfil the request. The period can be extented with two more weeks if response of the community is not forecoming. * [[/Archive|Archive]] mvogi9sq17vpw5pmq4r8j8i7wl4zhpg 119747 119746 2026-08-23T05:26:37Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Mndandanda wa ma Ŵalongozgi (Administrators) */ 119747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Box |<center><big><big>'''NOTE TO READERS:This page describes a widely accepted standard that all editors should normally follow. Changes made to it should reflect consensus. Jani lino likulongosola vyakukhwaskana na udindo wau Admin, chonde kusintha kulikose kukwenela kumanyiskika'''</big></big> <br/><br/> '''Pala muna fumbo linyake, chonde lutani pa: [[Wikipedia:Community Portal]].'''</center> }} Udindo wa u Adminstrator ukupelekeka kwa munthu uyo ngwakugomezgeka kweneso uyo wakumanya kulemba na kulondezga malango gha Wikipedia.Udindo wa u Admin ukung'anamula kulemba chala. Admin ni munthu wakugomezgeka uyo: * wangaponoska na kuleka kuponoska majani * kufufuta na kuleka kufufuta majani * kufufuta vithuzi na kukwezgela vithuzi * kujalila ŵagwiliski pano pa Wikipediya * kusintha majani na maonekelo gha wiki Mungapempha udindo wa u Admin pala: * Ndimwe ŵalendo chala ku nkhokwe zinyake za Wikimedia. Ndimwe mlembi kwakujumpha miyezi iŵili ndipo mukupulikiska za chilato chake. * Muna jani linu pano pa Wikipediya ndipo mukulembapo pano. * Mukulondezga malango ndipo muna ulemu na mavoti ghalighose. * Ŵalipo ŵanyake pano awo ŵangatola udindo uwo. Ngati ni [[m:Administrator on Meta|malango gha u Admin pa Meta]], ma admin awo ŵandagwiliske ntchito udindo wawo kwa nyengo zitali udindo wawo ukupokeka. == Mndandanda wa ma Ŵalongozgi (Administrators) == # [[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] # [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] # [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] == Mndandanda wa ma Ŵasankhi Udindo (bureaucrats) == # ... == Kupempha Udindo wa u Administrator == Chonde longosolani chifukwa icho mukukhumbila kukhala mlongozgi pano. Pala pajumpha masabata ghaŵili (until this Wikipedia gets more active, this period shall be 1 month), pala chikaya chazomelezga, mungaŵa mlongozgi. Nyengo ingakuzgika mpaka masabata ghaŵili usange palije ŵakuyowoyapo chilichose. * [[/Archive|Mwakusunga]] {{Box 2 |<center><big><big>'''IN ENGLISH'''</center> }} Administrator access is granted to known and trusted members of the community who are familiar with the policies of Wikipedia. Administrator access is not meant to imply editorial authority on the project. An administrator is simply a trusted user that can: * protect and unprotect pages * delete and undelete pages * delete images and other uploaded files * block and unblock users * edit the interface and other protected pages. You can request adminship if you meet the following criteria: * You are not completely new to Wikimedia projects. You have been an editor for at least 2 months and you understand and agree with the goals of the project. * You have a user page on this Wikipedia and are a contributor here. * You agree to follow relevant policies and respect consensus of the users. * There is a consensus amongst users here that you would be a suitable administrator. As with the [[m:Administrator on Meta|policy for administrator access on Meta]], inactive administrators may have their access removed. == List of administrators == # [[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] == List of bureaucrats == # ... == Requests for adminship == Please explain here why you need administrator or bureaucrat access. After two weeks (until this Wikipedia gets more active, this period shall be 1 month), if there is general agreement that you should be an administrator, one of the bureaucrats will fulfil the request. The period can be extented with two more weeks if response of the community is not forecoming. * [[/Archive|Archive]] lg2ifl9sqlzvcd31gdse0l2p9bs1twu 119748 119747 2026-08-23T05:27:01Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* List of administrators */ 119748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Box |<center><big><big>'''NOTE TO READERS:This page describes a widely accepted standard that all editors should normally follow. Changes made to it should reflect consensus. Jani lino likulongosola vyakukhwaskana na udindo wau Admin, chonde kusintha kulikose kukwenela kumanyiskika'''</big></big> <br/><br/> '''Pala muna fumbo linyake, chonde lutani pa: [[Wikipedia:Community Portal]].'''</center> }} Udindo wa u Adminstrator ukupelekeka kwa munthu uyo ngwakugomezgeka kweneso uyo wakumanya kulemba na kulondezga malango gha Wikipedia.Udindo wa u Admin ukung'anamula kulemba chala. Admin ni munthu wakugomezgeka uyo: * wangaponoska na kuleka kuponoska majani * kufufuta na kuleka kufufuta majani * kufufuta vithuzi na kukwezgela vithuzi * kujalila ŵagwiliski pano pa Wikipediya * kusintha majani na maonekelo gha wiki Mungapempha udindo wa u Admin pala: * Ndimwe ŵalendo chala ku nkhokwe zinyake za Wikimedia. Ndimwe mlembi kwakujumpha miyezi iŵili ndipo mukupulikiska za chilato chake. * Muna jani linu pano pa Wikipediya ndipo mukulembapo pano. * Mukulondezga malango ndipo muna ulemu na mavoti ghalighose. * Ŵalipo ŵanyake pano awo ŵangatola udindo uwo. Ngati ni [[m:Administrator on Meta|malango gha u Admin pa Meta]], ma admin awo ŵandagwiliske ntchito udindo wawo kwa nyengo zitali udindo wawo ukupokeka. == Mndandanda wa ma Ŵalongozgi (Administrators) == # [[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] # [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] # [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] == Mndandanda wa ma Ŵasankhi Udindo (bureaucrats) == # ... == Kupempha Udindo wa u Administrator == Chonde longosolani chifukwa icho mukukhumbila kukhala mlongozgi pano. Pala pajumpha masabata ghaŵili (until this Wikipedia gets more active, this period shall be 1 month), pala chikaya chazomelezga, mungaŵa mlongozgi. Nyengo ingakuzgika mpaka masabata ghaŵili usange palije ŵakuyowoyapo chilichose. * [[/Archive|Mwakusunga]] {{Box 2 |<center><big><big>'''IN ENGLISH'''</center> }} Administrator access is granted to known and trusted members of the community who are familiar with the policies of Wikipedia. Administrator access is not meant to imply editorial authority on the project. An administrator is simply a trusted user that can: * protect and unprotect pages * delete and undelete pages * delete images and other uploaded files * block and unblock users * edit the interface and other protected pages. You can request adminship if you meet the following criteria: * You are not completely new to Wikimedia projects. You have been an editor for at least 2 months and you understand and agree with the goals of the project. * You have a user page on this Wikipedia and are a contributor here. * You agree to follow relevant policies and respect consensus of the users. * There is a consensus amongst users here that you would be a suitable administrator. As with the [[m:Administrator on Meta|policy for administrator access on Meta]], inactive administrators may have their access removed. == List of administrators == # [[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] # [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] # [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] == List of bureaucrats == # ... == Requests for adminship == Please explain here why you need administrator or bureaucrat access. After two weeks (until this Wikipedia gets more active, this period shall be 1 month), if there is general agreement that you should be an administrator, one of the bureaucrats will fulfil the request. The period can be extented with two more weeks if response of the community is not forecoming. * [[/Archive|Archive]] 857pmkx7o1clvdluwwdpfnewz1s9mtk 3 6887 119742 119579 2026-08-23T04:53:56Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Thank you so much */ new section 119742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == TumbukaArchBot == @[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] Hello, I saw you are encoding a bot called TumbukaArchBot. I am intrigued by this. I understand bots take a lot of work, but I wanted to make my own bot which expands the very short articles on this wiki by adding and translating information from Wikidata and other Wikipedias (for example the English and Swahili editions). I don't know where to start, so I hope you have some knowledge? Yewo chomene!! '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:45, 13 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], thanks for reminding me. The bot is already available and currently in test. I can post instructions via email if it is okay with you. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 11:14, 16 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) ::Yes please! Amazing to see its up and running. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 11:58, 16 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) == Growth/Newsletters/36 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|180px|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''Updates from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth]] team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === Recent releases === ====Account creation experiments==== Several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|experiments to increase successful account creation]] have delivered significant results. * An updated message shown to logged-out mobile users who try to edit produced a 27% relative increase in account creation and is being scaled to all wikis. ([[phab:T424595|T424595]]) * A new account menu button in the mobile web header, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Experiment Results: Mobile Web Account Menu|A/B tested across five Wikipedias with nearly 8 million participants]], made logged-out mobile users 25% more likely to create an account, with no significant difference in constructive editing behavior. ([[phab:T428220|T428220]]) *A simpler post-edit dialog for temporary account holders increased permanent account creation by 87% (relative), converting more temp editors into registered ones. ([[phab:T416418|T416418]])[[File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|thumb|The redesigned account creation form increases registration by a relative 24.4%]] *We also redesigned the account creation form itself ([[phab:T409236|T409236]]): adding real-time username validation, a concise summary of the username policy, a "reveal password" option, and a simplified design aligned with [[wmdoc:codex/latest|Codex]] guidelines. In an A/B test on English Wikipedia mobile, users who saw the redesigned form created permanent accounts at a rate of 20.4%, compared to 16.4% for the control group (a 24.4% relative increase). ====Revise Tone structured task==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages that may contain non-encyclopedic language and guides them through revising the tone. In A/B testing on Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, newcomer task completion rates were [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone#Experiment Results|38.7% higher]] than the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The test ended July 9, and the feature is now available to everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration. [[phab:T426364|We plan]] to release Revise Tone to more wikis. ====Automated mentor list cleanup==== Communities can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatically mark inactive mentors as ''away'' or remove them from mentorship entirely]] (which automatically reassigns their mentees). Inactivity is based on edits, and talk page responses count, so mentors answering mentee questions remain active. We recommend enabling both options together; administrators can enable them via [[Special:CommunityConfiguration]] and review the mentor list at [[Special:ManageMentors]]. ====Growth features for Wikidata==== Growth features are [[phab:T400937|now available at Wikidata]], including a simplified Newcomer Homepage, Mentorship, the Impact module, Community Updates and the Help Panel. === Work in progress === [[File:Home designs labeled.png|thumb|Early concepts for evolving the Newcomer Homepage into a personalized 'Home' that grows with contributors.]] ====Home==== The Growth and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]] teams are developing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Home|Home]] ([[phabricator:T419358|T419358]]): a unified, personalized landing page intended to replace the Newcomer Homepage. Rather than remaining a newcomer-only feature, Home will evolve with users as they gain experience, surfacing Suggested Edits, edits to review, and moderation workflows at the right moment. === Research === The [https://research.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia Research team], in partnership with the Growth Team, published findings from two projects on how new editors learn and integrate into the community: * [[m:Research:Understanding_newcomer_mentorship_on_Wikipedia|Understanding newcomer mentorship on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Research:Successful_Newcomers_Survey_2025#Results|Successful Newcomers Survey]] ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 13:17, 18 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=30870183 --> == Thank you so much == Hello @[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], yewo chomene for making me an administrator! I will help out this wiki a lot! I hope you are having a good day. Yewo chomene! '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 04:53, 23 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) boq5t33z1umswjy06sl2drreezyfroj 119743 119742 2026-08-23T04:55:58Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Thank you so much */ 119743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == TumbukaArchBot == @[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] Hello, I saw you are encoding a bot called TumbukaArchBot. I am intrigued by this. I understand bots take a lot of work, but I wanted to make my own bot which expands the very short articles on this wiki by adding and translating information from Wikidata and other Wikipedias (for example the English and Swahili editions). I don't know where to start, so I hope you have some knowledge? Yewo chomene!! '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:45, 13 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], thanks for reminding me. The bot is already available and currently in test. I can post instructions via email if it is okay with you. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 11:14, 16 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) ::Yes please! Amazing to see its up and running. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 11:58, 16 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) == Growth/Newsletters/36 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|180px|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''Updates from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth]] team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === Recent releases === ====Account creation experiments==== Several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|experiments to increase successful account creation]] have delivered significant results. * An updated message shown to logged-out mobile users who try to edit produced a 27% relative increase in account creation and is being scaled to all wikis. ([[phab:T424595|T424595]]) * A new account menu button in the mobile web header, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Experiment Results: Mobile Web Account Menu|A/B tested across five Wikipedias with nearly 8 million participants]], made logged-out mobile users 25% more likely to create an account, with no significant difference in constructive editing behavior. ([[phab:T428220|T428220]]) *A simpler post-edit dialog for temporary account holders increased permanent account creation by 87% (relative), converting more temp editors into registered ones. ([[phab:T416418|T416418]])[[File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|thumb|The redesigned account creation form increases registration by a relative 24.4%]] *We also redesigned the account creation form itself ([[phab:T409236|T409236]]): adding real-time username validation, a concise summary of the username policy, a "reveal password" option, and a simplified design aligned with [[wmdoc:codex/latest|Codex]] guidelines. In an A/B test on English Wikipedia mobile, users who saw the redesigned form created permanent accounts at a rate of 20.4%, compared to 16.4% for the control group (a 24.4% relative increase). ====Revise Tone structured task==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages that may contain non-encyclopedic language and guides them through revising the tone. In A/B testing on Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, newcomer task completion rates were [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone#Experiment Results|38.7% higher]] than the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The test ended July 9, and the feature is now available to everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration. [[phab:T426364|We plan]] to release Revise Tone to more wikis. ====Automated mentor list cleanup==== Communities can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatically mark inactive mentors as ''away'' or remove them from mentorship entirely]] (which automatically reassigns their mentees). Inactivity is based on edits, and talk page responses count, so mentors answering mentee questions remain active. We recommend enabling both options together; administrators can enable them via [[Special:CommunityConfiguration]] and review the mentor list at [[Special:ManageMentors]]. ====Growth features for Wikidata==== Growth features are [[phab:T400937|now available at Wikidata]], including a simplified Newcomer Homepage, Mentorship, the Impact module, Community Updates and the Help Panel. === Work in progress === [[File:Home designs labeled.png|thumb|Early concepts for evolving the Newcomer Homepage into a personalized 'Home' that grows with contributors.]] ====Home==== The Growth and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]] teams are developing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Home|Home]] ([[phabricator:T419358|T419358]]): a unified, personalized landing page intended to replace the Newcomer Homepage. Rather than remaining a newcomer-only feature, Home will evolve with users as they gain experience, surfacing Suggested Edits, edits to review, and moderation workflows at the right moment. === Research === The [https://research.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia Research team], in partnership with the Growth Team, published findings from two projects on how new editors learn and integrate into the community: * [[m:Research:Understanding_newcomer_mentorship_on_Wikipedia|Understanding newcomer mentorship on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Research:Successful_Newcomers_Survey_2025#Results|Successful Newcomers Survey]] ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 13:17, 18 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=30870183 --> == Thank you so much == Hello @[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], yewo chomene for making me an administrator! I will help out this wiki a lot! I hope you are having a good day. Yewo chomene! PS I also made [[Depop]] a good article, since it has so much information. Please remove the badge if you disagree. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 04:53, 23 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) qssfjwfwshz0untwveqq46b947ddsr1 0 6914 119737 119334 2026-08-23T00:36:17Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 119737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in the Horn of Africa}} {{About|the country|other uses}} {{distinguish|Ethopia (moth)}} {{Pp-semi-indef}} {{Pp-move|small=yes}} {{Patronymic names||Naming conventions in Ethiopia and Eritrea}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<!-- Please DO NOT enlarge the lede further by adding additional detail to it since it is already too long. Instead, add additional detail to the appropriate sub-section much further below! --> {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Etiyopiya | common_name = Ethiopia | native_name = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:85%; |title = Name in national languages |{{Infobox | subbox = yes | bodystyle = font-size:78%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[Amharic]]: | data1 = {{lang|am|የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ}}<br />{{lang|am-Latn|Ye-Ītyōṗṗyā Fēdēralawī Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpebilīk}} | rowclass3 = mergedrow | label3 = [[Oromo language|Oromo]]: | data3 = {{lang|om|Rippabliikii Federaalawaa Dimokraatawaa Itiyoophiyaa}} | rowclass4 = mergedrow | label4 = [[Somali language|Somali]]: | data4 = {{lang|so|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Federaalka Itoobiya}} | rowclass5 = mergedrow | label5 = [[Wolaitta language|Wolayta]]: | data5 = {{lang|wal|Toophphiyaa Federaale Demokiraase Ripaablike}} | rowclass6 = mergedrow | label6 = [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]: | data6 = {{lang|ti|ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ ኢትዮጵያ}}<br />{{lang|ti-Latn| Fēdēralawī Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpebilīki Ítiyop'iya}} | rowclass7 = mergedrow | label7 = [[Afar language|Afar]]: | data7 = {{lang|aa|Itiyoppiya Federaalak Demokraatik Rippeblikih}} }} }} | image_flag = Flag of Ethiopia.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Ethiopia.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_anthem = <br />{{lang|am|ወደፊት ገስግሺ ፣ ውድ እናት ኢትዮጵያ|bold=yes}}<br />({{Lang-en|"[[March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia]]"}})<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Wedefit Gesgeshi Widd Innat Ittyoppya.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = Ethiopia (Africa orthographic projection).svg | capital = [[Addis Ababa]] | coordinates = {{Coord|9|1|N|38|45|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Afar language|Afar]] <br /> [[Amharic]] <br /> [[Oromo language|Oromo]] <br /> [[Somali language|Somali]] <br /> [[Tigrinya]]<ref name="Ventures"/><ref name="Nazret"/><ref name="africanews.com">{{cite news |last1=Shaban |first1=Abdurahman |title=One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages |url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/04/one-to-five-ethiopia-gets-four-new-federal-working-languages// |agency=Africa News |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215231030/https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/04/one-to-five-ethiopia-gets-four-new-federal-working-languages// |url-status=dead}}</ref> | languages_type = {{nowrap|'''[[Regional language]]s'''}}<ref name="africa.upenn.edu">{{Cite web | url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/Ethiopian_Constitution.html | title=Ethiopian Constitution}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * 34.5% [[Oromo people|Oromo]] * 26.9% [[Amhara people|Amhara]] * 6.2% [[Somalis in Ethiopia|Somali]] * 6.1% [[Tigrayans|Tigrayan]] * 4.0% [[Sidama people|Sidama]] * 2.5% [[Gurage people|Gurage]] * 2.3% [[Welayta people|Welayta]] * 1.7% [[Hadiya people|Hadiya]] * 1.7% [[Afar people|Afar]] * 1.5% [[Gamo people|Gamo]] * 12.6% [[List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia|Others]]}} | languages_sub = yes | languages = {{Flatlist| * [[Harari language|Harari]] * [[Sidamo language|Sidama]] * [[Languages of Ethiopia]] <!-- includes only languages officially recognized by a region as the working language --> }} | languages2_type = Foreign languages | languages2 = | ethnic_groups_year = 2007<ref name="CSA">{{cite web|title=Table 2.2 Percentage distribution of major ethnic groups: 2007|page=16|url=http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf|work=Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results|publisher=Population Census Commission|access-date=14 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325050115/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2009}}</ref><ref name=2007Census /> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space; |{{Tree list}} * 67.3% [[Christianity in Ethiopia|Christianity]] ** 43.8% [[Ethiopian Orthodox Church|Ethiopian Orthodoxy]] ** 22.8% [[P'ent'ay]] ** 0.7% Other [[Christians|Christian]] {{Tree list/end}} |31.3% [[Islam in Ethiopia|Islam]] |0.6% [[Traditional African religion|Traditional faiths]] |0.8% [[Religion in Ethiopia|Others]] / [[Irreligion|None]] }} | religion_year = 2016<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopia- The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/#people-and-society |website=www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/ |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) |access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref> | demonym = [[Ethiopians|Ethiopian]] | government_type = [[Federal parliamentary republic]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalafrica.isp.msu.edu/files/5015/5916/5319/TedVestal.pdf|title=Zenawism as ethnic-federalism}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[President of Ethiopia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Sahle-Work Zewde]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Abiy Ahmed]] | legislature = [[Federal Parliamentary Assembly]] | upper_house = [[House of Federation]] | lower_house = [[House of Peoples' Representatives]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Ethiopia|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Ethiopian Empire]] | established_date1 = 1270 | established_event2 = ''[[Zemene Mesafint]]'' | established_date2 = 7 May 1769 | established_event3 = [[Zemene Mesafint#End of Zemene Mesafint era|Reunification]] | established_date3 = 11 February 1855 | established_event4 = [[Menelik II#Centralisation|Centralisation]] | established_date4 = 1904 | established_event5 = [[Italian Ethiopia|Occupied and annexed]] into [[Italian East Africa]] | established_date5 = 9 May 1936 | established_event6 = [[Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement]] | established_date6 = 31 January 1942 | established_event7 = [[Derg]] | established_date7 = 12 September 1974 | established_event8 = [[Transitional Government of Ethiopia|Transitional government]] | established_date8 = 28 May 1991 | established_event9 = [[Constitution of Ethiopia|Current constitution]] | established_date9 = 21 August 1995 | area_km2 = 1,104,300<ref name="CIA World Factbook"/> | area_rank = 26th <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 426,371 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water = 0.7 | population_estimate = 116,462,712<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Ethiopia|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 13th | population_census = 73,750,932<ref name=2007Census>{{cite web |title=Country Level |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php/census-report/census-tables/category/301-census-tables?download=655:countrylevel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208061518/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php/census-report/census-tables/category/301-census-tables?download=655:countrylevel |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 February 2019 |work=2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia |publisher=[[Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia)|CSA]] |date=13 July 2010 |access-date=18 January 2013}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2007 | population_density_km2 = 92.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 240.1 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | population_density_rank = 123rd | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $394 billion<ref name="IMFWEOET">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=644,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023|date=April 2023|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 55th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,724<ref name="IMFWEOET"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 159th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $156 billion<ref name="IMFWEOET"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 59th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,475<ref name="IMFWEOET"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 159th | Gini = 35.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref> | HDI = 0.498 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=September 8, 2022|access-date=September 8, 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 175th | currency = [[Ethiopian birr|Birr]] | currency_code = ETB | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+251]] | cctld = [[.et]] }} '''Ethiopia''',{{efn|{{lang-am|ኢትዮጵያ|Ītyōṗṗyā}} {{IPA-am|i.tjo.p’ja|pron}}, {{lang-om|Itiyoophiyaa}}, {{lang-so|Itoobiya}}, {{lang-ti|ኢትዮጵያ|Ítiyop'iya}}, {{lang-aa|Itiyoppiya}}}} panji kuti '''Charu cha Etiyopiya''', panji kuti '''Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia''', chili ku mpoto kwa [[Africa]]. Charu ichi chili kumpoto na Eritrea, kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Djibouti]], kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Somalia]], kumwera na [[Kenya]], kumanjiliro gha dazi na [[South Sudan]], kweniso kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi na [[Sudan]]. Charu cha Etiyopiya chili na malo ghakukwana 1,100,000 square kilometres. Kufika mu chaka cha 2022, charu ichi chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 113.5 miliyoni, ndipo ni charu cha nambara 13 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi.<ref name="csa2">{{cite web |title=Population Projections for Ethiopia 2007–2037 |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/census-report/population-projections/category/368-population-projection-2007-2037?download=936:population-projection-2007-2037 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803052731/http://www.csa.gov.et/census-report/population-projections/category/368-population-projection-2007-2037?download=936:population-projection-2007-2037 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=www.csa.gov.et}}</ref>{{UN_Population|ref}}Msumba ukuru wa [[Addis Ababa]], uli pa mtunda wa makilomita ghanandi kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[East African Rift]] iyo yikupatura charu ichi kuŵa vigaŵa viŵiri.<ref name="CIA2">{{cite web |title=Ethiopia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakafuma mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Ethiopia ndipo ŵakaluta ku [[Near East]] na kunyake mu nyengo ya Middle Paleolithic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kessler |first=David F. |title=The Falashas : a Short History of the Ethiopian Jews |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-283-70872-2 |oclc=819506475}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hopkin |first=Michael |date=16 February 2005 |title=Ethiopia is top choice for cradle of ''Homo sapiens'' |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/news050214-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=J.Z. |last2=Absher |first2=D.M. |last3=Tang |first3=H. |last4=Southwick |first4=A.M. |last5=Casto |first5=A.M. |last6=Ramachandran |first6=S. |last7=Cann |first7=H.M. |last8=Barsh |first8=G.S. |last9=Feldman |first9=M. |last10=Cavalli-Sforza |first10=L.L. |last11=Myers |first11=R.M. |year=2008 |title=Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2008-02-22_319_5866/page/1100 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=319 |issue=5866 |pages=1100–04 |bibcode=2008Sci...319.1100L |doi=10.1126/science.1153717 |pmid=18292342 |s2cid=53541133}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 February 2008 |title=Humans Moved From Africa Across Globe, DNA Study Says |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=awJVkvnk8KjM |url-status=dead |access-date=16 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629125652/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=awJVkvnk8KjM |archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kaplan |first=Karen |date=21 February 2008 |title=Around the world from Addis Ababa |url=http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603122801/http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |archive-date=3 June 2013 |access-date=16 March 2009 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Ethiopia ndiko ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ku Afroasiatic. Mu 980 B.C.E., [[Ufumu wa D'mt]] ukathandazga ufumu wake pa charu cha [[Eritrea]] na kumpoto kwa Ethiopia, apo Ufumu wa Aksum ukalutilira kulamulira charu ichi vyaka 900. Ufumu uwu ukazomera Chikhristu mu 330, ndipo Chisilamu chikafika mu 615.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abbink |first=Jon |date=1998 |title=An Historical-Anthropological Approach to Islam in Ethiopia: Issues of Identity and Politics |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1771876 |journal=Journal of African Cultural Studies |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=109–124 |doi=10.1080/13696819808717830 |jstor=1771876 |hdl=1887/9486 |issn=1369-6815|hdl-access=free }}</ref> Pamanyuma pakuti msumba wa [[Aksum]] wabwangandulika mu 960, maufumu ghakupambanapambana ghakaŵa mu charu cha Etiyopiya. Ufumu wa Zagwe ukalamuliranga kumpoto na pakati m'paka apo ukawuskikira na Yekuno Amlak mu 1270, ndipo ukayambiska ufumu wa Ethiopia na ufumu wa [[Solomonic]]. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 C.E., ufumu uwu ukakura chomene chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa vigaŵa vyawo na kulimbana na vigaŵa vinyake. Nkhondo ya Adal (1529-1543) ndiyo yikawovwira kuti ufumu uwu uŵe wakupambana. Themba [[Tewodros II]] likamalizga [[Zemene Mesafint]] mu 1855, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti Etiyopiya wakolerane na ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2022 |title=Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/id/1299/Vaughanphd.pdf}}</ref> Kwambira mu 1878, Themba Menelik II likapoka vigaŵa vinandi vya charu cha Ethiopia. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, charu cha Ethiopia chikajivikilira ku ŵalwani awo ŵakachitanga nkhondo na charu cha Egypt na Italy. Mu 1935, boma la [[Fascist Italy]] likapoka charu cha Ethiopia na kuwunjika pamoza na vyaru vya [[Eritrea]] na [[Somaliland]]. Mu 1941, pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, ŵasilikari ŵa ku [[Britain]] ŵakamba kuwukira msumba uwu. Gulu la [[Derg]], ilo likawovwirika na Soviet Union, likamba kuwusa mu 1974 pamanyuma pa kuwuskapo Themba [[Haile Selassie]] na [[muwuso wa Solomoni]]. Pati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo Derg yikamara mu 1991, gulu la [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF)]] likamba kulamulira charu ichi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakwambana kwa nyengo yitali, ndipo ndyali zilije mtende. Kufuma mu 2018, magulu gha vigaŵa na gha mafuko ghakapanga nkhondo zinandi mu Ethiopia.<ref name=BBC1120>{{Cite news|author=BBC Staff|date=3 November 2020|title=Ethiopia attack: Dozens 'rounded up and killed' in Oromia state|language=en|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54787034|access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref> Charu cha Ethiopia chili na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana yakujumpha 80. Chikhristu ndicho ntchisopa chikuru chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Chisilamu. Boma ili ndilo likambiska Wupu wa United Nations, Gulu la Ŵamitundu 24, Gulu la Ŵambura Kujibatika, Gulu la Ŵamitundu 77, na Wupu wa Umoza wa ku Africa. Ku Addis Ababa ndiko kuli wupu wa African Union, Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, African Standby Force na mawupu ghanandi gha pa charu chose agho ghakuwona vya Africa. Charu cha Ethiopia nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikukura comene yayi, kweni nyengo zinyake chikucemeka kuti ni caru ico cikukura comene. Ndipouli, kuyana na ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakuguliska na fundo ya Human Development Index, caru ici nchikavu comene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi mbakavu, kweni ŵakuchindika yayi wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ni 49%. Ntchito za ulimi ndizo zikuluzikulu kwambiri ku Ethiopia, zomwe zikuyimira 36% ya GDP ya dzikolo kuyambira 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/455149/share-of-economic-sectors-in-the-gdp-in-ethiopia/#:~:text=This%20statistic%20shows%20the%20share%20of%20economic%20sectors,and%20the%20services%20sector%20contributed%20about%2036.81%20percent. |website=Statista}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy. |url=https://lekreports.com/agriculture-in-ethiopia-data-shows-for-a-large-part-agriculture-still-retained-its-majority-share-of-the-economy/ |website=The Low Ethiopian Reports|date=16 June 2022 }}</ref> ==Zina== {{see also|Aethiopia}} Zina la Chigiriki lakuti Αἰθιοπία (kufuma ku Αἰθίοψ, Aithiops, "munthu wa ku Etiyopiya") ni lizgu ilo lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chigiriki lakuti α??θω na ??ψ. Kuyana na buku la Liddell-Scott Jones Greek-English Lexicon, lizgu ili likung'anamulika kuti chisko chawotcheka mu zina, ndipo mu zina la chigaŵa, chisko chawotcheka. Munthu munyake wakulemba mdauko zina lake Herodotus, wakazunuranga vigaŵa vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara. Pakuti Ŵagiriki ŵakamanyanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakaŵa "ŵabulumembe", ŵakaŵagaŵa mu vigaŵa viŵiri, ŵa ku Africa na ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kufuma ku Turkey m'paka ku India.<ref>Homer, ''Odyssey'' 1.22–4.</ref> Zina la Chigiriki ili likalembeka mu Chiamharic kuti ኢትዮጵያ, ʾĪtyō?? yā. Panyake lizgu lakuti Αἰθιοπία likafuma ku lizgu lakuti ዕጣን (ʿəṭan, lubani), ilo ku Etiyopiya likafuma. Mu malemba gha Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma, zina lakuti Etiyopiya likaŵa zina la ku Nubia wakale. Mu malemba ghanyake gha mu Baibolo, zina lakuti Etiyopiya likusangikaso mu Mabaibolo ghanandi gha mu Baibolo. Malemba ghakale gha Cihebere ghakuyowoya kuti Nubia ni Kush. Ndipouli, mu Cipangano Ciphya, lizgu la Cigiriki lakuti Aithiops likuzunulika, pakuyowoya za muteŵeti wa Kandake, fumukazi ya Kush. Pakulondezga mitheto ya Ŵagiriki na Baibolo, buku la Monumentum Adulitanum, ilo lili kulembeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., likulongora kuti themba la Aksum likalamuliranga chigaŵa icho chikaŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Ethiopia na Sasu. Themba Ezana la ku Aksum likathereska Nubia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Mu ciyowoyero ca Ge'ez, lizgu lakuti Aἰθίοπες likuyana waka na lizgu lakuti Ḥbšt na Ḥbśt (Ḥabashat). Pamanyuma, zina liphya ili likang'anamulika kuti ḥbs ('Aḥbāsh) mu Cisaba na Ḥabasha mu Cirabu. Mu buku la Ge'ez Book of Axum ilo likalembeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, zina ili likulongora kuti munthu uyu wakaŵa Ityopp'is. Iyo wakaŵa mwana wa Kushi, mwana wa Hamu, uyo ŵanthu ŵakuti ndiyo wakazenga msumba wa Axum. Mu Cingelezi, na kuwaro kwa Ethiopia, caru ici cikamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Abyssinia. Zina ili lili kufuma ku lizgu Lachilatini lakuti Habash.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schoff|first1=Wilfred Harvey|title=The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: travel and trade in the Indian Ocean|date=1912|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co.|page=62|url=https://archive.org/stream/periplusoferythr00schouoft#page/62/mode/2up|access-date=28 September 2016}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Ethiopia}} {{further|Ethiopian historiography}} === Mbili yakwambilia === {{Main article|Prehistoric Ethiopia}} [[File:Homo Sapiens Idaltu.JPG|thumb|A ''[[Herto Man|Homo sapiens idaltu]]'' hominid skull]] Vinthu vinandi vyakuzirwa ivyo ŵasanga vyawovwira kuti charu cha Ethiopia na vigaŵa vyakuzingilizga viŵe pa malo ghakwamba pa nkhani ya vyamoyo. Munthu uyo wakukhala vyaka vinandi chomene uyo wasangika ku Ethiopia ni Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardi) wa vyaka 4.2 miliyoni. Wakaŵa Muzungu mu 1994. Munthu uyo wakumanyikwa chomene ni Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy). Mu 1974 Donald Johanson wakasanga chinyama ichi mu Dambo la Awash mu chigaŵa cha Afar. Zina lakuti Lucy likuyowoya za malo agho ŵakasangako vinthu ivi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti munthu uyu wakaŵako vyaka 3.2 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/prehistoric_life/human/human_evolution/mother_of_man1.shtml|title=Mother of man – 3.2&nbsp;million years ago|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="Dinkinesh">{{cite book|title=Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins|last2=Wong|first2=Kate|date=2010|publisher=Crown Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-39640-2|pages=8–9|last1=Johanson|first1=Donald C.}}</ref><ref name="iho1">{{cite web|url=https://iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story|title=Institute of Human Origins: Lucy's Story|date=15 June 2016|access-date=23 March 2017}}</ref> Charu cha Etiyopiya ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kuti ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano, awo ŵakuchemeka Homo sapiens, ŵambe kuŵako. Vinthu vyakale chomene ivyo vikusangika pa malo agha ni ivyo vikakhalako vya Omo. Vinthu ivi vikazengeka kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Omo. Kweniso ŵakasanga viwangwa vya munthu munyake wakuchemeka Homo sapiens idaltu mu dambo la Awash. Vinthu ivi vikaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 160,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ndipo vingaŵa kuti vikaŵa vyamoyo vya mtundu wa Homo sapiens, panji ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano. Vinthu vyakale vya Homo sapiens ivyo vikusangika pa malo gha Jebel Irhoud ku Morocco vikulongora kuti vikaŵako vyaka 300,000 ivyo vyajumpha, apo vya Omo-Kibish I (Omo I) vya kumwera kwa Ethiopia ni viswaswa vyakale chomene vya Homo sapiens ivyo vikumanyikwa mu nyengo yasono (196 ± 5 ka). Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi ŵakafika mu chigaŵa ichi mu nyengo ya Neolithic kufuma ku malo agho ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu Dambo la Nayelo. Ŵasayansi ŵanandi mazuŵa ghano ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Afroasiatic ŵakafuma ku kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa chifukwa chakuti mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Mu 2019, ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakasanga malo ghakubisamamo malibwe agho ghakaŵako vyaka 30,000 kumanyuma pa malo gha Fincha Habera mu mapiri gha Bale. Malo agha ghali pachanya pa nyanja mamita 3,469. Para munthu wali pachanya nthena, wakuŵa na nthenda ya hypoxia kweniso nyengo yiheni. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakalembeka mu magazini ya Science, wakulongora kuti malo agha ndigho ghakaŵa ghakwamba pa malo ghose agho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga. Ŵakasanga viwangwa vikuruvikuru vya vinyama, vyakuyegheramo malibwe vinandi, na vyoto vyakale.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/08/science/humans-high-altitude-ethiopia.html|title=In the Ethiopian Mountains, Ancient Humans Were Living the High Life|last=Zimmer|first=Carl|date=8 August 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=16 August 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/found-earliest-evidence-high-altitude-home-humans-180972878/|title=Archaeologists Uncover Evidence of an Ancient High-Altitude Human Dwelling|last=Katz|first=Brigit|website=Smithsonian|language=en|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/08/ethiopia-provides-the-earliest-evidence-of-people-living-at-altitude/|title=The first people to live at high elevations snacked on giant mole rats|last=Smith|first=Kiona N.|date=9 August 2019|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/earliest-evidence-human-mountaineers.html|title=Earliest Evidence of Human Mountaineers Found in Ethiopia|last=History|first=Charles Q. Choi 2019-08-09T12:59:10Z|website=livescience.com|date=9 August 2019|language=en|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/this-rock-shelter-in-ethiopia-may-be-the-earliest-evide-1837104167|title=This Rock Shelter in Ethiopia May Be the Earliest Evidence of Humans Living in the Mountains|last=Dvorsky|first=George|website=Gizmodo|date=9 August 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2019/08/09/Earliest-evidence-of-high-altitude-living-found-in-Ethiopia/9561565318908/|title=Earliest evidence of high-altitude living found in Ethiopia|website=UPI|language=en|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Miehe|first1=Georg|last2=Opgenoorth|first2=Lars|last3=Zech|first3=Wolfgang|last4=Woldu|first4=Zerihun|last5=Vogelsang|first5=Ralf|last6=Veit|first6=Heinz|last7=Nemomissa|first7=Sileshi|last8=Negash|first8=Agazi|last9=Nauss|first9=Thomas|date=9 August 2019|title=Middle Stone Age foragers resided in high elevations of the glaciated Bale Mountains, Ethiopia|url=https://archive.org/details/science_2019-08-09_365_6453/page/583|journal=Science|language=en|volume=365|issue=6453|pages=583–587|doi=10.1126/science.aaw8942|issn=0036-8075|pmid=31395781|bibcode=2019Sci...365..583O|s2cid=199505803}}</ref> Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito vilwero vya malibwe (vinthu ivyo vikamanyikwanga na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo sapiens) vikawoneka mu 2013 pa malo gha Gademotta ku Ethiopia. Mu 2019, ku Aduma ŵakasangaso vilwero vinyake vya mu nyengo ya malibwe, ivyo vikaŵa vyaka 100,000 na 80,000 ivyo vikaŵa nga ni mivi iyo ŵanthu ŵakuponya mikondo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito.<ref name="Sahle">{{Cite journal|title=Assessment of complex projectiles in the early Late Pleistocene at Aduma, Ethiopia|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=14|issue=5|pages=e0216716|year=2018|doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0216716|pmid=31071181|pmc=6508696|vauthors=Sahle Y, Brooks AS|doi-access=free}}</ref> ===Antiquity=== {{Main|Dʿmt|Kingdom of Aksum}} [[File:Men from Punt Carrying Gifts, Tomb of Rekhmire MET 30.4.152 EGDP013029.jpg|thumb|Men from [[Land of Punt|Punt]] carrying Gifts, Tomb of [[Rekhmire]]. Punt being located in the Northern Ethiopian, Eritrean regions.]] [[File:KingEndybisEthiopia227-235CE.jpg|thumb|[[Aksumite currency]] of the [[Axumite kings|Aksumite king]] called [[Endubis]], 227–35, at the [[British Museum]]. The inscriptions in [[Ancient Greek]] read "ΑΧΩΜΙΤΩ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ" ("King of Axum") and "ΕΝΔΥΒΙΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ" ("King Endubis"), the Greek language was the [[lingua franca]] by that time so its use in coins simplified foreign trade.]] {{multiple image | align left | total_width =280 | image1 = 'The Visit of the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon', oil on canvas painting by Edward Poynter, 1890, Art Gallery of New South Wales.jpg| image2 = Adulis.jpg |footer = [[King Solomon]] and the [[Queen Sheba]] are central figures in Ethiopian traditional history, as the central figures of forming the [[Solomonic dynasty]] and the Imperial line of Ethiopia (left) Ancient ruins in [[Adulis]] pertaining to Ethiopian and modern-day Eritrean civilization near the [[Red Sea]] thousands of years ago }} [[File:Contenitore di simulacro con rilievo e iscrizioni, V secolo ac ca. 06.jpg|thumb|An Axumite [[Stele|stela]]]] Mu 980 B.C.E., Dʿmt yikakhazikiskika mu Eritrea na Tigray mu Ethiopia ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ndiyo yikenda m'malo mwa Punt. Msumba uwu ukaŵa ku Yeha, kumpoto kwa Ethiopia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya ndiwo ŵakambiska ŵanthu aŵa, nangauli kale ŵanandi ŵakatenge ŵanthu ŵa ku Saba ndiwo ŵakambiska. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakuwona kuti Dʿmt ntchigaŵa cha ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha ku Asia awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya Cushitic na Semitic. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti ciyowoyero ca Ge'ez, ico cikayowoyeka kale na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Semite ku Ethiopia, cikafuma ku Cibeya. Kale mu 2000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakayowoyanga ChiSemiti ŵakakhalanga mu Ethiopia na Eritrea uko chiyowoyero cha Ge'ez chikakura. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Saba ŵakakhalanga mu malo ghachoko waka, ndipo ŵakamara mu vyaka 10 panji 100. Panyake yikaŵa malo gha malonda panji gha nkhondo agho ghakaŵa pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵa Dʿmt panji ŵa mu mtundu unyake. Pamanyuma pakuti ufumu wa Dʿmt wabwangandulika mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 B.C.E., chigaŵa cha Ethiopia chikamba kulamulirika na maufumu ghachoko. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E., Ufumu wa Aksum ukaŵa mu chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka Tigray na Eritrea. Buku linyake likuti msumba wakwamba wa ufumu uwu ukazengeka na Itiyopis, mwana wa Kush. Pamanyuma pake, ufumu wa Aksum ukafika mu Yemen, sirya linyake la Nyanja Yiswesi. Ntchimi ya ku Peresiya, Mani, yikazunura msumba wa Axum pamoza na ufumu wa Roma, Peresiya, na China, kuti ukaŵa umoza wa maufumu ghanayi ghakuru gha mu nyengo yake, mu vyaka vya m'ma 300. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti matchalitchi gha ku Eguputo na Ethiopia ghakakolerananga. Pali ukaboni unyake wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Aksum ŵakakolerananga na Fumukazi ya ku Sheba. Pafupifupi mu 316 C.E., Frumentius na munung'una wake Edesius ŵa ku Ture ŵakaluta na asibweni ŵawo ku Ethiopia. Apo ngaraŵa yikimilira pa dowoko la ku Nyanja Yiswesi, ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakakoma wose padera pa ŵabali ŵaŵiri awo ŵakatolekera ku nyumba ya themba nga mbazga. Ŵakapika maudindo ghakuzirwa na fumu, ndipo ŵakang'anamuska ŵanthu ŵa mu nyumba yake kuŵa Ŵakhristu. Frumentius wakaŵa bishopu wakwamba wa ku Aksum. Ndalama yinyake ya mu 324 C.E. yikulongora kuti charu cha Etiyopiya ndicho chikaŵa chachiŵiri kuzomera Chikhristu (panyuma pa Armenia mu 301). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Aksum ŵakamanyanga makora umo charu cha Greece na Roma chikachitiranga vinthu, kweni ŵakamba kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku India na Ufumu wa Roma pa msewu wa Silk Road.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Solomonic Descent in Ethiopian History|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1875/solomonic-descent-in-ethiopian-history/|access-date=20 December 2021|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref><ref name="britishmuseum.org">{{cite web |last1=The British Museum |last2=The CarAf Centre |title=The wealth of Africa – The kingdom of Aksum – Teachers' notes |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/KingdomOfAksum_TeachersNotes.pdf |website=BritishMuseum.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104191259/https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/KingdomOfAksum_TeachersNotes.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2019}}</ref>[[File:South Arabian - Fragment of a Frieze with an Ibex and Oryxes - Walters 2138.jpg|thumb|A stela with an [[Nubian ibex|ibex]] and three [[Arabian oryx]], associated with [[Astar (god)|Astar]] (ዐስተር), Semetic god of the [[Venus in culture|Morning and Evening Star]], found at Axum]] ===Middle Ages=== {{Main|Ethiopia in the Middle Ages}} [[File:Kingdom of Axum blue.png|thumb|The [[Kingdom of Aksum]] at its peak in the 6th century]] [[File:Hijra Abyssinia (Rashid ad-Din).jpg|thumb|300x300px|14th century Islamic depiction of the [[Migration to Abyssinia|First Hijrah]]:The King of Aksum declines the [[Quraysh|Qurayshi]] request to send the Muslims back to Mecca]] Ufumu uwu ukachemekanga "Ethiopia" mu nyengo ya Ezana mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E. Ufumu wa Kush ukati wapokeka mu 330, ufumu wa Aksum ukafika paheni chomene pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 500 na 600. Nyengo iyi yikadumulizgika na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakanjira mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Arabia, kusazgapo Ŵayuda ŵa Dhu Nuwas ŵa Ufumu wa Himyarite na Nkhondo za Ŵaperesiya. Mu 575, Ŵaaksumu ŵakazingilizga na kuwuskaso Sana'a pamanyuma pakuti Sayf ibn Dhī Yazan uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa msumba uwu wakomeka. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., Ŵasilamu Ŵachiarabu ŵakapoka msumba wa Adulis, ndipo chifukwa cha kunangika kwa malo, kusintha kwa nyengo, kweniso vula izo zikalokwa pakati pa 730 na 760, ufumu uwu ukamba kuchepa nkhongono. Ufumu wa Aksum ukamara mu 960 C.E. apo Fumukazi Gudit yikathereska themba laumaliro la Aksum. Mu muwuso wa Gudit, uwo ukatora vyaka 40, wakakhumbanga kumazga Chikhristu (chisopa icho Themba Ezana la ufumu wa Axumite likazomera pakwamba) mwa kotcha matchalitchi na kukhomera ŵanthu awo ŵakalutilira kugomezgeka ku Tchalitchi la Orthodox la Tewahedo, ilo pa nyengo iyo likawonekanga nga ni chisopa cha boma. Gudit wakayezga kuchichizga ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵasinthe chisopa chawo ndipo wakaparanya vinthu vinandi ivyo vikaŵako mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Axumite. Chifukwa chakuti Gudit wakaparanya ŵanthu ŵanandi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Aksum ŵakachimbilira kumwera kwa charu ichi na kukhazikiska ufumu wa Zagwe. Ufumu uwu ukawusikanga na ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Agaw kwambira mu 912, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakayowoya kuti ukaŵa mu 1137 apo Mara Takla Haymanot wakathereska themba laumaliro la Ŵaaksumite, Dil Na'od, na kutora mwana wake msungwana. Ufumu wa Zagwe ndiwo ukawovwira kuti Chikhristu chiwelerepo, ndipo m'ma 1200 C.E., Chikhristu chikafika mu chigaŵa cha Shewan. Chithunzi cha Emperor Yekuno Amlak chomwe akuti chinalembedwa m'zaka za m'ma 1700 Muwuso wa Zagwe ukamara apo Yekuno Amlak, mwanalume wa ku Amhara, wakawukira Themba Yetbarak na kukhazikiska ufumu wa Ethiopia. Iyo wakazenga nyumba ya ufumu ya Solomoni iyo yikwenera kuti yikamba na Solomoni na Fumukazi ya ku Sheba. Kuyana na buku la mdauko la ku Ethiopia lakuti Kebra Nagast, ilo likang'anamulika mu Chigez mu 1321, zina lake likaŵa Bäynä Ləḥkəm (kufuma ku Chiarabic: ابن الحكيم, Ibn Al-Hakim, "Mwana wa Wavinjeru"). Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1400, Etiyopiya wakayezga kukolerana na maufumu gha ku Europe. Kalata iyo Henry IV wa ku England wakalembera fumu ya ku Etiyopiya yilipo. Mu 1428, Yeshaq I wakatuma mathenga ghaŵiri kwa Alfonso V wa ku Aragon, uyo wakatuma mathenga ghake agho ghakatondeka kumalizga ulendo wakuwelera ku Aragon. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukolerana na Portugal mu 1508 mu nyengo ya Dawit II.<ref>[[#Beshah|Beshah]], p. 25.</ref> ====Abyssinian–Adal War (1529–1543)==== {{main article|Ethiopian–Adal War}} [[File:YagbeaSionBattlingAdaSultan.JPG|thumb|The Sultan of Adal (right) and his troops battling Emperor [[Yagbea-Sion]] and his men.]] Ufumu wa Etiyopiya ukayamba kuthandazgika kufuma kwa Amda Seyon I, uyo wakathereska ufumu wakwambilira wa Chisilamu mu chigaŵa ichi, Ifat Sultanate, mu vyaka vya m'ma 1300 pamanyuma pa kupoka Ufumu wa Damot mu 1317, ndipo Themba Zara Yaqob ndilo likathereska Masawa na Dahlak mu 1465. Ufumu wa Adal, uwo ukakhala pamanyuma pa Ifat, ukaŵako mu 1415 ndipo ukaŵa na msumba ukuru ku Zelia, ku Somalia. Ŵana ŵa Adal, awo ŵakakhozgekanga na Ŵaturuki ŵa ku Ottoman, ŵakayezga kuti ŵanjire mu ufumu wa Ethiopia mu 1529, ndipo ŵakamba nkhondo ya ku Ethiopia. Al-Ghazi wakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Etiyopiya mu nkhondo ya ku Amba Sel mu 1531. Cristóvão da Gama wakawovwira comene pa nkhondo iyi, wakawovwira Ŵaetiyopiya na ŵasilikari 400 ku Massawa. Ivyo wakacita vikamovwira kuti wafwe pa nkhondo ya ku Wofla mu 1542. Mu 1543, ŵasilikari ŵa Abyssinia awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Fumu Gelawdewos ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Adal pa Nkhondo ya Wayna Daga. Pamanyuma, mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Etiyopiya zina lake Azmach Calite, wakachimbizga Imam uyo wakapwetekeka. Ŵasilikari ŵa Adal ŵakati ŵamanya kuti wafwa, ŵakafumapo mwaluŵiro. Mu 1559, Gelawdewos wakadumulika mutu pa Nkhondo ya Fatagar. Pakuzgora, Ras Hamalmal wa ku Abyssinia wakapoka msumba ukuru wa Harar na kukoma Sultan Barakat ibn Umar Din. Nkhondo izi zikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo ŵalute ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto mu ma 1500.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aga|first=Mark T.|title=Abyssinian-Adal War — allaboutETHIO|url=https://allaboutethio.com/hwadal.html|access-date=9 January 2022|website=allaboutethio.com|language=en}}</ref> ==== Oromo migrations (16th century) ==== {{main article|Oromo migrations}} Kuzakafika m'ma 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo ŵakaluta ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Ŵakati ŵafuma ku Guji na Borena Zone, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga. Pakwamba, ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakizanga mwaluŵiro kuzakapoka viŵeto vinandi na vinthu vinyake na kuwelera kukwawo. Nthowa iyi yikalutilira m'paka pa gada wa Meslé. Abba Bahrey wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kuthandazgika chomene mu nyengo ya Themba Dawit II (luba Melbah), apo ŵakanjira mu msumba wa Bale pambere ŵandanjire mu Ufumu wa Adal. Themba Sarsa Dengel likayezga kuti limare nkhondo ya kumwera, kweni likatondeka.{{sfn|Pankhurst|1997|p=287}} ==== Jesuit influence (1555–1632) ==== Kufuma mu ma 1700, charu cha Ethiopia chikamba kuyowoyeskana na charu cha Portugal, chomenechomene pa nkhani za chisopa. Kwambira mu 1555, ŵa Jesuit ŵa ku Portugal ŵakayezga kuti Cikatolika ciŵe cisopa ca boma. Ŵakati ŵatondeka kanandi waka, mu 1603 ŵakatuma ŵamishonale ŵanandi, kusazgapo Pedro Paez, uyo wakaŵa Mujeremani. Paez wakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi comene pa nkhani za ndyali. Ŵasambiri ŵa Yesu, kusazgapo Manoel de Almeida, Manoel Barradas, na Jerónimo Lobo, ŵakalemba nkhani zakukhwaskana na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakakumananga na ŵanthu ŵakwambilira. Ndipouli, buku lawo likamanyikwa yayi m'paka mu ma 1900, apo likalembeka. Mu 1622, Fumu Susenyos I yikati yaŵa themba, yikazomerezga kuti cisopa ca Katolika ciŵe cisopa ca boma mu Ethiopia. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu ŵa tchalitchi la Orthodox ŵakagaluka cifukwa ca ivyo ŵakacita.<ref name="berndl2005">{{Cite book|last=Berndl|first=Klaus|url=https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograph0000unse_m8x7/page/333/mode/2up|title=National Geographic Visual History of the World|publisher=National Geographic Society|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7922-3695-5|pages=333|language=en}}</ref> ===Gondarine period (1632–1769)=== {{Main article|Gondarine period}} Mu 1632, Fumu Fasilides yikamazga boma la Katolika na kuwezgerapo cisopa ca Orthodox Tewahedo. Muwuso wa Fasilides ukapangiska kuti ufumu wake ukhazikike ndipo mu 1636 wakasamuskira msumba ukuru ku Gondar. Wakacimbizga ŵa Jesuiti mwa kuwombora malo agho ŵakaŵa nagho na kuŵatuma ku Fremona. Mu nyengo ya kuwusa kwake, wakazenga nyumba yikuru ya ufumu, Fasil Ghebbi. Kweniso wakazenga vipata vinkhondi na viŵiri vya malibwe pa mlonga wa Blue Nile. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Agaw awo ŵakakhalanga ku Lasta ŵakalutilira kugaluka. Fasilides wakaluta ku Lasta na kuwukira msumba uwu, ndipo wakamalizga nkhondo iyi, nga umo wakalongosolera James Bruce wa ku Scotland. Pakati pa 1642 na 1647, Fasilides wakayezga kukolerana na Imam Al-Mutawakkil Isma'il wa ku Yemen kuti ŵadumbiskane za nthowa yakwendamo malonda mu tawuni ya Massawa iyo yikaŵa mu mawoko gha Ŵaotomu. Nkhongono na lumbiri lwa Gondar vikamara mu 1706 apo Iyasu I wakafwa cifukwa mafumu ghanandi ghakatemwanga umoyo wa usambazi kuluska vya ndyali. Iyasu II wakati wafwa mu 1755, Mfumukazi Mentewab wakiza na munung'una wake Ras Wolde Leul ku Gondar ndipo wakamuzgora Ras Bitwaded. Mu 1767, Ras Mikael Sehul, uyo wakaŵa muwusi wa chigaŵa cha Tigray, wakapoka charu cha Gondar na kukoma Iyoas I mu 1769, uyo wakaŵa themba pa nyengo iyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gondar Period |url=https://ethiopianhistory.com/Gondar_Period/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=ethiopianhistory.com}}</ref> ===Zemene Mesafint (1769–1889)=== {{Main|Zemene Mesafint}} Pakati pa 1769 na 1855, charu cha Etiyopiya chikaŵa mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga ŵekha. Mafumu agha ghakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene, ndipo ŵakalongozgekanga na mafumu na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa nga ni Ras Mikael Sehul, Ras Wolde Selassie wa ku Tigray, kweniso ŵa fuko la Yejju Oromo la Wara Sheh, nga ni Ras Gugsa wa ku Yejju. Pambere Zemene Mesafint wandambe kuwusa, Themba Iyoas I likamba kuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Oromo (Afaan Oromo). Charu cha Ethiopia chikaŵa kutali chomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain, kweni mu 1855 maufumu gha Amhara gha kumpoto kwa Ethiopia (Gondar, Gojjam, na Shewa) ghakakolerana. Tewodros II wakambiska ndondomeko ya kukolerana, kuŵika vinthu pakatikati, na kuzenga boma. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵamazaza ŵa vigaŵa ivi ŵaleke kuŵa na mazaza, ŵambeso kwendeska vinthu mu ufumu wawo, kweniso kuti paŵe ŵasilikari. Ivi vikapangiska kuti boma la Ethiopia liŵe na mazaza pa charu chose. Kweni Tewodros wakasuzgika na viwawa vinandi mu ufumu wake. Ŵasilikari ŵa kumpoto kwa charu cha Oromo, ŵakugaluka ŵa mtundu wa Tigrayan, na ŵasilikari ŵa Ufumu wa Ottoman na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Eguputo awo ŵakizanga pafupi na Nyanja Yiswesi, ŵakapangiska kuti Tewodros II waleke nkhongono. Wakajikoma mu 1868 apo wakarwa nkhondo yaumaliro na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ku Abyssinia pa Nkhondo ya Magdala. Tewodros wakati wafwa, Tekle Giyorgis II wakapharazgika kuŵa themba kweni wakatimbika ku Zulawu (21 June 1871) na Adwa (11 July 1871). Mercha Kassai uyo wakathereska ŵasilikari ŵakamuphalira kuti ni Yohannes IV pa Janyuwale 21, 1872. Mu 1875 na 1876, ŵasilikari ŵa Ottoman/Egypt, pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe na America, ŵakanjira mu Abyssinia kaŵiri kose kweni pakwamba ŵakathereskeka. Pa ungano wa ku Boru Meda mu 1878, Yohannes wakapeleka dango lakuti Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakwenera kuzomera Cikristu panji ŵakanizgikenge. Awo ŵakakana ŵakakomekanga nyengo yeneyiyo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka ndipo ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵakaleka minda na katundu wawo na kuchimbilira ku Harar, Bale, Arsi, Jimma, na ku Sudan wuwo. Kufuma mu 1885 m'paka 1889, Ethiopia wakajibatika ku Nkhondo ya Mahdist iyo yikaŵa na Britain, Turkey, na Egypt kwimikana na boma la Sudan. Mu 1887, Menelik II, fumu ya Shewa, yikawukira Harar pamanyuma pa kutonda nkhondo ya Chelenqo. Pa Malichi 10, 1889, Yohannes IV wakakomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Khalifa Abdullah wa ku Sudan apo wakalongozganga ŵasilikari ŵake pa Nkhondo ya Gallabat.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African historical biography|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofafri0000mark|last=Lipschutz|first= Mark|date=1986|publisher=University of California Press|others=Rasmussen, R. Kent|isbn=978-0-520-06611-3|edition=2nd ed., expanded and updated|location=Berkeley|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofafri0000mark/page/1 1]|oclc=14069361}}</ref>[[File:Téwodros_II_-_2.jpg|thumb|upright|Emperor [[Tewodros II]] ({{reign|1855|1868}}) brought an end of ''Zemene Mesafint'']] ===From Menelik II to Adwa (1889–1913)=== {{main article|First Italo-Ethiopian War|Menelik's Expansions}} [[File:Menelik campaign map 1 3.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|The conquests of Emperor [[Yohannes IV]], ''[[Negus]]'' [[Menelik II|Menelik]] and general [[Ras Alula]] in 1879–1889]] Charu cha Etiyopiya chikamba kuwusa mu nyengo ya Menelik II, uyo wakaŵa themba kufuma mu 1889 m'paka apo wakafwira mu 1913. Kufuma ku malo ghake mu chigaŵa cha Shewa, Menelik wakamba kupoka vigaŵa vya kumwera, kumafumiro gha dazi, na kumanjiliro gha dazi uko kukakhalanga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Welayta, na ŵanthu ŵanyake. Wakacita nthena na wovwiri wa gulu la Shewan Oromo la Ras Gobana Dacche, ilo likapoka malo agho ghakaŵavya kufuma pa nkhondo ya Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, kweniso malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵavya muwuso wa Ethiopia. Pa nyengo iyo ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia ŵakathereskanga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo, ŵakawukira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵakakomeka. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Dizi na ŵa mu Ufumu wa Kaffa ŵakaŵachitira nkhaza zinandi. Menelik wakathereska ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo awo ŵakakhalanga kuwaro kwa ŵasilikari ŵake chifukwa cha kugaluka kwa mtundu uwu kwa vyaka vinandi. Mu muwuso uwu mukaŵa muwuso wa fuko la Yejju, uwo ukaŵa na Aligaz wa ku Yejju na mukuru wake Ali I wa ku Yejju. Ŵakazenga tawuni ya Debre Tabor mu chigaŵa cha Amhara, iyo yikazgoka msumba ukuru wa ufumu uwu. Menelik II wakaŵa mwana wa Haile Melekot, Negus wa ku Shewa, na Ejegayehu Lema Adeyamo, muteŵeti wa nyumba yacifumu. Wakababikira ku Angolala mu chigaŵa cha Oromo ndipo wakakhala vyaka 12 na Shewan Oromos. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Menelik, mulimo wa kuzenga misewu, magesi, na masambiro ukalutilira kukura, ndipo boma likambiska msonkho. Msumba wa Finfinne ukazengekaso ndipo ukachemeka Addis Ababa; mu 1889-1891 ukazgoka msumba ukuru wa Ufumu wa Ethiopia.[[File:Menelik II in coronation garb, Emperor of Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Menelik II in Coronation Garms and Tunic after the battle of Adwa]] Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamususkanga, kweni Menelik II wakaŵa na mazaza pa charu chose. Mu Meyi 1889, wakalembeska phangano la wuchale na Italy. Phangano ili likayowoya kuti charu cha Italy chizomerezge kuti Ethiopia ndiyo yili na mazaza pa charu chose. Pakuwezgera, caru ca Italy cikeneranga kumupa vilwero Menelik na kumovwira pakuŵa fumu. Ŵaitaliya ŵakagwiliskira nchito nyengo iyo yikajumphapo kufuma apo phangano ili likalembekera m'paka apo boma la Italy likakolerana nalo. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Italy na Ethiopia yikamara pa Nkhondo ya ku Adwa pa 1 Malichi 1896, apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy ŵakathereskeka na Ŵaetiyopiya. Mu 1896, pakalembeka phangano la Addis Ababa, ilo likasintha phangano la Wuchale. Ŵanthu pafupifupi hafu ŵakafwa na njara yikuru ya ku Ethiopia (1888-1892).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211211756/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,966291-3,00.html "Famine Hunger stalks Ethiopia once again – and aid groups fear the worst"]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. 21 December 1987.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1093/jhmas/XXI.2.95| title = The Great Ethiopian Famine of 1888–1892: A New Assessment| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-medicine-and-allied-sciences_1966-04_21_2/page/95| journal = Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences| issue = 2| pages = 95–124| year = 1966| last1 = Pankhurst | first1 = R. | volume = 21| pmid = 5326887}}</ref> ===Haile Selassie I era (1916–1974)=== {{Main|Haile Selassie|Modernization under Haile Selassie}} [[File:Addis Ababa-8e00855u.jpg|thumb|Emperor [[Haile Selassie|Haile Selassie I]] at his study in [[National Palace, Addis Ababa|Jubilee Palace]] (1942)]] Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, Themba Haile Selassie (Ras Tafari) ndilo likawusa. Haile Selassie I wakababika na ŵapapi awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vitatu vya ku Ethiopia. Wakafika pa mazaza pamanyuma pakuti Lij Iyasu wakathereskeka, ndipo wakambiska kampeni ya kusinthiska vinthu mu charu chose kufuma mu 1916 apo wakapika udindo wa Ras and Regent (Inderase) kwa Empress Regnant Zewditu, ndipo wakazgoka muwusi wa Ufumu wa Ethiopia. Zewditu wakati wafwa, pa Novembala 2, 1930, iyo wakaŵa themba. Mu 1931, Haile Selassie wakapeleka dango lakwamba ku Ethiopia ilo likayananga na dango la ku Japan ilo likaŵako mu 1890.<ref>Asnake Kefale, [[Tomasz Kamusella]] and Christopher Van der Beken. 2021. ''Eurasian Empires as Blueprints for Ethiopia: From Ethnolinguistic Nation-State to Multiethnic Federation''. London: Routledge, pp 23–34.</ref> ====Fascist Italy occupation (1936–1941)==== {{main article|Second Italo-Ethiopian War|Italian Ethiopia|Italian East Africa|Arbegnoch|Black Lions}} [[File:Abyssinian-soldiers-1936-142348340618.jpg|thumb|Ethiopian cavalry during the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] in 1936]] Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ku Italy na Ethiopia yikananga wanangwa wa Ethiopia. Nkhondo iyi yikamba apo caru ca Italy cikapokelereka na ŵasilikari ŵa Fascist mu Okutobala 1935, ndipo pamanyuma pake caru ca Italy cikamba kuwusa caru ici (1936-1941), pamanyuma pakuti Italy yikatonda nkhondo iyi. Pa nyengo iyi, Haile Selassie wakaluta ku caru cinyake ndipo wakapempha wupu wa League of Nations mu 1935, ndipo wakayowoya nkhani iyo yikapangiska kuti waŵe wakumanyikwa pa caru cose. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni gha ku mizi, Italy wakakumananga na ŵanthu ŵakususka na kuŵawukira mu misumba. Haile Selassie wakacimbilira ku Fairfield House, ku Bath, England. Mussolini wakamanya kuphalira ufumu wa Italy kuti ni Etiyopiya, ndipo Themba la Italy, Vittorio Emanuele III, likamba kulamulira ufumu uwu. Mu 1937, ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakakomeka ku Yekatit 12, ndipo pakati pa ŵanthu 1,400 na 30,000 ŵakakomeka. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakomeka cifukwa cakuti ŵakayezga kukoma Rodolfo Graziani, muwusi wa ku Italy ku East Africa. Ŵataliyana ŵakagwiliskira nchito vilwero vyakofya vya makemikali pakunjira mu Ethiopia. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy ŵakaponya mabomba mu caru cose ca Ethiopia agho ghakaŵanga na mphepo yakucemeka mustard gas, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵaleke nkhongono. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy ŵakaponya pasi matani pafupifupi 300 gha gasi kweniso futi zinandi. Kugwiliskira nchito vilwero ivi kukaŵa kwananga kukuru comene. Ŵa Italiya ŵakaŵika ndalama zinandi pa vinthu vya ku Ethiopia apo ŵakalamuliranga charu ichi. Ŵakapanga msewu wakucemeka "msewu wa ufumu" pakati pa Addis Ababa na Massaua. Ŵakazengaso misewu ya njanji ya mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 900, ŵakazenga madamu na magesi, kweniso ŵakazenga makampani ghanandi gha boma na ghapadera. Boma la Italy likawuskapo wuzga, uwo ukaŵako kwa vyaka vinandi. Pamanyuma pakuti Italy wanjira mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, ŵasilikari ŵa Ufumu wa Britain pamoza na Arbegnoch ŵakathaska Ethiopia mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku East Africa mu 1941. Nkhondo ya ŵasilikari ŵa Italy yikalutilira mpaka mu 1943. Charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa ŵasilikari ŵa Britain. Ivi vikalondezgana na kuzomerezgeka kwa ufumu wa Britain kuti charu cha Ethiopia chiŵe na mazaza ghose, kwambura wanangwa wa Britain, apo phangano la Anglo-Ethiopia likasazgikira mu Disembala 1944, nangauli vigaŵa vinyake vikalutilira kulamulirika na Britain kwa vyaka vinandi. Kuyana na phangano la mtende ilo likaŵako mu 1947, Italy yikazomera mazaza gha Ethiopia. Pa Ogasiti 26, 1942, Haile Selassie wakafumiska dango ilo likawuskapo ŵazga. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, mu Ethiopia mukaŵa ŵazga pakati pa 2 na 4 miliyoni.{{sfn|Campbell|Miers|Miller|2007|p=219}} ====Post-World War II (1941–1974)==== {{main article|1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt|Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea|Eritrean War of Independence}} Mu 1952, Haile Selassie wakapangiska kuti charu cha Eritrea chiŵe pamoza. Mu 1962, wakawuskapo boma ili na kunjizga charu cha Eritrea. {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 280 | image1 = General-Mengistu-Neway-1919-1961.jpg | image2 = Germame Neway.jpg | footer = General [[Mengistu Neway|Mengistu]] (left) and [[Germame Neway]] (right) were the two perpetrators of the failed [[1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt|1960 coup d'état attempt]] against Emperor Haile Selassie | footer_align = center }} Haile Selassie wakaŵa pafupi kuwuskika pa udindo mu 1960 mu chiŵembu cha gulu lakususkana ilo likalongozgekanga na ŵabali Germame na Mengistu Neway apo Selassie wakaŵa pa ulendo wa boma ku Brazil. Pa Ciŵiri mise, pa Disembala 13, gulu linyake likapusika ŵalaŵiliri ŵa Ufumu na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa kuti ŵanjire mu Nyumba ya Ufumu. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, nkhondo yikamba pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain (Kebur Zebegna) na ŵakugaluka awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Jenerale Tsege na Koloneli Warqenah. Apo nkhondo iyi yikambanga, Germame na ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵakakoma ŵanthu 15 awo ŵakaŵa mu nyumba ya Genetta Leul. Pa ŵanthu aŵa pakaŵa ŵalara ŵa boma nga ni Ras Abebe Aregai, Makonnen Habte-Wolde na Major General Mulugeta.<ref>Henze, ''Layers of Time'', p. 255</ref> [[File:Elizabeth II and Haile Selassie.jpg|thumb|left|London, England [[Emperor Haile Selassie I]] seated with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] in 1954 while on an official state visit]] Nkhondo iyi yikati yamara, Mubali Tsege wakakomeka, Col. Warqenah wakajikoma, ndipo ŵabali Mengistu na Germame Neway ŵakaŵa pafupi na Mojo pa Disembala 24. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa yakofya comene kwa Haile Selassie m'paka apo kukacitikira Nkhondo ya ku Ethiopia mu 1974. Mu 1963, Haile Selassie wakawovwira chomene pakukhazikiska wupu wakuchemeka Organisation of African Unity (OAU). Ŵanthu mu Ethiopia ŵakasuska Haile Selassie cifukwa ca suzgo la mafuta ilo likacitika pa caru cose mu 1973. Mtengo wapachanya wa mafuta ukapangiska kuti ŵadokotala na ŵasambizgi ŵambe kunjira mu sitiroko pa Febuluwale 18, 1974, ndipo ŵana ŵa sukulu na ŵantchito mu Addis Ababa ŵakamba kulongora kuti ŵakususka boma pa Febuluwale 20, 1974. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe njara ya vyakurya, kusuzgika pa nkhani ya muwuso, nkhondo za pa mphaka, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakondwa yayi na vinthu ivyo vikachitika. Boma la Aklilu Habte-Wold likathereskeka, ndipo boma liphya likapangika ndipo Endelkachew Makonnen wakaŵa nduna yikuru.<ref>[[#Valdes Vivo|Valdes Vivo]], p. 21.</ref> ===The Derg era (1974–1991)=== {{see also|Ethiopian Revolution|Derg|People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|Ethiopian Civil War|Eritrean War of Independence|1983–85 famine in Ethiopia}} [[File:EPRP.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party]] (EPRP) clashed with the [[Derg]] during the [[Red Terror (Ethiopia)|Red Terror]]]] Ufumu wa Haile Selassie ukamara pa Seputembala 12, 1974, apo wakathereskeka na Derg, komiti ya ŵasilikari na ŵapolisi iyo yikalongozgekanga na Aman Andom. Pamanyuma pa kukomeka kwa ŵalara ŵa boma na ŵasilikari ŵakwambilira 60 kusazgapo Aman mu Novembala 1974, wupu uphya wa Provisional Military Administrative Council uwo sono ukulongozgeka na Jenerale Tafari Benti ukalekeska muwuso wa ufumu mu Malichi 1975 ndipo ukakhazikiska Ethiopia kuŵa boma la Marxist-Leninist ilo likaŵa chipani chakulongozga mu boma la nyengo yeneyiyo. Kuwuskapo muwuso wa ŵasilikari, kusazgirako luso lwa kuŵazga na kulemba, kuzengaso charu, na kunozga malo ghanandi, kusazgapo kusamukira ku malo ghanyake na kuzgoka mizi kufuma ku vigaŵa vya mapiri vya Ethiopia, ndivyo vikaŵa vyakukhumbikwa chomene. Pamanyuma pa kulimbana kwa mukati uko kukapangiska kuti Tafari Benti uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chipani ichi na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakamukhozganga ŵakomeke mu Febuluwale 1977, kweniso Atnafu Abate uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri wa mulongozgi wa chipani ichi mu Novembala 1977, Mengistu Halie Mariam ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chipani ichi. Pa nyengo iyi, boma la Derg likawuskapo ŵanthu ŵanandi, kukaŵa chilangalanga, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakachimbira kwawo. Mu 1977, Somalia, iyo pakwamba yikapokeranga wovwiri na vilwero kufuma ku USSR, yikawukira Ethiopia mu Nkhondo ya Ogaden, na kupoka cigaŵa ca Ogaden. Ethiopia wakaweleramo mu caru ici pamanyuma pakuti wambira kupokera wovwiri ukuru wa ŵasilikari kufuma ku vyaru vya Soviet Union, Cuba, South Yemen, East Germany, na North Korea. Pa ŵasilikari aŵa pakaŵa ŵasilikari 15,000 ŵa ku Cuba.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Mengistu Regime and Its Impact|url=https://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_01_08.html|website=Library of Congress}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Oberdorfer|first=Don|date=March 1978|title=The Superpowers and the Ogaden War|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/03/05/the-superpowers-and-the-ogaden-war/00f60ef2-01b4-4cd3-8c5f-e545df388def/}}</ref>[[File:Derg.gif|thumb|left|Mulongozgi wa Ethiopia Mengistu Haile Mariam (kumazere) pamoza na ŵa Derg ŵanyake Tafari Benti (pakati) na Atnafu Abate (kumalyero). Mengistu wakakomeka ku Ethiopia cifukwa ca milandu iyo wakacita mu nyengo ya boma lake, iyo yikakoma ŵanthu 500,000; wakakhala mu caru ca Zimbabwe mu 2018.<ref name=BBC>{{cite web|date=22 December 1999|title=US admits helping Mengistu escape|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/575405.stm|access-date=13 December 2017|website=BBC}}</ref>]] Mu 1976-78, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 500,000 ŵakakomeka cifukwa ca wofipa, kampeni ya nkhaza ya Derg kwimikana na magulu ghakupambanapambana gha ŵakususka, comenecomene Marxist-Leninist Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP). Chitenthe ciŵisi cikacitika cifukwa ca ivyo Derg wakacema kuti 'Citenthe Cituŵa,' cinthu ico cikaŵa na nkhaza zinandi, kukoma ŵanthu, na kukoma ŵanthu. Mu 1987, Derg wakajilekeska yekha na kukhazikiska People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE) pamanyuma pa kukhazikiska Constitution ya 1987 ya Ethiopia yakuyana na Constitution ya 1977 ya Soviet Union na malango ghakusintha. Njara iyo yikacitika mu Ethiopia mu 1983-85 yikasuzga ŵanthu pafupifupi 8 miliyoni, ndipo ŵanthu 1 miliyoni ŵakafwa. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kugalukira boma, chomenechomene kumpoto kwa Eritrea na Tigray. Gulu la Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) likasazgikana na magulu ghanyake ghakwimikana na boma mu 1989, ndipo likapangiska gulu lakuchemeka Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, mu nyengo ya Mikhail Gorbachev, Soviet Union yikamba kuwelera nyuma kufuma ku kuzenga cikomyunizimu ca pa caru cose kuya ku visambizgo vya glasnost na perestroika, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti wovwiri wa vyaru vya Socialist Bloc ku Ethiopia ukhale ucoko comene. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe masuzgo ghanyake gha vya cuma ndiposo kuti ŵasilikari ŵathere cifukwa cakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku mpoto ŵakamba kuwukira. Kuwa kwa Marxism-Leninism mu vyaru vinyake, ndiposo ku Eastern Europe mu nyengo ya kusintha kwa vinthu mu 1989, kukakolerana na umo Soviet Union yikamazgira wovwiri ku Ethiopia mu 1990. Kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵamuteŵetere, Mengistu wakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵe makora mu caru na kumazga muwuso wa chipani cimoza. Kweni pakaŵa kuti pajumpha nyengo kuti boma lake lipone. Mu Meyi 1991, ŵasilikari ŵa EPRDF ŵakaluta ku Addis Ababa, ndipo Soviet Union yikatondeka kuponoska boma. Mengistu wakacimbira mu caru ici ndipo wakapika wanangwa wa kuwelera ku Zimbabwe, uko wachali kukhala. Mu 2006, Khoti Likuru la ku Addis Ababa, ku Ethiopia, likati lazenga mulandu uwu vyaka 12, likasanga Mengistu na mulandu wa kukoma ŵanthu. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa boma lake nawo ŵakasangika na mulandu wa nkhondo. Mengistu na ŵanji awo ŵakacimbira mu caru ŵakeruzgika na kweruzgika kwambura kuŵapo. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵanandi ŵa boma ŵakapika cilango ca nyifwa, ndipo ŵanji ŵanandi ŵakakhala mu jere vilimika 20 pambere ŵandagowokereke cilango ca umoyo wawo wose.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 2006|title=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 2005|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61569.htm|website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 2006|title=Mengistu Haile Mariam|url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/mengistu-haile-mariam/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022232516/https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/mengistu-haile-mariam/|archive-date=22 October 2018|access-date=22 October 2018|website=Trial International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=January 2018|title=Eshetu Alemu|url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/eshetu-alemu/|website=Trial International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Alemu Aneme|first=Girmachew|date=2001|title=Apology and trials: The case of the Red Terror trials in Ethiopia|url=http://www.ahrlj.up.ac.za/aneme-g-a|website=African Human Rights Law Journal}}</ref> ===<span id="AnchorFederal">Federal Democratic Republic (1991–present)</span>=== {{main article|Ethiopia under federal republic}} {{See also|Eritrean independence referendum, 1993}} Mu Julayi 1991, EPRDF yikacemera ungano wa vyaru vyose kuti uŵike boma lakwendera lumoza la Ethiopia ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu 87. Mu Juni 1992, gulu la Oromo Liberation Front likafumamo mu boma; mu Malichi 1993, ŵanthu ŵa Southern Ethiopia Peoples' Democratic Coalition nawo ŵakafumamo mu boma. Mu Epulero 1993, charu cha Eritrea chikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku Ethiopia. Mu 1994, ŵakalemba dango liphya ilo likapangiska kuti paŵe nyumba za malango ziŵiri na makhoti.<ref name="Constitution2">{{cite web|title=Article 5|url=http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/et/et007en.pdf|access-date=2 July 2015|work=Ethiopian Constitution|publisher=WIPO}}</ref>[[File:Meles Zenawi - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|Former Prime Minister [[Meles Zenawi]] at the 2012 [[World Economic Forum]] annual meeting]] Chisankho chakwamba cha vyaru vinandi chikachitika mu Meyi 1995, ndipo chipani cha EPRDF ndicho chikapambana. Mulongozgi wa boma la nyengo yachilendo, Meles Zenawi, ndiyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru yakwamba ya boma la Ethiopia, ndipo Negasso Gidada ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa boma ili. Mu Dango la ku Ethiopia ilo likapelekeka mu 1995, EPRDF yikapokelera waka yayi layizgo la Soviet la Derg lakuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakujumpha 80 ŵa mu charu ichi ŵaŵe na wanangwa wa kusama. Mu nthowa iyi, mtundu wa Ethiopia ukaŵa na boma ilo likaŵa na vigaŵa vya ŵanthu. Mu Meyi 1998, pa mphindano iyo yikaŵa pakati pa Eritrea na Ethiopia, pakawuka Nkhondo ya ku Eritrea na Ethiopia. Nkhondo iyi yikamara mu Juni 2000. Ici cikakhwaska comene cuma ca Ethiopia, kweni cikakhozga muwuso wa boma. Chisankho chachitatu cha chipani cha Ethiopia pa 15 Meyi 2005 chikaŵa chakususkana chomene, ndipo magulu ghanandi ghakwimikana nagho ghakati pakaŵa upusikizgi. Nangauli wupu wa Carter Center ukazomerezga ivyo vikachitika pambere maungano ghandambe, kweni ukakondwa yayi na ivyo vikachitika pamanyuma pa maungano. Awo ŵakulaŵilira ivyo vikuchitika pa mavoti mu vyaru vya Europe ŵakayowoya kuti boma likovwira pa kampeni ya EPRDF, kweniso kuti pakaŵa vinthu vinyake ivyo vikachitika mwambura kwenelera pakuŵerenga mavoti na kufumiska mavoti. Maphwando a chipani chakususkana nagho ghakasanga vithuzithuzi vyakujumpha 200 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, pakuyaniska na vithuzithuzi 12 pera mu 2000 apo pakaŵa mavoti. Nangauli ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa chipani cha CUD ŵakakana kukhala mu nyumba ya malango, kweni ŵakakakika cifukwa ca kususka vivulupi ivyo vikacitika. Wupu wa Amnesty International ukaŵawona kuti ni "ŵakayidi ŵa njuŵi" ndipo pamasinda ŵakaŵafumiska. Wupu wakukolerana wa vyaru vyakususka boma na ŵanthu ŵanyake ukapangika mu 2009 kuti ufumiske boma la EPRDF mu mavoti gha 2010. Chipani cha Meles, icho chili na mazaza kwambira mu 1991, chikapharazga manifesto yake ya mapeji 65 mu Addis Ababa pa 10 Okutobala 2009. Chipani chakususka chikapokera mavoti ghanandi mu Addis Ababa, kweni EPRDF yikayimiska kupenda mavoti kwa mazuŵa ghanandi. Pamanyuma pake, likapoka mazaza pa maungano agha, uku likuyuzgika na milandu ya upusikizgi. Mu 2011, mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa mukaŵa chilangalanga chikuru chomene mu vyaka 60. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora yayi chifukwa cha chilangalanga m'paka mu 2012, ndipo boma la Japan likagwiliskira ntchito nthowa zakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na umoyo uwemi.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web|title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership |access-date=2 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011}}</ref>[[File:Deputy Secretary of Defense Ashton B. Carter, left, is greeted by Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn at his office in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on July 24, 2013 130724-M-EV637-339.jpg|thumb|Former Prime Minister of Ethiopia [[Hailemariam Desalegn]] meeting with former US Deputy Secretary of Defense [[Ash Carter]] in Addis Ababa.]] Meles wakafwa pa 20 August 2012 ku Brussels, uko wakalerekanga nthenda yambura kumanyikwa. Mubali Hailemariam Desalegn, uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa nduna yikuru, wakasankhika kuŵa nduna yikuru m'paka pa chisankho cha mu 2015, ndipo wakalutilira kuŵa nduna yikuru. Pa Ogasiti 5, 2016, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kususka ivyo boma likachita. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaleke kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kufwatura ŵakayidi ŵa ndyali, kugaŵira makora usambazi uwo ukasangika chifukwa cha kukura kwa chuma kwa vyaka 10, kweniso kuti chigaŵa cha Wolqayt chiwelere ku chigaŵa cha Amhara. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa vyakofya chomene pa ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga mu vigaŵa vya ku Africa kufuma apo boma la Ethiopia likakoma ŵanthu 75 pa nyengo ya viphikiro mu chigaŵa cha Oromia mu Novembala na Disembala 2015. Pa 6 Okutobala, 2016, boma la Ethiopia likapharazga kuti kuli suzgo. Mu Ogasiti 2017, boma likawuskapo dango la vyakofya. Pa 16 February, 2018, boma la Ethiopia likapharazga nyengo ya suzgo ya myezi sikisi pa charu chose pamanyuma pa kufumiska nduna yikuru Hailemariam Desalegn. Hailemariam ni fumu yakwamba mu mbiri ya Ethiopia ya mazuŵa ghano kufumapo; ŵalongozgi ŵakwambilira ŵali kufwa panji kuwuskika. Iyo wakati wakukhumba kuti vinthu visinthe. ===Abiy Ahmed and the Prosperity Party (2018–present)=== {{Anchor|Government reforms (2018–present)}} {{see also|Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present){{!}}Ethiopian civil conflict|Tigray War}} [[File:Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo 2019.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Abiy Ahmed]] receiving the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in Oslo in 2019]] Nduna yikuru yiphya yikaŵa Abiy Ahmed, uyo wakaluta ku Eritrea mu 2018, ndipo wakamalizga nkhondo pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi. Chifukwa cha kuyezgayezga kwake kumazga nkhondo ya vyaka 20 pakati pa Ethiopia na Eritrea, Abiy Ahmed wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mtende mu 2019. Pamanyuma pa kuwusa mu Epulero 2018, Abiy, wa vyaka 46, wakafwatura ŵakayidi ŵa ndyali, wakalayizga kuti mu 2019 paŵenge mavoti ghakwenelera ndipo wakapharazga vyakusintha pa vyachuma. Pa 6 June 2019, mawebusayiti ghose agho ghakaŵa kuti ghakaŵa pasi pa censure ghakazgoreka, ndipo ŵakayidi ŵa ndyali ŵakujumpha 13,000 ŵakafwatulika.<ref>{{cite news |title=Abiy's Ethiopia pardons 13,000 accused of treason or terrorism |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-politics-idUSKCN1PG1IZ |work=Reuters |date=22 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ooni.torproject.org/post/ethiopia-unblocking/|title=OONI – Ethiopia: Verifying the unblocking of websites|website=ooni.torproject.org|date=29 June 2018|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newbusinessethiopia.com/ethiopia-prison-administration-fires-103-individuals/|title=Ethiopia prison administration fires 103 individuals – New Business Ethiopia|language=en-US|access-date=14 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113175528/https://newbusinessethiopia.com/ethiopia-prison-administration-fires-103-individuals/|archive-date=13 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cyberethiopia.com/2013/?p=2012|title=Reflections on the Rule of Law and Ethiopia's Transition to Democratic Rule (Part I)|date=12 January 2019|website=Cyber Ethiopia|language=en-US|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref> Nkhondo ya mitundu yikasazgikira cifukwa ca masuzgo gha ndyali. Pakaŵa nkhondo pakati pa mtundu wa Oromo, uwo ni fuko likuru chomene mu charu ichi, na fuko la Somalia. Kuyambira mu 2019, mu nkhondo ya Metekel, nkhondo mu chigawo cha Metekel cha chigawo cha Benishangul-Gumuz ku Ethiopia zikunenedwa kuti zikuphatikizapo zigawenga kuchokera ku anthu a Gumuz motsutsana ndi Amhara ndi Agaws. Mu Malichi 2020, mulongozgi wa gulu la Amhara lakuchemeka Fano, Solomon Atanaw, wakayowoya kuti ŵafumengepo yayi vilwero m'paka apo chigaŵa cha Metekel na vigaŵa vya Welkait na Raya mu chigaŵa cha Tigray viwelerenge ku chigaŵa cha Amhara. Mu mwezi wa Seputembala 2018, ŵanthu 23 ŵakakomeka pa nkhaza za ŵanthu ŵachoko waka mu chigaŵa cha Oromia kufupi na Addis Ababa, msumba ukuru wa Ethiopia. Ŵanthu 35 ŵakakomeka pamanyuma mu Addis Ababa na mu chigaŵa chakuzingilizga cha Oromia pa nyengo ya viwawa ivyo ŵanandi ŵakawonanga kuti boma likuchitapo kanthu yayi pa nkhaza izi. Ŵanyake ŵakakomeka na ŵapolisi..<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/24/world/africa/ethiopia-ethnic-violence-arrests.html|title=Thousands Are Arrested in Ethiopia After Ethnic Violence|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 September 2018|access-date=27 April 2019|last1=Ahmed|first1=Hadra|last2=Goldstein|first2=Joseph}}</ref> [[File:Ethiopia overall conflcit map 2020s.png|left|thumb|Map illustrating the [[Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)|Ethiopian civil conflict]] as of 2022; included are [[2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia|al-Shabaab attacks]], the [[Tigray War]] zone, and the redeployment of federal troops from the southeast to the north. ]] Pa 22 June 2019, magulu gha ŵasilikari ŵa chigaŵa ichi ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma la chigaŵa ichi, ndipo mu nyengo iyi, pulezidenti wa chigaŵa cha Amhara, Ambachew Mekonnen, wakakomeka. Mulinda wa boma uyo wakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha ŵasilikari ŵakususka boma wakakoma Jenerale Se'are Mekonnen   Mukuru wa ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia National Defense Force    kweniso movwiri wake, Major General Gizae Aberra. Ofesi ya Prime Minister yikaphalira Brigadier General Asaminew Tsige, mulongozgi wa mawupu ghakuvikilira chigaŵa cha Amhara, kuti ndiyo wakalongozganga chiŵembu ichi, ndipo Tsige wakakomeka na ŵapolisi kufupi na Bahir Dar pa 24 June. Gulu la Fano ni gulu la ŵawukirano la Amhara mu Ethiopia, ilo likuwoneka nga ni gulu lakususka panji gulu la ŵasilikari. Mgwirizano pakati pa Fano na Qeerroo, mtundu wawo wa Oromo, ukagwira ntchito yayikulu pakubweretsa kusintha kwa ndale ndi kayendetsedwe kogwirizana ndi utsogoleri wa Abiy Ahmed. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Tigray, Fano wakawovwira ŵasilikari ŵa boma na ŵa chigaŵa kukarwa na ŵakugaluka awo ŵakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Tigray People's Liberation Front panji TPLF. Mabungwe a Fano akuimbidwa mlandu wogwira nawo ntchito yakupha anthu, kuphatikiza 58 ya anthu a Qemant ku Metemma pa 10-11 Januware 2019, komanso zochita zankhondo ku Humera mu Novembala 2020.<ref>{{cite news | last1= Akinwotu | first1= Emmanuel | title= 'I saw people dying on the road': Tigray's traumatised war refugees | date= 2 December 2020 |newspaper= [[The Guardian]] | url= https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/dec/02/tigray-war-refugees-ethiopia-sudan |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20201202185821/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/dec/02/tigray-war-refugees-ethiopia-sudan |archive-date= 2 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Ethiopian Civil War (2020-present).svg|thumb|Territorial control as of March 2023:<br />{{resize|85%|(For a more detailed, up-to-date, interactive map, see [[Template:Ethiopian wars and insurgencies detailed map|here]])}}.<br /> '''Pro-federal government troops'''{{leftlegend|#fcadad|[[Government of Ethiopia|Ethiopian federal government]] and regional allies}} '''Anti-federal government rebels''' {{leftlegend|#ffff44|[[Oromo Liberation Army]]}}]] Chiwonetsero cha chionetsero chinabuka ku Ethiopia pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa woimba wa Oromo Hachalu Hundessa pa 29 June 2020, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu osachepera 239 aphedwe. Boma la feduro, pasi pa chipani cha Prosperity Party, likapempha kuti National Election Board ya Ethiopia yisinthe mavoti gha 2020 chifukwa cha umoyo na chivikiliro chifukwa cha COVID-19. Pa nyengo iyi pakaŵavya deti ilo likayowoyekerathu kuti mavoti ghaŵengepo, kweni boma likati para katemera wa COVID-19 wafika, mavoti ghaŵengepo. Chipani cha Tigrayan, cha TPLF, chikakanira kuti mavoti ghalekeske ndipo, apo pempho lawo ku boma la federal kuti mavoti ghachitike likakanika, TPLF yikalutizga mavoti pa 9 September 2020. Ŵakacitanga vinthu pamoza na magulu ghakwimikana na boma mu vigaŵa vyawo ndipo ŵakaŵapo na ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.7 miliyoni ŵakavota. Ubwezi pakati pa boma la federal na boma la chigaŵa cha Tigray ukasuzga chomene pamanyuma pa chisankho, ndipo pa 4 November 2020, Abiy wakayamba nkhondo ya nkhondo mu chigaŵa cha Tigray pakuzgora ku vilwero vya ŵasilikari awo ŵakakhalanga mwenemumo, ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵachimbire ku Sudan na kwamba nkhondo ya Tigray. Pa Novembala 9, 2020, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 600 ŵakakomeka mu tawuni ya Mai Kadra. Mu Epulero 2021, Eritrea yikati ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakurwa nkhondo mu Ethiopia. Kufika mu Malichi 2022, ŵanthu 500,000 ŵakafwa chifukwa cha vivulupi na njara mu Nkhondo ya Tigray, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakuti chiŵelengero ichi chikukwana 700,000-800,000 paumaliro wa 2022. Pamanyuma pa kufumiska malango ghanandi gha mtende na kuwoneseska kuti vinthu vyendenge makora, Ethiopia na ŵasilikari ŵa Tigrayan ŵakazomerezga kuti nkhondo yimare pa Novembala 2, 2022; kweni pakuti Eritrea yikaŵa chigaŵa cha phangano ili yayi, malo ghawo ghakaŵa ghambura kupulikikwa.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Winning |first1=Alexander |last2=Cocks |first2=Tim |date=2022-11-02 |title=Parties in Ethiopia conflict agree to cease hostilities |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/african-union-parties-ethiopia-conflict-have-agreed-cease-hostilities-2022-11-02/ |access-date=}}</ref> ==Boma na ndale== {{Main|Politics of Ethiopia|Law of Ethiopia|Judiciary of Ethiopia}}<!-- Please add new information to relevant articles of the series, not here --> {{see also|Rulers and Heads of State of Ethiopia}} [[File:Ethiopian Parliament.jpg|thumb|[[House of People's Representatives]] is the lower house of the Ethiopian [[Federal Parliamentary Assembly]]]] Charu cha Ethiopia chili na boma laparamende, ndipo nduna yikuru ndiyo ni mutu wa boma. Boma ndilo lili na mazaza ghakulongozga ndipo boma na nyumba ziŵiri za boma ndizo zili na mazaza ghakulongozga. Nyumba ya Federation ni nyumba yakudumura ya wupu wakulongozga wa vyalo viŵiri na vithuzithuzi 108, ndipo nyumba yakudumura ni Nyumba ya Wimiliri ya Ŵanthu (HoPR) na vithuzi 547. Nyumba ya Federation yikusankhika na maboma gha vigaŵa, apo ŵimiliri ŵa HoPR ŵakusankhika mwakudunjika. Makhoti gha ku Ethiopia ghali na makhoti ghaŵiri: makhoti gha boma na gha boma. Dango la FDRE likapeleka mazaza ku Khoti Likuru Chomene ilo likwenera kuwuskapo na kuwona ivyo makhoti ghanyake gha boma ghachita. Kweniso, Khoti Likuru Chomene lingeruzga milandu mu vigaŵa vinkhondi mu vigaŵa vyose vya boma panji "mu vigaŵa ivyo vili pasi pake" usange likuwona kuti "ntchakukhumbikwa kuti urunji ufiskike makora".<ref>{{Cite book |title=See Federal High Court Establishment Proclamation No.322/2003. Federal High Courts have been placed in the following states: Afar, Benshngul/Gumuz, Gambela, Somali, and SNNPR.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Federal Courts Proclamation 25/1996,as amended by Federal Courts (Amendment) Proclamation 138/1998, Federal Courts (Amendment) Proclamation 254/2001, Federal Courts (Amendment) Proclamation 321/2003, and Federal Courts Proclamation (Reamendment) Proclamation 454/2005 (Federal Courts Proclamation), Article 24(3).}}</ref> Phangano la Wupu Wakulongozga likapeleka fundo zitatu: malango, vyaru na malo agho khoti likweruzgirenge. Kuyana na ndime 78 mu Dango la 1994, wupu wa vyeruzgo ngwakujiyimira wekha pa nkhani ya malango. Kuti ivi vicitike, ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakwimika mulaŵiliri wa khoti lakulongozga. Para munthu wasankhika, wupu wakulongozga ulije mazaza ghakuwuskirapo. Ŵeruzgi ŵanyake ŵakusoleka na Federal Judicial Administration Council (FJAC) mwakuyana na fundo zakupulikikwa makora ndiposo ulongozgi wa nduna yikuru. Mu vigaŵa vyose, ŵeruzgi ŵangafumiskika yayi pa udindo wawo pekha usange ŵafumapo, ŵaswa malango gha ndyali, ŵakukolerana yayi, panji ŵakutondeka kuchita makora milimo yawo chifukwa cha ulwari. Ŵalara ŵa boma ndiwo ŵakuzomerezga kuti ŵeruzgi ŵa boma ŵafumiskike mu maofesi ghawo. Mu 2015, lipoti la Freedom House likati fundo iyi njautesi. Mwakuyana na Democracy Index iyo yikalembeka na Economist Intelligence Unit ku United Kingdom kuumaliro wa 2010, Ethiopia ni "maufumu ghakutemwera ŵanthu", ndipo ni charu cha 118 pa vyaru 167. Charu cha Ethiopia chikakhira pa malo 13 kufuma mu 2008, ndipo lipoti la mu 2010 likati boma likakanizga ŵanthu awo ŵakususka boma, ŵapharazgi, na wupu wa ŵanthu wose pambere ŵandalute ku mavoti mu 2010.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180606141853/http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf The Economist Intelligence Unit's Index of Democracy 2010]. (PDF). p.17. Retrieved on 3 March 2012.</ref> ===Kwendeska boma=== {{Main|Government of Ethiopia}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Abiy Ahmed with LI Yong 2018 (cropped).jpeg | width1 = 125 | caption1 = [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] [[Abiy Ahmed]] | image2 = Sahle-Work Zewde in 2016.jpg | width2 = 125 | caption2 = [[President of Ethiopia|President]] [[Sahle-Work Zewde]] }} Mu nyengo ya boma la ku Ethiopia, ndyali za mu charu ichi zikasintha chomene. Mazuŵa ghano, chuma chake chikwendera fundo zakupambanapambana. Mu Juni 1994, pakaŵa maungano ghakwamba gha vyaru 547. Ungano uwu ukazomera dango la fuko la Ethiopia mu Disembala 1994. Mu Meyi na Juni 1995, ku Ethiopia kukachitika maungano gha boma na gha chigaŵa. Maphwando ambiri a chipani chotsutsa anasankha kulekerera chisankhochi. Chipani cha Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) chikatonda chomene. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru na ŵaboma ŵanyake ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵa chipani cha visopa vinyake mphanyi ŵakanjilirapo. Boma lakwamba la Ethiopia ilo likalongozgeka na dango liphya likakhazikiskika mu Ogasiti 1995. Boma la Prime Minister Meles Zenawi ilo likalongozgekanga na EPRDF likakhozga fundo ya federalism ya mafuko, ndipo likapeleka mazaza ghakuru ku maboma gha vigaŵa. Mazuŵa ghano, mu Ethiopia muli vigaŵa 11 ivyo vikujiyimira vyekha. Mu nyengo ya maboma agho ghakaŵako kale, wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo wanangwa wa kupharazga, ukaŵa na mphaka. Ŵanthu ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wa kuŵazga nkhani zinyake padera pa nyuzipepara za boma. Kwambira waka pa nyengo ya maungano gha mu 2005, ŵapharazgi 18 awo ŵakalemba nkhani zakususka boma ŵakakakika chifukwa cha kusopa vikozgo. Boma likagwiliskiranga ntchito malango ghakukhwaskana na kusesa kuti liwofye ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga ivyo likakhumbanga. Boma la Meles likasankhika mu 2000 mu mavoti ghakwamba gha vyaru vinandi; kweni, mavoti agha ghakasuskika comene na ŵalaŵiliri ŵa vyaru na vyaru vinyake. Gulu la EPRDF nalo likathereska pa chisankho cha 2005 ndipo Meles wakawelera ku mazaza. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakazomera kuti paŵe mavoti, kweni ŵakususka na awo ŵakulaŵilira vinthu mu vyaru vya ku Europe na vyaru vinyake ŵakayowoya kuti mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghambura kukolerana na malango gha pa caru cose ghakukhwaskana na mavoti ghakwenelera ndiposo ghakufwatuka. Wapolisi wa ku Ethiopia wapha ŵanthu ŵakukwana 193, comenecomene mu msumba wa Addis Ababa, mu nkhaza izo zikacitika pamanyuma pa mavoti gha mu Meyi 2005.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopian probe team criticises judge over report. |url=http://www.kilil5.com/node/4419 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907072116/http://www.kilil5.com/node/4419 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 September 2012 |agency=Reuters |date=11 September 2006 |access-date=21 July 2007}}</ref>[[File:Secretary Kerry and Ethiopian Foreign Minister Adhanom Hold a News Conference in Addis Ababa (3).jpg|thumb|Former Foreign Minister of Ethiopia [[Tedros Adhanom]] with former U.S. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]]]] Boma likambaso kuyuzga ŵanthu mu vigaŵa; mu chigaŵa cha Oromia, boma likagwiliskira ntchito nthambuzgo, kukaka ŵanthu na nthowa zinyake kuti liŵaleke kuyowoyapo na ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga chisankho, chomenechomene awo ŵakakolerananga na chipani cha Oromo National Congress (ONC). Boma likulimbana na ŵakugaluka mu chigaŵa cha Ogaden kwamba mu 2007. Chipani chikuru chomene mu 2005 chikaŵa cha Coalition for Unity and Democracy (CUD). Pamanyuma pa kugaŵikana kwa mukati, ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa chipani cha CUD ŵakambiska chipani chiphya cha Unity for Democracy and Justice chakulongozgeka na Mweruzgi Birtukan Mideksa. Birtukan Mideksa, wa mtundu wa Oromo, ni mwanakazi wakwamba kulongozga chipani mu Ethiopia. Mu chaka cha 2008, maboma ghankhondi ghakwimikana nagho ghakaŵa United for Democracy and Justice (Unity for Democracy and Justice) yakulongozgeka na Judge Birtukan Mideksa, United Ethiopian Democratic Forces (United Ethiopian Democratic Forces) yakulongozgeka na Beyene Petros, Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement (Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement) yakulongozgeka na Bulcha Demeksa, Oromo People's Congress (Oromo People's Congress) yakulongozgeka na Merera Gudina, na United Ethiopian Democratic Party (Medhin Party) yakulongozgeka na Lidetu Ayalew. Pambuyo pa chisankho cha 2015, Ethiopia yataya MP yake yokhayo yotsutsa; pofika 2015 kunalibe aphungu otsutsa mu nyumba yamalamulo ya Ethiopia.<ref name = "BBC Obama trip">{{Cite news | title = Obama in Ethiopia for key talks with regional leaders | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-33671340 | website = BBC News | date = 27 July 2015 | access-date = 27 July 2015}}</ref> ===Ubale na vyaru vinyake=== {{main article|Foreign relations of Ethiopia}} [[File:The state visit of Reuven Rivlin to Ethiopia, May 2018 (4382).jpg|thumb|Ethiopian [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] [[Abiy Ahmed]] with Israeli [[President of Israel|President]] [[Reuven Rivlin]] in May 2018]] Kwambira ku Punt, Etiyopiya ni caru ico cikaguliskanga comene vinthu nga ni golide, mino gha zovu, vinyama vyakupambanapambana, na vyakununkhira. Ŵanandi awo ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakaghanaghana kuti vinthu vikamba kwenda makora pakati pa Ethiopia na ufumu wa Themba Tewodros II. Kufuma nyengo yira, vyaru ivi vikawonekanga kuti ni vyambura ntchito m'paka apo Suez Canal yikajulikira cifukwa ca Nkhondo ya Mahdist.<ref>Although Bahru Zewde, ''A History of Modern Ethiopia'', second edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2001), believes that the Suez Canal brought strategic value to the Red Sea region (p. 73), Sven Rubenson, ''The Survival of Ethiopian Independence'' (Hollywood: Tsehai,1991) argues that only with the Mahdi War did the United Kingdom interest themselves once again in Ethiopia (pp. 283ff).</ref> [[File:Sergio Mattarella and Abiy Ahmed Ali (2).jpg|thumb|Ethiopian [[Abiy Ahmed|Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed]] with the President of Italy [[Sergio Mattarella]]]] Mazuŵa ghano, Ethiopia wali na ubwezi wakukhora na vyaru nga ni China, Israel, Mexico, Turkey, na India. Ubwezi na Sudan na Egypt uli pa mphindano chifukwa cha ntchito ya Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam iyo yikakwera mu 2020. Nangauli vyaru vinkhondi na cimoza (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, na Tanzania) vikasaina Nile Basin Initiative mu 2010, kweni Eguputo na Sudan ŵakakana phangano la kugaŵikana maji cifukwa ca kuchepeskeka kwa maji mu Nile Basin. Mu 2020, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed wakachenjezga kuti "Palije nkhongono izo zingalekeska Ethiopia kuzenga damu. Usange tingakhumbikwira kuluta ku nkhondo, tinganozga ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi". Ethiopia ni munyake wa Global War on Terrorism and African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). Ku United States. Purezidenti wakale Barack Obama ndiye anali woyamba kugwira ntchito kukachezera Ethiopia mu Julayi 2015, pomwe amalankhula ku African Union, adawunikira kulimbana ndi uchigawenga wachisilamu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakuluta ku vyaru vya ku Europe, comenecomene ku Italy, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom, Canada, Sweden, na Australia. Ku Ethiopia kuli Ŵayuda pafupifupi 155,300 awo ŵali kusamira ku Israel. Ŵakucemeka kuti Beta Israel. Charu cha Ethiopia nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili mu Gulu la 24 (G-24), gulu la vyaru vyambura kukolerana na G77. Mu 1963, wupu wa African Unity (OAU) uwo pamasinda ukachemeka kuti African Union, ukapangika mu Addis Ababa. Kweniso ni munthazi wa wupu wa Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, African Standby Force na mawupu ghanandi gha pa caru cose agho ghakuwona vya Africa. Ethiopia njimoza mwa vyaru vya mu Africa ndipo yikaŵa yumoza wa ŵimiliri ŵa wupu wa League of Nations (uno ni United Nations) kwamba waka mu 1923. Ntchito za UN mu Ethiopia ni za wovwiri wa ŵanthu na vya kuzenga. Mwaciyelezgero, gulu la UNCT ku Ethiopia lili na ŵimiliri ŵa mawupu 28 gha UN. Maofesi ghanyake gha wupu uwu ghakukolerana na wupu wa United Nations Economic Commission for Africa na African Union. Wupu wa UN ukuŵika mtima pa vinthu vyose vya mu Ethiopia, ukupeleka vilato viŵiri: Vilato vya Kukula kwa Vinthu Vyakukhalilira (SDGs) na vya Kukula kwa Charu. Ivi vikusazgapo kulimbana na ukavu, kukura kwa cuma, kusintha kwa nyengo, masambiro na wovwiri wa munkhwala, kusazgirako nchito na kuvikilira cilengiwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The United Nations in Ethiopia {{!}} United Nations in Ethiopia|url=https://ethiopia.un.org/en/about/about-the-un|access-date=3 January 2022|website=ethiopia.un.org|language=en}}</ref> === Ŵankhondo === {{main|Military history of Ethiopia|Ethiopian National Defense Force}} [[File:2014 01 22 Ethiopia Welcome Ceremony 001.jpg (12086805304).jpg|thumb|Ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia National Defense Force pa chiphikiro ku Baidoa, Somalia pakukumbuka umo Ethiopia wali kunjilira mu gulu la African Union pa 22 January 2014]] Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakamba kuwusa mu nyengo yakale chomene. Cifukwa cakuti Ethiopia wali pakati pa vyaru vya ku Middle East na Africa, kwa nyengo yitali wakhala pakati pa vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi na vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu 1579, Ufumu wa Ottoman ukayezga kusazgikira kufuma ku malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Massawa. Ŵasilikari ŵa Ufumu wa Etiyopiya ŵakathereska Ŵaeguputo mu 1876 ku Gura. Nkhondo ya ku Adwa ndiyo yikumanyikwa comene cifukwa cakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia ŵakathereska ŵalwani ŵawo. Chikawovwira kuti Etiyopiya walutilire kuŵa charu chakujiyimira. Nkhondo iyi yikacitika pa 1 Malichi 1896 pafupi na tawuni ya Adwa. Ŵasilikari ŵa Etiyopiya ŵakamba kuzgoka ŵaphya mu nyengo ya Tafari Mekonnen, uyo pamasinda wakaŵa Themba Haile Selassie I. Mu 1917, wakapanga gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakuvikilira ŵanthu ŵa Ufumu, la Kebur Zabagna. Gulu la ŵasilikari aŵa likasambizgika pa sukulu ya ŵasilikari ya ku France ku Saint-Cyr. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia ilo likalongozgekanga na Kagnew Battalion, likachitako nkhondo ya ku Korea kwambira mu 1950. Mabuku ghanyake ghakayowoya kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia ŵakakhalako vyaka 15, kweni ghanyake ghakuti ŵakafumapo mu 1975, nga ni gulu la UN. Gulu ili likaŵa na ŵasilikari 6,037 pa nyengo ya nkhondo.<ref name="autob">{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201204260161.html |title=Ethiopia: Association to Commemorate 61st of Korean War |work=AllAfrica |date=25 April 2012 |agency=Ethiopian News Agency |access-date=5 December 2022 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>[[File:Ethiopian Soldiers Korean War.jpg|thumb|Ethiopian [[Kebur Zabagna]] soldiers seen at [[Korean War|Korean war]] siding with [[South Korea]] against [[Korean War|North Korean and communist]] backed forces in 1953]] Wupu wakuvikilira chalo cha Ethiopia (Ethiopian National Defence Force) ni wupu wakuvikilira chalo cha Ethiopia. Wupu wa ENDF uli na magulu ghaŵiri: Wupu wa Ethiopian Ground Forces na wa Ethiopian Air Force. Kufuma waka mu 1996, charu cha Ethiopia icho chilije nyanja, chilije ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo, kweni mu 2018 Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed wakayowoya pa TV ya boma kuti: "Tili kuzenga ŵasilikari ŵankhongono chomene ŵa pasi na ŵa mu mlengalenga mu Africa... tikwenera kuzenga ŵasilikari ŵithu ŵa nkhondo munthazi".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44369382|title=Why landlocked Ethiopia wants to launch a navy|last=Olewe|first=Dickens|date=14 June 2018|access-date=7 July 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> ===Malango=== {{main article|Law enforcement in Ethiopia|Crime in Ethiopia}} {{See also|Police brutality in Ethiopia}} Ndondomeko ya chalo yikuphalira ŵapolisi ŵa boma la Ethiopia (EFP). Wupu uwu ndiwo ukuvikilira umoyo wa ŵanthu pa charu chose. Wapolisi wa boma wakapangika mu chaka cha 1995, ndipo wapolisi wa boma wakwendeskeka na kazembe wa boma kufuma mu Okutobala 2000; kazembe wa boma wakupeleka lipoti ku Unduna wa vya Mtende, kweni wakasinthika pamanyuma pa kusintha kwa ndyali mu chaka cha 2018, ndipo wakuluta ku nyumba ya malango. Mu vyaka vyakumasinda, ŵapolisi ŵa boma ndiwo ŵakapharazganga mwakudunjika. Kweniso, ŵapolisi ŵa boma ŵali na wanangwa wa kuphalira ŵapolisi ŵa vigaŵa kuti ŵaŵawovwire. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakujiyimira pawekha ŵakuvikilira ŵanthu. Mazuŵa ghano, kupeleka vimbundi nchinthu cakuzirwa comene, comenecomene ŵapolisi ŵa msewu. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵapolisi ŵacitaso nkhaza zinandi. Pa Ogasiti 26, 2019, vidiyo ya mwanalume uyo wali na nkhonyo uyo ŵapolisi ŵaŵiri ŵakamutimba apo mwanakazi munyake mulara wakanjiranga mu msumba wa Addis Ababa, yikathandazgika chomene. Ŵapolisi ŵakuti para ŵapolisi ŵacita vinthu viheni, ndikuti ŵakulondezga yayi fundo ya mu ndime 52 ya malango gha boma, iyo yikuti ŵapolisi awo ŵacita viheni ŵafumiskike pa nchito. Malango gha African Union gha Luanda na Robben Island panji chikalata cha United Nations cha Justice for Victims of Abuse of Power and their Basic Principles on the Use of Force & Firearms, chikukhumba kuti komiti ya Ethiopian Government Disciplinary Committee yikomane na nkhaza za ŵapolisi pa munthu yumoza na wose.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Woubshet|first=Ayele|date=14 August 2020|title=Our 'protectors' in blue: Police brutality and misconduct in Ethiopia|url=https://www.ethiopia-insight.com/2020/08/14/our-protectors-in-blue-police-brutality-and-misconduct-in-ethiopia/|access-date=6 January 2022|website=Ethiopia Insight|language=en-US}}</ref> === Wanangwa wa '''ŵa'''nthu === {{Main|Human rights in Ethiopia}} {{Further|War crimes in the Tigray War}} Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu chifukwa cha nkhaza izo zikuchitika pakati pa mafuko. Mu 2016, ŵanthu 100 ŵakakomeka na boma mu chigaŵa cha Oromia na Amhara. Wupu wa United Nations (UN) wapempha kuti ŵalaŵiliri ŵa wupu uwu ŵafike ku Ethiopia kuti ŵamanye ivyo vyachitika, kweni boma la Ethiopia ilo likulongozgeka na EPRDF likakana. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakususka kuti ŵanthu ŵakuwukira malo ghawo na kuŵavya wanangwa wakusankha awo ŵakuŵawimira. Gulu la EPRDF ilo likulongozgeka na TPLF ndilo likapokera 100% pa mavoti agho ghakaŵa na upusikizgi. Merera Gudina, mulongozgi wa bungwe la Oromo People's Congress, wakati caru ca East Africa cili pa "mphepete mwa nthowa". Iyo wakasazgirapo kuti: "Ŵanthu ŵakukhumba wanangwa wawo". "Ŵanthu ŵakukhuta na ivyo boma likucita kwa vilimika 25. Ŵakulimbana na vinthu nga ni kupoka malo, kuwezgera nduzga, mavoti ghakubisika, kukwera kwa mtengo wa vinthu, na vinyake vinandi. "Usange boma likulutilira kukanizga ŵanthu apo ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵakukhumba wanangwa wawo, (nkhondo ya pawenenawene) yingacitika".<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-landrights-violence-idUSKCN10M12X|title=Ethiopia's battle for land reforms could lead to civil war: opposition leader|date=11 August 2016|access-date=8 May 2017|newspaper=Reuters}}</ref>[[File:Omo River Valley IMG 0463.jpg|thumb|Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Karo mu vigaŵa vya kumwera]] Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2003 na wupu wa National Committee on Traditional Practices ku Ethiopia, nthengwa izo zikuchitika chifukwa cha kukora ŵanthu ni 69% ya nthengwa izo zikuchitika mu charu ichi. Ŵapharazgi na ŵanthu awo ŵakuchitapo kanthu ŵakawopeka panji kukakika chifukwa cha nkhani izo ŵakalemba za nthenda ya COVID-19 mu Ethiopia. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Omotic Karo na Hamer awo ŵakukhala kumwera kwa Etiyopiya, ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵalara na ŵana awo ŵali na suzgo la thupi ŵakuchemeka bangi, kung'anamura "ŵambura kutowa". Ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti ŵana ŵambura kupendera ŵakukhwaska ŵanji. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Karo ŵakazomerezga yayi nkharo iyi mu Julayi 2012. Mu 2013, wupu wa Oakland Institute ukalemba lipoti ilo likati boma la Ethiopia likuchichizga "ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa ku Gambela kuti ŵafumemo mu malo ghawo". Lipoti linyake likuti awo ŵakakana, ŵakaŵachitiranga nkhaza zakupambanapambana. Lipoti lakuyana waka la mu 2012 la wupu wa Human Rights Watch likulongosoraso ivyo boma la Ethiopia likacita mu 2010 na 2011 pa nkhani ya kuzenga mizi mu Gambela. Boma la Ethiopia likukana ivyo boma likuyowoya kuti likupoka malo gha ŵanthu ndipo likuwona kuti vinthu vikwenda makora mu charu ichi. Pa 23 Okutobala, 2019, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusuzgika chomene mu chigaŵa cha Oromia, chifukwa cha ivyo munthu munyake uyo wakugwira ntchito pa nkhani za wanangwa wa ŵanthu zina lake Jawar Mohammed wakayowoya. Kuyana na lipoti la boma, ŵanthu 86 ŵakafwa. Pa Meyi 29, 2020, wupu wa Amnesty International ukafumiska lipoti ilo likususka ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia kuti ŵakukaka ŵanthu ŵanandi na kuŵakoma kwambura mulandu. Lipoti ili likati mu 2019, ŵanthu 25 awo ŵakaghanaghanika kuti ŵakovwira gulu la Oromo Liberation Army, ŵakakomeka na ŵasilikari mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Oromia. Kweniso, pakati pa Janyuwale na Seputembala 2019, ŵanthu 10,000 ŵakakakika chifukwa cha kukayikira, ndipo ŵanandi "ŵakakomeka mwankhaza".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/78d1d784e9c7c441df4ee9632557a900|title=New report alleges killings, mass detentions in Ethiopia|access-date=29 May 2020|website=Associated Press}}</ref> ==== Wanangwa wa ŵa LGBT ==== {{Main article|LGBT rights in Ethiopia}} Ku Ethiopia, kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhukanizgika. Mwakuyana na ndime 629 ya Criminal Code, munthu uyo wakuchita vinthu vya kugonana kwa ŵanthu ŵaviŵaro vyakuyana wakulangika vyaka 15 panji umoyo wake wose. Charu cha Ethiopia nchakusuzga comene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutinkha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuŵatambuzga chifukwa cha chisopa chawo. Ŵanthu ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakamba kumanyikwa mu charu ichi kufuma waka apo boma likadandawura ku wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu 2008, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu ŵakamba kukura mu misumba yikuruyikuru nga ni Addis Ababa. Mahoteli ghanyake ghakuzirwa nga ni Sheraton Addis na Hilton Hotel ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵakwendera fundo za boma. Tchalitchi la Orthodox la ku Ethiopia ndilo likususka chomene. Mwachiyelezgero, Dereje Negash, uyo ni munthu wakulimbikira ntchito za wanangwa wa ŵanthu, wakambiska gulu lakuti "Zim Anlem" mu 2014. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2007, ŵanthu 97 pa 100 ŵaliwose ku Ethiopia ŵakugomezga kuti kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhwakuzomerezgeka yayi. Pa vyaru 45 ivyo vikafumbika, ici cikaŵa cigaŵa caciŵiri pa vyaru vyose ico ŵanthu ŵakukana kusambira Baibolo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/258.pdf |title="Pew Global Attitudes Project", (pages 35, 81, and 117) |access-date=3 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214225525/http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/258.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== {{Main|Subdivisions of Ethiopia|Regions of Ethiopia|List of zones of Ethiopia|Districts of Ethiopia}} [[File:Map of zones of Ethiopia.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.6|Map of [[Regions of Ethiopia|regions]] and [[list of zones of Ethiopia|zones]] of Ethiopia]] Pambere chaka cha 1996 chindafike, charu cha Ethiopia chikaŵa na vigaŵa 13, ndipo vinandi vikafuma ku vigaŵa vyakale. Pasono charu ichi chili na maboma gha vigaŵa vinandi, ndipo maboma agha ghakulaŵilira vigaŵa, vigaŵa, na vigaŵa. Charu cha Ethiopia chili kugaŵika mu vyaru 11 ivyo vili na mafuko (kililoch, singular kilil) na misumba yiŵiri (astedader akababiwoch, singular astedader akababi), ndipo yaumaliro ni Addis Ababa na Dire Dawa. Chigaŵa ichi chili na vigaŵa 68, na vigaŵa 550 na vigaŵa vinyake. Ndondomeko iyi yikupeleka mazaza ghakuru ku vigaŵa ivyo vili na boma lawo na demokilase, kweni vikukolerana na malango gha boma. Chigaŵa chilichose chili na wupu wa chigaŵa uwo ŵanthu ŵake ŵakusankhika mwakudunjika kuti ŵimilire vigaŵa. Wupu uwu uli na mazaza gha malango na gha kuwusa. Kweniso, ndime 39 ya Dango la Ethiopia yikupereka wanangwa ku vigaŵa vyose kuti vijipature ku Ethiopia. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa nkhani ya umo boma likupelekera mazaza ku boma. Makonsili ghakufiska milimo yawo kwizira mu komiti yikuru na maofesi gha vigaŵa. Ndondomeko iyi yikulongosoreka makora chomene mu wupu, wupu wakulongozga na wupu wa boma. ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{Main|Geography of Ethiopia}} [[File:Wonchi Lake of Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nyanja ya Wonchi]] pa mphambano pakati pa Ambo na Waliso mu chigaŵa cha Oromia]] Charu cha Etiyopiya chili pa nambara 28 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa charu chapasi. Malo agha ghali pakati pa dera lakwamba la kumpoto na lakwamba lakwamba la kumpoto, kweniso pakati pa dera lakwamba la kumafumiro gha dazi na lakwamba la kumafumiro gha dazi. Cigaŵa cikuru ca Ethiopia cili ku mphanji ya Africa, iyo ni cigaŵa ca kumafumiro gha dazi comene ca caru ici. Vyaru ivyo vili na mphaka na Ethiopia ni Eritrea kumpoto, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan na Sudan. Mu charu cha Ethiopia muli mapiri ghanandi na malo ghakupambanapambana agho ghakupatukana na Great Rift Valley. Malo ghakupambanapambana, nyengo, dongo, vyakumera, na malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala. Charu cha Etiyopiya chili na vyakumera vyakupambanapambana. Nyanja ya Tana, iyo yili kumpoto, ndiyo yikupangiska Mlonga wa Blue Nile. Kweniso kuli mitundu yinandi ya viyuni ivyo vikusangika mu charu ichi, chomenechomene chiyuni cha gelada, walia ibex, na chinkhara cha ku Ethiopia. Pakuti charu ichi chili pa mtunda utali, chili na malo ghanandi ghakupambanapambana. Charu ichi chili na vyaru vyakupambanapambana, kufuma ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi uko kuli nkhorongo na milonga yinandi, m'paka ku malo ghakucemeka Dallol kumpoto. Mapiri gha ku Ethiopia ndigho ni ghakuru comene pa mapiri ghose gha mu Africa, ndipo mu mphanji ya Sof Omar muli mphanji yikuru comene pa caru cose. Charu cha Ethiopia ndicho chili na malo ghaŵiri pa vyaru ivyo vili pa chiharo cha UNESCO mu Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/&search=&searchSites=&search_by_country=&search_yearinscribed=&themes=&criteria_restrication=&media=&description=&order=region|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage List |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> ===Nyengo=== {{Main|Climate of Ethiopia|Climate change in Ethiopia}} {{See also|Beautifying Sheger}} [[File:Köppen climate types of Ethiopia.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Köppen climate classification]] of Ethiopia]] Nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakukhala ni nyengo ya mphepo yakuzizima iyo yikupangiska kuti vinthu visinthe. Malo ghatali gha ku Etiyopiya ghakukwana chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi ndipo nyengo yake njakukhoma chomene kuluska vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vili pafupi na Ekitoriya. Misumba yinandi yikuru-yikuru ya mu caru ici yili pa mtunda wa mamita 2,500 (6,562), kusazgapo misumba yikuru ya Gondar na Axum. Msumba ukuru wa Addis Ababa uli musi mwa Phiri la Entoto, ndipo uli pa mtunda wa mamita 2400. Cikaŵa na mphepo yiwemi caka cose. Pakuti nyengo ya mu Addis Ababa njimoza caka cose, nyengo za mu msumba uwu zikuthemba pa vula. Nyengo ya chiwuvi yikwamba mu Okutobala m'paka Febuluwale, nyengo ya vula yichoko yikwamba mu Malichi m'paka Meyi, ndipo nyengo ya vula yinandi yikwamba mu Juni m'paka Seputembala. Pa avereji, pa chaka kukulokwa maji pafupifupi 1,200 millimeters. {{multiple image|align left | total_width = 360 | image1 = View on Mt Chokwe.jpg | image2 = Volcano eruption at the Danakil depression, Ethiopia..jpg | footer = Mu vigaŵa vinyake vya mapiri vyakujumpha mamita 4,000 nga ni mapiri gha Bale na Simien, chiwuvi chikuwoneka nyengo yiliyose ya chiwuvi mu Ethiopia (kumazere) Ethiopia yili na chigaŵa chimoza cha vigaŵa vyakuzizima chomene pa charu chose, chigaŵa cha Afar chili na vula yikuru chaka chose }} Pa zuŵa, zuŵa likuŵala pafupifupi maora 7. Nyengo ya chilangalanga ndiyo njakutowa comene pa caka, nangauli nyengo ya vula yikuru comene mu Julayi na Ogasiti, zuŵa likuŵala kwa maora ghanandi. Kutentha kwapakati pa chaka ku Addis Ababa ndi 16 ° C (60.8 ° F), ndipo kutentha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kumakhala pafupifupi 20 ° C (68.0 ° F) chaka chonse, ndipo usiku wonse kumakhala 5 ° C (41.0 ° F). Misumba yinandi yikuruyikuru na malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakuluta kukawona vyalo ku Ethiopia ghali pachanya chomene nga ni Addis Ababa. Mu vigaŵa vyambura kukwera chomene, chomenechomene mu vigaŵa vya pasi chomene vya Ethiopia, nyengo yingaŵa yakuzizima chomene. Dallol, mu Danakil Depression mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, ni malo agho kukotcha comene pa caru cose.<ref name=":0" /> Charu cha Ethiopia chili pangozi chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni kuthukira kwa maji na kusintha kwa vula. Kusintha kwa nyengo mu nthowa izi kukupangiska kuti vyakurya vileke kuŵa vyakukhumbikwa kweniso kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora mu charu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakacicizgika kuleka nyumba zawo na kuluta ku vyaru vya ku Gulf, kumwera kwa Africa na ku Europe. Kufuma mu April 2019, Prime Minister wa Ethiopia Abiy Ahmed wakwendeska ntchito ya Beautifying Sheger, iyo yikukhumba kuchepeska masuzgo gha kusintha kwa nyengo mu Addis Ababa. Mu Meyi wakulondezgapo, boma likacita "Chiphikiro ca Sheger", kuti liwovwire ŵanthu kusanga ndalama zakukwana madola 1 biliyoni. Makampani gha njanji ghaŵiri gha ku China ghakapeleka ndalama zakwendeskera misewu 12 ya makilomita 56 mu chigaŵa cha China na Ethiopia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://addisstandard.com/news-chinas-reprieve-on-interest-free-loan-only/|title=News: China's reprieve on interest-free loan only|last=Addisstandard|date=25 April 2019|website=Addis Standard|language=en-US|access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref> ===Vyamoyo=== {{Main|Wildlife of Ethiopia}}{{see also|Environmental issues in Ethiopia|Deforestation in Ethiopia}} [[File:Mountain Nyala (M), Bale,Ethiopia (14496349688).jpg|thumb|[[Mountain nyala]]s in [[Bale Mountains National Park]], one of several wildlife reserves in Ethiopia]] Ku Ethiopia kuli vyamoyo vyakukhalapo 31. Mu nyengo yakale, ntcheŵe za ku Africa zikaŵa zakupambanapambana. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca ivyo ŵakawona ku Finicha'a, ŵakughanaghana kuti nyama iyi yili kufwa. Nkhumba ya ku Ethiopia ndiyo ŵanthu ŵakuyifufuza comene pa vinyama vyose ivyo vili pa ngozi mu Ethiopia. Charu cha Ethiopia chili na viyuni vinandi chomene. Kufika sono, mu Ethiopia muli viyuni vyakujumpha 856, ndipo 20 mwa vyuni ivi ni vyekha ivyo vikukhala mu charu ichi. Viyuni 16 vili pa ngozi panji vili pa ngozi yikuru. Viyuni vinandi vikurya viyuni vyamuthengere nga ni Bicyclus anynana. Kwamba kale, vyamoyo vyamuthengere vikumara mwaluŵiro mu Africa chifukwa cha kudumulika kwa makuni, nkhondo, kunangika kwa vinthu, kupenja nyama, na vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita. Nkhondo iyo yikatora vyaka 17, pamoza na chilangalanga, vikakhwaska makora yayi malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukhala makora ni kunanga malo agho ŵakukhala. Para vinthu vyasintha mwaluŵiro, vinyama vikuŵavya nyengo yakukhazikika. Vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita vikupangiska kuti vinyama na vinyama vinandi visuzgike. Mu 2010, charu cha Ethiopia chikapanga matani 6,494,000 gha carbon dioxide.<ref>United Nations Statistics Division, [http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=749&crid= Millennium Development Goals indicators]: Carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), thousand tonnes of CO2 (collected by CDIAC) Human-produced, direct emissions of carbon dioxide only. Excludes other greenhouse gases; [[land use, land-use change, and forestry]] (LULUCF); and natural background flows of CO2 (See also: Carbon cycle)</ref> Mu Ethiopia muli vyamoyo vinandi ivyo vili pangozi ya kumara. Viyuni ivyo vili pa ngozi ku Ethiopia vingagaŵika mu vigaŵa vitatu (kuyana na umo IUCN yikuviwonera): vyamoyo ivyo vili pa ngozi yikuru, vyamoyo ivyo vili pa ngozi, na vyamoyo ivyo vingaŵa na suzgo.<ref name="Massicot">Massicot, Paul (2005). [http://www.animalinfo.org/country/ethiopia.htm Animal Info-Ethiopia].</ref> [[File:TroupeDeGeladaSimien.JPG|thumb|right|Grazing [[gelada]]s in the [[Simien Mountains National Park|Semien Mountains]]]] Charu cha Ethiopia ntchimoza mwa vyaru vinkhondi na vitatu ivyo vyakumera vikupangika kufuma ku vyakumera vinyake.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Khoury|first1=Colin K.|last2=Achicanoy|first2=Harold A.|last3=Bjorkman|first3=Anne D.|last4=Navarro-Racines|first4=Carlos|last5=Guarino|first5=Luigi|last6=Flores-Palacios|first6=Ximena|last7=Engels|first7=Johannes M.M.|last8=Wiersema|first8=John H.|last9=Dempewolf|first9=Hannes|date=15 June 2016|title=Origins of food crops connect countries worldwide|journal=Proc. R. Soc. B|volume=283|issue=1832|pages=20160792|doi=10.1098/rspb.2016.0792|pmc=4920324}}</ref> Ndipouli, kupasura makuni ni suzgo likuru comene ku Ethiopia, cifukwa kafukufuku wakulongora kuti makuni ghakututuka ghakupangiska dongo kunangika, vyakurya vikumara, vinyama vikumara, kweniso vyamoyo vikumara. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, makilomita pafupifupi 420,000 (panji 35%) gha charu cha Ethiopia ghakaŵa na makuni, kweni kafukufuku wasono wakulongora kuti makuni ghakukwana pafupifupi 11.9% ya charu ichi. Charu ichi chikaŵa pa malo gha 50. Charu cha Ethiopia chikutaya makilomita 1,410 gha nkhorongo chaka chilichose chifukwa cha kunozga nkhuni, kuzgoka malo ghakuliskako viŵeto, kulima chomene, na kugwiliskira ntchito nkhuni za nkhorongo pakuzenga. Pakati pa 1990 na 2005, caru ici cikasoŵa makuni pafupifupi 21,000 km2. Ndondomeko za boma izo zikuchitika sono kuti zileke kuparanya makuni ni izi: kusambizga ŵanthu, kovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵambeso kukhalamo makuni, na kupeleka vinthu vinyake vyakukhumbikwa m'malo mwa makuni. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, boma likupeleka vyakurya vyambura makuni na malo ghambura makuni kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kulima kwambura kuparanya makuni. Magulu nga ni SOS na Farm Africa ghakugwira ntchito na boma na maboma gha mu vigaŵa kuti ghaŵe na ndondomeko ya kunozga nkhorongo. Boma la Ethiopia lili kupeleka ndalama zakukwana 2.3 miliyoni Euro, ndipo sonosono apa lakwamba kusambizga ŵanthu umo ŵangachepeskera kunangika kwa makuni na umo ŵangachitira kuti ŵaleke kumazga makuni. Ntchito iyi yikovwira ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 80. ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Ethiopia|Industrial sector in Ethiopia}} [[File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Ethiopia.svg|thumb|Development of GDP per capita]] [[File:Ethiopia Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.6|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Ethiopia exports, 2019]] Charu cha Ethiopia chikakura chomene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Meles Zenawi. Kuyana na IMF, charu cha Ethiopia chikaŵa na chuma icho chikukura luŵiro chomene pa charu chose, ndipo chikakura chomene pa chaka cha 2004 m'paka 2009. Mu 2007 na 2008, charu ichi ndicho chikaŵa na ndalama zinandi chomene mu Africa. Mu 2015, Banki ya Charu Chose yikayowoya kuti Ethiopia yikukura luŵiro chomene pa nkhani ya vyachuma, ndipo pakati pa 2004 na 2014, chiŵelengero cha vinthu mu charu ichi chikakura na 10.9%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia/publication/ethiopia-great-run-growth-acceleration-how-to-pace-it|title=With Continued Rapid Growth, Ethiopia is Poised to Become a Middle Income Country by 2025|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref> Mu 2008 na 2011, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu Ethiopia chifukwa cha kukwera kwa ndalama na suzgo la ndalama. Mu Ogasiti 2011, unandi wa ndalama ukakwera kufika pa 40 peresenti chifukwa cha ndalama zambura kujikora, malipiro gha ŵateŵeti ŵa boma ghakakwera chomene kukwambilira kwa 2011, kweniso mitengo ya vyakurya yikakwera chomene. Pa 2011 ¥12, unandi wa ndalama uwo ukaŵa paumaliro wa chaka ukaŵa wa 22%, ndipo unandi wa ndalama uwo ukaŵa pa chiŵerengero chimoza ukaŵa wa 2012 ¥13 chifukwa cha ndondomeko ya ndalama. Nangauli mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru cikukura comene, kweni GDP pa munthu yumoza njimoza mwa vinthu vyacoko comene pa caru cose, ndipo caru cili na masuzgo ghanandi. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca kuŵika mtima comene pa vinthu vya boma na vyakumera, ndyali ya Ethiopia yikumazga masuzgo ghake kuti yiŵe malo ghakwendeskera vinthu mu Africa. Mu chaka cha 2019 dango likapika ilo likapeleka wanangwa ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia kuti ŵagwiliskire nchito ndalama mu vyalo vya Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://w7news.com/ethiopia-to-open-banks-for-ethiopian-investors-in-the-diaspora/|title=Ethiopia to Open Banks for Ethiopian Investors in the Diaspora|last=Sze|first=Mari|website=W7 News|date=12 August 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref>[[File:Ethiopian cargo ship at Port of Djibouti.jpg|thumb|left|An Ethiopian logistics shipping cargo docked at the red sea]] Ndondomeko ya chalo ya Ethiopia yikulongosora kuti wanangwa wakuŵa na malo ngwakuti "mboma na ŵanthu", kweni ŵanthu ŵangagura malo kwa vyaka 99, kweni ŵangaguliska yayi. Kupeleka malo kwa munthu munyake nga ni renti kwa vyaka 20, kukovwira kuti munthu uyo wakugwiliskira nchito makora malo agha ndiyo wapokere. Kugaŵira na kwendeska malo kukuwoneka nga ni malo agho vimbundi vilipo, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakukhumba kupokera vimbundi para ŵakudumbiskana nkhani zakukhwaskana na malo. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵalije malo ghakukhalamo, kanandi vinthu ivi vikuchitika kwambura kufumba awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito malo agha. Nyengo zinyake ukali na kuleka kugomezgeka vikupangiska ŵanthu kugaluka. Kweniso, vyakurya vikulutilira kuchepa mu caru ici, ndipo cichali na chilangalanga, ico cikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafumemo mu vyaru vyawo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Six_million_children_threatened_by_Ethiopia_drought_UN_999.html |title=Six million children threatened by Ethiopia drought: UN |publisher=Terradaily.com |access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> ===Magesi=== {{see also|Energy in Ethiopia|List of power stations in Ethiopia}} Ku Ethiopia kuli milonga yikuruyikuru 14, kusazgapo Nile. Ili lili na maji ghanandi comene mu Africa. Mu 2012, maofesi gha maji ghakapanga pafupifupi 88,2% ya nkhongono zose zakupangira magesi. Magesi ghanyake ghakafuma ku mafuta (8.3%) na vyakununkhira (3.6%). Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni iyi, mu 2016 ŵanthu 42 ŵakaŵa na magesi. Kufumira mu 2016, magesi ghose agho ghakapangika ghakaŵa 11.15 TW⋅h ndipo ghakaŵa 9.062 TW⋅h. Magesi agho ghakafuma ku vyaru vinyake ghakaŵa 0.166 TW⋅h, ndipo ghakafuma 0 kW⋅h.<ref name="CIA2"/>[[File:Cement never sleeps (8756743123).jpg|thumb|left|A factory in [[Dire Dawa]], Ethiopia: one of Ethiopia's biggest economic cities]] Ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira nchito mu vyaru vinyake ŵalipo pafupifupi 85 peresenti. Ndipouli, nchito ya mauteŵeti yikupangiska kuti GDP yiŵe yikuru comene. Vinthu vinyake vinandi ivyo vikuchitika pa charu vikuthemba pa ulimi, kusazgapo malonda, kunozga, na kutumizga vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵalimi ŵachoko na mabungwe ndiwo ŵakupanga vyakurya ivi, ndipo vyakurya vinandi ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Vyakumera vikuruvikuru ni khofi, vipasi, mafuta, tirigu, mbuto, makuni, na mphangwe. Ethiopia nayo ni malo ghakupambanapambana gha vyakumera nga ni enset, khofi na teff. Vinthu vyose ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake ni vyakurya (kupaturako golide) ndipo khofi ndilo likusangika ndalama zinandi. Ethiopia ndiyo ni caru caciŵiri pa vyakurya vikuru comene mu Africa. Kuyana na umo wupu wa United Nations ukuyowoyera, GDP ya Ethiopia pa munthu yumoza yili kufika pa $357 mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2015/10/power-generation-begins-at-1-870-mw-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-project-in-ethiopia.html|title=Power generation begins at 1,870-MW Gibe III hydroelectric project in Ethiopia|website=www.hydroworld.com|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref> ===Ulimi=== {{Main article|Agriculture in Ethiopia}} [[File:Tef in Ethiopia 01.jpg|thumb|[[Eragrostis tef|Tef]] field near [[Mojo, Ethiopia|Mojo]]]] Ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira nchito mu vyaru vinyake ŵalipo pafupifupi 85 peresenti. Ndipouli, nchito ya mauteŵeti yikupangiska kuti GDP yiŵe yikuru comene. Vinthu vinyake vinandi ivyo vikuchitika pa charu vikuthemba pa ulimi, kusazgapo malonda, kunozga, na kutumizga vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵalimi ŵachoko na mabungwe ndiwo ŵakupanga vyakurya ivi, ndipo vyakurya vinandi ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Vyakumera vikuruvikuru ni khofi, vipasi, mafuta, tirigu, mbuto, makuni, na mphangwe. Ethiopia nayo ni malo ghakupambanapambana gha vyakumera nga ni enset, khofi na teff. Vinthu vyose ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake ni vyakurya (kupaturako golide) ndipo khofi ndilo likusangika ndalama zinandi. Ethiopia ndiyo ni caru caciŵiri pa vyakurya vikuru comene mu Africa. Kuyana na umo wupu wa United Nations ukuyowoyera, GDP ya Ethiopia pa munthu yumoza yili kufika pa $357 mu 2011.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news| title = National Accounts Estimates of Main Aggregates | publisher = The United Nations Statistics Division | url = http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=SNAAMA&f=grID%3a101%3bcurrID%3aUSD%3bpcFlag%3a1 | access-date = 12 November 2013}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakulima chomene. Ŵakulimbikira chomene kulima na kuliska viyuni na vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vindazgokepo chifukwa cha chisopa na mitheto yawo. Ndipouli, vyakurya ndivyo vichali kukolerana na GDP ya charu ichi. Vyaru vya ku Ethiopia vyaŵa na nkhongono zinandi kwa vyaka vinandi, kweni sono vikumara. Charu ichi chikumanyikwa na njara iyo yikuŵapo chifukwa cha chilangalanga, masoka ghacilengiwa, vinyama vyakofya, kusoŵa kwa vula, ndiposo kupeleŵera kwa vinthu vya tekinoloje. ===Katundu wakutuma kuwalo=== {{Main|Coffee production in Ethiopia}} [[File:Treemap on exports of Ethiopia 2014 (mid detail).png|thumb|upright=1.6|Ethiopia Export Treemap from [[MIT]]–[[Harvard]] [[The Observatory of Economic Complexity|Economic Complexity Observatory]] {{As of|2014|1|17|alt=(2014)}}]] Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuti mu charu cha Ethiopia ndimo mukababikira khofi. Vinthu ivyo vyatumizgika kufuma ku Ethiopia mu caka ca ndalama ca 2009-2010 vikaŵa USD 1.4 biliyoni. Mu charu cha Ethiopia, khofi wakusangika chomene kuluska mu charu chilichose. "Khofi ndiyo yikovwira ŵanthu pafupifupi 15 miliyoni ŵa ku Ethiopia, awo ni 16 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose. Ŵalimi ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici, awo ŵakusuzgika cifukwa ca kukwera kwa mphepo, ŵakusuzgika comene mu vilimika vyasonosono apa. Ethiopia ndiyo yili na viŵeto vikuru comene vya ng'ombe pa caru cose. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska ni khat, golide, vinthu vya vikumba, na mafuta. Kukula kwa msika wa maluŵa kwa sonosono apa kukung'anamura kuti Ethiopia wali pafupi kuŵa yumoza wa vyakumera na maluŵa agho ghakwendeskeka chomene pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia's flower trade in full bloom |url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=264689&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__business/ |quote=Floriculture has become a flourishing business in Ethiopia in the past five years, with the industry's exports earnings set to grow to $100-million by 2007, a five-fold increase on the $20-million earned in 2005. Ethiopian flower exports could generate an estimated $300-million within two to three years, according to the head of the government export-promotion department, Melaku Legesse. |work=[[Mail & Guardian]] |date=19 February 2006 |access-date=21 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418195017/http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=264689&area=%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news__business%2F |archive-date=18 April 2007}}</ref>[[File:Blessed Coffee brand bags.jpg|thumb|Ethiopian ''Blessed Coffee'' branded bags in the United States. Coffee is one of main exports of Ethiopia.]] Kanandi ŵaliska ŵakuchita malonda ghambura kuzomerezgeka na boma. Mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, malonda ghakujumpha 95 peresenti ghakwendera mu nthowa zinyake. Kuguliska ng'ombe, ngamila, mberere, na mbuzi za ku Ethiopia ku Somalia, Djibouti, na Kenya, pa chaka kukukwana madola 250 m'paka 300 miliyoni. Kuguliska vyakurya kukuchepeska mtengo wa vyakurya, kukovwira kuti vyakurya viŵe vyakukhora, kuchepeska mphindano pa mphaka, na kukhozga umoza wa vyaru. Kweni chifukwa chakuti malonda agha ghalije malango ndiposo maukaboni, pangaŵa ngozi, nga ni para matenda ghakuthandazgika luŵiro chomene. Kweniso boma la Ethiopia likukondwa yayi na ndalama izo likusanga chifukwa cha misonkho na ndalama izo likupeleka ku vyaru vinyake. Mu vilimika vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵayezga kulemba na kulongozga malonda agha. Chifukwa chakuti makampani ghapachekha ghakukura pachokopachoko, vyakuvwara vya makuni nga ni matumba vikuŵa vyakurya vikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Vinyake ivyo ŵakuguliska ku vyaru vinyake ni vyakurya, vipasi, katoni, mkaka, mbuto, na vikumba. Pakuzenga madamu ghaphya na mapulojekiti ghakupanga magesi gha maji, Ethiopia nayo wakukhumba kutumizga magesi ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti maji ghanandi gha mu Ethiopia ni "mafuta ghatuŵa" ndipo khofi ni "golide lifipa". Kweniso mu vigaŵa vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakukhala viŵi yayi, mu charu cha Ethiopia muli vinthu vinandi vyakututuŵa. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca masuzgo gha ndyali mu vigaŵa ivi, vinthu vikwenda makora yayi. Mu 2008, ŵasayansi ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakasangika na mulandu wa kusaska golide. Ŵanthu ŵanayi awo ŵakumanya vya sayansi ya vinthu vya pasi na charu ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakakakika cifukwa ca kuguliska golide. Ŵapolisi ŵakasanga kuti golide uyo wakatoleka ku banki ya ku Ethiopia wakaŵa wa golide, ndipo ndalama izo boma likaguliskanga zikaŵa pafupifupi madola 17 miliyoni. Mu 2011, ntchito ya kuzenga damu la Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam yikamba. Para lamara, lizamupanga nkhongono zinandi ku Ethiopia izo zingapelekeka ku vyaru vinyake. ===Mayendelo=== {{Main|Transport in Ethiopia}} [[File:Addis Ababa Light Rail vehicle, March 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Addis Ababa Light Rail|Light rail]] in [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia]] Ethiopia yili na makilomita 926 gha njanji za magetsi za 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in), makilomita 656 gha njanji ya Addis Ababa-Djibouti pakati pa Addis Ababa na Port of Djibouti (kujumpha Awash) na makilomita 270 gha njanji ya Awash-Hara Gebeya pakati pa Addis Ababa na matawuni gha Dessie/Kombolcha (nawo kujumpha Awash). Pa Ogasiti 2017, misewu yose yiŵiri iyi yikaŵa pa ntchito yakuyezgelera panji yikaŵa mu mulimo wa kuzenga. Para njanji zose ziŵiri izi zazakayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2018 na 2019, zizamovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵendenge pa mtunda wa makilomita 120 pa ora. Pakughanaghana kuti ulendo wa ŵanthu kufuma ku Addis Ababa kuluta ku Djibouti City uŵenge wa maora ghachoko waka 12 ndipo kufuma ku Addis Ababa kuya ku Dessie/Kombolcha uŵenge wa maora 6. Pamanyuma pa mtunda wakudumura wa makilomita 270 wa msewu wa Awash/Hara Gebeya Railway, mulimo waciŵiri wa kuzenga mtunda wa makilomita 120 ukukhumba kusazgirako msewu uwu kufuma ku Dessie/Kombolcha kuya ku Hara Gebeya/Woldiya. Tikumanya yayi apo chigaŵa ichi chizamupangikira na kujura. Njanji yacitatu, ya makilomita 216 ya kumpoto nayo yikuzengeka pakati pa Mek'ele na Woldiya, kweni nchambura macitiko kuti njanji iyi yizgoke pa nyengo wuli. Misewu yose ya njanji yili mu cigaŵa ca misewu ya njanji iyo yizamuŵa na mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 5,000.[[File:Ethiopian_Airlines_Boeing_787-8_ET-AOS_FRA_2012-10-28.png|thumb|A [[Boeing 787|Boeing 787-8]] of [[Ethiopian Airlines]]]] Pakuŵa cigaŵa cakwamba ca pulogiramu ya vilimika 10 ya kuzenga misewu, pakati pa 1997 na 2002, boma la Ethiopia likamba kuyezgayezga comene kuti liŵe na misewu yiwemi. Ntheura, kwambira mu 2015, mu Ethiopia mukaŵa misewu ya makilomita 100,000 (Federal na Regional), yose yikaŵa yakwenda pa malibwe kweniso ya malibwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethiopia's Road Sector Dev't Becoming Proportionate to Rapid Economic Growth: WB |url=http://www.ena.gov.et/en/index.php/economy/item/386-ethiopia-s-road-sector-dev-t-becoming-proportionate-to-rapid-economic-growth-wb |website=www.ena.gov.et |access-date=23 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224055826/http://www.ena.gov.et/en/index.php/economy/item/386-ethiopia-s-road-sector-dev-t-becoming-proportionate-to-rapid-economic-growth-wb |archive-date=24 December 2015}}</ref> [[File:Ethiopia - Lake Assale.jpg|thumb|[[Afar Region|Afar]] is a tourist attraction since it has an open salt field stretching kilometers on end]] Ku Ethiopia kukaŵa ma eyapoti 58 mu 2012, ndipo 61 mu 2016. Pa malo agha, pali Bole International Airport mu Addis Ababa na Aba Tenna Dejazmach Yilma International Airport mu Dire Dawa. Ethiopian Airlines, chiŵaro cha Star Alliance, ndiyo yikwendeska ndege mu charu ichi, ndipo yikukolerana na boma la Ethiopia. Kufuma ku Bole International Airport, ndege iyi yikwendeska ndege 102 za pa charu chose, 20 za mu charu chose, na katundu 44. Kweniso ni yimoza mwa vyamaseŵera ivyo vikukura luŵiro comene mu vyaru ivi.<ref name="Ceabtdta">{{cite news |title=Ethiopian Airlines – Bringing the Dreamliner to Africa |publisher=CNN |date=3 September 2012 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/03/world/africa/ethiopian-airlines-ceo/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904002135/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/03/world/africa/ethiopian-airlines-ceo/index.html |archive-date=4 September 2012 |access-date=21 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Wupu wakukopa '''ŵalendo''' === {{Main article|Tourism in Ethiopia}} Charu cha Ethiopia chikutemwa chomene vyamalonda, ndipo mu 2006, vyalo ivi vikapanga 5.5% ya GDP. Mu 2015, wupu wa European Council ukati Ethiopia ni "malo ghakutowa chomene pa charu chose". Mu 2020 pera, ŵanthu 518 000 ŵakaluta ku Ethiopia, ndipo ŵakaŵa pa nambara 126 pa charu chose. Ku Ethiopia kuli malo 9 agho ghali kulembeka na UNESCO kuti ni malo ghakukumbukika na ŵanthu wose:<ref>{{cite web |title=Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List: Ethiopia |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/et/ |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> *[[Axum#Main sites of Axum|Ruins of Aksum]] *[[Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela]] *[[Fasil Ghebbi]], Gondar Region *[[Harar#Attractions|Harar Jugol]], the Fortified Historic Town *[[Konso|Konso Cultural Landscape]] *Lower Valley of the [[Awash River|Awash]] *Lower Valley of the [[Omo River|Omo]] *[[Tiya]] *[[Simien Mountains National Park]] == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Ethiopia}} {{see also|Ethiopians|List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia}} Charu cha Ethiopia ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakakwera kufuma pa 38.1 miliyoni mu 1983 kufika pa 109.5 miliyoni mu 2018. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa 9 miliyoni. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti pakati pa 1994 na 2007, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ku Ethiopia chikakuranga pa 2.6% pa chaka. Pasono, caru ici nchimoza mwa vyaru 10 ivyo vikukura comene pa caru cose. Kuzakafika mu 2060, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu pa charu chose chapasi chizamukwera kufika pa 210 miliyoni. Kuyana na umo wupu wa UN ukuyowoyera, mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka vinandi, ndipo vyaka ivyo ŵanalume ŵakukhala ni vyaka 56 ndipo vyaka ivyo ŵanakazi ŵakukhala ni vyaka 60.<ref name="auto"/> {{bar box |width=340px|float=right|titlebar=#ddd |title=[[Ethnic groups in Ethiopia]] |left1=Ethnic group |right1=Population |bars = {{bar percent|[[Oromo people|Oromo]]|Green|100|{{nowrap|25.4 (34.4%)}}}} {{bar percent|[[Amhara people|Amhara]]|Yellow|78.37|19.9 (27.0%)}} {{bar percent|[[Somalis in Ethiopia|Somali]] |Red|18.08|4.59 (6.2%)}} {{bar percent|[[Tigrayans]] |Blue|17.67|4.49 (6.1%)}} {{bar percent|[[Sidama people|Sidama]]|Purple|11.63|2.95 (4.0%)}} {{bar percent|[[Gurage people|Gurage]]|Brown|7.32|1.86 (2.5%)}} {{bar percent|[[Welayta people|Welayta]]|Black|6.60|1.68 (2.3%)}} {{bar percent|[[Afar people|Afar]]|Orange|5.03|1.28 (1.7%)}} {{bar percent|[[Hadiya people|Hadiya]]|Teal|5.00|1.27 (1.7%)}} {{bar percent|[[Gamo people|Gamo]]|Gray|4.33|1.10 (1.5%)}} {{bar percent|[[List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia|Others]]|Silver|36.67|9.30 (12.6%)}} |caption=Population in millions according to 2007 Census<ref name=2007Census /> }} Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵali na mitundu yakupambanapambana ya ŵanthu, ndipo mitundu yinandi chomene njakuti: Oromo, Amhara, Somali, na Tigray. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2007, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo ndiwo mbanandi chomene mu Ethiopia. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Amhara ŵalipo 27.0% pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mu charu ichi, apo ŵa mtundu wa Somali na Tigray ŵalipo 6.2% na 6.1% pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mu charu ichi. Mtundu unyake uwo ukuzunulika ni: Sidama 4.0%, Gurage 2.5%, Welayta 2.3%, Afar 1.7%, Hadiya 1.7%, Gamo 1.5% na Others 12.6%. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca ciarabu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya ChiSemiti ŵakujichema kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Habesha. Mu Chiarabu, lizgu ili (al-Ḥabasha) ndilo lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti "Abyssinia". Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Nilo-Saharan ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu ichi, chomenechomene mu chigaŵa cha Gambela icho chili pafupi na South Sudan. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu iyi mbanandi chomene, chomenechomene ŵa Nuer na Anuak. Kweniso, ku Ethiopia kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 75,000 ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy ŵakakhalako kwa vyaka vinandi pamanyuma pakuti Themba Selassie laŵagowokera. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca nkhondo ya mukati mu caru ca Ethiopia mu 1974, ŵanthu pafupifupi 22,000 ŵa ku Italy na Ethiopia ŵakafumamo mu caru ici. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, makampani ghanyake gha ku Italy ghakawelera ku Ethiopia, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakugwira ntchito za mawoko na ŵantchito ŵakiza na mbumba zawo. Chigaŵa cha Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region chili na mitundu yakujumpha 56. Mu 2009, ŵanthu 135,200 awo ŵakachimbilira ku Ethiopia ŵakaŵapo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Somalia (ŵanthu pafupifupi 64,300), Eritrea (41,700) na Sudan (25,900). Boma la Ethiopia likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu wose awo ŵachimbira kwawo ŵakhalenge mu misasa.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2008 |publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants |date=19 June 2008 |url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/ethiopia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502073801/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/ethiopia.html |archive-date=2 May 2012}}</ref> ===Viyowoyelo=== {{Main|Languages of Ethiopia}} {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption=[[Languages of Ethiopia]] {{As of|2007|lc=y}} Census<ref name=2007Census /> | label1 = [[Oromo language|Oromo]] | value1 = 33.8 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[Amharic]] | value2 = 29.3 | color2 = Yellow | label3 = [[Somali language|Somali]] | value3 = 6.2 | color3 = Red | label4 = [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]] | value4 = 5.9 | color4 = Blue | label5 = [[Sidamo language|Sidamo]] | value5 = 4.0 | color5 = Purple | label6 = [[Wolaytta language|Wolaytta]] | value6 = 2.2 | color6 = Black | label7 = [[Gurage languages|Gurage]] | value7 = 2.0 | color7 = Brown | label8 = [[Afar language|Afar]] | value8 = 1.7 | color8 = Orange | label9 = [[Hadiyya language|Hadiyya]] | value9 = 1.7 | color9 = Teal | label10 = [[Gamo-Gofa-Dawro language|Gamo]] | value10 = 1.5 | color10 = Gray | label11 = [[Languages of Ethiopia#Overview|others]] | value11 = 11.6 | color11 = white }} Buku linyake likuti ku Ethiopia kuli viyowoyero 90. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Ŵaasiriya. Chiyowoyero ichi chikusazgapo chiyowoyero cha Oromo, icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Oromo, na ChiSomali, icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia. Wose pamoza, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukwana vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Ethiopia. Viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Afroasiatic ivyo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi ni Cushitic Sidamo, Afar, Hadiyya, na Agaw, kweniso viyowoyero vya ChiSemite vya Gurage, Harari, Silt'e, na Argobba. Mu vigaŵa vinyake ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Ciarabic, ico nchigaŵa ca ciyowoyero ca ku Africa na Asia. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Omotic ndiwo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi. Viyowoyero ivi ni Aari, Bench, Dime, Dizin, Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Maale, Hamer, na Wolaytta. Viyowoyero vya mu mbumba ya Nilo-Sahara vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu ichi. Viyowoyero ivi ni Nuer, Anuak, Nyangatom, Majang, Suri, Me'en, na Mursi. Cingelezi ndico cikuyowoyeka comene pa caru cose, ndipo ndico cikusambizgika mu masukulu gha sekondare na masukulu ghose ghapacanya. Chiyowoyero cha Amharic ndicho chikasambizgikanga mu masukulu gha pulayimale, kweni mu vigaŵa vinandi chiyowoyero ichi chafumiskikapo ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Oromo, Somali, na Tigrinya. Nangauli viyowoyero vyose vikuzomerezgeka mwakuyana waka na dango la mu 1995 la Ethiopia ndipo chiyowoyero cha Oromo ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, kweni chiyowoyero cha Amharic ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene.[[File:Aksum, iscrizione di re ezana, in greco, sabeo e ge'ez, 330-350 dc ca. 10.jpg|thumb|[[Ezana of Axum|King Ezana]] of [[Kingdom of Aksum|Axum's]] rock inscription in the [[Geʽez|Ge'ez]] language dating back to 330-350 AD]] Vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya Ethiopia na misumba iyo yili na malango, vili na wanangwa wa kusankha viyowoyero vyawo. ChiAmharic chikumanyikwa nga chiyowoyelo cha boma mu chigaŵa cha Amhara, Benishangul-Gumuz, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Gambela Region, Addis Ababa na Dire Dawa. Chilankhulo cha Oromo chikugwira ntchito ngati chilankhulo cha ntchito ndi chilankhulo chachikulu cha maphunziro ku Oromia, Harar ndi Dire Dawa komanso ku Oromia Zone ku Amhara Region. ChiSomali ndi chiyankhulo cha boma cha chigawo cha Somali ndi Dire Dawa, pamene Afar, Harari, ndi Tigrinya zimadziwika ngati chilankhulo cha boma m'madera awo. Sonosono apa boma la Ethiopia likapharazga kuti viyowoyero vya Afar, Amharic, Oromo, Somali, na Tigrinya ni viyowoyero vya boma vya Ethiopia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵachali kuyowoya Chiitaliya, chomenechomene ŵachekuru. Chiyowoyero cha Amharic na Tigrinya vili na mazgu ghanyake agho ghali kufuma ku Chiitaliya.<ref name="Yaqob">{{cite web|url=https://totalitarismo.altervista.org/italianismi-nel-somalo-e-nell-amarico/|title=Italianismi nel somalo e nell'amarico|first=Mister|last=Totalitarismo|date=2 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="altervista">''I prestiti italiani in amarico e tigrino'', Yaqob Beyene</ref> ====Malemba==== Ciyowoyero cikuru comene ca ku Ethiopia ni cilembo ca [[Ge'ez]]. Chiyowoyero ichi chikamba kugwiliskirika ntchito mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 na 500 B.C.E. pakulemba chiyowoyero cha Ge'ez. Mazuŵa ghano, chiyowoyero cha Ge'ez ndicho chikuyowoyeka mu matchalitchi gha Orthodox gha ku Ethiopia na Eritrea. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulemba vilembo vya ku Ethiopia mu kompyuta. Mazuŵa ghano ntchigaŵa cha Unicode nga ni Ethiopic, Ethiopic Extended, Ethiopic Supplement na Ethiopic Extended-A. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakugwiliskiraso ntchito vilembo vinyake. Vinthu ivi ni vilembo ivyo Bakri Sapalo wakalemba vya Chi Oromo.<ref name="HH-551">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1017/S0041977X00144209|jstor=616613| title = The Oromo orthography of Shaykh Bakri Saṗalō| journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies| volume = 44| issue = 3| pages = 550| year = 2009| last1 = Hayward | first1 = R.J.| last2 = Hassan | first2 = M. |s2cid=162289324}}</ref> ===Chisopa=== {{Main|Religion in Ethiopia}} {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = Religion in Ethiopia (2016 estimate)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/#:~:text=Religions,%2C%20Catholic%200.7%25%2C%20traditional%20.|title = Ethiopia - the World Factbook| date=7 September 2022 }}</ref> |label1 = [[Ethiopian Orthodox Church|Ethiopian Orthodoxy]] |value1 = 43.8 |color1 = Orchid |label4 = [[Islam in Ethiopia|Islam]] |value4 = 31.3 |color4 = Green |label2 = [[P'ent'ay]] |value2 = 22.8 |color2 = Blue |label3 = Other [[Christian]] |value3 = 0.7 |color3 = Purple |label5 = [[Traditional African religion|Traditional faiths]] |value5 = 0.6 |color5 = Yellow |label6 = Other |value6 = 0.8 |color6 = Red }} Charu cha Etiyopiya chili paubwezi wakukhora na visopa vikuruvikuru vitatu vya Abrahamu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., ufumu wa Etiyopiya ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba kuzomerezga Chikhristu kuŵa chisopa cha boma. Chifukwa cha ivyo likadumura pa ungano wa ku Chalcedon, mu 451 Ŵamiyaphysites, awo ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu ŵanandi chomene mu Eguputo na Etiyopiya, ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakasopanga ŵaciuta ŵamoza pera. Nangauli pasono chisopa ichi ntcha boma yayi, kweni tchalitchi la Orthodox la Tewahedo ndilo likulamulira chomene. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Ciarabu ŵakukhala mu caru ici. Charu cha Etiyopiya ndicho chikaŵa malo ghakwamba uko ŵanthu ŵakasamukira mu nyengo ya Chisilamu. Negash ni tawuni iyo yili mu chigaŵa cha Tigray, ndipo ni malo ghakale chomene agho Ŵasilamu ŵakakhalanga mu Africa.. [[File:Lalibela, san giorgio, esterno 24.jpg|thumb|upright|The subterranean rock-hewn [[Church of Saint George, Lalibela|Church of Saint George]] in [[Lalibela]] is a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]].]] Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2007, Ŵakhristu ŵalipo 62.8% (43.5% ŵa Ethiopia Orthodox, 19.3% ŵa visopa vinyake), Ŵasilamu ŵalipo 33.9%, awo ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo ŵalipo 2.6%, ndipo visopa vinyake vilipo 0.6%. Chiŵelengero cha Ŵakristu na Ŵasilamu chikukhalilira mwakuyana waka pakuyaniska na unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka vyaka vinandi ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵali mu chisopa cha Sunni, ndipo Ŵasilamu awo ŵali mu chisopa chinyake ndiwo ni gulu lachiŵiri likuru chomene la Ŵasilamu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Sunni mba Shafi'i panji Salafi, ndipo ku malo agha kuli Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Sufi. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Afar ŵali kupanga gulu lakujipatura lakucemeka "Islamic State of Afaria". Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakasuskanga fundo yakuti boma la Haile Selassie likapanga ndondomeko ya kupenda ŵanthu kuti charu cha Ethiopia chiwoneke nga ni charu cha Ŵakhristu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuwona vya Chisilamu na kulemba mabulogu ŵakuti Ŵasilamu mbanandi chomene ndipo ŵakukolerana yayi na maukaboni agho ghali pachanya apa. Ufumu wa Axum ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba kuzomera Chikhristu, apo Frumentius wa ku Turo, uyo wakachemekanga Fremnatos panji Abba Selama ("Wiske wa Mtende") ku Ethiopia, wakang'anamuska Themba Ezana mu vyaka vya m'ma 400. Mwakuyana na Baibolo, Cikristu cikanjira mu Etiyopiya nyengo yitali comene pambere ivi vindacitike.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+8 "Acts 8"]. ''Bible Gateway''.</ref>[[File:01 - Priests dancing for Timkat.jpg|thumb|Orthodox priests dancing during the celebration of ''[[Timkat]]'']] [[File:307771234 612238670404451 4282782264089827086okay.webm|thumb|[[Haile Selassie|Emperor Haile Selassie I]] seen celebrating the finding of the cross at [[Meskel Square]] (1971)]] Tchalitchi la Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo lili mu tchalitchi la Eastern Orthodox. Ni cisopa cikuru comene pa visopa vyose vya Cikhristu, nangauli sonosono apa matchalitchi ghanyake gha P'ent'ay (Chipulotesitanti) ghazara comene. Kwambira mu 1930, Tchalitchi la Katolika ku Ethiopia lili na ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ndipo likugwirizana comene na boma la Roma.<ref name="bx">{{Cite web |last=Abegaz |first=Berhanu |date=1 June 2005 |title=Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities |url=http://bxabeg.people.wm.edu/Ethiopia.Census%20Portrait.pdf |access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/ejhist.html |title=The History of Ethiopian Jews |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> [[File:Mešita v Bahir Daru.jpg|thumb|A mosque in [[Bahir Dar]]]] Chisilamu mu Ethiopia chikamba mu 622 C.E. apo Muhammad wakaphalira gulu la Ŵasilamu kuti ŵaleke kutambuzgika ku Mecca. Pamanyuma ŵasambiri ŵakaluta ku Abyssinia kwizira ku Eritrea, uko pa nyengo iyo kukaŵa Ashama ibn-Abjar, themba la Ŵakhristu. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasahaba ŵakaŵa Ŵaetiyopiya. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2007, ŵanthu 1,957,944 mu Ethiopia ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanyake 471,861 ŵali mu visopa vinyake. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa visopa vyose ŵakusangika mu vigaŵa vyose, kweni ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake vya caru ici. Ŵakhristu ŵanandi ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa Amhara na Tigray, ndipo ŵanandi mwa iwo mba tchalitchi la Orthodox la Tewahedo. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa P'ent'ay ndiwo ŵakukhala chomene mu vigaŵa vya Oromia na SNNP (Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region). Ŵasilamu ku Ethiopia ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Sunni ndipo ŵakukhala ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vyakutali kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, mu vigaŵa vya SNNP, Benishangul-Gumuz na Gambela.<ref name=2007Census/><ref name="Ofcansky">{{cite book |last=Thomas P. Ofcansky |first=LaVerle Berry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3M0V0VfgiMC |title=Ethiopia: A Country Study |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4191-1857-9 |pages=130–41}}</ref> M'paka m'ma 1980, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Beta Israel ŵakakhalanga ku Ethiopia. Ŵayuda pafupifupi 4,000, awo ŵakuti ni fuko lakuzgeŵa la Israyeli, ŵakukhala mu Ethiopia, pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mafuko ghaŵiri, Falash Mura na Beta Abraham. Falash Mura ni Beta Israel awo, nangauli ŵakumanyikwa kuti Mbayuda, ŵakamba kugomezga Cikhristu cifukwa ca mulimo wa umishonale. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Beta Abraham ŵakuwoneka kuti mbanthu ŵa mtundu wa Beta Israyeli awo ŵali kufuma mu nyengo ya ŵapositole. Nangauli wose ŵaŵiri ŵacali kucemeka kuti Beta Israel, kweni ŵali kutali na gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mu Israyeli. Ŵalongozgi ŵa gulu la Beta Israel ŵakuzomerezga ŵanthu ŵa Falash Mura, ndipo ŵapempha kuti ŵaŵaleke kuluta ku Israel. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Beta Abraham ŵakutemweka yayi na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mu matawuni na mizi yinyake ya ku Ethiopia nga ni Wolleka, kufupi na msumba wa Gondar, Ŵayuda ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵachali ŵanandi, kweni sono ku United States kuli Ŵayuda ŵanandi ŵa ku Ethiopia. Magulu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakususka boma kuti likukora ŵanthu ŵakuchitapo kanthu, ŵamutolamakani, na ŵalembi ŵa nkhani kuti ŵaleke kususka visopa vinyake. Pa Ogasiti 3, 2015, ŵanthu 17 awo ŵakachitanga vinthu vya chisopa cha Ciislamu ŵakakakika. Ŵakaŵa na mulandu wakuti ŵakakhumbanga kupanga boma la Cisilamu mu caru ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu. Ŵanthu wose awo ŵakayuzgika ŵakakana ivyo ŵakayowoya ndipo ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakachitanga viheni pera pakuvikilira wanangwa wawo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/africa/2015/08/04/ethiopia-hands-lengthy-prison-terms-to-muslim-activists|title=Ethiopia hands lengthy prison terms to Muslim activists|date=4 August 2015|work=DailySabah|access-date=24 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-arrests-idUSKCN0Q82AC20150803|title=Ethiopia hands lengthy prison terms to Muslim activists|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=24 October 2015|date=3 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33759946|title=Ethiopia jails Muslims convicted of terror plot|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 October 2015|date=3 August 2015}}</ref> ===Kukhala mu tauni=== {{Main|List of cities and towns in Ethiopia}} [[File:Addis Ababa Railway Megenagna Area.jpg|thumb|[[Addis Ababa|Railway in Addis Ababa]] is one of the main transports people use in the city in their day-to-day activities]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo vinthu vikusintha chomene mu misumba. Mu Ethiopia, ŵanthu ŵakuluta mu misumba yinandi, ndipo nyengo ziŵiri zikulutilira kukura. Cakwamba, mu 1936-1941 mu nyengo iyo caru ca Italy cikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Mussolini, ndipo kufuma mu 1967 m'paka mu 1975 apo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni ŵakasazgikira katatu. Mu 1936, charu cha Italy chikapoka charu cha Ethiopia, ndipo chikazenga vinthu vyakovwira kuti misumba yikuruyikuru yikolerane. Ici pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy na ŵantchito ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti vinthu visinthe mwaluŵiro mu nyengo iyi. Nyengo yachiŵiri ya kukura yikaŵa kwamba mu 1967 m'paka mu 1975, apo ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ŵakasamukira mu matawuni kupenja nchito na umoyo uwemi. Mulimo uwu ukakhora chifukwa cha ndondomeko ya boma ya kusintha malo mu 1975, iyo yikawovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵakhalenge ku mizi. Ŵanthu ŵakati ŵafumako ku mizi na kuluta ku misumba, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchepa chomene. Dango la kunozga malo likakhumbanga kusazgirako ulimi cifukwa cakuti vyakurya vikakuranga yayi pamoza na unandi wa ŵanthu mu nyengo ya 1970-1983. Ndondomeko iyi yikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na mipingo yikuruyikuru ya ŵalimi. Dango ili likapangiska kuti vyakurya vyasazgikire, nangauli pali kukwesana pa cifukwa cake. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni ŵakulutilira kukura ndipo kufuma mu 1975 m'paka mu 2000, ŵakasazgikira na 8.1%.<ref name="Accessed 5-10-08">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180313170039/http://worldbank.org/ Worldbank.org]. Retrieved 5 October 2008 {{nonspecific|date=November 2010}}</ref> {{Largest cities or towns of Ethiopia}} ====Rural and urban life==== {{Main article|Rural flight in Ethiopia}} [[File:Gonder from the Goha hotel.jpg|thumb|[[Gondar]] skyline]] Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuluta ku misumba cifukwa ca kukhumba umoyo uwemi. Mu vyaru ivyo muli ŵanthu ŵanandi, umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa ukuyana waka na kulimbana kuti munthu wapone. Pafupifupi 16% ya ŵanthu mu Ethiopia ŵakukhala na ndalama zakukwana dola limoza pa zuŵa (2008). Ŵana ŵa vyaka 5 kukhilira pasi ŵakukwana 42%. Mbumba zinandi zakusuzgika (75%) zikugona pamoza na viŵeto, ndipo 40% ya ŵana ŵakugona pasi. Mbumba ya ŵanthu 6 panji 7 yikukhala mu nyumba ya mathipa ya mamita 30, ndipo muli vigaŵa viŵiri vyambura kukura.<ref name="Crawley">Crawley, Mike. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120625131910/http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/ArticleDetails.aspx?PublicationID=587 "Breaking the Cycle of Poverty in Ethiopia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625131910/http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/ArticleDetails.aspx?PublicationID=587|date=25 June 2012}}. April 2003. International Development Research Centre. Retrieved on 24 May 2008</ref>[[File:On The Road To Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia (2446794591).jpg|thumb|left|Rural area in the [[Simien Mountains National Park]]]] Wupu wa ŵalimi ukusuzgika na ukavu. Pakuti malo agha ngachoko chomene, ŵalimi ŵangazomerezga yayi kuti ghaleke kupambika makora. Chifukwa cha kunangika kwa malo agha, viŵeto vikuleka kupambika vyakurya, ndipo mkaka ukuchepa. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵakotcha vyakumera m'malo mwa kuviwezgera mu dongo, mbwenu vyakurya vikumara. Kuchepa kwa vyakurya kukupangiska kuti ŵalimi ŵaleke kusanga ndalama zinandi, njara, kusoŵa chakurya na matenda. Ŵalimi ŵambura kupwelelera makora ŵakusuzgika kugwira nchito mu minda yawo ndipo vyakurya vikumara. Nangauli mu misumba vinthu vili makora comene, kweni mu Ethiopia mose muli ukavu na ukotoli uheni. Ndipouli, ukavu ku Ethiopia ukakhira kufuma pa 44% kufika pa 29.6% mu 2000-2011, kuyana na World Bank. Mu Addis Ababa, msumba ukuru wa charu ichi, ŵanthu 55% ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya vya ŵanthu ŵachoko. Kweni sono, cifukwa cakuti nchito ya kuzenga yikukura comene mu misumba yikuruyikuru, comenecomene mu Addis Ababa. Mu tawuni iyi muli nyumba zinandi za boma izo ŵanthu pafupifupi 600,000 ŵakukhala. Mu tawuni iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhumbikwira nadi maji ghawemi, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵalije malo ghakutozgera viswaswa. Ici cikupangiska kuti matenda ghasazgikire cifukwa ca maji ghaheni.<ref name="Accessed 15 May 2008">Shivley, K. "Addis Ababa, Ethiopia" [https://web.archive.org/web/20170211101151/https://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/index.html Macalester.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211101151/https://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/index.html|date=11 February 2017}}. Retrieved 15 May 2008.</ref>[[File:Any Day, Adigrat (12582724894).jpg|thumb|Street scene in [[Adigrat]]]] Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakukhala makora mu misumba, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Addis Ababa ŵakukhala makora kuluska ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya ŵanthu ŵa viŵeto. Mwakupambana na ŵana ŵa ku mizi, ŵana 69% ŵa mu matawuni ŵakusambira pulayimale, ndipo 35 peresenti ya ŵana aŵa ŵakusambira sekondare. Msumba wa Addis Ababa uli na yunivesite yake kweniso masukulu ghanyake ghanandi gha sekondare. Ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba ŵalipo 82%. Mabungwe ghanandi ghambura kwendera boma ghakovwira kuti suzgo ili limare. Kweni ghanandi mwa mabungwe agha ghali kutali chomene, ghakuchita vinthu mwambura kukolerana, ndipo ghakugwira ntchito mwakupambana. Wupu wa mawupu ghambura vya boma ku sub-Saharan Africa ukuyezga kwendera lumoza.<ref name="Accessed 5-10-08"/> ===Umoyo=== {{Main|Health in Ethiopia}}{{Further|Child marriage in Ethiopia|Polygamy in Ethiopia}} [[File:Child mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Ethiopia.svg|thumb|Declining child mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Ethiopia since 1950]] Lipoti la Wupu wa vya Umoyo pa Caru Cose la mu 2006 likulongora kuti mu 2003, kukaŵa ŵadokotala 1,936 ndipo pa ŵanthu 100,000, pakaŵa ŵadokotala 2.6 pera. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya kuti charu cha Ethiopia chili mu suzgo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa vinthu pa charu. Vinthu vikuru ivyo vikuchitika mu charu cha Ethiopia ni matenda agho ghakuthandazgika na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 44 miliyoni (pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu wose) ŵalije maji ghawemi. Vinthu ivi vikusazgikira cifukwa ca kusoŵa kwa ŵadokotala na manesi ndiposo malo gha cipatala. Umoyo wa ŵanthu mu misumba ni uwemi comene. Ŵana awo ŵakubabika, ŵana awo ŵakufwa, na awo ŵakufwa ni ŵachoko chomene mu matawuni kuluska mu mizi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu misumba kuluska ku mizi, kweni mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, vinthu vyamba kwenda makora mu charu chose. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika na maji, kweni ŵakugwiliskira nchito maji ghanandi. Mu misumba, ŵanthu 81% ŵakugwiliskira nchito maji agha. Nga umo viliri mu vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku misumba kuti ŵakakhalenge makora. Kukwambilira kwa 2005, wupu wa WHO ukati ku Ethiopia kukaŵa vipatala 119 (12 ku Addis Ababa) na maofesi gha munkhwala 412. Ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵababa mbachoko chomene, ndipo pa ŵanthu 1,000 awo ŵakubabika, 41 ŵakufwa. Kufuma mu 1990 m'paka mu 2012, charu cha Ethiopia chikakwaniska kuchepeska chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵandafike vyaka 5. Nangauli chiŵelengero ichi chachepa chomene, kweni ŵanakazi ŵanandi mu charu ichi ŵakusuzgika na masuzgo agho ghakuŵapo para ŵababa. HIV/AIDS mu Ethiopia yikaŵa pa 1.1% mu 2014, ndipo yikakhira chomene kufuma pa 4.5% vyaka 15 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu awo ŵakusuzgika comene ni ŵanthu ŵakavu na ŵanakazi, cifukwa ca kupeleŵera kwa masambiro gha vyaumoyo, kuŵawovwira, kuŵamanya makora ŵanthu, ndiposo kuleka kuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Boma la Ethiopia na mawupu gha vyaru vinandi nga ni World Health Organization (WHO), na United Nations, ŵakwambiska kampeni ndipo ŵakugwira nchito mwakukwana kuti ŵawovwire kuti umoyo wa ŵanthu ku Ethiopia uŵe uwemi kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye makora za matenda gha AIDS na matenda ghanyake agho ghakuthandazgika.<ref>(Dugassa, 2005).</ref>[[File:Bracing for a short, sharp jab.jpg|thumb|An Ethiopian girl about to receive her [[measles]] vaccine]] Charu cha Ethiopia chili na ŵana ŵanandi awo ŵakufwa pa nthumbo. Nangauli Ethiopia wakakwaniska yayi kufiska chilato cha MDG cha kuchepeska nyifwa ya ŵamama na vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu mu 2015, kweni vinthu vikwenda makora. Mwachiyelezgero, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana pambere ŵandababike chikakwera kufuma pa 8.1% mu 2000 kufika pa 41.8% mu 2014, ndipo chiŵelengero cha awo ŵakugonana pambere ŵandababike chikakwera kufuma pa 29% kufika pa 98.1% mu nyengo yeneyiyi. Mazuŵa ghano, pa ŵana 100,000, ŵanakazi 420 ndiwo ŵakufwa. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ku Ethiopia ndiwo ŵakubabikira mu vipatala, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakubabikira mu vikaya. Ŵanakazi ŵacekuru awo ŵakulindizgika kuti ŵababe pa nyumba ndiwo ŵakuŵawovwira. "Wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa caru cose ukuti para ŵanakazi ŵangababika mu maofesi gha munkhwala agho ghali na wovwiri wakukwana ndiposo awo ŵali kusambizgika makora, ŵangaleka kufwa na kulwara".<ref>(Dorman et al., 2009, p.&nbsp;622).</ref> [[File:Community Health Workers (5762479865).jpg|thumb|Community health care workers]] Cifukwa cakuti palije ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵa munkhwala awo ŵakumanya vya munkhwala, kweniso palije ndalama zakovwilira ŵantchito aŵa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga yayi ŵanthu awo ŵakuchizga matenda. Chinthu chimoza icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchita, kwali ŵali mu chisopa wuli panji ŵali na ndalama zinandi, nkhuswa viŵaro vya ŵanakazi (Female Genital Mutilation, panji FGM). Mu 2004, boma la Ethiopia likakanizga kugwiliskira ntchito munkhwala uwu. Kuguliska ŵanakazi ni kaluso ako kakuchitika pambere ŵandatorane ndipo kakusangika mu vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Africa na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Middle East.<ref name="Rohayes">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1525/ae.1975.2.4.02a00030| title = Female genital mutilation, fertility control, women's roles, and the patrilineage in modern Sudan: A functional analysis1| journal = American Ethnologist| volume = 2| issue = 4| pages = 617–33| year = 1975| last1 = Hayes | first1 = R.O. | doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Bodman">Bodman, Herbert L. and Tohidi, Nayereh Esfahlani (1998) [https://books.google.com/books?id=PFzdA2Hini4C Women in Muslim societies: diversity within unity], Lynne Rienner Publishers, p. 41. {{ISBN|1-55587-578-5}}</ref>Ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakuchiska ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kugonana na ŵanalume ŵanyawo.<ref name="Frayser">Frayser, Suzanne G. and Whitby, Thomas J. (1995) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZArPH0nFGo0C Studies in human sexuality: a selected guide], Libraries Unlimited, p. 257 {{ISBN|1-56308-131-8}}.</ref>[[File:Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital - from Flickr 159817756.jpg|thumb|[[Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital]]]] Ku Ethiopia, ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakukomeka, kweni ku ŵasungwana yayi. Kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na ŵanthu na umoyo wa ku Ethiopia (Ethiopia's 2005 Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS)) wakalongora kuti pa ŵanakazi ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakulwara matenda agha chili pa 74%. Mu vigaŵa vya Dire Dawa, Somalia, na Afar, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchita nthena. Mu vigaŵa vya Oromo na Harari, ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana ŵakujumpha 80 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakuchita opareshoni iyi. Ŵanakazi awo ŵakusuzgika na nthenda iyi mbachoko chomene mu vigaŵa vya Tigray na Gambela. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2010, ku Ethiopia, ŵanakazi ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 35 na 39 ŵali na nthenda iyi pa ŵanthu 81 peresenti. Lipoti linyake la UNICEF la mu 2014 likulongora kuti pa ŵasungwana wose ŵa vyaka 14 kukhilira pasi, 24 pera ndiwo ŵakatoleka. Kweniso mu charu ichi ŵanthu ŵakukotora ŵanalume, ndipo pafupifupi 76% ya ŵanalume ŵa mu Ethiopia ŵakukotoreka. Boma la Ethiopia lili kusaina mapangano ghakupambanapambana agho ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanakazi na ŵana. Dango la caru ici likupeleka wanangwa wa ŵanakazi. Ŵakuyezga kukhozga umoyo wa ŵanakazi mwa kumazga malango na maluso ghose agho ghakutondeska ŵanakazi kuti ŵachitenge vinthu mwakuyana na wanangwa wawo. Ndondomeko ya Umoyo wa Maghanoghano iyo yikalembeka mu 2012, yikalongozga kuti paŵe ndondomeko yakovwira kuti umoyo wa maghanoghano uŵe makora mu Ethiopia. Ndondomeko iyi yikayowoya kuti umoyo wa maghanoghano ukwenera kuŵa mu ndyali. Ndipouli, ndondomeko ya umoyo wa maghanoghano ya ku caru cose yikwenda makora yayi. Mwachiyelezgero, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakusuzgika maghanoghano chikasazgikira na 34.2% kufuma mu 2007 m'paka 2017. Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuŵa na maghanoghano ghambura kwenelera, ŵakulongozga makora yayi, kweniso ŵakukolerana yayi pa nkhani ya umoyo wa maghanoghano.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Health system governance to support scale up of mental health care in Ethiopia: a qualitative study|first1=Charlotte|last1=Hanlon|first2=Tigist|last2=Eshetu|first3=Daniel|last3=Alemayehu|first4=Abebaw|last4=Fekadu|first5=Maya|last5=Semrau|first6=Graham|last6=Thornicroft|first7=Fred|last7=Kigozi|first8=Debra Leigh|last8=Marais|first9=Inge|last9=Petersen|first10=Atalay|last10=Alem|date=8 June 2017|journal=International Journal of Mental Health Systems|volume=11|pages = 38|doi=10.1186/s13033-017-0144-4|pmid=28603550|pmc=5465569}}</ref> ===Masambilo=== {{Main|Education in Ethiopia}} {{See also|Higher education in Ethiopia}} [[File:Addis Abeba University (Sam Effron).jpg|thumb|Entrance of [[Addis Ababa University]]]] Charu cha Ethiopia chikaŵa na chisopa cha Orthodox cha Tewahedo kufuma mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Axum mu 330 C.E. Ŵaliska ndiwo ŵakasambizganga Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Etiyopiya visambizgo vyaunenesko. Para ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵamalizga masambiro ghawo, ŵakuŵa ŵasofi kweniso ŵakusambira chomene. Masambiro gha mazuŵa ghano ghakamba mu 1908 apo Fumu Menelik II yikajura sukulu yakwamba mu Addis Ababa. Kweniso, Themba Haile Selassie I likawovwira kuti paŵe yunivesite yakwamba, yunivesite ya Addis Ababa, iyo yikazengeka mu 1950. Sonosono apa, boma likunozga masukulu ghapachanya gha vigaŵa vinandi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Education in Ethiopia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ethiopia/Education |website=Britannica |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> [[File:Plants in a Laboratory for High School Science, Addis Ababa.jpg|thumb|Plants in a laboratory of [[Ethio-Parents' School]] in Addis Ababa]] Ndondomeko iyo yilipo sono yikukolerana na ndondomeko ya kusazgirako masukulu, iyo yikuyana comene na umo vikaŵira mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ndipo yikusazgapo kuti ŵanthu ŵa vigaŵa ivi ŵalutilire kusambizgika mu viyowoyero vyawo. Masambiro gha ku pulayimale ngambura kulipira ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakusambira para ŵali na vyaka vyapakati pa 7 na 12. Masambiro gha ku sekondare mu Ethiopia ghakukhala vyaka vinkhondi na cimoza, kufuma apo vyaka vinayi vya masambiro gha ku sekondare.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Teferra|first1=Damtew|last2=Altbach|first2=Philip G.|title=African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RROdAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-34186-0|pages= 316–25}}</ref> [[File:Top floor of the first science museum in Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|The [[Ethiopia Museum of Art and Science|Addis Ababa Science Museum of Art and Science]] serves as the country's biggest hub which showcases the country's newest innovations]] Masambiro gha ku Ethiopia ghakulongozgeka na Unduna wa vya masambiro ndipo ndondomeko yake ni 4+4+2+2 system; masambiro gha ku pulayimale ghakukhala vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri, ndipo gha vyaka vinayi gha masambiro gha ku sekondare ghakukhala vyaka viŵiri. Wupu wakuwona vya masambiro (National Education Assessment and Examination Agency) ndiwo ukuchita viyezgelero vya boma. Kuyambira chaka cha 2018, pali mayeso awiri a boma: Ethiopian General Secondary Education Certificate Examination (EGSECE), omwe amadziwikanso kuti Grade 10 national exam ndi Grade 12 national exam. Mazuŵa ghano, pali masukulu gha boma 30. Pambere chaka cha 1991 chindafike, ku Ethiopia kukaŵavya masukulu gha masukulu ghapachanya, kweni sono kuli masukulu ghapachanya ghapachanya 61. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa masukulu ghapachanya na ghapachanya chikakwera chomene, kufuma pa 34,000 mu 1991 kufika pa 757,000 mu 2014. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Ethiopia ŵasambira makora. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni ŵakasambiranga masukulu gha pulayimale mu 1994-95, kweni mu 2008-09, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakasambiranga masukulu gha pulayimale chikakwera kufika pa 15.5 miliyoni. Mu 2013-14, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakalembeskanga sukulu ku Ethiopia chikakwera chomene mu vigaŵa vyose. Pa caru cose, ciŵelengero ca ŵana ŵaciŵelengero ca ŵana ŵaciŵelengero ca ŵanalume cikaŵa 104.8%, ca ŵasungwana 97.8%, na 101.3%. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba chikakwera chomene. Mu 2007, chiŵelengero ichi chikaŵa 39% (ŵanalume 49.1% na ŵanakazi 28.9%). Lipoti la UNDP mu 2011 likulongora kuti ŵanthu 46.7% mu Ethiopia ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Lipoti lenelili likayowoyaso kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanakazi awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba chikakwera kufuma pa 27 kufika pa 39 peresenti kufuma mu 2004 m'paka mu 2011, ndipo cha ŵanalume kufuma pa 49 kufika pa 59 peresenti. Mu 2015, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba chikakwera chomene, chikafika pa 49.1% (57.2% ŵanalume na 41.1% ŵanakazi).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EDULIT_DS&popupcustomise=true&lang=en|title=Education|last=UIS|website=data.uis.unesco.org}}</ref> ==Mwambo== {{Main|Culture of Ethiopia}} [[File:Roasting Ethiopian coffee ceremony.jpg|thumb|170px|An Ethiopian woman roasting coffee beans in a [[coffee house]]. The coffee serving ceremony is the most important course in Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 October 2019|title=Ethiopian Coffee Guide: Buying and Brewing Tips|url=https://www.homegrounds.co/ethiopian-coffee/|access-date=11 February 2022|language=en-US}}</ref>]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakakhalanga ku chigaŵa ichi, ndipo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha ChiSemiti, Chicushiti, na chiyowoyero cha Nilo-Saharan. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tigray na Amhara, awo ŵakalongozganga ndyali kumasinda, ŵakupambana na ŵanthu ŵanyake chifukwa cha ndondomeko yawo na umo ŵakakhalanga. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵali kufuma ku Kaffa, Sidamo, na Afar.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=27 August 1976|title=The peoples and cultures of Ethiopia|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.1976.0061|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=194|issue=1114|pages=7–16|doi=10.1098/rspb.1976.0061|pmid=11482|issn=0080-4649|last1=Lewis|first1=I. M.|bibcode=1976RSPSB.194....7L|s2cid=46723065}}</ref> Cinthu ico cikumanyikwa comene pa vyakucitika vya khofi. Mwakupambana na vyaru vinandi, khofi wakupelekeka pa ungano wa mbumba, wa ŵabwezi, panji wa mu muzi. Pali mitundu yitatu ya kumwa khofi: yimoza yakuchemeka "awol", yachiŵiri "tona" (ቶና) na yachitatu "baraka" (ባርካ). Nthano ya khofi yikamba na Kaldi, muliska wa mbuzi wa ku Keffa Zone uyo wakawona kuti mbuzi yake yikamba kuŵa na nthenda ya nthenda ya kutenthema cifukwa ca kurya vivwati ivyo vikapangiska kuti yimbenge mwambura kujikora. Wakati waŵa na vipasi, ŵakamuphalira kuti wavipeleke ku ŵasembe ŵa ku nyumba ya ŵasofi. Wasembe munyake wakati Kaldi ni "muzga wa Dyabulosi". Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Kaldi wakaŵako mu 850 C.E., ndipo ŵakugomezga kuti ndiyo wakamba kulima khofi ku Ethiopia mu vyaka vya m'ma 900.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Ethiopian Coffee Culture – Legend, History and Customs|url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/ethiopian-coffee-culture-765829|access-date=25 December 2021|website=The Spruce Eats|language=en}}</ref> ===Maluso=== {{main article|Ethiopian art}} [[File:Ethiopian scribes.jpg|thumb|Illustration showing two [[Kingdom of Aksum|Aksumite]] scribes]] Vinthu vya ku Ethiopia vikakhwaskika chomene na vithuzithuzi vya Ŵakhristu. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa mipukutu, vithuzithuzi, mphinjika, vikozgo, na vinthu vinyake vya visulo nga ni mphumphu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakalembako mabuku agha ŵakaŵa ŵa tchalitchi la Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo, ilo likaŵa la boma kwa vyaka vinandi. Mu nyengo ya Aksumite, ŵanthu ŵakaŵikangamo vinthu vyakuŵaja mu malibwe, nangauli palije vinthu vya Chikhristu ivyo vikusangika mu nyengo iyi. Apo Chikhristu chikambanga, ŵanthu ŵa ku Byzantium ndiwo ŵakambiska visambizgo vyake. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikaŵako pambere nyengo ya mazuŵa ghano yindize vikabwanganduka chifukwa cha kuwukira kwa ufumu wa Adal mu vigaŵa vya mapiri vya ku Ethiopia, kweni ŵakatumizgika na ŵapositole ŵa Katolika. Ŵanji ŵakamba kunjilirapo pa luso lwa ku Ethiopia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. ===Kuzenga=== {{main article|Architecture of Ethiopia}} [[File:ET Gondar asv2018-02 img03 Fasil Ghebbi.jpg|thumb|The Royal Enclosure at [[Fasil Ghebbi]], [[Gondar]]]] Panji nyumba zakutowa comene izo zikazengeka mu nyengo yakale zikazengeka mu nyengo ya Dʿmt. Kuzenga kwa Ashlar kukaŵa kwa mtundu unyake wa ku South Arabia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Aksum ŵakalutilira kuzenga mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E. Pa malibwe agha ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito libwe limoza. Dindi la Chijaro chautesi ilo likazengera mafumu gha ku Aksumite, likaŵa la mtundu umoza. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Lalibela ŵakakhalanga ku malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Aksum, kweni malo ghanyake ghakaŵa na malibwe panji makuni ghakupambana. Mu nyengo ya Gondarine, vyakuzengeka vya ku Ethiopia vikaŵa vya Baroque, Arabic, Turkish na Gujarati. Chiyelezgero ni linga la ufumu la Fasil Ghebbi, ilo lili na vyakuvwara viŵiri ivi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na 1900, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchema nyumba izi kuti Nyumba za Ufumu.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Andreu Martínez |last1=Alòs-Moner |title=Gondarine Art and Architecture (HaAh 523) – Course Syllabus |url=https://www.academia.edu/11314717}}</ref> ===Visambizgo=== {{main article|Ethiopian philosophy}} Visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya vikaŵa vyakukondweska comene mu Africa kwamba kale comene, nangauli vikaŵa vyakupambana na visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Greece na ku Patristic. Ŵanthu awo ŵakamanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha vinjeru vya ŵanthu ŵakaŵa nga ni Zera Yacob (1599-1692) na Walda Heywat, uyo wakalemba buku lakuti Hatata mu 1667. ===Kulemba mabuku=== {{main article|Ethiopian literature}} [[File:Giyorgis MET DP367372.jpg|thumb|[[Giyorgis of Segla]], prolific religious author in the [[Late Middle Ages]]]] Mabuku gha mu Ethiopia ghakalembeka mu nyengo ya Ŵaakshumi mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E. Ghanandi mwa mabuku agha ghakulongosora vya cisopa. Mu malemba ghacifumu, ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ciyowoyero ca Ge'ez na Cigiriki. Mwakupambana na vyaru vinandi vya ku Africa, mu Ethiopia muli chiyowoyero cha Ge'ez, icho chikayowoyeka chomene pa nkhani za ndyali na masambiro. Nangauli pasono vinthu vikwenda makora yayi mu caru ici, kweni mulimo wa kuvikilira vinthu uwu wafika paheni comene. Mabuku ghanandi gha ku Ethiopia ghakalembeka na mawoko (branna, panji ብራና mu Ciamharic). Pakunozga khuni ili, ŵakuwunjika mapepara gha vikumba na kughaphaka kuti ghaŵe ghakukolerana. Utali wa mupukutu uwu ukuthemba pa umo ukalembekera. Mwachiyelezgero, buku lapakompyuta ilo likusangika mu thumba lili na utali wa masentimita 45, ndipo ndilo lizito chomene. Ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakughanaghana kuti mu Ethiopia mukaŵa mipukutu yakale. Mazuŵa ghano napo, malemba ghakale agho ghakaŵa nga ni codex ghachalipo, ndipo ghakusangika pa mapepara gha vikumba.<ref name=":4" /> Buku linyake lakumanyikwa ilo ŵanthu ŵakulemba ni mupukutu uwo ukuŵavikilira. Vinyake mwa vyakurya ivi vikaŵa vya masalamusi. Mipukutu iyo yikulembeka na ŵaliska ŵambura kusankhika awo ŵakumanya vya kufumiska viŵanda na kuchizga. Para munthu wakunyamura mpukutu wa masentimita 30, kanandi wakuwupinda na kukhomeka pa chiliŵa cha nyumba. Ŵanthu ŵakususkana chomene na mipukutu iyo yikuyana na mabuku gha ku Ethiopia. Mu viyowoyero vinyake, ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mabuku ghakulembeka pa vilembo (ghakuchemeka sensul) agho ghakalembeka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 panji 1600. Mabuku agha kanandi ghakulongosora umoyo na nyifwa ya ŵanthu ŵa chisopa..<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Nosnitsin|first=Denis|date=2012|title=Ethiopian Manuscripts and Ethiopian Manuscript Studies. A brief Overview and Evaluation|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/galim_0753-5015_2012_num_58_1_1993|journal=Gazette du livre médiéval|volume=58|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.3406/galim.2012.1993}}</ref> ====Poetry==== [[File:Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin 2.jpg|thumb|150px|Tsegaye Gebre-Medhin in 1980s]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya vya Ethiopia. Ŵaluso ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya za vinthu ivyo vikacitika kale, kusuzgika kwa ŵanthu, ukavu na njara. Qene ni cigaŵa ico cikugwiliskirika nchito comene mu sumu za ku Ethiopia. Kuti munthu waŵe na vinjeru vyaunenesko wakwenera kuŵa na maghanoghano ghakwenelera. Para munthu wakuyowoya mazgu ghaŵiri ghakupambanapambana, limoza likuŵa na fundo zakupulikikwa makora ndipo linyake ndakusuzga chomene kulipulikiska. Ntheura, ici cikucemeka semena work (golide na sera).<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Aga|first=Mark T.|title=20 Of The Best Poets And Poems of Ethiopia (Qene included) — allaboutETHIO|url=https://allaboutethio.com/20-must-read-poems-of-ethiopia-best-ethiopian-poetry.html|access-date=18 December 2021|website=allaboutethio.com|language=en}}</ref> Ŵaluso ŵakumanyikwa chomene ni Tsegaye Gebre-Medhin, Kebede Michael na Mengistu Lemma. ===Calendar=== {{Main|Ethiopian calendar|Oromo calendar}} [[File:Celebrate The Return of Axum Obelisk (Detail) (3172365788).jpg|thumb|Model commemorating the [[Obelisk of Axum|Obelisk of Aksum]]'s return to Ethiopia from Italy, showing the date of its departure and return according to the [[Ethiopian calendar]]]] Ku Ethiopia kuli makalendala ghanandi. Kalendala yakumanyikwa comene ni ya ku Etiyopiya, iyo yikucemekaso Ge'ez calendar, ndipo yikulembeka na cilembo ca Ge'ez, ico nchimoza mwa vilembo vyakale comene pa caru cose. Likuthemba pa kalendara yakale ya ku Alexandria panji ya ku Coptic, iyo nayo yikafuma ku kalendara ya ku Eguputo. Nga ni kalendara ya Ŵacoptic, kalendara ya Ŵaetiyopiya nayo yili na myezi 12 ya mazuŵa 30 na mazuŵa 5 panji 6. Miyezi ya ku Ethiopia yikwamba pa zuŵa limoza na ya ku Coptic, kweni mazina ghawo ghali kulembeka mu Chigeez Nga umo vikaŵira na kalendara ya Julian, zuŵa la nambara sikisi la epagomenal, ilo ni zuŵa lakwamba, likuŵikika pa 29 Ogasiti, myezi 6 pambere zuŵa lakwamba la Julian lindafike. Ntheura, zuŵa lakwamba la chaka cha Ethiopia, 1 Mäskäräm, kwa vyaka vya pakati pa 1901 na 2099 (kuphatikizapo), kanandi ni Seputembala 11 (Gregorian), kweni likuŵa pa Seputembala 12 mu vyaka ivyo vyajumpha chaka cha Gregorian. Pa kalendara ya Gregorian, nyengo iyi yili kunthazi kwa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri na myezi yitatu cifukwa ca umo ŵanthu ŵakupima zuŵa ilo Yesu wakababikira. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo ndiwo ŵakambiska kalendara yinyake cha m'ma 300 B.C.E. Kalendala iyi yikuthemba pa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuwona pa mwezi. Miyezi ya Oromo (nyenyezi/miyezi ya mwezi) ni Bittottessa (Iangulum), Camsa (Pleiades), Bufa (Aldebarran), Waxabajjii (Belletrix), Obora Gudda (Central Orion-Saiph), Obora Dikka (Sirius), Birra (mwezi wakuzura), Cikawa (gibbous moon), Sadasaa (quarter moon), Abrasa (large crescent), Ammaji (medium crescent), and Gurrandala (small crescent).<ref>{{cite web|first=Lawrence R |last=Doyle |url=http://www.tusker.com/Archaeo/art.currentanthro.htm |title=The Borana Calendar Reinterpreted |work=tusker.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029073246/http://www.tusker.com/Archaeo/art.currentanthro.htm |archive-date=29 October 2008}}</ref> ===Cuisine=== {{Main|Ethiopian cuisine}} {{multiple image | align =right | total_width = 280 | image1 = Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea 1.jpg | image2 = Alicha 1.jpg | image3 = Kitfo with Ayibe..JPG |footer = [[Coffee]] which was found in Ethiopia is the country's most drank beverage (left) [[Injera]] with a mix of wot's or a bayinatu is one of the country's famous foods (center) [[kitfo]] meat diced whether cooked or raw is usually presented with injera, and other foods, it its one of the country's most iconic foods (right) }} {{see also|List of Ethiopian dishes and foods}} The best-known [[Ethiopian cuisine]] consists of various types of thick meat [[stew]]s, known as ''[[wat (food)|wat]]'' in Ethiopian culture, and vegetable side dishes served on top of [[injera]], a large [[sourdough]] [[flatbread]] made of [[teff]] flour. This is not eaten with utensils, but instead the injera is used to scoop up the entrées and side dishes. Almost universally in Ethiopia, it is common to eat from the same dish in the middle of the table with a group of people. It is also a common custom to feed others within a group or own hands—a tradition referred to as "[[Ethiopian cuisine#Gursha|gursha]]".Mu vyakurya vya ku Ethiopia mulije nyama ya nkhumba panji viŵeto vya mtundu uliwose, pakuti vyose ivi ni vyakukanizgika mu visopa vya Orthodox, Chikhristu, Chisilamu na Chiyuda. Chechebsa, Marqa, Chukko, Michirra na Dhanga ni vyakurya vyakumanyikwa chomene ku Oromo. Kitfo ni cakurya ico ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Gurage ŵakutemwa comene. Kweniso, Doro Wot (ዶሮ ወጥ mu chiAmharic) na Tsebehi Derho (ጽብሒ ድርሆ mu chiTigrinya), ni vyakurya vinyake vyakumanyikwa chomene, ivyo vikufuma kumpoto kwa Ethiopia. Tihlo (ጥሕሎ) ni mtundu wa cakurya ico cikupangika na ufu wa balere wakukaŵa. Tihlo sono yikumanyikwa chomene mu Amhara ndipo yikupharazgika kumwera.<ref>{{cite web|title=Culture of the people of Tigrai|url=http://www.tigraionline.com/bahlina.html|publisher=Tigrai Online|access-date=3 January 2013}}</ref> ===Holidays=== {{main article|Public holidays in Ethiopia}} [[File:Meskel-festival-in-Ethiopia 01.jpg|thumb|[[Meskel]] commemorates the discovery of [[True Cross]] by Roman queen [[Helena, mother of Constantine I|Helena]] in 326 CE]] Most holidays are belonged to the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo]], and secondly of [[Islam in Ethiopia|Islam]]. Secular holidays espouse national or historical chronicles. Secular holidays are follows with date of celebration: * [[Adwa Victory Day]] (2 March) * International Workers' Day (1 May) * [[Ethiopian Patriots' Victory Day]] (5 May) * [[Downfall of the Derg (holiday)|Downfall of the Derg]] (28 May) * [[Enkutatash]] (11 September or 12 September (leap year)) * [[Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Day]] (8 December) Ethiopian Orthodox holidays are: * [[Ethiopian Christmas]] (7 January) * [[Timkat]] (19 January) * [[Good Friday]] * [[Easter]] * [[Meskel]] (27 September or 28 September (leap year)) Islamic holidays are: * [[Ramadan]] * [[Mawlid]] * [[Eid al-Fitr]] * [[Eid al-Adha]] ===Media=== {{main|Communications in Ethiopia|Media in Ethiopia}} {{multiple image | align = left | total_width = 280 | image1 =| image2 =| image3 = Teddy Afro.jpg |footer = Actress Mekdes Tsegaye (left), [[Tilahun Gessesse]] (center) and [[Teddy Afro]] (right) are three influential Ethiopians in the music and movie industries in Ethiopia}} [[File:Ethiopian Television.JPG|thumb|The [[Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation]] headquarter in Addis Ababa]]The [[Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation]] (EBC), formerly known as ETV, is the [[state media]]. Radio broadcasting was commenced earlier in 1935 before the television service began in 1962 with assistance of British firm Thomson and Emperor Haile Selassie.<ref name="africanews.com"/> Since 2015, EBC has upgraded its studios with modernized transmission. [[Kana TV]] is the most popular TV channel in Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2017/12/ethiopias-new-addiction-says-media-freedom/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CKana%E2%80%9D%20translates%20as%20something%20between,of%20the%20prime%20time%20market |title=Ethiopia's New Addiction – And What It Says About Media Freedom |last=Jeffrey |first=James |work=Inter Press Service News Agency |date=21 December 2017 |access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref> It is mainly known for [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] foreign content into [[Amharic]]. Over several decades, the state television has served as the major mass media until in the late 2000s, when [[EBS TV (Ethiopia)|EBS TV]] launched as the first private television channel. Moreover, numerous private channels were commenced in 2016, culminating in the growth of privately owned media companies in the country. As an example, [[Fana TV]] has been the largest TV network since its launch in 2017. The most widely circulated newspapers in Ethiopia are [[Addis Fortune]], [[Capital Ethiopia]], [[Ethiopian Reporter]], Addis Zemen{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} (''Amharic'') and [[Ethiopian Herald]].{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} The sole internet service provider is the national telecommunications firm [[Ethio telecom]]. A large portion of users in the country access the internet through mobile devices.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/ethiopia-internet-blocked-618806|title=Why has Ethiopia pulled its mobile internet access again?|last=Gaffey|first=Conor|date=1 June 2017|work=Newsweek|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref> {{as of|2016|July}}, there are around 4.29&nbsp;million people who have internet access at their home as compared to a quarter of a million users a decade before that.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/ethiopia/|title=Ethiopia Internet Users|date=1 July 2016|website=Internet Live Stats|publisher=Internet Live Stats}}</ref> The Ethiopian government has at times intentionally shut down internet service in the country or restricted access to certain social media sites during periods of political unrest. In August 2016, following protest and demonstration in the Oromia Region, all access to the internet was shut down for a period of two days.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36940906|title=What is behind Ethiopia's wave of protests?|date=22 August 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref> In June 2017, the government shut down access to the internet for mobile users during a period that coincided with the administration of university entrance examination. Although the reason for the restriction was not confirmed by the government,<ref name=":3" /> the move was similar to a measure taken during the same period in 2016, after a leak of test questions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/ethiopia-blocks-social-media-sites-exam-leak-160711183939642.html|title=Ethiopia blocks social media sites over exam leak|date=11 July 2016|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/ethiopia-blocks-social-media-facebook-twitter-instagram-scandal-479581|title=Ethiopia has shut down social media and here's why|last=Sharkov|first=Damien|date=12 July 2016|work=Newsweek|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref> ===Science and technology=== {{Main article|Science and technology in Ethiopia}} {{see also|List of Ethiopian scientists}} {{multiple image | align =right | image1 = Portrait-aklilu-lemma-11.jpg | width1 = 125 | caption1 = Pathobiologist [[Aklilu Lemma]]. In 1964, he discovered an [[Alternative medicine|alternative]] treatment for [[schistosomiasis]], known as snail fever.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aklilu Lemma|url=https://rightlivelihood.org/the-change-makers/find-a-laureate/aklilu-lemma/|access-date=9 January 2022|website=Right Livelihood|language=en}}</ref> | image2 = Zeresenay Alemseged (2013-01).JPG | width2 = 125 | caption2 = Paleoanthropologist [[Zeresenay Alemseged]] in 2013. He was best known for discovering fossilized [[hominin]] called ''[[Selam (Australopithecus)|Selam]]'' or "Lucy's baby" in December 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zeresenay Alemseged – National Geographic Society|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/find-explorers/zeresenay-alemseged|access-date=9 January 2022|website=www.nationalgeographic.org|language=en}}</ref> }} Science and technology in Ethiopia emerging as progressive due to lack of organized institutions. Manufacturing and service providers often place themselves in [[competitive programming]] in order to advance innovative and technological solutions through in-house arenas. The [[Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute|Ethiopian Space Science and Technology]] is responsible for conducting multifaceted tasks regarding space and technology. In addition, Ethiopia also launched 70&nbsp;kg ET-RSS1 multi-spectral remote sensing satellite in December 2019. The President Sahle-Work Zewde told prior in October 2019 that "the satellite will provide all the necessary data on changes in climate and weather-related phenomena that would be used for the country's key targets in agriculture, forestry as well as natural resources protection initiatives." By January 2020, satellite manufacturing, assembling, integrating and testing began. This would also incremented facility built by French company funded by European Investment Bank (EIB). The main observatory Entoto Observatory and Space Science Research Center (EORC) allocated space programmes. The Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute is a part of Scientific Research & Development Services Industry, responsible for environmental and climate conservation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Science And Technology|url=https://www.miceethiopia.com/science-and-technology/|access-date=23 December 2021|website=MICE Ethiopia|language=en-US}}</ref> Numerous profound scientists have contributed degree of honours and reputations. Some are [[Kitaw Ejigu]], [[Mulugeta Bekele]], [[Aklilu Lemma]], [[Gebisa Ejeta]] and [[Melaku Worede]]. Ethiopia is known for use of [[traditional medicine]] since millennia. The first epidemic occurred in Ethiopia was in 849, causing the Aksumite Emperor Abba Yohannes evicted from place due to "God's punishment for misdeeds". The first traditional medicine was claimed to be derived from this catastrophe, but the exact source is debated. Though differ from ethnic groups, traditional medicine often implements herbs, spiritual healing, bone-setting and minor surgical procedures in treating disease.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethiopian Traditional Medications and their Interactions with Conventional Drugs|url=https://ethnomed.org/resource/ethiopian-traditional-and-herbal-medications-and-their-interactions-with-conventional-drugs/|access-date=31 January 2022|website=EthnoMed|language=en-US}}</ref> Others fields include conventional [[Mathematics in Ethiopia|mathematics]] used to measure astrology, calendar and unit of measurement. Ethiopia was ranked 126th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=5 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ===Music=== {{Main|Music of Ethiopia}} {{See also|Ethiopian Golden Age of music}} The [[music of Ethiopia]] is extremely diverse, with each of the country's 80 ethnic groups being associated with unique sounds. Ethiopian music uses a distinct [[Musical mode|modal system]] that is [[Pentatonic scale|pentatonic]], with characteristically long intervals between some notes. As with many other aspects of Ethiopian culture and tradition, tastes in music and lyrics are strongly linked with those in neighbouring Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, and Sudan.<ref name="Abdullahi">{{cite book |last=Abdullahi |first=Mohamed Diriye |title=Culture and Customs of Somalia |year=2001 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-31333-2 |page=170 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Nu918tYMB8C&pg=PA170 |quote=Somali music, a unique kind of music that might be mistaken at first for music from nearby countries such as Ethiopia, the Sudan, or even Arabia, can be recognized by its own tunes and styles.}}</ref><ref name="Tekle">{{cite book |last=Tekle |first=Amare |title=Eritrea and Ethiopia: from conflict to cooperation |year=1994 |publisher=The Red Sea Press |isbn=978-0-932415-97-4 |page=197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC&pg=PA197 |quote=Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan have significant similarities emanating not only from culture, religion, traditions, history and aspirations&nbsp;... They appreciate similar foods and spices, beverages and sweets, fabrics and tapestry, lyrics and music, and jewellery and fragrances.}}</ref> Traditional singing in Ethiopia presents diverse styles of [[polyphony]], ([[heterophony]], [[drone (music)|drone]], imitation, and [[counterpoint]]). Traditionally, lyricism in Ethiopian song writing is strongly associated with views of patriotism or national pride, romance, friendship, and a unique type of memoire known as ''[[tizita]]''. Saint [[Yared]], a 6th-century Aksumite composer, is widely regarded as the forerunner of traditional music of Eritrea and Ethiopia, creating liturgical music of the Ethiopian and [[Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]]. He also composed ''[[Zema]]'', subdivided into three chants: Ge'ez, Ezel and Araray. Yared life thought to have been "failure and success" where his was poor performance in education. Yared then fired from the school and went to his uncle birthplace Murade Qal. There his saw caterpillar endeavours to reach a tree's peak. He epitomized to his real life and returned to the school with good spirit, later became prominent to political sphere. During the remaining of his lifetime, he was a friend of Aksumite Emperor Gebre Meskel and the exiled [[Nine Saints]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About St. Yared – St. Yared Ethiopian Cuisine & Coffeehaus – Indianapolis IN|url=https://www.styaredcuisine.com/about.html|access-date=25 December 2021|website=www.styaredcuisine.com}}</ref> Modern music traced back to the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie, where 40 Armenian orphans called [[Arba Lijoch]] arrived from [[Jerusalem]] to Addis Ababa. By 1924, the band was almost established as orchestral; but after World War II, several similar bands emerged such as Imperial Bodyguard Band, Army Band, and Police Band.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aga|first=Mark T.|title=Music in Ethiopia — allaboutETHIO|url=https://allaboutethio.com/tmusic.html|access-date=9 January 2022|website=allaboutethio.com|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Mahmoudahmedfeature.jpg|thumb|[[Mahmoud Ahmed]] performing in 2005]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960 na 1970, sumu za ku Ethiopia zikamba kwambaso. Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa ŵakafuma, nga ni Tilahun Gessesse, Alemayehu Eshete, Bizunesh Bekele, Muluken Melesse na Mahmoud Ahmed. Kweniso ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito kaluso ako ŵakachemanga tizita. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Derg, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵakanizga kuchita maseŵero mu caru ici ndipo kanandi ŵakasuzgikanga kuluta ku caru ca North America na Europe, ndipo ŵakasangananga na sumu za jazz na za funk. Mwaciyelezgero, Roha Band, Walias Band, na Ethio Stars. Pa nyengo iyi, Neway Debebe wakasuskanga boma la Derg.<ref name=":9" /> Sumu za mazuŵa ghano zikamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 na 2000. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu awo ŵakamanyikwanga chomene ŵakaŵa Aster Aweke, Gigi na Teddy Afro. Sumu za ku Etiyopiya zikamba kuwoneka makora mu vyaka 10 vyakulondezgapo. DJ Rophnan wakaŵa wakumanyikwa chifukwa cha kupanga EDM pamanyuma pa kufumiska album yake yakwamba Reflection mu 2018.<ref name=":9" /> ===Vyakuonelela=== {{main article|Cinema of Ethiopia}} [[File:HagerFikirTheatre.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hager Fikir Theatre]] in April 2006]] Sinema yakwamba yikalongoreka mu 1898, pati pajumpha vyaka vitatu kufuma apo sinema yakwamba yikayowoyekera. Vinthu vya pa sinema ivyo vikalembeka na Federico Ciccodicola [it] uyo wakaŵa nduna ya ku Italy. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwonelera mafilimu gha nkhani za ŵanthu mu 1909. Au de Menilek ndiyo yikaŵa filimu yakwamba iyo yikalongozgeka na Charles Martel. Filimu yakwamba ya 16mm yakufipa na yituŵa yakuyowoya vya kuwuskika kwa Themba Zewditu, ndipo pamanyuma kuwuskika kwa Themba Haile Selassie. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, mafilimu gha ku Ethiopia ghakathandazgika chomene pa charu chose. Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi chomene mu nyengo iyi ŵakaŵa Haile Gerima, Salem Mekuria, Yemane Demissie, na Teshome Gabriel. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, mafilimu ghakamba kusinthika ndipo ghakaŵa na chiyowoyero cha Chiamhari. Mafilimu agho ghakapanga ndalama zinandi pa caru cose ni Selanchi, Difret, Lamb, Prince of Love na Lambadina. Mu nyengo yasono, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwimba, kusazgapo Selam Tesfaye, Fryat Yemane, Hanan Tarik, Mahder Assefa, Amleset Muchie na Ruth Negga.[[File:Abebe Bikila triumphant 1960.jpg|thumb|[[Abebe Bikila]] winning the [[1960 Summer Olympics|summer Olympics]] Italy, Rome in 1960: winning [[Ethiopia at the Olympics|Ethiopia's]] and Africa's first gold metal]] Yimoza mwa masambiro gha mafilimu ghakuzirwa chomene ni Gumma Film Awards agho ghakuchitikira mu Addis Ababa. Mphoto iyi yikamba kupelekeka mu 2014. Pa viphikiro vinyake, nga ni Addis International Film Festival na Ethiopian International Film Festival, ŵakuwoneska mafilimu gha ŵanthu awo ŵakuchita maseŵero ghakusanguluska. Iwo ŵakakhazikiskika mu 2007 na 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian International Film Festival |url=https://ethiopianfilminitiative.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=470:the-ethiopian-international-film-festival&catid=68&Itemid=113 |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=ethiopianfilminitiative.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Addis International Film Festival {{!}} Human Rights Film Network |url=https://www.humanrightsfilmnetwork.org/filmfestival/addis-international-film-festival |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=www.humanrightsfilmnetwork.org}}</ref> === Maseŵera === {{Main|Sport in Ethiopia}} [[File:Genzebe_Dibaba_Istanbul_2012.jpg|thumb|left|[[Genzebe Dibaba]] wakuchimbira mtunda utali na pakati. Wakawina mendulo ya golide mu mpikisano wa mita 1500 pa mpikisano wa Olimpiki wa 2016 ku Rio.]] Maseŵero ghakurughakuru mu Ethiopia ni maseŵero gha kuthamanga (makamaka kuthamanga mtunda utali) na bola. Ŵaseŵera ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵali kutora mendulo zinandi za golide pa maseŵero gha maseŵero gha ku malo ghakutali. Abebe Bikila wakazgoka wamaseŵera wakwamba kufuma ku chalo cha Sub-Saharan uyo wakatora mendulo ya golide pa maseŵero gha Olympic apo wakatchova marathon pa maseŵero gha Olympic mu 1960 ku Rome mu nyengo ya 2:15:16.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/gallery/2012/apr/25/athletics-olympics-2012|title=50 stunning Olympic moments: Abebe Bikila's 1960 marathon victory – in pictures|last=Bloor|first=Steven|date=25 April 2012|work=The Guardian|access-date=14 October 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/barefooted-bikila-steps-in-for-heroic-marathon-triumph|title=Athletics – Abebe Bikila (ETH)|date=13 October 2019|website=International Olympic Committee|language=en|access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref>[[Haile Gebrselassie,]] Kenenisa Bekele, na Tirunesh Dibaba, wose mbalwani ŵakumanyikwa pa charu chose. Letesenbet Gidey ndiyo wali na mbiri ya pa caru cose pa kuthamanga mamita 5,000 na mamita 10,000. Ŵalendo ŵanyake ŵakuzirwa ŵa ku Ethiopia ni Mamo Wolde, Miruts Yifter, Derartu Tulu, Meseret Defar, Birhane Adere, Tiki Gelana, Genzebe Dibaba, Tariku Bekele, Gelete Burka, na Yomif Kejelcha. Mu chaka cha 2012 na 2013, timu ya mpira ya ku Ethiopia (iyo yikumanyikwa na zina lakuti Walayia Antelopes) yikalemba mbiri pakunjira mu Africa Cup of Nations ya 2012 ndipo yikafika mu timu 10 zakumalizira za mpira wa ku Africa mu chigaŵa chaumaliro cha FIFA World Cup ya 2014. Ŵaseŵera ŵakumanyikwa chomene ni Adane Girma uyo wakaŵa kapitawo wa timu iyi na Saladin Said uyo wakaŵa na vilato vinandi. Charu cha Ethiopia chili na mitheto yitali chomene ya mpira wa basketball mu vyaru vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa.{{clear}} ==Wonaniso== * [[Index of Ethiopia-related articles]] * [[Outline of Ethiopia]] * [[Music and politics in Ethiopia]] ==Vyakulemba== {{notelist}} ==Ukaboni== ===Citations=== {{Reflist |refs = <!-- Not in use <ref name="Mengistu_2018_Zimb">{{cite news |title = Why a photo of Mengistu has proved so controversial |date= 2 August 2018 |website = [[BBC News]] |publisher = BBC | url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45043811 |access-date = 29 June 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190629092237/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45043811 |archive-date = 29 June 2019 |url-status = live}}</ref> --> }} === General sources=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |ref=Abir |author=Abir, Mordechai |title = Ethiopia: The Era of the Princes; The Challenge of Islam and the Re-unification of the Christian Empire (1769–1855) |location = London, England |publisher=Longmans |year= 1968}} * {{cite book |ref=Beshah |author1=Beshah, Girma |author2=Aregay, Merid Wolde |title=The Question of the Union of the Churches in Luso-Ethiopian Relations (1500–1632) |location = Lisbon |publisher= Junta de Investigações do Ultramar and Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos |year=1964}} *{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Eritrea |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000conn |last1=Connel |first1=Dan |last2=Killion |first2=Tom |year=2011 |publisher=The Scarecrow |isbn=978-081085952-4}} * {{cite journal |last=Lyons |first=Terrence |year=1996 |title=Closing the Transition: the May 1995 Elections in Ethiopia |url=https://www.academia.edu/9622394 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=121–42 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00055233|s2cid=155079488 }} * {{cite book |ref=Munro-Hay |author=Munro-Hay, Stuart |year=1991 |url=http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf |title=Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity |location=Edinburgh |publisher=University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-0106-6 |access-date=3 March 2012 |archive-date=23 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123223427/http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |title=The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century |year=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC |publisher=The Red Sea Press |isbn=9780932415196 |language=en}} * {{cite book |ref=Valdes Vivo|author=Valdes Vivo, Raul |title=Ethiopia's Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/ethiopiasrevolut0000vald|publisher=International Publishers |location = New York, NY |year= 1977|isbn=978-0-7178-0556-3}} {{refend}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=Gwyn|last2=Miers|first2=Suzanne|last3=Miller|first3=Joseph|title=Women and Slavery: Africa, the Indian Ocean world, and the medieval north Atlantic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jgm69dJt4DcC&pg=PA219|year=2007|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-1723-2}} * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Abyssinia | volume= 1 |last2= Gleichen |first2= Albert Edward Wilfred |author2-link= Lord Edward Gleichen |last1= Cana |first1= Frank Richardson |author1-link= | pages = 82&ndash;95 |short= 1 }} * Deguefé, Taffara (2006). ''Minutes of an Ethiopian Century'', Shama Books, Addis Ababa, {{ISBN|99944-0-003-7}}. * Hugues Fontaine, ''Un Train en Afrique. African Train'', Centre Français des Études Éthiopiennes / Shama Books. Édition bilingue français / anglais. Traduction : Yves-Marie Stranger. Postface : Jean-Christophe Belliard. Avec des photographies de Matthieu Germain Lambert et Pierre Javelot. Addis Abeba, 2012, {{ISBN|978-99944-867-1-7}}. English and French. [http://www.africantrain.org/ UN TRAIN EN AFRIQUE] * {{Cite book|last=Henze |first=Paul B. |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |year=2004 |publisher=Shama Books|isbn=978-1-931253-28-4}} * {{cite book |last1=Keller |first1=Edmond |title=Revolutionary Ethiopia From Empire to People's Republic |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionaryeth00edmo |date=1991 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=9780253206466}} * {{Cite book|last=Marcus |first=Harold G. |title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia, 1844–1913 |year=1975 |publisher=Clarendon |location=Oxford}} Reprint, Trenton, NJ: Red Sea, 1995. {{ISBN|1-56902-009-4}}. * {{Cite book|last=Marcus |first=Harold G. |title=A History of Ethiopia |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofethiopi0000marc |edition=updated |year=2002 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-22479-7}} * Mauri, Arnaldo (2010). ''Monetary developments and decolonization in Ethiopia'', Acta Universitatis Danubius Œconomica, VI, n. 1/2010, pp.&nbsp;5–16. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180844/http://journals.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/oeconomica/article/view/337-319 Monetary Developments and Decolonization in Ethiopia] and WP [http://ideas.repec.org./p/mil/wpdepa/2010-15.html Monetary developments and decolonization in Ethiopia] * {{Cite book|last=Mockler |first=Anthony |title=Haile Selassie's War |url=https://archive.org/details/haileselassieswa0000mock |year=1984 |publisher=Random House |location=New York}} Reprint, New York: Olive Branch, 2003. {{ISBN|0-902669-53-2}}. * [[Dervla Murphy|Murphy, Dervla]] (1968). ''[[In Ethiopia with a Mule]]''. London: Century, 1984, cop. 1968. ''N.B''.: An account of the author's travels in Ethiopia. 280 p., ill. with a b&w map. {{ISBN|0-7126-3044-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Rubenson|first=Sven|title=The Survival of Ethiopian Independence|edition=4th|year=2003|publisher=Tsehai|location=Hollywood, CA |isbn=978-0-9723172-7-6}} * {{Cite book|last=Selassie I. |first=Haile |title=My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I |author-link=Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia |others=Translated by Edward Ullendorff |year=1999 |publisher=Frontline |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-948390-40-1}} * Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2003). ''[[Encyclopaedia aethiopica]]'', Vol. 1: A–C. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. * Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2005). ''Encyclopaedia aethiopica'', Vol. 2: D–Ha. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. * Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2007). ''Encyclopaedia aethiopica'', Vol. 3: He–N. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. * Siegbert Uhlig & Alessandro Bausi, et al. (eds.) (2010). ''[[Encyclopaedia aethiopica]]'', Vol. 4: O–X. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. * Alessandro Bausi & S. Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2014). ''[[Encyclopaedia aethiopica]]'', Vol. 5: Y–Z and addenda, corrigenda, overview tables, maps and general index. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. * {{Cite book |last=Zewde |first=Bahru |title=A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855–1991 |edition=2nd |year=2001 |publisher=Ohio University Press |location=Athens, OH |isbn=978-0-8214-1440-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderne00bahr}} * {{Country study}} * {{CIA World Factbook}} {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|n=Category:Ethiopia|s=Category:Ethiopia|v=no|voy=Ethiopia|species=no|m=no|mw=no|collapsible=collapsed}} {{Scholia|topic}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210421154941/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/ Ethiopia]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13349398 BBC Ethiopia Profile] * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/ETH/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Ethiopia Summary Trade Statistics] * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Ethiopia}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ET Key Development Forecasts for Ethiopia] from [[International Futures]]. * [https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/ethiopia Ethiopia pages – U.S. Dept. of State] (which includes current State Dept. press releases and reports on Ethiopia) {{Ethiopia topics}} {{Navboxes |list= {{World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia}} {{Ethnic groups in Ethiopia}} {{Ethiopian diaspora}} {{Medieval Horn of Africa}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|9|N|38.7|E|display=title}} [[Category:Ethiopia| ]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:Federal republics]] [[Category:Horn African countries]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] a1pckzpla018bydb5segopdao5odtny 0 6942 119739 118880 2026-08-23T01:59:43Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 119739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Landlocked country in West Africa}} {{About|the country|other uses|Niger (disambiguation)|the state in Nigeria|Niger State}} {{pp-move-indef}}{{Not to be confused with|Nigeria}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of the Niger | native_name = {{native name|fr|République du Niger}} | common_name = Niger | image_flag = Flag of Niger.svg | flag_size = 100 | image_coat = Coat of arms of Niger.svg | coa_size = 110 | image_map = Niger (orthographic_projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark green}} | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{unbulleted list |{{native phrase|fr|"Fraternité, Travail, Progrès"|italics=off}} |{{small|"Fraternity, Work, Progress"}}}} | national_anthem = {{native phrase|fr|[[L'Honneur de la Patrie]]|nolink=yes}}<br />{{small|"The Honour of the Fatherland"}} | official_languages = [[French language|French]] | languages_type = [[National language]]s<ref name="axl.cefan.ulaval.ca">[http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/niger-loi-2001-037-LNG.htm République du Niger, "Loi n° 2001-037 du 31 décembre 2001 fixant les modalités de promotion et de développement des langues nationales." L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019123028/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/niger-loi-2001-037-LNG.htm |date=19 October 2018 }} (accessed 21 September 2016)</ref> | languages = {{hlist |[[Arabic language|Arabic]] |[[Buduma language|Buduma]]}} {{hlist |[[Fula language|Fulfulde]] |[[Gurma language|Gourmanchéma]]}} {{hlist |[[Hausa language|Hausa]] |[[Kanuri language|Kanuri]]}} {{hlist |[[Zarma language|Zarma]] | [[Songhoyboro Ciine|Songhai]] |[[Tuareg languages|Tamasheq]] |[[Tasawaq language|Tassawaq]] |[[Tebu languages|Tebu]]}} | religion_ref = <ref name="census" /> | religion_year = 2012 | religion = {{plainlist| * 99.3% [[Islam in Niger|Islam]] * 0.3% [[Christianity]] * 0.2% [[Animism]] * 0.1% [[Irreligion]] }} | demonym = Nigerien<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nigerien|title=Nigerien – definition of Nigerien in English from the Oxford Dictionaries|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301230120/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nigerien|archive-date=1 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> | capital = [[Niamey]] | coordinates = {{Coord|13|32|N|2|05|E|type:city}} | largest_city = Niamey | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[List of heads of state of Niger|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Mohamed Bazoum]] | leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Niger|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou]] | leader_title3 = [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of Niger|President of the National Assembly]] | leader_name3 = [[Seyni Oumarou]] | legislature = [[National Assembly of Niger|National Assembly]] | area_rank = 21st | area_km2 = 1,267,000 | area_sq_mi = 489,678 | percent_water = 0.02 | population_estimate = 25,396,840<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Niger|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 56th | population_density_km2 = 12.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 31.2 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $29.9 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 144th | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,443<ref name="IMF.WEO.US">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2022|date=April 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date=April 19, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 188th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $14.6 billion<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 145th | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $561<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 185th | sovereignty_type = [[History of Niger|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from [[France]] | established_event1 = Republic proclaimed | established_date1 = 18 December 1958 | established_event2 = Declared | established_date2 = 3 August 1960 | Gini_year = 2014 | Gini_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 34.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ World Bank GINI index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |date=9 February 2015 }}, accessed on 21 January 2016.</ref> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.400 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="2020 trends">{{cite book |title=Human Development Report 2021-22 |date=8 September 2022 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=978-9-211-26442-5 |pages=275 |website=hdr.undp.org |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=8 September 2022 }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 189th | currency = [[West African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XOF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = right<ref>[http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/ Which side of the road do they drive on?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414073422/http://brianlucas.ca/roadside/ |date=14 April 2012 }} Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2009.</ref> | calling_code = [[+227]] | cctld = [[.ne]] | footnote_a = | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="CIA-2021-Niger">{{cite web |title=Africa: Niger - The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/#people-and-society|website=www.cia.gov |access-date=1 May 2021 |date=27 April 2021}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2021 | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * 53.1% [[Hausa people|Hausa]] * 21.2% [[Zarma people|Zarma]] & [[Songhai proper|Songhay]] * 11.0% [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] * 6.5% [[Fula people|Fulani]] * 5.9% [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] * 0.8% [[Gurma people|Gurma]] * 0.4% [[Toubou people|Toubou]] * 0.4% [[Diffa Arabs|Arab]] * 0.9% [[Demographics of Niger|Other]] }} }} '''Niger''' panji '''ŵa Niger'''<ref name="nameISO" /><ref name="nameUNGEGN" /> <ref>[http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/07/how_do_you_pronounce_niger.html How Do You Pronounce "Niger"?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314184006/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/07/how_do_you_pronounce_niger.html|date=14 March 2012}} from [[Slate.com]], retrieved 4 March 2012</ref><ref>"Niger." ''The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition''. 2003. Houghton Mifflin Company 22 February 2013 [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Niger thefreedictionary.com/Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512034128/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Niger |date=12 May 2013 }}</ref>( {{IPA-fr|niʒɛʁ|lang}}),{{efn|{{lang-ar|النيجر}}, {{lang-ff|Niiser}} {{lang-ha|Nijar}}}} mwalamulo '''Charu cha Niger'''<ref name="nameISO">{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:NE |title=ISO 3166 |publisher=ISO Online Browsing Platform |access-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617031837/https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:NE |archive-date=17 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nameUNGEGN">{{cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/geonames/ |title=UNGEGN World Geographical Names |publisher=United Nations Statisticsc Division |date=1 March 2017 |access-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728144249/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/geonames/ |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{lang-fr|République du Niger}}, {{lang-ha|Jamhuriyar Nijar}}), ni caru ico cili mu West Africa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na [[Libya]] kumpoto, [[Chad]] kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Nigeria]] kumwera, [[Benin]] na [[Burkina Faso]] kumwera, Mali kumanjiliro gha dazi, na [[Algeria]] kumpoto. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1,270,000 km2 (490,000 sq mi), ndipo ntchikuru chomene ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa.{{UN_Population|ref}} Vyaru vyakujumpha 80 pa 100 vya ku Africa vili mu chipalamba cha Sahara. Ŵasilamu pafupifupi 25 miliyoni ŵakukhala kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici. Msumba wa Niamey uli kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Niger. Niger njimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene pa caru cose.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nations |first=United |date=2023-07-11 |title=2023 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/2023-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi |language=en}}</ref> Vigaŵa vinyake vya caru ici ivyo vikaŵa vyambura mapopa, nyengo zinyake vikaŵanga na njara na mapopa. Chuma cha ŵanthu ŵakuzengeka pa ulimi, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakuluta ku vyaru vinyake kukaguliska vyakurya. Charu ichi chili na masuzgo ghachitukuko chifukwa cha malo ghambura maji, mapopa, ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kuŵazga viŵi yayi, ŵanthu awo ŵakulimbana na ŵasilikari, kweniso ŵanthu awo ŵali na ŵana ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa zakulera yayi.<ref name=EconPop>{{cite news|title=Population Explosion|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21612239-runaway-birth-rates-are-disaster-population-explosion|access-date=3 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=16 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729151128/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21612239-runaway-birth-rates-are-disaster-population-explosion|archive-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵali na mitheto yakupambanapambana iyo yikulongora umo ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake na vigaŵa vinyake ŵakakhaliranga, kweniso umo ŵakakhaliranga mu caru cimoza. Kwamba kale, caru ca Niger cikupambana na vyaru vinyake. Kufuma apo caru ca Nigeria cikapokelera wanangwa wake, ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵakhalanga mu vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri ivyo ŵasilikari ŵakalamuliranga. Mu 2010, ŵasilikari ŵakawukira boma, ndipo pa nyengo iyi mu Niger mukaŵa vipani vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala ku mizi. ==Zina== Zina ili likufuma ku mlonga wa Niger uwo ukwenda mu chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Zina ili likufuma ku lizgu la Tuareg lakuti n'eghirren, ilo likung'anamura 'maji ghakwenda.'<ref>{{cite book | title =Atlas A-Z | publisher =Dorling Kindersley | year =2004 | location =New York City | page =289 }}</ref> Kuyowoyekera kwake ni /niːˈʒɛər/ mu Chifalansa, apo mu Chingelezi chikuyowoyeka /ˈnaɪdʒər/. ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Niger}} ===Prehistory=== [[File:1997 278-10 Sahara glyph.jpg|thumb|Rock engraving showing herds of giraffe, ibex, and other animals in the southern Sahara near Tiguidit, Niger]] Viŵiya vyamalibwe, vinyake vikaŵako kale comene mu 280,000 B.C.E., vikasangika ku Adrar Bous, Bilma na Djado kumpoto kwa Agadez Region.<ref name="Bradt">Geels, Jolijn, (2006) ''Bradt Travel Guide - Niger'', pgs. 15–22</ref> Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi vikukolerana na visopa vya Aterian na Mousterian ivyo vikaŵako mu nyengo ya Middle Paleolithic, ivyo vikaŵako ku mpoto kwa Africa cha m'ma 90,000 B.C.E.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = On the industrial attributions of the Aterian and Mousterian of the Maghreb|journal = Journal of Human Evolution|date = 1 March 2013|pages = 194–210|volume = 64|issue = 3|doi = 10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.10.010|first1 = Harold L.|last1 = Dibble|first2 = Vera|last2 = Aldeias|first3 = Zenobia|last3 = Jacobs|first4 = Deborah I.|last4 = Olszewski|first5 = Zeljko|last5 = Rezek|first6 = Sam C.|last6 = Lin|first7 = Esteban|last7 = Alvarez-Fernández|first8 = Carolyn C.|last8 = Barshay-Szmidt|first9 = Emily|last9 = Hallett-Desguez|pmid=23399349}}</ref><ref name="Bradt"/> Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga nga mbalovi. Mu nyengo yakale, nyengo ya mu chipalamba cha Sahara yikaŵanga yakuthukira kweniso yakupambika vyakurya vinandi, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakuyichema kuti "Chipalamba cha Green Sahara".<ref>Gwin, Peter. [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/green-sahara/gwin-text/1 "Lost Tribes of the Green Sahara"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903071614/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/green-sahara/gwin-text/1 |date=3 September 2010 }}, ''National Geographic'', September 2008.</ref><ref>[[Roland Oliver|Oliver, Roland]] (1999), ''The African Experience: From Olduvai Gorge to the 21st Century'' (Series: History of Civilization), London: [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson|Phoenix Press]], revised edition, pg 39.</ref> Nyengo ya Neolithic yikamba mu 10,000 BC; nyengo iyi yikasintha vinthu vinandi, nga ni umo ŵakazengera viŵiya vya dongo (nga umo vikaŵira ku Tagalagal, Temet na Tin Ouffadene), kuŵeta ng'ombe, na kusunga ŵakufwa mu vibumira vya malibwe.<ref name="Bradt"/> Nyengo yikati yasintha pakati pa 4000 na 2800 B.C.E., caru ca Sahara cikamba kufota pacoko na pacoko, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima, kulima tirigu, na viŵiya vya dongo. Vinthu vya visulo na mkuŵa vikaŵako mu nyengo iyi. Vinthu ivyo vikasangika ku Azawagh, Takedda, Marendet na Termit Massif.<ref>Duncan E. Miller and N.J. Van Der Merwe, 'Early Metal Working in Sub Saharan Africa' Journal of African History 35 (1994) 1–36; Minze Stuiver and N.J. Van Der Merwe, 'Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa' Current Anthropology 1968.</ref><ref>{{citation | last=Grébénart | first=Danilo | year=1993 | url=http://siris-libraries.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!752653!0#focus | title=Azelik Takedda et le cuivre médiéval dans la région d'Agadez | journal=Le Saharien (Paris) | volume=125 | issue=2 | pages=28–33 | access-date=12 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724093526/https://siris-libraries.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!752653!0#focus | archive-date=24 July 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref> [http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=3432&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Iron in Africa: Revisiting the History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025192915/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D3432%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |date=25 October 2008 }} – Unesco (2002)</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Kiffian (pafupifupi 8000-6000 B.C.) na ŵa ku Tenerian (pafupifupi 5000-2500 B.C.), awo ŵakakhalanga ku Adrar Bous na Gobero, uko ŵasanga viwangwa vya ŵanthu, ŵakakura comene mu nyengo iyi.<ref name="auto">[https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=5593387 Ancient cemetery found in 'green' Sahara Desert] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811115708/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=5593387 |date=11 August 2014 }}. By Randolph E. Schmid. Associated Press /ABC News.</ref><ref name="Clark & DGG">{{cite book|last1=Clark|first1=J. Desmond|last2=Gifford-Gonzalez|first2=Diane|title=Adrar Bous: archaeology of a central Saharan granitic ring complex in Niger|date=2008|publisher=Royal Museum of Central Africa, Tervuren}}</ref><ref name="scidaily">{{cite web | url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/08/080815101317.htm | title = Stone Age Graveyard Reveals Lifestyles Of A 'Green Sahara' | publisher = Science Daily | date = 15 August 2008 | access-date = 15 August 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080816060031/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/08/080815101317.htm | archive-date = 16 August 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/15/science/15sahara.html | title = Graves Found From Sahara's Green Period | first = John Noble | last = Wilford | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 14 August 2008 | access-date = 15 August 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120123154828/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/15/science/15sahara.html | archive-date = 23 January 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Sereno PC, ((Garcea EAA)), Jousse H, Stojanowski CM, ((Saliège J-F)), Maga A|title=Lakeside Cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 Years of Holocene Population and Environmental Change|journal=PLOS ONE|date=2008|volume=3|issue=8|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002995|display-authors=etal|pmid=18701936|pmc=2515196|pages=e2995|bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2995S|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kukura mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana pa nkhani ya ulimi na malaro. Chikhalidwe cha nyengo iyi ndi Chikhalidwe cha Bura (circa 200 - 1300 AD) chotchedwa Bura archeological site. komwe manda odzaza ndi zitsulo ndi ziboliboli za ceramic adapezeka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5045/|title=Site archéologique de Bura|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210180203/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5045/|archive-date=10 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>Mu nyengo ya Neolithic, ŵanthu ŵakamba kupanga vithuzithuzi vya mu malibwe ku Sahara. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa mu mapiri gha Aïr, Termit Massif, Djado Plateau, Iwelene, Arakao, Tamakon, Tzerzait, Iferouane, Mammanet na Dabous.<ref>{{citation|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/niger/|publisher=British Museum|title=African Rock Art - Niger|access-date=11 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702080140/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/niger/|archive-date=2 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.icomos.org/studies/rockart-sahara-northafrica/07sous-zone3.pdf|publisher=ICOMOS|author=Caulson, David|title=Sub-Zone 3: Niger|access-date=11 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212111121/https://www.icomos.org/studies/rockart-sahara-northafrica/07sous-zone3.pdf|archive-date=12 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Shillington">Shillington, Kevin (1989, 1995). ''History of Africa, Second Edition''. St. Martin's Press, New York. Page 32.</ref> ===Empires and kingdoms in pre-colonial Niger=== Mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 B.C.E., cigaŵa ico lero ni Niger cikaŵa cigaŵa ca malonda. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg ŵakendanga kufuma kumpoto, ndipo ŵakendanga na ngamila mu chipalamba.<ref>Lewicki, T. (1994). "The Role of the Sahara and Saharians in Relationships between North and South". In ''UNESCO General History of Africa: Volume 3.'' University of California Press, {{ISBN|92-3-601709-6}}.</ref><ref name=Masonen>Masonen, P: "[https://web.archive.org/web/20061008085939/http://www.hf-fak.uib.no/institutter/smi/paj/Masonen.html Trans-Saharan Trade and the West African Discovery of the Mediterranean World.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008085939/http://www.hf-fak.uib.no/institutter/smi/paj/Masonen.html |date=8 October 2006 }}"</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kusamukira ku vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa na ku vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Africa, ndipo Chisilamu chikamba kuthandazgika. Ŵarabu ŵakawukira caru ca North Africa mu vilimika vya m'ma 700 C.E., ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵasamire kumwera. Mu nyengo iyi, mu Sahel mukaŵa maufumu ghanandi. Nkhani yakulondezgapo yikulongosora umo maufumu ghanyake ghakaŵira. ====Mali Empire (1200s–1400s)==== {{Main|Mali Empire}} Ufumu wa Mali ukaŵa ufumu wa Mandinka uwo ukayambika na Sundiata Keita (r. 1230 ⁇ 1255) mu 1230 ndipo ukakhalako mpaka 1600. Nga umo vyayowoyekera mu buku la Sundiata, Mali yikaŵa chigaŵa cha ufumu wa Sosso, uwo ukafumako ku ufumu wa Ghana. Kufuma apo, Mali wakathereska Sosso pa nkhondo ya Kirina mu 1235 na Ghana mu 1240.<ref name="oxfordre1">{{cite web| url = https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-266| title = Mali Empire| author = Sirio Canós-Donnay| publisher = Oxford Research Encyclopedias| date = February 2019| doi = 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.266| isbn = 978-0-19-027773-4| access-date = 13 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190730024800/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-266| archive-date = 30 July 2019| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.worldhistory.org/Mali_Empire/| title = Mali Empire| publisher = Ancient Origins| date = 1 March 2019| access-date = 13 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190729130448/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mali_Empire/| archive-date = 29 July 2019| url-status = live}}</ref> Kufumira ku chigaŵa icho chikaŵa pafupi na mphaka ya Guinea na Mali, ufumu uwu ukakuranga mu nyengo ya mathemba ghakulondezgana ndipo ukafika pa mphepete mwa msewu wa malonda wa Trans-Sahara, ndipo ukafika pa mtunda ukuru chomene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Mansa Musa (r. 1312–1337). Pa nyengo iyi, vigaŵa vinyake ivyo sono ni chigaŵa cha Tillabéri mu Niger vikaŵa pasi pa Ŵamali. Mansa Musa, uyo wakaŵa Musilamu, wakacita haji mu 1324-1325, ndipo wakawovwira kuti Chisilamu chisanuzgike mu ufumu wake. "Vikuwoneka kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakalutilira kulondezga visambizgo vyawo vya chisopa chautesi m'malo mwa kusopa chisopa chautesi".<ref name="oxfordre1"/><ref name="ancient1">{{cite web| url = https://www.worldhistory.org/Mali_Empire/| title = Mali Empire| publisher = World History Encyclopedia| access-date = 13 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190729130448/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mali_Empire/| archive-date = 29 July 2019| url-status = live}}</ref> Ufumu ukamba "kuwelera pasi" mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, chifukwa cha kulimbana kwa awo ŵakeneranga kuŵa mafumu, mathemba ghambura nkhongono, kwendeska malonda gha ku Europe ku mphepete mwa nyanja, na kugaluka kwa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mossi, Wolof, Tuareg na Songhai.<ref name="ancient1"/> Ufumu wa ku Mali ukalutilira m'paka m'ma 1600. ==== Songhai Empire (1000s–1591) ==== [[File:SONGHAI empire map.PNG|thumb|left|Map of the Songhai Empire, overlaid over modern boundaries]] {{Main|Songhai Empire}} Ufumu wa Songhai ukacemeka kuyana na mtundu wawo, Songhai panji Sonrai, ndipo ukaŵa mu Mali, mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Niger. Songhai wakamba kukhala mu cigaŵa ici mu virimika vya m'ma 700 na vya m'ma 800; ndipo mu virimika vya m'ma 1000, Gao (uyo kale ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu wa Gao) ndiyo yikaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu uwu.<ref name="boubou-hama">Boubou Hama and M Guilhem, "L’histoire du Niger, de l’Afrique et du Monde"; Edicef, ''Les royaumes Haoussa'', pp. 104–112</ref><ref name=countrystudy>{{cite book|editor1-last=Metz|editor1-first=Helen Chapin|title=Nigeria: A Country Study|date=1991|publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress|location=Washington, DC|url=http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/9.htm|access-date=14 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012936/http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/9.htm|archive-date=3 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Kufuma mu 1000 mpaka 1325, ufumu wa Songhai ukaŵa pa mtende na ufumu wa Mali, uwo ukaŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu 1325 Songhai wakathereskeka na Mali mpaka apo yikapokereraso wanangwa wake mu 1375. Mu nyengo ya themba Sonni Ali (r. 1464 ⁇ 1492) Songhai wakatora ndondomeko yakusazgikira iyo yikatora malo ghapachanya chomene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Askia Mohammad I (r. 1493 ⁇ 1528); pa nyengo iyi ufumu ukakura kufuma ku Niger-bend heartland, kusazgapo kumafumiro gha dazi uko vigaŵa vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Niger vikawa pasi pa muwuso wake, kusazgapo Agadez uyo wakathereskeka mu 1496.<ref name="Bradt"/><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.worldhistory.org/Songhai_Empire/| title = Songhai Empire| publisher = World History Encyclopedia| access-date = 13 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190729123752/https://www.worldhistory.org/Songhai_Empire/| archive-date = 29 July 2019| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.africankingdoms.com African Kingdoms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519102901/http://www.africankingdoms.com/ |date=19 May 2019 }} African kingdoms – The Songhai Empire</ref> Ufumu uwu ukatondeka kulimbana na kuwukira kwa ufumu wa Saadi wa ku Morocco ndipo ukathereskeka pa nkhondo ya ku Tondibi mu 1591; pamanyuma ukagaŵikana mu maufumu ghachokochoko.<ref name=countrystudy/> ====Sultanate of Aïr (1400s–1906)==== [[File:1997 277-9A Agadez mosque cropped.jpg|thumb|right|[[Agadez Mosque|The Grand Mosque of Agadez]]]] {{Main|Sultanate of Aïr}} Mu 1449 kumpoto kwa Niger, Sultanate of Aïr wakapangika na Sultan Ilisawan, uyo wakakhalanga ku Agadez. Pakwamba, msumba uwu ukaŵa waka malo ghakusungirako malonda gha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hausa na ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg. Mu 1515, Aïr wakathereskeka na Songhai, ndipo wakalutilira kuŵa cigaŵa ca ufumu uwu mpaka apo ukamalira mu 1591.<ref name="Bradt"/><ref name="H-Dictionary"/> Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ufumu uwu "ukwenera kuti ukayamba kuchepa" cifukwa ca nkhondo za pakati pa mafuko. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakati ŵafika pa malo agha, msumba wa Agadez ukaŵa mu mahami ndipo Ŵafalansa ndiwo ŵakamba kuwupoka.<ref name="Bradt"/><ref name="H-Dictionary"/> ====Kanem–Bornu Empire (700s–1700s)==== {{Main|Kanem–Bornu Empire|Sultanate of Damagaram}} Ku mafumiro gha dazi, ufumu wa Kanem ⁇ Bornu ukaŵa na mazaza pa malo agho ghakaŵa pafupi na Nyanja ya Chad. Mzinda uwu ukasangika na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Zaghawa mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E. ndipo ukaŵa ku Njimi, kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja iyi. Ufumu uwu ukakuranga pachokopachoko, kusazgapo nyengo ya muwuso wa Sayfawa uwo ukamba mu 1075 pasi pa Mai (mfumu) Hummay.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ryder|first=A.F.C.|title=General History of Africa: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century|year=1981|publisher=UNESCO|location=Paris|page=239|editor=D.T. Niane}}</ref><ref name="ancient2">{{cite web| url = https://www.worldhistory.org/Kingdom_of_Kanem/| title = Kingdom of Kanem| publisher = World History Encyclopedia| author = Cartwright, Mark| date = 23 April 2019| access-date = 13 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190508165923/https://www.worldhistory.org/Kingdom_of_Kanem/| archive-date = 8 May 2019| url-status = live}}</ref> Ufumu uwu ukafika pachanya chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200, chifukwa cha kulimbikira kwa Mai Dunama Dibbalemi (r. 1210 ⁇ 1259), ndipo ukakura "wakusambazga" chifukwa cha kuwusa kwake kwa ma Trans-Saharan malonda; vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera-kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Niger, kusazgapo Bilma na Kaouar, vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Kanem mu nyengo iyi. Ŵamalonda Ŵaarabu ndiwo ŵakiza na cisopo ca Cisilamu mu caru ici mu virimika vya m'ma 1100, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kusopa cisopo ici. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bulala ŵakasuzga Kanem kuti wafumire kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Chad, uko kukamanyikwanga kuti Ufumu wa Bornu. Ufumu uwu ukawusanga mu tawuni ya Ngazargamu, iyo sono ni mphaka ya Niger na Nigeria.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ryder|first=A.F.C.|title=General History of Africa: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century|year=1981|publisher=UNESCO|location=Paris|pages=258–65|editor=D.T. Niane}}</ref><ref name="ancient2"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The History of Islam in Africa|year=2000|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780864864543|author-link=Nehemia Levtzion|author1=Nehemia Levtzion|author2=Randall Pouwels|publisher=Ohio University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780864864543/page/81 81]}}</ref> Bornu "wakakura comene" mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Mai Idris Alooma (wakababika ca mu 1575-1610) ndipo wakathereskaso vigaŵa vinandi vya Kanem, lekani ufumu uwu ukacemekanga kuti 'Kanem ⁇ Bornu'. Kuzakafika mu vilimika vya m'ma 1600 na vya m'ma 1700, ufumu wa ku Bornu ukaŵa kuti 'ukumara,' ndipo ukaweleraso ku Nyanja ya Chad.<ref name=countrystudy/><ref name="ancient2"/> Mu 1730/40, gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Kanuri likaluta kukakhala ku Kanem ndipo likambiska ufumu wa Damagaram, uwo ukaŵa ku Zinder. Ufumu uwu ukaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa Borno m'paka apo Sultan Tanimoune Dan Souleymane wakawusira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Sokoto ŵakaŵawukira, ndipo ŵakaŵathereska mu 1899.<ref name="Bradt"/> ====The Hausa states and other smaller kingdoms (1400s–1800s)==== [[File:Photo1906 Zinder overview.jpg|thumb|Overlooking the town of [[Zinder]] and the Sultan's Palace from the French fort (1906). The arrival of the French spelled an end for precolonial states like the [[Sultanate of Damagaram]] which carried on only as ceremonial "chiefs" appointed by the colonial government.]] {{Main|Hausa Kingdoms|Dosso Kingdom|Dendi Kingdom}} Pakati pa Mlonga wa Niger na Nyanja ya Chad kukaŵa uthemba wa Hausa, uwo ukazingilizga cigaŵa ca Hausaland ico pamanyuma cikazgoka mphaka ya Niger na Nigeria. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Hausa ŵakuyowoyeka kuti ni ŵanthu awo ŵakafuma ku mpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo ŵakamba kuŵa ŵanthu ŵakupambana mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 na 1400.<ref name="ancient3">{{cite web |author=Cartwright, Mark |date=9 May 2019 |title=Hausaland |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Hausaland/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226173321/https://www.worldhistory.org/Hausaland/ |archive-date=26 December 2019 |access-date=13 November 2019 |publisher=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref name="Bradt"/><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/4chapter5.shtml| title = Hausa States| publisher = BBC| access-date = 13 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180915100345/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/4chapter5.shtml| archive-date = 15 September 2018| url-status = live}}</ref> Ŵakazomera chisopa cha Chisilamu kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ndipo nyengo zinyake visopa ivi vikaŵanga pamoza na visopa vinyake, ndipo vikapangiska kuti visopa ivi viŵe vyakupambana. Magulu ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hausa nga ni Azna, ghakaleka kusopa chisopa cha Chisilamu. (Chigaŵa cha Dogondoutchi chikulutilira kuŵa na ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli vyamoyo).<ref name="Bradt"/><ref name=countrystudy/> Maufumu gha ku Hausa ghakaŵa ghakukolerana yayi, kweni ghakaŵanga na maufumu ghakupambanapambana agho ghakaŵanga ghakupambana. Ŵakaŵanga na gulu la ŵakaronga ndipo ŵakacitanga vinthu mwakuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakenderanga. Mathemba gha Ŵahausa ghakasankhikanga na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵa mu caru ndipo ghakaŵanga na mazaza ghakufumiskapo. Maufumu gha ku Hausa ghakaŵa na vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri ivyo vikapangika na ŵana ŵankhondi na yumoza ŵa Bawo.<ref name="ancient3"/><ref name=countrystudy/> Bawo wakaŵa mwana yekha wa Daurama na Bayajidda (Abu Yazid kuyana na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakumanya mdauko) awo ŵakafuma ku Baghdad. Maufumu ghankhondi na ghatatu gha ku Hausa ghakaŵa Daura, Kano, Rano, Zaria, Gobir, Katsina na Biram.<ref name="boubou-hama"/><ref name="Bradt"/><ref name="autogenerated1"/> Nkhani iyi yikulongosoraso kuti Bawo wakaŵa na ŵana ŵanayi na mwanakazi munyake, ndipo ndiwo ŵakambiska mtundu wa 'Banza (wambura kuzomerezgeka) Bakwai': Zamfara, Kebbi, Nupe, Gwari, Yauri, Ilorin na Kwararafa. Boma linyake lichoko chomene ilo likaŵa la Konni, likaŵa la Birni-N'Konni.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> The [[Fulani]] (also called Peul, Fulbe etc.), a pastoral people found throughout the Sahel, began migrating to Hausaland during the 1200s–1500s.<ref name=countrystudy/><ref name="ancient3"/> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fulani ŵakakondwa yayi na chisopa cha Chisilamu icho chikaŵako pa malo agha. Munthu munyake wakusambira chomene wa mtundu wa Fulani, zina lake Usman Dan Fodio (wakafuma ku Gobir) wakati mu 1804 wakambiska chisopa cha Chisilamu.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/><ref name="Bradt"/><ref name=fisher1975>H. J. Fisher. The Sahara and Central Sudan. in The Cambridge History of Africa: From C 1600 to C 179. Richard Gray, J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, eds. Cambridge University Press, (1975) {{ISBN|0-521-20413-5}} pp. 134–6</ref> Wati wathereska vigaŵa vinandi vya Hausaland (kweni ufumu wa Bornu ukaŵa kuti ngwambura kukolerana na ufumu wake yayi), mu 1809 wakapharazga ufumu wa Sokoto. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Hausa ŵakapona cifukwa cakuti ŵakacimbilira kumwera, nga ni ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Katsina awo ŵakasamira ku Maradi, kumwera kwa Niger. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi vikasuzga Caliphate ndipo nyengo ya nkhondo yikamba, vyaru vinyake (nga ni Katsina na Gobir) vikalutilira kujiyimira paŵekha, apo kunyake vikapangika vyaru viphya (nga ni Sultanate of Tessaoua). Ufumu wa Caliphate ukalutilira kukhalako mpaka apo "wakatimbanizgika comene" cifukwa ca kuwukira kwa mulongozgi wa nkhondo Rabih az-Zubayr, uyo wakakhalanga ku Chad, ndipo paumaliro ukawira mu mawoko gha Ŵabritish mu 1903, ndipo pamasinda caru cake cikagaŵikana pakati pa Britain na France. Maufumu ghanyake ghacoko mu nyengo iyi ni ufumu wa Dosso, uwo ukaŵako mu 1750, uwo ukalimbana na muwuso wa Hausa na Sokoto.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> ===Colonial (1900–58)=== {{Main|Senegambia and Niger|Upper Senegal and Niger|French West Africa|Colony of Niger}} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Europe ŵakaluta ku malo agho ghakachemeka Niger, nga ni Mungo Park (mu 1805 ⁇ 06), Oudney-Denham-Clapperton expedition (1822 ⁇ 25), Heinrich Barth (1850 ⁇ 55; na James Richardson na Adolf Overweg), Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs (1865 ⁇ 67), Gustav Nachtigal (1869 ⁇ 74) na Parfait-Louis Monteil (1890 ⁇ 92). Vyaru vinyake vya ku Europe vikaŵa kale na virwa vinyake mu Africa, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, vikamba kughanaghanira vyakumukati mwa caru ici. Ndondomeko iyi yikamanyikwa na zina lakuti 'Chisulo cha ku Africa' ndipo yikamara na ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Berlin mu 1885. Pa ungano uwu, vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na mazaza ghakupambanapambana vikalongosora umo vyaru vya mu Africa vikwenera kugaŵikana. Pa cifukwa ici, caru ca France cikapoka cigaŵa ico cikaŵa mu mphepete mwa Mlonga wa Niger (cigaŵa ico lero ni Mali na Niger). Kufuma apo, caru ca France cikamba kuwusa nadi caru ici. Mu 1897, msilikari wa ku France Marius Gabriel Cazemajou wakatumika ku Niger; iyo wakafika ku Sultanate of Damagaram mu 1898 ndipo wakakhala ku Zinder ku khoti la Sultan Amadou Kouran Daga ⁇ . Wakakomeka pamanyuma pakuti Daga wakawopanga kuti wangakolerana na mulongozgi wa nkhondo Rabih az-Zubayr wa ku Chad. Mu 1899-1900, France yikanozga maulendo ghatatu ghakuluta ku vyaru vya ku Africa. Maulendo agha ghakaŵa gha Ŵamitundu kufuma ku French Congo, Foureau-Lamy kufuma ku Algeria na Voulet kufuma ku Timbuktu. Ŵasilikari ŵatatu aŵa ŵakakumana ku Kousséri (kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Cameroon) ndipo ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Rabih az-Zubayr pa nkhondo ya ku Kousséri. Gulu la Voulet-Chanoine "likasuzgika na nkhaza", ndipo "likamanyikwanga chomene" chifukwa cha kupoka vinthu, kupoka, kukolelera na kukoma ŵanthu ŵa ku Niger. Pa 8 May 1899, pakuwezgera cifukwa ca kukana kwa fumukazi Sarraounia, kapitawo Voulet na ŵanalume ŵake ŵakakoma ŵanthu wose ŵa mu muzi wa Birni-N'Konni, ndipo ici cikaŵa "cinthu cakofya comene mu mbiri ya French colonial". Macitiro gha Voulet na Chanoine ghakapangiska "mbuwu" ndipo Paris wakeneranga kunjilirapo; apo Lieutenant-Colonel Jean-François Klobb wakakumana na gulu ili pafupi na Tessaoua kuti waŵafumiskeko udindo, wakakomeka. Lt. Paul Joalland, uyo kale wakaŵa mulara wa Klobb, na Lt. Paumaliro Octave Meynier ndiyo wakambiska gulu ili, pamasinda pa kugaluka uko kukakoma Voulet na Chanoine. Boma la ŵasilikari la Niger likapangika mu Disembala 1904 ku Upper Senegal na Niger (pamanyuma ku Burkina Faso, Mali na Niger) ndipo likuru lake likaŵa Niamey. Mpaka wa ku Britain na Nigeria ukamara mu 1910, pakuti vyaru viŵiri ivi vikaŵa kuti vyakolerana kale mu mapangano gha pakati pa 1898 na 1906. Msumba wa boma ili ukasamuskikira ku Zinder mu 1912 apo boma la Niger likapatukana na la Upper Senegal na la Niger, ndipo likasamuskikira ku Niamey mu 1922 apo Niger yikazgoka boma la Ŵafalansa ku West Africa. Malire gha Niger ghakaŵikika mu vigaŵa viŵiri ndipo ghakaŵikika pa malo ghake mu ma 1930. Mu nyengo iyi vinthu vikasintha mu vigaŵa vinyake. Vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mlonga wa Niger vikapelekeka ku Niger mu 1926-1927, ndipo apo boma la Upper Volta (lero ni Burkina Faso) likamara mu 1932-1947, vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi vikasazgikira ku Niger. Ŵafalansa ŵakagwiliskira nchito muwuso wambura kulongosoka, kuti ŵalutilire kuwusa mu nyengo ya ŵakoloni, uku ŵakuzomera kuwusa kwa Ŵafalansa. Zarma wa ku ufumu wa Dosso wakazomera kuwusika na Ŵafalansa, ndipo wakaŵagwiliskiranga nchito nga mbalwani kuti ŵarwe na ŵanthu ŵa ku Hausa na ŵanyakhe awo ŵakakhalanga kufupi na iwo. Ŵakawona kuti boma la France likukhumba kuwukira, nga ni kuwukira kwa Kobkitanda mu chigaŵa cha Dosso (1905 ⁇ 06), uko wakalongozgekanga na Alfa Saibou, na kuwukira kwa Karma mu chigodobu cha Niger (December 1905 ⁇ March 1906) uko wakalongozgekanga na Oumarou Karma.<ref name="Bradt"/><ref name="H-Dictionary">{{cite book |author1=Decalo, Sameul |author2=Idrissa, Abdourahmane |title=Historical Dictionary of Niger |date=1 June 2012 |isbn=9780810870901 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GFFjEMjKrWkC&pg=PA286 |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725153320/https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=GFFjEMjKrWkC&pg=PA286&lpg=PA286 |archive-date=25 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>''UNESCO General History of Africa'', Vol. VIII: Africa Since 1935. Ali A. Mazrui, Christophe Wondji, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa, eds. University of California Press, (1999) {{ISBN|0-520-06703-7}} pp. 70–3</ref> Nangauli Ŵafalansa ŵakakhozgeranga ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga waka kumwera, kweni ŵakasuzgikanga chomene na Ŵatuwareg ku mpoto. Ŵakafika ku Agadez mu 1906. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg ŵakalutilira kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kaocen, ndipo ŵakagalukira boma. Pa nyengo iyi, Ag Mohammed Wau Teguidda Kaocen wakadangiliranga gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Senussi. Ŵafalansa ŵakakhazikiska boma la ŵanthu ŵambura kugomezgeka, ndipo "kuwelera pasi na kulekeka" kwa cigaŵa ca kumpoto kwa caru ici kukalutilira, ndipo kukaŵaso njara. Nangauli charu ichi chikaŵa "chambura kukhazikika", kweni vinthu vikasintha mu Niger mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Ŵaroma. Vinthu vyakuti viwovwire ŵanthu kusanga cakurya vikapangika pamanyuma pa njara zikuru izo zikaŵako mu 1913, 1920, na 1931.<ref name="Bradt"/><ref name="H-Dictionary"/> Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, apo caru ca France cikaŵa mu mawoko gha Nazi, Charles de Gaulle wakalemba chikalata chakucemeka kuti Brazzaville Declaration, ico cikayowoya kuti ufumu wa France uzamumalizgika na boma la France. Boma la France, ilo likaŵako kufuma mu 1946 m'paka mu 1958, likapeleka wanangwa ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Britain kuti ŵaŵe ŵenekaya ŵa charu cha France. Pa nyengo iyi ndipo chipani cha Nigerien Progressive Party (Parti Progressiste Nigérien, panji PPN, icho pakwamba chikaŵa chigaŵa cha African Democratic Rally, panji Rassemblement Démocratique Africain  ⁇  RDA) chikapangika pasi pa ulongozgi wa msambizgi wakale Hamani Diori, nga ni chipani cha Movement Socialiste Africain-Sawaba (MSA), icho chikalongozgekanga na Djibo Bakary. Pamanyuma pa Dango la Ŵapharazgi ŵa ku vyaru vinyake (Loi Cadre) la pa 23 Julayi 1956 na kukhazikiskika kwa boma la Fifth French Republic pa 4 Disembala 1958, charu cha Niger chikamba kuŵa na mazaza ghekha mu French Community. Pa Disembala 18, 1958, boma la Niger likapangika ndipo Hamani Diori ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa boma ili. Mu 1959 boma likakanizga MSA cifukwa ca kutinkha comene ŵanthu ŵa ku France. Pa 11 July 1960, Niger yikasankha kuti yifumemo mu French Community ndipo yikamba kujiyimira payekha pa 3 August, 1960 nyengo ya pakati pa usiku. Ntheura Diori wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa charu ichi.<ref>Keesing's Contemporary Archives, page 17569.</ref><ref name="djibo03">Mamoudou Djibo. Les enjeux politiques dans la colonie du Niger (1944–1960). Autrepart no 27 (2003), pp. 41–60.</ref> ===Post-colonial (1960–)=== ====Diori years (1960–74)==== [[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F028554-0009, Niger, Staatsbesuch Bundespräsident Lübke.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|200px|right|Pulezidenti Hamani Diori na Pulezidenti wa ku Germany Heinrich Lübke ŵakutawuzga wumba pa ulendo wa boma ku Niamey, 1969. Muwuso wa Diori ukaŵa wa chipani chimoza pera ndipo ukaŵa na "ubwezi uwemi" na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi.]] Kwa vyaka 14 vyakwambilira vya ufumu wa Niger, boma likaŵa na chipani chimoza icho chikaŵa pasi pa Hamani Diori.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hamani-Diori|title=Encyclopedia Britannica - Hamni Diori|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903003241/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hamani-Diori|archive-date=3 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> M'ma 1960 ŵanthu ŵakasambira vinandi yayi pa nkhani ya masambiro, kweniso vinthu vikasintha pa nkhani ya chuma na mafakitale.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> Diori wakazomerezga kuti ku France kuŵe migodi ya uranium ku Arlit ndipo wakawovwira France pa nkhondo ya ku Algeria.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> Mdauko wa vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa ukaŵa "uwemi", kupaturako Dahomey (Benin), cifukwa ca mphindano ya mphaka. Mu nyengo yose iyi, boma la Niger likaŵa na chipani chimoza pera, ndipo Diori wakapona pa chiŵembu icho chikachitika mu 1963 na chiyezgo cha kumukoma mu 1965; viŵembu vinandi ivi vikachitikanga na gulu la Djibo Bakary la MSA-Sawaba ilo likambiska chigaluka mu 1964.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Jon Abbink |author2=Mirjam de Bruijn, Klaas van Walraven |title=Rethinking Resistance: revolt and violence in African history |year=2003 |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/9606/ASC_1267345_058.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |isbn=90-04-12624-4 |chapter=''Sawaba's Rebellion in Niger (1964-64)'' |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805010044/https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/9606/ASC_1267345_058.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu ma 1970, masuzgo gha vyachuma, njara, na milandu ya vimbundi na kuleka kunozga makora vyakurya, vikapangiska kuti boma liwukirepo ndipo boma la Diori likathereskeka.. ====First military regime (1974–1991)==== Wupu uwu ukapangika na Col. Seyni Kountché na gulu la ŵasilikari lakucemeka Conseil Militaire Supreme, ndipo Kountché wakalutilira kuwusa caru mpaka apo wakafwira mu 1987.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> The first action of the military government was to address the food crisis.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20141022153822/http://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve?codeEve=574 Renversement du président Hamani Diori au Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022153822/http://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve?codeEve=574 |date=22 October 2014 }}. ''Perspective monde'', 15 avril 1974</ref> Nangauli boma la Diori likafwatura ŵakayidi awo ŵakakhalanga mu jele chifukwa cha ndyali, kweni wanangwa wa ŵanthu na wanangwa wa ŵanthu "ukalutilira kunangika". Pakaŵaso viyezgo vya kupoka boma (mu 1975, 1976 na 1984) ivyo vikatimbanizgika, ndipo awo ŵakavipangiska ŵakalangika.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> Kountché wakakhumbanga kupanga "bungwe lakukhozga ŵanthu", ilo likasanganga ndalama zinandi kufuma ku migodi ya uranium ku Agadez Region. Makampani gha boma ghakapangika, nyumba zinandi zikapangika (kuzenga misewu, masukulu, na malo ghakusungirako umoyo), ndipo pakaŵaso vimbundi mu mawupu gha boma, ivyo Kountché wakaleka yayi kulanga. M'ma 1980, Kountché wakamba kucepeskako mazaza gha ŵasilikari, ndipo boma likamba kucepeskako mazaza gha ŵasilikari, na kuyezgayezga kuti boma liŵe nga ni ŵanthu. Chuma chikamba kukwera chomene apo mitengo ya uranium yikakhira, ndipo boma la IMF likamba kukanizga ŵanthu kugura vinthu vyawo, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu Nigeria ŵakane. Mu 1985, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg ŵakagaluka ku Tchintabaraden. Kountché wakafwa mu Novembala 1987 cifukwa ca kansa ya mu wongo, ndipo wakasinthika na mulongozgi wake wa ŵasilikari, Col. Ali Saibou uyo wakazomelezgeka kuŵa mulongozgi wa Supreme Military Council pamanyuma pa mazuŵa ghanayi. Saibou wakawuskapo vinthu vinyake ivyo vikacitikanga mu nyengo ya Kountché (nga ni polisi ya cisisi na kuŵika malango pa vinthu ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu nyuzipepara), ndipo wakambiska ndondomeko ya kusintha vinthu mu ndyali iyo yikalongozgekanga na gulu limoza (Mouvement National pour la Société du Développement, panji MNSD). Boma lakwamba likaŵa la Ŵaroma, ndipo lachiŵiri likaŵa la Ŵaroma. General Saibou wakazgoka pulezidenti wakwamba wa Second Republic pamanyuma pakutonda pa chisankho cha pulezidenti pa 10 December 1989. Mulimo wa Pulezidenti Saibou wa kuwongolera kusintha vinthu mu ndyali watondeka cifukwa ca ivyo ŵamalonda na ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakukhumba kuti paŵe demokilase ya vipani vinandi. Pa 9 February, 1990, ku Niamey kukaŵa chiwawa icho chikapangiska kuti ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵatatu ŵakomeke, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti boma na vyaru vinyake viŵachichizge kuti ŵasinthe vinthu. Kuumaliro wa 1990, boma la Saibou likazomera ivyo ŵakakhumbanga. Pa nyengo iyi, masuzgo ghakambaso mu chigaŵa cha Agadez apo gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg likalukira tawuni ya Tchintabaraden (uyo ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti ndiwo ŵakambiska kuwukira kwa mtundu wa Tuareg), ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵakome ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. (Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya yayi unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakomeka, kweni ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakwana 70 panji 1,000).<ref name="H-Dictionary"/>[[File:Ali Saibou cropped.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Ali Saibou, President 1987–93, helped oversee the transition from military to civilian rule]] ====National Conference and Third Republic (1991–1996)==== Msonkhano wa National Sovereign wa mu 1991 unabweretsa demokalase ya zipani zambiri. Kwambira pa Julayi 29 mpaka pa Novembala 3, pa ungano wa caru cose uwu pakawungana ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose kuti ŵapeleke ulongozgi wakukhwaskana na umo vinthu viŵirenge mu caru. Pa ungano uwu pakaŵa Prof. André Salifou ndipo wakapangiska pulani ya boma lakusintha vinthu; ilo likaŵikika mu Novembala 1991 kuti lilongozge vinthu vya boma mpaka apo maboma gha Third Republic ghakaŵikira mu Epulero 1993. Pamanyuma pa ungano wa National Sovereign Conference, boma la nyengo yichoko waka likalemba dango la chalo ilo likasintha dango la chipani chimoza ilo likaŵako mu 1989, ndipo likapeleka wanangwa ku ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ndondomeko yiphya ya malango yikazomerezgeka pa 26 Disembala 1992. Pamanyuma pa ichi, chisankho cha pulezidenti chikachitika ndipo Mahamane Ousmane wakaba pulezidenti wakwamba wa Third Republic pa 27 March 1993.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/><ref name="auto1">Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p685 {{ISBN|0-19-829645-2}}</ref> Mu nyengo ya Ousmane, boma likasintha kankhondi na kankhondi, ndipo mu 1995 kukaŵa mavoti gha wupu wa malango. Nkhaza mu Agadez Region zikalutilira mu nyengo iyi, ivyo vikapangiska kuti boma la Niger lisayinire phangano la mtende na ŵakugaluka ŵa Tuareg mu 1992. Kweni phangano ili likaŵa lawaka chifukwa cha kususkana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Toubou ŵakakwiya na ivyo boma la Niger likacita ku vigaŵa vyawo. Iwo ŵakatenge boma la Niger likutondeka kovwira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Mu Epulero 1995, boma likasazga phangano la mtende na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakugaluka ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg, ndipo likazomerezga kuti ŵasilikari ŵanyake awo kale ŵakagalukiranga boma ŵaŵapokelere mu gulu la ŵasilikari, ndipo na wovwiri wa caru ca France, ŵakawovwire ŵanyake kuti ŵambeso umoyo uwemi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Publications|first1=USA International Business|title=Niger Foreign Policy and Government Guide|date=2007|publisher=Int'l Business Publications|isbn=9781433036873|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwInUH18i8wC&q=The+niger+agreed+to+absorb+some+of+the+former+rebels+into+the+military+and%2C+with+French+assistance%2C+to+help+others+return+to+a+productive+civilian+life.&pg=PA28|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ====Second military regime and third military regime (1996–1999)==== Cifukwa cakuti boma likaŵa kuti lindambe kwendera fundo zake, ŵasilikari ŵakacitapo kanthu; pa Janyuwale 27, 1996, Col. Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara wakadangilira kuwukira uko kukawuskapo Pulezidenti Ousmane na kumazga muwuso wa Third Republic.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/28/world/world-news-briefs-niger-s-elected-president-ousted-in-military-coup.html?pagewanted=1 Niger's Elected President Ousted in Military Coup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803195752/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/28/world/world-news-briefs-niger-s-elected-president-ousted-in-military-coup.html?pagewanted=1 |date=3 August 2018 }} New York Times, 28 January 1996</ref><ref name=Obit>Kaye Whiteman, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095159/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19990412/ai_n14221141 "Obituary: Ibrahim Bare Mainassara"], ''The Independent'' (London), 12 April 1999.</ref> Maïnassara wakalongozga wupu wa Conseil de Salut National (National Salvation Council) uwo ukapangika na ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵapo pa nyengo ya myezi 6, apo ŵakanozga dango la chalo ndipo likapelekeka pa 12 May 1996. Mu myezi yakulondezgapo, pakaŵaso upharazgi wapadera. Maïnassara wakanjira mu kampeni nga ni munthu wakujiyimira payekha ndipo wakathereska chisankho pa 8 Julayi 1996, chisankho ichi chikawonekanga kuti ntchiheni, chifukwa komiti ya chisankho yikasinthika pa kampeni. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, Maïnassara wakambiska pulogiramu ya privatization yakuzomerezgeka na IMF na World Bank iyo yikaŵapangiska kuŵa ŵasambazi ŵanji awo ŵakamulondezganga, kweni wupu wa ŵamalonda ukakana. Pamanyuma pa mavoti ghaupusikizgi mu 1999, gulu lakuwukira boma likati lilekerethu kukolerana na boma la Maïnassara. Mu nyengo zambura kumanyikwa (panji kuti wakakhumbanga kucimbira mu caru), Maïnassara wakakomeka pa 9 Epulero 1999 pa Airport ya Niamey.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358644/Ibrahim-Bare-Mainassara|title=Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=9 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330145938/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358644/Ibrahim-Bare-Mainassara|archive-date=30 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=1999: President of Niger 'killed in ambush'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/9/newsid_2463000/2463927.stm|access-date=9 April 2014|newspaper=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415001633/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/9/newsid_2463000/2463927.stm|archive-date=15 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Maj. Daouda Malam Wanké wakayamba kuwusa, ndipo wakapangiska National Reconciliation Council kuti yilongozge pa kulemba dango la chalo la French-style semi-presidential. Ndondomeko iyi yikapelekeka pa Ogasiti 9, 1999, ndipo pamasinda pa Okutobala na Novembala pakachitika visankho vya pulezidenti na vya nduna. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru ŵakayowoya kuti visankho vikachitika mwawanangwa. Pamanyuma pake Wanké wakaleka nchito ya boma.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> ====Fifth Republic (1999–2009)==== [[File:Nigerien MNJ fighter technical gun.JPG|thumb|A [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] rebel fighter in northern Niger during the Second Tuareg Rebellion, 2008]] Wati wawina masankho mu Novembala 1999, Pulezidenti Tandja Mamadou wakalapa pa 22 Disembala 1999 nga ni pulezidenti wakwamba wa Fifth Republic. Mamadou wakawovwira kuti vinthu vyende makora pa nkhani ya ndyali, kweniso kuti vinthu vyende makora pa nkhani ya ndyali.<ref>{{citation|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2005/07/144962-un-world-court-decides-niger-benin-border-dispute|publisher=UN News|title=UN World Court decides Niger, Benin border dispute|date=13 July 2019|access-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108193311/https://news.un.org/en/story/2005/07/144962-un-world-court-decides-niger-benin-border-dispute|archive-date=8 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Fabio Spadi (2005) [https://web.archive.org/web/20060929032048/http://www.ljil.leidenuniv.nl/index.php3?m=5&c=186 The ICJ Judgment in the Benin-Niger Border Dispute: the interplay of titles and ‘effectivités’ under the uti possidetis juris principle, ''Leiden Journal of International Law''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929032048/http://www.ljil.leidenuniv.nl/index.php3?m=5&c=186 |date=29 September 2006 }} 18: 777–794</ref> Mu Ogasiti 2002, ku Niamey, Diffa, na Nguigmi kukacitika vivulupi mu misasa ya ŵasilikari, ndipo mu mazuŵa ghacoko waka boma likamazga vivulupi. Pa Julayi 24, 2004, kukacitika masankho gha boma kuti ŵasankhe ŵimiliri awo ŵakimikika na boma. Chisankho ichi chikalondezgana na chisankho cha pulezidenti, apo Mamadou wakasankhikaso kwa nyengo yachiŵiri, ntheura wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa chalo ichi kuwina visankho vyakulondezgana kwambura kuwuskika na ŵasilikari.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070622081649/http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/NIGER_RMO1611_04122004.pdf "RAPPORT DE LA MISSION D’OBSERVATION DES ELECTIONS PRESIDENTIELLES ET LEGISLATIVES DES 16 NOVEMBRE ET 4 DECEMBRE 2004"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622081649/http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/NIGER_RMO1611_04122004.pdf |date=22 June 2007 }}, democratie.francophonie.org {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> Wupu wakulongozga na wupu wa malango vikalutilira kuyana na umo vikaŵira mu nyengo yakwamba ya pulezidenti: Hama Amadou wakasoleka kuŵa nduna yikuru ndipo Mahamane Ousmane, mulongozgi wa chipani cha CDS, wakasoleka kuŵa mulongozgi wa wupu wa malango (parliament) na ŵanyake. Mu 2007, ubale pakati pa Pulezidenti Tandja Mamadou na nduna yake "wakatimbanizgika", ivyo vikapangiska kuti mu Juni 2007 wasinthike na Seyni Oumarou pamasinda pa voti ya kuwoneseska kuti palije chigomezgo mu Nyumba ya Malamulo. Pulezidenti Tandja Mamadou wakakhumbanga kuti nyengo ya kuwusa kwake yilute panthazi mwa kusintha dango ilo likakanizganga ŵanthu kuwusa nyengo yitali. Awo ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti boma likhale kwa nyengo yitali, ŵakakolerana na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakucemeka kuti "Tazartche" (kufuma ku lizgu la Chihausa ilo likung'anamura "kukhala nyengo yitali"), kweni ŵakasuskika na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakucemeka kuti "anti-Tazartche" ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakulimbana na boma kweniso ŵakususka boma. Ku mpoto kwa caru ici kukawuka viwawa vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg mu 2007. Mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakoleka ndipo ŵakamanyikwa kuti mbanthu ŵambura kugomezgeka. Vuto la "kukhazikika" kwa chitetezo m'chigawochi likuganiziridwa kuti ndilo linapangitsa kuti gulu la Al-Qaeda mu Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) likhazikike m'dzikoli.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> ====Fourth military regime (2009–2010)==== Mu 2009, pulezidenti Tandja Mamadou wakanozga vyakuti wapange referendum kuti wawuskepo muwuso wake, kweni vipani vinyake vikakolerana navyo yayi. Pamanyuma Mamadou wakasintha na kukhazikiska dango liphya, ilo Khoti la Vyamalango likati ndambura kuzomerezgeka, ivyo vikapangiska kuti Mamadou wasankhepo Khoti ili na kupoka mazaza ghapadera.<ref name=Reutersjune26>[https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSLQ2439220090626 Niger president rules by decree after court snub] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629050556/http://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSLQ2439220090626 |date=29 June 2009 }}. Reuters. Fri 26 June 2009</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8121974.stm Emergency powers for Niger leader] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116071655/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8121974.stm |date=16 November 2018 }}. BBC. 26 June 2009.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakususka ŵakakana kupulika fundo iyi, ndipo dango la chalo likapokeka na ŵanthu 92.5% ndipo ŵanthu 68% ŵakaluta ku mavoti, kuyana na ivyo vikawoneka. Ndondomeko iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe muwuso wa chalo cha 6 na boma la pulezidenti, na boma la kanyengo ka vyaka vitatu la Tandja Mamadou. Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti mu caru muŵe vivulupi pa ndyali na pa umoyo wa ŵanthu. Mu Febuluwale 2010, ŵasilikari ŵakakhazikiska boma la Salou Djibo, chifukwa chakuti Tandja wakakhumbanga kusazgirako nyengo iyo wakhalenge mu boma. Wupu wakulongozgeka na Djibo, ukacita ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa vinthu, ndipo ukasora dango la chalo, na kupanga mavoti mu 2011. ====Seventh Republic (2010–)==== Pamanyuma pa kupika dango la chalo mu chaka cha 2010 na kusankhika kwa pulezidenti chaka chimoza pamanyuma, Mahamadou Issoufou wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa chalo cha 7th Republic; ndipo wakasankhikaso mu chaka cha 2016.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-niger-election-idUSKCN0WO0ZN "Boycott helps Niger President Issoufou win re-election"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304072455/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-niger-election-idUSKCN0WO0ZN |date=4 March 2020 }}, Reuters, 22 March 2016.</ref><ref name="H-Dictionary"/> Ndondomeko iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe muwuso wa mulongozgi yumoza, uwo ukalekeka chaka chimoza kumanyuma. Mu 2011, boma likakhumba kumupoka, kweni likamutondeska ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵake ŵakakakika. Nyengo iyo Issoufou wakaŵa paudindo yikamanyikwa na masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo chifukwa cha nkhondo iyo yikachitikanga ku Libya na kumpoto kwa Mali, uchigaluka uwo ukachitikanga kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Niger na al-Qaeda na Islamic State, uchigaluka wa Boko Haram uwo ukachitikanga ku Nigeria uwo ukafika na kumwera cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Niger, na kugwiliskira ntchito charu cha Niger nga ni charu icho ŵanthu ŵakujumphamo kuti ŵalute ku charu chinyake. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France na America ŵakovwira Niger kulimbana na masuzgo agha..<ref>{{cite web|title=France ready to strike extremists on Libya border|url=http://asian-defence-news.blogspot.fr/2015/01/france-ready-to-strike-extremists-on.html|website=Asian Defense News|date=6 January 2015|publisher=6 January 2015|access-date=6 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031907/http://asian-defence-news.blogspot.fr/2015/01/france-ready-to-strike-extremists-on.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Pa Disembala 27, 2020, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakaluta ku mavoti pamanyuma pakuti Issoufou wapharazga kuti wafumengepo pa udindo, na kunozga nthowa kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Pakaŵavya uyo wakasangika na voti yinandi, kweni Mohamed Bazoum ndiyo wakasanga 39.33%. Kuyana na dango la chalo, pa 20 February 2021, pakachitika chisankho chachiŵiri, ndipo Bazoum wakapokera 55.75% ya mavoti ndipo uyo wakususka (ndipo kale wakaŵa pulezidenti) Mahamane Ousmane wakapokera 44.25%, kuyana na ivyo komiti ya chisankho yikayowoya. Pa 31 Malichi 2021, ŵasilikari ŵa Niger ŵakathereska chiŵembu cha ŵasilikari ku Niamey. Ŵanthu ŵakapulika kuphulika kwa futi mu nyumba ya pulezidenti. Cinthu ici cikacitika mazuŵa ghaŵiri pambere Mohamed Bazoum, uyo wakaŵa kuti wasankhika waka kuŵa pulezidenti wa caru ici, wandambe mulimo wake. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakakora ŵanthu ŵanyake. Pa 2 April, 2021, Bazoum wakalambikwa kuŵa pulezidenti wa Niger.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup |title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger's president amid tensions |work=Aljazeera |first=Giacomo |last=Zandonini |date=2 April 2021 |access-date=26 August 2021 }}</ref> ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{Main|Geography of Niger}} [[File:Ng-map.png|thumb|upright=1.15|A map of Niger]] {{MapLibrary|Niger sat.png|Niger}} Charu ichi chili ku West Africa ndipo chili pakati pa Sahara na vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nigeria na Benin, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Burkina Faso na Mali, kumpoto kwa Algeria na Libya, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad. Charu ichi chili pakati pa 11° na 24°N, kweniso pakati pa 0° na 16°E. Munda wake ngwakuti 1,267,000 square kilometres (489,191 sq mi) ndipo 300 square kilometres (116 sq mi) ni maji. Ici cikung'anamura kuti ni caru cikuru comene kuluska ca France, ndipo nchigaŵa ca nambara 21 pa caru cose.<ref>{{cite web |title=Africa :: Niger — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/ |website=www.cia.gov |access-date=1 September 2019 }}</ref> Charu ichi chili na mphaka na vyaru 7, ndipo chili na utali wa makilomita 5,697. Mphepete mwa nyanja iyi muli charu cha Nigeria icho chili na mtunda wa makilomita 1,497. Charu cha Chad chili kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 1,175. Charu cha Algeria chili kumpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo cha Mali chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 821. Charu cha Niger chili na mphaka na Burkina Faso pa 628 km (390 mi) na Benin pa 266 km (165 mi) na kumpoto-mpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Libya pa 354 km (220 mi). Malo gha pasi chomene ni pa Mlonga wa Niger, ndipo ghakukwera mamita 200. Malo ghapachanya chomene ni Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès mu mapiri gha Aïr. ===Climate=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map NER present.svg|thumb|Map of Köppen climate classification]] Ku malo ghanyake, nyengo ya kotcha na ya chipalamba yikupangiska kuti moto uŵeko kanandi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ramo|first1=Ruben|last2=Roteta|first2=Ekhi|last3=Bistinas|first3=Ioannis|last4=Wees|first4=Dave van|last5=Bastarrika|first5=Aitor|last6=Chuvieco|first6=Emilio|last7=Werf|first7=Guido R. van der|date=2021-03-02|title=African burned area and fire carbon emissions are strongly impacted by small fires undetected by coarse resolution satellite data|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=118|issue=9|doi=10.1073/pnas.2011160118|pmc=7936338|issn=0027-8424|pmid=33619088|bibcode=2021PNAS..11811160R |hdl=10810/50523 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Kumwera kwa caru ici kuli malo ghakuzizima agho ghakukhala mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Niger. Malo agha ghakaŵa mapopa, ndipo kumwera kukaŵa mapiri, kumpoto kukaŵa mapiri. ===Biodiversity=== {{Further|Wildlife of Niger}} [[File:Elephant dust bath park w niger.jpg|thumb|An elephant in the [[W National Park]] ]] Charu cha Niger chili na vigaŵa vinkhondi: Savanna ya Sahelian Acacia, Savanna ya West Sudan, Savanna ya Lake Chad, South Saharan steppe and woodlands, na West Saharan montane xeric woodlands. Kumpoto kwa caru ici kuli mapopa na malo ghanyake ghambura mapopa. Vinyama vinyake ivyo vikukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ni viyuni nga ni viyuni vya addax antelope, oryx, gazelle, ndipo ku mapiri kuli mberere za mtundu wa Barbary. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi, kuli malo ghakucemeka Aïr and Ténéré National Nature Reserve. Kumwera kwa caru ici kuli vigaŵa ivyo ni vyakupambanapambana. W National Park, iyo yili ku mphaka ya Burkina Faso na Benin, njimoza mwa "malo ghakuzirwa comene" ku vyamoyo vyamuthengere ku West Africa. Malo agha ghakucemeka WAP (W ⁇ Arli ⁇ Pendjari) Complex. Ku malo agha kuli nkharamu za ku West Africa, ndipo kuli nkharamu ya Northwest African cheetah. Vinyama vinyake vyamuthengere ni njovu, njati, mphoyo, mphoyo za mu thengere, na mphoyo za ku mphepete. Giraffe wa ku West Africa wakusangika kumpoto uko wali na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni umo ŵalimi ŵakunanga vinthu chifukwa cha kukwera kwa unandi wa ŵanthu, kuska vyakurya mwambura kuzomerezgeka, moto wa mu nkhorongo mu vigaŵa vinyake, na umo ŵanthu ŵakunjilira mu malo agho ghakuphulika na maji gha mu Mlonga wa Niger kuti ŵalimenge mpunga. Vigeŵenga ivyo vili kuzengeka pa Mlonga wa Niger mu vyaru vya Mali na Guinea, kweniso mu Niger, ndivyo vyapangiska kuti maji gha mu Mlonga wa Niger ghaleke kwenda makora, ndipo ivi vikukhwaska comene malo agho tikukhala. Cinyake ico cikupangiska kuti viŵeto viluwenge ni "kuŵavya ŵantchito ŵakukwana" kuti ŵavikilire viŵeto mu malo ghakusungirako viŵeto. Mulimi wakuŵawovwira kuti ŵaleke kusuzgika na mphepo kufuma waka mu 1983 kuti ŵapange vyakurya vinandi na makuni, kweniso kuti ŵaleke kusuzgika na mphepo.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hertsgaard|first=Mark|date=2009-11-19|title=Regreening Africa|language=en-US|journal=The Nation|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/regreening-africa/|access-date=2021-11-26|issn=0027-8378}}</ref> == Boma na ndyali == {{Main|Politics of Niger|Government of Niger}} Pa Okutobala 31, 2010, boma liphya la Niger likazomerezgeka. Likawuskaso ndondomeko ya kuwusa ya pulezidenti ya mu 1999 (Fifth Republic) apo pulezidenti wakusankhika na ŵanthu wose kwa vilimika vinkhondi, ndipo nduna yikuru iyo yikwimikika na pulezidenti ndiyo yikucita mulimo wa kuwusa. Pa 26 May 2009, Pulezidenti Tandja wakathura nyumba ya malango pamanyuma pakuti khoti la malango la boma la boma la Malawi likanizga ndondomeko ya kupanga referendum pa nkhani ya kuzakazomerezga kuti waŵepo paudindo kachitatu. Mwakuyana na dango la boma, mu myezi yitatu yikeneranga kufika nyengo yakuti ŵasole nyumba ya malango yiphya. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe kulimbana pakati pa Tandja, uyo wakakhumbanga kuti wamalizge mazaza ghake agho ghakaŵa gha nyengo yichoko waka, na awo ŵakamususkanga, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti wafumeko pa udindo wake para nyengo yake yachiŵiri yamara mu Disembala 2009. Wonani 2009 Nigerien constitutional crisis. Ŵasilikari ŵakapoka boma, ndipo Pulezidenti Tandja ŵakamujalira mu jele, ŵakamupusikizgira kuti wali na vimbundi. Ŵasilikari ŵakasunga layizgo lawo lakuti ŵazamuwezgerapo demokarase mu caru. Pakacitikaso mavoti na referendum pa nkhani ya malango gha caru cose. Chisankho cha pulezidenti chidachitika pa 31 January 2011, kweni pakuti pakaŵavya uyo wakathereskeka, chisankho chachiŵiri chikachitika pa 12 March 2011. Mahamadou Issoufou wa ku chipani cha Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pakaŵaso kusora ŵaboma.<ref>Ahmad, Romoke W. [http://allafrica.com/stories/201102030287.html "West Africa: Ecowas, EU Say Niger Elections Satisfactory"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629053302/http://allafrica.com/stories/201102030287.html |date=29 June 2011}}, ''Daily Trust'' (republished at AllAfrica.com), 3 February 2011.</ref><ref>Saidou, Djibril. [http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-04/niger-s-presidential-election-heads-to-march-runoff.html "Niger’s Presidential Election Heads to March Runoff"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628204008/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-04/niger-s-presidential-election-heads-to-march-runoff.html |date=28 June 2011}}, ''Bloomberg Businessweek'', 4 February 2011.</ref><ref>Look, Anne. [http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Politicians-Forge-Alliances-Before-March-Election-116159734.html "Niger Politicians Forge Alliances Before March Election"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207212122/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Politicians-Forge-Alliances-Before-March-Election-116159734.html |date=7 February 2012}}, ''Voice of America'', 14 February 2011.</ref> ===Foreign relations=== [[File:Drapeau Niger ambassade Paris.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Niger's flag waving at the embassy in Paris]] {{Main|Foreign relations of Niger}} Boma la Niger likulongozga ndyali ya pa caru cose yayi ndipo likuŵa paubwezi na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, vyaru vya Chisilamu, na vyaru ivyo vikukolerana navyo yayi. Wupu uwu uli mu UN na mabungwe ghanyake ndipo mu 1980-1981 ukaŵa mu wupu wakuwona vya chivikiliro wa UN. Niger yili paubwezi wapadera na caru ico kale cikaŵa pasi pa France, kweniso yili paubwezi na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili na wanangwa wakuchita vinthu nga ni umoza wa vyaru vya Africa na Western African Monetary Union. Charu ichi chili ku Niger Basin Authority na Lake Chad Basin Commission, Economic Community of West African States, Non-Aligned Movement, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). Vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Niger vikukolerana na vigaŵa vya Mali na Burkina Faso pasi pa Liptako-Gourma Authority. Mu 2005, Khoti la Vyamalango la pa Charu Chose likadumura nkhani ya mphindano ya mphaka pakati pa charu cha Benin na charu cha Niger. Nkhani iyi yikakhwaska chomene chirwa cha Lété icho chili mu mlonga wa Niger. ===Military=== {{Further|Niger Armed Forces}} Ŵasilikari ŵa Niger (Forces armées nigériennes) ni ŵasilikari ŵa Niger, pasi pa pulezidenti uyo ni mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari. Vili na ŵasilikari ŵa Niger (Armée de Terre), ŵasilikari ŵa Niger Air Force (Armée de l'Air) na ŵasilikari ŵanyake, nga ni National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie nationale) na National Guard (Garde nationale). Ŵasilikari wose ŵaŵiri ŵakusambizgika nkhondo ndipo ŵakugwira nchito zinyake za nkhondo. Mu nyengo ya mtende, ŵakucita milimo ya ŵapolisi. Ŵasilikari ŵakukwana 12,900, kusazgapo 3,700 gendarmes, 3,200 national guards, 300 air force personnel, na 6,000 army personnel. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Niger ŵali kuchitapo vinthu vinandi ivyo vingapangiska kuti boma liwe, ndipo ivyo vyachitika sonosono apa ni vya mu 2010. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Niger ŵakukolerana na ŵasilikari ŵa ku France na United States. Mu 2013, ku Niamey kukaŵa malo agho kukaŵanga ndege za ku U.S. ===Judicial system=== {{Main|Judiciary of Niger}} Khoti ili likamba kugwira ntchito mu 1999 apo boma lachinayi la Niger likapangika. Ndondomeko ya malango ya Disembala 1992 yikasinthika pa 12 May 1996 ndipo pa 18 July 1999 yikasinthikaso na kuŵa umo yiliri sono. Ndondomeko iyi yikukolerana na dango la Code Napoléon, ilo likapangika mu Niger mu nyengo ya French colonial rule na Constitution ya 1960 ya Niger. Khoti la Appeal Court likusanda nkhani zakukhwaskana na ivyo vikacitika na ivyo vili mu dango, ndipo Khoti Likuru Chomene la Supreme Court likusanda nkhani zakukhwaskana na dango na ivyo vili mu dango. Khoti Likuru la Vyamalango (HCJ) ndilo likweruzga milandu ya ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma. Boma likuŵaso na makhoti gha milandu ya ŵanthu, makhoti gha mitheto, makhoti gha ŵasilikari, na makhoti ghanyake. Makhoti gha ŵasilikari ghakupika wanangwa wakuyana waka na makhoti gha milandu yaŵanthu. Kweni makhoti gha mitheto ghalije wanangwa uwu. Khoti la ŵasilikari lingeruzga ŵanthu bweka yayi.<ref name="USHRR2008">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090226175359/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/119017.htm 2008 Human Rights Report: Niger] in 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. (25 February 2009) As a publication of the United States Federal Government, this report is in the [[Public Domain]]. Portions of it may be used here verbatim.</ref><ref name=Sory>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081126022100/http://www.etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr/institutionnel/niger.html#Syst%E8me%20judiciaire Niger:Système judiciaire] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126022100/http://www.etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr/institutionnel/niger.html |date=26 November 2008}}. NIGER Situation institutionnelle. Sory Baldé, CEAN, IEP-Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV (2007) Accessed 13 April 2009</ref> ===Law enforcement=== {{Main|Law enforcement in Niger}} Boma la Niger ndilo likwendeska nkhani za malango. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku Spain ndiwo ŵakulaŵilira kuti malango gha m'mizinda ghakulondezgeka. Kuwaro kwa misumba yikuru na ku mizi, mulimo uwu ukupelekeka ku ŵasilikari ŵa boma na ŵasilikari ŵa boma. ===Government finance=== Ndalama izo boma likupeleka zikufuma ku vyamalonda ivyo likupeleka ku vyaru vinyake (vyamalonda vya migodi, mafuta, na vyakurya ivyo vikufumiskika ku vyaru vinyake) kweniso ku misonkho iyo boma likutolera. Kale, wovwiri wakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ukaŵanga ukuru comene pa bajeti. Mu chaka cha 2013, boma la Niger likapeleka bajeti yambura kusuzga ya 1,279 trillion CFA francs ($2.53 billion) iyo yikulongosoreka kuti yikovwira kuti ndalama na ndalama viŵe pa mtende na kuchepeska bajeti na 11% kufuma mu chaka chamanyuma. Bajeti ya chaka cha 2014 yikaŵa ya CFA 1.867 trillion, iyo yikatumizgika ku: ngongole ya boma (76,703,692,000 CFA), ndalama zakwendeskera ntchito (210,979,633,960 CFA), ndalama zakwendeskera ntchito (128,988,777,711 CFA); ndalama zakwendeskera ntchito: 308,379,641,366 CFA) na ndalama zakwendeskera ntchito (1,142,513,658,712 CFA).<ref>{{in lang|fr}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20200805215851/http://nigerexpress.info/2013/11/28/niger-le-budget-2014-porte-a-1-867-milliards/ Niger : le budget 2014 porté à 1.867 milliards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805215851/http://nigerexpress.info/2013/11/28/niger-le-budget-2014-porte-a-1-867-milliards/ |date=5 August 2020}}. ''Niger Express'', 28 November 2013.</ref> ====Foreign aid==== Kuzirwa kwa wovwiri wa ku caru ca Niger kukulongoreka na fundo yakuti pafupifupi 45% ya bajeti ya boma ya cilimika ca 2002, kusazgapo 80% ya bajeti ya ndalama, yikufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakupeleka wovwiri.<ref name=ussd2009>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5474.htm Background Notes for Niger: January 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524232128/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5474.htm |date=24 May 2019}} Bureau of African Affairs, United States State Department. Retrieved 26 February 2009. Portions of the "Economy" section are here used verbatim, as this document is in the public domain.</ref> Vinthu vyakuzirwa comene ivyo vikupeleka ndalama ku Niger ni France, European Union, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, na mawupu ghakupambanapambana gha United Nations (UNDP, UNICEF, FAO, World Food Program, na United Nations Population Fund). Vyaru vinyake vikuruvikuru ivyo vikupereka ndalama ni United States, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Canada, na Saudi Arabia. Nangauli wupu wa USAID ulije ofesi ku Niger, kweni boma la United States ndilo likupeleka ndalama zinandi ku Niger. Boma la U.S. likovwiraso comene pa nkhani ya vyakurya na HIV/AIDS. ===Administrative divisions=== [[File:Niger administrative divisions.svg|thumb|upright=2.25|Administrative divisions of Niger]] {{Main|Regions of Niger|Departments of Niger|Communes of Niger}} Charu cha Niger chili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 7 na chigaŵa chimoza. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika mu madipatimenti 36. Mazuŵa ghano, vigaŵa vyose 36 vya ku France vili kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Mu chaka cha 2006 mukaŵa makomomu 265, kusazgapo makomomu gha mu misumba (Urban Communes: nga ni vigaŵa vya misumba yikuruyikuru), makomomu gha ku mizi (Rural Communes), mu vigaŵa ivyo muli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka na mapositi gha mu boma (Administrative Posts) mu vigaŵa vya mapopa panji vigaŵa vya ŵasilikari. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi mungasangika vikaya na malo ghakukhalako ŵanthu, apo mu vigaŵa vya mu misumba mungasangika vigaŵa viŵiri. Mu 2002, vigaŵa vya Niger vikasinthika mazina pakulondezga ndondomeko ya kusankhana vinthu ivyo vikamba mu 1998. Pakwamba, Niger yikagaŵikana mu vigaŵa 7, vigaŵa 36, na vigaŵa vinyake. Maofesi agha ghakaŵanga na ŵalaraŵalara awo ŵakasankhika na boma. Maofesi agha muzamughasintha kuti ghaŵe na makomiti agho ghazamusankhika mwademocracy pa vigaŵa vyose. Madera agho ghakaŵako pambere chaka cha 2002 chindafike (ghakazgoka vigaŵa) ni: * [[Agadez Region]] * [[Diffa Region]] * [[Dosso Region]] * [[Maradi Region]] * [[Tahoua Region]] * [[Tillabéri Region]] * [[Zinder Region]] * [[Niamey]] {{smaller|(capital district)}} ===Largest cities and towns=== {{Further|List of cities in Niger}} {{Largest cities | country = Niger | stat_ref = According to the 2012 Census<ref>{{cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/Niger-Cities.html|title=Niger|access-date=2019-11-06}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = Region | div_link = | city_1 = Niamey | div_1 = Niamey <!-- Capital District --> | pop_1 = 978,029 | img_1 = Niamey from the sky.jpg | city_2 = Maradi, Niger{{!}}Maradi | div_2 = Maradi Region{{!}}Maradi | pop_2 = 267,249 | img_2 = Village maradi niger.jpg | city_3 = Zinder | div_3 = Zinder Region{{!}}Zinder | pop_3 = 235,605 | img_3 = Zinder (6328886864).jpg | city_4 = Tahoua | div_4 = Tahoua Region{{!}}Tahoua | pop_4 = 117,826 | img_4 = Femmes rurales et taches ménageres.jpg | city_5 = Agadez | div_5 = Agadez Region{{!}}Agadez | pop_5 = 110,497 | city_6 = Arlit | div_6 = Agadez Region{{!}}Agadez | pop_6 = 78,651 | city_7 = Birni-N'Konni | div_7 = Tahoua Region{{!}}Tahoua | pop_7 = 63,169 | city_8 = Dosso, Niger{{!}}Dosso | div_8 = Dosso Region{{!}}Dosso | pop_8 = 58,671 | city_9 = Gaya, Niger{{!}}Gaya | div_9 = Dosso Region{{!}}Dosso | pop_9 = 45,465 | city_10 = Tessaoua | div_10 = Maradi Region{{!}}Maradi | pop_10 = 43,409 }} ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Niger}} [[File:Niger Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Niger exports, 2019]] [[File:Niamey night.jpg|thumb|[[Niamey]], Niger's capital and economic hub]] Vyakurya ivyo vikulimika mu Niger ni vyakurya vyakukhumbikwa comene, viŵeto, na uranium, vinthu ivyo vikusangika comene mu caru. Vinthu ivi ni njara, mapopa ghasazgikira, ŵanthu ŵakusazgikira na 2.9 peresenti, kweniso ŵanthu ŵakukhumba chomene uranium pa caru cose. Charu cha Niger chili na ndalama yimoza pera, ya CFA franc, ndipo chili na banki yimoza ya ku West Africa, ya Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO), pamoza na vyaru vinyake 7 vya ku West African Monetary Union. Niger nayo njimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikukolerana pa nkhani ya malango gha vyamalonda mu Africa (OHADA).<ref name="ohada.com">{{cite web | title = OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa | url = http://www.ohada.com/index.php | access-date = 22 March 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033744/http://www.ohada.com/index.php | archive-date = 26 March 2009 | url-status = live}}</ref>[[File:Echangeur a Niamey la Nuit.jpg|thumb|Niamey at night]] Mu Disembala 2000, chalo cha Niger chikapokera ndalama zakuwombolera ngongoli za vyaru vikavu ivyo vili na ngongoli yikuru chomene (HIPC) kufuma ku wupu wa International Monetary Fund. Kuwombora ngongoli uko kwapelekeka mu ndondomeko ya HIPC kukuchepeska ngongoli izo Niger yikugwiliskira nchito pa chaka, ndipo ndalama zikuluwika pa vinthu nga ni vyaumoyo, masambiro gha pulayimale, kulimbana na HIV/AIDS, kunozga vinthu vyakukhumbikwa ku mizi, na vinyake ivyo vikovwira kuti ukavu uchepeko. Msika wa Dolé Mu Disembala 2005, boma la Niger likapokera ndalama zakukwana madola 86 miliyoni kufuma ku IMF. Pafupifupi hafu ya ndalama izo boma likupeleka zikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Kukura kwa caru kunthazi kungazengeka pa kugwiliskira nchito mafuta, golide, malasha, na visulo vinyake. Mu vilimika vyasonosono apa, mitengo ya uranium yikukwera. Mu 2005, ku Nigeria kukaŵa njara na zombe, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 2.5 miliyoni ŵakasoŵa cakurya. == Chiwerengero cha ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Niger}} [[File:1997 275-15 young Wodaabe women.jpg|thumb|[[Fula people|Fulani]] women with traditional [[face tattoo|facial tattoos]] ]] Kuzakafika mu chaka cha 2021, ŵanthu ŵa ku Niger ŵakaŵa 25,252,722{{UN_Population|ref}}. Mu 1960, mu Niger mukaŵa ŵanthu 3.4 miliyoni, kweni sono ŵanthu ŵakusazgikira mwaluŵiro chomene.<ref name="ins-demographics">{{in lang|fr}} ''Annuaires Statistiques du Niger 2007–2011''. [http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/file/Annuaires_Statistiques/AS2007-2011STRUCTUREPOPULATION.pdf Structure de la population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726234159/http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/file/Annuaires_Statistiques/AS2007-2011STRUCTUREPOPULATION.pdf |date=26 July 2014}} (Niger's National Statistics Institute Report)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/niger-population/ |title=Niger Population |publisher=Worldometers |access-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814061458/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/niger-population/ |archive-date=14 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kukura kwa unandi wa ŵanthu uku, nkhukuru comene pa caru cose ndipo boma na mawupu ghanyake ghakufipa mtima comene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu chigaŵa ichi mbachinyamata, ndipo 49.2% ŵali na vyaka 15 kukhilira pasi, ndipo 2.7% ŵali na vyaka vyakujumpha 65. Kafukufuku wa mu 2005 [which?] likati ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 800,000 (pafupifupi 8 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose) mu Niger ŵali mu wuzga.<ref>"[https://abcnews.go.com/International/Story?id=813618&page=1 The Shackles of Slavery in Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219150212/https://abcnews.go.com/International/Story?id=813618&page=1 |date=19 February 2009}}". ABC News. 3 June 2005.</ref><ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4250709.stm Born to be a slave in Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806031036/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4250709.stm |date=6 August 2017}}". BBC News. 11 February 2005.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1357_slavery_today/page3.shtml |title=BBC World Service &#124; Slavery Today |publisher=BBC |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113131049/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1357_slavery_today/page3.shtml |archive-date=13 November 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Urban settlements=== {| class="wikitable" |+ Cities of Niger ! rowspan="2"| Rank !! rowspan="2" | City !! colspan="2" | Population !! rowspan="2" | Region |- ! 2001 Census<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/en/niger/cities/|title=Niger: Regions, Cities & Urban Centers - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|website=citypopulation.de|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321050141/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/niger/cities/|archive-date=21 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>!! 2012 Census<ref name="auto2"/> |- |align=right | 1. || [[Niamey]] || align=right | 690,286 || align=right | 978,029 || [[Niamey]] |- |align=right | 2. || [[Maradi, Niger|Maradi]] || align=right | 148,017 || align=right | 267,249 || [[Maradi Region]] |- |align=right | 3. || [[Zinder]] || align=right | 170,575 || align=right | 235,605 || [[Zinder Region]] |- |align=right | 4. || [[Tahoua]] || align=right | 73,002 || align=right | 117,826 || [[Tahoua Region]] |- |align=right | 5. || [[Agadez]] || align=right | 77,060 || align=right | 110,497 || [[Agadez Region]] |- |align=right | 6. || [[Arlit]] || align=right | 68,835 || align=right | 78,651 || [[Agadez Region]] |- |align=right | 7. || [[Birni N'Konni]] || align=right | 44,663 || align=right | 63,169 || [[Tahoua Region]] |- |align=right | 8. || [[Dosso, Niger|Dosso]] || align=right | 43,561 || align=right | 58,671 || [[Dosso Region]] |- |align=right | 9. || [[Gaya, Niger|Gaya]] || align=right | 28,385 || align=right | 45,465 || [[Dosso Region]] |- |align=right | 10. || [[Tessaoua]] || align=right | 31,667 || align=right | 43,409 || [[Maradi Region]] |} ===Ethnic groups=== {{bar box |title=Ethnic Groups in Niger (2001 Census)<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat-niger.org/frame/demographie.htm|title=DEMOGRAPHIE|website=www.stat-niger.org|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922235514/http://www.stat-niger.org/frame/demographie.htm|archive-date=22 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Ethnic Groups |right1=percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|Hausa|darkgreen|55.4}} {{bar percent|Zarma & Songhai|purple|21}} {{bar percent|Tuareg|red|9.3}} {{bar percent|Fula|black|8.5}} {{bar percent|Kanuri|orange|4.7}} {{bar percent|Toubou|green|0.4}} {{bar percent|Arab|darkblue|0.4}} {{bar percent|Gurma|white|0.4}} {{bar percent|Other|darkred|0.1}} }} {{Main|Hausa people|Zarma people|Tuareg people|Fula people|Kanuri people|Tubu people|Diffa Arabs|Gurma people}} Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ku Niger nako kuli ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Mu 2001, mitundu ya ku Niger yikaŵa: Hausa (55.4%), Zarma & Songhay (21%), Tuareg (9.3%), Fula (French: Peuls; Fula: Fulɓe) (8.5%), Kanuri Manga (4.7%), Tubu (0.4%), Arab (0.4%), Gourmantche (0.4%), ŵanyake (0.1%). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zarma na Songhay ndiwo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya Dosso, Tillabéri, na Niamey, ŵanthu ŵa ku Hausa ndiwo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya Zinder, Maradi, na Tahoua, ŵanthu ŵa ku Kanuri Manga ndiwo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya Diffa, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Tuareg ndiwo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya Agadez kumpoto kwa Niger.<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="ins-demographics" /> === Viyowoyero === {{Main| Languages of Niger}} Cifrenchi, ico cikapokeka kufuma ku nyengo ya ufumu, ndico ni ciyowoyero ca boma. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasambira comene ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵakuyowoya Cingelezi nga ni ciyowoyero caciŵiri, kweniso ni ciyowoyero ca boma. Niger ni membala wa wupu wa Organisation internationale de la Francophonie kwambira mu 1970. Charu cha Niger chili na viyowoyero 10 ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu charu ichi. Viyowoyero ivi ni Chiarabu, Chibuduma, Chifulfulde, Chigurmanchéma, Chihausa, Chikanuri, Chizarma na Chi Songhay, Chi Tamasheq, Chi Tassawaq, Chi Tebu. Ciyowoyero cilicose cikayowoyekanga na ŵanthu ŵa fuko ilo cikakolerananga nalo.<ref>Ethologue. [https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NE/languages Niger languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727114820/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NE/languages |date=27 July 2018}}</ref><ref>Présidence de la République du Niger. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180727090206/https://www.presidence.ne/gographie/ Le Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727090206/https://www.presidence.ne/gographie/ |date=27 July 2018}}</ref> Viyowoyero viŵiri ivyo vikuyowoyeka comene ni Hausa na Zarma-Songhai, ndipo ni viyowoyero vyakwamba panji viŵiri ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu caru cose ici. ===Chisopo=== {{Main|Religion in Niger}} {{bar box |title=Religion in Niger |titlebar=#ddd |left1=religion |right1=percent<ref name="census" /> |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|Islam|darkgreen|99.3}} {{bar percent|Christianity|purple|0.3}} {{bar percent|Animism|blue|0.2}} {{bar percent|Irreligious|black|0.1}} }} Charu cha Niger ntchambura kukolerana na chisopa ndipo boma na chisopa vikupambana. Ufulu wa kusopa ukuvikilirika na Ndime 30 ya dango la boma lenelili. Chisopa cha Chisilamu chikamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E. ndipo ndicho chikusambizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Niger umo ŵakwenera kukhalira. Chisilamu ndicho ntchisopa chakumanyikwa chomene, ndipo ŵanthu 99.3% mu chigaŵa ichi ndiwo ŵakasopanga kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2012. Visopa viŵiri vikuruvikuru vya ku Niger ni Chikhristu, icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu 0.3%, na Chikhristu (chikhristu icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi), icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu 0.2%. Ŵamishonale ndiwo ŵakambiska cisopa ca Cikhristu mu caru ici mu nyengo iyo caru cikaŵa pasi pa Ŵafalansa. Ŵakhristu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga ku Europe na ku West Africa nawo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha. Mu virimika vyasonosono apa, ku Niger kwambaso kutambuzgika ŵanthu ŵanandi cifukwa ca cisopa. Wupu wa Ŵakhristu wakucemeka Open Doors, ukati mu caru ca Niger, kuŵa Mkhristu ni suzgo likuru comene, ndipo ico cikulongora kuti Ŵakhristu ŵakusuzgika comene mu caru ici. Kuyana na ŵimiliri ŵa magulu gha Ŵakhristu na Ŵasilamu ku Niger, ubwezi pakati pa Ŵasilamu na Ŵakhristu ngwakuzika comene.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2022 |title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Niger |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/niger/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa nkhani ya unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti vyamoyo ni vyamoyo. Kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1800, Ŵasilamu ŵakafika yayi ku vigaŵa vinandi vya kumwera kwa caru ici, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanyake ku mizi ŵakang'anamuka mtima viŵi yayi. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, visopa vya Ŵabori na Ŵatubwi na Ŵawudabe ŵakucita viphikiro na maluso gha Ŵasilamu. Ŵanthu aŵa ni awo ŵakuyowoya chiHausa, Maouri (panji Azna, lizgu la chiHausa ilo likung'anamura "ŵambura kusopa Chiuta") ku Dogondoutci, kumwera na kumwera-kumanjiliro gha dazi, na awo ŵakuyowoya chiKanuri, chakuchemeka Manga, kufupi na Zinder, ndipo wose ŵakulondezga visambizgo vya chiHausa Maguzawa, ivyo vikaŵako pambere Chisilamu chindaŵeko. Kweniso ku cigaŵa ca kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici, kuli vigaŵa vichoko waka vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boudouma na Songhay. Mu virimika 10 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria awo Mbasilamu ŵakuleka kutemwana.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Decalo79" /> ====Islam==== {{Main|Islam in Niger}} Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ku Niger mba Sunni, 7% mba Shi'a, 5% mba Ahmadiyya ndipo 20% mbanthu ŵa visopa vinyake.<ref name="pew">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf |title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity |access-date=2 June 2014 |date=9 August 2012 |publisher=Pew Forum on Religious & Public life |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024125551/http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="report">[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90113.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216213927/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90113.htm|date=16 December 2019}}. United States [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (14 September 2007). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> Chisilamu chikamba mu vigaŵa ivyo lero ni Niger mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 C.E., apo ufumu wa Songhai ukakuranga kumanjiliro gha dazi, kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb na Eguputo ŵakendanga kuzingilira virwa vya Sahara. Ŵantu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg ŵakaluta kumpoto, ndipo ŵakathereska vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kufuma ku ufumu wa Kanem ⁇ Bornu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ŵambe kuchita vinthu vinyake. [[File:Niger, Filingué (25), street scene with mosque.jpg|thumb|Small mosque in [[Filingue|Filingué]] ]] Vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vya Zarma na Hausa vikakhwaskika comene na gulu la Ŵafula la m'ma 1700 na 1900, comene-comene gulu la Sokoto Caliphate (mu caru ico lero ni Nigeria). Mazuŵa ghano, Ŵasilamu ŵakucita vinthu mwakuyana na visambizgo vya Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Niger, ndipo kanandi ŵakuchita vinthu mwakuyana na visambizgo vya Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Tijaniya, nangauli kuli magulu gha Ŵasilamu ŵachoko waka agho ghakukolerana na visambizgo vya Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Hammallism na Nyassist.<ref name=Decalo79>Decalo, James. ''Historical Dictionary of Niger''. Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, New Jersey&nbsp;– London, 1979. {{ISBN|0-8108-1229-0}}. pp. 156–7, 193–4.</ref> Mu virimika 30 ivyo vyajumpha, mu msumba wa Maradi, mukaŵa gulu la ŵanthu ŵa cisopo ca Salafi. Magulu ghacoko agha, agho ghakukolerana na magulu ghanyake gha ku Jos, Nigeria, ghakamanyikwa comene mu vilimika vya m'ma 1990 pa nyengo ya viwawa vya cisopo.<ref>Ben Amara, Ramzi. [http://www.sharia-in-africa.net/pages/staff/amara.php "The Development of the Izala Movement in Nigeria: Its Split, Relationship to Sufis and Perception of Sharia Implementation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228012116/http://www.sharia-in-africa.net/pages/staff/amara.php |date=28 December 2016 }}. Research Summary (n.d.)</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090113202500/http://www.conflict-prevention.net/page.php?id=40&formid=73&action=show&surveyid=1 Summary for Shedrack Best's ''Nigeria, The Islamist Challenge, the Nigerian 'Shiite' Movement'', 1999] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113202500/http://www.conflict-prevention.net/page.php?id=40&formid=73&action=show&surveyid=1 |date=13 January 2009 }}; conflict-prevention.net.</ref> Nangauli vili nthena, kweni Niger ni boma ilo likusopa yayi, ndipo likulongozgeka na dango. Ŵanthu ŵa visopa vyakupambanapambana ŵakutemwana comene, ndipo visopa vya Cisilamu ivyo vikucitika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici, vikulekelera visopa vyakupambanapambana, ndipo palije kukanizga wanangwa wa munthu waliyose. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu caru ici, ŵanthu ŵakuguliska moŵa, nga ni uwo ukupangika mu Niger. ===Masambilo=== {{Main|Education in Niger}} [[File:Niger primary school MCC3500.jpg|thumb|A primary classroom in Niger]] Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kuŵazga mu charu cha Niger ntchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili pasi chomene pa charu chose.<ref name="ilab">[http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/Niger.htm "Niger"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205044526/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/niger.htm|date=5 December 2008}}. ''2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor''. [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of Labor]] (2002). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> Ku Niger, sukulu ya pulayimale njakukhumbikwa kwa vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza. Ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku sukulu za pulayimale yayi.<ref name="ilab" /> Mu 1997, ciŵelengero ca ŵana awo ŵakalembeka pa sukulu iyi cikaŵa 29.3 peresenti, ndipo mu 1996, ciŵelengero ca ŵana awo ŵakalembeka pa sukulu iyi cikaŵa 24.5 peresenti.<ref name="ilab" /> Pa ŵana 100 awo ŵamalizga sukulu ya pulayimare, pafupifupi 60 ni ŵasepuka, cifukwa ŵasungwana ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku sukulu kwa vilimika vicoko waka. Kanandi ŵana ŵakugwira nchito m'malo mwa kuluta ku sukulu, comene-comene pa nyengo ya kuseŵa panji kuvuna. Kanandi ŵana ŵa ku mpoto kwa caru ici ŵakuluta ku sukulu yayi.<ref name=ilab/> ===Umoyo=== {{Main|Health in Niger}} Ŵana awo ŵakufwa ku Niger (ŵana awo ŵakufwa na vyaka vyapakati pa 1 na 4) mbanandi chomene (248 pa 1,000) cifukwa ca suzgo la ulwari na kurya vyakurya vyambura kwenelera kwa ŵana ŵanandi mu caru ici. Kuyana na wupu wa Save the Children, pa caru cose capasi ŵana ŵanandi ŵakufwa ku Niger.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jeff |last=Green |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/HEALTH/parenting/05/08/mothers.index/index.html |title=U.S. has second worst newborn death rate in modern world, report says |publisher=CNN |date=10 May 2006 |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209065002/http://www.cnn.com/2006/HEALTH/parenting/05/08/mothers.index/index.html |archive-date=9 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:HOPITAL DE REFERENCE DE MARADI.jpg|thumb|Maradi Reference Hospital]] Niger nayo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi (6,49 awo ŵakubabika na mwanakazi yumoza kuyana na ivyo vikalembeka mu 2017). Ichi chapangiska kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi hafu (49,7%) ŵa ku Niger ŵaŵe na vyaka 15 kukhilira pasi mu 2020. Pa vyaru vyose, charu cha Niger ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakufwa na nthenda iyi. Pa ŵanthu 100,000 awo ŵakubabika, 820 ŵakufwa. Mu 2006, pa ŵanthu 100,000, pakaŵa ŵadokotala ŵatatu na manesi 22.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angellite.org.uk/where-we-work.html|title=Niger|access-date=20 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123142319/http://www.angellite.org.uk/where-we-work.html|archive-date=23 November 2011}}</ref> Kuyana na umo vinthu viliri pa caru cose, maji ghakumwa ghakusoŵa, ndipo pali mphambano yikuru comene pakati pa mizi na mizi. Niger yili pa malo gha pasi chomene pa UN Human Development Index. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 92 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakukhala ku mizi mu chigaŵa cha Tillabéri, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakusoŵa maji ghakumwa, chomenechomene mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, apo nyengo zinyake maji ghakukhira chomene.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Fresh water in Niger undercuts violence, as well as offering better living conditions|url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/niger-water-development|access-date=2021-05-26|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene|url=https://www.unicef.org/niger/water-sanitation-and-hygiene|access-date=2021-05-26|website=www.unicef.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Delivering water and sanitation services in Niger: challenges and results|url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/water/delivering-water-and-sanitation-services-niger-challenges-and-results|access-date=2021-05-26|website=blogs.worldbank.org|language=en}}</ref> Pa ŵanthu 30,000 awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni ya Téra, kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa tawuni ya Niamey, kufupi na mphaka ya Burkina Faso, 40 pa ŵanthu 100 ndiwo ŵali na maji ghakukwana.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger - OECD|url=https://www.oecd.org/countries/niger/|access-date=2021-05-26|website=www.oecd.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Development Projects : Niger Basin Water Resources Development and Sustainable Ecosystems Management Project - P093806|url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P093806|access-date=2021-05-26|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> Wupu wakuwona vya maji ku Niger, wa Société de Patrimoine des Eaux du Niger (SPEN), ukazenga migodi 10 na malo ghakupwanthirapo maji mu 2018 kuti upeleke maji ghakumwa ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Téra na mu vigaŵa vyapafupi. Pakati pajumpha cilimika cimoza, maji ghakamara, ndipo ŵakakhumba kumalizga mulimo wa kunozga maji.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger: EIB finances drinking water supply project (EUR 21m)|url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2018-099-la-bei-finance-un-projet-dalimentation-en-eau-potable-au-niger-21-meur|access-date=2021-05-26|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref> Na wovwiri wa ndalama izo boma la Netherlands likapeleka, wupu wa European Investment Bank (EIB) na wupu wakuwona vya maji ku Niger ŵakuteŵetera lumoza kuti ŵasange nthowa zakumazgira suzgo la maji. Banki ya pa caru cose yikati Niger njimoza mwa vyaru 18 vya kumwera kwa Sahara mu Africa ivyo vikusuzgika comene. Banki ya ku Europe yikasunganga ndalama ku vigaŵa ivi. Banki ya European Investment Bank na Niger Water Authority ŵakuwona nthowa ziŵiri zakumazgira suzgo la maji ku Téra. Nthowa yakwamba njakuti ŵanozge thanki la maji ilo lili kufupi na tawuni. Nthowa yinyake njakuti maji gha mu Mlonga wa Niger, uwo uli pa mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 100 kumafumiro gha dazi, ghatore na kugwiliskira nchito. Misumba iyo yili pakati pa Téra na Mlonga wa Niger nayo yiŵenge na maji ghakunyang'amira. Banki ya European Investment Bank yizamuwonaso umo ŵangaponoskera ndalama zawo pa nkhani ya magesi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fresh water in Niger undercuts violence, as well as offering better living conditions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/niger-water-development |access-date=2021-05-18 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> ==Mwambo== {{Main|Culture of Niger}} [[File:Zinder sultans horsemen festival.jpg|thumb|Horsemen at the traditional [[Ramadan]] festival at the [[Sultanate of Damagaram|Sultan's]] Palace in the [[Hausa people|Hausa]] city of [[Zinder]] ]] [[File:Ancient home zinder niger.jpg|thumb|A traditional home in [[Zinder]] ]] Chikhalidwe cha ku Niger chikupambana chomene, ndipo uwu mbukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakakolerana na Ŵafalansa. Charu icho lero ni Niger chikapangika kufuma ku vigaŵa vinayi vya mitheto iyo yikaŵako pambere ŵanthu ŵandambe kukhazikiskana: Zarma na Songhai ndiwo ŵakalamuliranga chigodobu cha Mlonga wa Niger kumwera kwakumanjiliro gha dazi; chigaŵa chakumpoto cha Hausaland, icho chikaŵa na vigaŵa ivyo vikalimbananga na Sokoto Caliphate, ndipo chikazingilizga mphaka ya kumwera na Nigeria; chigaŵa cha Nyanja ya Chad na Kaouar kumanjiliro gha dazi, uko kukaŵanga ŵalimi ŵa Kanuri na ŵaliska ŵa Toubou awo kale ŵakaŵa mu Ufumu wa Kanem ⁇ Bornu; ndiposo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg awo ŵakakhalanga mu mapiri gha Aïr na Sahara kumpoto. Wose aŵa, pamoza na mafuko ghanyake ghacoko nga ni Wodaabe Fula, ŵakiza na mitheto yawo ku Niger. Nangauli maboma ghakupambana-pambana ghayezgayezga kuti ghaŵe na mitheto yakuyana, kweni ivi vikucitika pacoko waka, cifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Niger ŵali na mitheto yawo na yawo, kweniso cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Niger nga ni Hausa, Tuareg na Kanuri ŵali mu mitundu yikuru iyo yikunjira mu caru caŵene. M'ma 1990, boma la Niamey na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Zarma ndiwo ŵakendeskanga vinthu mu msumba uwu. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku vigaŵa vya ku mphaka kwa Hausa pakati pa Birni-N'Konni na Maine-Soroa, kanandi ŵakutolera kakhaliro ka ŵanthu ŵa ku Hausaland mu Nigeria kuluska Niamey. Pakati pa 1996 na 2003, ŵanthu 30 pa ŵanthu 100 ndiwo ŵakasambiranga sukulu ya pulayimare, ndipo 36 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵakaŵa ŵanalume, ndipo 25 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi. Masambiro ghakusazgikira ghakucitika mu madrasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Niger_statistics.html |title=At a glance: Niger |access-date=22 June 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130170853/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Niger_statistics.html |archive-date=30 November 2009 }}</ref> ===Festivals and cultural events=== ====Guérewol festival==== {{Main|Guérewol}} [[File:1997 274-5 Gerewol.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Ŵanthu awo ŵakwimba Guérewol ŵakwimba dansi la Guérewol, mu 1997.]] Chikondwerero cha Guérewol ndi mwambo wachikhalidwe wa Wodaabe womwe umachitika ku Abalak m'chigawo cha Tahoua kapena In'Gall m'chigawo cha Agadez. Ni mwambo wa cilimika cilicose uwo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Wodaabe (Fula) ŵa ku Niger ŵakucita. Pa ciphikiro ici, ŵawukirano ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vyakutowa comene na kujitozga kuti ŵajitozge kuyana na mitheto yawo, ŵakwimba sumu na kuvina, ndipo ŵakukhumba kuti ŵasungwana awo ŵakukhumba kutorana nawo ŵaŵatemwenge. Ciphikiro ca Guérewol cikukondweska ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana ndipo cikaŵa mu mafilimu na mu magazini ghakumanyikwa comene nga ni National Geographic. ====Cure Salée festival==== {{Main|Cure Salee}} "La Cure salée" (Chingelezi: Salt Cure) ni chiphikiro icho chikuchitika chaka chilichose ku In'Gall mu chigaŵa cha Agadez. Kwa mazuŵa ghatatu, pa ciphikiro ici pakuŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg awo ŵakwenda pa ngamila, ndipo pamanyuma pake pakuŵa viphalizgano vya ngamila na mahaci, kwimba sumu, kuvina, na kuphalirana nkhani. ===Media=== {{Main|Media of Niger}} Kuumaliro kwa m'ma 1990, ku Niger kukaŵa nkhani zinandi. Pambere boma la Third Republic lindaŵeko, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakaŵa na mwaŵi wa kupulikizga waka nkhani za mu nyuzipepara izo zikaŵa mu mawoko gha boma. Sono mu Niamey muli manyuzipepara ghanandi na magazini; ghanyake, nga ni Le Sahel, ghakulembeka na boma, apo ghanyake ghakususka boma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/ng82.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213180757/http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/ng82.html|url-status=dead|title=Media in Niger: the African Development Information Database|archivedate=13 December 2009}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011302/http://www.gret.org/parma/uk2/ressource/edm/pdf/niger.pdf Medias Status Report: Niger] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011302/http://www.gret.org/parma/uk2/ressource/edm/pdf/niger.pdf |date=4 March 2009 }}. Summary document written for the African Media Partners Network. Guy-Michel Boluvi, Les Echos du Sahel Niamey, January 2001.</ref> Wayilesi ndiyo njakuzirwa comene, cifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala ku mizi ŵalije ndalama zakugulira TV, ndipo cifukwa ca kuleka kuŵazga na kuŵazga, mabuku ghakulembeka ghakutondeka kuŵa cakupharazgira ŵanthu ŵanandi. Padera pa wayilesi ya boma ya ORTN, pali wayilesi zinayi za boma izo zikupanga wayilesi zakukwana 100. Zitatu mwa izo - Anfani Group, Sarounia na Tenere - ni masiteshoni gha FM gha malonda mu misumba yikuruyikuru. Kweniso pali ma wayilesi ghakujumpha 80 agho ghakupharazga mu vigaŵa vyose 7 vya mu charu ichi. Wupu wa Comite de Pilotage de Radios de Proximité (CPRP) ndiwo ukwendeska ma wayilesi agha. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa CPRP ŵakughanaghana kuti ma wayilesi agho ghakupharazga ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana ghakupharazga ku ŵanthu pafupifupi 7.6 miliyoni, panji kuti 73% ya ŵanthu wose (2005). Padera pa ma wayilesi gha ku Niger, ma wayilesi gha ku Hausa gha BBC ghakupulikizgikaso mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu caru ici, comene kumwera, kufupi na mphaka na Nigeria. Radio France Internationale nayo yikupharazga mu ciyowoyero ca Cifurenci kwizira mu wayilesi ya Satellite. Tenere FM nayo yili na wayilesi ya pa caru cose ya zina leneilo. Nangauli mu caru cose muli wanangwa, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulemba nkhani mu caru ici ŵakuyowoya kuti kanandi ŵakucicizgika na ŵalara ŵa boma. Boma likupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera makina gha ORTN ku boma, ndipo likupeleka ndalama izi kwizira mu ndalama izo boma likulipira pa ndalama za magesi, kweniso kwizira mu ndalama izo boma likupeleka. Bungwe la Conseil Supérieur de Communications ndilo likulongozga ntchito iyi. Bungwe ili likakhazikiskika kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1990, ndipo kufuma mu 2007, Daouda Diallo ndiyo wakulilongozga. Magulu gha wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakususka boma kufuma mu chaka cha 1996 kuti likugwiliskira nchito malango na ŵapolisi kuti likhizge ŵanthu awo ŵakususka boma.<ref name=cpj2006>[http://cpj.org/2007/02/attacks-on-the-press-2006-niger.php Attacks on the press: Niger 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920053522/http://www.cpj.org/2007/02/attacks-on-the-press-2006-niger.php |date=20 September 2011 }}. Committee to Protect Journalists (2007). Retrieved 23 February 2009.</ref><ref>[http://asiapacific.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR430012007?open&of=ENG-2F5 Niger: Emergency legislation infringes non-derogable human rights] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211134003/http://asiapacific.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR430012007?open&of=ENG-2F5 |date=11 February 2009 }}. AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL Public Statement. AI Index: AFR 43/001/2007 (Public Document) Press Service Number: 181/07. 21 September 2007.</ref><ref name="issa04">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131109234423/http://www.panos-ao.org/ipao/spip.php?article39 Niger : Conseil de presse. Les journalistes refusent la mise sous tutelle] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510075744/http://www.panos-ao.org/ipao/spip.php?article39|date=10 May 2011}}. Ousseini Issa. Médi@ctions n°37, Institut PANOS Afrique de l'Ouest. March 2004.</ref><ref name="ussd9506">U.S. Department of State. Report on Human Rights Practices&nbsp;– Niger. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090616143410/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/democracy/hrp_index.html 1993–1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616143410/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/democracy/hrp_index.html|date=16 June 2009}} to [https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78750.htm 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421204423/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78750.htm|date=21 April 2020}}.</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Niger}} * [[Outline of Niger]] ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} ===Notes=== {{Notelist}} ==Vyakulemba== {{Refbegin}} * Decalo, Samuel. ''Historical Dictionary of Niger'', 3rd ed. (Scarecrow Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-8108-3136-8}})&nbsp;– a comprehensive collection of Niger topics * [[CIA World Factbook]] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/ entry on Niger]) * [[US State Department]] {{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5474.htm |title=Niger |publisher=State.gov |date=3 February 2010 |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-date=22 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194527/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5474.htm |url-status=live }} ''Note: This article contains material from the State Department website.'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091130170853/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Niger_statistics.html Unicef Niger statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130170853/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Niger_statistics.html |date=30 November 2009 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050929053656/http://www.nsu.newschool.edu/internationalaffairs/papers/thiam.pdf Unesco manuscript on child work and schooling in Niger] {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{sisterlinks|voy=yes}} * {{Official website|http://www.presidence.ne}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/ Niger]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085340/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/niger.htm Niger] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Niger}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13943662 Niger profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{wikiatlas|Niger}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NE Key Development Forecasts for Niger] from [[International Futures]] '''Trade''' * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/NER/Year/2012/Summary 2012 Niger Trade Summary Statistics] {{Niger topics}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{Community of Sahel–Saharan States}} {{Organisation of Islamic Cooperation}} {{African Union}} {{La Francophonie}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|16|N|8|E|display=title}} [[Category:Niger| ]] [[Category:Saharan countries]] [[Category:West African countries]] [[Category:Economic Community of West African States]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1960]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:1960 disestablishments in France]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] 8gvfbz5fno7vi52pi3ymh0mxhjd88h6 0 6951 119740 118619 2026-08-23T02:14:55Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 119740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in the Great Rift Valley of Central Africa}} {{Redirect|Ruanda}} {{Pp-move|small=yes}} {{Featured article}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}} {{EngvarB|date=July 2022}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Rwanda | common_name = Rwanda | native_name = {{nowrap|{{native name|rw|Repubulika y'u Rwanda}}<br />{{native name|fr|République du Rwanda}}<br />{{native name|sw|Jamhuri ya Rwanda}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Rwanda.svg | alt_flag = The flag of Rwanda: blue, yellow and green stripes with a yellow sun in top right corner | image_coat = Coat of arms of Rwanda.svg | alt_coat = The seal of Rwanda: central tribal devices, surmounted on a cog wheel and encircled by a square knot | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = "Ubumwe, Umurimo, Gukunda Igihugu" <br />(English: "Unity, Work, Patriotism")<br />(French: "Unité, Travail, Patriotisme")<br />(Swahili: "Umoja, Kazi, Uzalendo") | national_anthem = "{{lang|rw|[[Rwanda Nziza]]|italic=no}}"<br />({{Lang-en|"Beautiful Rwanda"}})<br /><div style="position: relative; top:0.2em;">{{center|[[File:Hymne National du Rwanda.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = Location Rwanda AU Africa.svg | alt_map = | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=black |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}} | image_map2 = | capital = [[Kigali]] | coordinates = {{Coord|1|56|38|S|30|3|34|E|type:city(1,100,000)_region:RW-01|display=inline}} | largest_city = Kigali | official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Kinyarwanda]] | <!--PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE FRENCH WITHOUT DISCUSSION ON THE TALK PAGE--> |[[French language|French]] |[[English language|English]] |[[Swahili language|Swahili]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{ublist |99% [[Banyarwanda]]|—85% [[Hutu]] |—14% [[Tutsi]] |—1% [[Twa]]|1% Others<ref name="UN">{{cite web|title=Rwanda: A Brief History of the Country|url=http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/education/rwandagenocide.shtml|website=United Nations|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=24 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224221744/http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/education/rwandagenocide.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> }} | ethnic_groups_year = | demonym = {{hlist|Rwandan|Rwandese}} | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] under an [[authoritarian government]]<ref name="Thomson2018">{{cite book | author = Susan Thomson | date = 1 January 2018 | title = [[Rwanda: From Genocide to Precarious Peace]] | publisher = [[Yale University Press]] | pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wb1TDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 189]– | isbn = 978-0-300-19739-6 | oclc = 1002129858}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matfess |first1=Hilary |title=Rwanda and Ethiopia: Developmental Authoritarianism and the New Politics of African Strong Men |journal=African Studies Review |date=2015 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=181–204 |doi=10.1017/asr.2015.43|s2cid=143013060 }}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Rwanda|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Paul Kagame]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Rwanda|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Édouard Ngirente]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Rwanda|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate (Rwanda)|Senate]] | lower_house = {{nowrap|[[Chamber of Deputies (Rwanda)|Chamber of Deputies]]}} | sovereignty_type = [[History of Rwanda|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Kingdom of Rwanda]] | established_date1 = 15th century | established_event2 = Part of [[German East Africa]] | established_date2 = 1897–1916 | established_event3 = Part of [[Ruanda-Urundi]] | established_date3 = 1916–1962 | established_event4 = [[Rwandan Revolution]] | established_date4 = 1959–1961 | established_event5 = [[Republic of Rwanda|Republic declared]] | established_date5 = 1 July 1961 | established_event6 = Independence from [[Belgium]] | established_date6 = 1 July 1962 | established_event7 = Admitted to the [[United Nations|UN]] | established_date7 = 18 September 1962 | established_event8 = [[Constitution of Rwanda|Current constitution]] | established_date8 = 26 May 2003 | area_km2 = 26,338 | area_rank = 144th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 10,169 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 5.3 | population_estimate = | population_census = 13,246,394{{sfn|National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda|2014|p=3}} | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 76th | population_census_year = 2022 | population_density_km2 = 470 | population_density_sq_mi = 1,217 | population_density_rank = 22nd | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $37.5 billion <ref name="IMFWEORW">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 139th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,836<ref name="IMFWEORW"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 170th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $12.1 billion<ref name="IMFWEORW"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 148th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $912<ref name="IMFWEORW"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 172th | Gini = 43.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = {{sfn|World Bank (XII)}} | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.534 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 165th | currency = [[Rwandan franc]] | currency_code = RWF | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+250]] | cctld = [[.rw]] | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |93.8% [[Christianity]] |3.0% [[Irreligion|No religion]] |2.2% [[Islam in Rwanda|Islam]] |1.0% Others<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/rwanda#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Rwanda &#124; PEW-GRF|website=globalreligiousfutures.org}}</ref>}} }} '''Rwanda''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Rwanda pronunciation.ogg|r|u|ˈ|ɑː|n|d|ə|,_|-|ˈ|æ|n|-}}; {{lang-rw|u Rwanda}} {{IPA-rw|u.ɾɡwaː.nda||Rwanda (rw) pronunciation.ogg}}), mwalamulo, '''Charu cha Rwanda''',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Government of Rwanda: Welcome to Rwanda|url=https://www.gov.rw/|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=23 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223181954/https://www.gov.rw/|url-status=live}}</ref>ntcharu icho chili ku chigaŵa cha [[Great Rift Valley]] ku Central Africa, uko chigaŵa cha [[African Great Lakes]] chikukumana na kumwera kwa [[Africa]]. Charu cha Rwanda chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa [[Equator]], ndipo chili kufupi na [[Uganda]], [[Tanzania]], [[Burundi]], na [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]. Charu ichi chili pachanya chomene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakucichema kuti "charu cha tumapiri 1,000". Mu charu ichi muli mphepo yakuzizima chomene, ndipo chaka chilichose kukuŵa nyengo ziŵiri za vula na nyengo ziŵiri za chilangalanga. Charu ichi ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa. Msumba wake ukuru ni Kigali. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakaŵa awo ŵakalondezganga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kuzgoka mafuko, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakazgoka maufumu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ufumu unyake uwo ukalongozgekanga na [[Themba Gihanga]], ukakolerana na vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na charu cha Rwanda. Ufumu wa Rwanda ndiwo ukaŵa na mazaza kwambira pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ndipo mafumu gha Ŵatutsi ghakatimbanizganga ŵanyawo, na kuŵika mazaza ghawo paŵekha, kweniso ŵakakanizganga Ŵahutu. Mu 1897, caru ca [[Germany]] cikamba kulamulira caru ca Rwanda, ico cikaŵa cigaŵa ca German East Africa. Vyaru vyose viŵiri vya ku Europe vikawusa kwizira mwa fumu ya ku Rwanda ndipo vikalutilira kovwira Ŵatutsi. Mu 1959, Ŵahutu ŵakagaluka. Ŵakakoma Ŵatutsi ŵanandi ndipo ŵakambiska boma lakujiyimira paŵekha la Ŵahutu mu 1962, ilo likaŵa na pulezidenti Grégoire Kayibanda. Mu 1973, ŵasilikari ŵakamuwuskapo Kayibanda na kwiza na Juvénal Habyarimana ku boma. Mu 1990, gulu la Tutsi lakucemeka Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) likambiska nkhondo. Habyarimana wakakomeka mu Epulero 1994. Nkhondo ya ku Rwanda iyo yikatora mazuŵa 100, yikapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano. Gulu la RPF likamalizga kukoma ŵanthu mwa nkhondo mu Julayi 1994. Nangauli vimbundi vikuru yayi mu charu cha Rwanda pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake, kweni charu ichi chili na vimbundi vinandi chomene pa charu chose. Ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi mbawukirano ndipo ŵanandi ŵakukhala ku mizi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakufuma ku fuko limoza pera, Ŵarwanda. Ndipouli, mu gulu ili muli magulu ghatatu: Ŵahutu, Ŵatutsi, na Ŵatwa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa ŵakukhala mu nkhorongo ndipo kanandi ŵakuwoneka kuti mbana ŵa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu cha Rwanda. Chikhristu ndicho ntchisopa chikuru chomene mu charu ichi. Chiyowoyero chikuru mu charu ichi ni Chikinyarwanda. Vyaru vya ku Rwanda vikuthemba pa ulimi. Mu Rwanda, khofi na tiyi ni vyakurya vikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Ntchito ya kwendakwenda yikukura mwaluŵiro comene ndipo sono ndiyo yikupangiska ndalama zinandi mu caru ici. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa African Union, United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, COMESA, OIF na East African Community. == Mbili == {{Main|History of Rwanda|German East Africa|Ruanda-Urundi}} Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Rwanda ŵakamba kukhala mu nyengo ya chiwuvi chaumaliro, mu nyengo ya Neolithic, kuzingilizga chaka cha 8000 B.C.E., panji mu nyengo ya nyengo ya chinyezi iyo yikalondezganga, kuzingilizga chaka cha 3000 B.C.E. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga vikulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakaŵa ŵalovi na ŵakuwunjika viswaswa mu nyengo ya malibwe, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha mu nyengo ya Iron Age.{{sfn|Dorsey|1994|p=36}}{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|p=45}}Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa, awo ŵakukhala mu charu cha Rwanda mazuŵa ghano. Pakati pa 700 B.C.E. na 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakaluta ku Rwanda, ndipo ŵakamba kulima makuni. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa awo ŵakakhalanga mu nkhorongo ŵakataya malo ghanandi agho ŵakakhalanga. Ŵanthu ŵakumanya mdauko ŵali na vigomezgo vinandi vyakukhwaskana na umo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakasamukiranga ku vyaru vinyake. Fundo yinyake njakuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakendanga pachokopachoko ndipo ŵakendanga mwakukhazikika. Kuyana na fundo iyi, mphambano pakati pa Ŵahutu na Ŵatutsi yikaŵako pamanyuma ndipo yikaŵa ya mtundu yayi kweni ya ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake.{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|p=69}}{{sfn|Shyaka|pp=10–11}} [[File:Rwanda Nyanza Mwami Palace.jpg|thumb|left|A reconstruction of the ancient King's Palace at [[Nyanza, Rwanda|Nyanza]]]] Mtundu wakwambilira wa ŵanthu mu chigaŵa ichi ukaŵa mbumba (ubwoko). Ŵakaŵa ŵa mafuko ghanandi, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa Ŵahutu, Ŵatutsi, na Ŵatwa. Kwambira mu ma 1500, mafuko ghakamba kuzgoka maufumu. Ufumu unyake, uwo ukaŵa pasi pa Themba Gihanga, ukapanga vigaŵa vinandi ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na ufumu wa Rwanda. Kuzakafika mu 1700, mu caru ico sono cikucemeka Rwanda mukaŵa maufumu pafupifupi 8. Limoza mwa maufumu agha ni Ufumu wa Rwanda, uwo ukawusikanga na mbumba ya Tutsi Nyiginya. Ufumu uwu ukafika paheni chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 apo Themba Kigeli Rwabugiri likawusanga. Rwabugiri wakathereska vigaŵa vichoko waka, wakasazgirako ufumu wake kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumpoto, ndipo wakambiska vyakusintha mu boma. Mu vigaŵa ivi mukaŵa ubuhake, umo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tutsi ŵakapelekanga viŵeto ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hutu panji Tutsi kuti ŵaŵateŵetere. Cifukwa ca kusintha kwa Rwabugiri, pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa Ŵahutu na Ŵatutsi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa ŵakakhalanga makora kuluska mu nyengo iyo Ufumu ukaŵa kuti undaŵeko, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakayamba kuvina mu nyumba ya ufumu, kweni unandi wawo ukalutilira kuchepa.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=6}} Pa ungano wa ku Berlin mu 1884, ufumu wa Germany ukazomerezga kuti malo agha ghaŵe chigaŵa cha German East Africa. Mu 1894, Gustav Adolf von Götzen wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kwambuka charu chose cha Rwanda. Mu 1897, caru ca Germany cikamba kukhala mu caru ca Rwanda cifukwa ca kukolerana na fumu, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti caru ici ciŵe na mazaza pa caru ici. Ŵachijeremani ŵakasintha yayi umo vinthu vikaŵira mu charu, kweni ŵakakhozgeranga themba na ŵamazaza awo ŵakaŵapo kale. Ŵalongozgi ŵa charu cha Belgium ŵakanjilira mu vyaru vya Rwanda na Burundi mu 1916, mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, ndipo mu 1922, ŵakamba kuwusa vyaru vya Rwanda na Burundi nga ni gulu la vyaru ivyo vikacemekanga Ruanda-Urundi. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany na Belgium, ŵakati ŵamba kugalukira boma la Britain, ŵakamba kuwona kuti Ŵahutu na Ŵahutu mbakupambana. Mu 1935, caru ca Belgium cikamba kupanga makadi ghakumanyikwa nagho munthu waliyose uyo ni Mututsi, Muhutu, Twa, panji munthu uyo wali na cikaya. Nangauli kale Ŵahutu awo ŵakaŵa ŵasambazi chomene ŵakazomerezgekanga kuŵa Ŵatutsi, kweni makadi agha ghakatondeskanga ŵanthu kusama.{{sfn|Gourevitch|2000|pp=56–57}} [[File:Juvénal Habyarimana (1980).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Juvénal Habyarimana]], president from 1973 to 1994|alt=Photograph of President Juvénal Habyarimana arriving with entourage at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, USA on 25 September 1980.]] Belgium yikalutilira kuwusa Ruanda-Urundi (uko Rwanda ukaŵa kumpoto kwake) nga ni cigaŵa ca UN pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose.{{sfn|United Nations (II)}}{{sfn|United Nations (III)}}Vinthu vikasintha chomene pakati pa Ŵatutsi, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti charu chiŵe na wanangwa, na Ŵahutu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti charu chiŵe na wanangwa. Mu 1961, ŵanthu ŵa ku Belgium awo ŵakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Ŵahutu, ŵakacita phangano la ŵanthu wose. Charu cha Rwanda chikapatukana na charu cha Burundi ndipo chikaŵa pa mtende pa Julayi 1, 1962. Kufuma apo, pakaŵaso nkhaza zinandi, ndipo Ŵakututsi awo ŵakaŵa ku wuzga ŵakaŵawukira kufuma ku vyaru vyapafupi. Mu 1973, Juvénal Habyarimana wakatora mazaza mwa kuwukira boma. Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kusankhana mitundu, kweni vinthu vikendanga makora pa nkhani ya vyachuma ndipo nkhaza izo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tutsi ŵakachitiranga zikakwera. Ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Twa ŵakalutilira kukhala ku mizi, ndipo mu 1990 boma likaŵachimbizga mu nkhorongo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakakwera kufuma pa 1.6 miliyoni mu 1934 kufika pa 7.1 miliyoni mu 1989, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti paŵe mpikisano wa malo.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=4}} [[File:Nyamata Memorial Site 13.jpg|thumb|left|Human skulls at the [[Nyamata]] Genocide Memorial]] Mu 1990, gulu lakugaluka lakucemeka Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tutsi, likapoka caru ca kumpoto kwa Rwanda kufuma ku Uganda, ndipo likambiska nkhondo ya pa cikaya. Wupu uwu ukasuska boma la Ŵahutu cifukwa ca kutondeka kusinthiska vinthu na kumazga masuzgo gha ŵanthu aŵa. Pa nkhondo iyi, palije chigaŵa icho chikaŵa na mazaza, kweni mu 1992 mazaza gha Habyarimana ghakachepa. Kulekeska nkhondo kukamara pa 6 Epulero 1994 apo ndege ya Habyarimana yikadumulika kufupi na chiŵanja cha ndege cha Kigali, ndipo wakafwa. Kuwiskira pasi ndege iyi ndiko kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Rwanda ŵakomeke. Mu mazuŵa pafupifupi 100, ŵanthu pakati pa 500,000 na 1,000,000 ŵa mtundu wa Tutsi na Ŵahutu awo ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyuyura ŵakakomeka na boma la kanyengo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Twa nawo ŵakakomeka, nangauli ŵakakomeka mwakudunjika yayi.{{sfn|UNPO|2008|loc=History}} Gulu la Tutsi la RPF likambaso nkhondo, ndipo likamba kuwusa charu chose mu mwezi wa Julayi. Vyaru vinandi vikaleka kovwirapo pa nkhondo iyi, cifukwa vyaru vikuruvikuru vikakhumbanga yayi kukhozga ŵasilikari ŵa UN. Apo RPF yikamba kuwusa, Ŵahutu pafupifupi mamiliyoni ghaŵiri ŵakacimbilira ku vyaru vyapafupi, comenecomene Zaire, cifukwa ca kopa kuwezgera nduzga. Mu charu cha Rwanda, pakaŵa mtende na urunji, ndipo khoti la International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) likakhazikiskika. Kufuma mu 2000, chuma cha ku Rwanda, unandi wa ŵalendo, na Human Development Index vikukura mwaluŵiro; pakati pa 2006 na 2011 ukavu ukakhira kufuma pa 57% kufika pa 45%, apo umoyo ukafuma pa 46.6 mu 2000 kufika pa 65.4 mu 2021.{{sfn|CIA (I)}} == Ndale na boma == {{Main|Politics of Rwanda|Foreign relations of Rwanda|Rwanda Defence Force}} [[File:Paul Kagame 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|Rwandan President [[Paul Kagame]]|alt=Photograph of Paul Kagame, taken in Busan, South Korea, in 2014]] Pulezidenti wa Rwanda ni mutu wa boma, ndipo wali na mazaza ghakupambanapambana kusazgapo kupanga ndondomeko pamoza na Kabinete ya Rwanda,{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 82}} kugwiliskira nchito mazaza gha lusungu, kulongozga ŵasilikari, kuyowoyeskana na kuzomerezga mapangano, kusaina malango gha pulezidenti, na kupharazga nkhondo panji suzgo. Pa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri vilivyose, pulezidenti wakusankhika na ŵanthu, ndipo wakwimika nduna yikuru na mamembara ghanyake ghose gha nduna{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 82}}. Pulezidenti wa sono ni Paul Kagame, uyo wakamba kuwusa apo Pasteur Bizimungu, uyo wakaŵapo pambere iyo wandawuse, wakafumapo mu 2000. Pamanyuma, Kagame wakathereska mavoti mu 2003 na 2010. Nangauli mawupu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakususka kuti pa mavoti agha "pakaŵa nkhaza zinandi za ndyali na kukanizga wanangwa wa kuyowoya". Ndime 101 ya dango la chalo iyi yikaŵa kuti yikukanizga kuti pulezidenti wangakhalanga nyengo ziŵiri pera, kweni ivi vikasinthika mu 2015 apo pakaŵa fundo ya ŵanthu wose. Kwizira mu kusintha kwa dango ili, Kagame wangalutilira kuŵa pulezidenti mpaka mu 2034. Kagame wakasankhika kachitatu mu 2017 na mavoti 98.79%.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 82}} Ndondomeko iyi yikapokelereka mu 2003, ndipo yikanjira mu malo mwa ndondomeko iyo yikaŵa mu malo mwa 1994. Ndondomeko iyi yikukhumba kuti maboma gha vipani vinandi ghaŵepo. Ndipouli, dango likukanizga kuti ŵandyali ŵachitenge vinthu vinyake. Ndime 54 yikati "magulu gha ndyali ghakukanizgika kujendera mtundu, mtundu, fuko, mbumba, chigaŵa, kugonana, cisopa panji cigaŵa cinyake ico cingapangiska kusankhana". Kweniso boma la Russia laŵika malango ghakukanizga ŵanthu kusopa vikozgo. Kuyana na wupu wa Human Rights Watch, malango agha ghakupangiska kuti caru ca Rwanda ciŵe na boma la chipani cimoza, cifukwa "pakujibisa kuti cikukhumba kukanizga kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi, boma likukana ŵanthu wose awo ŵakususka fundo za boma". Bungwe la Amnesty International nalo likususka; mu lipoti lake la mu 2014/15, likati malango agho ghakukanizga kuwukira panji kutimbanizga mtende pakati pa ŵanthu ghakugwiliskirika nchito kuti ŵanthu ŵakakike "pakuti ŵakulondezga wanangwa wawo wa kuwungana panji kuyowoya maghanoghano ghawo".{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 82}} Nyumba ya Malamulo yili na vipinda viŵiri. Likupanga malango ndipo lili na mazaza ghakuwonera milimo ya pulezidenti na nduna. Nyumba ya mafumu yili na ŵanthu 80 ndipo waliyose wakuŵa na vyaka vinkhondi. Viŵalo 24 vya mu wupu uwu ni vya ŵanakazi, ndipo ŵakusankhika pa ungano wa ŵalara ŵa boma; viŵalo vinyake vitatu ni vya ŵawukirano na ŵanthu ŵakupendera. Kufumila pa mavoti gha 2018, banthu bakusoleka mu chalo ichi bakukhalapo ŵanakazi 49, kufuma pa 51 mu chaka cha 2013. Nyumba yikuru ya malango ni Senate, iyo yili na ŵanthu 26, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakuyimilira ŵakusoleka na maboma ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakwenera kuŵa pa ciŵelengero ca ŵapharazgi 30 pa 100. Ŵabali ŵa mu wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵakuteŵetera vyaka 8.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 82}} (Wonaniso [[Gender equality in Rwanda]].)[[File:RwandaParliament.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chamber of Deputies of Rwanda|Chamber of Deputies building]]|alt=Photograph of the Chamber of Deputies with highway in the foreground]] Ndondomeko ya malango ya ku Rwanda yikukolerana comene na malango gha boma la Germany na Belgium kweniso malango gha cikaya. Ŵeruzgi ŵakujiyimira ŵekha, nangauli pulezidenti na Senate ndiwo ŵakwimika ŵeruzgi ŵa Khoti Likuru Chomene. Wupu wa Human Rights Watch wawonga boma la Rwanda chifukwa cha ivyo likucita pakupeleka urunji, kusazgapo kuwuskapo cilango ca nyifwa, kweni ukuyowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵa boma ŵakunjilirapo pa vyeruzgo, nga ni kwimika ŵeruzgi cifukwa ca ndyali, kugwiliskira nchito uheni mazaza gha ŵeruzgi, na kuŵasuzga kuti ŵeruzgi ŵachitenge vinthu vinyake. Pa malango gha boma pali mitundu yiŵiri ya makhoti: ghacilendo na ghapadera. Makhoti ghakurughakuru ni Khoti Likuru Chomene, Khoti Likuru Chomene, na makhoti gha vigaŵa, apo makhoti ghakupambanapambana ni makhoti gha ŵasilikari kweniso makhoti gha malonda agho ghakaŵako mu 2011 kuti ghapwelelere milandu ya malonda. Pakati pa 2004 na 2012, makhoti gha Gacaca ghakaŵako. Khoti la Gacaca, ilo ni khoti la ku Rwanda ilo likwendeskeka na ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi na vikaya, likaŵasopo kuti lichitiske luŵiro milandu ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukayikira kuti ŵakakomeka. Khoti ili likawuskapo milandu yinandi ya kukoma ŵanthu, kweni ŵanthu ŵakususka kuti likulondezga yayi malango. Mu 2014, wupu wa Transparency International ukawona kuti charu cha Rwanda ntchakutowa chomene pa vyaru 47 vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa, ndipo ntchakutowa chomene pa vyaru 55 pa vyaru 175.{{sfn|Transparency International|2014}}{{sfn|Agutamba|2014}} Ndondomeko ya boma yikupanga ombudsman, uyo wali na mulimo wa kukanizga na kulimbana na vimbundi. Ndondomeko ya boma yikukhumba kuti ŵalara ŵa boma (nga ni pulezidenti) ŵapharazge vya usambazi wawo kwa ombudsman na ku ŵanthu. Nangauli vili nthena, wupu wa Human Rights Watch ukuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusuzgika chifukwa cha ndyali mu charu chose ichi, kusazgapo kukakika mwambura kuzomerezgeka na ŵanthu ŵanyake, kuwofyeka panji kofya ŵanthu, kuzgoreka mulandu chifukwa cha ndyali, na kukoma ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga mwa mtende.<ref name=Roth>{{cite book |last1=Roth |first1=Kenneth |title=Rwanda Events of 2019 |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/rwanda |website=Human Rights Watch |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref> Gulu la Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) ndilo likulamulira chomene mu charu ichi kwambira mu 1994. RPF yasungilira mazaza gha pulezidenti na pharalamende mu mavoti gha charu chose, ndipo chiŵerengero cha mavoti gha chipani ichi chikuluta 70%. Gulu la RPF likuwoneka nga ni chipani icho ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tutsi ndiwo ŵakulongozga, kweni likupokelera wovwiri kufuma mu vyaru vyose, ndipo likuzomerezgeka kuti likovwira kuti paŵe mtende, kukhazikika, na kukura kwa chuma. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa Freedom House wa mu 2015, boma likukanizga wanangwa wa magulu ghakwimikana na boma cifukwa cakuti RPF "yikatondeska vyaru viphya kujilembeska na kukora ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵapo kale, ndipo ŵakaŵakanizga kupeleka ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kunjira mu mavoti". Bungwe la Amnesty International likuyowoyaso kuti RPF yikulongozga Rwanda "kwambura wakususka".{{sfn|Amnesty International|2015|p=310}} Charu cha Rwanda chili mu wupu wa United Nations, African Union, Francophonie, East African Community, na Commonwealth of Nations. Kwa vilimika vinandi mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Habyarimana, caru ici cikaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na caru ca France, kweniso na Belgium, caru ico kale cikaŵa pasi pa caru ici. Ndipouli, pasi pa muwuso wa RPF, caru ca Rwanda cikukhumba kukolerana comene na vyaru vyapafupi mu East African Community ndiposo caru ca ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi. Vyaru ivi vikamba kwendera lumoza na boma la France mu 2006 pamanyuma pakuti khoti la ku France lazenga mulandu ŵalara ŵa boma la Rwanda. Ubale na Democratic Republic of the Congo ukaŵa wakusuzga cifukwa cakuti Rwanda yikaŵapo pa Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo. Mu 2010, wupu wa United Nations ukafumiska lipoti ilo likaphalira ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rwanda kuti ŵakachitanga viheni vikuruvikuru na kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu Democratic Republic of Congo mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo. Ubwezi wawo ukakhora comene mu 2012, apo boma la Kinshasa likayowoya kuti caru ca Rwanda cikovwira gulu lakugaluka la M23, ilo lili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Congo. Kuzakafika mu 2015, mtende waŵaso ndipo vinthu vikwenda makora. Ubwezi wa Rwanda na Uganda ukaŵa wakusuzga mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya mu 1999 pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru viŵiri apo ŵakakhozgeranga magulu gha ŵakugaluka mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo, kweni ukakhora chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 2010. Mu chaka cha 2019, ubwezi pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi ukasuzgika, ndipo Rwanda yikajara mphaka zake na Uganda.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-08/why-a-closed-border-has-uganda-rwanda-at-loggerheads-quicktake|title=Why a Closed Border Has Uganda, Rwanda at Loggerheads|first=David|last=Malingha|publisher=Bloomberg|date=8 March 2019|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=20 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420234647/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-08/why-a-closed-border-has-uganda-rwanda-at-loggerheads-quicktake|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-21/uganda-rwanda-hold-talks-on-security-concerns-reopening-border|title=Uganda, Rwanda Hold Talks On Security Concerns, Reopening Border|first1=Saul|last1=Butera|first2=Fred|last2=Ojambo|publisher=Bloomberg|date=21 February 2020|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=6 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306072656/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-21/uganda-rwanda-hold-talks-on-security-concerns-reopening-border|url-status=live}}</ref> == Kugawikana kwa boma == {{Further|Decentralization in Rwanda|}} [[File:RwandaGeoProvinces.png|thumb|Provinces of Rwanda|alt=Map of Rwanda showing the five provinces in various colours, as well as major cities, lakes, rivers, and areas of neighbouring countries]] Pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵandambe kulamulira charu ichi, boma la Rwanda likaŵa na ndondomeko ya ndyali.{{sfn|MINALOC|2007|p=8}} Nangauli pakaŵa ndondomeko yakukwana, kweni boma lakwamba likakhazikiskanga ndondomeko yakukolerana ya "maufumu ghakupambanapambana". Mu nyengo ya themba, mulongozgi uyo wakasankhika ndiyo wakalamuliranga chigaŵa icho chikagaŵika mu vigaŵa vinandi. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵaŵiri awo ŵakimikika na mulongozgi wa vigaŵa ŵakalongozganga vigaŵa; mulara yumoza wakapika mazaza pa malo apo munyake wakalaŵiliranga viŵeto. Themba (mwami) likaŵa na vigaŵa, vigaŵa, tumapiri, na vigaŵa. Kufumira mu 2003, malango gha charu cha Rwanda ghakagaŵa vigaŵa (intara), vigaŵa (uturere), misumba, matawuni, vigaŵa (imirenge), maselo (utugari), na mizi (imidugudu); vigaŵa vikuruvikuru, na mphaka zawo, vikupangika na pharalamende. Mu Janyuwale 2006, charu cha Rwanda chikasinthika ndipo chigaŵa chimoza chikaŵa na vigaŵa 12, ndipo chigaŵa chinyake chikaŵa na vigaŵa 30. {{sfn|MINALOC|2007|p=8}}Malire agho ghalipo sono, agho ghakalembeka mu 2006, ghakukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuŵa na mazaza pa charu chose kweniso kuti ŵaleke kukolerana na ndondomeko yakale na kukoma ŵanthu. Vyaru vikuruvikuru ivyo vikaŵa na vigaŵa 12 vikaŵa na vigaŵa vinkhondi. Malo agha ni Northern Province, Southern Province, Eastern Province, Western Province, na Municipality of Kigali mu pakati.{{sfn|MINALOC|2007|p=8}} Vigaŵa vinkhondi ivi vikovwira kuti boma na vigaŵa vyawo viŵe paubwezi. Ndondomeko ya Rwanda Decentralization Strategic Framework iyo yikapangika na Unduna wa Vyaru yikuphalira vigaŵa kuti viŵe na mulimo wa "kurongozga vinthu vyakukhwaskana na muwuso mu vigaŵa, kweniso kulaŵilira na kupima". Chigaŵa chilichose chikulongozgeka na kazembe, uyo wakusankhika na pulezidenti na kuzomerezgeka na Senate. Vigaŵa ivi ni ivyo vikulaŵilira mulimo wa kupeleka mauteŵeti gha boma na kukhozga chuma. Ŵakugaŵikana mu vigaŵa, ndipo vigaŵa ivi ndivyo vikupeleka mauteŵeti gha boma. Vigaŵa na vigaŵa vikuŵa na makonsili agho ghakuwusika na ŵanthu, ndipo ghakulongozgeka na komiti iyo yikusankhika na makonsili agha. Vipinda na vikaya ni vigaŵa vichoko comene vya ndyali, ndipo vikovwira ŵanthu na vigaŵa. Ŵanthu wose ŵakukhwima awo ŵakukhala mu cigaŵa ici ŵali mu wupu wa vigaŵa vyawo, uwo ukuŵa na wupu wakulamulira. Msumba wa Kigali ni boma la chigaŵa, ilo likulaŵilira ndondomeko ya vinthu vya mu tawuni.{{sfn|MINALOC|2007|p=8}} == Makhalilo gha charu == {{Main|Geography of Rwanda}} [[File:Rwanda Topography.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Topography of Rwanda]] Pa malo ghakukwana 26,338 square kilometres (10,169 sq mi), Rwanda ni chalo cha 149 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa charu chose chapasi, ndipo ndico nchigaŵa cacinayi pa vyaru vikuruvikuru mu Africa pamanyuma pa Gambia, Eswatini, na Djibouti. Charu ichi chili nga ni Burundi, Haiti, na Albania. Charu chose chili pachanya chomene. Malo ghachoko chomene ni Mlonga wa Rusizi. Charu cha Rwanda chili ku Central/Eastern Africa, ndipo chili na mphaka na Democratic Republic of Congo kumanjiliro gha dazi, Uganda kumpoto, Tanzania kumafumiro gha dazi, na Burundi kumwera. Charu ichi chili ku malo ghapacanya comene ndipo kulije maji. Msumba ukuru wa Kigali uli pafupi na pakati pa charu cha Rwanda.{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2010}} Malo agho ghakukolerana na maji gha mu Congo na Nile ghakwenda kufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera mu Rwanda, ndipo pafupifupi 80% ya malo gha mu charu ichi ghakukhira mu Nile na 20% mu Congo kwizira mu Mlonga wa Rusizi na Nyanja ya Tanganyika. Mlonga utali comene wa mu caru ici ni Nyabarongo, uwo ukufuma kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi, ukuyerera kumpoto, kumafumiro gha dazi, na kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi pambere undapange Kagera. Mlonga wa Nyabarongo-Kagera ukuthira mu Nyanja ya Victoria, ndipo uko ukufuma mu nkhorongo ya Nyungwe ndiko kukumanyikwa uko Nile yikufuma. Ku Rwanda kuli nyanja zinandi, ndipo yikuru comene ni Nyanja ya Kivu. Nyanja iyi yikukhala pasi pa Albertine Rift mumphepete mwa mphaka ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Rwanda, ndipo njimoza mwa nyanja zakunyang'amira chomene pa charu chapasi. Maziŵa ghanyake ghakuru ni Burera, Ruhondo, Muhazi, Rweru, na Ihema. Mu chigaŵa chapakati na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Rwanda muli mapiri, ndipo nyengo zinyake charu ichi chikuchemeka "Pays des mille collines" mu Chifurenchi. Chigaŵa ichi chili ku mapiri gha Albertine Rift Mountains, agho ghakukolerana na chigaŵa cha East African Rift, icho chikwenda kufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera kufupi na mphaka ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Rwanda. Vipiri vikuruvikuru vikusangika mu Virunga volcano chain ku northwest; ichi chikusazgapo Phiri la Karisimbi, malo ghakuru chomene mu Rwanda, pa mamita 4,507. Chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi chili mukati mwa nkhorongo ya Albertine Rift. Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 1,500 m'paka 2,500. Pakati pa caru pali mapiri ghanandi, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici kuli mapiri gha savanna, mapiri na vyakumera.{{sfn|Munyakazi|Ntagaramba|2005|p=18}} === Nyengo === [[File:RwandaVolcanoAndLake cropped2.jpg|thumb|Lake and volcano in the [[Virunga Mountains]]|alt=Photograph of a lake with one of the Virunga mountains behind, partially in cloud]] Charu cha Rwanda chili na mphepo yakuzizima chomene, ndipo chifukwa chakuti chili pa mtunda utali chomene, mphepo yake njakukhoma chomene. Mu msumba wa Kigali, uwo uli pakatikati pa charu ichi, zuŵa lililose kutentha kwake kukuŵa pakati pa 15 na 28 °C.{{sfn|Strategic Foresight Group|2013|p=29}} Mu vyaru vinandi, matenthedwe ghakupambana. Mu chaka muli nyengo ziŵiri za vula, yakwamba yikwamba mu Febuluwale m'paka Juni ndipo yachiŵiri yikumalira mu Seputembala m'paka Disembala. Nyengo iyi yikupambana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: nyengo yikuru yikwamba mu Juni m'paka Seputembala, ndipo kanandi kukuŵavya vula. Vikuŵa vyakupambana mu vigaŵa vya charu ichi. Pakuti charu chikusintha, nyengo ya vula yikusintha. Lipoti linyake la wupu unyake likati kusintha kwa nyengo kwachepeska mazuŵa agho kukulokwa vula pa chaka, kweniso kwachitiska kuti vula zinandi zilokenge. Vinthu ivi vyapangiska kuti ŵalimi ŵasuzgikenge, ndipo vyakhwaska vipasi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuwona kuti charu cha Rwanda chikusintha mwaluŵiro, ndipo pa vyaka 50 ivyo vyajumpha, matenthedwe ghakukwera pakati pa 0.7°C na 0.9°C.{{sfn|Strategic Foresight Group|2013|p=29}} === Vyamoyo === {{Main|Wildlife of Rwanda}} [[File:Mountain gorilla from Susa Group in Karisimbi thicket of Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda. Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|left|thumb|[[Volcanoes National Park]] is the home of the largest population of [[Mountain Gorillas]] in the world.]] Mu nyengo yakale, nkhorongo ya mu mapiri yikaŵa pafupifupi cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya caru ca Rwanda. Sono vyakumera vikusangika mu malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵatatu pera. Nkhorongo yikuru comene ya Nyungwe, yili na mitundu 200 ya makuni, makuni gha orchids na begonias. Vyakumera mu Virwa vya Volcanoes National Park ni vikhuni vya nkhonyo na vyakumera. Kweni ku Akagera kuli nkhorongo iyo kuli makuni ghanandi gha akasiya. Ku Akagera kuli vyakumera vinandi ivyo ni vichoko panji vili pangozi ya kumara, nga ni Markhamia lutea na Eulophia guineensis.{{sfn|REMA (Chapter 5)|2009|p=3}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/rwanda_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf |title=Climate Change Adaption in Rwanda |publisher=USAID |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref> Viyuni vikuruvikuru vinandi vikusangika mu malo agha. Ku Akagera kuli viyuni vya ku savana nga ni zirafu na zovu, ndipo ku Volcanoes kuli viyuni vya ku mapiri ivyo vikukhala pafupifupi vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vitatu. Nkhorongo ya Nyungwe yili na mitundu 13 ya vinyama vyakuchemeka primates, kusazgapo vinyama vya chimpanzee na vinyama vinyake vyakuchemeka Ruwenzori colobus.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=140}} [[File:Talk - Flickr - askmeaks.jpg|upright|thumb|Giraffe in Akagera National Park]] Nkhalamu za ku Rwanda zikamara mu 1994, apo malo ghakusungirako nkharamu ghakazgoka misasa ya ŵanthu awo ŵakachimbira kwawo. Mu Juni 2015, malo ghaŵiri ghakusungirako nkharamu ku South Africa ghakapeleka nkharamu zinkhondi na ziŵiri ku malo ghakusungirako nkharamu gha Akagera National Park. Pakwamba nkhalamu zikaŵa mu malo ghakuzingilizgika na mpanda, ndipo pamanyuma zikakakika na kufumiskika mu ciŵaya mwezi umoza pamanyuma pake.{{sfn|The New Times|2015}} Mu 2017, nkhumba zakufipa 18 izo zili pa ngozi zikiza ku Rwanda kufuma ku South Africa. Viyuni ivi vikasintha makora chomene mwakuti mu 2019, vikoko vinyake vinkhondi vyamalibwe vikapelekeka ku malo ghakusungirako viŵeto ku Europe. Mwakuyana waka, ciŵelengero ca viyuni ivi cikukura comene mu Rwanda. Mu chaka cha 2021, Rwanda yikapokera viyuni 30 vyakuchemeka white rhinos kufuma ku South Africa na chilato chakuti Akagera yiŵe malo ghakukhora ghakubabira viyuni ivi. Ku Rwanda kuli viyuni vyamtundu wa 670 ndipo vyamoyo ivi vikupambana mu vyaru vya kumafumiro na kumanjiliro gha dazi. Nkhorongo ya Nyungwe, iyo yili kumanjiliro gha dazi, yili na mitundu ya viyuni yakujumpha 280, ndipo 26 mwa mitundu iyi yikusangika ku Albertine Rift. Kweni ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Rwanda kuli viyuni vinandi nga ni gonolek wakuŵa na mutu wakufipa. Ŵasayansi ŵakuti mu charu ichi muli mitundu yinandi ya viyuni ivi. Mu charu cha Rwanda muli vigaŵa vitatu: nkhorongo ya Albertine Rift, nkhorongo ya Victoria Basin, na nkhorongo ya Ruwenzori-Virunga. Charu ichi chili na chiŵelengero cha 3.85/10 pa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index, ndipo chili pa 139 pa vyaru 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Chuma == {{Main|Economy of Rwanda}} [[File:Rwanda Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Graphical depiction of Rwanda's product exports.]] Chuma cha charu cha Rwanda chikapwetekeka comene pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakomekeranga mu 1994, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa, vinthu vikaŵayendera makora yayi, vinthu vikaphyoreka, ndipo vyakurya vikasoŵa. Ici cikapangiska kuti GDP yichepe comene ndipo cikapangiska kuti caru ici cileke kukopa ndalama za boma na za caru cinyake. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, chuma cha pa caru cose caŵaso cakukhora comene, ndipo GDP ya munthu yumoza yikukwana $909.9 mu 2022, pakuyaniska na $127 mu 1994. Vyaru vikuru comene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliskira vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake ni China, Germany, na United States. Chuma chikuyang'aniridwa ndi Central National Bank of Rwanda ndipo ndalama zake ndi franc yaku Rwanda; mu Disembala 2019, mtengo wosinthira unali ma franc 910 ku dola imodzi yaku United States. Mu 2007, caru ca Rwanda cikanjira mu wupu wa East African Community, ndipo cazomerezga ndondomeko ya umoza wa ndalama pakati pa vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri ivyo vikanjilira mu wupu uwu. Charu cha Rwanda chili na vyakurya vichoko waka, ndipo ŵalimi ŵa mu charu ichi ndiwo ŵakulima. Pafupifupi 90% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu minda, ndipo vyakurya vikaŵa 32.5% ya GDP mu 2014. Ŵalimi ŵakutemwa kulima malo ghacoko waka. Kwamba m'ma 1980, viŵeto vikukura yayi kweniso vyakurya vikusangika viŵi yayi, cifukwa ca ŵanthu awo ŵakusamukira ku vyaru vinyake. Nangauli charu cha Rwanda chili na vyakurya vinandi, kweni kanandi ŵanthu ŵakukwera yayi. Kweni mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, vinthu vyasintha chomene chifukwa cha kukura kwa vyakurya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From genocide to growth: Rwanda's remarkable economic turnaround – GE63 |url=https://ge63.com/rwanda-economic-growth |access-date=2023-03-31 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Transporting bananas.jpg|thumb|Rwanda produced 2.6 million tonnes of banana in 2019, its largest cash crop.<ref name="Rwanda production in 2019, by FAO">{{cite web| url = http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/| title = Rwanda production in 2019, by FAO|publisher=The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations }}</ref>]] Vyakumera vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakulima mu charu ichi ni matoke (banana) iyo yikukwana chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya charu ichi, mbatata, nyungu, mbatata, maniyu, tirigu na chimanga. Khofi na tiyi ni vyakurya vikuru comene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakupeleka ku vyaru vinyake. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 400,000 ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakukhala mu minda ya khofi. Cifukwa cakuti caru ca Rwanda cikuthemba comene pa vyakurya ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake, ntchipusu yayi kuti mitengo ya vyakurya ivi yisinthe. Viŵeto ivyo vikuŵako mu Rwanda ni ng'ombe, mbuzi, mberere, nkhumba, nkhuku, na mpheta. Nangauli mu vigaŵa vya Kigali muli minda yinandi ya viŵeto, kweni viŵeto vinandi vikuŵa vyachilendo. Kucepa kwa malo na maji, vyakurya vyambura kukwana na vya mtundu uheni, kweniso nthenda zakwambukira nyengo na nyengo kwambura wovwiri wakukwana wa ŵadokotala ni vinthu vikuru ivyo vikupangiska kuti mulimo wa vyakurya uleke kwenda makora. Nangauli somba zikulengeskeka mu nyanja za mu caru ici, kweni zinandi zikumara, ndipo zikwiza na somba zamoyo. Makampani gha vyamalonda ghakaŵa ghacoko comene, ghakapanga 14.8% ya GDP mu 2014. Vinthu ivi ni simenti, vyakurya, vyakumwa, sopo, vyakuvwara, skapato, vinthu vya pulasitiki, vyakuvwara na hona. Makampani gha migodi gha ku Rwanda ndigho ghakovwira chomene, ndipo mu 2008 ghakapanga ndalama zakukwana madola 93 miliyoni. Vinthu ivi ni cassiterite, wolframite, golide, na coltan, ivyo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pakupanga vinthu vya magesi na mawoko nga ni mafoni.{{sfn|Mukaaya|2009}}{{sfn|Delawala|2001}} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, mu charu cha Rwanda mukaŵa suzgo la ndalama chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ngongoli, wovwiri wa vyaru vinyake, na ndalama. Mu 2010, ntchito iyi yikalutilira makora ndipo yikaŵa yikuru chomene mu charu ichi. Vinthu vikuru ivyo vikovwira ŵanthu pa nkhani ya ndalama ni mabanki na vyamalonda, malonda gha pa wumba na ghakurughakuru, mahotelo na malo ghakurya, mendero, kusungirako vinthu, kwendeska mawoko, ma inshuwalansi, katundu, maofesi gha bizinesi na maboma, kusazgapo masambiro na umoyo. Ntchito ya kwendakwenda njimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikukura mwaluŵiro comene mu vyaru ivi. Mu 2007, ndiyo yikamba kusanga ndalama zinandi mu vyaru ivi. Nangauli charu ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakomeka, kweni charu ichi chikuwoneka kuti ntchakukhora. Mu 2013, ŵanthu 864,000 ŵakiza ku malo agha. Mu 2014, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga chifukwa cha vyakusanguluska zikaŵa madola 303 miliyoni. Cinthu cikuru comene ico cikovwira kuti ndalama izi ziŵe zinandi ni ivyo vikusangika mu malo ghakucemeka Volcanoes National Park. Vinyake ivyo vikukondweska ni Nkhorongo ya Nyungwe, uko kuli tumalumba, Ruwenzori colobus, na vinyama vinyake vyakuduka mudera, malo ghakusungirako vyakumera gha mu Nyanja ya Kivu, na Akagera, malo ghacilendo agho ghali kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi.{{sfn|RDB (II)}} === Wayilesi na nthowa zakuyowoyeskelana === {{Main|Telecommunications in Rwanda}} Ma wayilesi na mawayilesi ghakurughakuru ni gha boma, ndipo manyuzipepara ghanandi nga boma. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Rwanda ŵali na wayilesi; mu nyengo ya kusakaza ŵanthu mu 1994, wayilesi ya Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines yikapharazganga mu caru cose, ndipo yikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakomeke kwizira mu upharazgi wakususkana na Ŵakututsi. Mu 2015, wayilesi ya boma ya Radio Rwanda ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene mu charu chose. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵalije TV, ndipo nyumba zinandi zilije TV. Boma likamba kugwiliskira ntchito wayilesi ya digito mu 2014, ndipo pakati pajumpha chaka chimoza, pa charu chose pakaŵa mawayilesi 7. Ŵapharazgi ŵakuŵa na mazaza pa nkhani iyi, ndipo nyuzipepara zikujikora kuti boma lileke kuŵasuzga. Nangauli vili nthena, mabuku gha mu Cikirwanda, Cingelezi, na Cifurenci agho ghakususka boma ghalipo comene mu Kigali. Malango ghakusazgikira pambere mavoti gha pulezidenti wa ku Rwanda gha 2010 ghandambe, ndipo nyuzipepara ziŵiri zakujiyimira paŵekha, Umuseso na Umuvugizi, yikakanizgika na wupu wa High Media Council kwa myezi 6.{{sfn|Reporters Without Borders|2010}} Gulu lakale chomene la mafoni mu charu ichi, la Rwandatel, likaleka kugwira ntchito mu 2011, ndipo 80% yikaŵa ya kampani ya ku Libya yakuchemeka LAP Green. Kampani iyi yikaguliskika mu 2013 na Liquid Telecom, kampani iyo yikupanga ma telecommunications na fiber optic networks mu East na Southern Africa. Kufumira mu 2015, Liquid Telecom yikupereka ma telefoni ghakukhazikika ku ŵanthu 30,968, ndipo MTN Rwanda nayo yikupereka ma telefoni ghakukhazikika ku ŵanthu 15,497. Mafoni gha pa nyumba ghakugwiliskirika nchito comene na maboma, mabanki, mawupu ghambura vya boma, na maofesi gha ŵimiliri. Mu 2015, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mafoni mu charu ichi chikaŵa 72.6%, kufuma pa 41.6% mu 2011. MTN Rwanda ndiyo yikulongozga na ŵanthu 3,957,986, ndipo yikulondezgeka na Tigo na ŵanthu 2,887,328, na Bharti Airtel na ŵanthu 1,336,679. Rwandatel nayo wakendeskanga foni, kweni wupu wakuwona vya msonkho ukawuskapo layisensi yake mu Epulero 2011, cifukwa cakuti kampani iyi yikatondeka kufiska ivyo yikapangana. Ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito Intaneti mbacoko, kweni ŵakukura mwaluŵiro. Mu 2015, pa ŵanthu 100, ŵanthu 12,8 ndiwo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito Intaneti. Mu 2011, ŵakamalizga kupanga telefoni ya makilomita 2,300 (ma kilomita 1,400) ya fiber-optic. Netiweki iyi yikukolerana na SEACOM, chingwe cha pasi pa nyanja icho chikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵapharazgenge mu vyaru vya kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Mu caru ca Rwanda, misewu iyi yikwenda mu misewu yikuruyikuru iyo yikukolerana na matawuni gha mu caru cose. Mtundu wa MTN nawo ukupeleka Intaneti kwambura waya mu vigaŵa vinandi vya Kigali. Mu Okutobala 2019, Mara Corporation wakambiska foni yakwamba ya ku Africa ku Rwanda.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rwanda-telecoms-idUSKBN1WM1TN|title=Rwanda launches first 'Made in Africa' smartphones|date=10 October 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 October 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009161807/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rwanda-telecoms-idUSKBN1WM1TN|url-status=live}}</ref> === Vyakuzenga === {{Main|Transport in Rwanda|Energy in Rwanda|Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda}}[[File:WaterPumpRwanda.jpg|thumb|right|Rural water pump|alt=Photograph depicting one adult and five children filling jerrycans at a rural metal water pump with concrete base, at the bottom of a steep rocky hillside]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, boma la Rwanda likaŵika pakwamba ndalama zakovwilira ŵanthu kuti ŵasange maji. Ndalama izi, pamoza na wovwiri wa awo ŵakupeleka wovwiri, vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵasange maji ghawemi{{sfn|MININFRA|2013|p=43}}. Mu 2015, ŵanthu 74 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵa na maji ghawemi, kufuma pa 55 pa 100 mu 2005. Vinthu vya mu charu ichi vikovwira ŵanthu kusanga maji mu misumba na mu mizi. Ku malo agho kulije makina agha, ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mapampu gha pa woko na visimi. Nangauli mu vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici, maji ghakukhira comene kuluska 750 millimeters pa caka, kweni ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito viŵi yayi maji gha vula. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito yayi vinthu vyakutowa. Wupu wa United Nations ukuti mu 2006, ŵanthu 34 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni kweniso 20 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo ŵakakhalanga ku mizi ŵakaŵa na vinthu vyakutowa. Msumba wa Kigali ngumoza mwa misumba yakutowa comene mu Africa. Maboma ghakwendera fundo zakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na umoyo uwemi waka mu matawuni. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu misumba na mu mizi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito malo ghakusoperapo.{{sfn|MININFRA|2013|p=43}} Kufikira m'ma 2000s, magetsi a ku Rwanda anali opangidwa pafupifupi kuchokera ku magwero a hydroelectric; malo opangira magetsi pa Nyanja ya Burera ndi Ruhondo amapereka 90% ya magetsi a dziko. Kuyana na ivyo vikachitika mu 1990, maji gha mu nyanja ziŵiri izi ghakakhira chomene chifukwa cha kuthuta kwa vula na vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita. Ivi vikapangiska kuti mu 2004 kuŵe suzgo la ndalama ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaleka ntchito. Pakuŵa cakukhumbikwa ca mwaluŵiro, boma likaŵika mageneretara gha dizilo kumpoto kwa Kigali; mu 2006 agha ghakapanga 56% ya magesi gha mu caru, kweni ghakaŵa ghakudura comene. Boma likakhazikiska nthowa zinandi zakumazgira suzgo ili, kusazgapo kuwezgerapo malo ghakututuŵa gha Rugezi, agho ghakupereka maji ku Burera na Ruhondo, na kugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya kupokera gasi wa methane kufuma mu Nyanja ya Kivu, iyo pakwamba yikwenera kusazgirako nkhongono za mu caru na 40%. Mu 2012, ŵanthu 18 pera ndiwo ŵakaŵa na magesi, kweni mu 2009 ŵakaŵa 10.8%. Ndondomeko ya boma ya vyachuma na kuchepeska ukavu ya 2013-18 yikukhumba kuti mu 2017 ŵanthu 70 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵaŵe na magesi.{{sfn|Baringanire|Malik|Banerjee|2014|p=1}}[[File:Rwanda electricity production.svg|thumb|Rwanda electricity production by source|upright=1.3]] Boma la Rwanda laŵikapo ndalama zinandi pa vinthu vyakwendeskera mendero kwambira waka apo ŵanthu ŵakakomekera mu 1994, na wovwiri wa United States, European Union, Japan, na vyaru vinyake. Mtundu wa magalimoto uwo ulipo ni misewu iyo yili pakati pa Kigali na misumba yinyake yikuruyikuru. Charu cha Rwanda chikukolerana na vyaru vinyake vya East African Community, nga ni Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi na Kenya, kweniso na misumba ya Goma na Bukavu ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Congo. Mtundu ukuru comene wa kwendeska ŵanthu mu caru ici ni basi, izo zikwendeska ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mabasi ghanyake, chomenechomene mu Kigali, ghakuŵa na magalimoto ghambura kutumphuskika, ndipo ghanyake ghakuŵa na magalimoto gha taxi. Mabasi ghakurughakuru ghanandi ghakukwana yayi, ndipo ghakwenda mu charu chose. Mu 2013, ku Rwanda kukaŵa magalimoto 9,609 agho ghakalembeskeka pa galimoto, ndipo magalimoto 579 pera. Pali mabasi agho ghakwendeska ŵanthu ku vyaru vinyake. Charu ichi chili na chiŵanja cha ndege ku Kigali icho chikwendako ku vyaru vinandi, ndipo nthowa zakwendako chomene ni izo zikuluta ku Nairobi na Entebbe.{{sfn|MININFRA|2013|p=43}} Mu 2017, mulimo wa kuzenga ndege ya Bugesera International Airport, kumwera kwa Kigali, ukayamba. Gulu la ndege ilo likwendeska ndege mu charu ichi ni RwandAir. Kufumira mu 2015 chalo ichi chilije njanji, kweni pali pulojekiti iyo yikuchitika, pamoza na Burundi na Tanzania, ya kusazgirako Tanzania Central Line mu Rwanda; vyaru vitatu ivi vyachema mabungwe ghapachanya kuti ghaŵe na chilato cha kupanga mgwirizano wa boma na wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Pa nyanja ya Kivu palije maji ghakwendeskera sitima pakati pa misumba iyo yili pa dowoko, nangauli pali nthowa zinyake izo boma likupeleka. Unduna wa vya Vipatala ukuwonaso usange vingachitika kuti charu cha Rwanda chikolerane na Nyanja ya Victoria pa mlonga wa Akagera.{{sfn|MININFRA|2013|p=43}} == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Rwanda|Youth in Rwanda}} Kufika mu 2015, National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda yikati ŵanthu ŵa ku Rwanda ŵalipo 11,262,564, apo mu 2022 ŵalipo 13,246,394. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2012, ŵanthu 10,515,973 ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mbawukirano. Mu 2012, ŵanthu 43.3% ŵakaŵa na vyaka 15 kukhilira pasi, ndipo 53.4% ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 16 na 64. Buku la CIA World Factbook likuti mu 2015, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 40.2 pa ŵanthu 1,000 awo ŵakababikanga, ndipo ŵanthu 14.9 ŵakufwa. Ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 67,67 (69,27 kwa ŵanakazi na 67,11 kwa ŵanalume). Chiŵelengero cha ŵanalume na ŵanakazi mu charu ichi chili pa 95.9 pa ŵanakazi 100.{{sfn|CIA (I)}} [[File:Rwandan children at Volcans National Park.jpg|thumb|left|Rural children|alt=Photograph depicting seven rural children, with a straw house and farmland in the background, taken in the Volcanoes National Park in 2005]] Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu 445 pa kilomita yimoza. Ŵakulemba mdauko nga ni Gérard Prunier ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka mu 1994. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala ku mizi, ndipo mu matawuni ghachoko waka muli malo ghakukhala ŵanthu. Malo ghekha agho muli ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene mu charu ichi ni malo agho kale ghakaŵa chigaŵa cha Umutara, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi kuli malo ghakuchemeka Akagera National Park. Msumba ukuru chomene wa Kigali uli na ŵanthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukwera mwaluŵiro ŵakusuzga kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2012, msumba ukuru waciŵiri ni Gisenyi, uwo uli pafupi na Nyanja ya Kivu na msumba wa Goma ku Congo, ndipo uli na ŵanthu 126,000. Matawuni ghanyake ghakuru ni Ruhengeri, Butare, na Muhanga. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni ŵakakwera kufuma pa 6% mu 1990 kufika pa 16.6% mu 2006; kweni mu 2011, chiŵelengero ichi chikakhira pachoko waka kufika pa 14.8%. Charu cha Rwanda chili na ŵanthu ŵa viyowoyero na mitheto yakuyana waka, ndipo ichi chikupambana na vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ivyo vili na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Rwanda ŵali na magulu ghatatu, Ŵahutu, Ŵatutsi, na Ŵatwa. Buku la CIA la World Factbook likuyowoya kuti mu 2009, Ŵahutu ŵakaŵa 84% ya ŵanthu wose mu charu ichi, Ŵatutsi 15%, na Ŵatwa 1%. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa mbana ŵachoko awo ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu cha Rwanda. Kweni ŵasayansi ŵakukolerana yayi pa nkhani ya umo Ŵahutu na Ŵakututsi ŵakaŵirako. Nkhwantha ya vya ŵanthu, Jean Hiernaux, yikati Ŵakututsi mbanthu ŵakupambana na mitundu yinyake, ndipo ŵakutemwa kuŵa na "mitu, visko, na mphuno ziheni". Mu caru ca Rwanda pambere caru ici cindaŵeko, Ŵakututsi ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵamazaza, ndipo mafumu na ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakafuma mwa iwo. Boma la sono likukana kupambaniska pakati pa Ŵahutu na Ŵatutsi. Kafukufuku wa mu 2002 wakaŵa wakwamba kwambira mu 1933 kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Rwanda ŵaleke kupika magulu ghatatu.{{sfn|Agence France-Presse|2002}} === Masambilo === {{Main|Education in Rwanda}} [[File:OLPC classroom teaching.JPG|thumb|right|Children in a Rwandan primary school, using laptops supplied by the [[One Laptop Per Child]] programme]] Pambere chaka cha 2012 chindafike, boma la Rwanda likapeleka masambiro ghaulere mu masukulu gha boma kwa vyaka 9.{{sfn|MINEDUC|2010|p=2}} Mu 2012, ŵakamba kusazgirako vyaka ivi kufika pa 12. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2015, wakulongora kuti nangauli sukulu za pulayimale zikunjilirapo chomene, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumalizga yayi. Nangauli sukulu njambura kulipira, kweni ŵapapi ŵakwenera kupeleka ndalama zakovwilira ŵana ŵawo kuti ŵasambire makora. Kweni boma likati ndalama izi zikwenera yayi kuŵa chifukwa chakuti ŵana ŵaleke kusambira. Mu vyaru vinandi muli masukulu ghapadera, ghanyake ghakulongozgeka na tchalitchi, agho ghakusambizga vinthu vyakuyana waka kweni ghakulipira ndalama. Kwambira mu 1994 m'paka mu 2009, masambiro gha ku sekondare ghakaŵanga mu Cifurenci panji Cingelezi. Mu caru ici muli masukulu ghanandi gha masambiro ghapacanya. Mu chaka cha 2013, Yunivesite ya ku Rwanda (UR) yikapangika kufuma ku yunivesite ya ku Rwanda iyo yikaŵa ya boma.{{sfn|Koenig|2014}}{{sfn|MacGregor|2014}}{{sfn|Rutayisire|2013}}Mu 2013, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeskanga masambiro ghapachanya ku Rwanda chikaŵa 7.9%, kufuma pa 3.6% mu 2006. Mu 2009, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba awo ŵali na vyaka 15 panji kujumphirako chikaŵa 71%, kufuma pa 38 peresenti mu 1978 na 58 peresenti mu 1991.{{sfn|World Bank (I)}} === Umoyo === {{main|Healthcare in Rwanda|Health in Rwanda}} [[File:Butaro Hospital.jpg|thumb|left|[[Butaro Hospital]] at [[Burera]], Northern Province |alt=Photograph depicting a hospital building, with Rwandan flag, viewed from the entrance pathway]] Umoyo wa ŵanthu ku Rwanda ukaŵa wambura kupwelelera chomene pambere nkhondo ya 1994 yindayambe kweniso pamanyuma pake. Mu 1998, mwana yumoza pa ŵana ŵankhondi waliwose wakafwa pambere wandakwaniske vyaka vinkhondi.{{sfn|Bowdler|2010}} Pulezidenti Kagame wapanga umoyo kuŵa cimoza mwa vinthu vyakuzirwa mu ndondomeko ya chitukuko ya Vision 2020, kukwezga ndalama zakwendeskera umoyo kufika pa 6.5% ya GDP mu 2013, pakuyaniska na 1.9% mu 1996. Boma lili kupeleka ndalama zakovwilira ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu malo agha. Mabungwe agha ghakamba kugwiliskira nchito nthowa iyi mu 1999, ndipo pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ghakaŵa kuti ghasangika pa caru cose. Pakwamba, ndalama izo ŵakalipiranga zikaŵa madola ghaŵiri pa chaka. Kweni kufuma mu 2011, ndalama izi zikusintha, ndipo ŵakavu ŵakulipira yayi. Mu 2014, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito iyi chikajumpha 90%. Boma la Rwanda lili kukhazikiskaso masukulu gha masambiro, kusazgapo sukulu ya vyaumoyo ya Kigali Health Institute (KHI). Mu 2005, Pulezidenti Kagame nayo wakambiska pulogiramu yakucemeka The Presidents' Malaria Initiative. Cigaŵa ici cikaŵa na cilato ca kupeleka vinthu vyakukhumbikwa comene kuti nthenda ya maleriya yileke kuwira mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi comene mu Rwanda. [[File:Life expectancy development in Rwanda.svg|thumb|Historical development of life expectancy in Rwanda]] Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru ca Rwanda caŵa na vinthu vinandi ivyo vikovwira kuti umoyo uŵe makora. Kufuma mu 2005 m'paka mu 2013, ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka vinandi, kufuma pa 55.2 kufika pa 64.0, ŵana ŵachoko chomene awo ŵakufwa ŵakukwana vyaka 5, kufuma pa 106.4 kufika pa 52.0 pa ŵanthu 1,000 awo ŵakubabika ŵamoyo. Ŵapharazgi ŵa pa caru cose na mawupu ghakovwira ŵanthu ŵakulongosora umo caru ici cikucitira pa nkhani ya cipwelelerero. Magazini ya The Atlantic yikalemba nkhani ya mutu wakuti, "Kuŵaso na Umoyo Uwemi ku Rwanda". Magazini yinyake yikulongosora umo umoyo wa ŵanthu wasinthira mu vyaka 50 ivyo vyajumpha. Ndipouli, nangauli vinthu vyasintha, kweni matenda ghakwambukira ndigho ghakulutilira kunanga umoyo wa ŵanthu mu caru ici. Wupu wa United States Agency for International Development, ukati pali "mavuto ghakuru" agho ghakukhwaska umoyo wa ŵanthu. Wupu wakuwona vya matenda ku America ukati awo ŵakuluta ku Rwanda ŵakwenera kumwa munkhwala uwo ungaŵawovwira kuti ŵaleke kulwara maleriya. Ku Rwanda nako kulije ŵadokotala, ndipo pali ŵadokotala, ŵasilikari, na ŵasungwana 0.84 pera pa ŵanthu 1,000. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) yikulaŵilira umo caru cikwendera pa nkhani ya vyaumoyo pakukwaniska vilato vya Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4 na 6. Lipoti la UNDP la pakati pa chaka cha 2015 likati charu ichi chikukwaniska yayi chilato cha nambara 4 pa nkhani ya kufwa kwa ŵana ŵachoko, nangauli chiŵerengero ichi "chakhira chomene".{{sfn|UNDP (IV)|2015}} ===Chisopo=== {{main|Religion in Rwanda}} [[File:RwamaganaChurch.jpg|thumb|Roman Catholic church in [[Rwamagana]]|alt=Photograph depicting the Roman Catholic parish church in Rwamagana, Eastern Province, including the main entrance, façade, the separate bell tower, and dirt forecourt]] Chisopa chikuru chomene mu Rwanda ntcha Chiprotesitanti, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kugomezga chisopa cha Chikhristu, ndipo pachoko na pachoko, Chisilamu. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2012, Ŵakhristu ŵa Katolika ŵakaŵa 43.7%, Ŵaprotesitanti 37.7%, Ŵadventista 11.8%, na Ŵasilamu 2.0%. Visopa ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulondezga ni vyaunenesko, nangauli ni vya 0.1% pera. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakuwona kuti Ciuta wa Cikristu wakuyana waka na Ciuta wa ku Rwanda, Imana.{{sfn|Wiredu|Abraham|Irele|Menkiti|2006|pp=236–237}} ===Viyowoyelo=== {{main|Languages of Rwanda}} Chiyowoyero chikuru mu charu ichi ni Chikinyarwanda, icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu wose (98%). Viyowoyero vikuruvikuru vya ku Europe mu nyengo ya ŵakoloni vikaŵa Chijeremani, nangauli chikasambizgikanga yayi panji kugwiliskirika ntchito chomene, ndipo kufuma apo Chifurenchi, icho chikambiskika na Belgium mu 1916 ndipo chikalutilira kuŵa chiyowoyero cha boma na chakutemweka chomene mu 1962. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga Chidachi. Kuwelera kwa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Rwanda awo ŵakayowoyanga Chingelezi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 kukawovwira kuti chiyowoyero cha mu charu ichi chiŵe makora. Viyowoyero vya boma ni Kinyarwanda, Chingelezi, Chifurenchi, na Chiswahili. Chiyowoyero cha Kinyarwanda ndicho chikuyowoyeka pa charu chose, ndipo Chingelezi ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene pa masambiro gha sekondare na masambiro ghapachanya. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya CiSwahili, ciyowoyero ca ku East Africa, comenecomene awo ŵakawerako ku Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, na Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu 2015, chiyowoyero cha Chiswahili chikamba kusambizgika pa sukulu za sekondare. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala pa chirwa cha Nkombo ku Rwanda ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Mashi, icho chikukolerana na chiyowoyero cha Kinyarwanda. Chifalansa chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵacoko waka kujumpha 6% kuyana na kalembera wa 2012 na Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Mu 2009, ŵanthu 15% ŵakayowoyanga Cingelezi, nangauli lipoti lenelili likati ŵanthu 68% ŵakayowoyanga Cifurenci. Ŵanthu ŵacoko comene ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Ciswahili.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/RW/languages|title=''Ethnologue'' report for Rwanda}}</ref> === Wanangwa wa '''ŵa'''nthu === {{See also|Human rights in Rwanda|LGBT rights in Rwanda}} Homosexuality is generally considered a [[taboo]] topic, and there is no significant public discussion of this issue in any region of the country. Some lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) Rwandans have reported being harassed and blackmailed.{{sfn|Gmünder|2007|page=1216}}<ref name="Spartacus International Gay Guide 2007">Spartacus International Gay Guide, p. 1216. Bruno Gmunder Verlag, 2007.</ref><ref name="globalgayz">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalgayz.com/country/Rwanda/view/RWA/gay-rwanda-2008|title=Gay Rwanda 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717064516/http://www.globalgayz.com/africa/rwanda/gay-rwanda-2008|archive-date=2012-07-17|date=2009-01-01}}</ref>Ku Rwanda, kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhukanizgika yayi. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵanyake ŵa boma ŵakukhozgera wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu, kweni palije malango ghakuŵavikilira. Boma likuzomerezga yayi nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha, cifukwa dango la boma likuti "nthengwa za ŵanalume na ŵanakazi pera ndizo zikuzomerezgeka". Kwambira mu 2006, wupu wa Human Rights Watch walemba kuti boma la Rwanda likukora na kukaka ŵana ŵa mu misewu, ŵamalonda ŵa mu misewu, awo ŵakugwira ntchito za kugonana, ŵanthu ŵambura pakukhala, na ŵakupempheska, kweniso ŵakusuzga ŵanthu mu nyumba zakubisamamo na malo ghanyake nga ni msasa wa ŵasilikari wa Kami, Kwa Gacinya na jele la Gikondo.<ref name="hrw">{{Cite journal |date=2020-01-27 |title="As Long as We Live on the Streets, They Will Beat Us": Rwanda's Abusive Detention of Children |journal=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/01/27/long-we-live-streets-they-will-beat-us/rwandas-abusive-detention-children |access-date=2022-10-10 |language=en}}</ref> == Mwambo == {{Main|Culture of Rwanda}} [[File:Rwanda IntoreDancers.jpg|thumb|left|Traditional Rwandan ''[[intore]]'' dancers|alt=Photograph depicting two male dancers with straw wigs, neck garments, spears and sticks]] Sumu na kuvina ni vyakuzirwa pa viphikiro, viphikiro, maungano, na vyakusanguluska vya ku Rwanda. Sumu iyi yikumanyikwa comene ndipo yili na vigaŵa vitatu: umushagiriro, panji sumu ya ng'ombe, iyo yikucitika na ŵanakazi; intore, panji sumu ya vinkhara, iyo yikucitika na ŵanalume; na kuvina kwa matambulara, uko kanandi kukucitikaso na ŵanalume. Gulu lakumanyikwa comene la kuvina ni la National Ballet. Gulu ili likakhazikiskika na Pulezidenti Habyarimana mu 1974, ndipo likucita maseŵero mu vyaru na vyaru vinyake. Sumu zikupharazgika na mulomo, ndipo mitundu yake yikupambana. Viŵiya vyakuchemeka drums vikaŵa vyakuzirwa comene; ŵanthu awo ŵakimbanga viŵiya vyacifumu ŵakaŵa na udindo ukuru mu nyumba ya themba (Mwami). Ŵanthu awo ŵakulizga viŵiya ŵakwimba pamoza mu magulu ghakupambanapambana, ndipo kanandi ŵakuŵa pakati pa 7 na 9. Mu caru ici muli sumu zinandi izo zikufuma ku vyaru vya ku Africa, Congo, na America. Mtundu wakumanyikwa comene ni wa hip hop, uwo ukusanganya dancehall, rap, ragga, R&B na dance-pop.{{sfn|Mbabazi|2008}} [[File:Igiseke.jpg|thumb|upright|Rwandan woven [[agaseke]] basket|alt=Photograph depicting a bowl shaped off-white woven basket with tall conical lid and black zigzag pattern]] Vinthu vya maluso na vyakuchita vya mawoko vikuchitika mu charu chose, nangauli vinandi vikapangika kuti viwovwire ŵanthu. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikusangika chomene ni viŵiya na mabakule. Imigongo ni luso lapadera la viŵeto vya ng'ombe, ilo likupangika kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Rwanda. Viŵeto ivi ŵakuvisakaniza na dongo la mitundu yakupambanapambana na kupenta mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita ni vyakupangira viŵiya na kujoba makuni. Nyumba izo ŵanthu ŵakukhala ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu ivyo vikuŵa mu malo agha. Boma likamba ndondomeko ya kusintha vinthu ivi na vinthu vinyake vya mazuŵa ghano, nga ni visulo vyamalibwe. Mu charu cha Rwanda mulije mabuku ghakale chomene, kweni ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kulemba na kuyowoya. Vinthu vinandi vya mu caru ici ivyo vikukolerana na makhaliro gha ŵanthu na mbiri yawo, vyalembeka mu miwiro yose. Munthu wakumanyikwa chomene mu mabuku gha ku Rwanda wakaŵa Alexis Kagame (1912-1981), uyo wakalemba na kusindikizga mabuku ghakulongosora maluso gha ŵanthu. Nkhondo ya ku Rwanda yikapangiska kuti paŵe mabuku gha ŵanthu awo ŵakawona ivyo vikachitika, mabuku gha ŵanthu awo ŵakalemba nga ni Benjamin Sehene. Mavidiyo ghanandi ghakulongosora vya kukomeka kwa ŵanthu ku Rwanda ghapangika, nga ni Hotel Rwanda, 100 Days, Shake Hands with the Devil, Sometimes in April, na Shooting Dogs. Pa chaka pali maholide ghakukwana 14, ndipo nyengo zinyake boma likusazgirako ghanyake. Sabata yakulondezgapo pa Zuŵa la Kukumbukirako Ŵanandi pa Epulero 7 yikucemeka sabata ya citima. Nkhondo iyo RPF yikathereska Ŵahutu yikukondwelereka pa Julayi 4. Pa Chisulo chaumaliro cha mwezi uliwose pakuŵa umuganda, zuŵa lakwamba la mulimo wakovwira ŵanthu, kufuma pa 8 m'paka 11 koloko mulenji. Pa zuŵa ili, ŵanthu wose ŵakwenelera ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 18 na 65 ŵakuchita milimo ya mu tawuni nga nkhujura misewu panji kuzenga nyumba za ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika. Maulendo ghanandi ghakujalika pa nyengo ya umuganda, ndipo magalimoto ghakwendera waka yayi.{{sfn|Rwanda Governance Board}} === Cuisine === {{Main|Cuisine of Rwanda}} [[File:Ugali and cabbage.jpg|right|thumb|A plate of ''[[ugali]]'' and [[cabbage]]]] Vyakurya vya ku Rwanda vikufuma ku vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵakulima mu charu ichi, nga ni nthochi, mapamba (ghakumanyikwa na zina lakuti ibitoke), mphangwe, mbatata, nyungu, na manioc. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Rwanda ŵakurya nyama kamoza pera pa mwezi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala kufupi na nyanja ŵakutemwa chomene somba za tilapia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa chomene batata, awo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakiza nawo ku Rwanda kufuma ku Germany na Belgium. Ugali, uyo wakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Ubugari (panji umutsima) ngwakumanyikwa chomene. Isombe yikupangika na makuni gha cassava ndipo yingapelekeka pamoza na somba zakomira, mpunga, ugali, mbatata na vinyake. Pa nyengo ya cakurya ca mise kanandi ŵanthu ŵakurya vyakurya vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kurya nyama za mbuzi para ŵakurya mise. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ŵanthu ŵakuguliska mbuzi, kuziphaka na kuziphika, kweniso kuziphika na mabhanana. Mu charu chose ichi, ŵanthu ŵakumwa chomene mkaka, chomenechomene uyo uli nga ni yoghurt. Vyakumwa vinyake ni mowa wakuchemeka Ikigage uwo ukupangika kufuma ku sorgo na urwagwa, uwo ukupangika kufuma ku nthochi, na chakumwa chakuchemeka Umutobe icho ni muto wa nthochi. Vyakumwa ivi vikumanyikwa chomene pa viphikiro na viphikiro. Kampani yikuru iyo yikupanga vyakumwa mu Rwanda ni Bralirwa, iyo yikakhazikiskika mu ma 1950, ndipo yikugwira nchito na Heineken. Bralirwa yikupanga vyakurya vya The Coca-Cola Company, nga ni Coca-Cola, Fanta, na Sprite, na vyakurya vinandi nga ni Primus, Mützig, Amstel, na Turbo King. Mu 2009, ofesi yiphya yakuzenga moŵa yakuchemeka Brasseries des Mille Collines (BMC) yikajulika. Mu caru ici, muli vyakupangira moŵa vyakucemeka East African Breweries, ivyo vikuguliska moŵa nga ni Guinness, Tusker, na Bell, kweniso whisky na moŵa.{{sfn|Kezio-Musoke|2014}} === Sport === {{Main|Sport in Rwanda}} [[File:MTB cycling 2012 Olympics M cross-country RWA Adrien Niyonshuti.jpg|thumb|left|[[Adrien Niyonshuti]], "one of the most famous people in Rwanda",{{sfn|CyclingNews.com|2012}} competing in the [[cross-country mountain biking]] event at the 2012 Summer Olympics]] Boma la Rwanda, kwizira mu ndondomeko yake ya chitukuko cha maseŵero, likukwezga maseŵero nga ni nthowa yakukhora ya "kutukula na kuzenga mtende", ndipo boma lacita phangano la kukhozga kugwiliskira nchito maseŵero pa vilato vyakupambanapambana vya chitukuko, kusazgapo masambiro. Maseŵero agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ku Rwanda ni bola, bola ya volleyball, basketball, maseŵero gha ku malo ghakupambanapambana na maseŵero gha ku malo ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero agha cifukwa ca ŵanthu awo ŵakawerako ku Kenya uko ŵakasambira maseŵero agha. Njinga, iyo kanandi yikuwoneka nga ni nthowa yakwendeskera vinthu mu Rwanda, yikukweleraso ku ŵanthu ŵanandi nga ni maseŵero; ndipo timu ya Rwanda yili kulembeka buku lakuti, Land of Second Chances: The Impossible Rise of Rwanda's Cycling Team na filimu yakuti, Rising from Ashes.{{sfn|Robbins|2013}}{{sfn|Willgoss|2014}} [[File:GCS Drone Shot-YT.jpg|thumb|The Gahanga Cricket Stadium]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakuchitako maseŵero gha Olimpiki kwambira mu 1984, ndipo ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakuchitako maseŵero gha Paralympic kwambira mu 2004. Charu ichi chikatumizga ŵanthu 7 ku maseŵera gha ku London mu 2012, ndipo ŵakamwimira pa maseŵera gha ku London, kusambira, kukwera njinga ya mu mapiri na judo. Charu ichi chikusangikaso pa maseŵero gha Commonwealth Games kufuma apo chikaŵamo mu 2009. Gulu la basketball la dziko lino lakhala likukula kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 2000, ndipo timu ya amuna yakhala ikuyenerera gawo lomaliza la African Basketball Championship kanayi motsatizana kuyambira 2007. Charu ichi chikaŵa na mwaŵi yayi wa kuchitiska maseŵera agha. Chikwata cha mpira cha Rwanda chawonekera pa African Cup of Nations kamodzi, mu 2004 mtundu wa mpikisano, koma mwapang'onopang'ono chinalephera kupitirira gawo la magulu. Gulu ili likutondeka kujowina pa chiphalizgano ichi kufuma apo, ndipo likutondeka kujowina pa World Cup. Mpikisano wapamwamba kwambiri wa mpira ku Rwanda ndi Rwanda National Football League; kuyambira 2015, timu yolamulira ndi APR FC ya Kigali, yomwe yapambana 13 mwa mipikisano 17 yapitayi. Magulu gha ku Rwanda ghakulondezga chiphalizgano cha Kagame Interclub Cup cha magulu gha ku Central na East Africa, icho chikulembeka kufuma mu 2002 na Pulezidenti Kagame.{{sfn|CECAFA}} == Unenesko == {{Portal|Africa}} * [[Index of Rwanda-related articles]] * [[Outline of Rwanda]]{{clear}} == Ukaboni wakuyowoyeka == {{reflist|20em}} == Ukaboni unandi == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Adekunle |first=Julius |year=2007 |title=Culture and customs of Rwanda |location=Westport, Conn. |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |isbn=978-0-313-33177-0 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=g0FC40EQujwC}} }} * {{cite web |author=African Development Bank (AfDB) |date=26 August 2011 |title=Boosting Rwanda's Energy Sector: AfDB, other Lenders Commit USD 91.25 million to Kivuwatt Project |author-link=African Development Bank |url=http://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/article/boosting-rwandas-energy-sector-afdb-other-lenders-commit-usd-91-25-million-to-kivuwatt-project-8338/ |access-date=10 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|AfDB|2011}} |archive-date=5 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105120930/http://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/article/boosting-rwandas-energy-sector-afdb-other-lenders-commit-usd-91-25-million-to-kivuwatt-project-8338/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |author1=African Development Bank (AfDB) |author2=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Development Centre |year=2006 |title=African Economic Outlook |edition=5 |location=Paris |publisher=OECD Publishing |isbn=978-92-64-02243-0 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=fpEFOR6WmfYC}}| ref = {{sfnRef|AfDB|OECD Development Centre|2006}} }} * {{cite news |author=Agence Africaine de Presse |date=24 July 2015 |title=Rwanda, DR Congo open trade talks |location=Dakar |url=http://www.apanews.net/abonnes/connection.php?id=829578&lg=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003092331/http://apanews.net/abonnes/connection.php?id=829578&lg=fr |archive-date=3 October 2015 |access-date=30 October 2015 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite news |author=Agence France-Presse |date=16 August 2002 |title=Ethnic origins ignored in Rwanda's first census since genocide |author-link=Agence France-Presse |location=Paris |url=http://reliefweb.int/report/rwanda/ethnic-origins-ignored-rwandas-first-census-genocide |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203195050/http://reliefweb.int/report/rwanda/ethnic-origins-ignored-rwandas-first-census-genocide |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Aglietti |first=Stephanie |date=11 September 2014 |title=Rwanda cricket, growing a game of hope |agency=Agence France-Presse |location=Paris |work=[[Yahoo Sports]] |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/rwanda-cricket-growing-game-hope-064714133--spt.html |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017171700/https://sports.yahoo.com/news/rwanda-cricket-growing-game-hope-064714133--spt.html |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Agutamba |first=Kenneth |date=9 August 2015 |title=BNR 'defeats' speculators but exchange rate woes continue |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-08-09/191405/ |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053526/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-08-09/191405/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Agutamba |first=Kenneth |date=4 December 2014 |title=Rwanda graft index falters but ranking unaffected |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-12-04/183704/ |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010195947/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-12-04/183704/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |author=Al Jazeera |date=20 September 2007 |title=Rwanda blames DR Congo for violence |author-link=Al Jazeera |location=Doha |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2007/09/2008525143037439552.html |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=13 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110341/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2007/09/2008525143037439552.html |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |author=Amnesty International |year=2015 |title=Amnesty International Report 2014/15: The State of the World's Human Rights |author-link=Amnesty International |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL1000012015ENGLISH.PDF |access-date=3 August 2015 |archive-date=14 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314213122/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL1000012015ENGLISH.PDF |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Anyango |first=Gloria I. |date=4 February 2010 |title=The Barbecue Chef who masters his roast |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-02-04/93743/ |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200023/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-02-04/93743/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Appiah |first1=Anthony |last2=Gates |first2=Henry Louis |year=2010 |title=Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1 |edition=illustrated |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=A0XNvklcqbwC }} |isbn=978-0-19-533770-9 }} * {{cite news |last=Asiimwe |first=Bosco R |date=28 September 2011 |title=Gov't to sanction officials who failed to declare wealth |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2011-09-27/35369/ |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200053/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2011-09-27/35369/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Asiimwe |first=Dicta |date=20 December 2014 |title=Uganda races to meet Monetary Union date |work=[[The EastAfrican]] |location=Nairobi |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Uganda-races-to-meet-Monetary-Union-date/-/2558/2563504/-/13p67lh/-/index.html |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071646/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Uganda-races-to-meet-Monetary-Union-date/-/2558/2563504/-/13p67lh/-/index.html |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Auzias |first=Dominique |year=2007 |title=Rwanda |location=Paris |publisher=Petit Futé |language=fr |isbn=978-2-7469-2037-8 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=TyMs5XGSIzQC}}}} * {{cite news |last=Banda |first=Honoré |date=12 February 2015 |title=Rwanda's job crunch |publisher=[[The Africa Report]] |location=Paris |url=http://www.theafricareport.com/East-Horn-Africa/rwandas-job-crunch.html |access-date=7 September 2015 |archive-date=19 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119105348/http://www.theafricareport.com/East-Horn-Africa/rwandas-job-crunch.html |url-status=live }} *{{cite web|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2015/02/27/090224b082b6d3c9/2_0/Rendered/PDF/Scaling0up0acc000the0case0of0Rwanda.pdf|title=Scaling Up Access to Electricity: The Case of Rwanda|publisher=World Bank Group|first1=Paul|last1=Baringanire|first2=Kabir|last2=Malik|first3=Sudeshna Ghosh|last3=Banerjee|year=2014|access-date=10 October 2015|archive-date=21 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321201003/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2015/02/27/090224b082b6d3c9/2_0/Rendered/PDF/Scaling0up0acc000the0case0of0Rwanda.pdf|url-status=live}} * {{cite news |author=BBC News (I) |date=3 January 2006 |title=Rwanda redrawn to reflect compass |author-link=BBC News |location=London |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4577790.stm |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601115308/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4577790.stm |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |author=BBC News (II) |date=31 March 2006 |title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source' |location=London |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |author=BBC News (III) |date=12 January 2010 |title=Hutus 'killed Rwanda President Juvenal Habyarimana' |location=London |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8453832.stm |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601115647/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8453832.stm |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |author=BBC News (IV) |date=11 August 2010 |title=Rwanda President Kagame wins election with 93% of vote |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-10935892 |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018135933/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-10935892 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |author=BBC News (V) |date=27 August 2010 |title=Q&A: DR Congo conflict |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11108589 |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=18 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318190958/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11108589 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |author=BBC News (VI) |date=3 November 2011 |title=Rwanda gives DR Congo back tonnes of smuggled minerals |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15570648 |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=23 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223050527/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15570648 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |author=BBC News (VII) |date=23 June 2015 |title=Rwanda profile – Media |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14093244 |access-date=1 October 2015 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507041838/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14093244 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |author=BBC News (VIII) |date=4 June 2015 |title=Rwanda country profile – Overview |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14093238 |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=23 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223051623/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14093238 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |author=BBC News (IX) |date=18 June 2012 |title=Rwanda 'gacaca' genocide courts finish work |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18490348 |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=8 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308072112/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18490348 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |author=BBC News (X) |date=20 November 2012 |title=Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739 |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=21 November 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6CKPvBOsr?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |author=BBC News (XI) |date=24 December 2014 |title=Why cricket is gaining in popularity in Rwanda |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20798480 |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=30 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330191800/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20798480 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |author=BBC Sport (I) |author-link=BBC Sport |date=13 August 2012 |title=Rwanda |publisher=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/countries/rwanda |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=30 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730052803/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/countries/rwanda |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |author=BBC Sport (II) |author-link=BBC Sport |date=27 September 2010 |title=Commonwealth Games 2010: Participating nations in Africa |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9037806.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217162200/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9037806.stm |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Berry|first1=Philip |last2=Lewis |first2=Janice |last3=Williams |first3=Cara |editor-last=Turner |editor-first=B.L. |year=1990 |title=The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years |chapter=32: East African Highlands |edition=Illustrated, Reprint |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-36357-0 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=7GI0AAAAIAAJ|page=533}}}} * {{cite web |author=Best Country Reports |year=2007 |title=Temperature Map of Rwanda |publisher=World Trade Press |url=http://www.bestcountryreports.com/Temperature_Map_Rwanda.php |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117203642/http://www.bestcountryreports.com/Temperature_Map_Rwanda.php |archive-date=17 November 2012 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite news |last=Bishumba |first=Richard |date=7 February 2015 |title=Meet Mutokambali, the national hoops team coach |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-02-07/185708/ |access-date=9 April 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200135/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-02-07/185708/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Bowdler |first=Neil |date=14 May 2010 |title=Apprentice adviser Nick Hewer's Rwanda mission |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8672889.stm |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601123055/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8672889.stm |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Bowcott |first=Owen |date=2 April 2014 |title=Rwanda genocide: the fight to bring the perpetrators to justice |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/02/rwanda-genocide-fight-justice |access-date=12 April 2017 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220125741/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/02/rwanda-genocide-fight-justice |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last=Boyd |first=J. Barron |date=December 1979 |title=African Boundary Conflict: An Empirical Study |journal=African Studies Review |volume=22 |issue=3 | jstor = 523892 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.2307/523892 |s2cid=145722128 }} * {{cite web |author=Bralirwa (I) |title=History and Background Information |author-link=Bralirwa |url=http://www.bralirwa.com/cms/index.php/about-bralirwa/bralirwa-history |access-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703173033/http://www.bralirwa.com/cms/index.php/about-bralirwa/bralirwa-history |archive-date=3 July 2015 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |author=Bralirwa (II) |title=Sparkling beverages |author-link=Bralirwa |url=http://www.bralirwa.com/cms/index.php/brand-portfolio/sparkling-beverages |access-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704034003/http://www.bralirwa.com/cms/index.php/brand-portfolio/sparkling-beverages |archive-date=4 July 2015 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |author=Bralirwa (III) |title=Beer |author-link=Bralirwa |url=http://www.bralirwa.com/cms/index.php/brand-portfolio/beer |access-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106143421/http://www.bralirwa.com/cms/index.php/brand-portfolio/beer |archive-date=6 November 2015 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite news |last=Briggs |first=Jimmy |date=August 2004 |title=A dance of hope in Rwanda |work=[[Dance Magazine]] |location=New York, N.Y.}} * {{cite book |last1=Briggs |first1=Philip |last2=Booth |first2=Janice |year=2006 |title=Rwanda&nbsp;– The Bradt Travel Guide |edition=3rd |location=London |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-180-7 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=L2Sq4S3P5fQC}}}} * {{cite news |last=Bucyensenge |first=Jean-Pierre |date=17 September 2014 |title=Farmers wary as new weather patterns threaten production |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-09-17/181003/ |access-date=4 November 2015 |archive-date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314120616/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-09-17/181003/ |url-status=live }} * {{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Jason |date=5 August 2017 |title=Paul Kagame re-elected president with 99% of vote in Rwanda election |website=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/05/paul-kagame-secures-third-term-in-rwanda-presidential-election |access-date=29 May 2018 |archive-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324093612/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/05/paul-kagame-secures-third-term-in-rwanda-presidential-election |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Butera |first=Saul |date=9 January 2010 |title=MTN Rwanda deploys new Internet technology |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-01-08/15462/ |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200153/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-01-08/15462/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Butera |first=Saul |date=6 April 2011 |title=MTN, Tigo Reaping From Rwandatel Misery |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2011-04-06/29981/ |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200243/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2011-04-06/29981/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Carlin |first=John |date=13 July 2003 |title=Rwanda's magic moment |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2003/jul/13/sport.comment3 |access-date=9 April 2015 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403175027/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2003/jul/13/sport.comment3 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |author=CECAFA |title=Kagame Cup Championships 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THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A COLLECTION OF LINKS --> <!-- If you think that your link might be useful, instead of placing it here, put --> <!-- it on this article's discussion page first. Links that have not been verified --> <!-- WILL BE DELETED --> <!-- ============================================================================= --> {{sister project links|Rwanda|voy=Rwanda}} '''Government''': * [http://www.gov.rw/ The Republic of Rwanda] (official government site) '''General''': * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109091722/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/rwanda Rwanda]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14093238 Rwanda profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{cite web|title=Rwanda Convention Bureau|url=https://www.micemag.com/rwanda-convention-bureau/}} * {{GovPubs|Rwanda}} * {{Curlie|Regional/Africa/Rwanda}} * {{Osmrelation-inline|171496}} '''Tourism''': * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250803051901/https://visitrwanda.com/ Rwanda Tourism] (official Rwanda Tourism Board site) {{Rwanda topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Related articles |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{Former German colonies}} {{African Union}} {{La Francophonie}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} }} {{Authority control}} {{coord|1|57|S|29|52|E|type:country_region:RW|display=title}} [[Category:Rwanda| ]] [[Category:1962 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Central African countries]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1962]] [[Category:Swahili-speaking countries and territories]] rq9h4qtqmixhi1wx2l7nrsn2y0k35qi 0 13759 119749 35018 2026-08-23T05:30:38Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 119749 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Duke of Edinburgh 33 Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|360x360px|Philip, Fumu ya Edinburgh]] '''Fumu Philip, Fumu ya Edinburgh''' (zina lakubabikila '''Prince Philip ya Greece na Denmark''', paumalilo wakathyeka '''Philip Mountbatten'''; 10 Juni 1921 – 9 Epulelo 2021), wakaŵa msweni wa Fumukazi [[Elizabeth II]] ndipo ŵakaŵa ngati ngwakuvwila ufumu wa mwanakazi wake Fumukazi Elizabeth kufuma nyengo iyo wakavwalikikila ufumu pa 6 Febuluwale 1952 mpaka apo iye Philip wakafwila mu 2021,ndipo wakaŵa msweni uyo wakakhala umoyo utali chomene mu mbili ya ufumu waku Britain. Philip wakababikila ku Greece,mu banja lachi Greek na Danish ; ndipo banja lake likasamuka mwakudikizgika mu malo agha apo iye wakaŵa na mwezi 18. Wati wasambila ku [[France]], [[Germany]], na United Kingdom, wakajoina Ufumu wachi silikali mu 1939, apo wakaŵa na vyaka 18. Mu Julayi 1939,wakayamba kuchezgelamna na kuzembelana na Fumukazi Elizabeth uyo panyengo iyo wakaŵa na vyaka 13 vekha, mwana mwanakazi wa Fumu George VI. Philip wakayamba wasangana naye Elizabeth mu 1934. Mu nyengo yakotcha mu chaka cha 1946, Fumu ilala ikazomelezga kuti Philip watole Elizabeth. Pmbele ŵandatolanme mu Julayi 1947, Philip wakapempha mazina ghake ghachi Greek na Danish , nakutola zina lakwa gogo ŵake ŵanalume lakuti [[Mountbatten]].Wakatola Elizabethpa 20 Novembala 1947.Siku lakuti mthimba wawo undachitike, Fumu ikayamba kale kumuchema Philip zina lakuti '''''His Royal Highness'''''. Pa siku lawo lakutolela,wakapangikaso kuŵa [[Fumu ya Edinburgh]], [[Earl ya Merioneth]], na [[Baron Greenwich]]. Philip wakaleka kugwila mu usilikali wa ufumu panyengo yakuti Elizabeth wakavwalikika ufumu mu 1952,nyengo yakuti wafika pa udindo wakulamulila ŵasilikali wose ŵa nkhondo ŵa ufumu. Mu 1957, wakapangika kuŵa Fumu Dada ya Britain. Philip wakababizgana ŵana ŵanayi na Elizabeth awo ni : [[Charles III]]; [[Anne]], [[Princess Royal]]; [[Prince Andrew]], [[Fumu yaYork]]; na [[Mwanafumu Edward]], [[Earl ya Wessex]]. Philip wakafwa pa 9 Epulelo 202. [[Category:Msweni wa Elizabeth II]] [[Category:Maufumu]] [[Category:Ufumu]] [[Category:Mafumu ghaku Britain]] [[Category:Banja la Ufumu]] [[Category:Fumu Dada ya Britain,Msweni wa Elizab]] [[Category:Ŵakubabika pa 10 Juni 1921]] [[Category:Ŵakubabika mu 1921]] [[Category:Ŵakubabika mu Juni 1921]] [[Category:Ŵakufwa mu Epulelo 2021]] [[Category:Ŵakufwa mu 1921]] iti2ozufyym238l1g5i5onk0ugc2bzu 0 19794 119736 119734 2026-08-22T23:51:26Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 119736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox referendum|date={{start date|1993|06|14|df=y}}|country=Malawi|title=|yes_text=One-party system|no_text=Multi-party system|yes=1,088,473|no=1,993,996|invalid=70,979|electorate=4,699,527|outcome=|map=1993 Malawi Political System Referendum.svg|map_caption=Results of the referendum by [[Regions of Malawi|region]] (left) and [[Districts of Malawi|district]] (right)}}{{Politics of Malawi}} Pa Juni 14, 1993, ku [[Malaŵi]] kukacitika referendum yakukhwaskana na kuwezgerapo demokilase ya vyaru vinandi. Pafupifupi 64% ya awo ŵakavota ŵakazomerezga kuti chipani cha Malawi Congress chileke kulamulira kwa vyaka 31. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, Pulezidenti Hastings Banda, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa caru kufuma apo cikapokera wanangwa, wakathereskeka pa umoyo wake wose ndiposo nkhongono zinandi izo wakaŵa nazo kufuma apo boma la chipani cimoza likambira kuwusa mu 1966. Mu chaka chakulondezgapo, pakaŵa maungano gha chigaŵa. Ŵanthu 67% pa ŵanthu 4.7 miliyoni awo ŵakalembeskeka ŵakavota.<ref>[http://www.eisa.org.za/wep/mal1993referendum.htm Malawi: 1993 Referendum results] EISA</ref> == Vyakulondezga == {| class="wikitable" !Kusankha !Mavoti !% |- | align="left" |Multi-party state |1,993,996 |64.69 |- | align="left" |One-party state |1,088,473 |35.31 |- | align="left" |Invalid/blank votes |70,979 |– |- | align="left" |'''Pamoza''' |'''3,153,448''' |'''100''' |- | align="left" |Registered voters/turnout |4,699,527 |67.10 |- | colspan="3" align="left" |Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20141007065747/http://africanelections.tripod.com/mw.html African Elections Database] |} == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * [http://africanelections.tripod.com/mw_detail.html#1993_Referendum Detailed results by district] African Elections Database {{Malawian elections}} == Kusinthika kwa Vyakukakamizga vya ku Charu Chose na mu Malawi == Kumanyuma kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1980, umaliro wa Nkhondo Yakuzizima na kuchepa kwa muwuso wa apartheid ku South Africa vikapangiska kuti wovwiri wa ŵa ku West ku boma la Banda uchepe, ndipo kukakamizga kwa charu chose kuti paŵe kusintha kwa ndyali kukakwera. Chuma cha Malawi nacho chikamba kusuzgika, ndipo boma likataya chigaŵa chikulu cha wovwiri wakufuma kuwaro. Banda wakamba kufooka pa umoyo ndipo wakaŵa pafupi kufika vyaka 90. John Tembo na Cecilia Kadzamira ŵakamba kunyamura maudindo ghanandi gha boma na kuchepetsa ntchito izo Banda wakachitanga zuŵa na zuŵa. Paumaliro wa 1991, Malawi ndiyo yikaŵa charu chokha ku southern Africa icho chikhalanga na ndondomeko ya chipani chimoza, penepapo vyaru vya kufupi nga ni Zambia, Tanzania, na Mozambique vikaŵa kuti vikusintha ku ndondomeko za vipani vinandi. Pa 8 March 1992, mabishopu ŵa Katolika ku Malawi ŵakalemba kalata ya chisambizgo yakususkana na kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ndipo nkhani iyi yikapangiska kuti kususkana na boma kuŵe pakweru. Pamanyuma mu mwezi weneyura, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 80 ŵa ku Malawi awo ŵakasuskanga boma kwawo kuwaro ŵakakumana ku Lusaka, Zambia, kuti ŵakambiskane nthowa zakusinthira ku demokilase ku Malawi. Mu Epulero 1992, mulongozgi wa wupu wa ŵantchito Chakufwa Chihana wakawelera ku Malawi ndipo wakayowoya nkhani ku Lilongwe International Airport. Wakayowoya MCP kuti ni chipani cha nyifwa na mdima ndipo wakachema kuti pachitike referendum ya charu chose. Wakakakika nyengo yeneyiyo ndipo wakalangika kukhala mu jele vyaka viŵiri na kugwira ntchito zinonono chifukwa cha mulandu wa sedition. Kukakika kwake kukakwiyiska ŵanthu ndipo kususkana kukakuruka ku Lilongwe na Blantyre. Ŵasilikari ŵakagwiliskira ntchito nkhongono zakukoma ŵanthu pakuthandazga ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga viwawa, ndipo ŵanthu 38 ŵakafwa. Ivi vikaŵa chiyerezgero chikuru chomene cha kususkana na boma la MCP mu vyaka pafupifupi vitatu vya ulamuliro wake. Pakukumana na kususkana kwakukura, boma likaparanya National Assembly ndipo likachema maungano gha chisankho cha chipani chimoza mu Juni kuti vazuzge mipando ya ndyali yakukwana 141. Magulu ghakususkana, agho ghakaŵa pasi pa komiti yakucemeka Committee for a Democratic Alliance, ghakachema ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kuvota. Kuyana na viŵerengero vya boma, ŵanthu 45 ŵakawelera kwambura kususkika, ndipo mipando yinkhondi yikakhala yambura ŵanthu chifukwa cha kuleka kuzomerezgeka. Mu vigaŵa ivyo mavoti ghakachitika, ŵalongozgi 62 awo ŵakaŵa kale pa mipando ŵakataya mipando yawo. Boma likayowoya kuti ŵanthu 80% ŵakiza kuzavota, kweni viŵerengero vyambura kujiyimira vikayerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵakukwana 40% pera ndiwo ŵakavota pa charu chose. Ku Blantyre, awo ŵakavota ŵakaŵa 20%, ndipo mu vigaŵa vinyake ŵakaŵa 10% pera. <ref name="IPU">{{cite web |title=Malawi |url=http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/MALAWI_1992_E.PDF |website=Inter-Parliamentary Union |access-date=25 February 2025}}</ref> == Mbiri ya Nyengo Yakale == Malawi yikatora wanangwa wake mu 1964 pasi pa ulongozgi wa Hastings Kamuzu Banda na Malawi Congress Party (MCP). Mu 1966, MCP yikapharazgika kuŵa chipani cha malango pera, ndipo ichi chikamba nyengo iyo yikamanyikwanga kuti ni boma la munthu yumoza ilo likaŵa na ulamuliro wakusuzga chomene. Pasi pa ulamuliro wa Banda, pakaŵa malango ghakukhwimiska pa umoyo wa ŵanthu, ndyali, na nkhani za makhaliro. Boma la Banda likalutilira kuŵa na ubwezi wakukwana wa ndyali na apartheid South Africa, iyo pa nyengo yira ndiyo yikaŵa charu cha Africa pera icho chikachitanga nthena. Malawi yikapokera wovwiri kufuma ku United States, iyo yikawonanga Malawi kuŵa munyake wa pa nkhondo yakulimbana na chikomyunizimu. Nangauli chuma cha Malawi chikawonekanga kuti ntchakukhazikika pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake mu chigaŵa ichi, ulamuliro wakufika palipose wa boma la Banda ukapangiska kuti paŵe wofi. Young Pioneers of Malawi, awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito nga ni ŵasilikari ŵa paramilitary na ŵapolisi ŵa chinsinsi, ŵakaŵa na nkhongono kuluska ŵasilikari ŵa charu ndipo ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakulu chomene pakusuzga ŵakususka. == Vyakulondezga mu Vigaŵa == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan=2 | Chigaŵa ! colspan=2 | Vipani vinandi ! colspan=2 | Chipani chimoza ! rowspan=2 | Mavoti ghakuzomerezgeka ! rowspan=2 | Mavoti ghambura kuzomerezgeka ! colspan=3 rowspan=2 | Pamoza / Ŵalembeska |- !Mavoti !% !Mavoti !% |- bgcolor=#dedebd ! [[Dedza]] | 34,628 | 25.56% | '''100,840''' | '''74.44%''' | 135,468 | 3,972 | 139,440 | 75.5% | 184,589 |- bgcolor=#dedebd ! [[Dowa District|Dowa]] | 20,345 | 14.93% | '''115,958''' | '''85.07%''' | 136,303 | 3,429 | 139,732 | 72.0% | 194,010 |- bgcolor=#dedebd ! [[Kasungu]] | 48,960 | 28.05% | '''125,600''' | '''71.95%''' | 174,560 | 4,982 | 179,542 | 77.3% | 232,276 |- bgcolor=#dedebd ! [[Lilongwe]] | 105,110 | 28.23% | '''267,168''' | '''71.77%''' | 372,278 | 12,512 | 384,790 | 65.1% | 591,460 |- bgcolor=#dedebd ! [[Mchinji]] | 34,559 | 31.54% | '''75,012''' | '''68.46%''' | 109,571 | 6,854 | 116,425 | 59.3% | 196,393 |- bgcolor=#dedebd ! [[Nkhotakota]] | 35,965 | 47.03% | '''40,515''' | '''52.97%''' | 76,480 | 2,856 | 79,336 | 59.3% | 133,866 |- bgcolor=#7d9cbb ! [[Ntcheu]] | '''74,655''' | '''74.74%''' | 25,227 | 25.26% | 99,882 | 1,089 | 100,971 | 70.8% | 142,550 |- bgcolor=#dedebd ! [[Ntchisi]] | 11,224 | 21.93% | '''39,946''' | '''78.07%''' | 51,170 | 883 | 52,053 | 81.1% | 64,204 |- bgcolor=#dedebd ! [[Salima District|Salima]] | 34,586 | 45.07% | '''42,147''' | '''54.93%''' | 76,733 | 1,859 | 78,592 | 83.2% | 94,472 |- !Pakati ! 400,032 ! 32.46% ! 832,413 ! 67.54% ! 1,232,445 ! 38,436 ! 1,270,881 ! 69.3% ! 1,833,820 |- bgcolor=#7d9cbb ! [[Chitipa]] | '''37,165''' | '''91.16%''' | 3,603 | 8.84% | 40,768 | 305 | 41,073 | 70.3% | 58,404 |- bgcolor=#7d9cbb ! [[Karonga]] | '''61,038''' | '''94.14%''' | 3,799 | 5.86% | 64,837 | 539 | 65,376 | 59.1% | 110,603 |- bgcolor=#7d9cbb ! [[Nkhata Bay]] | '''54,990''' | '''92.59%''' | 4,399 | 7.41% | 59,389 | 822 | 60,211 | 46.5% | 129,514 |- bgcolor=#7d9cbb ! [[Rumphi]] | '''43,943''' | '''86.79%''' | 6,687 | 13.21% | 50,630 | 712 | 51,342 | 86.6% | 59,300 |- bgcolor=#7d9cbb ! [[Mzuzu]] | '''73,281''' | '''80.71%''' | 17,520 | 19.29% | 90,801 | 1,031 | 91,832 | 82.8% | 110,980 |- bgcolor=#7d9cbb ! [[Mzimba]] | '''122,152''' | '''91.67%''' | 11,093 | 8.33% | 133,245 | 1,117 | 134,362 | 83.7% | 160,538 |- !Kumpoto ! 392,569 ! 89.29% ! 47,101 ! 10.71% ! 439,670 ! 4,526 ! 444,196 ! 70.6% ! 629,339 |- bgcolor=#7d9cbb ! [[Blantyre]] | '''197,938''' | '''86.70%''' | 30,363 | 13.30% | 228,301 | 2,107 | 230,408 | 85.0% | 271,152 |- bgcolor=#7d9cbb ! [[Chikwawa]] | '''80,364''' | '''76.54%''' | 24,631 | 23.46% | 104,995 | 1,878 | 106,873 | 54.8% | 194,987 |- bgcolor=#7d9cbb ! [[Chiradzulu]] | '''70,578''' | '''89.21%''' | 8,539 | 10.79% | 79,117 | 3,455 | 82,572 | 83.7% | 98,605 |- bgcolor=#7d9cbb ! [[Machinga District|Machinga]] | '''181,186''' | '''91.31%''' | 17,240 | 8.69% | 198,426 | 2,813 | 201,239 | 58.4% | 344,753 |- bgcolor=#7d9cbb ! [[Mangochi]] | '''179,697''' | '''90.94%''' | 17,911 | 9.06% | 197,608 | 3,711 | 201,319 | 57.2% | 352,263 |- bgcolor=#7d9cbb ! [[Mulanje]] | '''145,111''' | '''79.35%''' | 37,775 | 20.65% | 182,886 | 8,480 | 191,366 | 55.2% | 347,006 |- bgcolor=#7d9cbb ! [[Mwanza]] | '''29,137''' | '''71.46%''' | 11,639 | 28.54% | 40,776 | 749 | 41,525 | 55.5% | 74,890 |- bgcolor=#7d9cbb ! [[Nsanje]] | '''47,929''' | '''82.59%''' | 10,106 | 17.41% | 58,035 | 818 | 58,853 | 55.4% | 106,287 |- bgcolor=#7d9cbb ! [[Thyolo]] | '''122,823''' | '''81.30%''' | 28,259 | 18.70% | 151,082 | 2,403 | 153,485 | 82.4% | 186,262 |- bgcolor=#7d9cbb ! [[Zomba District|Zomba]] | '''146,632''' | '''86.70%''' | 22,496 | 13.30% | 169,128 | 1,603 | 170,731 | 65.6% | 260,163 |- !Kumwera ! 1,201,395 ! 85.18% ! 208,959 ! 14.82% ! 1,410,354 ! 28,017 ! 1,438,371 ! 64.3% ! 2,236,368 |- !Pamoza ! 1,993,996 ! 64.69% ! 1,088,473 ! 35.31% ! 3,082,469 ! 70,979 ! 3,153,448 ! 67.1% ! 4,699,527 |- ! colspan=10 | Fuente: [https://web.archive.org/web/20210607052311/https://africanelections.tripod.com/mw_detail.html#1993_Referendum African Elections Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607052311/https://africanelections.tripod.com/mw_detail.html#1993_Referendum |date=2021-06-07 }} |} == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> 77cur7v2kt4q83ygl4a6snbno5rgxkf 0 23042 119741 119298 2026-08-23T03:01:26Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 119741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Landlocked country at the crossroads of Southern, Central, and East Africa}} {{About|the African nation|the 18th-century BC king of Isin|Zambiya|the part of Kaliningrad Oblast|Sambia Peninsula}}{{further|Name of Rhodesia}}<!--{{pp-move|small=yes}}--> {{Nkhani iwemi}} {{Coord|15|S|30|E|type:country_region:ZM|display=title}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}} {{Infobox country|conventional_long_name=Charu cha Zambia|common_name=Zambia|image_flag=Flag of Zambia.svg|image_coat=Coat of arms of Zambia.svg|image_map=Zambia (orthographic projection).svg|image_map2=|national_motto=<br />"One Zambia, One Nation" <!--speechmarks, as it's a quotation-->|national_anthem="[[Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free]]"<br /><div style="padding-top:0.4em; text-align:center;">{{center|[[File:Zambian national anthem.oga]]}}</div>|official_languages=English, Nyanja and Icibemba (Bemba)|regional_languages={{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = |liststyle = text-align: left;border-top:1px solid #aaa; | 28.5% [[Bemba language|Bemba]] | 13.8% [[Nyanja language|Nyanja]] | 11.4% [[Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga]] | 10.6% [[Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]] | 5.5% [[Lozi language|Lozi]] | 4.5% [[Chewa language|Chewa]] | 3.0% [[Nsenga language|Nsenga]] | 1.9% [[Lunda language|Lunda]] | 1.9% [[Kaonde language|Kaonde]] | 1.8% [[Lala-Bisa language|Lala]] | 1.8% [[Lamba language|Lamba]] | 1.7% English | 1.5% [[Luvale language|Luvale]] | 1.3% [[Mambwe language|Mambwe]] | 1.2% [[Lenje language|Lenje]] | 1.2% [[Namwanga language|Namwanga]] | 1.0% [[Lala-Bisa language|Bisa]] | 0.9% Ushi | 0.7% [[Ila language|Ila]] | 0.7% [[Mbunda language|Mbunda]] | 0.7% [[Ngoni language|Ngoni]] | 0.7% [[Tumbuka-Senga language|Senga]] | 0.6% [[Lungu language|Lungu]] | 0.5% Toka-Leya | 4.7% Others }}|demonym=Zambian|ethnic_groups={{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = |liststyle = text-align: left;border-top:1px solid #aaa; | 19.0% [[Bemba people|Bemba]] | 13.6% [[Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe|Tonga]] | 7.5% [[Tumbuka people|Tumbuka]] | 6.0% [[Chewa people|Chewa]] | 5.7% [[Lozi people|Lozi]] | 5.3% [[Nsenga people|Nsenga]] | 3.0% [[Ngoni people|Ngoni]] | 3.1% Lala | 3.9% Kaonde | 2.8% Namwanga | 2.6% [[Lunda people|Lunda (Northern)]] | 2.5% [[Mambwe people|Mambwe]] | 2.2% Luvale | 2.4% [[Lamba people|Lamba]] | 1.9% Ushi | 1.6% Bisa | 1.6% Lenje | 1.2% [[Mbunda people|Mbunda]] | 0.9% [[Lunda people|Lunda (Luapula)]] | 0.9% [[Senga people|Senga]] | 0.8% [[Ila people|Ila]] | 0.8% [[Lungu people|Lungu]] | 0.7% [[Tabwa]] | 0.7% Soli | 0.7% [[Kunda people|Kunda]] | 0.6% Ngumbo | 0.5% Chishinga | 0.5% [[Chokwe people|Chokwe]] | 0.5% [[Nkoya people|Nkoya]] | 5.4% Other ethnics | 0.8% Major racial | 0.4% Unclassified }}|ethnic_groups_year=2010<ref name="ZMBCSO2016">[http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/phocadownload/2010_Census/2010%20Census%20of%20Population%20National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf Census of Population and Housing National Analytical Report 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114001635/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/phocadownload/2010_Census/2010%20Census%20of%20Population%20National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf |date=14 November 2017 }} Central Statistical Office, Zambia</ref>|religion=[[Christianity]] ([[State religion|official]])|capital=[[Lusaka]]|coordinates={{Coord|15|25|S|28|17|E|type:city_region:ZM}}|largest_city=capital|government_type=[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]]|leader_title1=[[President of Zambia|President]]|leader_name1=[[Hakainde Hichilema]]|leader_title2=[[Vice-President of Zambia|Vice President]]|leader_name2=[[Mutale Nalumango]]|leader_title3=[[Speaker of the National Assembly of Zambia|Speaker]]|leader_name3=[[Nelly Mutti]]|leader_title4=[[Chief Justice of Zambia|Chief Justice]]|leader_name4=[[Mumba Malila]]|legislature=[[National Assembly (Zambia)|National Assembly]]|area_km2=752,617|area_sq_mi=290,587 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->|area_rank=38th <!--should be same as listed on [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]-->|area_footnote=<ref name="area">{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf |title=Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |author=United Nations Statistics Division |access-date=9 November 2007}}</ref>|percent_water=1|population_estimate=19,610,769<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-24 |title=Zambia : Preliminary data shows Population grew from 13.1 million in 2010 to 19.6 million in 2022 |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2022/12/24/preliminary-data-shows-population-grew-from-13-1-million-in-2010-to-19-6-million-in-2022/ |access-date=2022-12-27 |language=en-GB}}</ref>|population_estimate_year=2022|population_estimate_rank=63rd|population_density_km2=26.1|population_density_sq_mi=67.6 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->|GDP_PPP_year=2022|GDP_PPP={{increase}}$76.325&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD/ZMB|title=Zambia |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}</ref>|GDP_PPP_rank=102nd|GDP_PPP_per_capita={{increase}}$3,803<ref name=imf2/>|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank=158th|GDP_nominal={{increase}}$27.02&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2/>|GDP_nominal_year=2022|GDP_nominal_rank=112nd|GDP_nominal_per_capita={{increase}}$1,348<ref name=imf2/>|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank=160th|Gini_year=2015|Gini_change=<!--increase/decrease/steady-->|Gini=57.1 <!--number only-->|Gini_ref=<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref>|Gini_rank=|HDI_year=2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->|HDI_change=decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady-->|HDI=0.565 <!--number only-->|HDI_ref=<ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020: The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref>|HDI_rank=154th|sovereignty_type=[[History of Zambia|Independence]]|sovereignty_note=from the [[United Kingdom]]|established_event1=[[North-Western Rhodesia]]|established_date1=27 June 1890|established_event2=[[Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia]]|established_date2=28 November 1899|established_event3=[[North-Eastern Rhodesia]]|established_date3=29 January 1900|established_event4=[[Northern Rhodesia|Amalgamation of Northern Rhodesia]]|established_date4=17 August 1911|established_event5=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]|established_date5=1 August 1953|established_event6=[[Zambia Independence Act 1964|Republic of Zambia]]|established_date6=24 October 1964|established_event7=[[Constitution of Zambia|Current constitution]]|established_date7=5 January 2016|currency=[[Zambian kwacha]]|currency_code=ZMW|time_zone=[[Central Africa Time|CAT]]|utc_offset=+2|date_format=dd/mm/yyyy|drives_on=left|calling_code=[[+260]]|cctld=[[.zm]]|today=|date_start=|religion_ref=|religion_year=}}'''Zambia''' ''(Zambiya)'', mwadango '''''Republic ya Zambia''''', ntcharu icho chilije [[nyanja]] icho chili pamphambano ya Central, Southern na [[East Africa]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Henderson|first=Ian|date=1970|title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/180923|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=11|issue=4|pages=591–603|doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471|jstor=180923|s2cid=154296266|issn=0021-8537}}</ref> nangauli kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuti chili kumwera kwa [[Africa]] ndipo chili pakatikati.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia {{!}} Population, Capital, Language, Flag, & Map {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref>Charu ichi chili na vyaru nga ni [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] kumpoto, [[Tanzania]] kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Malaŵi|Malawi]] kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Mozambique]] kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Zimbabwe]] na [[Botswana]] kumwera, [[Namibia]] kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi, na [[Angola]] kumanjiliro gha dazi. Msumba ukuru wa Zambia ni [[Lusaka]]. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ŵakukwana 20.1 miliyoni (2023) ndipo ŵakukhala chomene mu chigaŵa cha Lusaka kumwera na [[Copperbelt Province]] kumpoto. Pakwamba ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Khoisan]] ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Europe]] ŵakati ŵafika mu caru ici mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Britain]] ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa na mafuko 73. Mu 1911, vyaru ivi vikasazgikana na kupanga Northern Rhodesia. Mu nyengo yose iyo charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Britain, boma la Zambia likalongozgekanga na ŵanthu awo ŵakimikika kufuma ku [[London]]. Pa Okutobala 24, 1964, Zambia yikajiyimira pawekha ndipo nduna yikuru Kenneth Kaunda ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba. Gulu la Kaunda la United National Independence Party (UNIP) likalutilira kuwusa kwambira mu 1964 m'paka mu 1991. Kaunda wakawovwira comene pa nkhani ya ndyali, ndipo wakakolerananga comene na boma la United States pakusanga nthowa zakumazgira nkhondo izo zikaŵa ku Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Angola, na Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Kufuma mu 1972 kufika mu 1991 Zambia yikaŵa chalo cha chipani chimoza na UNIP nga chipani chimoza pera cha ndyali pasi pa fundo yakuti "Zambia Yimoza, Charu Chimoza" icho chapangika na Kaunda. Mu 1991, [[Frederick Chiluba]] wa Social-Democratic Movement for Multi-Party Democracy ndiyo wakamusankhira Kaunda. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, charu cha Zambia chili na vipani vinandi ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulutilira kusintha mazaza mwa mtende. Mu Zambia muli vinthu vinandi ivyo vingawovwira ŵanthu kusanga vyakurya, vyakumera, makuni, maji ghawemi, na malo ghakukolerana.<ref>Karlyn Eckman (FAO, 2007).GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN FORESTRY IN AFRICA ZAMBIA.</ref> In 2010, the [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] named Zambia one of the world's fastest economically reformed countries.<ref>Ngoma, Jumbe (18 December 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20221014161009/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2010/12/18/world-bank-president-praises-reforms-zambia-underscores-need-continued-improvements-policy-governance "World Bank President Praises Reforms In Zambia, Underscores Need For Continued Improvements In Policy And Governance"]. World Bank.</ref> Wupu wa Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ([[COMESA]]) uli ku Lusaka. {{TOC limit|3}} == Kazilo ka zina == Chigaŵa cha Zambia chikachemekanga [[Northern Rhodesia]] kufuma mu 1911 m'paka 1964. Mu Okutobala 1964, charu ichi chikati chafwatuka ku boma la Britain, chikachemeka Zambia. Zina lakuti Zambia lili kufuma ku zina la [[Mlonga wa Zambezi]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Everett-Heath|first1=John|title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgJCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1589|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=7 December 2017|isbn=9780192556462}}</ref> == Mbili == {{Main|Mbili ya Zambia}}<!--many paragraphs have no citations--> === Mbili ya nyengo ya chiyamwaka === Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura mu [[Dambo la Zambezi]] na ku [[Kalambo Falls]] vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala mu malo ghakupambanapambana. Vinthu vyakale ivyo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pa msasa kufupi na maji gha Kalambo, ŵali kusanga kuti ni vyaka vyakujumpha 36,000. Viwangwa vya munthu wa ku [[Broken Hill]] (uyo wakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti [[Kabwe Man]]) ivyo vikusangika pakati pa vyaka 300,000 na 125,000 [[B.C.E.]], vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey|date=2019|title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038|journal=Rocks & Minerals|volume=94:2|pages=114–149|doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038|s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Munthu wa ku Broken Hill wakasangika ku Zambia mu chigaŵa cha Kabwe. === Khoisan na Batwa === [[File:NsaluCave.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NsaluCave.jpg|left|thumb|Vinthu vyakale (kweni vili kulembeka pa malibwe) mu mphanji ya Nsalu, ku Kasanka National Park kumpoto kwa Zambia]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia ŵakakhalanga na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa [[Khoisan]] na [[Batwa]] m'paka cha m'ma 300 C.E., apo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakamba kukhala mu malo agha.<ref>{{cite book|last=Holmes|first=Timothy|title=Cultures of the World: Zambia|publisher=Times Books International|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5|location=Tarrytown, New York|pages=19–20}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan ŵakafuma ku [[East Africa]] ndipo ŵakapharazgika kumwera vyaka 150,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵa kwa Twa ŵakagaŵikana mu magulu ghaŵiri: Kafwe Twa ŵakakhalanga kufupi na Kafue Flats na Lukanga Twa awo ŵakakhalanga kufupi na [[Lukanga Swamp]]. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakalemba vinthu vinandi vyakukhwaskana na malukwa agho ghakaŵako kale chomene ku Zambia, nga ni ivyo ŵakulemba pa malukwa gha [[Mwela]], Mumbwa, na Nachikufu. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan, chomenechomene ŵa mtundu wa Twa, ŵakakhalanga pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakaliskanga viŵeto ku Central na Southern Africa. === The Bantu (Abantu) === Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu panji Bantu (ŵanthu awo ŵakung'anamura ŵanthu) ni ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ndipo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi, kumwera, na pakati pa Africa. Cifukwa cakuti caru ca Zambia cili pa mphambano ya caru ca [[Central Africa]], [[Southern Africa]], na [[Africa Great Lakes]], ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vitatu ivi. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikacitika mu vigaŵa vitatu ivi vikacitika nyengo yimoza, ntheura mbiri ya Zambia, nga ni vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, yingalongosoreka makora yayi. Mbiri yakwambilira ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia yikusangika mu mabuku agho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya pamulomo, ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale, na mu mabuku ghakulembeka, ndipo ghanandi mwa mabuku agha ghakalembeka na ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa yayi.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> ==== Bantu origins ==== [[File:Batonga_women.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batonga_women.png|thumb|Ŵalovi ŵa ku Batonga ku Southern Zambia. Mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵanakazi ŵakucita milimo yakuzirwa comene.]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakukhala kumanjiliro gha dazi na pakati pa Africa. Pakati pa vyaka 4,000 na 3,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusazgikira mu vyaru vinandi. Ici nchimoza mwa vinthu vikuru comene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakacita. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakambiska vyakumera mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakendanga mu nthowa ziŵiri: Yimoza yikafumanga kumafumiro gha dazi na kujumpha mu Congo Basin ndipo yinyake yikafumanga kumafumiro gha dazi na kujumpha mu [[Nyanja zikuru za mu Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=9780190277734}}</ref> ==== First Bantu settlement ==== Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakiza ku Zambia ŵakafuma kumafumiro gha dazi na kwiza ku Africa. Ŵakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E., ndipo pakati pawo pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Tonga (ŵakuchemekaso kuti Ba-Tonga, "Ba-" kung'anamura "ŵanandi") na ŵa Ba-Ila na Namwanga, awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa Zambia kufupi na Zimbabwe. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Ba-Tonga ŵakulemba vikulongora kuti ŵakafuma kumafumiro gha dazi kufupi na "nyanja yikuru". Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ba-Tumbuka nawo ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia na Malawi. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu mizi yikuruyikuru. Ŵakaŵavya mulongozgi ndipo ŵakateŵeteranga lumoza na kovwirana pakunozga vyakurya. Ŵanthu ŵakasamukanga kanandi waka chifukwa chakuti charu chikamba kunangika chifukwa cha kulima vyakurya. Kweniso ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa na viŵeto vikuruvikuru vya ng'ombe.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History}}</ref> [[File:Great-Zimbabwe-ruins-outer-walls-3-1200.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great-Zimbabwe-ruins-outer-walls-3-1200.jpg|left|thumb|Vinthu ivyo vikaparanyika ku Great Zimbabwe. Ŵalongozgi ŵa Kalanga/Shona ŵa ufumu uwu ndiwo ŵakendeskanga malonda pa Ingombe Ilede.]] Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ku Zambia ŵakaŵa ŵakujitemwa. Ŵamishonale ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhazikika kumwera kwa Zambia ŵakamanya kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira pawekha. Yumoza wa ŵamishonale aŵa wakati: "Para ŵanthu ŵa ku Tonga ŵakukhumba vilwero vya nkhondo, kuvina, na vya mu nyumba, ŵakuluta ku mapiri na kukumba mpaka ŵasange visulo. Wakusongonora visulo ivi na kupanga nkhwantha, vyakulimira, na vinthu vinyake vyakovwira. Wakotcha makuni na kupanga makala gha makuni. Viŵiya ivyo wakugwiliskira ntchito ni vikumba vya nyama, ndipo viŵiya vyake ni dongo, ndipo viŵiya vyake ni visulo. Wakuwumba, kuwotcha, kupanga, na kucita milimo yose iyo wakucita". Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakachitanga malonda pa malo ghakuchemeka Ingombe Ilede (kung'anamura ng'ombe yakugona mu Chi-Tonga chifukwa khuni la baobab likuwoneka nga ni ng'ombe) ku Southern Zambia. Pa malo agha, ŵakakumana na ŵamalonda ŵanandi ŵa Kalanga na Shona ŵakufuma ku Great Zimbabwe kweniso ŵa Swahili ŵakufuma ku East Africa. Ingombe Ilede ndiyo yikaŵa malo ghakuzirwa chomene ghakwendeskera malonda gha mafumu gha ku Zimbabwe, ndipo ghanyake ghakaŵa gha ku Swahili nga ni Sofala. Vinthu ivyo ŵakaguliskanga ku Ingombe Ilede vikaŵa vyakuvwara, mphete, golide, na mabangili. Vinthu vinyake ivi vikafuma ku vigaŵa ivyo sono ni kumwera kwa Democratic Republic of Congo na Kilwa Kisiwani, apo vinyake vikafuma ku India, China, na vyaru vinyake vya ku Arabia..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> The African traders were later joined by the Portuguese in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pikirayi|first=Innocent|date=August 2017|title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003598X17000953/type/journal_article|journal=Antiquity|volume=91|issue=358|pages=1085–1086|doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95|s2cid=158120419|issn=0003-598X}}</ref> Kuchepa kwa ufumu wa Great Zimbabwe, chifukwa cha mpikisano wa malonda kuchokera ku maufumu ena a Kalanga/Shona monga Khami ndi Mutapa, kunatanthauzira kutha kwa Ingombe Ilede.. ==== Second Bantu settlement ==== Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakamba kukhala ku Zambia, ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakenda nthowa ya kumanjiliro gha dazi ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Democratic Republic of the Congo ndipo ndiwo ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History}}</ref> Nangauli pali ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bemba panji AbaBemba ŵali na ubwezi wakukhora na Ufumu wa Kongo kwizira mwa Mwene Kongo VIII Mvemba, kweni palije ukaboni. ===== Luba-Lunda states ===== [[File:Mwata.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mwata.jpg|thumb|Chithuzi cha mulongozgi wa Lunda, Mwata Kazembe, wakupokelera Ŵapwitikizi mu luŵaza lwa ufumu mu ma 1800.]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bemba, pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake nga ni Lamba, Bisa, Senga, Kaonde, Swaka, Nkoya na Soli, ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu Ufumu wa Luba ku Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Chigaŵa icho Ufumu wa Luba ukakhalanga chikaŵa na ŵalimi ŵakwambilira na ŵantchito ŵa visulo kwambira m'ma 300. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasambira kugwiliskira nchito mikwawu na vyakuponyera visulo, kupanga maboti, kujura migelo mu mathipa, na kupanga madamu gha mamita 2.5. Ntheura ŵakamba kuguliska somba, mkuwa, visulo, na mchere kuti ŵasange vinthu vyakufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa, nga ni mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Swahili, kweniso ku Portugal. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ufumu wa Luba ukafuma mu ŵanthu aŵa.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Ufumu wa Luba ukaŵa ufumu ukuru uwo ukaŵa na boma likuru kweniso mafumu ghachoko waka. Chikaŵa na mawupu ghakurughakuru gha malonda agho ghakakolerananga nkhorongo za mu Congo Basin na mapiri gha ku Copperbelt Province, agho sono ghali na vinthu vinandi. Mu ufumu uwu, ŵanthu ŵakazirwiskanga comene maluso, ndipo ŵantchito nawo ŵakazirwiskikanga comene. Mu Ufumu wa Luba mukaŵa mabuku ghanandi. Nkhani yinyake yakukhwaskana na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba ŵakababikira yikulongosora mphambano iyo yilipo pakati pa mitundu yiŵiri ya mafumu gha ku Luba.{{blockquote|Nkongolo Mwamba, fumu yakufipa, na Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, karonga wa mtundu wakufipa. Nkongolo Mwamba ni mwanalume wakuloŵera ndiposo wankhaza, ndipo Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe ni karonga muwemi ndiposo wakuzika. Nkongolo the Red ni munthu wambura nkharo, munthu uyo wakurya pa wumba, wakuloŵera, ndipo wakumanya yayi kujikora, apo Mbidi Kiluwe ni munthu wakujivikilira, wakutemwa nkharo yiwemi; wakurya yayi pa wumba, wakulamulira kayowoyero kake na kacitiro kake, ndipo wakujipatura ku makhaliro ghaheni gha ŵanthu bweka. Nkongolo Mwamba wakwimira nkhaza, apo Mbidi Kiluwe wakulutilira kuŵa munthu wacitemwa ndiposo walusungu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Luba {{!}} people|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Luba-people|access-date=7 November 2020|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>}} [[File:Lunda_houses-1854.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lunda_houses-1854.jpg|left|thumb|A drawing of [[:en:Lunda_people|Lunda]] houses by a Portuguese visitor. The size of the doorways relative to the building emphasizes the scale of the buildings.]] Mu chigaŵa chenechicho cha kumwera kwa Congo ŵanthu ŵa Lunda ŵakazgoka chigaŵa cha ufumu wa Luba ndipo ŵakamba kulondezga mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa Luba. Mwakuyana na nthano za Lunda, Chibinda Ilunga, mwana wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, uyo wakaŵa mulwani wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba, wakambiska ndondomeko ya boma ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Lunda mu 1600 apo wakatora Lueji. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi awo ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luba, ŵakaŵa mu ufumu wa Luba. Ndipouli, mafumu gha Lunda ghakaŵa ghakupambana na mafumu ghanyake ndipo ghakalutilira kuthereska ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi.<ref name="metmuseum.org" /> Lunda, nga ni boma la Luba, nalo likaguliskanga vinthu mu nyanja za Atlantic na Indian Ocean. Apo muwusi Mwaant Yaav Naweej wakambiska nthowa zakwendera ku nyanja ya Atlantic ndipo wakambiska kukolerana na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhumbanga ŵazga na vyakurya vya mu nkhorongo.<ref name="metmuseum.org" /> Vyaru vya Luba-Lunda vikamara chifukwa cha malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Atlantic kumanjiliro gha dazi na ku Indian Ocean kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chokwe, awo ŵakakolerananga chomene na ŵa Luvale ndipo ŵakakhalanga ku Lunda, ŵakasuzgikanga na ŵazga awo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhumbanga. Kweni ŵakati ŵafumako ku Lunda, iwo ŵakamba kuguliska ŵazga ku vyaru vyose viŵiri. Paumaliro Ŵachokwe ŵakathereskeka na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake kweniso Ŵapwitikizi. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ufumu wa Luba-Lunda uparanyike ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafumako ku Democratic Republic of the Congo kuluta ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya Zambia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia ŵali kufuma ku mbumba ya Luba-Lunda na ku vyaru vinyake vya ku Central Africa.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History}}</ref> ===== The Maravi Confederacy ===== Mu ma 1200, pambere boma la Luba-Lunda lindambe, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakamba kusama kufuma ku Congo kuya ku nyanja ya Mweru. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵakaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Upemba, Democratic Republic of Congo. Kuzakafika m'ma 1400, magulu agha ghakacemekanga kuti Maravi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa comene ŵakaŵa ŵa Chewa (Achewa), awo ŵakamba kusangana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu nga mba Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa}}</ref> [[File:Kalonga.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalonga.jpg|left|thumb|The kalonga (ruler) of the [[:en:Chewa_people|AChewa]] today descends from the kalonga of the Maravi Empire.]] Mu 1480 Ufumu wa Maravi ukakhazikiskika na kalonga (mkulu wa Maravi) wa fuko la Phiri, limoza mwa mafuko ghakurughakuru. Ufumu wa Maravi ukaŵa kufuma ku nyanja ya Indian Ocean na kujumpha mu charu icho sono ni Mozambique m'paka ku Zambia na vigaŵa vinandi vya Malawi. Gulu la ndyali la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Maravi likaŵa nga ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luba. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Maravi ŵakendanga na mino gha zovu ndipo ŵakaghaguliskanga ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili. Kweniso ŵakacitanga na kutumizga visulo. Mu 1590 C.E., Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵajikorenge malonda gha ku Maravi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Maravi ku Lundu ŵakakwiya chomene na ivyo ŵakachita. Ŵa WaZimba ŵakathereska matawuni gha Tete, Sena, na matawuni ghanyake gha ku Portugal. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Ŵamaravi ŵakiza na mitheto iyo yikazgoka gulu lakubisika la Nyau kufuma ku Upemba. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nyau ndiwo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Maravi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nyau ŵakutemwa kuvina na masks. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Maravi ŵakamba kusuzgika cifukwa ca mphindano za umo ŵakakhalira mu ufumu, kuwukira kwa Ŵangoni, na kuwukira kwa ŵazga kufuma ku Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa}}</ref> ===== Mutapa Empire and Mfecane ===== [[File:Ngoni_Chiefs.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ngoni_Chiefs.jpg|thumb|Three young [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]] chiefs. The Ngoni made their way into [[:en:Eastern_Province,_Zambia|Eastern Zambia]] from [[:en:KwaZulu-Natal|KwaZulu]] in South Africa. They eventually assimilated into the local ethnic groups.]] Apo Ufumu wa Zimbabwe ukaŵa pafupi kumara, yumoza wa ŵakaronga ŵa charu ichi, Nyatsimba Mutota, wakafumamo mu ufumu uwu na kupanga ufumu uphya wakuchemeka Mutapa. Mwene Mutapa, kung'anamura "Wakupankhura Vyaru", ndiyo wakapika zina ili pamoza na mafumu ghanyake agho ghakiza pamanyuma pake. Ufumu wa Mutapa ukaŵa pakati pa milonga ya Zambezi na Limpopo, mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Zambia, Zimbabwe, na Mozambique. Apo Mutapa wakaŵa na mazaza ghakuru, wakaŵa kuti wapoka chigaŵa cha Dande ku Tonga na Tavara. Ufumu wa Mutapa ukaguliskanga vinthu mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean na ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili. Ŵakatumanga golide na njovu ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵazakapokere silika na vinthu vinyake vya ku Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Nga umo vikaŵira na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga ku Maravi, Mutapa nayo wakasuzgika na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal. Ubwezi wawo ukafika pachanya apo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezga kuti ŵajinthe vinthu mu ufumu wawo mwa kupanga misika na kuzgora ŵanthu kuŵa Ŵakhristu. Ici cikakwiyiska comene Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Swahili awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba wa msumba uwu, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti Ŵapwitikizi ŵambe kuwukira ufumu uwu na kuwukira migodi ya golide na misewu ya njovu. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakathera chifukwa cha matenda agho ghakawira mu mlonga wa Zambezi. Mu ma 1600, Mutapa wakamba kunangika cifukwa ca mphindano na nkhondo za mukati. Paumaliro, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakathereska ufumu uwu, ndipo pamasinda ŵakarwa nawo. Kweniso Ŵapwitikizi ŵakaŵa na malo ghakurughakuru ghakuchemeka Prazos. Ŵakaŵasambizganga umo ŵangacitira nkhondo na kuŵapa vilwero. Ŵanalume aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵalwani ŵa njovu ndipo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Chikunda. Ŵakati ŵamara kuwusa, Ŵachikunda ŵakaluta ku Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History}}</ref> [[File:Litunga.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Litunga.jpg|left|thumb|Inside the palace of the [[:en:Litunga|Litunga]], ruler of the Lozi. Due to the flooding on the Zambezi, the Litunga has two palaces one of which is on higher ground. The movement of Litunga to higher land is celebrated at the [[:en:Kuomboka|Kuomboka]] Ceremony.]] Julian Cobbing wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga kweniso awo ŵakayezganga kuti ŵajikorenge vinthu mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya mu Africa, ndiwo ŵakambiska nkhondo. Ici tingaciwona na mtundu wa nkhondo wa WaZimba wa Ŵamaravi, awo ŵakati ŵathereska Ŵapwitikizi, ŵakalutilira kuŵa ŵankhondo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti Ufumu wa Rozvi, uwo ukaŵa wa Mutapa, uŵeko. Mulongozgi wa mafuko gha Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵankhongono comene mu South-Central Africa. Mu muwuso wake, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Rozvi ŵakathereska Ŵapwitikizi na kuŵachimbizga ku malo agho ŵakaguliskiranga vinthu mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Zambezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Kweni ciyelezgero cakumanyikwa comene pa nkhani iyi nchakuti Ŵazulu ŵakamba kulamulira na Shaka. Ŵanthu ŵa ku England awo ŵakakhalanga ku Cape ŵakamba kuŵasuzga chomene ndipo Ŵazulu ŵakamba kuŵa ŵankhondo. Ŵazulu ŵakalutilira kuthandazgika mwa kupoka ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵa mafuko agho ŵakathereska. Usange ŵanalume ŵa mafuko agha ŵakapona ku nkhondo, ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa za Ŵazulu kuti ŵawukire mafuko ghanyake. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafumemo mu vikaya vyawo, nkhondo na kuwukira mu vyaru vya kumwera, pakati na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ŵanguni awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Zwagendaba ŵakambuka mlonga wa Zambezi kulazga kumpoto. Ŵangoni ndiwo ŵakakoma ufumu wa Maravi uwo ukaŵa kuti wanangika kale. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Nguni ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa ivyo sono ni Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, na Tanzania. Ku Western Zambia, gulu linyake la ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakufuma mu fuko la Sotho-Tswana ŵakuchemeka Kololo, ŵakathereska ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi awo ŵakafuma mu vigaŵa vya Luba na Lunda. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Luyana ŵakakhazikiska ufumu wa Barotse pa malo agho mukaŵa maji gha Zambezi ŵakati ŵafika kufuma ku Katanga. Mu nyengo ya Kololo, ŵanthu ŵa ku Luyana ŵakamba kuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Kololo m'paka apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Luyana ŵakagalukira na kuwiskira pasi Ŵakololo. Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Ŵambunda ŵanyake ŵakasamukira ku Barotseland, Mongu.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0900966386}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html Bantu-Languages.com], citing Maniacky 1997</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Aluyi na mulongozgi wawo, Litunga Mulambwa, ŵakazirwiskanga comene Mbunda cifukwa ca luso lwawo lwa kurwa nkhondo. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa ivyo ŵakukhala sono. === Colonial Period === ==== Europeans ==== [[File:David Livingstone by Thomas Annan.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David Livingstone by Thomas Annan.jpg|thumb|An 1864 photograph of the Scottish explorer and missionary [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]]]] Yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakaluta ku malo agha wakaŵa Francisco de Lacerda wa ku Portugal. Lacerda wakalongozga ulendo kufuma ku Mozambique kuya ku Kazembe ku Zambia (uyo wakakhumbanga kuwona na kwambuka kumwera kwa Africa kufuma ku nyanja yimoza m'paka ku yinyake kakwamba), ndipo wakafwa pa ulendo uwu mu 1798. Kufuma pa nyengo iyi, mubwezi wake Francisco Pinto ndiyo wakalongozganga ulendo uwu. Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pakati pa Mozambique na Angola. Mu ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakufuma ku Europe nawo ŵakiza. Yumoza wawo wakaŵa David Livingstone, uyo wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuguliska ŵazga. Wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ku Europe kuwona maji ghakunyang'amira gha mu Mlonga wa Zambezi mu 1855. Wakalongosora kuti: "Ŵangelo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakawonanga vinthu viwemi comene apo ŵakachimbiranga". Ku malo agha, maji agha ghakucemeka "Mosi-o-Tunya" panji "musi wakugolera" mu ciyowoyero ca Lozi panji Kololo. Tawuni ya Livingstone, kufupi na maji gha Falls, yili na zina lake. Nkhani za maulendo ghake izo zikaŵa zakumanyikwa comene zikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe, ŵamishonale na ŵamalonda ŵize ku malo agha. British South Africa Company Mu 1888, British South Africa Company (BSA Company), yakulongozgeka na Cecil Rhodes, yikapokera wanangwa wa migodi kufuma ku Litunga wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Lozi, Mulara Mulara wa ku Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu chigaŵa icho pamasinda chikazgoka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi, mu Disembala 1897 gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Angoni panji Ngoni (awo ŵakafuma ku Zululand) ŵakagalukira Tsinco, mwana wa Themba Mpezeni, kweni ŵakathereskeka. Cigaŵa ici cikacemekanga Rhodesia wa kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu 1895, Rhodes wakapempha Frederick Russell Burnham, uyo wakaŵa wakuwona vya charu cha America, kuti wapenje tumaji na nthowa zakwendeskera milonga mu chigaŵa ichi.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book|last=Burnham|first=Frederick Russell|author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham|editor-first=Walter H.|editor-last=Wills|title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co.|year=1899|pages=177–180|chapter=Northern Rhodesia|title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> North-Eastern Rhodesia na Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia ghakaŵa vyaru vyakupambanapambana m'paka mu 1911, apo vikasazgikana na kupanga Northern Rhodesia, boma la Britain. Mu 1923, kampani ya BSA yikapeleka mazaza gha kumpoto kwa Rhodesia ku boma la Britain pamasinda pakuti boma la Britain likakana kuwezgerapo chikalata cha kampani iyi. ==== British colonisation ==== Mu 1923, charu cha Southern Rhodesia (sono ni Zimbabwe), icho chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Britain, chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Britain. Mu 1924, pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana, boma la Northern Rhodesia likasamira ku British Colonial Office. ===== Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland ===== Mu 1953, boma la Rhodesia na Nyasaland likapangiska kuti Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, na Nyasaland (lero ni Malawi) viŵe chigaŵa chimoza. Ivi vikacitika nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuskanga, ndipo ŵakalongosora kuti ŵakususka mu 1960-61. Ku Northern Rhodesia ndiko kukaŵa masuzgo ghanandi agho ghakaŵapo mu vyaka vyaumaliro. Pakwamba, chipani cha African National Congress (ANC) cha Harry Nkumbula ndicho chikalongozganga kampeni iyi, ndipo pamasinda chipani cha United National Independence Party (UNIP) cha Kenneth Kaunda ndicho chikamba. === Independence === [[File:Zambia123f.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zambia123f.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Kenneth_David_Kaunda|Kenneth Kaunda]], first Republican president, on a state visit to [[:en:Socialist_Republic_of_Romania|Romania]] in 1970]] Pa vigaŵa viŵiri, mu Okutobala na Disembala 1962, pakaŵa mavoti ghanandi gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa mu wupu wakulamulira. {{cn|date=February 2023}} Boma ili likamara pa 31 Disembala 1963, ndipo mu Janyuwale 1964, Kaunda wakathereska pa chisankho cha pera cha Prime Minister wa Northern Rhodesia. Kaunda wakaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na kazembe wa vigaŵa, Evelyn Hone. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, ku mpoto kwa charu kukawuka chigaluka chakuchemeka Lumpa Uprising icho chikaŵa na Alice Lenshina. Northern Rhodesia yikazgoka Republic of Zambia pa 24 Okutobala 1964, ndipo Kenneth Kaunda ndiyo wakaŵa purezidenti wakwamba. Apo Zambia wakapokera wanangwa wake, wakaŵa na masuzgo ghanandi. Pa caru cose, pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ŵa ku Zambia awo ŵakasambizgika makora ndipo ŵakaŵa ŵakwenelera kwendeska boma. John Willson ndiyo wakawovwirapo. Mu 1964, ku Zambia kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakujumpha 70,000, ndipo ŵakalutilira kuŵa na nchito yikuru comene.<ref name="Zambia">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm 1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia]. [[BBC]] 'On This Day'.</ref> === Post-independence === Kaunda wakawovwira ŵasilikari ŵa Patriotic Front kuti ŵanjire mu charu cha Rhodesia, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti paŵe masuzgo gha ndyali. Malo ghakuzenga magesi gha Kariba agho ghali pa Mlonga wa Zambezi ghakaŵa na magesi ghakukwana kuti charu chiŵe na magesi nangauli charu cha Rhodesia ndicho chikaŵa na magesi agha. Nkhondo ya ku Rhodesia mu 1965 yikakhwaska vyaru ivyo vikaŵa paubwezi na ŵandyali. Pa 3 Seputembala 1978, ndege ya ŵanthu wose, ndege ya Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yikadumulika kufupi na Kariba na Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA). Ŵanthu 18, kusazgapo ŵana, ŵakapona pa ngozi iyi kweni ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yikazgora na Operation Gatling, kuwukira maboma gha Nkomo mu Zambia, chomene ku likuru lake la ŵasilikari kufupi na Lusaka. Pa zuŵa lenelili, maofesi ghanyake ghaŵiri mu Zambia ghakaŵawukira na vilwero vya nkhondo vya mu mlengalenga na vya ŵasilikari ŵa ku malo agha.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Njanji yakuya ku Dar es Salaam ku Tanzania, iyo yikamara kuzengeka mu 1975 na wovwiri wa ku China, yikawovwira kuti Zambia yileke kuthemba njanji iyo yikendanga kumwera kwa South Africa na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Angola. M'paka apo njanji iyi yikamalira, nthowa yikuru ya ku Zambia yakwendeskera katundu wakunjira na kufuma ku vyaru vinyake yikaŵa mu nthowa ya TanZam Road, iyo yikendanga kufuma ku Zambia kuya ku misumba ya ku Tanzania. Kweniso ŵakanozga nthowa yakufumiskira mafuta ya Tazama kufuma ku Dar es Salaam kuluta ku Ndola ku Zambia. Kuumaliro wa m'ma 1970, Mozambique na Angola vikafwatuka ku Portugal. Boma la ku Rhodesia ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵatuŵa, likapeleka chikalata cha kujithemba mu 1965, ndipo likakolerana na ivyo chikalembeka mu 1979 mu phangano la Lancaster House. Nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikacitika mu vyaru vyose ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Portugal kweniso nkhondo ya wanangwa ya ku Namibia, yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafume mu vyaru ivi. Msewu wa njanji wa Benguela, uwo ukajumphanga kumanjiliro gha dazi kujumpha mu Angola, ukajalika ku Zambia kuumaliro wa ma 1970. Boma la Zambia likapeleka wovwiri ku gulu lakulimbana na apartheid nga ni African National Congress (ANC).<ref>{{cite journal|author=Evans, M.|title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives|url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf|page=1|journal=Zambezia|year=1984|volume=12}}</ref> ==== Economic troubles ==== Pakati pa ma 1970, mtengo wa mkuwa, uwo ni usambazi ukuru wa ku Zambia, ukakhira comene pa caru cose. Mu Zambia, ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakuguliska mkuwa mu malo ghatali zikaŵa zinandi. Zambia wakaluta ku vyaru vinyake na ku vyaru vinyake kukapempha wovwiri, kweni cifukwa cakuti mtengo wa mkuŵa ukakhala waka pacoko, cikaŵa cakusuzga kuti wapeleke ngongoli yake. Kuzakafika pakati pa ma 1990, nangauli ngongoli yikaŵa yakukwana yayi, kweni ngongoli ya Zambia yikaŵa yitali comene pa caru cose.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> ==== Democratisation ==== Mu Juni 1990, vivulupi vya ku Kaunda vikakura comene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na boma mu Juni 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bartlett|first=David M. C.|date=2000|title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2637411|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume=26|issue=3|pages=429–446|doi=10.1080/030570700750019655|jstor=2637411|s2cid=143480603|issn=0305-7070}}</ref> Mu 1990 Kaunda wakapona ku chiyezgo cha kuwukira boma, ndipo mu 1991 wakazomera kuwezgerapo demokilase ya vyaru vinandi, wati wakhazikiska boma la chipani chimoza pasi pa Chona Commission ya 1972. Pa mavoti gha vyaru vinandi, Kaunda wakafumiskika pa udindo wake (wonani pasi apa). Pa Disembala 30, 1991, pa ciphikiro cinyake, Frederick Chiluba, pulezidenti muphya wa caru ici, wakapharazga kuti Zambia ni caru ca Cikristu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, chuma chikakhazikika, ndipo mu 2006 na 2007, chiŵelengero cha ndalama chikakwera chomene. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikapangiska kuti charu ichi chikure ni ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakuguliska mu migodi kweniso chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mtengo wa mkuwa pa charu chose. Vyose ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia ŵambe kukondwa na wovwiri uwo ŵapeleka. Pa 20 Janyuwale 2015, pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Michael Sata, Edgar Lungu wakathereska mavoti 807,625. == Vya ndale == {{Main|Politics of Zambia}} [[File:Zambia_National_Assembly_Building.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zambia_National_Assembly_Building.jpg|thumb|Zambia National Assembly building in [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]]] Ndyali mu Zambia zikuchitika mu ndondomeko ya presidental representative democratic republic, apo President wa Zambia ni mutu wa boma na mutu wa boma mu ndondomeko ya vyaru vinandi. Boma ndilo lili na mazaza ghakulongozga, ndipo boma na nyumba ya malango ndivyo vili na mazaza. Mu Okutobala 1964, charu cha Zambia chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Kufuma mu 2011 mpaka 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia wakaŵa Michael Sata, mpaka apo Sata wakafwira pa 28 Okutobala 2014. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Sata, Vice President Guy Scott, wa ku Zambia uyo wakafuma ku Scotland, ndiyo wakaŵa President wa Zambia. Pa 22 January 2015, ŵakachita chisankho cha pulezidenti. Pa 24 January 2015, wakapharazga kuti Edgar Chagwa Lungu watonda pa chisankho kuti waŵe purezidenti wa 6. Wakawina mavoti 48.33% ndipo wakuluska Hakainde Hichilema uyo wakaŵa pafupi nayo pa 46.67%.<ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race]. ''Associated Press'' via ''Yahoo News''. 24 January 2015</ref> Ŵanyake 9 wose ŵakapokera pacoko waka pa 1 peresenti. Mu Ogasiti 2016 pa mavoti gha chalo cha Zambia, pulezidenti Edgar Lungu wakathereskeka mu chigaŵa chakwamba. Chipani chakususka chikaŵa na milandu ya upusikizgi ndipo chipani cha Patriotic Front (PF) chikakana ivyo chipani cha UPND chikayowoya. Mu mavoti gha 2021 agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu 70%, Hakainde Hichilema wakapokera 59% ya mavoti, apo mulwani wake wapamtima, pulezidenti Edgar Chagwa Lungu, wakapokera 39% ya mavoti. Pa 16 August Edgar Lungu wakazomera mu mazgu gha pa TV, kutuma kalata na kuwonga pulezidenti wakusankhika Hakainde Hichilema. Pa 24 Ogasiti 2021, Hakainde Hichilema wakalapizga kuŵa purezidenti muphya wa Zambia pa chiphikiro icho chikaŵapo na ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa vyaru kusazgapo mulongozgi wa Commonwealth icho chikachitikira ku Heroes Stadium mu msumba wa Lusaka.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=HH SWORN-IN AS ZAMBIAN PRESIDENT ~ |url=https://www.znbc.co.zm/news/hh-sworn-in-as-zambian-president/ |access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref> === Ubale na vyaru vinyake === {{Further|Foreign relations of Zambia}} [[File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Edgar_Lungu,_26_july_2018_(2).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Edgar_Lungu,_26_july_2018_(2).jpg|thumb|President [[:en:Edgar_Lungu|Edgar Lungu]] with Russian President [[:en:Vladimir_Putin|Vladimir Putin]], 26 July 2018]] Pamanyuma pa kujithemba mu 1964, vyalo vya ku Zambia vikaŵa vyakukhora chomene pakuwovwira maboma gha ku Southern Africa, nga African National Congress na SWAPO. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima, Zambia wakaŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵambura kukolerana. === Military === {{main|Zambian Defence Force}} Wupu wa Zambia Defence Force (ZDF) uli na ŵasilikari ŵa Zambia Army (ZA), Zambia Air Force (ZAF), na Zambia National Service (ZNS). ZDF yili kupangika kuti yikhozge nkhondo. Mu chaka cha 2019, Zambia yikasaina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> === Administrative divisions === {{Further|Provinces of Zambia}}{{Regions of Zambia Labelled Map}}Boma la Zambia lili kugaŵika vigaŵa 10 mu vigaŵa 116, na vigaŵa 156 na vigaŵa 1,281. ; Provinces # [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]] # [[:en:Copperbelt_Province|Copperbelt]] # [[:en:Eastern_Province,_Zambia|Eastern Province]] # [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula]] # [[:en:Lusaka_Province|Lusaka]] # [[:en:Muchinga_Province,_Zambia|Muchinga]] # [[:en:North-Western_Province,_Zambia|North-Western Province]] # [[:en:Northern_Province,_Zambia|Northern Province]] # [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] # [[:en:Western_Province,_Zambia|Western Province]] === Human rights === {{See also|Human rights in Zambia|LGBT rights in Zambia}} Boma likujipulika makora para ŵanthu ŵakususka panji kuŵasuska, ndipo likuchitapo kanthu mwaluŵiro pakususka awo ŵakuŵasuska. Malango ghakususkana na ŵanthu ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuyowoya mwakufwatuka kweniso kuti ŵaleke kulemba nkhani.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 "Zambia"], ''Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012'', Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 22 March 2013.</ref> Ku Zambia, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakugonana yayi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019}}</ref> Kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2010, wakalongora kuti pa ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia, 2 pera ndiwo ŵakuwona kuti kugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhwakuzomerezgeka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biggest Ever Studies on Attitudes to Religion and Morality in Africa Released |url=http://www.newstimeafrica.com/archives/11763 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407070152/http://www.newstimeafrica.com/archives/11763 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |publisher=Newstime Africa}}</ref> Mu Disembala 2019, vikayowoyeka kuti kazembe wa United States ku Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "wakakhuŵara chomene" chifukwa cha kukakika kwa Japhet Chataba na Steven Samba. Foote wakapempha boma la Zambia kuti liwoneso mulandu uwu kweniso malango agho ghakukanizga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera. Foote wakasuzgika chomene ndipo wakaleka kuwonekera pa wumba chifukwa cha kuthaskika pa social media.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |website=BBC News}}</ref> == Makhalilo gha charu == {{Main|Malo gha Zambia|Geology of Zambia}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_ZMB_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_ZMB_present.svg|thumb|Zambia map of Köppen climate classification]] Charu cha Zambia chili kumwera kwa Africa, ndipo chili na mphepo yakotcha. Ili na malo ghakukwana 290,587 sq mi ndipo ni caru ca nambara 38 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa caru cose, ndipo ni cicoko comene kuluska Turkey. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 8° na 18°S, na longitude 22° na 34°E. Mu Zambia muli milonga yikuruyikuru yiŵiri: Yachiŵiri ni ya Zambezi na Kafue iyo yili pakati, kumanjiliro gha dazi, na kumwera. Chigaŵa chichoko chomene cha kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Rukwa, ku Tanzania. Mu chigaŵa cha Zambezi, muli milonga yinandi iyo yikwenda mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, na Zambezi, iyo yikwenda mu charu ichi kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo yikumalira ku Namibia, Botswana, na Zimbabwe. Mlonga uwu ukufuma ku Zambia, kweni ukuzgokera ku Angola. Mlonga wa Cuando ndiwo uli kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia, ndipo para wajumpha mu mlonga wa Chobe, maji ghanandi ghakunjira yayi mu mlonga wa Zambezi. Mlonga uŵiri ukuru comene wa Zambezi, Kafue na Luangwa, ukwenda mu Zambia. Mlonga wa Zambezi ukukumana na msumba wa Chirundu na Luangwa. Pambere mlonga wa Luangwa undanjire mu maji, ukuŵa mphaka ya Zambia na Mozambique. Kufuma mu tawuni ya Luangwa, Mlonga wa Zambezi ukufuma mu Zambia na kunjira mu Mozambike, ndipo paumaliro ukujumpha mu Mozambique Channel. Mlonga wa Zambezi ukuwa mtunda wa mamita 100 pachanya pa Victoria Falls, uwo uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 1.6. Dambo la Zambezi, ilo likwenda mumphepete mwa mphaka ya kumwera, ndakuzika kweniso ndakupambanapambana. Kufumira kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Kariba, yikupangika na ma graben ndipo nga ni madambo gha Luangwa, Mweru-Luapula, Mweru-wa-Ntipa na Nyanja ya Tanganyika, ni dambo la chipalamba. Kumpoto kwa Zambia kuli mapiri ghanandi. Ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, chigaŵa ichi chikuchemeka Barotse Floodplain, icho chili pa mlonga wa Zambezi, ndipo chikuzura kufuma mu Disembala m'paka Juni. Cigumula ici cikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi na vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vili na maji ghanandi mu caru ici ŵaleke kukondwa na umoyo wawo. Victoria Falls Mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia, chigaŵa icho chili pakati pa Zambezi na Nyanja ya Tanganyika chikukwelera kumpoto, ndipo chikuwuka mwambura kuwoneka kufuma pa mamita 900 kumwera m'paka mamita 1,200 pakati, kufika mamita 1,800 kumpoto kufupi na Mbala. Malo agha ghali kumpoto kwa Zambia ndipo World Wildlife Fund yikuti ni malo ghakurughakuru gha ku Central Zambezian miombo woodlands. Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia kuli vyakumera vyakupambanapambana. Dambo la Luangwa likupatura chipalamba ichi kufuma kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kuya kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mapiri na mapiri vikusangika mu vigaŵa vinyake vya chipalamba ichi, chomenechomene kumpoto kwa chipalamba cha Nyika (2,200 m panji 7,218 ft) pa mphaka ya Malawi. Mapiri gha Muchinga, agho ghali pakati pa Zambezi na Congo, ghakukolerana na dambo la Luangwa ndipo ghakuŵa kumpoto kwake. Phiri la Mumpu lili kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo lili na mamita 1,892 (6,207 ft). Mphaka ya Congo Pedicle yikazingilizgika na phiri ili. Mlonga wa Congo uwo uli kumwera chomene ukufuma ku Zambia ndipo ukufuma kumanjiliro gha dazi na kujumpha mu chigaŵa chakumpoto. Mlonga wa Luapula ukwenda kumwera kufuma apo kumanjiliro gha dazi pambere undazgoke kumpoto m'paka ku Nyanja ya Mweru. Mlonga unyake ukuru uwo ukufuma kumafumiro gha dazi ni Kalungwishi. Mlonga wa Luvua ukufuma mu Nyanja ya Mweru, ndipo ukufuma kumpoto kwa nyanja iyi kuya ku Mlonga wa Lualaba (Upper Congo River). Nyanja ya Tanganyika nayo njimoza mwa nyanja zikuruzikuru za mu Congo. Mlonga wa Kalambo ndiwo ukupeleka maji ku chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa dambo ili. Mlonga uwu uli na maji ghaŵiri ghatali comene mu Africa. === Climate === {{Main|Climate of Zambia}} Charu cha Zambia chili pa mapiri gha ku Central Africa, pakati pa mamita 1,000 na 1,600. Malo agha ghali pachanya pa mtunda wa mamita 1,200. Nyengo ya ku Zambia njakuthukira, ndipo yikusintha para munthu wakwera. Mu charu cha Köppen, chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chili na vyakumera vyamuthondo panji vyamuthondo. Nyengo zikupambana mu vigaŵa viŵiri, nyengo ya vula (kwambira Novembala m'paka Epulero) iyo yikukolerana na chihanya, na nyengo ya chilangalanga (May/June m'paka Okutobala/November), iyo yikukolerana na nyengo ya chiwuvi. Nyengo ya chilangalanga yikupambana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: nyengo yakuzizima yakuzizima (May/June mpaka August), na nyengo yakuzizima yakuzizima (September mpaka October/November). Chifukwa chakuti malo agha ghali pachanya chomene, nyengo ya mu charu ichi njakukondweska chomene.<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1874041148}}.</ref>Ndipouli, mu vigaŵa vinandi vya charu ichi, mu myezi yinkhondi na yitatu panji kujumpha apa, mu mwezi umoza, matenthedwe ghakujumpha 20 °C. === Biodiversity === {{main|Wildlife of Zambia}} {{multiple image|caption_align=left|header_align=center|align=right|direction=horizontal|total_width=500|image1=Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti.jpg|alt1=Rhodesian giraffe|caption1=[[Rhodesian giraffe]] in [[South Luangwa National Park]]|width1=3264|height1=4352|image2=African fish eagle just caught fish.jpg|alt2=African fish eagle|caption2=[[African fish eagle]], the national bird of Zambia|width2=672|height2=673|image3=Barbet-zambian.jpg|alt3=Zambian barbet|caption3=[[Chaplin's barbet|Zambian barbet]], Zambia's only true [[endemic]] bird species|width3=500|height3=375|footer_align=center|footer=}} Mu Zambia muli vyakumera vinandi, nga ni nkhorongo, makuni, na vyakumera vinyake. Ku Zambia kuli mitundu ya vyamoyo pafupifupi 12,505. 63% ya vyamoyo, 33% ya vyakumera, 4% ya bakiteriya na vyamoyo vinyake.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} Pali vyakumera vyamuthengere pafupifupi 3543, ivyo ni vyakumera vya mu thengere, vyakumera vyamuthengere, na vyakumera vya makuni. Vyaru vya kumpoto na kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici ndivyo vili na vyakumera vinandi. Vipambi 53 pa 100 ivyo vili mu charu ichi ni vichoko chomene. Mulimo wa Flora Zambesiaca uwo Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew ndiyo yikulongozga, uli na mazina gha vyakumera vyose vya ku Zambia na vyakumera vinyake vya mu vyaru vinyake ivyo vili pafupi na charu ichi. Mu caru ici muli vyamoyo vyakukora nyama 242, ndipo vinandi vya vyamoyo ivi vili mu makuni na malo ghakuliskako viŵeto. Cingwe ca ku Rhodesia na Kafue lechwe ni vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vikusangika mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> Pali vyakumera vyamuthengere pafupifupi 3543, ivyo ni vyakumera vya mu thengere, vyakumera vyamuthengere, na vyakumera vya makuni. Vyaru vya kumpoto na kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici ndivyo vili na vyakumera vinandi. Vipambi 53 pa 100 ivyo vili mu charu ichi ni vichoko chomene. Mulimo wa Flora Zambesiaca uwo Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew ndiyo yikulongozga, uli na mazina gha vyakumera vyose vya ku Zambia na vyakumera vinyake vya mu vyaru vinyake ivyo vili pafupi na charu ichi. Mu caru ici muli vyamoyo vyakukora nyama 242, ndipo vinandi vya vyamoyo ivi vili mu makuni na malo ghakuliskako viŵeto. Cingwe ca ku Rhodesia na Kafue lechwe ni vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vikusangika mu Zambia.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. 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M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Historical census population in Zambia}}{{Main|Demographics of Zambia}} Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia ŵakaŵa 13,092,666. Ku Zambia kuli mitundu yakupambanapambana, ndipo kuli mitundu yakupambanapambana 73. Mu nyengo iyo boma la Britain likalamuliranga charu ichi kufuma mu 1911 m'paka mu 1963, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Europe na ku India. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakafumako ku Europe, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Asia ŵakakhalako. [[File:Umutomboko_ceremony.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Umutomboko_ceremony.jpg|thumb|The [[:en:Mwata_Kazembe|Mwata Kazembe]] opens the Mutomboko ceremony.]] Pa kalembera wakwamba uyo wakacitika pa Meyi 7, 1911, pakaŵa ŵanthu 1,497 ŵa ku Europe, 39 ŵa ku Asia, na 820,000 ŵa ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakaŵa na mitundu yakuwaro ŵakalembeka yayi mu 1911, 1921, 1931, 1946, 1951 na 1956, pambere charu chindaŵe na wanangwa wakulamulira. Kuzakafika mu 1956, ku Europe kukaŵa ŵanthu 65,277, ku Asia 5,450, ndipo ku Africa kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵafipa pafupifupi 2,100,000. Zambia yikulutilira kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana yakucemeka kuti "ŵakutowa" panji Goffal, gulu ilo likupangika na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakufipa ŵa ku Africa na ŵazungu ŵa ku Britain (nyengo zinyake ŵa ku India). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu unyake ŵandalembekepo pa kalembera wa ŵanthu kufuma apo Zambia yikapokera wanangwa mu 1964 ndipo ŵalije wanangwa wakuyana na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake (ŵazgani: Goffal). Mu 2010, pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakalembeka, ŵanthu 99.2% ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yinyake ndipo 0.8% ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yinyake. {{Graph:Chart|width=350|height=150|xAxisTitle=Year|yAxisTitle=Population|type=line|showSymbols=|yAxisFormat=s|yGrid=|x=1963, 1969, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010|y=3490540, 4056995, 5661801, 7383097, 9885591, 13092666}} Zambia ni yimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakababikanga chikaŵa 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> === Largest towns === {{Further|List of populated places in Zambia}} The onset of industrial copper mining on the Copperbelt in the late 1920s triggered rapid urbanisation. Although urbanisation was overestimated during the colonial period, it was substantial.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Potts|first=Deborah|date=2005|title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_urban-studies_2005-04_42_4/page/583|journal=Urban Studies|volume=42|issue=4|pages=583–609|doi=10.1080/00420980500060137|s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Mining townships on the Copperbelt soon dwarfed existing centres of population and continued to grow rapidly following Zambian independence. Economic decline in the Copperbelt from the 1970s to the 1990s has altered patterns of urban development, but the country's population remains concentrated around the railway and roads running south from the Copperbelt through Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma and Livingstone.{{Largest cities of Zambia|class=info}} === Ethnic groups === {{bar box|title=Ethnic Groups in Zambia|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Ethnic Groups|right1=percent|float=right|bars={{bar percent|Bemba|darkgreen|19}} {{bar percent|Tonga|purple|13.6}} {{bar percent|Tumbuka|darkblue|8.4}} {{bar percent|Chewa|red|6.4}} {{bar percent|Lozi|black|5.7}} {{bar percent|Nsenga|orange|4.3}} {{bar percent|Ngoni|white|4}} {{bar percent|Lala|maroon|3.1}} {{bar percent|Kaonde|darkgray|2.9}} {{bar percent|Namwanga|gray|2.8}} {{bar percent|Lunda (Northern)|tan|2.6}} {{bar percent|Mambwe|lime|2.5}} {{bar percent|Luvale|Violet|2.2}} {{bar percent|Lamba|darkgreen|2.1}} {{bar percent|Ushi|purple|1.9}} {{bar percent|Bisa|red|1.6}} {{bar percent|Lenje|black|1.6}} {{bar percent|Mbunda|orange|1.2}} {{bar percent|Lunda (Luapula)|darkblue|0.9}}{{bar percent|Senga|white|0.9}} {{bar percent|Ila|maroon|0.8}} {{bar percent|Lungu|darkgray|0.8}} {{bar percent|Tabwa|gray|0.7}} {{bar percent|Soli|tan|0.7}} {{bar percent|Kunda|lime|0.7}} {{bar percent|Ngumbo|Violet|0.6}} {{bar percent|Chishinga|darkgreen|0.5}} {{bar percent|Chokwe|purple|0.5}} {{bar percent|Nkoya|red|0.5}} {{bar percent|Other Zambian|black|5.4}} {{bar percent|Major Racial|orange|0.8}} {{bar percent|Not Stated|darkblue|0.4}}}}Ŵanthu aŵa ŵali na mafuko pafupifupi 73, ndipo ŵanandi mwa iwo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Bantu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia pafupifupi 90 peresenti ŵali mu mitundu 9 yikuru: Nyanja-Chewa, Bemba, Tonga, Tumbuka, Lunda, Luvale, Kaonde, Nkoya na Lozi. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanandi ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake. Magulu ghanandi ngambura kumanyikwa. Kweni ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose iyi ŵakusangika mu Lusaka na ku Copperbelt. Padera pa chiyowoyero, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake ndiwo ŵakumanyikwa chomene mu Zambia.<ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref>Kanandi ŵanthu ŵa mafuko agha ŵakukolerana na mbumba zawo panji ŵamazaza. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko agha ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana.<ref>Posner, Daniel (2005). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Zambia]. New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref> [[File:Tribal_Linguistic_map_Zambia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tribal_Linguistic_map_Zambia.jpg|left|thumb|Tribal and linguistic map of Zambia]] Ŵalendo, comenecomene ŵa ku Britain panji ŵa ku South Africa, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵazungu ŵa ku Zambia awo ŵali kufuma ku Britain, ŵakukhala comene mu Lusaka na ku Copperbelt kumpoto kwa Zambia, uko ŵakugwira nchito mu migodi, mu vyamalonda na milimo yinyake. Mu 1964, mu Zambia mukaŵa ŵanthu 70,000 ŵa ku Europe, kweni ŵanandi ŵali kufumamo mu caru ici. Mu Zambia muli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Asia, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba ku India na ku China. Gulu ili lili na mazaza chomene pa vyachuma ndipo likulongozga makampani. Ku Zambia kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 80,000 ŵa ku China. Mu vilimika vyasonosono apa, ŵalimi ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵafumamo mu Zimbabwe cifukwa cakuti boma la Zambia likaŵacema kuti ŵambe kulima mu cigaŵa ca kumwera. Mu Zambia muli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakasankhanga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, ŵafipa na ŵatuŵa mu malo gha ŵanthu wose nga ni masukulu, vipatala, na mu nyumba. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakusazgikira cifukwa cakuti Zambia yikukura comene. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu unyake ŵakulembeka yayi pa kalembera kweni ŵakuwoneka kuti mbacoko mu Zambia. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika ku United States mu 2009, Komiti ya Ŵakuchimbira na Ŵakufuma mu Vyaru Vinyake, ku Zambia kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo na awo ŵakakhumbanga malo ghakubisamamo pafupifupi 88,900. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakachimbilira mu charu ichi ŵakafuma ku Democratic Republic of Congo (ŵanthu 47,300 ŵakufuma ku DRC awo ŵakakhalanga mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100; wonani Ŵangoza mu Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) na Rwanda (4,900). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia ŵakutemwa kupokelera ŵalendo. Kwambira mu Meyi 2008, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe awo ŵakakhalanga ku Zambia chikakwera chomene. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe awo ŵakakhalanga ku South Africa. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 60,000 ŵakuchimbilira ku misasa ya ku Zambia, ndipo ŵanthu 50,000 ŵakukhala mu misasa iyi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuchimbilira ku Zambia kuti ŵakagwire nchito ŵakwenera kupempha makalata ghakuŵazomerezga, agho ghangaŵa na mtengo wa madola 500 pa caka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> === Religion === {{Further|Religion in Zambia}} Zambia ni "mtundu wa Cikristu" mwakuyana na dango la boma la 1996, kweni wakuzomerezga wanangwa wa kusopa. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵacoko comene kuluska pacanya pa pacanya ŵatatu pa ŵanthu 100 awo ŵakukhala mu caru ici ndiwo ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo, kweni Cikristu ca ku Zambia cikupambana comene. Pafupifupi vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia ŵali mu visopa vya Chiprotesitanti, nga ni Anglicanism, New Apostolic Church, Lutheranism, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventist Church, na Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Pafupifupi ciŵelengero cimoza pa viŵiri ni ŵa Katolika. Cikristu cikafika mu Zambia kwizira mu mulimo wa umishonale mu cigaŵa caciŵiri ca vilimika vya m'ma 1800, ndipo visambizgo na magulu ghakupambanapambana ghakulongora umo mulimo wa umishonale ukasinthiranga. Mwaciyelezgero, Cikatolika cikafuma ku Mozambique, uko kukaŵa Ŵapwitikizi, apo Cikatolika cikulongora umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakacitiranga kumwera. Pamanyuma pakuti Zambia wapokera wanangwa wake mu 1964, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku tchalitchi linyake kufuma ku vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene ku North America na Germany. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi awo ŵakagomezganga mu Baibolo ndiwo ŵakamba kuchita mulimo wa umishonale. Frederick Chiluba, uyo wakaŵa Mkhristu wa Pentekoste, wakati waŵa pulezidenti mu 1991, mipingo ya Pentekoste yikakura comene mu caru cose.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book|author=Steel, Matthew|title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers|id=MSc Dissertation|publisher=University of Wales|year=2005}}</ref>{{Religious affiliation in Zambia}}Mu Zambia muli visopa vinandi vya Cikhristu ivyo ni vichoko. Mu caru ici ndimo muli ŵanthu ŵanandi comene ŵa cisopa ca Seventh-day Adventist pa caru cose. Tchalitchi la Lutheran of Central Africa lili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 11,000 mu caru ici. Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova awo ŵakhala mu Zambia kwambira mu 1911, ŵalipo ŵakujumpha 190,000. Ndipo pafupifupi 800,000 ŵakiza pa Cikumbusko ca nyifwa ya Khristu mu 2021. Ŵanthu 12 pa 100 ŵaliwose mu Zambia ŵali mu tchalitchi la New Apostolic; ndipo lili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.2 miliyoni.<ref>{{cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵali mu chisopa chautesi ŵalipo ŵachoko chomene, nangauli ŵakumanyikwa chomene mu misumba. Ŵalondezgi ŵa cisopa ca Bahá'í ŵalipo ŵakujumpha 160,000, panji 1.5 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu charu. Pa ŵanthu 100 awo ŵakukhala mu Zambia, pafupifupi hafu Mbasilamu, ndipo ŵanyake ŵanandi Mbahindu. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 500 ŵali mu cisopa ca Ahmadiyya, ico ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuciwona nga ni cisopa ca Cisilamu panji cisopa cautesi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbElAQAAIAAJ|title=Some basics of religious education in Zambia|access-date=30 March 2014|year=2007|isbn=9789982073370}}</ref> Paliso Ŵayuda ŵachoko waka awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Ashkenazi. === Viyowoyelo === TChiŵelengero cha viyowoyero vya ku Zambia nchakumanyikwa yayi, nangauli mabuku ghanandi ghakuyowoya kuti ku Zambia kuli viyowoyero na viyowoyero 73. Ntheura, viyowoyero vya ku Zambia ni 20 panji 30 pera.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book|last=Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson.|title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one|publisher=UNZA Press|year=2013|isbn=978-9982-03-073-1|location=Lusaka, Zambia|pages=1–173}}</ref> {{main|Languages of Zambia}}{{Major language groups in Zambia}}Chiyowoyero cha boma mu Zambia ni Chingelezi, ndipo chikuyowoyeka pa nkhani za bizinesi na kusambizga ŵanthu. Chiyowoyero chikuru ku Lusaka ni Nyanja (Chewa), ndipo chiyowoyero chinyake ni Bemba. Mu chigaŵa cha Copperbelt, chiyowoyero cha Bemba ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene ndipo cha Nyanja ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene. Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Bemba na Nyanja mu matawuni. Viyowoyero ivi ni Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda, na Luvale.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson.|title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts|publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD|year=2015|isbn=978-99945-84-99-4|location=Windhoek, Namibia|pages=190–204}}</ref>{{Dominant regional languages in Zambia}}Ŵanthu ŵa vigaŵa ivi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni nyengo zinyake ŵakupambaniska chiyowoyero cha ku mizi na cha ku mizi. Ntheura ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Bemba na Nyanja mu chigaŵa cha Copperbelt. Cingelezi cikugwiliskirika nchito pa nkhani za boma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakucimanya makora pa nyumba zawo. Ivi vyapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Lusaka na misumba yinyake yikuruŵikulu ŵayowoyenge viyowoyero vya ku Zambia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Zambia ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi. Ciphwitikizi caŵikikamo mu masukulu cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Angola awo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi.<ref>[http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html Zambia to introduce Portuguese into school curriculum]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html|date=8 December 2012}}</ref> French is commonly studied in private schools, while some secondary schools have it as an optional subject. A German course has been introduced at the [[:en:University_of_Zambia|University of Zambia]] (UNZA). === Education === {{Main|Education in Zambia}} [[File:Pupils_at_St_Monicas_Girls_Secondary_School.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pupils_at_St_Monicas_Girls_Secondary_School.jpg|thumb|Pupils at the St Monica's Girls Secondary School in [[:en:Chipata|Chipata]], [[:en:Eastern_Province,_Zambia|Eastern Province]]]] Dango la Zambia likuti waliyose wakwenera kusambira mwakuyana.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia |publisher=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Dango la vya masambiro la mu 2011 likovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵasambirenge mwakuyana. Unduna wa vya masambiro ukulaŵilira masambiro ghapacanya kwizira mu ndondomeko ya masambiro. Cakulinga cikuru ca masambiro mu Zambia nchakuti ŵanthu wose awo ŵakusambira ŵasambizgike vinthu vya thupi, vinjeru, umo ŵangakhalira na ŵanyawo, umo ŵangajipulikira, makhaliro ghawo, na vyauzimu. Ndondomeko ya masambiro yili na vigaŵa vitatu: masambiro ghakwambilira na ghakwambilira (magiredi 1 na 7), masambiro ghaciŵiri (magiredi 8 na 12) na masambiro ghapacanya. Pali mapulogiramu ghakovwira ŵanthu ŵalara kumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Ndalama izo boma likugwiliskira ntchito pa sukulu zikukwera kufuma pa 16.1 peresenti mu 2006 kufika pa 20.2 peresenti mu 2015. === Health === {{Main|Health in Zambia|Healthcare in Zambia}} Ku Zambia kuli nthenda ya HIV/AIDS, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulwara nthenda iyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Ndipouli, mu vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha, caru ca Indonesia caŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵali na HIV/AIDS..<ref>{{cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> Vinthu vinyake vya umoyo navyo vyasintha chomene, nangauli pa caru cose vinthu vili makora yayi. Ŵana awo ŵakababika ŵamoyo mu 2014 ŵakafwanga 398 pa ŵanthu 100,000, kweni mu 2007 ŵakafwanga 591. == Chuma == {{Further|Economy of Zambia}} [[File:Zambia_Product_Exports_(2019).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zambia_Product_Exports_(2019).svg|right|thumb|A proportional representation of Zambia exports, 2019]] Pasono, caru ca Zambia cikuguliska vinthu vya mu vyaru vinyake vyakukwana $7.5 na $8 biliyoni pa caka. Mu 2018, caru ici cikaguliska vinthu vinyake vyakukwana madola 9.1 biliyoni. Mu 2015, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia awo ŵakakhalanga pasi pa ukavu cikakwera comene kufuma pa 60.5% mu 2010. Ŵakavu ku mizi ŵakaŵa 76.6% ndipo mu misumba ŵakaŵa 23.4%. Pa charu chose, ukavu ukafika pa ZMK 214 (US$12.85) pa mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref> Kuŵavya nchito na ŵanthu ŵambura nchito mu matawuni ni masuzgo ghakuru. Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu vikaya vya ku Zambia ŵalimi.{{Recent Annual Budget Expenditure in Zambia}}Pa vyaru 128, Zambia yikaŵa pa nambara 117 pa vyaru vyose ivyo vikalembeka pa 2007 Global Competitiveness Index. Kweni mu 2019 Zambia yikakhira pa malo 19 mu Africa na 120 pa charu chose. Ndipouli, mu 2020 Zambia yili pa malo gha nambara 7 pa malo gha Ease of Doing Business mu Africa na 85 pa vyaru 190. Vigaŵa vya umoyo wa ŵanthu vikulutilira kuchepa, comenecomene pa nkhani ya umoyo uwo munthu wakulindilira para wababika (pafupifupi vyaka 40.9) na kufwa kwa ŵanakazi (830 pa ŵanakazi 100,000). Mu ma 1970, mtengo wa mkuwa ukakhira chomene mu charu cha Zambia. Boma la Socialist likawovwira kuti ndalama zileke kunangika cifukwa cakuti likayezgapo kanandi waka kuti likhazikiske mapulogiramu ghakukhozga vinthu gha International Monetary Fund (IMF). Ndondomeko ya kuleka kuguliska vinthu kwizira mu nthowa yikuru yakupelekera vyakurya na njanji yakuya ku nyanja, yikapangiska kuti caru ici ciŵe na masuzgo ghanandi. Pamanyuma pa muwuso wa Kaunda, (kwamba mu 1991) maboma ghakulondezgapo ghakamba kusintha vinthu vinyake. Vyaru ivi vikaŵa vyambura ndalama mpaka kuumaliro wa m'ma 1990. Mu 2007, Zambia yikaŵa na cuma cakukwera comene kwa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri. Kukwera kwa ndalama kukakwera kufika pa 8.9%, kufuma pa 30% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> [[File:Zambia_Export_Treemap_(2014).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zambia_Export_Treemap_(2014).png|left|thumb|Zambia Export Treemap (2014)]] Boma la Zambia lichali kulimbana na masuzgo gha vyachuma nga ni ukuru wa boma, kweniso kusintha nthowa zakwendeskera vinthu vya umoyo wa ŵanthu. Pa charu pali malango ghanandi ghakwendeskera vinthu vya ndalama, ndipo vimbundi vyazara chomene. Ndondomeko za boma izo zikovwira kuti munthu waŵe na malayisensi zikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito nthowa zakovwira ŵanthu. Ndalama zose izo Zambia yili nazo ku vyaru vinyake zikajumpha $6 biliyoni apo charu ichi chikapokera wovwiri wa HIPC (Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiative) mu 2000, kweni chikeneranga kufiska fundo zinyake. Pakwamba, Zambia yikagomezganga kuti yizamumalizga ndondomeko ya HIPC, ndipo yizamugowokereka ngongoli yikuru mu 2003. [[File:GDP_per_capita_(current),_%25_of_world_average,_1960-2012;_Zimbabwe,_South_Africa,_Botswana,_Zambia,_Mozambique.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_(current),_%25_of_world_average,_1960-2012;_Zimbabwe,_South_Africa,_Botswana,_Zambia,_Mozambique.png|thumb|GDP per capita (current), compared to neighbouring countries (world average = 100)]] Mu Janyuwale 2003, boma la Zambia likaphalira wupu wa International Monetary Fund na World Bank kuti likukhumba kwambiraso kudumbiskana vinthu vinyake ivyo likakolerana kuti vichitike. Nangauli ŵakakolerana pa nkhani izi, kweni cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi izo ŵakagwiliskira nchito pa malipiro gha ŵateŵeti ŵa boma, ŵakacedwa kulekeska ngongoli za ŵa HIPC kufuma kuumaliro wa 2003 m'paka kukwambilira kwa 2005. Kuti ŵamalizge ndondomeko ya HIPC mu 2004, boma likanozga bajeti yakukhozga vinthu mu 2004, ndipo likakanizga malipiro gha ŵateŵeti ŵa boma na kusazgirako misonkho. Kukwezga misonkho na kukanizga ŵantchito kusanga malipiro ghakupambanapambana. Ivi vikapangiska kuti mu Febuluwale 2004 pa charu chose paŵe chiwawa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines]. eurodad.org. 20 February 2008</ref> Boma la Zambia likuyezgayezga kusintha vinthu vinyake pa nkhani ya ndalama kuti ndalama zichepe. Ntchito iyi yikukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵa Zambia ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito vinthu vinyake ivyo vili mu charu ichi. Mu Julayi 2018, Pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan na Pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu ŵakasazgapo mapangano 12 mu msumba wa Lusaka pa nkhani zakupambanapambana kufuma pa malonda na ndalama mpaka pa vyaulendo na udumura..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> === Mining === {{further|Mining in Zambia}} Vyaka vinandi, chuma cha Zambia chikuthemba pa migodi ya mkuwa. Mu 1998, mulimo wa kupanga mkuŵa ukakhira kufika pa matani 228,000 pamanyuma pa vilimika 30 ivyo mulimo uwu ukakhira cifukwa ca kusoŵa ndalama, mitengo ya mkuŵa yikaŵa yakukhora, kweniso cifukwa ca kuleka kumanya usange mulimo uwu ucitikenge mwamahara. Mu 2002, pamanyuma pakuti makampani agha ghaŵikamo ndalama zawo, mkuwa uwo ŵakapanganga ukakwera kufika pa matani 337,000. Vinthu vikwenda makora pa msika wa mkuwa wa pa caru cose, ndipo ivi vyawovwira kuti ndalama zinjire comene. [[File:ZM-Nkana-headgear-Kitwe.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ZM-Nkana-headgear-Kitwe.jpg|left|thumb|The major Nkana open copper mine, [[:en:Kitwe|Kitwe]]]] Mu 2003, vyakununkhira vyakusangika mu vyaru vinyake vikasazgikira na 25%, ndipo vikaŵa na 38%. Boma la Zambia lili kupeleka malaisensi ku makampani gha vyalo vyakupangira vinthu vyakuthupi gha vyalo vyakupangira vinthu vyakuthupi nga ni nickel, tin, copper, na uranium. Boma la Zambia likugomezga kuti nikele ndiyo yizamunjira mu malo mwa mkuwa. Mu 2009, ku Zambia kukaŵa suzgo la vyachuma.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110919225012/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5576766.ece Chinese keep low profile to cash in on the slump in Zambia]. The Times. 24 January 2009.</ref> === Agriculture === {{Further|Economy of Zambia#Agriculture}} Ku Zambia kuli vyakurya vinandi ivyo vikovwira ŵanthu kusanga ntchito kuluska migodi. Ŵalimi ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakaŵapokelera mu Zambia ŵakati ŵachimbizgika na Robert Mugabe. Ŵakulima vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, nga ni hona, tirigu, na chizi. Maluso agho ŵakasanga, pamoza na kuweleramo mu vya cuma mu nyengo ya pulezidenti Levy Mwanawasa, ghakawovwira kuti vinthu vyambe kwenda makora mu Zambia. Mu 2004, aka kakaŵa kakwamba mu vyaka 26 kuti Zambia yigeŵetere vyakurya vinandi kuluska ivyo yikaguliskanga. Mu Disembala 2019, boma la Zambia likadumura mwakukolerana kuti lizomerezge kumwa munkhwala wa cannabis pa vilato vya munkhwala na vyakutumizga katundu pera.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop}}</ref> === Energy === {{Further|Economy of Zambia#Energy}} {{see also|List of power stations in Zambia}} Mu 2009, Zambia yikapanga magesi ghakukwana 10.3 TWh ndipo yikagwiliskiranga ntchito nkhongono ya dazi na magesi gha maji. Ndipouli, kukwambilira kwa 2015, Zambia yikamba kusoŵa magesi chifukwa cha vula iyo yikalokwa yayi mu 2014/2015, ndipo maji ghakaŵa ghachoko chomene pa chiziŵa cha Kariba. Mu Seputembala 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yikapharazga kuti yikugwiliskira ntchito ndalama zakukwana madola 150 miliyoni mu famu ya nkhongono ya dazi ya 50 megawatt (MW), pamoza na chigodobu cha ulimi wa milonga na kusazgirako nkhongono ya tirigu ya matani 80,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref> == Mwambo == [[File:Nsima_Relishes.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nsima_Relishes.JPG|thumb|''[[:en:Nshima|Nshima]]'' (top right corner) with three types of [[:en:Relish|relish]]]] Pambere charu cha Zambia chindaŵeko, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu mafuko ghakupambanapambana. Cimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikacitika mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu misumba yikaŵa kukura kwa ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakamba kukhala pamoza mu matawuni na misumba, ndipo waliyose wakasambizganga munyake. Kweniso ŵakamba kulondezga mitheto ya charu chose, chomenechomene umo ŵakavwariranga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia ŵakukhala ku mizi, ndipo ŵanji ŵali kusintha nkharo zawo. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake mu Zambia ŵakuchemeka kuti 'ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia' apo awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake ŵakuchemeka kuti "ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia" chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia wose ŵakuŵako.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{cite book|last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau.|title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos|publisher=UNZA Press|year=2019|isbn=978-9982-03-105-9|location=Lusaka, Zambia|pages=1–206}}</ref>Mu tawuni iyi, ŵanthu ŵakulutilira kusangana na kusintha mitheto iyi kuti ŵafiske ivyo ŵakuvichema kuti "thuto la ku Zambia". [[File:African_Art,_Yombe_sculpture,_Louvre.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African_Art,_Yombe_sculpture,_Louvre.jpg|left|thumb|A [[:en:Yombe_people|Yombe]] sculpture, 19th century]] Ku Zambia, ŵanthu ŵakuchita viphikiro vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchita viphikiro na maluso agha pa viphikiro vyapadera, nga ni viphikiro vya kukumbukira ivyo ŵacita, viphikiro vya mazuŵa ghaumaliro, viphikiro vya kuwuskika kwa Yesu, viphikiro vya kuwuskika kwa Yesu, vya kuwombora na kutozgeka, vya kumalizga masambiro, vya kujipeleka, viphikiro vya kugomezgeka kwa Yesu, vya kutora na kutengwa, viphikiro vya nyifwa, vya kubabika, na vinyake.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Nga ni vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, Zambia nayo wakucita viphikiro na maluso agho ghakuvumbukwa na agho ghakuleka kuvumbukwa. Vinthu ivi ni kalendala, nyengo, masuzgo, kuwukwa, kuphalizgana, na viphikiro vya zuŵa na zuŵa. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuleka kuvumbura ni ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita mwakubisilizga, nga ni awo ŵakwimba Nyau na Nakisha, kweniso awo ŵakupeleka ulongozgi pa nthengwa nga mbanakazi ŵa ku Alangizi. Mu Disembala 2016, boma la Zambia likazomerezga viphikiro vya kalendala 77, ndipo chiŵelengero ichi chizamukwera.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Maungano agha ghakuchitika kamoza pa chaka, ndipo ghakuŵa ku Nc?? wala, Kulonga, Kuoboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, na Lyenya. Ivi ni viphikiro vya ku Zambia. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni: Kuomboka na Kathanga (Chigaŵa cha Kumanjiliro gha dazi), Mutomboko (Chigaŵa cha Luapula), Kulamba na Ncwala (Chigaŵa cha Kumafumiro gha dazi), Lwiindi na Shimunenga (Chigaŵa cha Kumwera), Lunda Lubanza (Chimwera cha Kumanjiliro gha dazi), Likumbi Lyamize (Chimwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi), Mbunda Lukwakwa (Chimwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi), Chibwela Kumushi (Chigaŵa chapakati), Vinkhakanimba (Chigaŵa cha Muchinga), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto). Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kupanga vinthu nga ni viŵiya, vyakuŵikamo viŵiya (nga ni viŵiya vya ku Tonga), vyakuŵikamo vinthu, vyakuvwara, mphasa, vyakuŵikamo vinthu vya makuni, vyakuŵikamo vinthu vya mino gha zovu, vyakuŵikamo vinthu vya waya, na vya mkuŵa. Sumu zinandi za ku Zambia zikufuma ku viŵiya (na vyakwimbira vinyake) na kwimba na kuvina. Mu matawuni, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kwimba sumu za ku vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene za rumba za ku Congo, za ku Africa na America, na za reggae za ku Jamaica. === Media === {{Main|Media in Zambia|Telecommunications in Zambia}} Unduna wa vya makani na mawayilesi ku Zambia ndiwo uli na udindo wa Zambia News Agency, apo paliso maboma ghanandi mu chalo ichi agho ghakusazgapo: ma TV, manyuzipepara, mawayilesi gha FM, na mawebusayiti gha nkhani pa intaneti. === Sports and games === Masewera ndi masewera ndizo zikhalidwe za chikhalidwe cha ku Zambia zomwe zimabweretsa anthu palimodzi kuti aphunzire, kukulitsa luso, kusangalala ndi mphindi zosangalatsa. Maseŵera na maseŵero gha ku Zambia ghakukhala na maseŵero gha mpira, maseŵero gha ku malo ghakupambanapambana, netball, volleyball na maseŵero gha ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha nga nsolo, chiyenga, waida, kubisa, walyako, na sojo. Agha ni maseŵero gha ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha agho ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe paubwezi. Maseŵera ghose agha ghakukolerana na mitheto ya ku Zambia. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchitako maseŵero agha, ghakukondweska ŵanthu kweniso ghakusambizga. Vinyake mwa maseŵero agha ni ghakale comene nga umo viliri na ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia. Ndipouli, Zambia yikamba kuchitako maseŵero ghakumanyikwa pa caru cose, comenecomene pa maseŵero gha ku Summer Olympics mu 1964.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> [[File:Inauguration_of_Edgar_Lungu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inauguration_of_Edgar_Lungu.jpg|thumb|[[:en:National_Heroes_Stadium|National Heroes Stadium]] in [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]]] Zambia yikapharazga wanangwa wake pa zuŵa la kujara maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha mu 1964, ndipo yikaŵa caru cakwamba kunjira mu maseŵero gha Olimpiki nga ni caru cimoza, na kufumamo nga ni cinyake. Mu chaka cha 2016, Zambia yikawunganaso ka 13 pa maseŵera gha Olympic. Ŵakapokera mendulo ziŵiri. Ŵakapokera mendulo mu nkhonya na mu maseŵero ghakukhozga thupi. Mu 1984, Keith Mwila wakatora mendulo ya mkuŵa pa maseŵera gha muvi. Mu 1996, Samuel Matete wakatora mendulo ya siliva pa mtunda wa mamita 400. Zambia yindaciteko maseŵero agha. Mu Zambia, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha bola, ndipo timu ya ku Zambia yikuŵa na viwemi vinandi. Pa maseŵero gha ku Seoul mu 1988, timu ya charu ichi yikathereska timu ya ku Italy na mavoti 4 ̊0. Kalusha Bwalya, uyo wakaŵa wakumanyikwa comene pa maseŵero gha ku Zambia, ndipo njumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa comene pa maseŵero gha ku Africa, wakalemba chiphalizgano ici. Ndipouli, mpaka lero, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya kuti timu yiwemi comene iyo Zambia yikaŵa nayo yikafwa pa Epulero 28, 1993, apo ndege yikawa ku Libreville, Gabon. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni mu 1996, charu cha Zambia chikaŵa pa nambara 15 pa nambara ya FIFA World Football Team. Mu chaka cha 2012, Zambia yikathereskeka kaŵiri pa mpikisano wa African Cup of Nations. Ŵakathereska Cote d'Ivoire na 8-7 pa penalty shoot-out paumaliro, uwo ukacitikira ku Libreville, mtunda wa makilomita ghacoko waka kufuma apo ndege yikawira vyaka 19 kumasinda. Mu chaka cha 2017, Zambia yikapokelera na kuthereska chiphalizgano cha mpira cha Pan-African U-20 African Cup of Nation ku wosewera ŵa vyaka 20 na pasi. Gulu la mpira la azimayi la Zambia, pakadali pano, lachita bwino kwambiri ngati gulu loyamba lochokera kudziko lomwe lilibe nyanja ku Africa kulowa nawo FIFA Women's World Cup, pomaliza gawo lachitatu mu 2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations. Kweniso ni nkhonya yakwamba ya pa caru cose ya ŵanthu ŵalara msinkhu. Mu Zambia, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero nga ni rugby, nkhonya, na cricket. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, timu ya rugby ya ku Australia na South Africa yikaŵa na ŵasepuka awo ŵakababikira mu chipatala chimoza cha ku Lusaka. Mpaka mu 2014, Roan Antelope Rugby Club mu Luanshya yikaŵa na Guinness World Record ya malo ghapachanya chomene pa charu chose gha rugby union. Mbiri iyi sono yili na Wednesbury Rugby Club. Mu Zambia, maseŵero gha rugby ndicoko comene, kweni ghakukulirakulira. Pasono ŵakukhala pa malo gha nambara 73 na IRB ndipo ŵali na ŵaseŵera 3,650 na magulu ghatatu. Zambia yikaseŵeranga cricket apo yikaŵa ku Rhodesia. Zambia yikapelekaso shinty international, Eddie Tembo uyo wakababika ku Zambia uyo wakayimilira Scotland mu maseŵera gha Shinty/Hurling ku Ireland mu 2008. Mu 2011, ku Zambia kukaŵa maseŵero gha nambara 10 gha ku Africa. Sitediyamu ya ku Lusaka yikeneranga kuŵa na ŵanthu 70,000, apo ma sitediyamu ghanyake ghaŵiri ghakaŵa na ŵanthu 50,000. Boma likakhwimiska maboma kuti ghaŵikeko mtima pakuzenga malo gha maseŵero agha cifukwa ca kusoŵa ndalama za boma. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Zambia yikaleka kuchitiska maseŵero gha ku Africa mu 2011, chifukwa cha kusoŵa ndalama. Mwantheura, caru ca Mozambique cikapokelera ungano uwu. Zambia yikapangaso munthu wakudanga wa ku Africa (Madalitso Muthiya) uyo wakaseŵera mu United States Golf Open, yimoza mwa viphalizgano vikuru vinayi vya gofu. Mu 1989, timu ya basketball ya mu caru ici yikacita makora comene apo yikafikapo pa FIBA Africa Championship ndipo yikamalizga mu magulu 10 gha ku Africa.<ref>[http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid//sid/2403/tid/0/_/1989_AfroBasket/index.html 1989 African Championship for Men], ARCHIVE.FIBA.COM. Retrieved 16 December 2015.</ref> === Music and dance === Chikhalidwe cha Zambia chakhala gawo lofunikira pakukula kwawo pambuyo pa ufulu monga kuwukira kwa midzi yachikhalidwe ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale. Sumu iyo yikapangiska kuvina ni cigaŵa ca mitheto yawo ndipo yikulongora utozi wa umoyo wa ku Zambia, kwambira na viwoneskero vya matambulara agho ghakuyowoya mpaka ku matambulara gha Kamangu agho ghakugwiliskirika nchito pakumanyiska kwamba kwa ciphikiro ca Malaila. Kuvina kukuwovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 June 2016 |title=The Unrivaled Zambian Culture |url=http://ayibamagazine.com/unrivaled-zambian-culture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330174848/http://ayibamagazine.com/unrivaled-zambian-culture/ |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=30 June 2016 |website=Ayiba Magazine}}</ref> ==== Zamrock ==== Zamrock ni sumu iyo yikamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 ndipo yikamba kumanyikwa chomene ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Zamrock yikulongosoreka kuti yikusazga sumu za ku Zambia na ma riffs ghakuwerezgawerezga ghakuyana na magulu, ŵakwimba nga ni Jimi Hendrix, James Brown, Black Sabbath, Rolling Stones, Deep Purple, na Cream. Magulu ghakuzirwa mu mtundu uwu ni Rikki Ililonga na gulu lake Musi-O-Tunya, WITCH, Chrissy "Zebby" Tembo, na Paul Ngozi na Mbumba yake ya Ngozi.<ref name="azambianband">{{cite web |title=We're a Zambian Band |url=http://theappendix.net/issues/2014/7/were-a-zambian-band |access-date=26 August 2014 |publisher=theappendix.net}}</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170914035049/http://www.dustedmagazine.com/reviews/5657 WITCH] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914035049/http://www.dustedmagazine.com/reviews/5657|date=14 September 2017}} on Dusted Magazine (15 April 2010)</ref> == Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa == {{main|Mndandanda wa anthu a ku Zambia}} <!---♦♦♦ Chonde musawonjezere mayina a anthu kuno kuwonjezera pa [[Mndandanda wa anthu a ku Zambia]] ♦♦♦---> == Wonaniso == {{portal|Zambia}} * [[:en:Index_of_Zambia-related_articles|Index of Zambia-related articles]] * [[:en:Outline_of_Zambia|Outline of Zambia]] {{-}} == Ukaboni == <references responsive="1"></references> == Wonani vinandi == {{Refbegin}} * DeRoche, Andy, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016) * {{Cite book|author-link=James Ferguson (Anthropologist)|first=James|last=Ferguson|title=Expectations of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban Life in the Zambian Copperbelt|url=https://archive.org/details/expectationsofmo00ferg|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|year=1999|isbn=978-0-520-21701-0}} * Gewald, J. B., et al. ''One Zambia, Many Histories: Towards a History of Post-colonial Zambia'' (Brill, 2008) * Ihonvbere, Julius, ''Economic Crisis, Civil Society and Democratisation: The Case of Zambia'' (Africa Research & Publications, 1996) * LaMonica, Christopher, ''Local Government Matters: The Case of Zambia '' (Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010) * Mcintyre, Charles, ''Zambia'', (Bradt Travel Guides, 2008) * Murphy, Alan and Luckham, Nana, ''Zambia and Malawi'', Lonely Planet Multi Country Guide (Lonely Planet Publications, 2010) * Phiri, Bizeck Jube, ''A Political History of Zambia: From the Colonial Period to the 3rd Republic'' (Africa Research & Publications, 2005) * [[Andrew D. Roberts|Roberts, Andrew]], ''A History of Zambia'' (Heinemann, 1976) * Sardanis, Andrew, ''Africa: Another Side of the Coin: Northern Rhodesia's Final Years and Zambia's Nationhood'' (I. B. Tauris, 2003) {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == {{Sister project links|Zambia|voy=Zambia}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050619081520/http://www.statehouse.gov.zm/ Official government website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050619081520/http://www.statehouse.gov.zm/|date=19 June 2005}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032804/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zambia/ Zambia]. ''[[:en:The_World_Factbook|The World Factbook]]''. [[:en:Central_Intelligence_Agency|Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx Zambia Corruption Profile] from the [[:en:Business-Anti-Corruption_Portal|Business Anti-Corruption Portal]] * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Zambia}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14112449 Zambia profile] from [[:en:BBC_News|BBC News]] * {{wikiatlas|Zambia}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ZM Key Development Forecasts for Zambia] from [[:en:International_Futures|International Futures]] * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/ZMB/Year/2011/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Zambia] * [http://phys.org/news/2013-03-early-human-fossil-africa-debut.html First early human fossil found in Africa makes debut] {{Zambia topics|state=expanded}}{{Navboxes|list={{Countries of Africa|state=expanded}} {{African Union|state=expanded}} {{Southern African Development Community|state=expanded}} {{Commonwealth of Nations|state=expanded}}}}{{Authority control}} 30kmwgm7m6crjxiypl7gqxf82zul95i 0 41839 119738 119287 2026-08-23T01:01:33Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 119738 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Standard Normal Distribution-en.svg|right|thumb|Kugaŵa kwakaŵiri-kaŵiri, ako kali kakusangika chomene mu kuthithika kwa unandi, kukugwiliskika chomene pa Kusanthura-Maŵiro.]] [[File:Iris_Pairs_Plot.svg|right|thumb|Minda ya kumija na ma tchati gha mzere, yakugwiliskika chomene mu Kusanthura-Maŵiro kwa kulongosoleka kuwoneska ubali pakati pa visintho vyakupambana, apa kugwiriska chibwayila cha Iris flower.]] '''Kusanthura-Maŵiro''' (kufuma ku [[German language|ChiGerman]]: ''[[wikt:Statistik#German|Statistik]]'', {{Abbr|orig.|originally}} "kulongosora [[State (polity)|boma]], la charu")<ref>{{Cite OED|statistics}}</ref><ref>“[https://www.dwds.de/?q=Statistik Statistik]” in ''Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache''</ref> ni kafukufuku uyo wakukhwaskana na kuwunjika, kwendeska, kusanda, kung'anamura, na kulongosora [[uthenga]].<ref name=ox>{{cite book|title = Oxford Reference|chapter = Statistics|date = January 2008|publisher = Oxford University Press|isbn = 978-0-19-954145-4|url = https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199541454.001.0001/acref-9780199541454-e-1566?rskey=nxhBLl&result=1979|access-date = 2019-08-14|archive-date = 2020-09-03|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200903144424/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199541454.001.0001/acref-9780199541454-e-1566?rskey=nxhBLl&result=1979|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Jan-Willem |last=Romijn |year=2014 |title=Philosophy of statistics |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statistics/ |access-date=2016-11-03 |archive-date=2021-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019033058/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statistics/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Cambridge Dictionary | url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/statistics | access-date=2019-08-14 | archive-date=2020-11-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122210156/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/statistics | url-status=live }}</ref> Para tikugwiliskira ntchito Kusanthura-Maŵiro pa suzgo la sayansi, malonda, panji la umoyo wa ŵanthu, kanandi tikwamba na [[Unandi-wose]] panjiso [[kayezgero ka Kusanthura-Maŵiro]] ako katiŵazgikenge. Unandi-wose, ungaŵa vigaŵa vyakupambana pambana vya ŵanthu panji vinthu nga "ŵanthu ŵose ŵakukhala mu charu" panji "chimenyu chilichose chakuwumba khristoli". Kusanthura-Maŵiro kukuwona vyose vyakukhwaskana na umo vinthu viliri, kusazgapo ndondomeko ya kunozga ma [[statistical survey|Save]] na [[experimental design|ma kafukufuku]].<ref name=Dodge>Dodge, Y. (2006) ''The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms'', Oxford University Press. {{isbn|0-19-920613-9}}</ref> Pala uthenga wa [[chipendero]] ungatoleleka yayi, [[waKusanthura-Maŵiro]] wakutolela uthenga pakupanga makafukufuku na ma save ago ghakugwiliska ntchito [[sample (statistics)|viyezgero]]. Kutola viyezgero vyakwimilra yikuwoneseska kuti fundo zingatandazga mwa mahara kufuma ku kachiyezgero kuluta ku unandi-wose mwanthunthu. [[experimental study|Kafukufuku wakusanda]] kukukhwaska kupima vinthu ivyo vikusangika mu ndondomeko iyo yikusambizgika, kunjizgapo vinthu vinyake ivyo vikusintha vinthu ivi, na kupima vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika mwakuyana na ndondomeko iyo yikapangika kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye usange vinthu ivi vyasintha vinthu ivyo vikupima. Mwakupambaniska, [[observational study|kusanda Kwakulaŵilira]] kukukhwaska kafukufuku wakuseŵeleska yayi. Vyakudanga viŵiri mwa nthowa za Kusanthura-Maŵiro yakugwiliskika mu [[data analysis|kusanda uthenga]]: [[descriptive statistics|Kusanthura-Maŵiro kwakulongosoleka]], Ivyo vikuyowoya mwakudumura ivyo vyafuma mu viyezgero kugwiriska [[Index (statistics)|maindekse]] nthe [[mean|tikatikati]] panji [[standard deviation|yisezgo yakukhazikika]], na [[statistical inference|Kusanthura-Maŵiro mwa fundo]], izo zikufunya fundo kufuma pa uthenga uwo ukupambanangapambananga (nthe, vyakubekeka mwautesi, upambano wa viyezgero).<ref name=LundResearchLtd>{{cite web |last=Lund Research Ltd. |url=https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/descriptive-inferential-statistics.php |title=Descriptive and Inferential Statistics |publisher=statistics.laerd.com |access-date=2014-03-23 |archive-date=2020-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026075549/https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/descriptive-inferential-statistics.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Kusanthura-Maŵiro ghakulongosoleka kanandi ghakukhwaska magulu yaŵiri ya maunenesko gha chigaŵo (chiyezgero panji unandi-wose): ''[[central tendency|uzgoloŵezgi wa pakati]]'' (pangi malo) uikukhumba kulongora umo vinthu viliri pakatikati panji umo vikuŵira, apo kusakatuka (panji kuti kusinthasintha) kukulongora umo ŵanthu ŵakufumira pakati pa vinthu. Fundo zakuroska mu [[mathematical statistics|Kusanthura-Maŵiro musamuzi]] zikupangika pa chizengero cha [[probability theory|fundo ya mayero]], iyi yikulongosora umo vinthu vikuchitikira mwamwaŵi. Kanandi ndondomeko ya Kusanthura-Maŵiro kukukhwaska kutolela kwa uthenga kulazgiska ku [[statistical hypothesis testing|kuyezga kwa ubali]] pakati pa vibwayila viŵiri vya Kusanthura-Maŵiro, panji vibwayila vyauthenga na mauthenga ghakuwumbika na ŵanthu kufuma ku chiyezgero chakuwumbika mwausuma. Chiloskero chikupelekeka kulongosola ubali wa Kusanthura-Maŵiro pakati pa vibwayila viŵiri vyauthenga, ndipo this is compared as an [[alternative hypothesis|alternative]] to an idealized [[null hypothesis]] of no relationship between two data sets. Rejecting or disproving the null hypothesis is done using statistical tests that quantify the sense in which the null can be proven false, given the data that are used in the test. Working from a null hypothesis, two basic forms of error are recognized: [[Type I error]]s (null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a "false positive") and [[Type II error]]s (null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual relationship between populations is missed giving a "false negative"). Statistical measurement processes are also prone to error in regards to the data that they generate. Many of these errors are classified as random (noise) or systematic ([[Bias (statistics)|bias]]), but other types of errors (e.g., blunder, such as when an analyst reports incorrect units) can also occur. The presence of [[missing data]] or [[censoring (statistics)|censoring]] may result in biased estimates and specific techniques have been developed to address these problems. {{TOC limit|3}} == Vyakudanga == {{main|Outline of statistics}} Statistics is a mathematical body of science that pertains to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of [[data]],<ref>Moses, Lincoln E. (1986) ''Think and Explain with Statistics'', Addison-Wesley, {{isbn|978-0-201-15619-5}}. pp. 1–3</ref> or as a branch of [[mathematics]].<ref>Hays, William Lee, (1973) ''Statistics for the Social Sciences'', Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p. xii, {{isbn|978-0-03-077945-9}}</ref> Some consider statistics to be a distinct [[mathematical sciences|mathematical science]] rather than a branch of mathematics. While many scientific investigations make use of data, statistics is concerned with the use of data in the context of uncertainty and decision-making in the face of uncertainty.<ref>{{cite book |last=Moore |first=David |title=Statistics for the Twenty-First Century |publisher=The Mathematical Association of America |editor=F. Gordon |editor2=S. Gordon |location=Washington, DC |year=1992 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/statisticsfortwe0000unse/page/14 14–25] |chapter=Teaching Statistics as a Respectable Subject |isbn=978-0-88385-078-7 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/statisticsfortwe0000unse/page/14 }} </ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chance |first=Beth L. |author1-link=Beth Chance |author2=Rossman, Allan J. |title=Investigating Statistical Concepts, Applications, and Methods |publisher=Duxbury Press |year=2005 |chapter=Preface |isbn=978-0-495-05064-3 |chapter-url=http://www.rossmanchance.com/iscam/preface.pdf |access-date=2009-12-06 |archive-date=2020-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122092901/http://www.rossmanchance.com/iscam/preface.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In applying statistics to a problem, it is common practice to start with a [[statistical population|population]] or process to be studied. Populations can be diverse topics, such as "all people living in a country" or "every atom composing a crystal". Ideally, statisticians compile data about the entire population (an operation called a [[census]]). This may be organized by governmental statistical institutes. ''[[Descriptive statistics]]'' can be used to summarize the population data. Numerical descriptors include [[mean]] and [[standard deviation]] for [[Continuous probability distribution|continuous data]] (like income), while frequency and percentage are more useful in terms of describing [[categorical data]] (like education). When a census is not feasible, a chosen subset of the population called a [[sampling (statistics)|sample]] is studied. Once a sample that is representative of the population is determined, data is collected for the sample members in an observational or [[experiment]]al setting. Again, descriptive statistics can be used to summarize the sample data. However, drawing the sample contains an element of randomness; hence, the numerical descriptors from the sample are also prone to uncertainty. To draw meaningful conclusions about the entire population, ''[[inferential statistics]]'' are needed. It uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented while accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of answering yes/no questions about the data ([[hypothesis testing]]), estimating numerical characteristics of the data ([[Estimation theory|estimation]]), describing [[Association (statistics)|associations]] within the data ([[correlation and dependence|correlation]]), and modeling relationships within the data (for example, using [[regression analysis]]). Inference can extend to the [[forecasting]], [[prediction]], and estimation of unobserved values either in or associated with the population being studied. It can include [[extrapolation]] and [[interpolation]] of [[time series]] or [[spatial statistics|spatial data]], as well as [[data mining]]. ===Mathematical statistics=== {{main|Mathematical statistics}} Mathematical statistics is the application of [[mathematics]] to statistics. Mathematical techniques used for this include [[mathematical analysis]], [[linear algebra]], [[stochastic analysis]], [[differential equations]], and [[measure-theoretic probability theory]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lakshmikantham|first1=D. |last2=Kannan|first2= V.|title=Handbook of stochastic analysis and applications|date=2002|publisher=M. Dekker|location=New York|isbn=0824706609}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Schervish|first=Mark J.|title=Theory of statistics|date=1995|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=0387945466|edition=Corr. 2nd print.}}</ref> == Mbiri == {{main|History of statistics|Founders of statistics}} [[File:Jakob Bernoulli.jpg|thumb|Bernoulli's ''[[Ars Conjectandi]]'' was the first work that dealt with [[probability theory]] as currently understood.]] Formal discussions on inference date back to [[Mathematics in medieval Islam|Arab mathematicians]] and [[cryptographers]], during the [[Islamic Golden Age]] between the 8th and 13th centuries. [[Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi|Al-Khalil]] (717–786) wrote the ''Book of Cryptographic Messages'', which contains one of the first uses of [[permutation]]s and [[combination]]s, to list all possible [[Arabic language|Arabic]] words with and without vowels.<ref name="LB">{{cite journal|last=Broemeling|first=Lyle D.|title=An Account of Early Statistical Inference in Arab Cryptology|journal=The American Statistician|date=1 November 2011|volume=65|issue=4|pages=255–257|doi=10.1198/tas.2011.10191|s2cid=123537702}}</ref> [[Al-Kindi|Al-Kindi's]] ''Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages'' gave a detailed description of how to use [[frequency analysis]] to decipher [[encrypted]] messages, providing an early example of [[statistical inference]] for [[Code|decoding]]. [[Ibn Adlan]] (1187–1268) later made an important contribution on the use of [[sample size]] in frequency analysis.<ref name="LB"/> The term 'statistic' was introduced by the Italian scholar [[Girolamo Ghilini]] in 1589 with reference to this science.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ostasiewicz |first=Walenty |year=2014 |title=The emergence of statistical science |journal=Śląski Przegląd Statystyczny |volume=12 |issue=18 |doi=10.15611/sps.2014.12.04 |pages=76–77}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bruneau |first=Quentin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63RnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT64 |title=States and the Masters of Capital: Sovereign Lending, Old and New |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-0231555647}}</ref> The earliest writing containing statistics in Europe dates back to 1663, with the publication of ''[[Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality]]'' by [[John Graunt]].<ref>Willcox, Walter (1938) "The Founder of Statistics". ''Review of the [[International Statistical Institute]]'' 5(4): 321–328. {{JSTOR|1400906}}</ref> Early applications of statistical thinking revolved around the needs of states to base policy on demographic and economic data, hence its [[History of statistics#Etymology|''stat-'' etymology]]. The scope of the discipline of statistics broadened in the early 19th century to include the collection and analysis of data in general. Today, statistics is widely employed in government, business, and natural and social sciences. The mathematical foundations of statistics developed from discussions concerning [[Game of chance|games of chance]] among mathematicians such as [[Gerolamo Cardano]], [[Blaise Pascal]], [[Pierre de Fermat]], and [[Christiaan Huygens]]. Although the idea of probability was already examined in ancient and medieval law and philosophy (such as the work of [[Juan Caramuel]]), [[probability theory]] as a mathematical discipline only took shape at the very end of the 17th century, particularly in [[Jacob Bernoulli|Jacob Bernoulli's]] posthumous work ''[[Ars Conjectandi]]''.<ref>J. Franklin, The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability before Pascal, Johns Hopkins Univ Pr 2002</ref> This was the first book where the realm of games of chance and the realm of the probable (which concerned opinion, evidence, and argument) were combined and submitted to mathematical analysis.<ref>Schneider, I. (2005). Jakob Bernoulli, ''Ars Conjectandi'' (1713). In I. Grattan-Guinness (Ed.), ''Landmark writings in Western Mathematics, 1640-1940'' (pp. 88-103). </ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sylla |first1=E. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xgwSAjTh34C |title=The Art of Conjecturing, Together with Letter to a Friend on Sets in Court Tennis (trans.) |last2=Bernoulli |first2=Jacob |publisher=JHU Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8018-8235-7 |language=en}}</ref> The [[method of least squares]] was first described by [[Adrien-Marie Legendre]] in 1805, though [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] presumably made use of it a decade earlier in 1795.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lim |first=M. |date=2021 |title=Gauss, Least Squares, and the Missing Planet |url=https://www.actuaries.digital/2021/03/31/gauss-least-squares-and-the-missing-planet/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Actuaries Digital}}</ref> [[File:Karl Pearson, 1910.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.05|[[Karl Pearson]], a founder of mathematical statistics.]] The modern field of statistics emerged in the late 19th and early 20th century in three stages.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYFRAAAAMAAJ|title=Studies in the history of statistical method|author=Helen Mary Walker|author-link=Helen M. Walker|year=1975|publisher=Arno Press|isbn=978-0405066283|access-date=2015-06-27|archive-date=2020-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727141905/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYFRAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The first wave, at the turn of the century, was led by the work of [[Francis Galton]] and [[Karl Pearson]], who transformed statistics into a rigorous mathematical discipline used for analysis, not just in science, but in industry and politics as well. Galton's contributions included introducing the concepts of [[standard deviation]], [[correlation]], [[regression analysis]] and the application of these methods to the study of the variety of human characteristics—height, weight and eyelash length among others.<ref name=Galton1877>{{cite journal | last1 = Galton | first1 = F | year = 1877 | title = Typical laws of heredity | journal = Nature | volume = 15 | issue = 388| pages = 492–553 | doi=10.1038/015492a0| bibcode = 1877Natur..15..492. | doi-access = free }}</ref> Pearson developed the [[Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient]], defined as a product-moment,<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1214/ss/1177012580 | last1 = Stigler | first1 = S.M. | year = 1989 | title = Francis Galton's Account of the Invention of Correlation | journal = Statistical Science | volume = 4 | issue = 2| pages = 73–79 | doi-access = free }}</ref> the [[Method of moments (statistics)|method of moments]] for the fitting of distributions to samples and the [[Pearson distribution]], among many other things.<ref name="Pearson, On the criterion">{{Cite journal|last1=Pearson|first1=K.|year=1900|title=On the Criterion that a given System of Deviations from the Probable in the Case of a Correlated System of Variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from Random Sampling|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1430618|journal=Philosophical Magazine|series=Series 5|volume=50|issue=302|pages=157–175|doi=10.1080/14786440009463897|access-date=2019-06-27|archive-date=2020-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818110818/https://zenodo.org/record/1430618|url-status=live}}</ref> Galton and Pearson founded ''[[Biometrika]]'' as the first journal of mathematical statistics and [[biostatistics]] (then called biometry), and the latter founded the world's first university statistics department at [[University College London]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Karl Pearson (1857–1936)|publisher=Department of Statistical Science&nbsp;– [[University College London]]|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/stats/department/pearson.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925065418/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/stats/department/pearson.html|archive-date=2008-09-25}}</ref> The second wave of the 1910s and 20s was initiated by [[William Sealy Gosset]], and reached its culmination in the insights of [[Ronald Fisher]], who wrote the textbooks that were to define the academic discipline in universities around the world. Fisher's most important publications were his 1918 seminal paper ''[[The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance]]'' (which was the first to use the statistical term, [[variance]]), his classic 1925 work ''[[Statistical Methods for Research Workers]]'' and his 1935 ''[[The Design of Experiments]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | author = Box, JF | title = R.A. Fisher and the Design of Experiments, 1922–1926 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-statistician_1980-02_34_1/page/n1 | jstor = 2682986 | journal = [[The American Statistician]] | volume = 34 | issue = 1 |date=February 1980 | pages = 1–7 | doi = 10.2307/2682986}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Yates, F | title = Sir Ronald Fisher and the Design of Experiments | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_biometrics_1964-06_20_2/page/307 | jstor = 2528399 | journal = [[Biometrics (journal)|Biometrics]] | volume = 20 | issue = 2 |date=June 1964 | pages = 307–321 | doi = 10.2307/2528399}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Influence of Fisher's "The Design of Experiments" on Educational Research Thirty Years Later |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-educational-research-journal_1966-05_3_3/page/223 |first1=Julian C. |last1=Stanley |journal=American Educational Research Journal |volume=3 |issue=3 |year=1966|pages= 223–229 |jstor=1161806 |doi=10.3102/00028312003003223|s2cid=145725524 }}</ref> where he developed rigorous [[design of experiments]] models. He originated the concepts of [[sufficiency (statistics)|sufficiency]], [[ancillary statistic]]s, [[linear discriminant analysis|Fisher's linear discriminator]] and [[Fisher information]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Agresti|first=Alan|author2=David B. Hichcock|year=2005|title=Bayesian Inference for Categorical Data Analysis|journal=Statistical Methods & Applications|issue=3|page=298|url=http://www.stat.ufl.edu/~aa/articles/agresti_hitchcock_2005.pdf|doi=10.1007/s10260-005-0121-y|volume=14|s2cid=18896230|access-date=2013-12-19|archive-date=2013-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219212926/http://www.stat.ufl.edu/~aa/articles/agresti_hitchcock_2005.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> He also coined the term [[null hypothesis]] during the [[Lady tasting tea]] experiment, which "is never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation".<ref name="oed">OED quote: '''1935''' R.A. Fisher, ''[[The Design of Experiments]]'' ii. 19, "We may speak of this hypothesis as the 'null hypothesis', and the null hypothesis is never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation."</ref><ref>Fisher|1971|loc=Chapter II. The Principles of Experimentation, Illustrated by a Psycho-physical Experiment, Section 8. The Null Hypothesis</ref> In his 1930 book ''[[The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection]]'', he applied statistics to various [[biology|biological]] concepts such as [[Fisher's principle]]<ref name="Edwards98">{{cite journal|last1=Edwards|first1=A.W.F.|year=1998|title=Natural Selection and the Sex Ratio: Fisher's Sources|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1998-06_151_6/page/564|journal=American Naturalist|volume=151|issue=6|pages=564–569|doi=10.1086/286141|pmid=18811377|s2cid=40540426}}</ref> (which [[A. W. F. Edwards]] called "probably the most celebrated argument in [[evolutionary biology]]") and [[Fisherian runaway]],<ref name="fisher15">Fisher, R.A. (1915) The evolution of sexual preference. Eugenics Review (7) 184:192</ref><ref name="fisher30">Fisher, R.A. (1930) [[The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection]]. {{isbn|0-19-850440-3}}</ref><ref name="pers00">Edwards, A.W.F. (2000) Perspectives: Anecdotal, Historical and Critical Commentaries on Genetics. The Genetics Society of America (154) 1419:1426</ref><ref name="ander94">{{cite book|last = Andersson|first = Malte|date = 1994|title = Sexual Selection|isbn = 0-691-00057-3|publisher = Princeton University Press|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lNnHdvzBlTYC|access-date = 2019-09-19|archive-date = 2019-12-25|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191225202726/https://books.google.com/books?id=lNnHdvzBlTYC|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="ander06">Andersson, M. and Simmons, L.W. (2006) Sexual selection and mate choice. Trends, Ecology and Evolution (21) 296:302</ref><ref name="gayon10">Gayon, J. (2010) Sexual selection: Another Darwinian process. Comptes Rendus Biologies (333) 134:144</ref> a concept in [[sexual selection]] about a positive feedback runaway effect found in [[evolution]]. The final wave, which mainly saw the refinement and expansion of earlier developments, emerged from the collaborative work between [[Egon Pearson]] and [[Jerzy Neyman]] in the 1930s. They introduced the concepts of "[[Type I and type II errors|Type II]]" error, [[power of a test]] and [[confidence interval]]s. Jerzy Neyman in 1934 showed that stratified random sampling was in general a better method of estimation than purposive (quota) sampling.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Neyman | first1 = J | year = 1934 | title = On the two different aspects of the representative method: The method of stratified sampling and the method of purposive selection | journal = [[Journal of the Royal Statistical Society]] | volume = 97 | issue = 4| pages = 557–625 | jstor=2342192| doi = 10.2307/2342192 }}</ref> Today, statistical methods are applied in all fields that involve decision making, for making accurate inferences from a collated body of data and for making decisions in the face of uncertainty based on statistical methodology. The use of modern [[computer]]s has expedited large-scale statistical computations and has also made possible new methods that are impractical to perform manually. Statistics continues to be an area of active research, for example on the problem of how to analyze [[big data]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.santafe.edu/news/item/sfnm-wood-big-data/|title=Science in a Complex World – Big Data: Opportunity or Threat?|work=Santa Fe Institute|access-date=2014-10-13|archive-date=2016-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530001750/http://www.santafe.edu/news/item/sfnm-wood-big-data/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Mauthenga gha Kusanthura-Maŵiro== {{main|Statistical data}} === Kutolela uthenga === ====Kutolela Viyezgero==== When full census data cannot be collected, statisticians collect sample data by developing specific [[design of experiments|experiment designs]] and [[survey sampling|survey samples]]. Statistics itself also provides tools for prediction and forecasting through [[statistical model]]s. To use a sample as a guide to an entire population, it is important that it truly represents the overall population. Representative [[sampling (statistics)|sampling]] assures that inferences and conclusions can safely extend from the sample to the population as a whole. A major problem lies in determining the extent that the sample chosen is actually representative. Statistics offers methods to estimate and correct for any bias within the sample and data collection procedures. There are also methods of experimental design that can lessen these issues at the outset of a study, strengthening its capability to discern truths about the population. Sampling theory is part of the [[mathematics|mathematical discipline]] of [[probability theory]]. Probability is used in [[statistical theory|mathematical statistics]] to study the [[sampling distribution]]s of [[sample statistic]]s and, more generally, the properties of [[statistical decision theory|statistical procedures]]. The use of any statistical method is valid when the system or population under consideration satisfies the assumptions of the method. The difference in point of view between classic probability theory and sampling theory is, roughly, that probability theory starts from the given parameters of a total population to [[deductive reasoning|deduce]] probabilities that pertain to samples. Statistical inference, however, moves in the opposite direction—[[inductive reasoning|inductively inferring]] from samples to the parameters of a larger or total population. ====Experimental and observational studies==== A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate [[causality]], and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or [[Dependent and independent variables|independent variables on dependent variables]]. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: [[Experiment|experimental studies]] and [[Observational study|observational studies]]. In both types of studies, the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies in how the study is actually conducted. Each can be very effective. An experimental study involves taking measurements of the system under study, manipulating the system, and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements. In contrast, an observational study does not involve [[Scientific control|experimental manipulation]]. Instead, data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated. While the tools of data analysis work best on data from [[Randomized controlled trial|randomized studies]], they are also applied to other kinds of data—like [[natural experiment]]s and [[Observational study|observational studies]]<ref>[[David A. Freedman (statistician)|Freedman, D.A.]] (2005) ''Statistical Models: Theory and Practice'', Cambridge University Press. {{isbn|978-0-521-67105-7}}</ref>—for which a statistician would use a modified, more structured estimation method (e.g., [[Difference in differences|Difference in differences estimation]] and [[instrumental variable]]s, among many others) that produce [[consistent estimator]]s. =====Vifukufuku===== The basic steps of a statistical experiment are: # Planning the research, including finding the number of replicates of the study, using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of [[Average treatment effect|treatment effects]], [[alternative hypothesis|alternative hypotheses]], and the estimated [[experimental error|experimental variability]]. Consideration of the selection of experimental subjects and the ethics of research is necessary. Statisticians recommend that experiments compare (at least) one new treatment with a standard treatment or control, to allow an unbiased estimate of the difference in treatment effects. # [[Design of experiments]], using [[blocking (statistics)|blocking]] to reduce the influence of [[confounding variable]]s, and [[randomized assignment]] of treatments to subjects to allow [[bias of an estimator|unbiased estimates]] of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage, the experimenters and statisticians write the ''[[protocol (natural sciences)|experimental protocol]]'' that will guide the performance of the experiment and which specifies the'' primary analysis'' of the experimental data. # Performing the experiment following the [[Protocol (natural sciences)|experimental protocol]] and [[analysis of variance|analyzing the data]] following the experimental protocol. # Further examining the data set in secondary analyses, to suggest new hypotheses for future study. # Documenting and presenting the results of the study. Experiments on human behavior have special concerns. The famous [[Hawthorne study]] examined changes to the working environment at the Hawthorne plant of the [[Western Electric Company]]. The researchers were interested in determining whether increased illumination would increase the productivity of the [[assembly line]] workers. The researchers first measured the productivity in the plant, then modified the illumination in an area of the plant and checked if the changes in illumination affected productivity. It turned out that productivity indeed improved (under the experimental conditions). However, the study is heavily criticized today for errors in experimental procedures, specifically for the lack of a [[control group]] and [[double-blind|blindness]]. The [[Hawthorne effect]] refers to finding that an outcome (in this case, worker productivity) changed due to observation itself. Those in the Hawthorne study became more productive not because the lighting was changed but because they were being observed.<ref name="pmid17608932">{{cite journal |vauthors=McCarney R, Warner J, Iliffe S, van Haselen R, Griffin M, Fisher P |title=The Hawthorne Effect: a randomised, controlled trial |journal=BMC Med Res Methodol |volume=7|pages=30 |year=2007 |pmid=17608932 |pmc=1936999 |doi=10.1186/1471-2288-7-30 |issue=1}}</ref> =====Kuŵazga Kwakulaŵilila===== An example of an observational study is one that explores the association between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case, the researchers would collect observations of both smokers and non-smokers, perhaps through a [[cohort study]], and then look for the number of cases of lung cancer in each group.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Rothman|editor1-first=Kenneth J|editor2-last=Greenland|editor2-first=Sander|editor3-last=Lash|editor3-first=Timothy|title=Modern Epidemiology|url=https://archive.org/details/modernepidemiolo00roth|url-access=limited|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|page=[https://archive.org/details/modernepidemiolo00roth/page/n100 100]|edition=3rd|language=en|chapter=7|isbn=978-0781755641}}</ref> A [[case-control study]] is another type of observational study in which people with and without the outcome of interest (e.g. lung cancer) are invited to participate and their exposure histories are collected. ===Mitundu ya uthenga=== {{main|Statistical data type||Levels of measurement}} Various attempts have been made to produce a taxonomy of [[level of measurement|levels of measurement]]. The psychophysicist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] defined nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Nominal measurements do not have meaningful rank order among values, and permit any one-to-one (injective) transformation. Ordinal measurements have imprecise differences between consecutive values, but have a meaningful order to those values, and permit any order-preserving transformation. Interval measurements have meaningful distances between measurements defined, but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with [[longitude]] and [[temperature]] measurements in [[Celsius]] or [[Fahrenheit]]), and permit any linear transformation. Ratio measurements have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined, and permit any rescaling transformation. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically, sometimes they are grouped together as [[categorical variable]]s, whereas ratio and interval measurements are grouped together as [[Variable (mathematics)#Applied statistics|quantitative variables]], which can be either [[Probability distribution#Discrete probability distribution|discrete]] or [[Probability distribution#Continuous probability distribution|continuous]], due to their numerical nature. Such distinctions can often be loosely correlated with [[data type]] in computer science, in that dichotomous categorical variables may be represented with the [[Boolean data type]], polytomous categorical variables with arbitrarily assigned [[integer]]s in the [[integer (computer science)|integral data type]], and continuous variables with the [[real data type]] involving [[floating-point arithmetic]]. But the mapping of computer science data types to statistical data types depends on which categorization of the latter is being implemented. Other categorizations have been proposed. For example, Mosteller and Tukey (1977)<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Mosteller | first1 = F. | author-link1 = Frederick Mosteller | last2 = Tukey | first2 = J.W | author-link2 = John Tukey | year = 1977 | title = Data analysis and regression | url = https://archive.org/details/dataanalysisregr0000most | location = Boston | publisher = Addison-Wesley}}</ref> distinguished grades, ranks, counted fractions, counts, amounts, and balances. Nelder (1990)<ref>[[John Nelder|Nelder, J.A.]] (1990). The knowledge needed to computerise the analysis and interpretation of statistical information. In ''Expert systems and artificial intelligence: the need for information about data''. Library Association Report, London, March, 23–27.</ref> described continuous counts, continuous ratios, count ratios, and categorical modes of data. (See also: Chrisman (1998),<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chrisman | first1 = Nicholas R | year = 1998 | title = Rethinking Levels of Measurement for Cartography | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_cartography-and-geographic-information-science_1998-10_25_4/page/231 | journal = Cartography and Geographic Information Science | volume = 25 | issue = 4| pages = 231–242 | doi=10.1559/152304098782383043}}</ref> van den Berg (1991).<ref>van den Berg, G. (1991). ''Choosing an analysis method''. Leiden: DSWO Press</ref>) The issue of whether or not it is appropriate to apply different kinds of statistical methods to data obtained from different kinds of measurement procedures is complicated by issues concerning the transformation of variables and the precise interpretation of research questions. "The relationship between the data and what they describe merely reflects the fact that certain kinds of statistical statements may have truth values which are not invariant under some transformations. Whether or not a transformation is sensible to contemplate depends on the question one is trying to answer."<ref>Hand, D.J. (2004). ''Measurement theory and practice: The world through quantification.'' London: Arnold.</ref>{{rp|82}} == Nthowa == {{more citations needed section|date=December 2020}} === Descriptive statistics === {{main|Descriptive statistics}} A '''descriptive statistic''' (in the [[count noun]] sense) is a [[summary statistic]] that quantitatively describes or summarizes features of a collection of [[information]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Mann |first=Prem S. |year=1995 |title=Introductory Statistics |url=https://archive.org/details/introductorystat02edmann_z9s5 |url-access=registration |edition=2nd |publisher=Wiley |isbn=0-471-31009-3 }}</ref> while '''descriptive statistics''' in the [[mass noun]] sense is the process of using and analyzing those statistics. Descriptive statistics is distinguished from [[statistical inference|inferential statistics]] (or inductive statistics), in that descriptive statistics aims to summarize a [[Sample (statistics)|sample]], rather than use the data to learn about the [[statistical population|population]] that the sample of data is thought to represent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Descriptive Statistics {{!}} Research Connections |url=https://www.researchconnections.org/research-tools/descriptive-statistics |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www.researchconnections.org}}</ref> === Inferential statistics === {{main|Statistical inference}} '''Statistical inference''' is the process of using [[data analysis]] to deduce properties of an underlying [[probability distribution]].<ref name="Oxford">Upton, G., Cook, I. (2008) ''Oxford Dictionary of Statistics'', OUP. {{ISBN|978-0-19-954145-4}}.</ref> Inferential statistical analysis infers properties of a [[Statistical population|population]], for example by testing hypotheses and deriving estimates. It is assumed that the observed data set is [[Sampling (statistics)|sampled]] from a larger population. Inferential statistics can be contrasted with [[descriptive statistics]]. Descriptive statistics is solely concerned with properties of the observed data, and it does not rest on the assumption that the data come from a larger population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Inferential Statistics - Purdue OWL® - Purdue University |url=https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/using_research/writing_with_statistics/basic_inferential_statistics.html |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=owl.purdue.edu}}</ref> ====Terminology and theory of inferential statistics==== =====Statistics, estimators and pivotal quantities===== Consider [[Independent identically distributed|independent identically distributed (IID) random variables]] with a given [[probability distribution]]: standard [[statistical inference]] and [[estimation theory]] defines a [[random sample]] as the [[random vector]] given by the [[column vector]] of these IID variables.<ref name=Piazza>Piazza Elio, Probabilità e Statistica, Esculapio 2007</ref> The [[Statistical population|population]] being examined is described by a probability distribution that may have unknown parameters. A statistic is a random variable that is a function of the random sample, but {{em|not a function of unknown parameters}}. The probability distribution of the statistic, though, may have unknown parameters. Consider now a function of the unknown parameter: an [[estimator]] is a statistic used to estimate such function. Commonly used estimators include [[sample mean]], unbiased [[sample variance]] and [[sample covariance]]. A random variable that is a function of the random sample and of the unknown parameter, but whose probability distribution ''does not depend on the unknown parameter'' is called a [[pivotal quantity]] or pivot. Widely used pivots include the [[z-score]], the [[Chi-squared distribution#Applications|chi square statistic]] and Student's [[Student's t-distribution#How the t-distribution arises|t-value]]. Between two estimators of a given parameter, the one with lower [[mean squared error]] is said to be more [[Efficient estimator|efficient]]. Furthermore, an estimator is said to be [[Unbiased estimator|unbiased]] if its [[expected value]] is equal to the [[true value]] of the unknown parameter being estimated, and asymptotically unbiased if its expected value converges at the [[Limit (mathematics)|limit]] to the true value of such parameter. Other desirable properties for estimators include: [[UMVUE]] estimators that have the lowest variance for all possible values of the parameter to be estimated (this is usually an easier property to verify than efficiency) and [[consistent estimator]]s which [[converges in probability]] to the true value of such parameter. This still leaves the question of how to obtain estimators in a given situation and carry the computation, several methods have been proposed: the [[method of moments (statistics)|method of moments]], the [[maximum likelihood]] method, the [[least squares]] method and the more recent method of [[estimating equations]]. =====Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis===== Interpretation of statistical information can often involve the development of a [[null hypothesis]] which is usually (but not necessarily) that no relationship exists among variables or that no change occurred over time.<ref>{{cite book | last = Everitt | first = Brian | title = The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge, UK New York | year = 1998 | isbn = 0521593468 | url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgediction00ever_0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yourstatsguru.com/epar/rp-reviewed/cohen1994/ |title=Cohen (1994) The Earth Is Round (p < .05) |publisher=YourStatsGuru.com |access-date=2015-07-20 |archive-date=2015-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905081658/http://www.yourstatsguru.com/epar/rp-reviewed/cohen1994/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The best illustration for a novice is the predicament encountered by a criminal trial. The null hypothesis, H₀, asserts that the defendant is innocent, whereas the alternative hypothesis, H₁, asserts that the defendant is guilty. The indictment comes because of suspicion of the guilt. The H₀ (status quo) stands in opposition to H₁ and is maintained unless H₁ is supported by evidence "beyond a reasonable doubt". However, "failure to reject H₀" in this case does not imply innocence, but merely that the evidence was insufficient to convict. So the jury does not necessarily ''accept'' H₀ but ''fails to reject'' H₀. While one can not "prove" a null hypothesis, one can test how close it is to being true with a [[Statistical power|power test]], which tests for [[type II error]]s. What [[statisticians]] call an [[alternative hypothesis]] is simply a hypothesis that contradicts the [[null hypothesis]]. =====Error===== Working from a [[null hypothesis]], two broad categories of error are recognized: * [[Type I and type II errors#Type I error|Type I errors]] where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected, giving a "false positive". * [[Type I and type II errors#Type II error|Type II errors]] where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed, giving a "false negative". [[Standard deviation]] refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value, such as the sample or population mean, while [[Standard error (statistics)#Standard error of the mean|Standard error]] refers to an estimate of difference between sample mean and population mean. A [[Errors and residuals in statistics#Introduction|statistical error]] is the amount by which an observation differs from its [[expected value]]. A [[Errors and residuals in statistics#Introduction|residual]] is the amount an observation differs from the value the estimator of the expected value assumes on a given sample (also called prediction). [[Mean squared error]] is used for obtaining [[efficient estimators]], a widely used class of estimators. [[Root mean square error]] is simply the square root of mean squared error. [[File:Linear least squares(2).svg|thumb|right|A least squares fit: in red the points to be fitted, in blue the fitted line.]] Many statistical methods seek to minimize the [[residual sum of squares]], and these are called "[[least squares|methods of least squares]]" in contrast to [[Least absolute deviations]]. The latter gives equal weight to small and big errors, while the former gives more weight to large errors. Residual sum of squares is also [[Differentiable function|differentiable]], which provides a handy property for doing [[regression analysis|regression]]. Least squares applied to [[linear regression]] is called [[ordinary least squares]] method and least squares applied to [[nonlinear regression]] is called [[non-linear least squares]]. Also in a linear regression model the non deterministic part of the model is called error term, disturbance or more simply noise. Both linear regression and non-linear regression are addressed in [[polynomial least squares]], which also describes the variance in a prediction of the dependent variable (y axis) as a function of the independent variable (x axis) and the deviations (errors, noise, disturbances) from the estimated (fitted) curve. Measurement processes that generate statistical data are also subject to error. Many of these errors are classified as [[Random error|random]] (noise) or [[Systematic error|systematic]] ([[bias]]), but other types of errors (e.g., blunder, such as when an analyst reports incorrect units) can also be important. The presence of [[missing data]] or [[censoring (statistics)|censoring]] may result in [[bias (statistics)|biased estimates]] and specific techniques have been developed to address these problems.<ref>Rubin, Donald B.; Little, Roderick J.A., Statistical analysis with missing data, New York: Wiley 2002</ref> =====Interval estimation===== {{main|Interval estimation}} [[File:NYW-confidence-interval.svg|thumb|right|[[Confidence intervals]]: the red line is true value for the mean in this example, the blue lines are random confidence intervals for 100 realizations.]] Most studies only sample part of a population, so results do not fully represent the whole population. Any estimates obtained from the sample only approximate the population value. [[Confidence intervals]] allow statisticians to express how closely the sample estimate matches the true value in the whole population. Often they are expressed as 95% confidence intervals. Formally, a 95% confidence interval for a value is a range where, if the sampling and analysis were repeated under the same conditions (yielding a different dataset), the interval would include the true (population) value in 95% of all possible cases. This does ''not'' imply that the probability that the true value is in the confidence interval is 95%. From the [[frequentist inference|frequentist]] perspective, such a claim does not even make sense, as the true value is not a [[random variable]]. Either the true value is or is not within the given interval. However, it is true that, before any data are sampled and given a plan for how to construct the confidence interval, the probability is 95% that the yet-to-be-calculated interval will cover the true value: at this point, the limits of the interval are yet-to-be-observed [[random variable]]s. One approach that does yield an interval that can be interpreted as having a given probability of containing the true value is to use a [[credible interval]] from [[Bayesian statistics]]: this approach depends on a different way of [[Probability interpretations|interpreting what is meant by "probability"]], that is as a [[Bayesian probability]]. In principle confidence intervals can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. An interval can be asymmetrical because it works as lower or upper bound for a parameter (left-sided interval or right sided interval), but it can also be asymmetrical because the two sided interval is built violating symmetry around the estimate. Sometimes the bounds for a confidence interval are reached asymptotically and these are used to approximate the true bounds. =====Significance===== {{main|Statistical significance}} Statistics rarely give a simple Yes/No type answer to the question under analysis. Interpretation often comes down to the level of statistical significance applied to the numbers and often refers to the probability of a value accurately rejecting the null hypothesis (sometimes referred to as the [[p-value]]). [[File:P-value in statistical significance testing.svg|upright=1.8|thumb|right|In this graph the black line is probability distribution for the [[test statistic]], the [[Critical region#Definition of terms|critical region]] is the set of values to the right of the observed data point (observed value of the test statistic) and the [[p-value]] is represented by the green area.]] The standard approach<ref name="Piazza"/> is to test a null hypothesis against an alternative hypothesis. A [[Critical region#Definition of terms|critical region]] is the set of values of the estimator that leads to refuting the null hypothesis. The probability of type I error is therefore the probability that the estimator belongs to the critical region given that null hypothesis is true ([[statistical significance]]) and the probability of type II error is the probability that the estimator does not belong to the critical region given that the alternative hypothesis is true. The [[statistical power]] of a test is the probability that it correctly rejects the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false. Referring to statistical significance does not necessarily mean that the overall result is significant in real world terms. For example, in a large study of a drug it may be shown that the drug has a statistically significant but very small beneficial effect, such that the drug is unlikely to help the patient noticeably. Although in principle the acceptable level of [[statistical significance]] may be subject to debate, the [[significance level]] is the largest p-value that allows the test to reject the null hypothesis. This test is logically equivalent to saying that the p-value is the probability, assuming the null hypothesis is true, of observing a result at least as extreme as the [[test statistic]]. Therefore, the smaller the significance level, the lower the probability of committing type I error. Some problems are usually associated with this framework (See [[Statistical hypothesis testing#Criticism|criticism of hypothesis testing]]): * A difference that is highly statistically significant can still be of no practical significance, but it is possible to properly formulate tests to account for this. One response involves going beyond reporting only the [[significance level]] to include the [[p-value|''p''-value]] when reporting whether a hypothesis is rejected or accepted. The p-value, however, does not indicate the [[effect size|size]] or importance of the observed effect and can also seem to exaggerate the importance of minor differences in large studies. A better and increasingly common approach is to report [[confidence interval]]s. Although these are produced from the same calculations as those of hypothesis tests or ''p''-values, they describe both the size of the effect and the uncertainty surrounding it. * Fallacy of the transposed conditional, aka [[prosecutor's fallacy]]: criticisms arise because the hypothesis testing approach forces one hypothesis (the [[null hypothesis]]) to be favored, since what is being evaluated is the probability of the observed result given the null hypothesis and not probability of the null hypothesis given the observed result. An alternative to this approach is offered by [[Bayesian inference]], although it requires establishing a [[prior probability]].<ref name=Ioannidis2005>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ioannidis | first1 = J.P.A. | author-link1 = John P.A. Ioannidis| title = Why Most Published Research Findings Are False | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 2 | issue = 8 | pages = e124 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16060722 | pmc = 1182327 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124}}</ref> * Rejecting the null hypothesis does not automatically prove the alternative hypothesis. * As everything in [[inferential statistics]] it relies on sample size, and therefore under [[fat tails]] p-values may be seriously mis-computed.{{clarify|date=October 2016}} =====Examples===== Some well-known statistical [[Statistical hypothesis testing|tests]] and procedures are: {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em| * [[Analysis of variance]] (ANOVA) * [[Chi-squared test]] * [[Correlation]] * [[Factor analysis]] * [[Mann–Whitney (U)|Mann–Whitney ''U'']] * [[Mean square weighted deviation]] (MSWD) * [[Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient]] * [[Regression analysis]] * [[Spearman's rank correlation coefficient]] * [[Student's t-test|Student's ''t''-test]] * [[Time series analysis]] * [[Conjoint Analysis]] }} ===Exploratory data analysis=== {{main|Exploratory data analysis}} '''Exploratory data analysis''' ('''EDA''') is an approach to [[data analysis|analyzing]] [[data set]]s to summarize their main characteristics, often with visual methods. A [[statistical model]] can be used or not, but primarily EDA is for seeing what the data can tell us beyond the formal modeling or hypothesis testing task. == Misuse == {{main|Misuse of statistics}} [[Misuse of statistics]] can produce subtle but serious errors in description and interpretation—subtle in the sense that even experienced professionals make such errors, and serious in the sense that they can lead to devastating decision errors. For instance, social policy, medical practice, and the reliability of structures like bridges all rely on the proper use of statistics. Even when statistical techniques are correctly applied, the results can be difficult to interpret for those lacking expertise. The [[statistical significance]] of a trend in the data—which measures the extent to which a trend could be caused by random variation in the sample—may or may not agree with an intuitive sense of its significance. The set of basic statistical skills (and skepticism) that people need to deal with information in their everyday lives properly is referred to as [[statistical literacy]]. There is a general perception that statistical knowledge is all-too-frequently intentionally [[Misuse of statistics|misused]] by finding ways to interpret only the data that are favorable to the presenter.<ref name="Huff">Huff, Darrell (1954) ''[[How to Lie with Statistics]]'', WW Norton & Company, Inc. New York. {{isbn|0-393-31072-8}}</ref> A mistrust and misunderstanding of statistics is associated with the quotation, "[[Lies, damned lies, and statistics|There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics]]". Misuse of statistics can be both inadvertent and intentional, and the book ''[[How to Lie with Statistics]]'',<ref name=Huff/> by [[Darrell Huff]], outlines a range of considerations. In an attempt to shed light on the use and misuse of statistics, reviews of statistical techniques used in particular fields are conducted (e.g. Warne, Lazo, Ramos, and Ritter (2012)).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Warne | first1 = R. Lazo | last2 = Ramos | first2 = T. | last3 = Ritter | first3 = N. | year = 2012 | title = Statistical Methods Used in Gifted Education Journals, 2006–2010 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_gifted-child-quarterly_summer-2012_56_3/page/134 | journal = Gifted Child Quarterly | volume = 56 | issue = 3| pages = 134–149 | doi = 10.1177/0016986212444122 | s2cid = 144168910 }}</ref> Ways to avoid misuse of statistics include using proper diagrams and avoiding [[Bias (statistics)|bias]].<ref name="Statistics in Archaeology">{{cite book | chapter = Statistics in archaeology | pages = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaarch00pear/page/n2072 2093]–2100 | first1 = Robert D. | last1 = Drennan | title = Encyclopedia of Archaeology | url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaarch00pear | url-access = limited | year = 2008 | publisher = Elsevier Inc. | editor-first = Deborah M. | editor-last = Pearsall | isbn = 978-0-12-373962-9 }}</ref> Misuse can occur when conclusions are [[Hasty generalization|overgeneralized]] and claimed to be representative of more than they really are, often by either deliberately or unconsciously overlooking sampling bias.<ref name="Misuse of Statistics">{{cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Jerome B. |title=Misuse of Statistics |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-statistical-association_1938-12_33_204/page/657 |journal=Journal of the American Statistical Association |date=December 1938 |volume=33 |issue=204 |pages=657–674 |location=JSTOR |doi=10.1080/01621459.1938.10502344}}</ref> Bar graphs are arguably the easiest diagrams to use and understand, and they can be made either by hand or with simple computer programs.<ref name="Statistics in Archaeology" /> Unfortunately, most people do not look for bias or errors, so they are not noticed. Thus, people may often believe that something is true even if it is not well [[Sampling (statistics)|represented]].<ref name="Misuse of Statistics" /> To make data gathered from statistics believable and accurate, the sample taken must be representative of the whole.<ref name="Modern Elementary Statistics">{{cite journal|last=Freund|first=J.E.|author-link = John E. Freund|title=Modern Elementary Statistics|journal=Credo Reference|year=1988}}</ref> According to Huff, "The dependability of a sample can be destroyed by [bias]... allow yourself some degree of skepticism."<ref>{{cite book|last=Huff|first=Darrell|title=How to Lie with Statistics|url=https://archive.org/details/howtoliewithstat0000dare|year=1954|publisher=Norton|location=New York|author2=Irving Geis |quote=The dependability of a sample can be destroyed by [bias]... allow yourself some degree of skepticism.}}</ref> To assist in the understanding of statistics Huff proposed a series of questions to be asked in each case:<ref name=Huff/> * Who says so? (Does he/she have an axe to grind?) * How does he/she know? (Does he/she have the resources to know the facts?) * What's missing? (Does he/she give us a complete picture?) * Did someone change the subject? (Does he/she offer us the right answer to the wrong problem?) * Does it make sense? (Is his/her conclusion logical and consistent with what we already know?) [[File:Simple Confounding Case.svg|upright=0.9|thumb|right|The [[confounding variable]] problem: ''X'' and ''Y'' may be correlated, not because there is causal relationship between them, but because both depend on a third variable ''Z''. ''Z'' is called a confounding factor.]] ===Misinterpretation: correlation=== {{See also|Correlation does not imply causation}} The concept of [[correlation]] is particularly noteworthy for the potential confusion it can cause. Statistical analysis of a [[data set]] often reveals that two variables (properties) of the population under consideration tend to vary together, as if they were connected. For example, a study of annual income that also looks at age of death, might find that poor people tend to have shorter lives than affluent people. The two variables are said to be correlated; however, they may or may not be the cause of one another. The correlation phenomena could be caused by a third, previously unconsidered phenomenon, called a lurking variable or [[confounding variable]]. For this reason, there is no way to immediately infer the existence of a causal relationship between the two variables. ==Applications== ===Applied statistics, theoretical statistics and mathematical statistics=== ''Applied statistics,'' sometimes referred to as ''Statistical science,''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nelder|first=John A.|date=1999|title=From Statistics to Statistical Science|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2681191|journal=Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series D (The Statistician)|volume=48|issue=2|pages=257–269|doi=10.1111/1467-9884.00187|jstor=2681191|issn=0039-0526|access-date=2022-01-15|archive-date=2022-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115160959/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2681191|url-status=live}}</ref> comprises descriptive statistics and the application of inferential statistics.<ref>Nikoletseas, M.M. (2014) "Statistics: Concepts and Examples." {{isbn|978-1500815684}}</ref><ref>Anderson, D.R.; Sweeney, D.J.; Williams, T.A. (1994) ''Introduction to Statistics: Concepts and Applications'', pp. 5–9. West Group. {{isbn|978-0-314-03309-3}}</ref> ''Theoretical statistics'' concerns the logical arguments underlying justification of approaches to [[statistical inference]], as well as encompassing ''mathematical statistics''. Mathematical statistics includes not only the manipulation of [[probability distribution]]s necessary for deriving results related to methods of estimation and inference, but also various aspects of [[computational statistics]] and the [[design of experiments]]. [[Statistical consultant]]s can help organizations and companies that do not have in-house expertise relevant to their particular questions. ===Machine learning and data mining=== [[Machine learning]] models are statistical and probabilistic models that capture patterns in the data through use of computational algorithms. ===Statistics in academia=== Statistics is applicable to a wide variety of [[academic discipline]]s, including [[Natural science|natural]] and [[social science]]s, government, and business. Business statistics applies statistical methods in [[econometrics]], [[auditing]] and production and operations, including services improvement and marketing research.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes|title=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics|website=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics|publisher=Taylor & Francis|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727052958/https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes|url-status=live}}</ref> A study of two journals in tropical biology found that the 12 most frequent statistical tests are: [[analysis of variance]] (ANOVA), [[chi-squared test]], [[Student's t-test]], [[linear regression]], [[Pearson’s correlation coefficient]], [[Mann-Whitney U test]], [[Kruskal-Wallis test]], [[Diversity index#Shannon index|Shannon’s diversity index]], [[Tukey's range test]], [[cluster analysis]], [[Spearman's rank correlation coefficient]] and [[principal component analysis]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Natalia Loaiza Velásquez, María Isabel González Lutz & Julián Monge-Nájera|date=2011|title=Which statistics should tropical biologists learn?|url=https://investiga.uned.ac.cr/ecologiaurbana/wp-content/uploads/sites/30/2017/09/JMN-2011-statistics-should-learn.pdf|journal=Revista Biología Tropical|volume=59|pages=983–992|access-date=2020-04-26|archive-date=2020-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019160957/https://investiga.uned.ac.cr/ecologiaurbana/wp-content/uploads/sites/30/2017/09/JMN-2011-statistics-should-learn.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> A typical statistics course covers descriptive statistics, probability, binomial and [[normal distribution]]s, test of hypotheses and confidence intervals, [[linear regression]], and correlation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pekoz|first=Erol|title=The Manager's Guide to Statistics|date=2009|publisher=Erol Pekoz|isbn=978-0979570438}}</ref> Modern fundamental statistical courses for undergraduate students focus on correct test selection, results interpretation, and use of [[free statistics software]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Statistical computing=== [[File:Gretl screenshot.png|thumb|upright=1.15|right|[[gretl]], an example of an [[List of open source statistical packages|open source statistical package]]]] {{main|Computational statistics}} The rapid and sustained increases in computing power starting from the second half of the 20th century have had a substantial impact on the practice of statistical science. Early statistical models were almost always from the class of [[linear model]]s, but powerful computers, coupled with suitable numerical [[algorithms]], caused an increased interest in [[Nonlinear regression|nonlinear models]] (such as [[Artificial neural network|neural networks]]) as well as the creation of new types, such as [[generalized linear model]]s and [[multilevel model]]s. Increased computing power has also led to the growing popularity of computationally intensive methods based on [[Resampling (statistics)|resampling]], such as [[permutation test]]s and the [[Bootstrapping (statistics)|bootstrap]], while techniques such as [[Gibbs sampling]] have made use of [[Bayesian model]]s more feasible. The computer revolution has implications for the future of statistics with a new emphasis on "experimental" and "empirical" statistics. A large number of both general and special purpose [[List of statistical packages|statistical software]] are now available. Examples of available software capable of complex statistical computation include programs such as [[Mathematica]], [[SAS (software)|SAS]], [[SPSS]], and [[R (programming language)|R]]. ===Business statistics=== In business, "statistics" is a widely used [[Management#Nature of work|management-]] and [[decision support]] tool. It is particularly applied in [[financial management]], [[marketing management]], and [[Manufacturing process management|production]], [[operations management for services|services]] and [[operations management]] .<ref>{{cite web |url=https://amstat.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=ubes20 |title=Aims and scope |website=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics |publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623194835/https://amstat.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=ubes20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes |title=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics |website=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics |publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727052958/https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes |url-status=live }}</ref> Statistics is also heavily used in [[management accounting]] and [[auditing]]. The discipline of [[Management Science]] formalizes the use of statistics, and other mathematics, in business. ([[Econometrics]] is the application of statistical methods to [[economic data]] in order to give empirical content to [[economic theory|economic relationships]].) A typical "Business Statistics" course is intended for [[Business education#Undergraduate education|business majors]], and covers <ref>Numerous texts are available, reflecting the scope and reach of the discipline in the business world: * Sharpe, N. (2014). ''Business Statistics'', Pearson. {{ISBN|978-0134705217}} * Wegner, T. (2010). ''Applied Business Statistics: Methods and Excel-Based Applications,'' Juta Academic. {{ISBN|0702172863}} Two [[Open textbook|open textbooks]] are: * Holmes, L., Illowsky, B., Dean, S. (2017). [https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/509 ''Introductory Business Statistics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616084059/https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/509|date=2021-06-16}} * Nica, M. (2013). [https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/384 ''Principles of Business Statistics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518151122/https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/384|date=2021-05-18}}</ref> [[descriptive statistics]] ([[Data collection|collection]], description, analysis, and summary of data), probability (typically the [[binomial distribution|binomial]] and [[normal distribution]]s), test of hypotheses and confidence intervals, [[linear regression]], and correlation; (follow-on) courses may include [[forecasting]], [[time series]], [[decision trees]], [[multiple linear regression]], and other topics from [[business analytics]] more generally. See also {{sectionlink|Business mathematics#University level}}. [[Professional certification in financial services|Professional certification programs]], such as the [[Chartered Financial Analyst|CFA]], often include topics in statistics. ===Statistics applied to mathematics or the arts=== Traditionally, statistics was concerned with drawing inferences using a semi-standardized methodology that was "required learning" in most sciences. This tradition has changed with the use of statistics in non-inferential contexts. What was once considered a dry subject, taken in many fields as a degree-requirement, is now viewed enthusiastically.{{according to whom|date=April 2014}} Initially derided by some mathematical purists, it is now considered essential methodology in certain areas. * In [[number theory]], [[scatter plot]]s of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns, which may then lead to hypotheses. * Predictive methods of statistics in [[forecasting]] combining [[chaos theory]] and [[fractal geometry]] can be used to create video works.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cline|first=Graysen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1132348139|title=Nonparametric Statistical Methods Using R|date=2019|publisher=EDTECH|isbn=978-1-83947-325-8|oclc=1132348139|access-date=2021-09-16|archive-date=2022-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515012840/https://www.worldcat.org/title/nonparametric-statistical-methods-using-r/oclc/1132348139|url-status=live}}</ref> * The [[process art]] of [[Jackson Pollock]] relied on artistic experiments whereby underlying distributions in nature were artistically revealed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Palacios|first1=Bernardo|last2=Rosario|first2=Alfonso|last3=Wilhelmus|first3=Monica M.|last4=Zetina|first4=Sandra|last5=Zenit|first5=Roberto|date=2019-10-30|title=Pollock avoided hydrodynamic instabilities to paint with his dripping technique|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=14|issue=10|pages=e0223706|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0223706|issn=1932-6203|pmc=6821064|pmid=31665191|bibcode=2019PLoSO..1423706P|doi-access=free}}</ref> With the advent of computers, statistical methods were applied to formalize such distribution-driven natural processes to make and analyze moving video art.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}} * Methods of statistics may be used predicatively in [[performance art]], as in a card trick based on a [[Markov process]] that only works some of the time, the occasion of which can be predicted using statistical methodology. * Statistics can be used to predicatively create art, as in the statistical or [[stochastic music]] invented by [[Iannis Xenakis]], where the music is performance-specific. Though this type of artistry does not always come out as expected, it does behave in ways that are predictable and tunable using statistics. == Specialized disciplines == {{main|List of fields of application of statistics}} Statistical techniques are used in a wide range of types of scientific and social research, including: [[biostatistics]], [[computational biology]], [[computational sociology]], [[network biology]], [[social science]], [[sociology]] and [[social research]]. Some fields of inquiry use applied statistics so extensively that they have [[specialized terminology]]. These disciplines include: {{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|* [[Actuarial science]] (assesses risk in the insurance and finance industries) * Applied information economics * [[Astrostatistics]] (statistical evaluation of astronomical data) * [[Biostatistics]] * [[Chemometrics]] (for analysis of data from [[chemistry]]) * [[Data mining]] (applying statistics and [[pattern recognition]] to discover knowledge from data) * [[Data science]] * [[Demography]] (statistical study of populations) * [[Econometrics]] (statistical analysis of economic data) * [[Statistical study of energy data|Energy statistics]] * [[Engineering statistics]] * [[Epidemiology]] (statistical analysis of disease) * [[Geography]] and [[geographic information system]]s, specifically in [[spatial analysis]] * [[Image processing]] * [[Jurimetrics]] ([[law]]) * [[Medical statistics]] * [[Political science]] * [[Psychological statistics]] * [[Reliability engineering]] * [[Social statistics]] * [[Statistical mechanics]]}} In addition, there are particular types of statistical analysis that have also developed their own specialised terminology and methodology: {{Columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[Bootstrapping (statistics)|Bootstrap]]{{\}}[[Jackknife resampling|jackknife]] [[Resampling (statistics)|resampling]] * [[Multivariate statistics]] * [[Statistical classification]] * [[Structured data analysis (statistics)|Structured data analysis]] * [[Structural equation modelling]] * [[Survey methodology]] * [[Survival analysis]] * Statistics in various sports, particularly [[Baseball statistics|baseball]] – known as [[sabermetrics]] – and [[Cricket statistics|cricket]] }} Statistics form a key basis tool in business and manufacturing as well. It is used to understand measurement systems variability, control processes (as in [[statistical process control]] or SPC), for summarizing data, and to make data-driven decisions. In these roles, it is a key tool, and perhaps the only reliable tool.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} == See also == {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=no |about=yes |label=Statistics}} {{main|Outline of statistics}} <!-- NOTE: This is mainly for statistics-related lists. Please consider adding links to either the "Outline of statistics" or the "List of statistics articles" entries rather than here.--> {{Columns-list|colwidth=20em| * [[Abundance estimation]] * [[Glossary of probability and statistics]] * [[List of academic statistical associations]] * [[List of important publications in statistics]] * [[List of national and international statistical services]] * [[List of statistical packages]] (software) * [[List of statistics articles]] * [[List of university statistical consulting centers]] * [[Notation in probability and statistics]] * [[Statistics education]] * [[World Statistics Day]] }} ;Foundations and major areas of statistics {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|<!-- Foundations and major areas of statistics, closely related fields NOT already mentioned in "Specialised disciplines" section--> * [[Foundations of statistics]] * [[List of statisticians]] * [[Official statistics]] * [[Multivariate analysis of variance]] :<!--empty column--> :<!--empty column--> }} == References == {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * Lydia Denworth, "A Significant Problem: Standard scientific methods are under fire. Will anything change?", ''[[Scientific American]]'', vol. 321, no. 4 (October 2019), pp.&nbsp;62–67. "The use of [[p value|''p'' values]] for nearly a century [since 1925] to determine [[statistical significance]] of [[experiment]]al results has contributed to an illusion of [[certainty]] and [to] [[Replication crisis|reproducibility crises]] in many [[science|scientific fields]]. There is growing determination to reform statistical analysis... Some [researchers] suggest changing statistical methods, whereas others would do away with a threshold for defining "significant" results." (p.&nbsp;63.) * {{cite book|author1=Barbara Illowsky|author2=Susan Dean|title=Introductory Statistics|url=https://openstax.org/details/introductory-statistics|year=2014|publisher=OpenStax CNX|isbn=978-1938168208}} * {{cite web|first=David W.|last=Stockburger|url=http://psychstat3.missouristate.edu/Documents/IntroBook3/sbk.htm|title=Introductory Statistics: Concepts, Models, and Applications|edition=3rd Web|website=[[Missouri State University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528093101/http://psychstat3.missouristate.edu/Documents/IntroBook3/sbk.htm|archive-date=28 May 2020}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190616110442/https://www.openintro.org/stat/textbook.php?stat_book=os ''OpenIntro Statistics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616110442/https://www.openintro.org/stat/textbook.php?stat_book=os |date=2019-06-16 }}, 3rd edition by Diez, Barr, and Cetinkaya-Rundel * Stephen Jones, 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170215092220/https://books.google.com/books?id=mywdBQAAQBAJ ''Statistics in Psychology: Explanations without Equations'']. Palgrave Macmillan. {{isbn|978-1137282392}}. * {{cite journal | last1 = Cohen | first1 = J | year = 1990 | title = Things I have learned (so far) | url = http://moityca.com.br/pdfs/Cohen_1990.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171018181831/http://moityca.com.br/pdfs/Cohen_1990.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2017-10-18 | journal = American Psychologist | volume = 45 | issue = 12 | pages = 1304–1312 | doi = 10.1037/0003-066x.45.12.1304 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Gigerenzer | first1 = G | year = 2004 | title = Mindless statistics | journal = Journal of Socio-Economics | volume = 33 | issue = 5 | pages = 587–606 | doi = 10.1016/j.socec.2004.09.033 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Ioannidis | first1 = J.P.A. | year = 2005 | title = Why most published research findings are false | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 2 | issue = 4 | pages = 696–701 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040168 | pmid = 17456002 | pmc = 1855693 }} ==External links== {{Sister project links|Statistics}} * (Electronic Version): TIBCO Software Inc. (2020). [https://docs.tibco.com/data-science/textbook Data Science Textbook]. * [http://onlinestatbook.com/index.html ''Online Statistics Education: An Interactive Multimedia Course of Study'']. Developed by Rice University (Lead Developer), University of Houston Clear Lake, Tufts University, and National Science Foundation. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060717201702/http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/ UCLA Statistical Computing Resources] (archived 17 July 2006) * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statistics/ Philosophy of Statistics] from the [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] {{Statistics |state=expanded}} {{Areas of mathematics |collapsed}} {{Glossaries of science and engineering}} {{Portal bar|Mathematics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Statistics| ]]<!--space-indexed (i.e. lead/home/eponymous) category first--> [[Category:Data]] [[Category:Formal sciences]] [[Category:Information]] [[Category:Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)]] [[Category:Research methods]] [[Category:Arab inventions]] h142nqh5hjy88y1yxroltsejfbsy63m 0 48136 119750 118885 2026-08-23T07:23:56Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Part of the Second Jewish–Roman War}} {{good article}} {{about|chigaluka cha Ŵayuda ku Yudeya|kuwukira kwa Ŵayuda kwa nyengo yimoza mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Roma|Diaspora Revolt}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Nkhondo ya Kitos | partof = [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]] | image = Roman Empire - Iudaea (125 AD).svg | image_size = 260px | caption = Mapu gha Yudeya (ghaswesi), [[Chigaŵa cha Roma]] uko khumbo la Ŵayuda la kujiyimira pawokha likapangiska [[Nkhondo za Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]] | date = 117 CE <!-- Kasi Lukuas wakachimbilira ku Yudeya pawuli nadi, ndipo ichi ndicho chikambiska nkhondo iyi? --> | place = [[Yudeya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Yudeya]] | territory = ''Status quo ante bellum'' | result = Kutonda kwa Ŵaroma<ref>https://www.heritage-history.com/index.php?c=resources&s=war-dir&f=wars_romanjewish#kitos Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma yikachitika vyaka makumi ghanayi na vinkhondi pamanyuma pa kuwa kwa Yerusalemu pa nyengo ya kuwukira kwa Trajan ku Parthia. Yikambira mu gulu la Ŵayuda ku Cyrene. Ŵawukiri ŵakananga matempile ghanandi gha Ŵaroma, ndipo ŵakakoma Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma wuwo. Chiwukirano chikafalikira ku Alexandria na ku Cyprus, uko ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, Ŵayuda na ŵambura kuŵa Ŵayuda wuwo, ŵakakomeka. Ndipouli, viwukirano ivi vikaŵa vya magulu gha ŵanthu agho ghakaŵavya ndondomeko, m'malo mwa magulu gha nkhondo, ndipo ivyo vikachitika vikaŵa vivulupi m'malo mwa nkhondo zanadi. Bwanamkubwa wa Eguputo wakagwiliskira ntchito malegion ghake kuvikilira misumba iyo yindakhwaskike, kweni wakagomezganga Trajan kuti watume ŵasilikari ŵakukwana kuti ŵatondeske ŵawukiri. Paumaliro Trajan wakawunganya gulu la nkhondo kuti litondeske viwukirano ku Cyrene na Alexandria, ndipo pa nyengo yimoza wakayezgayezga kugega viwukirano vinyake pakati pa Ŵayuda mu vigaŵa vya Mesopotamiya ivyo wakaŵa wachita kuthereska mwakukoma Ŵayuda mu misumba yinyake yikuru ya chigaŵa ichi pambere ŵandawukire. Ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵakafwa pa viwukirano ivi, chomenechomene ku North Africa, ndipo malo ghanandi ghankhongono gha Ŵayuda agho ghakaŵa kuwaro kwa Yudeya ghakanangika.</ref> | combatant1 = [[Ufumu wa Roma]] | combatant2 = [[Ŵayuda]] | commander1 = {{plainlist| *[[Trajan]]{{Natural Causes}} *[[Lusius Quietus]]{{Assassinated}}<ref>Histoire des Juifs, Troisième période, I - Chapitre III - Soulèvement des Judéens sous Trajan et Adrien</ref> }} | commander2 = {{plainlist| *[[Lukuas]]{{executed}} *[[Lulianos na Paphos|Julianus]]{{executed}}<ref name=malamat>{{cite book|last=Malamat|first=Abraham|title=A History of the Jewish people|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/330|url-access=registration|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass|year=1976|page=330|isbn=978-0-674-39731-6}}</ref><br/>[[Lulianos na Paphos|Pappus]]{{executed}}<ref name=malamat/> *[[Gamliel II]]{{Natural Causes}} }} | casualties1 = Ŵakufwa ŵa Ŵaroma na Ŵagiriki: 200,000 ku Cyrene, 240,000 ku Cyprus (mwakuyana na [[Cassius Dio]]). Chiŵelengero chambura kumanyikwa cha ŵakufwa ku Eguputo, Mesopotamiya, Yudeya, na Siriya. | casualties2 = Kunangika na kusamuskika kwa magulu gha Ŵayuda ku North Africa, Cyrenaica, Cyprus, na Eguputo }} '''Nkhondo ya Kitos''' yikachitika mu chaka cha 117, nga ni chigaŵa cha [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]]. Malemba ghakale gha Chiyuda ghakuyidatisha ku vyaka 52 kufuma pa [[Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]] (66–73) na vyaka 16 pambere [[Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba]] chindambe (132–136). Nga umo vikaŵira pa nkhondo zinyake za [[Nkhondo za Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]], Nkhondo ya Kitos yikapangiskika na kusakhutira kwa [[Ŵayuda]] ku [[Ufumu wa Roma]]. Maghanoghano agha, agho panji ghakakura chomene pamanyuma pa [[Kuzingilizgika kwa Yerusalemu (70 CE)|kunangika kwa Tempile Lachiŵiri na Ŵaroma]] mu chaka cha 70, ghakapangiska viwukirano vinyake vikuruvikuru vya Ŵayuda mu [[Yudeya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Yudeya]] na mu [[Near East]] yose, kusazgapo [[Eguputo wa Roma|Eguputo]], [[Libya wa Roma|Libya]], [[Cyprus wa Roma|Cyprus]], na [[Mesopotamiya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Mesopotamiya]]. Pamanyuma pakuti chiwukirano cha Ŵayuda ku Mesopotamiya chikatondeska, fumu ya Roma [[Trajan]] yikimika mulara wake wa nkhondo [[Lusius Quietus]] (uyo wakamanyikwangaso kuti Kitos) kuŵa consul na bwanamkubwa wa Yudeya. Malemba gha m'masinda gha [[Chiyankhulo cha Syriac|Chisiriya]] ghakulongora kuti ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ŵakufuma ku Eguputo na Libya ŵakasamukira ku Yudeya, kweni ŵakatondeka kwenekura na [[ŵankhondo ŵa Roma]]. Ndipouli, kugomezgeka kwa malemba agha kukukayikika, ndipo ŵasambizgi ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakuchita chenjerero chifukwa palije ukaboni wakukhozgera uwu kufuma ku ŵalembi ŵa Chigiriki na Chiaroma [[Cassius Dio]] na [[Eusebius]], awo ŵakaŵa magwero ghakuru gha vyakuchitika vya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma. Ŵayuda ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Roma awo ŵakazingilizga [[Lod|Lida]], uko ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ŵakawungana pasi pa ulongozgi wa ŵabali [[Lulianos na Paphos|Julian na Pappus]]. Ŵanthu aŵa awo ŵakuchemeka kuti "ŵakukomeka ŵa ku Lida" kanandi ŵakuzunulika mu mazgu gha ulemu ukuru mu [[Talmud]].<ref name="ReferenceA2">Pes. 50a; B. B. 10b; Eccl. R. ix. 10</ref><ref name="Ta'anit 18b; Yer. Ta'anit 66b2">Ta'anit 18b; Yer. Ta'anit 66b</ref> Nangauli Ŵaroma ŵakatondeska viwukirano vinandi vya Ŵayuda, vinthu mu Yudeya vikakhalira vyakukhwaskana, ndipo ichi chikapangiska mulondezgi wa Trajan, [[Hadrian]], kusamuska kwamuyirayira [[Legio VI Ferrata|Legio VI ''Ferrata'']] ku [[Kaisareya Maritima]]. Malo agha ghakafika pachanya pa suzgo apo [[Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba]] chikamba mwasonosono pamanyuma pake, chikamba na kukhazikiskika kwa boma lakujiyimira pawokha la Ŵayuda na ŵawukiri ndipo chikamara na kukomeka na kusamuskika kwa Ŵayuda mu Yudeya mose, kweniso panji kunangika panji kunangikira chomene kwa [[legion ya Roma|malegion ghatatu gha Roma]]. ==Zina== {{langx|he|פולמוס קיטוס|Polemos Ḳiṭus}} ni zina lakubudika (panji kwizira mu [[Chiaramu cha Ŵapalestina Ŵachiyuda]]) kufuma ku {{langx|grc-x-koine|Πόλεμος του Κυήτου|Pólemos tou Kuḗtou|Nkhondo ya Quietus}}, kufuma ku zina la bwanamkubwa wa Roma wa [[Yudeya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Yudeya]], [[Lusius Quietus]], uyo wakatondeska chiwukirano ichi. Mazina ghakuti "Nkhondo ya Kitos", "Chiwukirano cha Diaspora", na "Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma" kanandi ghakugwiliskirika ntchito mwakupambana yayi, kweni mazina ghaŵiri ghakwamba ghakupulikikwa makora nga ni vigawo vya nkhondo yikuru iyi. ==Mbiri yakwamba== === Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵayuda (66–73 CE) === {{main|Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma}} Kusuzgana pakati pa [[Kususka Chiyuda#Ufumu wa Roma pambere Chikhristu chindize|Ŵayuda ŵa mu Ufumu wa Roma na ŵanthu Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma]] kukakura mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 CE, ndipo pachokopachoko kukafika pa vyakuchitika vyankhaza vinandi, chomenechomene mu [[Yudeya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Yudeya]], uko nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Yudeya ŵakawukiranga mwankhaza [[Ufumu wa Roma]]. Vyakuchitika vinyake vikachitikaso mu vigaŵa vinyake vya ufumu, nga ni [[Vivulupi vya ku Alexandria (38 CE)|kukoma Ŵayuda ku Alexandria]], uko kukalondezganga [[Mbiri ya Ŵayuda ku Alexandria|gulu likuru la Ŵayuda la ku Alexandria]] mu chigaŵa cha Eguputo. Ndipouli, kupatulako Alexandria, Ŵayuda ŵa mu diaspora ŵakakhalanga makora mu Ufumu wa Roma mose ndipo ŵakagomezganga boma la Roma kuti lisungilire wanangwa wawo.<ref name="Goodman20082">{{cite book |author=Martin Goodman |author-link=Martin Goodman (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNQPAEErNy8C |title=Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations |publisher=Vintage Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-375-72613-2 |page=418}}</ref> Kukura kwa kusuzgana uku kukafika pachanya ndipo kukaphulika kuŵa [[Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]], iyo yikamba mu chaka cha 66. Nkhondo zakwamba zikachitika chifukwa cha kusuzgana kwa chisopa pakati pa Ŵagiriki na Ŵayuda, kweni pamanyuma zikakura kuŵa [[Kukana kulipira msonkho|viphikiro vyakususka msonkho]] na kuwukira ŵanthu ŵa Roma.<ref>Josephus, ''War of the Jews'' II.8.11, II.13.7, II.14.4, II.14.5</ref> Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Roma mu Yudeya likathereskeka mwaluŵiro na ŵawukiri, ndipo fumu yakukolerana na Ŵaroma [[Herod Agrippa II]] wakachimbira ku [[Yerusalemu]], pamoza na ŵalara ŵa Roma, kuluta ku [[Galileya]]. [[Cestius Gallus]], [[Legatus|legate]] wa [[Siriya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Siriya]], wakiza na gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Siriya, ilo likaŵa ku [[Legio XII Fulminata|XII Fulminata]], lakovwirika na ŵasilikari ŵanyake, kuti wawuskepo mtende na kutondeska chiwukirano. Ndipouli, legion iyi yikategheka na ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ndipo yikatondeka pa [[Nkhondo ya Beth Horon (66)|Nkhondo ya Beth Horon]], icho chikaziziswa chomene ŵalongozgi ŵa Roma. Pamanyuma pake, kutondeska chiwukirano ichi kukapelekeka kwa General [[Vespasian]] na mwana wake [[Titus]], awo ŵakawunganya malegion ghanayi ndipo ŵakamba kuluta mu charu chose, kwambira ku Galileya mu chaka cha 67. Chiwukirano chikamara apo [[legion ya Roma|malegion]] agho ghakalongozgekanga na Titus [[Kuzingilizgika kwa Yerusalemu (70 CE)|ghakazingilizga na kunanga]] malo ghakuru gha ŵawukiri ku Yerusalemu mu chaka cha 70, ndipo pamanyuma ghakatondeska malo ghanyake ghose gha Ŵayuda agho ghakaŵa ghachali kukana. == Kusuzgika mu Yudeya == Pamanyuma pakutondeska kukana kwa ŵawukiri ku Mesopotamiya, Quietus wakapika ntchindi ya consulship ndipo Trajan wakamupa ubwanamkubwa wa [[Yudeya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Yudeya]].<ref>Cassius Dio, ''Roman History'', 68.32.5; Eusebius, ''Ecclesiastical History'', 4.2.5</ref>{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}} Vyakuchitika vya pa nyengo iyi vikupulikikwa makora yayi,{{Efn|Cassius Dio na Eusebius, awo mba magwero ghakuru pa viwukirano vya diaspora vya nyengo iyi, ŵakuzunura yayi vyakuchitika mu Yudeya pa nyengo iyo.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}}}} kweni mwakuyana na ŵasambizgi nga ni Pucci Ben Zeev, vikuwoneka kuti pakaŵa funde la kusuzgika kwa Ŵayuda ilo Lucius Quietus wakatondeska.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}} Cassius Dio na Eusebius, awo mba magwero ghakuru pa viwukirano vya diaspora vya nyengo iyi, ŵakuzunura yayi vyakuchitika mu Yudeya pa nyengo iyo.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}} Ndipouli, nkhani zakudumuka na zakumanyuma zikupereka kumanya kunyake. Chimoza mwa viboni ivi ni cholembedwa chakufuma ku [[Sardinia]], icho chikulemba {{lang|la|expeditio Judaeae}} pakati pa nkhondo izo Trajan wakachita.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=101}} Kusazgapo apo, magwero ghaŵiri gha m'masinda gha [[Chiyankhulo cha Syriac|Chisiriya]] ghakulongora kuti ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ŵakufuma ku Eguputo na Libya ŵakasamukira ku Yudeya, uko ŵakatondeka na Ŵaroma.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}} Nkhondo izi panji zikapangiskika na milimo ya kusopa ya Ŵaroma mu Yerusalemu. Mwakuyana na [[Hippolytus wa ku Roma|Hippolytus]], legion ilo likiza na Trajan likakhazikiska chikozgo icho chikamanyikwanga kuti Kore pa [[Phiri la Tempile]], mulimo uwo Ŵayuda ŵakawuwonanga nga nkhufipiska malo ghawo ghatuŵa chomene. Ukaboni wa malemba ghakuseŵeka pa malibwe ukulongora kuti pakaŵaso chakuchitika chakuyana waka: cholembedwa chimoza chikulongora kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ''[[Legio III Cyrenaica]]'' ŵakapeleka jotchero panji chikozgo kwa chiuta wa Chigiriki na Chieguputo [[Serapis]] mu Yerusalemu mu chaka chaumaliro cha ulamuliro wa Trajan (116 CE).{{Sfn|Ben Zeev|2018|p=90}} Magwero gha Arabbi ghakulongosora nkhani ya [[Lulianos na Paphos|Julian na Pappus]], iyo panji yikachitika mu nyengo iyi ya kusuzgika mu Yudeya.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}} Panji Quietus wakazingilizga [[Lod|Lida]], uko ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ŵakawungana pasi pa ulongozgi wa Julian na Pappus. Suzgo likakura chomene mwakuti patriarch Rabban [[Gamaliel II]], uyo wakaŵa wakajara mwenemumo ndipo wakafwa pati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, wakazomerezga kuzizipizga nanga ni pa [[Hanukkah|Ḥanukkah]]. Arabbi ŵanyake ŵakasuska fundo iyi.<ref>Ta'anit ii. 10; Yer. Ta'anit ii. 66a; Yer. Meg. i. 70d; R. H. 18b</ref> Pamanyuma pake Lida likapoka, ndipo Ŵayuda ŵanandi awo ŵakawukira ŵakakomeka; "ŵakukomeka ŵa ku Lida" kanandi ŵakuzunulika mu mazgu gha ulemu ukuru mu [[Talmud]].<ref name="ReferenceA2" /> Pappus na Julian ŵakaŵa pakati pa awo Ŵaroma ŵakakoma chaka icho, ndipo ŵakazgoka ŵakufwira chipulikano pakati pa Ŵayuda.<ref name="Ta'anit 18b; Yer. Ta'anit 66b2" /> Lusius Quietus, uyo Trajan wakamuwonanga mwantchindi yikuru ndipo wakateŵetera Roma makora, wakafumiskika mwakachetechete pa udindo wake apo [[Hadrian]] wakaŵa kuti wakhozga mazaza gha ufumu. Wakakomeka mu nyengo zambura kumanyikwa mu chilimwe cha 118, panji chifukwa cha dango la Hadrian. Hadrian wakapanga visankho vyambura kukondwereska, kusazgapo kumazga nkhondo, kuleka vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi ivyo Trajan wakathereska, na kukhozga mphaka za kumafumiro gha dazi. Nangauli wakaleka chigaŵa cha Mesopotamiya, wakimikaso [[Parthamaspates wa Parthia|Parthamaspates]]—uyo wakachimbizgika ku [[Ctesiphon]] na [[Osroes I|Osroes]] uyo wakawelera—kuŵa fumu ya [[Osroene]] iyo yikawuskikaso. Kwa vyaka pafupifupi 100, Osroene yikakhalilira kujiyimira payokha mwakukayikiska nga ni [[buffer state|boma lakupatura]] pakati pa maufumu ghaŵiri agha. Vinthu mu Yudeya vikakhalira vyakusuzga kwa Ŵaroma, awo ŵakeneranga pasi pa Hadrian kusamuska [[Legio VI Ferrata|Legio VI ''Ferrata'']] kwamuyirayira ku [[Kaisareya Maritima]] mu Yudeya. Ŵasambizgi ŵanyake ŵakukana kuti pakaŵapo nkhondo yiliyose mu Yudeya pa nyengo ya Chiwukirano cha Diaspora. Ŵakulemba mdauko [[Eric M. Meyers]] na Mark A. Chancey, mwachiyelezgero, ŵakulemba kuti "chiwukirano ichi chikawoneka kuti chikafika yayi ku Yudeya, uko kwiza kwa legion yachiŵiri kuti yikhozge Legion Yachikhumi kukapangiska chivikiliro chakukwanira ku viwukirano vinyake."{{sfn|Meyers|Chancey|2012|p=166}} Mwakuyana waka, Fergus Millar wakuti "palije ukaboni wakukhozgeka wa chiwukirano cha Ŵayuda mu Yudeya" pa nyengo yimoza na Chiwukirano cha Diaspora.{{sfn|Millar|1995|p=103}} ==Pamanyuma pa nkhondo== === Kusintha kwa udindo wa chigaŵa na kuŵapo kwa ŵasilikari ŵanandi === Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Kitos, Yudeya yikasinthika pa nkhani za boma na vya ŵasilikari. Chigaŵa ichi chikakweskeka kufuma pa udindo wa [[Praetorian prefect|praetorian]] kuya ku udindo wa consul, ndipo ichi chikazomerezga kuŵapo kwa ŵasilikari ŵanandi. Nga ni chigaŵa cha kusintha uku, legion yachiŵiri, panji [[Legio II Traiana Fortis|Legio II Traiana]], yikakhazikiskika mu chigaŵa ichi pafupifupi {{Circa|120 CE}}.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=101}} Pamanyuma pa Quietus, ŵabwanamkubwa ŵakulondezgapo ŵa chigaŵa ichi nawo ŵakaŵa na udindo wa consul. Pakati pawo pakaŵa [[Lucius Cossonius Gallus]], uyo wakimikika kuŵa consul mu 116 ndipo wakalamulira Yudeya pakati pa 118 na 120, kweniso [[Quintus Coredius Gallus Gargilius Antiquus]], [[Consul suffectus|''consul suffectus'']] mu 119, uyo wakaŵa bwanamkubwa pakati pa 122 na 125.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=101}} === Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba === {{Main article|Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba}} Vyakuchitika vinyake vikachitika mu Yudeya mu 130 CE, apo [[Hadrian]] wakaluta ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean ndipo wakadumura kuzengaso msumba wakunangika wa Yerusalemu kuŵa [[Colonia (Roman)|koloni la Roma]] la [[Aelia Capitolina]], ilo likathya zina lake.{{sfn|Magness|2024|pp=294–296}} Chisankho ichi, pamoza na dango panji lakukanizga [[Brit milah|kukotora]], chikapangiska kuti [[Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba]] chiyambe,{{sfn|Eshel|2006|p=106}} icho chikaŵa chiwukirano chachikulu chaumaliro cha Ŵayuda ndiposo kuyezga kwakumazgira kwa kujitolela wanangwa wa mtundu wawo.{{sfn|Eshel|2006|p=127}}{{sfn|Isaac|1990|p=55}} Pakwamba ŵawukiri ŵakathereska Ŵaroma, ŵakakhazikiska kwa nyengo yichoko waka boma lakujiyimira pawokha ndipo ŵakasuzga chomene nkhongono za ŵasilikari ŵa Roma. Pakuzgora, Roma yikawunganya gulu likuru chomene la ŵasilikari ndipo yikamalizga chiwukirano ichi na kuwukira kwakuluska vyose pa Ŵayuda ŵa ku Yudeya,{{sfn|Taylor|2012|p=243}}<ref name="raviv2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Raviv |first1=Dvir |last2=Ben David |first2=Chaim |date=2021-05-27 |title=Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account? |journal=Journal of Roman Archaeology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=585–607 |doi=10.1017/S1047759421000271 |issn=1047-7594 |s2cid=236389017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kuŵazgora ŵazga na kuŵasamuskira ku malo ghanyake mwavinandi,{{sfn|Mor|2016|pp=471, 483–484}} kunanga mizi ya ku Yudeya,{{sfn|Zissu|2018|pp=28–29, 37}} na kukanizga mitheto ya Chiyuda, ivyo vikakhalilira m'paka apo Hadrian wakafwira mu 138.{{sfn|Eshel|2006|p=126}} Yudeya yikasinthika zina kuŵa [[Siriya Palaestina]].{{sfn|Eshel|2006|pp=126–127}} == Vyakukumbuska == {{notelist}} == Ukaboni == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> <references responsive="1"></references> == Mabuku == *{{Cite book |last=Barclay |first=John M.G. |url= |title=Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora: From Alexander to Trajan (323 BCE–117 CE) |publisher=[[T&T Clark]] |year=1998 |orig-date= |isbn=978-0567-08651-8 |edition= |series= |volume= |location=Edinburgh}} *{{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Julian |url= |title=Trajan Optimus Princeps: A Life and Times |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2005 |orig-date=1997 |isbn=0-203-36056-7 |edition=e-Library |series= |volume= |location=London and New York}} *{{cite journal |last=Ben Zeev |first=Miriam |year=2018 |title=New Insights into Roman Policy in Judea on the Eve of the Bar Kokhba Revolt |journal=Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period |publisher=Brill |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=84–107 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26551240 |doi=10.1163/15700631-12481193 |jstor=26551240}} *{{Cite book |last=Eshel |first=Hanan |url= |title=The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |volume=4th |location= |pages= |chapter=The Bar Kochba Revolt, 132–135}} *{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Martin |year=2004 |title=Trajan and the Origins of Roman Hostility to the Jews |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600803 |journal=[[Past & Present (journal)|Past & Present]] |volume= |issue=182 |pages=3–29 |doi= 10.1093/past/182.1.3|jstor=3600803 |url-access=subscription }} *{{Cite book |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110787764/html |title=The Early Roman Period (30 BCE–117 CE) |publisher=[[De Gruyter Oldenbourg]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-3-110-78599-9 |editor-last=Hacham |editor-first=Noah |series=Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum |volume=5 |location= |chapter= |pages= |doi=10.1515/9783110787764 |editor-last2=Ilan |editor-first2=Tal}} *{{Cite book |last=Horbury |first=William |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/jewish-war-under-trajan-and-hadrian/jewish-war-under-trajan-and-hadrian/039283010F789E29AA6B95AA212BC9FA |title=Jewish War under Trajan and Hadrian |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-139-04905-4 |series= |volume= |location= |pages= |chapter=}} *{{Cite book |last=Horbury |first=William |url= |title=Israel in Egypt: The Land of Egypt as Concept and Reality for Jews in Antiquity and the Early Medieval Period |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-90-04-43539-1 |editor-last=Salvesen |editor-first=Alison |series=Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity |volume=110 |location=Leiden & Boston |chapter=Jewish Egypt in the Light of the Risings under Trajan |pages=347–366 |editor-last2=Pearce |editor-first2=Sarah |editor-last3=Frenkel |editor-first3=Miriam}} *{{Cite book |last=Isaac |first=Benjamin |url=https://archive.org/details/limitsofempirero0000isaa|title=The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-198-14952-1 |series= |volume= |location= |pages= |chapter=}} *{{Cite book |last=Kerkeslager |first=Allen |url= |title=The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |volume=4 |location= |chapter=The Jews in Egypt and Cyrenaica, 66–c. 235 CE |pages=}} *{{Cite book |last=Magness |first=Jodi |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/jerusalem-through-the-ages-9780190937805 |title=Jerusalem Through The Ages: From Its Beginnings To The Crusades |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2024 |isbn=978-0-19-093780-5 |series= |volume= |location=New York, NY |pages= |chapter=}} *{{Cite book |last1=Meyers |first1=Eric M. |author-link1=Eric M. 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Mary |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004502048_023 |title=The Jews under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diocletian |publisher=SBL Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-90-04-50204-8 |series= |volume= |location= |pages=389–427 |chapter=The Jewish Revolt of AD 115–117 |doi=10.1163/9789004502048_023}} *{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=J. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWIMFY4VnI4C&pg=PA243 |title=The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199554485}} *{{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=Susan |year=2002 |title=Hadrian and the Renewal of Cyrene |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/libyan-studies/article/abs/hadrian-and-the-renewal-of-cyrene/79FD713919C7F0CAA562DB2C4DC00F12 |journal=[[Libyan Studies]] |volume=33 |issue= |pages=45–56 |doi=10.1017/S0263718900005112|language=|publisher=Society for Libyan Studies|url-access=subscription }} *{{Cite book | last=Zissu | first=Boaz | editor-first=Joshua J. | editor-last=Schwartz | editor2-first=Peter J. | editor2-last=Tomson | title=Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE | series=Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum | volume=15 | chapter=Interbellum Judea 70–132 ce: An Archaeological Perspective | chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004352971_003 | year=2018 | pages=19–49 | isbn=978-90-04-35297-1 | publisher=Brill | doi=10.1163/9789004352971_011 }} == Vyakukolerana vya kuwaro == *[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=237&letter=B <small>BAR KOKBA AND BAR KOKBA WAR</small>]" nkhani yakufuma ku [https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180823/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp Jewish Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180823/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp|date=2011-06-28}} (public domain) *[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=948&letter=C&search=egypt%20roman <small>Cyprus: In Roman Times</small>]" nkhani yakufuma ku [https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180823/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp Jewish Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180823/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp|date=2011-06-28}} (public domain) *[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=948&letter=C&search=egypt%20roman <small>Cyrene</small>]" nkhani yakufuma ku [https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180823/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp Jewish Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180823/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp|date=2011-06-28}} (public domain) *[https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/roman-jewish-wars/roman-jewish-wars-7/ Chiwukirano kulimbana na Trajan], pa livius.org *[https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.ix.ii.html Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers], [[Eusebius]], ''[[Mbiri ya Mpingo (Eusebius)|Ecclesiastical History]]'', 4.2. {{Authority control}} [[Category:Nkhondo za m'ma 110s]] [[Category:M'ma 110s mu Ufumu wa Roma]] [[Category:115]] [[Category:116]] [[Category:117]] [[Category:Chiyuda mu vyaka vya m'ma 100]] [[Category:Viwukirano vya vyaka vya m'ma 100]] [[Category:Nkhondo za Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]] [[Category:Nkhondo zakwendera chisopa]] fnmseaqf6mspd1hieu7zw9grcyh0jf2 0 48137 119745 117900 2026-08-23T05:15:42Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Pulogiramu ya kugula na kuguliska pa chisopa}} {{good article}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}} {{Infobox website | name = Depop Limited | logo = Depop logo.svg | company_type = [[Kampani yachibali]] | parent = [[eBay]] | foundation = {{Start date and age|2011}} ku [[Roncade, Italy]] | location_city = London | location_country = United Kingdom | locations = {{hlist|[[London]]|[[Milan]]|[[Los Angeles]]|[[New York City]]}} | area_served = Charu chose | founder = Simon Beckerman | CEO = Peter Semple<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marketingweek.com/depop-former-cmo-ceo/ |title=Depop appoints former CMO as chief executive |date=1 August 2025 |work=[[Marketing Week]]}}</ref> | industry = [[Kugula pa intaneti]] | num_employees = 400 (2021)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2021/06/etsy-acquires-clothing-resale-platform-depop.html?page=all |title=Etsy acquires clothing resale platform Depop for $1.6 billion |date=2 June 2021 |work=[[American City Business Journals]] |first=Anne |last=Stych}}</ref> | url = {{URL|depop.com/}} | num_users = {{increase}} 56.3 miliyoni (2026)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.depop.com/who-we-are/facts-and-figures/ |title=Number of Users on Depop 2026 |website=Depop |access-date=26 May 2026}}</ref> | language = Chingelezi, Chitaliyana }} '''Depop Limited''' ni kampani ya [[Utumiki wa chisopa cha pa intaneti|chisopa]] ya [[Malonda gha pa intaneti]], yakukhazikika mu [[London]], ndipo yili na maofesi ghanyake mu [[Milan]] na [[New York City]]. Kampani iyi yikovwira ŵakugwiliskira ntchito kugula na kuguliska vinthu, ivyo kanandi ni vyakuvwara vyakale na vya mtundu wa vintage. == Mbiri == Depop yikakhazikiskika mu 2011 na wakuchita malonda Simon Beckerman ku malo gha ku Italy ghakukuriska umisiri na bizinesi ya [[kampani yikwamba|kampani yikwamba]], H-Farm.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Morrison |first=Emma |title=Artefact – In conversation with {{!}} Depop founder Simon Beckerman |url=https://www.artefactmagazine.com/2015/01/14/in-conversation-with-depop-founder-simon-beckerman/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716080409/http://www.artefactmagazine.com/2015/01/14/in-conversation-with-depop-founder-simon-beckerman/ |archive-date=16 July 2015 |access-date=21 June 2016 |website=Artefact}}</ref> Beckerman wakaghanaghana vya pulani yakwamba ya pulogiramu iyi pa nyengo iyo wakagwiranga ntchito pa PIG, magazini ya mafashoni yakukhazikika ku Italy iyo wakayikhazikiska pamoza na ŵanyake.<ref name=":32">{{Cite news |last=Neate Wealth |first=Rupert |date=2021-06-02 |title=Etsy buys secondhand clothing app Depop to tap into gen Z |url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2021/jun/02/etsy-buys-second-hand-clothing-app-depop-to-tap-into-gen-z |access-date=2024-11-13 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-24 |title=Feeling The Pre-Love: The Rise And Rise Of Depop |url=https://www.esquire.com/uk/style/a33414436/depop/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Esquire |language=en-GB}}</ref> Fundo yikuru yikaŵa yakupanga malo agho vinthu ivyo vikulongoreka mu magazini vingagulika na ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pa intaneti.<ref name=":32" /> Fundo iyi yikazgoka pulani yakuyana na [[msika wa vinthu vyakale]] kweni pa intaneti, uko ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga vinthu vyawo apo ŵakalamulirangaso ŵekha malonda, ubwezi na ŵanthu, kweniso ntchito yakupanga ivyo vikawonekeranga pa maakaunti ghawo.<ref name=":4" /> Apo wakapokeranga wovwiri wa ndalama kufuma ku H-Farm, Beckerman wakagwiranga ntchito na gulu la ŵanthu pakupanga na kunozga pulogiramu ya Depop kweniso kuyilongora ku ŵakuguliska ndalama ŵanandi.<ref name=":4" /> Mu 2013, Beckerman wakazgoka yumoza wa ŵa mu board ya kampani kuti wawovwire kunozga pulogiramu na bizinesi apo wakaleka udindo wake wa CEO.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Simon Beckerman & Maria Raga {{!}} BoF 500 {{!}} The People Shaping the Global Fashion Industry |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/people/maria-raga-simon-beckerman/#:~:text=In%202010,%20Raga%20moved%20to,re-popularisation%20of%20vintage%20pieces |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=The Business of Fashion |language=en}}</ref> Maria Raga, yumoza wa ŵakukhazikiska Depop kweniso CEO wakale, wakatora udindo wa wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wa ntchito mu 2014, ndipo mu 2016 wakazgoka mukuru wa ŵakulongozga kampani (chief executive).<ref name=":5" /> Kuyana na Raga, chilato chikuru pakupanga Depop chikaŵa chakuti yizgoke [[Airbnb]] panji [[Spotify]] yinyake, kweni yakukhwaska chomene makhaliro gha mafashoni.<ref name=":5" /> Paolo Barberis na Nana Bianca ŵakaŵa ŵaŵiri mwa ŵakwamba kugwiliska ndalama mu pulatifomu iyi mu 2012 na [[ndalama zakwamba zakugwiliskira ntchito]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 June 2021|title=TechTalk con Simon Beckerman, Riccardo Donadon e Paolo Barberis su Depop, la startup diventata unicorno|url=https://www.repubblica.it/tecnologia/2021/06/03/news/techtalk_con_simon_beckerman_riccardo_donadon_e_paolo_barberis_su_depop_la_startup_diventata_unicorno-304109175/|access-date=11 June 2021|website=la Repubblica|language=it}}</ref> Ofesi yikuru ya kampani yikasamuskikira ku London mu 2012.<ref name="politico">{{Cite web|first=Wale|last=Azeez|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/depop-were-all-shopkeepers-now/|title=Depop: We're all shopkeepers now|date=27 October 2015|website=[[Politico Europe]]|language=en-US|access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> Depop yikakura ndipo yikajura maofesi ghanyake mu Milan na New York City.<ref name="crunch">{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/01/29/social-shopping-app-depop-raises-8m-hires-ex-reddit-gm-to-break-into-us-market/|title=Social Shopping App Depop Raises $8M, Hires Ex-Reddit GM To Break Into US Market|last=Lunden|first=Ingrid|website=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=21 June 2016|date=29 January 2015}}</ref> Beckerman wakasanga ndalama zakukwana €1 miliyoni mu Okutobala 2013 kufuma ku Red Circle Investment ndipo wakimika Runar Reistrup wa ku [[Faroe Islands]] kuŵa [[Mulongozgi mukuru wa kampani|CEO]] muphya.<ref name="politico" /> Mu 2015, Depop yikapokera ndalama zinyake zakukwana madola 8 miliyoni kufuma ku [[Balderton Capital]] na HV Capital.<ref name="crunch" /> Mu Malichi 2016, CEO wakale, Runar Reistrup, wakati kukura kwa Depop kukafuma ku ŵanthu kuphalirananga ŵekha.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Reistrup|first1=Runar|title=The Entrepreneur: Runar Reistrup, Depop|url=http://startups.co.uk/entrepreneur-runar-reistrup-depop/|website=Startups.co.uk|access-date=17 July 2016|date=31 March 2016}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa CEO, kukura uku kukasazgapo kuzenga Depop kuŵa kampani yikwamba na kusanga ndalama kuti paumaliro yiŵe na ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵanandi chomene mu United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Runar Reistrup {{!}} CEO - YunoJuno |url=https://councils.forbes.com/profile/Runar-Reistrup-CEO-YunoJuno/830b3156-8736-4e0c-83a1-6bbc44b09e7c |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Forbes Business Council |language=en}}</ref> Mu Juni 2019, Depop yikasanga ndalama zakukwana madola 62 miliyoni mu Series C kufuma ku General Atlantic kuti yilipire kukura kwake. Ŵakugwiliska ndalama ŵakwambilira awo ŵakasazgikapo ni HV Capital, [[Balderton Capital]], Creandum, [[Octopus Ventures]], TempoCap na [[Sebastian Siemiatkowski]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/06/depop-a-social-app-targeting-millennial-and-gen-z-shoppers-bags-62m-passes-13m-users/|title=Depop, a social app targeting millennial and Gen Z shoppers, bags $62M, passes 13M users|website=TechCrunch|date=7 June 2019|language=en-US|access-date=7 June 2019|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629162200/https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/06/depop-a-social-app-targeting-millennial-and-gen-z-shoppers-bags-62m-passes-13m-users/|url-status=live}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyi, Depop yikachitiskanga masambiro na nkhani zakudumbiskana nga ni chigaŵa cha vyakuchitika vyawo vya Depop Live NY,<ref name=":5" /> ndipo kampani yikajuraso sitolo ku London kwizira mu ubwezi wake na [[Selfridges]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-23 |title=Social peer-to-peer marketplace: Depop |url=https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-examples/depop |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mu 2020, ndalama za malonda ghose agho Depop yikaguliska na ndalama zake zose zikasazgikira kujumpha kaŵiri kufika pa madola 650 miliyoni na madola 70 miliyoni, mwakulondezgana.<ref>{{Cite news|first1=Charity L.|last1=Scott|first2=Colin|last2=Kellaher|date=2 June 2021|title=Etsy Buys Depop, Fashion Resale Site Popular With Gen Z, for $1.6 Billion|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/etsy-to-buy-fashion-resale-marketplace-depop-for-1-63-billion-11622635621|access-date=25 August 2021|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Ichi chingachitika chifukwa chakuti Depop yikazgoranga mwaluŵiro ku ivyo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵakakhumbanga, yikaŵavya masuzgo ghakukhwaskana na kasungirwo ka katundu, kweniso chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito awo ŵakakhumbanga kuguliskaso vinthu vyawo.<ref name=":6" /> Kufika mu 2024, Depop yikaŵa na ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵakujumpha 35 miliyoni, kuyana na webusayiti yawo.<ref name="tcacq">{{cite web |title=Number of Users on Depop 2024 |url=https://news.depop.com/who-we-are/facts-and-figures/ |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=Depop |language=en}}</ref> Depop yikumanyikwa chomene pakati pa [[Generation Z|Gen Z]] na [[Millennial|ŵawukirano ŵa Millennial]],<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20260315143813/https://d1a.com/perspective/how-depop-is-globalizing-gen-z-fashion-culture-and-what-retail-brands-can-learn</ref> ndipo ni pulatifomu ya 10 yakugulirapo iyo yikuchezereka chomene na ŵakugula ŵa Gen Z mu United States,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2022 |title=United States B2C Ecommerce Market Report 2022: Market is Expected to Grow by 11.80% to Reach $1,574.5 Billion in 2022 - Forecasts to 2026 |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/united-states-b2c-ecommerce-market-101800632.html |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=finance.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ndipo mu kafukufuku uyo ''[[The Strategist]]'' wakachita mu 2019, ŵawukirano ŵakavotera Depop kuŵa webusayiti yawo yakutemweka chomene yakuguliskirapo vinthu vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito.<ref name="instyle">{{cite web |last1=Gates |first1=Meggie |date=27 August 2021 |title=Depop Is the New Instagram — but Not in a Good Way |url=https://www.instyle.com/fashion/depop-sellers-body-dysmorphia |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=[[InStyle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sherwood |first=Jessica |date=25 October 2019 |title=Depop: Can pre-loved clothes make fast fashion sustainable? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-49677383 |access-date=26 June 2020 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> === Kugulika na Etsy === Mu Juni 2021, Depop yikagulika na [[Etsy]] pa ndalama zakukwana madola 1.6 biliyoni mu ndalama zakusangika, ndipo ichi chikaŵa chinthu chakudura chomene icho Etsy yikagulapo; kweni Depop yikulutilira kugwira ntchito nga ni mtundu wa bizinesi wakujiyimira wekha wakupambana na Etsy.<ref name="tcacq" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Paton|first=Elizabeth|date=2 June 2021|title=Etsy is buying the fashion resale app Depop for $1.6 billion|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/02/business/etsy-is-buying-the-fashion-resale-app-depop-for-1-6-billion.html|access-date=2 June 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Ichi chikung'anamura kuti padera pa Depop kusungilira gulu lake lakale, kampani iyi yikasungiliraso malo ghake ku London.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2021-06-02 |title=Etsy snaps up Gen-Z focussed shopping app Depop for $1.6bn |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-57259413 |access-date=2024-11-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyo yikagulika, chilato cha CEO wa Etsy, [[Josh Silverman]], chikaŵa chakuti walimbane na kusazgikira kwa ŵakugula awo ŵakamba kuwelera ku masitolo ghakuwoneka kuti ŵakagurenge vinthu vyawo.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2021 |title=Etsy courts Gen-Z with $1.6 bln deal for fashion reseller Depop |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/etsy-buy-gen-z-focused-fashion-marketplace-depop-163-billion-2021-06-02/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> Iyo wakawona Depop chifukwa cha mwaŵi wake wa kuŵa pulatifomu yakovwira vinthu vyakupambanapambana kweniso kupanga chikaya chikuru cha ŵakugwiliskira ntchito.<ref name=":7" /> Kuyana na Silverman, Depop wangasazgirako na kunozga mautumiki ghake kwa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵake ŵanandi ŵa Gen Z.<ref name=":8" /> Kwa Etsy, kugura uku kukusungilira malo gha kampani iyi mu msika wa vyakuvwara ndipo kukovwira kampani kusazgirako ŵakugula ŵake kufika ku ŵanthu ŵachoko; panyengo yeneyiyo, Depop yili na mwaŵi wakugwiliskira ntchito ndondomeko za ntchito za Etsy.<ref name=":6" /> Maria Raga wakati waleka udindo wake wa CEO wa Depop mu 2022, Etsy yikaŵika Kruti Patel Goyal pa udindo uwu, uyo wakaŵa mukuru wakale wa [[chief product officer]] wa Etsy kweniso mulongozgi wa kampani iyi kwa vyaka 11.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shoaib |first=Maliha |date=2022-06-15 |title=Depop CEO Maria Raga steps down, replaced by Etsy's chief product officer |url=https://www.voguebusiness.com/companies/depop-ceo-maria-raga-steps-down-replaced-by-etsys-chief-product-officer |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Vogue Business |language=en-US}}</ref> Goyal wakati wasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti na mukuru wakula kwa Etsy mu Meyi, Peter Semple, uyo wakaŵa wakale [[mukuru wa malonda]], wakasankhika kuŵa CEO wa Depop mwalamulo pa Ogasiti 1.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Virdi |first=Amrit |date=2025-07-28 |title=Depop appoints former CMO as chief executive |url=https://www.marketingweek.com/depop-former-cmo-ceo/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Marketing Week |language=en}}</ref> === Kugulika na eBay === Mu Febuluwale 2026, Etsy yikaphalira vya pulani yakuguliska Depop kwa eBay pa ndalama zakukwana madola 1.2{{nbsp}} biliyoni, ndipo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti kugulika uku kumalengeka kumalizika mukati mwa chaka ichi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gallogly |first1=Niko |title=Etsy Sells Depop, a Secondhand Clothing App Popular With Gen Z, to eBay |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/18/business/etsy-depop-ebay.html |access-date=20 February 2026|work=The New York Times}}</ref> == Ndondomeko ya bizinesi == === Kuguliska === Depop yikugwira ntchito nga ni msika kweniso pulatifomu ya chisopa, uko ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵangapulikiska ŵabwezi ŵawo na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakumanyikwa kuti ŵawone ivyo ŵakugula na kuguliska. Kwizira mu pulatifomu iyi, ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵangagulitsa vinthu vya mitundu yakumanyikwa na vya ŵakupanga mafashoni, kweniso vyakuvwara vya kale.<ref name="Calaza 70–78">{{Cite journal |last1=Calaza |first1=Miriam García |last2=Varela Casal |first2=Cristina |last3=Valencia |first3=Juan Manuel Corbacho |date=2023-01-02 |title=Second-hand selling apps and the notion of luxury: trend networking and circular economy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17543266.2022.2118376 |journal=International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=70–78 |doi=10.1080/17543266.2022.2118376 |issn=1754-3266|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵa Depop ŵakukhozgekaso na pulatifomu iyi kuti ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito mautumiki ghanyake gha chisopa nga ni [[Instagram]] pakupharazga maakaunti ghawo gha masitolo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=2021-06-02 |title=Etsy targets Gen Z shoppers with $1.6 billion Depop acquisition |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/2/22464572/etsy-targets-gen-z-shoppers-with-1-6-billion-depop-acquisition |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵaguliskaso vinthu vyawo pa Depop, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakapeleka ndalama izo ŵakasanga ku ntchito zakovwira ŵanthu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-13 |title=9 Celebrities With Depop Shops To Start Frequenting Immidiately |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/172373-9-celebrities-with-depop-shops-to-start-frequenting-immidiately |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Bustle |language=en}}{{Failed verification|date=July 2026}}</ref> Mawonekero gha malo gha Depop ghakuyana na gha Instagram. Kuyana na Depop, ŵakugwiliskira ntchito awo ŵakuŵika na kuguliska vinthu ŵakupeleka vithuzi vyawo pamoza na malongosoleko gha vinthu. Ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵakulongoraso unenesko wa vinthu vyawo vya ŵakupanga mafashoni kweniso usange vili na malembo, ma tag, na marisiti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Depop |date=2024-11-13 |title=Depop Seller Guide |url=https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/360012845797-Depop-Seller-Guide |access-date=16 November 2024 |archive-date=5 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205040230/https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/360012845797-Depop-Seller-Guide |url-status=dead }}</ref> Malonda agha ghakuwoneka mu mndandanda wa vinthu wa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito. Peji ya pulatifomu ya "Explore" yili na vinthu ivyo vyasankhika na ŵantchito ŵa Depop. Kuyana na Depop, kugula kukuchitika kwizira mu [[Apple Pay]], [[Google Pay]], makadi gha ngongole na gha kubanika, kweniso [[Klarna]]. Malipiro gha Depop ghakusungika mukati mwa pulogiramu, ivyo vikovwira kampani iyi kunjilirapo pa nkhani za mphindano na kunozga ndalama zakuwezgeka. Malipiro gha Depop ghakovwira ŵakuguliska kupokera ndalama zawo mwakudunjika mu maakaunti ghawo gha ku banki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Depop |date=2024-11-04 |title=Depop Payments |url=https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/18320822281361-Depop-Payments#h_01HSE9555MRJ4RQ49NGFF7G669 |access-date=16 November 2024 |archive-date=20 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920105656/https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/18320822281361-Depop-Payments#h_01HSE9555MRJ4RQ49NGFF7G669 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kuti wakuguliska wapokere ndalama kwizira mu Depop, wakwenera kusazgapo akaunti ya banki na kusimikizga umo waliri kwizira mu kupakiza chikalata chakumanyira munthu. Pa Julayi 18, 2024, CEO wa Depop Kruti Patel Goyal wakaphalira vya kuwuskako ndalama zakuguliska kwa ŵakuguliska ŵa ku United States, kweni wakasungilira ndalama zakwendeskera malipiro. Kusintha kwa ndondomeko iyi kukaŵa na chilato cha kusazgirako ndalama izo ŵakuguliska ŵakusanga kweniso kovwira kukura kwa msika wa vinthu vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Safaya |first=Shemona |date=2024-07-18 |title=In data: Depop removes US seller fees in bid to grow secondhand market |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/data-depop-removes-us-seller-085515441.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAFmmzDOqVafAY91FiXBNOVBFHea6P3X3J1uiCqxTAlgu0RVVuSYKUs-UtE16-knHjUVUdKI4zcJN0FBLGMGRbnmJQewwZZXL2FJBDBuhGg3aedNjOkkM3Y8IF4xiROLlN_OxnInfv28YpnveDhWKDsCSQJHrKWKlBYV8lNzauNy3 |access-date=2024-11-13 |work=yahoo!finance}}</ref> === Kugura === Kugura pa Depop kukusazgapo mtengo wa chinthu uwo ŵakuzomerezgana, ndalama zakutumizga, VAT panji misonkho yinyake yakwenelera na ndalama zakugwiliskira ntchito msika izo ŵakugula mu United States panji United Kingdom ŵakulipira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Depop |first=Depop |date=2024-11-13 |title=Marketplace fee for buyers |url=https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/21752555753361-Marketplace-fee-for-buyers#marketplace-fee-for-buyers-0-0 |access-date=2024-11-13 |archive-date=12 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112005424/https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/21752555753361-Marketplace-fee-for-buyers#marketplace-fee-for-buyers-0-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pa vyakutumizga vya ku vyaru vinyake, mapaketi gangaŵa na misonkho yakunjizga vinthu mu charu, ndalama za pa malango gha mphaka, panji ndalama zinyake, izo zikulipirika para chinthu chafika panji pa nyengo ya kulipira usange Depop ndiyo yikusonkha msonkho mu malo mwa wakugula. Pa kugura kwa mu charu chimoza, misonkho yakwenelera yingasonkheka na wakuguliska panji kulipirika na pulatifomu pa nyengo ya kulipira, kuti pa nyengo yakupokera chinthu kuleke kuŵa na misonkho yinyake yakulipira.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Depop |date=2024-11-13 |title=Will I have to pay for tax or customs on my order? |url=https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/18276924278033-Will-I-have-to-pay-for-tax-or-customs-on-my-order#will-i-have-to-pay-for-tax-or-customs-on-my-order--0-0 |access-date=2024-11-13 |archive-date=5 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205050555/https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/18276924278033-Will-I-have-to-pay-for-tax-or-customs-on-my-order#will-i-have-to-pay-for-tax-or-customs-on-my-order--0-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mu Australia, United Kingdom, na United States, Depop yikuŵapa mwaŵi wakupokera ndalama zawo zose para chinthu chawo chindafike yayi, chafika chakubwanganduka, panji chikupambana chomene na umo chikayowoyekera pakwamba, usange nkhani iyi yalongoreka mukati mwa mazuŵa 30.<ref name=":10" /> === Ŵakuphalirana === Kufika mu Juni 2021, ŵakuphalirana ŵa Depop ŵakusazgapo [[Vinted]], pulatifomu iyo yikakhazikiskika na Milda Mitkute na Justas Janauskas mu 2008 ndipo yikaŵa na mtengo wa €3.5 biliyoni, kweniso malo gha ku United States ghakuguliskirapo vinthu vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito [[Poshmark]], agho ghakaŵa na mtengo wa madola 3.5 biliyoni.<ref name=":32"/> Ŵakuphalirana ŵanyake ŵakusazgapo Grailed, malo gha malonda gha pa intaneti pakati pa munthu na munthu agho ghakakhazikiskika mu 2014 ndipo ghakumanyikwa chifukwa cha vyakuvwara vya ŵanalume vya mtengo ukuru kweniso vyakuvwara vya mu misewu (streetwear) vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito, na Vestiaire Collection, pulogiramu ya ku Europe yakuguliskirapo vinthu vyakale iyo yikakhazikiskika mu 2009 ndipo yikugwira ntchito pa vinthu vya luxury vyakale ivyo vyasimikizgika.<ref name="Calaza 70–78"/> Kumanyikwa kwa Depop kwakhwaska mwakubudika masitolo ghachikhalidwe ghakuguliskirapo vinthu vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito, agho ghangasuzgika kuphalirana chifukwa cha ndalama zikuru za ntchito na ivyo ŵakukhumba pa ubora wa vinthu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The trendy second-hand clothing market is huge and still growing – yet nobody is turning a profit |url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20240301-international-second-hand-clothing-market-profitable |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=www.bbc.com |date=4 March 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Pali vinthu vyakuvwara vinandi chomene chifukwa cha kukura kwa mafashoni ghakupangika mwaluŵiro; ichi chakhwaska chigaŵa cha ndalama mu malonda gha vyakuvwara vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito. == Vyakuŵaŵiska == Mu Novembala 2019, ''[[Business of Fashion]]'' yikati ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mu pulogiramu ya Depop ŵakapokeranga mauthenga ghakulongora makhumbiro gha kugonana.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lieber |first1=Chavie |date=12 November 2019 |title=The Dark Side of Depop |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/technology/depop-sexual-harassment-internet-safety |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=Business of Fashion}}</ref> Mu Febuluwale 2020, Jessica Hamilton, uyo wakaguranga pa Depop, wakaphalira kuti wakasanga ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakubudiska ŵanthu ([[scammers]]) pa pulatifomu iyi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Syed |first=Armani |date=2024-07-07 |title=Depop's CEO on the Future of Fashion and the Path to Profitability |url=https://time.com/6995354/depop-ceo-kruti-patel-goyal-interview/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |magazine=Time |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111072104/https://time.com/6995354/depop-ceo-kruti-patel-goyal-interview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Iyo wakamanya suzgo ili wakati wakayezga kugula [[Nintendo Switch]] kufuma kwa wakuguliska uyo wakakhumbanga kupokera malipiro kwizira mu kusinthana ndalama ku banki mwakudunjika pera kwambura chitetezo cha wakugula.<ref name=":0" /> Hamilton wakayimba mulandu kampani iyi chifukwa cha kuleka kuchitapo kanthu na ndondomeko zakusungilira chivikiliro izo zikaŵa zakulopwa pakuyaniska na malo ghanyake gha malonda gha pa intaneti, ivyo vikapangiska kuti pulatifomu yiŵe yakusangika luŵiro na [[ŵakubowa makompyuta|ŵakubowa]].<ref name=":0" /> Chifukwa chakuti Depop yikaŵavya nthowa yakulongosoreka yakulondezgera na kukanizga maukaboni gha ubudi, kampani iyi yikataya chigomezgo cha ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵanyake chifukwa cha kuleka kuchitapo kanthu.<ref name=":0" /> Mu Okutobala 2020, ŵakugula ŵanyake pa Depop ŵakapusikika kuti ŵalipire ŵakuguliska mwakudunjika kuti ŵaleke nthowa za chitetezo cha ŵakugula za Depop, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakuguliska aŵa ŵakaguliska uthenga wa ŵakugula awo ŵakapusikika pa [[mdima wa pa intaneti|dark web]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Depop reveals the environmental impact of seasonal secondhand switches |url=https://news.depop.com/company-news/depop-reveals-the-environmental-impact-of-seasonal-secondhand-switches/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=news.depop.com |language=en}}</ref> Pakuzgora pa nkhani iyi, Depop yikati yisazgirenge chivikiliro kwizira mu kukoserezga kusintha mapasiwedi na kugwiliskira ntchito [[chivikiliro cha vigaŵa vinandi|multi-factor authentication]].<ref name=":1" /> Ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵakususka Depop chifukwa chakuti yikachitapo kanthu mwakuchedwa pa nkhani iyi.<ref name=":1" /> == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Malinki gha kuwalo == * [https://www.depop.com/ Peji yikuru] *[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.depop&hl=ru&gl=US Malinki ya Google Play] [[Category:Mapulogiramu gha Android (ndondomeko yakugwiriskira ntchito)]] [[Category:Vinthu vyakukhazikiskika mu Italy mu 2011]] [[Category:Kusazgikana na kugula makampani mu 2021]] [[Category:Makampani agho ghali mu City of London]] [[Category:Mawebusayiti gha pa intaneti ghakakhazikiskika mu 2011]] [[Category:Mapulogiramu gha iOS]] [[Category:Mapulogiramu gha pa foni]] [[Category:Misika ya pa intaneti ya United Kingdom]] [[Category:Makampani gha malonda ghakakhazikiskika mu 2011]] [[Category:Kusazgikana na kugula makampani kwapharazgika]] irn1jv4o0g72uugx989uksdd38qyn4j 10 48381 119762 118493 2026-08-23T11:04:49Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 119762 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="width:100%; 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Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]" 119751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (吉川 惣司) ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] i6558achccfjn7vjzxcroxgy96gaxk0 10 48699 119752 2026-08-23T09:48:30Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Main Page/minerva.css" />**NOTOC** **NOEDITSECTION** <!-- ========================= MWAPOKELELEKA ========================= --> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; border:0; background:transparent; margin:0 0 8px 0;" |- | style="background:linear-gradient(135deg,#087f5b,#0b8f6a); color:white; border:0; border-radius:12px; padding:25px 20px;" | <div style="font-size:220%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"> Mwapokeleleka pa Wikip..." 119752 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Main Page/minerva.css" />**NOTOC** **NOEDITSECTION** <!-- ========================= MWAPOKELELEKA ========================= --> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; border:0; background:transparent; margin:0 0 8px 0;" |- | style="background:linear-gradient(135deg,#087f5b,#0b8f6a); color:white; border:0; border-radius:12px; padding:25px 20px;" | <div style="font-size:220%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"> Mwapokeleleka pa [[Wikipediya]] ya [[Chitumbuka]] </div> <div style="font-size:110%; text-align:center; margin-top:8px;"> Nkhokwe ya ulele ya chidziŵitso cha Chitumbuka iyo waliyose wangasazgapo ivyo wakumanya. </div> <div style="text-align:center; margin-top:15px;"> [[Wikipedia:Kalembelo ka nkhani|'''Mungalembapo nkhani''']] · [[Wikipedia:Kwendeskeka|'''Mungasazgapo chidziŵitso''']] · [[Special:RecentChanges|'''Vyakusinthika sonosono''']] </div> |} <!-- ========================= SEARCH / STATISTICS ========================= --> {| style="width:100%; border-collapse:separate; border-spacing:8px; background:transparent;" | style="width:50%; background:#f3f8f6; border:1px solid #d6e7e1; border-radius:10px; padding:12px; vertical-align:top;" | <div style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; color:#087f5b; margin-bottom:8px;"> 🔎 Penjani nkhani </div> <inputbox> type=search width=35 buttonlabel=Penjani break=no </inputbox> | style="width:50%; background:#f3f8f6; border:1px solid #d6e7e1; border-radius:10px; padding:12px; vertical-align:top;" | <div style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; color:#087f5b; margin-bottom:8px;"> 📚 Nkhokwe ya Wikipediya </div> <div style="text-align:center; font-size:105%;"> '''[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]''' nkhani · '''[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}]]''' ŵalembi ŵakugwira ntchito · '''[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFADMINS}}]]''' ma admin </div> |} <!-- ========================= ALPHABETICAL INDEX ========================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #d6e7e1; border-radius:10px; margin:0 0 10px 0;" | style="padding:10px; text-align:center;" | <div style="font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; color:#087f5b; margin-bottom:5px;"> Mindandanda ya nkhani </div> [[Special:AllPages/1|1]] · [[Special:AllPages/2|2]] · [[Special:AllPages/3|3]] · [[Special:AllPages/4|4]] · [[Special:AllPages/5|5]] · [[Special:AllPages/6|6]] · [[Special:AllPages/7|7]] · [[Special:AllPages/8|8]] · [[Special:AllPages/9|9]] · [[Special:AllPages/A|A]] · [[Special:AllPages/B|B]] · [[Special:AllPages/C|C]] · [[Special:AllPages/D|D]] · [[Special:AllPages/E|E]] · [[Special:AllPages/F|F]] · [[Special:AllPages/G|G]] · [[Special:AllPages/H|H]] · [[Special:AllPages/I|I]] · [[Special:AllPages/J|J]] · [[Special:AllPages/K|K]] · [[Special:AllPages/L|L]] · [[Special:AllPages/M|M]] · [[Special:AllPages/N|N]] · [[Special:AllPages/O|O]] · [[Special:AllPages/P|P]] · [[Special:AllPages/Q|Q]] · [[Special:AllPages/R|R]] · [[Special:AllPages/S|S]] · [[Special:AllPages/T|T]] · [[Special:AllPages/U|U]] · [[Special:AllPages/V|V]] · [[Special:AllPages/W|W]] · [[Special:AllPages/X|X]] · [[Special:AllPages/Y|Y]] · [[Special:AllPages/Z|Z]] |} <!-- ========================= QUICK LINKS ========================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#eaf7f3; border:1px solid #c7e4dc; border-radius:10px; margin-bottom:10px;" | style="padding:12px; text-align:center;" | '''Vyakulemba:''' [[Malaŵi|Malaŵi]] · [[Zambia|Zambia]] · [[:Portal:Tanzania|Tanzania]] · [[:Portal:Rumphi|Rumphi]] · [[:Portal:Lundazi|Lundazi]] · [[:Portal:Chasefu|Chasefu]] · [[:Portal:Mzimba|Mzimba]] · [[:Portal:Mzalangwe|Mzalangwe]] · [[:Portal:Mzuzu|Mzuzu]] · [[:Portal:Ekwendeni|Ekwendeni]] <br /> [[Portal:Sayansi|Sayansi]] · [[Portal:Umoyo|Umoyo]] · [[Edesi (AIDS)|AIDS]] · [[Lilombo la Fumu Yesu|Lulombo]] · [[Covid-19|COVID-19]] · [[:Bakili Muluzi|Muluzi]] · [[:Hastings Kamuzu Banda|Kamuzu]] · [[:Chakufwa Chihana|Chihana]] · [[Chiuta|Chiuta]] |} <!-- ========================= CREATE ARTICLE ========================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#fff8e6; border:1px solid #ead9a8; border-radius:10px; margin-bottom:12px;" | style="padding:12px; text-align:center;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold;"> Pangani nkhani yiphya </div> <div style="margin:7px 0;"> Muli na chidziŵitso icho chikusoweka pa Wikipediya? Mungapangapo nkhani yiphya. </div> <inputbox> type=create width=45 break=no buttonlabel=Pangani nkhani yasono </inputbox> |} <!-- ========================= MAIN CONTENT — TWO COLUMNS ========================= --> {| style="width:100%; border:0; background:transparent;" | style="width:50%; padding-right:5px; vertical-align:top;" | <!-- NKHANI YA MWAHUNO --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f5fffa; border:1px solid #b9dfd0; border-radius:10px; margin-bottom:10px;" |- ! style="background:#087f5b; color:white; padding:9px; font-size:120%; text-align:left; border-radius:9px 9px 0 0;" | | Nkhani ya mwahuno | | --------------------------------- | | style="padding:10px; color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa"> {{Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} <!-- KASI MUKUMANYA --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f5fffa; border:1px solid #b9dfd0; border-radius:10px; margin-bottom:10px;" |- ! style="background:#149a78; color:white; padding:9px; font-size:120%; text-align:left; border-radius:9px 9px 0 0;" | | Kasi mukumanya? | | --------------------------------- | | style="padding:10px; color:#000;" | <div id="mp-dyk"> {{Wikipedia:Kasi mukumanya mu ChiTumbuka?/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} <!-- VYAKULEMBA VIPHYA --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f5fffa; border:1px solid #b9dfd0; border-radius:10px; margin-bottom:10px;" |- ! style="background:#087f5b; color:white; padding:9px; font-size:120%; text-align:left; border-radius:9px 9px 0 0;" | | Vyakulemba viphya | | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | | style="padding:10px; color:#000;" | | {{Wikipedia:Vyakulemba viphya/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} | | } | | style="width:50%; padding-left:5px; vertical-align:top;" | <!-- PA DAZI ILI --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f5f9ff; border:1px solid #bfd2e8; border-radius:10px; margin-bottom:10px;" |- ! style="background:#2878b5; color:white; padding:9px; font-size:120%; text-align:left; border-radius:9px 9px 0 0;" | | Pa dazi ili | | --------------------------------- | | style="padding:10px; color:#000;" | <div id="mp-itn"> {{Wikipedia:Pa siku la mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} <!-- MBILI YA VYAKUCHITIKA --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f5f9ff; border:1px solid #bfd2e8; border-radius:10px; margin-bottom:10px;" |- ! style="background:#3c8bc4; color:white; padding:9px; font-size:120%; text-align:left; border-radius:9px 9px 0 0;" | | Mbili ya vyakuchitika | | --------------------------------- | | style="padding:10px; color:#000;" | <div id="mp-otd"> {{Wikipedia:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} <!-- CHITHUZI --> {| style="width:100%; background:#faf7ff; border:1px solid #d7c9e8; border-radius:10px; margin-bottom:10px;" |- ! style="background:#7654a5; color:white; padding:9px; font-size:120%; text-align:left; border-radius:9px 9px 0 0;" | | Chithuzi cha mwahuno | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | style="padding:10px; color:#000;" | | {{Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} | | } | |} <!-- ========================= AFRICA ========================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f7fbff; border:1px solid #c7dce9; border-radius:10px; margin:10px 0;" |- ! style="background:#0b7285; color:white; padding:10px; font-size:125%; text-align:left; border-radius:9px 9px 0 0;" | | Vyaru vyamu Afilika | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | style="padding:12px; color:#000;" | | {{Wikipedia:Vyaru vyamu Afilika/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} | | } | <!-- ========================= OTHER AFRICAN WIKIPEDIAS ========================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#fff9f0; border:1px solid #ead7bd; border-radius:10px; margin:10px 0;" |- ! style="background:#c47b24; color:white; padding:10px; font-size:125%; text-align:left; border-radius:9px 9px 0 0;" | | Wikipediya zinyake zamu Afilika | | --------------------------------------------- | | style="padding:12px; color:#000;" | | {{Wikipedia:Wikipediya zinyake zamu Afilika}} | | } | <!-- ========================= FOOTER ========================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f3f4f6; border:1px solid #d6d9dc; border-radius:10px; margin-top:12px;" | style="padding:12px; text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | [[Special:RecentChanges|Vyakusinthika sonosono]] · [[Special:Random|Nkhani yiliyose]] · [[Special:AllPages|Nkhani zose]] · [[Special:Statistics|Ziŵelengero]] <br /> [[incubator:Wt/tum/Jani_likulu|Tumbuka Wiktionary]] <br /> [https://tum.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile Mobile View] · [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop Desktop View] |} {{purgepage}} gkde4qcuvo03f7pf3lymprxsl80u6sa 119753 119752 2026-08-23T09:49:55Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 119753 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Main Page/minerva.css" />**NOTOC** **NOEDITSECTION** <!-- ===================================================== HERO ===================================================== --> {| style="width:100%; border:0; background:#f8f9fa; margin:0 0 12px 0;" | style="padding:28px 20px 25px 20px; text-align:center;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-200px-transparent.png|110px|link=]] <div style="font-size:210%; font-weight:bold; margin-top:5px;"> Mwapokeleleka ku Wikipediya ya Chitumbuka </div> <div style="font-size:110%; color:#54595d; margin:8px auto; max-width:700px;"> Nkhokwe ya ulele ya chidziŵitso mu Chitumbuka. Waliyose wangawerenga, kusazgapo na kusintha nkhani. </div> <div style="margin-top:15px;"> [[Wikipedia:Kalembelo ka nkhani|'''Yambani kulemba''']] · [[Special:AllPages|'''Sangani nkhani''']] · [[Special:Random|'''Nkhani yiliyose''']] · [[Special:RecentChanges|'''Vyakusinthika sonosono''']] </div> |} <!-- ===================================================== SEARCH ===================================================== --> {| style="width:100%; background:#eaecf0; border:0; margin-bottom:12px;" | style="padding:14px; text-align:center;" | <inputbox> type=search width=50 break=no buttonlabel=Penjani </inputbox> |} <!-- ===================================================== STATS ===================================================== --> {| style="width:100%; background:white; border-top:1px solid #eaecf0; border-bottom:1px solid #eaecf0; margin-bottom:14px;" | style="width:33%; text-align:center; padding:12px;" | <div style="font-size:155%; font-weight:bold;">{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}</div> <div style="color:#54595d;">nkhani</div> | style="width:34%; text-align:center; padding:12px; border-left:1px solid #eaecf0; border-right:1px solid #eaecf0;" | <div style="font-size:155%; font-weight:bold;">{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}</div> <div style="color:#54595d;">ŵalembi ŵakugwira ntchito</div> | style="width:33%; text-align:center; padding:12px;" | <div style="font-size:155%; font-weight:bold;">{{NUMBEROFADMINS}}</div> <div style="color:#54595d;">ma admin</div> |} <!-- ===================================================== TOPICS ===================================================== --> {| style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #eaecf0; margin-bottom:14px;" |- ! colspan="2" style="padding:10px 14px; text-align:left; font-size:125%; border-bottom:1px solid #eaecf0;" | Mitu ya nkhani |- | style="padding:12px 14px; text-align:center; line-height:2.2;" | [[Malaŵi|Malaŵi]] · [[Zambia|Zambia]] · [[:Portal:Tanzania|Tanzania]] · [[:Portal:Rumphi|Rumphi]] · [[:Portal:Lundazi|Lundazi]] · [[:Portal:Chasefu|Chasefu]] · [[:Portal:Mzimba|Mzimba]] · [[:Portal:Mzalangwe|Mzalangwe]] · [[:Portal:Mzuzu|Mzuzu]] · [[:Portal:Ekwendeni|Ekwendeni]] <br /> [[:Portal:Sayansi|Sayansi]] · [[:Portal:Umoyo|Umoyo]] · [[Edesi (AIDS)|AIDS]] · [[Lilombo la Fumu Yesu|Lulombo]] · [[Covid-19|COVID-19]] · [[:Bakili Muluzi|Muluzi]] · [[:Hastings Kamuzu Banda|Kamuzu]] · [[:Chakufwa Chihana|Chihana]] · [[Chiuta|Chiuta]] |} <!-- ===================================================== FEATURED CONTENT ===================================================== --> {| style="width:100%; border:0; background:transparent;" | style="width:50%; padding-right:6px; vertical-align:top;" | {| style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #a2d4c3; margin-bottom:12px;" |- ! style="background:#f8f9fa; border-bottom:3px solid #14866d; padding:10px 12px; text-align:left; font-size:125%;" | | Nkhani ya mwahuno | | --------------------- | | style="padding:12px;" | <div id="mp-tfa"> {{Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} {| style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #a2d4c3; margin-bottom:12px;" |- ! style="background:#f8f9fa; border-bottom:3px solid #14866d; padding:10px 12px; text-align:left; font-size:125%;" | | Kasi mukumanya? | | --------------------- | | style="padding:12px;" | <div id="mp-dyk"> {{Wikipedia:Kasi mukumanya mu ChiTumbuka?/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} | style="width:50%; padding-left:6px; vertical-align:top;" | {| style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #a9c7df; margin-bottom:12px;" |- ! style="background:#f8f9fa; border-bottom:3px solid #3366cc; padding:10px 12px; text-align:left; font-size:125%;" | | Pa dazi ili | | --------------------- | | style="padding:12px;" | <div id="mp-itn"> {{Wikipedia:Pa siku la mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} {| style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #a9c7df; margin-bottom:12px;" |- ! style="background:#f8f9fa; border-bottom:3px solid #3366cc; padding:10px 12px; text-align:left; font-size:125%;" | | Mbili ya vyakuchitika | | --------------------- | | style="padding:12px;" | <div id="mp-otd"> {{Wikipedia:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} |} <!-- ===================================================== AFRICA ===================================================== --> {| style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; margin-bottom:12px;" |- ! style="padding:10px 12px; background:#f8f9fa; border-bottom:3px solid #72777d; text-align:left; font-size:125%;" | | Vyaru vyamu Afilika | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | style="padding:12px;" | | {{Wikipedia:Vyaru vyamu Afilika/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} | | } | <!-- ===================================================== MOST NEEDED ===================================================== --> {| style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; margin-bottom:12px;" |- ! style="padding:10px 12px; background:#f8f9fa; border-bottom:3px solid #72777d; text-align:left; font-size:125%;" | | Vyakulemba viphya | | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | | style="padding:12px;" | | {{Wikipedia:Vyakulemba viphya/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} | | } | <!-- ===================================================== PHOTO ===================================================== --> {| style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; margin-bottom:12px;" |- ! style="padding:10px 12px; background:#f8f9fa; border-bottom:3px solid #72777d; text-align:left; font-size:125%;" | | Chithuzi cha mwahuno | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | style="padding:12px;" | | {{Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} | | } | <!-- ===================================================== AFRICAN WIKIPEDIAS ===================================================== --> {| style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; margin-bottom:12px;" |- ! style="padding:10px 12px; background:#f8f9fa; border-bottom:3px solid #a66200; text-align:left; font-size:125%;" | | Wikipediya zinyake zamu Afilika | | --------------------------------------------- | | style="padding:12px;" | | {{Wikipedia:Wikipediya zinyake zamu Afilika}} | | } | <!-- ===================================================== CREATE ARTICLE ===================================================== --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f8f9fa; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; margin:12px 0;" | style="padding:15px; text-align:center;" | <div style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"> Muli na nkhani yiphya? </div> <div style="margin:6px 0 12px 0; color:#54595d;"> Pangani nkhani yiphya pa Wikipediya ya Chitumbuka. </div> <inputbox> type=create width=45 break=no buttonlabel=Pangani nkhani yasono </inputbox> |} <!-- ===================================================== ALPHABET ===================================================== --> {| style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; margin-bottom:12px;" |- ! style="padding:10px; text-align:center; font-size:115%;" | | Mindandanda ya nkhani | | ------------------------------------------------------- | | style="padding:12px; text-align:center; line-height:2;" | [[Special:AllPages/1|1]] · [[Special:AllPages/2|2]] · [[Special:AllPages/3|3]] · [[Special:AllPages/4|4]] · [[Special:AllPages/5|5]] · [[Special:AllPages/6|6]] · [[Special:AllPages/7|7]] · [[Special:AllPages/8|8]] · [[Special:AllPages/9|9]] <br /> [[Special:AllPages/A|A]] · [[Special:AllPages/B|B]] · [[Special:AllPages/C|C]] · [[Special:AllPages/D|D]] · [[Special:AllPages/E|E]] · [[Special:AllPages/F|F]] · [[Special:AllPages/G|G]] · [[Special:AllPages/H|H]] · [[Special:AllPages/I|I]] · [[Special:AllPages/J|J]] · [[Special:AllPages/K|K]] · [[Special:AllPages/L|L]] · [[Special:AllPages/M|M]] · [[Special:AllPages/N|N]] <br /> [[Special:AllPages/O|O]] · [[Special:AllPages/P|P]] · [[Special:AllPages/Q|Q]] · [[Special:AllPages/R|R]] · [[Special:AllPages/S|S]] · [[Special:AllPages/T|T]] · [[Special:AllPages/U|U]] · [[Special:AllPages/V|V]] · [[Special:AllPages/W|W]] · [[Special:AllPages/X|X]] · [[Special:AllPages/Y|Y]] · [[Special:AllPages/Z|Z]] |} <!-- ===================================================== FOOTER ===================================================== --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f8f9fa; border-top:1px solid #c8ccd1; margin-top:15px;" | style="padding:15px; text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | [[Special:RecentChanges|Vyakusinthika sonosono]] · [[Special:Random|Nkhani yiliyose]] · [[Special:AllPages|Nkhani zose]] · [[Special:Statistics|Ziŵelengero]] <br /> [[incubator:Wt/tum/Jani_likulu|Tumbuka Wiktionary]] |} {{purgepage}} se8imb8joqu4o03k8q5w29dwn19s0nq 10 48700 119754 2026-08-23T09:51:56Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Main Page/minerva.css" />**NOTOC** **NOEDITSECTION** <!-- ========================================================= MWAPOKELELEKA ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; border:0; margin:0 0 12px 0; background:#ffffff;" |- | style="background:#0b6b4f; color:white; padding:38px 20px 34px 20px; text-align:center; border-radius:14px;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-200px-transparent.png|105px|link=]]..." 119754 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Main Page/minerva.css" />**NOTOC** **NOEDITSECTION** <!-- ========================================================= MWAPOKELELEKA ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; border:0; margin:0 0 12px 0; background:#ffffff;" |- | style="background:#0b6b4f; color:white; padding:38px 20px 34px 20px; text-align:center; border-radius:14px;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-200px-transparent.png|105px|link=]] <div style="font-size:230%; font-weight:bold; margin-top:8px; letter-spacing:-0.5px;"> Mwapokeleleka ku Wikipediya ya Chitumbuka </div> <div style="font-size:112%; max-width:760px; margin:10px auto 0 auto; line-height:1.6;"> Nkhokwe ya ulele ya chidziŵitso mu Chitumbuka, yakupangika na ŵanthu wose kuti waliyose wasambire, waŵazge na kusazgapo chidziŵitso. </div> <div style="margin-top:18px; font-size:105%;"> [[Wikipedia:Kalembelo ka nkhani|'''Lembani nkhani''']] &nbsp;&nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Special:AllPages|'''Sangani nkhani''']] &nbsp;&nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Special:Random|'''Nkhani yiliyose''']] &nbsp;&nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Special:RecentChanges|'''Vyakusinthika sonosono''']] </div> |} <!-- ========================================================= SEARCH ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f1f5f3; border:1px solid #d7e4df; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:12px;" | style="padding:16px; text-align:center;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f; margin-bottom:8px;"> Penjani mu Wikipediya </div> <inputbox> type=search width=50 break=no buttonlabel=Penjani </inputbox> |} <!-- ========================================================= QUICK STATS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #dfe5e2; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">nkhani</div> | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px; border-left:1px solid #e1e5e3;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">ŵalembi ŵakugwira ntchito</div> | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px; border-left:1px solid #e1e5e3;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">{{NUMBEROFADMINS}}</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">ma admin</div> | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px; border-left:1px solid #e1e5e3;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">[[Special:AllPages|A–Z]]</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">mindandanda</div> |} <!-- ========================================================= TOPICS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #dfe5e2; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- ! style="padding:12px 16px; text-align:left; font-size:125%; color:#0b6b4f; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e7e4;" | Mitu iyo ŵanthu ŵakukonda kuŵazga |- | style="padding:15px 18px; text-align:center; line-height:2.25;" | [[Malaŵi|Malaŵi]] · [[Zambia|Zambia]] · [[:Portal:Tanzania|Tanzania]] · [[:Portal:Rumphi|Rumphi]] · [[:Portal:Lundazi|Lundazi]] · [[:Portal:Chasefu|Chasefu]] · [[:Portal:Mzimba|Mzimba]] · [[:Portal:Mzalangwe|Mzalangwe]] · [[:Portal:Mzuzu|Mzuzu]] · [[:Portal:Ekwendeni|Ekwendeni]] <br /> [[:Portal:Sayansi|Sayansi]] · [[:Portal:Umoyo|Umoyo]] · [[Edesi (AIDS)|AIDS]] · [[Lilombo la Fumu Yesu|Lulombo]] · [[Covid-19|COVID-19]] · [[:Bakili Muluzi|Muluzi]] · [[:Hastings Kamuzu Banda|Kamuzu]] · [[:Chakufwa Chihana|Chihana]] · [[Chiuta|Chiuta]] |} <!-- ========================================================= FEATURED CONTENT ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; border:0; background:transparent; margin:0;" | style="width:50%; padding-right:7px; vertical-align:top;" | <!-- FEATURED ARTICLE --> {| style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #b9ddd0; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- ! style="background:#e8f5f0; color:#0b6b4f; padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; text-align:left; border-bottom:1px solid #c7e1d8; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | | Nkhani ya mwahuno | | -------------------------------------- | | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6;" | <div id="mp-tfa"> {{Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} <!-- DID YOU KNOW --> {| style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #c7d8ea; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- ! style="background:#edf4fb; color:#285d91; padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; text-align:left; border-bottom:1px solid #d4e2f0; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | | Kasi mukumanya? | | -------------------------------------- | | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6;" | <div id="mp-dyk"> {{Wikipedia:Kasi mukumanya mu ChiTumbuka?/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} | style="width:50%; padding-left:7px; vertical-align:top;" | <!-- TODAY --> {| style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #ead5aa; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- ! style="background:#fff5df; color:#8a5a00; padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; text-align:left; border-bottom:1px solid #f0dfbd; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | | Pa dazi ili | | -------------------------------------- | | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6;" | <div id="mp-itn"> {{Wikipedia:Pa siku la mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} <!-- ON THIS DAY --> {| style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #d9c9e8; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- ! style="background:#f5effa; color:#65418a; padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; text-align:left; border-bottom:1px solid #e2d8ec; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | | Mbili ya vyakuchitika | | -------------------------------------- | | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6;" | <div id="mp-otd"> {{Wikipedia:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} |} <!-- ========================================================= IMAGE OF THE DAY ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #d8d8d8; border-radius:12px; margin:0 0 14px 0;" |- ! style="background:#f5f6f7; color:#202122; padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; text-align:left; border-bottom:1px solid #eaecf0; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | | Chithuzi cha mwahuno | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | style="padding:16px; text-align:center;" | | {{Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} | | } | <!-- ========================================================= AFRICA ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #c7deda; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- ! style="background:#edf8f5; color:#0b6b4f; padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; text-align:left; border-bottom:1px solid #d3e9e3; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | | Vyaru vyamu Afilika | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | style="padding:15px; line-height:1.6;" | | {{Wikipedia:Vyaru vyamu Afilika/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} | | } | <!-- ========================================================= NEEDED ARTICLES ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #ead7b8; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- ! style="background:#fff7e9; color:#8a5a00; padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; text-align:left; border-bottom:1px solid #f0e2c9; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | | Vyakulemba viphya | | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | | style="padding:15px; line-height:1.6;" | | {{Wikipedia:Vyakulemba viphya/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} | | } | <!-- ========================================================= CREATE ARTICLE ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#0b6b4f; color:white; border:0; border-radius:12px; margin:14px 0;" | style="padding:20px; text-align:center;" | <div style="font-size:140%; font-weight:bold;"> Muli na chinthu chakusazgapo? </div> <div style="margin:6px 0 14px 0;"> Pangani nkhani yiphya na kusazgapo chidziŵitso ku Wikipediya ya Chitumbuka. </div> <div style="background:white; color:#202122; padding:10px; border-radius:8px; display:inline-block;"> <inputbox> type=create width=40 break=no buttonlabel=Pangani nkhani yasono </inputbox> </div> |} <!-- ========================================================= ARTICLE INDEX ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #dfe5e2; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- ! style="padding:12px 16px; text-align:left; font-size:125%; color:#0b6b4f; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e7e4;" | Sangani nkhani mwakuyana na lembo |- | style="padding:16px; text-align:center; line-height:2.4;" | '''[[Special:AllPages/1|1]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/2|2]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/3|3]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/4|4]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/5|5]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/6|6]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/7|7]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/8|8]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/9|9]]''' <br /> '''[[Special:AllPages/A|A]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/B|B]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/C|C]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/D|D]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/E|E]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/F|F]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/G|G]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/H|H]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/I|I]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/J|J]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/K|K]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/L|L]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/M|M]]''' <br /> '''[[Special:AllPages/N|N]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/O|O]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/P|P]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/Q|Q]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/R|R]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/S|S]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/T|T]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/U|U]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/V|V]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/W|W]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/X|X]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/Y|Y]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/Z|Z]]''' |} <!-- ========================================================= OTHER AFRICAN WIKIPEDIAS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #d9d9d9; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- ! style="background:#f7f7f7; color:#202122; padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; text-align:left; border-bottom:3px solid #72777d; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | | Wikipediya zinyake zamu Afilika | | --------------------------------------------- | | style="padding:15px;" | | {{Wikipedia:Wikipediya zinyake zamu Afilika}} | | } | <!-- ========================================================= FOOTER ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f1f3f5; border-radius:12px; margin-top:15px;" | style="padding:18px; text-align:center; font-size:90%; color:#54595d;" | [[Special:RecentChanges|Vyakusinthika sonosono]] · [[Special:Random|Nkhani yiliyose]] · [[Special:AllPages|Nkhani zose]] · [[Special:Statistics|Ziŵelengero]] <br /> [[incubator:Wt/tum/Jani_likulu|Tumbuka Wiktionary]] <br /><br /> [https://tum.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile Mobile View] · [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop Desktop View] |} {{purgepage}} o8msbjx2bdgm2gghede2p695fq3c16h 10 48701 119755 2026-08-23T09:54:48Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Main Page/minerva.css" />**NOTOC** **NOEDITSECTION** <!-- ========================================================= MWAPOKELELEKA ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; border:0; margin:0 0 12px 0; background:#ffffff;" |- | style="background:#0b6b4f; color:white; padding:38px 20px 34px 20px; text-align:center; border-radius:14px;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-200px-transparent.png|105px|link=]]..." 119755 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Main Page/minerva.css" />**NOTOC** **NOEDITSECTION** <!-- ========================================================= MWAPOKELELEKA ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; border:0; margin:0 0 12px 0; background:#ffffff;" |- | style="background:#0b6b4f; color:white; padding:38px 20px 34px 20px; text-align:center; border-radius:14px;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-200px-transparent.png|105px|link=]] <div style="font-size:230%; font-weight:bold; margin-top:8px; letter-spacing:-0.5px;"> Mwapokeleleka ku Wikipediya ya Chitumbuka </div> <div style="font-size:112%; max-width:760px; margin:10px auto 0 auto; line-height:1.6;"> Nkhokwe ya ulele ya chidziŵitso mu Chitumbuka, yakupangika na ŵanthu wose kuti waliyose wasambire, waŵazge na kusazgapo chidziŵitso. </div> <div style="margin-top:18px; font-size:105%;"> [[Wikipedia:Kalembelo ka nkhani|'''Lembani nkhani''']] &nbsp;&nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Special:AllPages|'''Sangani nkhani''']] &nbsp;&nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Special:Random|'''Nkhani yiliyose''']] &nbsp;&nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Special:RecentChanges|'''Vyakusinthika sonosono''']] </div> |} <!-- ========================================================= SEARCH ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#eef7f3; border:1px solid #cfe4dc; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:12px;" | style="padding:16px; text-align:center;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f; margin-bottom:8px;"> Penjani mu Wikipediya </div> <inputbox> type=search width=50 break=no buttonlabel=Penjani </inputbox> |} <!-- ========================================================= QUICK STATS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f7fbf9; border:1px solid #d7e5df; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">nkhani</div> | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px; border-left:1px solid #dce7e3;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">ŵalembi ŵakugwira ntchito</div> | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px; border-left:1px solid #dce7e3;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">{{NUMBEROFADMINS}}</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">ma admin</div> | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px; border-left:1px solid #dce7e3;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">[[Special:AllPages|A–Z]]</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">mindandanda</div> |} <!-- ========================================================= TOPICS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f4faf7; border:1px solid #cfe2da; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- ! style="padding:12px 16px; text-align:left; font-size:125%; color:#0b6b4f; border-bottom:1px solid #d5e5de;" | Mitu iyo ŵanthu ŵakukonda kuŵazga |- | style="padding:15px 18px; text-align:center; line-height:2.25; background:#f9fcfa;" | [[Malaŵi|Malaŵi]] · [[Zambia|Zambia]] · [[:Portal:Tanzania|Tanzania]] · [[:Portal:Rumphi|Rumphi]] · [[:Portal:Lundazi|Lundazi]] · [[:Portal:Chasefu|Chasefu]] · [[:Portal:Mzimba|Mzimba]] · [[:Portal:Mzalangwe|Mzalangwe]] · [[:Portal:Mzuzu|Mzuzu]] · [[:Portal:Ekwendeni|Ekwendeni]] <br /> [[:Portal:Sayansi|Sayansi]] · [[:Portal:Umoyo|Umoyo]] · [[Edesi (AIDS)|AIDS]] · [[Lilombo la Fumu Yesu|Lulombo]] · [[Covid-19|COVID-19]] · [[:Bakili Muluzi|Muluzi]] · [[:Hastings Kamuzu Banda|Kamuzu]] · [[:Chakufwa Chihana|Chihana]] · [[Chiuta|Chiuta]] |} <!-- ========================================================= FEATURED CONTENT ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; border:0; background:transparent; margin:0;" | style="width:50%; padding-right:7px; vertical-align:top;" | <!-- FEATURED ARTICLE --> {| style="width:100%; background:#eef9f3; border:1px solid #a8d5c1; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- ! style="background:#dff2e9; color:#0b6b4f; padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; text-align:left; border-bottom:1px solid #bddfcf; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | | Nkhani ya mwahuno | | ---------------------------------------------------------- | | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#f3fbf7;" | <div id="mp-tfa"> {{Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} <!-- DID YOU KNOW --> {| style="width:100%; background:#edf6ff; border:1px solid #b7d2ea; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- ! style="background:#deedfb; color:#285d91; padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; text-align:left; border-bottom:1px solid #c1d9ed; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | | Kasi mukumanya? | | ---------------------------------------------------------- | | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#f4f9ff;" | <div id="mp-dyk"> {{Wikipedia:Kasi mukumanya mu ChiTumbuka?/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} | style="width:50%; padding-left:7px; vertical-align:top;" | <!-- TODAY --> {| style="width:100%; background:#fff7e7; border:1px solid #ead3a5; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- ! style="background:#ffefd0; color:#8a5a00; padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; text-align:left; border-bottom:1px solid #efdcb9; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | | Pa dazi ili | | ---------------------------------------------------------- | | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#fffaf0;" | <div id="mp-itn"> {{Wikipedia:Pa siku la mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} <!-- ON THIS DAY --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f7f0fc; border:1px solid #d8c5e8; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- ! style="background:#eee3f7; color:#65418a; padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; text-align:left; border-bottom:1px solid #ddcee9; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | | Mbili ya vyakuchitika | | ---------------------------------------------------------- | | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#fbf7fe;" | <div id="mp-otd"> {{Wikipedia:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} |} <!-- ========================================================= IMAGE OF THE DAY ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f4f6f8; border:1px solid #ccd3d9; border-radius:12px; margin:0 0 14px 0;" |- ! style="background:#e9edf1; color:#202122; padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; text-align:left; border-bottom:1px solid #d5dbe0; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | | Chithuzi cha mwahuno | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | style="padding:16px; text-align:center; background:#fafbfc;" | | {{Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} | | } | <!-- ========================================================= AFRICA ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#edf9f7; border:1px solid #b9ddd5; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- ! style="background:#dff2ee; color:#0b6b4f; padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; text-align:left; border-bottom:1px solid #c6e4dd; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | | Vyaru vyamu Afilika | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | style="padding:15px; line-height:1.6; background:#f6fcfb;" | | {{Wikipedia:Vyaru vyamu Afilika/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} | | } | <!-- ========================================================= NEEDED ARTICLES ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#fff8eb; border:1px solid #e7d3ae; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- ! style="background:#ffefd1; color:#8a5a00; padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; text-align:left; border-bottom:1px solid #eddcbb; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | | Vyakulemba viphya | | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | | style="padding:15px; line-height:1.6; background:#fffaf2;" | | {{Wikipedia:Vyakulemba viphya/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} | | } | <!-- ========================================================= CREATE ARTICLE ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#0b6b4f; color:white; border:0; border-radius:12px; margin:14px 0;" | style="padding:20px; text-align:center;" | <div style="font-size:140%; font-weight:bold;"> Muli na chinthu chakusazgapo? </div> <div style="margin:6px 0 14px 0;"> Pangani nkhani yiphya na kusazgapo chidziŵitso ku Wikipediya ya Chitumbuka. </div> <div style="background:#ffffff; color:#202122; padding:10px; border-radius:8px; display:inline-block;"> <inputbox> type=create width=40 break=no buttonlabel=Pangani nkhani yasono </inputbox> </div> |} <!-- ========================================================= ARTICLE INDEX ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f7faf9; border:1px solid #d5e1dd; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- ! style="padding:12px 16px; text-align:left; font-size:125%; color:#0b6b4f; border-bottom:1px solid #dce6e2;" | Sangani nkhani mwakuyana na lembo |- | style="padding:16px; text-align:center; line-height:2.4; background:#fbfdfc;" | '''[[Special:AllPages/1|1]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/2|2]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/3|3]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/4|4]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/5|5]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/6|6]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/7|7]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/8|8]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/9|9]]''' <br /> '''[[Special:AllPages/A|A]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/B|B]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/C|C]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/D|D]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/E|E]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/F|F]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/G|G]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/H|H]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/I|I]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/J|J]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/K|K]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/L|L]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/M|M]]''' <br /> '''[[Special:AllPages/N|N]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/O|O]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/P|P]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/Q|Q]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/R|R]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/S|S]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/T|T]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/U|U]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/V|V]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/W|W]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/X|X]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/Y|Y]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/Z|Z]]''' |} <!-- ========================================================= OTHER AFRICAN WIKIPEDIAS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #d2d2d2; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- ! style="background:#eeeeee; color:#202122; padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; text-align:left; border-bottom:3px solid #a66200; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | | Wikipediya zinyake zamu Afilika | | --------------------------------------------- | | style="padding:15px; background:#fcfcfc;" | | {{Wikipedia:Wikipediya zinyake zamu Afilika}} | | } | <!-- ========================================================= FOOTER ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#eef2f1; border-radius:12px; margin-top:15px;" | style="padding:18px; text-align:center; font-size:90%; color:#54595d;" | [[Special:RecentChanges|Vyakusinthika sonosono]] · [[Special:Random|Nkhani yiliyose]] · [[Special:AllPages|Nkhani zose]] · [[Special:Statistics|Ziŵelengero]] <br /> [[incubator:Wt/tum/Jani_likulu|Tumbuka Wiktionary]] <br /><br /> [https://tum.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile Mobile View] · [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop Desktop View] |} {{purgepage}} egywhqi2mh0rjsdme2xgqxisv2fbetb 119756 119755 2026-08-23T09:56:04Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 119756 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Main Page/minerva.css" />**NOTOC** **NOEDITSECTION** <!-- ========================================================= MWAPOKELELEKA ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; border:0; margin:0 0 12px 0; background:#ffffff;" |- | style="background:#0b6b4f; color:white; padding:38px 20px 34px 20px; text-align:center; border-radius:14px;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-200px-transparent.png|105px|link=]] <div style="font-size:230%; font-weight:bold; margin-top:8px; letter-spacing:-0.5px;"> Mwapokeleleka ku Wikipediya ya Chitumbuka </div> <div style="font-size:112%; max-width:760px; margin:10px auto 0 auto; line-height:1.6;"> Nkhokwe ya ulele ya chidziŵitso mu Chitumbuka, yakupangika na ŵanthu wose kuti waliyose wasambire, waŵazge na kusazgapo chidziŵitso. </div> <div style="margin-top:18px; font-size:105%;"> [[Wikipedia:Kalembelo ka nkhani|'''Lembani nkhani''']] &nbsp;&nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Special:AllPages|'''Sangani nkhani''']] &nbsp;&nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Special:Random|'''Nkhani yiliyose''']] &nbsp;&nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Special:RecentChanges|'''Vyakusinthika sonosono''']] </div> |} <!-- ========================================================= SEARCH ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#eef7f3; border:1px solid #cfe4dc; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:12px;" | style="padding:16px; text-align:center;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f; margin-bottom:8px;"> Penjani mu Wikipediya </div> <inputbox> type=search width=50 break=no buttonlabel=Penjani </inputbox> |} <!-- ========================================================= QUICK STATS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f7fbf9; border:1px solid #d7e5df; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">nkhani</div> | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px; border-left:1px solid #dce7e3;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">ŵalembi ŵakugwira ntchito</div> | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px; border-left:1px solid #dce7e3;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">{{NUMBEROFADMINS}}</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">ma admin</div> | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px; border-left:1px solid #dce7e3;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">[[Special:AllPages|A–Z]]</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">mindandanda</div> |} <!-- ========================================================= TOPICS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f4faf7; border:1px solid #cfe2da; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:0; background:#e5f3ed; border-bottom:1px solid #d5e5de; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | <div style="padding:12px 16px; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;"> Mitu iyo ŵanthu ŵakukonda kuŵazga </div> |- | style="padding:15px 18px; text-align:center; line-height:2.25; background:#f9fcfa;" | [[Malaŵi|Malaŵi]] · [[Zambia|Zambia]] · [[:Portal:Tanzania|Tanzania]] · [[:Portal:Rumphi|Rumphi]] · [[:Portal:Lundazi|Lundazi]] · [[:Portal:Chasefu|Chasefu]] · [[:Portal:Mzimba|Mzimba]] · [[:Portal:Mzalangwe|Mzalangwe]] · [[:Portal:Mzuzu|Mzuzu]] · [[:Portal:Ekwendeni|Ekwendeni]] <br /> [[:Portal:Sayansi|Sayansi]] · [[:Portal:Umoyo|Umoyo]] · [[Edesi (AIDS)|AIDS]] · [[Lilombo la Fumu Yesu|Lulombo]] · [[Covid-19|COVID-19]] · [[:Bakili Muluzi|Muluzi]] · [[:Hastings Kamuzu Banda|Kamuzu]] · [[:Chakufwa Chihana|Chihana]] · [[Chiuta|Chiuta]] |} <!-- ========================================================= FEATURED CONTENT ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; border:0; background:transparent; margin:0;" | style="width:50%; padding-right:7px; vertical-align:top;" | <!-- FEATURED ARTICLE --> {| style="width:100%; background:#eef9f3; border:1px solid #a8d5c1; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:0; background:#dff2e9; border-bottom:1px solid #bddfcf; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | <div style="padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;"> Nkhani ya mwahuno </div> |- | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#f3fbf7;" | <div id="mp-tfa"> {{Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} <!-- DID YOU KNOW --> {| style="width:100%; background:#edf6ff; border:1px solid #b7d2ea; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:0; background:#deedfb; border-bottom:1px solid #c1d9ed; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | <div style="padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; color:#285d91;"> Kasi mukumanya? </div> |- | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#f4f9ff;" | <div id="mp-dyk"> {{Wikipedia:Kasi mukumanya mu ChiTumbuka?/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} | style="width:50%; padding-left:7px; vertical-align:top;" | <!-- TODAY --> {| style="width:100%; background:#fff7e7; border:1px solid #ead3a5; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:0; background:#ffefd0; border-bottom:1px solid #efdcb9; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | <div style="padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; color:#8a5a00;"> Pa dazi ili </div> |- | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#fffaf0;" | <div id="mp-itn"> {{Wikipedia:Pa siku la mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} <!-- ON THIS DAY --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f7f0fc; border:1px solid #d8c5e8; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:0; background:#eee3f7; border-bottom:1px solid #ddcee9; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | <div style="padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; color:#65418a;"> Mbili ya vyakuchitika </div> |- | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#fbf7fe;" | <div id="mp-otd"> {{Wikipedia:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} |} <!-- ========================================================= IMAGE OF THE DAY ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f4f6f8; border:1px solid #ccd3d9; border-radius:12px; margin:0 0 14px 0;" |- | style="padding:0; background:#e9edf1; border-bottom:1px solid #d5dbe0; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | <div style="padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122;"> Chithuzi cha mwahuno </div> |- | style="padding:16px; text-align:center; background:#fafbfc;" | {{Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} |} <!-- ========================================================= AFRICA ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#edf9f7; border:1px solid #b9ddd5; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:0; background:#dff2ee; border-bottom:1px solid #c6e4dd; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | <div style="padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;"> Vyaru vyamu Afilika </div> |- | style="padding:15px; line-height:1.6; background:#f6fcfb;" | {{Wikipedia:Vyaru vyamu Afilika/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} |} <!-- ========================================================= NEEDED ARTICLES ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#fff8eb; border:1px solid #e7d3ae; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:0; background:#ffefd1; border-bottom:1px solid #eddcbb; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | <div style="padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; color:#8a5a00;"> Vyakulemba viphya </div> |- | style="padding:15px; line-height:1.6; background:#fffaf2;" | {{Wikipedia:Vyakulemba viphya/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} |} <!-- ========================================================= CREATE ARTICLE ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#0b6b4f; color:white; border:0; border-radius:12px; margin:14px 0;" | style="padding:20px; text-align:center;" | <div style="font-size:140%; font-weight:bold;"> Muli na chinthu chakusazgapo? </div> <div style="margin:6px 0 14px 0;"> Pangani nkhani yiphya na kusazgapo chidziŵitso ku Wikipediya ya Chitumbuka. </div> <div style="background:#ffffff; color:#202122; padding:10px; border-radius:8px; display:inline-block;"> <inputbox> type=create width=40 break=no buttonlabel=Pangani nkhani yasono </inputbox> </div> |} <!-- ========================================================= ARTICLE INDEX ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f7faf9; border:1px solid #d5e1dd; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:0; background:#e7f1ed; border-bottom:1px solid #dce6e2; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | <div style="padding:12px 16px; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;"> Sangani nkhani mwakuyana na lembo </div> |- | style="padding:16px; text-align:center; line-height:2.4; background:#fbfdfc;" | '''[[Special:AllPages/1|1]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/2|2]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/3|3]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/4|4]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/5|5]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/6|6]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/7|7]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/8|8]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/9|9]]''' <br /> '''[[Special:AllPages/A|A]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/B|B]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/C|C]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/D|D]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/E|E]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/F|F]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/G|G]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/H|H]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/I|I]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/J|J]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/K|K]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/L|L]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/M|M]]''' <br /> '''[[Special:AllPages/N|N]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/O|O]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/P|P]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/Q|Q]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/R|R]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/S|S]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/T|T]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/U|U]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/V|V]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/W|W]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/X|X]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/Y|Y]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/Z|Z]]''' |} <!-- ========================================================= OTHER AFRICAN WIKIPEDIAS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #d2d2d2; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:0; background:#eeeeee; border-bottom:3px solid #a66200; border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;" | <div style="padding:12px 14px; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122;"> Wikipediya zinyake zamu Afilika </div> |- | style="padding:15px; background:#fcfcfc;" | {{Wikipedia:Wikipediya zinyake zamu Afilika}} |} <!-- ========================================================= FOOTER ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#eef2f1; border-radius:12px; margin-top:15px;" | style="padding:18px; text-align:center; font-size:90%; color:#54595d;" | [[Special:RecentChanges|Vyakusinthika sonosono]] · [[Special:Random|Nkhani yiliyose]] · [[Special:AllPages|Nkhani zose]] · [[Special:Statistics|Ziŵelengero]] <br /> [[incubator:Wt/tum/Jani_likulu|Tumbuka Wiktionary]] <br /><br /> [https://tum.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile Mobile View] · [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop Desktop View] |} {{purgepage}} dx234icutmffrm0fagxzbl1s809y308 10 48702 119757 2026-08-23T09:58:39Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Main Page/minerva.css" />**NOTOC** **NOEDITSECTION** <!-- ========================================================= MWAPOKELELEKA ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; border:0; margin:0 0 12px 0; background:#ffffff;" |- | style="background:#0b6b4f; color:white; padding:38px 20px 34px 20px; text-align:center; border-radius:14px;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-200px-transparent.png|105px|link=]]..." 119757 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Main Page/minerva.css" />**NOTOC** **NOEDITSECTION** <!-- ========================================================= MWAPOKELELEKA ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; border:0; margin:0 0 12px 0; background:#ffffff;" |- | style="background:#0b6b4f; color:white; padding:38px 20px 34px 20px; text-align:center; border-radius:14px;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-200px-transparent.png|105px|link=]] <div style="font-size:230%; font-weight:bold; margin-top:8px; letter-spacing:-0.5px;"> Mwapokeleleka ku Wikipediya ya Chitumbuka </div> <div style="font-size:112%; max-width:760px; margin:10px auto 0 auto; line-height:1.6;"> Nkhokwe ya ulele ya chidziŵitso mu Chitumbuka, yakupangika na ŵanthu wose kuti waliyose wasambire, waŵazge na kusazgapo chidziŵitso. </div> <div style="margin-top:18px; font-size:105%;"> [[Wikipedia:Kalembelo ka nkhani|'''Lembani nkhani''']] &nbsp;&nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Special:AllPages|'''Sangani nkhani''']] &nbsp;&nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Special:Random|'''Nkhani yiliyose''']] &nbsp;&nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Special:RecentChanges|'''Vyakusinthika sonosono''']] </div> |} <!-- ========================================================= SEARCH ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#eef7f3; border:1px solid #cfe4dc; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:12px;" | style="padding:16px; text-align:center;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f; margin-bottom:8px;"> Penjani mu Wikipediya </div> <inputbox> type=search width=50 break=no buttonlabel=Penjani </inputbox> |} <!-- ========================================================= QUICK STATS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f7fbf9; border:1px solid #d7e5df; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">nkhani</div> | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px; border-left:1px solid #dce7e3;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">ŵalembi ŵakugwira ntchito</div> | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px; border-left:1px solid #dce7e3;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">{{NUMBEROFADMINS}}</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">ma admin</div> | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px; border-left:1px solid #dce7e3;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">[[Special:AllPages|A–Z]]</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">mindandanda</div> |} <!-- ========================================================= TOPICS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f4faf7; border:1px solid #cfe2da; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#f4faf7;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> Mitu iyo ŵanthu ŵakukonda kuŵazga </div> |- | style="padding:15px 18px; text-align:center; line-height:2.25; background:#f9fcfa;" | [[Malaŵi|Malaŵi]] · [[Zambia|Zambia]] · [[:Portal:Tanzania|Tanzania]] · [[:Portal:Rumphi|Rumphi]] · [[:Portal:Lundazi|Lundazi]] · [[:Portal:Chasefu|Chasefu]] · [[:Portal:Mzimba|Mzimba]] · [[:Portal:Mzalangwe|Mzalangwe]] · [[:Portal:Mzuzu|Mzuzu]] · [[:Portal:Ekwendeni|Ekwendeni]] <br /> [[:Portal:Sayansi|Sayansi]] · [[:Portal:Umoyo|Umoyo]] · [[Edesi (AIDS)|AIDS]] · [[Lilombo la Fumu Yesu|Lulombo]] · [[Covid-19|COVID-19]] · [[:Bakili Muluzi|Muluzi]] · [[:Hastings Kamuzu Banda|Kamuzu]] · [[:Chakufwa Chihana|Chihana]] · [[Chiuta|Chiuta]] |} <!-- ========================================================= FEATURED CONTENT ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; border:0; background:transparent; margin:0;" | style="width:50%; padding-right:7px; vertical-align:top;" | <!-- FEATURED ARTICLE --> {| style="width:100%; background:#eef9f3; border:1px solid #a8d5c1; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#eef9f3;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> Nkhani ya mwahuno </div> |- | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#f3fbf7;" | <div id="mp-tfa"> {{Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} <!-- DID YOU KNOW --> {| style="width:100%; background:#edf6ff; border:1px solid #b7d2ea; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#edf6ff;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> Kasi mukumanya? </div> |- | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#f4f9ff;" | <div id="mp-dyk"> {{Wikipedia:Kasi mukumanya mu ChiTumbuka?/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} | style="width:50%; padding-left:7px; vertical-align:top;" | <!-- TODAY --> {| style="width:100%; background:#fff7e7; border:1px solid #ead3a5; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#fff7e7;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> Pa dazi ili </div> |- | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#fffaf0;" | <div id="mp-itn"> {{Wikipedia:Pa siku la mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} <!-- ON THIS DAY --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f7f0fc; border:1px solid #d8c5e8; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#f7f0fc;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> Mbili ya vyakuchitika </div> |- | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#fbf7fe;" | <div id="mp-otd"> {{Wikipedia:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} |} <!-- ========================================================= IMAGE OF THE DAY ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f4f6f8; border:1px solid #ccd3d9; border-radius:12px; margin:0 0 14px 0;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#f4f6f8;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> Chithuzi cha mwahuno </div> |- | style="padding:16px; text-align:center; background:#fafbfc;" | {{Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} |} <!-- ========================================================= AFRICA ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#edf9f7; border:1px solid #b9ddd5; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#edf9f7;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> Vyaru vyamu Afilika </div> |- | style="padding:15px; line-height:1.6; background:#f6fcfb;" | {{Wikipedia:Vyaru vyamu Afilika/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} |} <!-- ========================================================= NEEDED ARTICLES ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#fff8eb; border:1px solid #e7d3ae; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#fff8eb;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> Vyakulemba viphya </div> |- | style="padding:15px; line-height:1.6; background:#fffaf2;" | {{Wikipedia:Vyakulemba viphya/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} |} <!-- ========================================================= CREATE ARTICLE ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#0b6b4f; color:white; border:0; border-radius:12px; margin:14px 0;" | style="padding:20px; text-align:center;" | <div style="font-size:140%; font-weight:bold;"> Muli na chinthu chakusazgapo? </div> <div style="margin:6px 0 14px 0;"> Pangani nkhani yiphya na kusazgapo chidziŵitso ku Wikipediya ya Chitumbuka. </div> <div style="background:#ffffff; color:#202122; padding:10px; border-radius:8px; display:inline-block;"> <inputbox> type=create width=40 break=no buttonlabel=Pangani nkhani yasono </inputbox> </div> |} <!-- ========================================================= ARTICLE INDEX ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f7faf9; border:1px solid #d5e1dd; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#f7faf9;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> Sangani nkhani mwakuyana na lembo </div> |- | style="padding:16px; text-align:center; line-height:2.4; background:#fbfdfc;" | '''[[Special:AllPages/1|1]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/2|2]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/3|3]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/4|4]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/5|5]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/6|6]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/7|7]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/8|8]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/9|9]]''' <br /> '''[[Special:AllPages/A|A]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/B|B]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/C|C]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/D|D]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/E|E]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/F|F]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/G|G]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/H|H]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/I|I]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/J|J]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/K|K]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/L|L]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/M|M]]''' <br /> '''[[Special:AllPages/N|N]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/O|O]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/P|P]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/Q|Q]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/R|R]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/S|S]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/T|T]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/U|U]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/V|V]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/W|W]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/X|X]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/Y|Y]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/Z|Z]]''' |} <!-- ========================================================= OTHER AFRICAN WIKIPEDIAS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #d2d2d2; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#f8f8f8;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> Wikipediya zinyake zamu Afilika </div> |- | style="padding:15px; background:#fcfcfc;" | {{Wikipedia:Wikipediya zinyake zamu Afilika}} |} <!-- ========================================================= FOOTER ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#eef2f1; border-radius:12px; margin-top:15px;" | style="padding:18px; text-align:center; font-size:90%; color:#54595d;" | [[Special:RecentChanges|Vyakusinthika sonosono]] · [[Special:Random|Nkhani yiliyose]] · [[Special:AllPages|Nkhani zose]] · [[Special:Statistics|Ziŵelengero]] <br /> [[incubator:Wt/tum/Jani_likulu|Tumbuka Wiktionary]] <br /><br /> [https://tum.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile Mobile View] · [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop Desktop View] |} {{purgepage}} 84on0bxig1sak8ffagabwj46l6hfjgh 10 48703 119758 2026-08-23T10:04:17Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Main Page/minerva.css" />**NOTOC** **NOEDITSECTION** <!-- ========================================================= MWAPOKELELEKA ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; border:0; margin:0 0 12px 0; background:#ffffff;" |- | style="background:#0b6b4f; color:white; padding:38px 20px 34px 20px; text-align:center; border-radius:14px;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-200px-transparent.png|105px|link=]]..." 119758 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Main Page/minerva.css" />**NOTOC** **NOEDITSECTION** <!-- ========================================================= MWAPOKELELEKA ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; border:0; margin:0 0 12px 0; background:#ffffff;" |- | style="background:#0b6b4f; color:white; padding:38px 20px 34px 20px; text-align:center; border-radius:14px;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-200px-transparent.png|105px|link=]] <div style="font-size:230%; font-weight:bold; margin-top:8px; letter-spacing:-0.5px;"> Mwapokeleleka ku Wikipediya ya Chitumbuka </div> <div style="font-size:112%; max-width:760px; margin:10px auto 0 auto; line-height:1.6;"> Nkhokwe ya ulele ya chidziŵitso mu Chitumbuka, yakupangika na ŵanthu wose kuti waliyose wasambire, waŵazge na kusazgapo chidziŵitso. </div> <div style="margin-top:18px; font-size:105%;"> [[Wikipedia:Kalembelo ka nkhani|'''Lembani nkhani''']] &nbsp;&nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Special:AllPages|'''Sangani nkhani''']] &nbsp;&nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Special:Random|'''Nkhani yiliyose''']] &nbsp;&nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Special:RecentChanges|'''Vyakusinthika sonosono''']] </div> |} <!-- ========================================================= SEARCH ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#eef7f3; border:1px solid #cfe4dc; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:12px;" | style="padding:16px; text-align:center;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f; margin-bottom:8px;"> 🔎 Penjani mu Wikipediya </div> <inputbox> type=search width=50 break=no buttonlabel=Penjani </inputbox> |} <!-- ========================================================= QUICK STATS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f7fbf9; border:1px solid #d7e5df; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">nkhani</div> | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px; border-left:1px solid #dce7e3;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">ŵalembi ŵakugwira ntchito</div> | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px; border-left:1px solid #dce7e3;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">{{NUMBEROFADMINS}}</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">ma admin</div> | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px; border-left:1px solid #dce7e3;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">[[Special:AllPages|A–Z]]</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">mindandanda</div> |} <!-- ========================================================= TOPICS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f4faf7; border:1px solid #cfe2da; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#f4faf7;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> 🗂️&nbsp; Mitu iyo ŵanthu ŵakukonda kuŵazga </div> |- | style="padding:15px 18px; text-align:center; line-height:2.25; background:#f9fcfa;" | [[Malaŵi|Malaŵi]] · [[Zambia|Zambia]] · [[:Portal:Tanzania|Tanzania]] · [[:Portal:Rumphi|Rumphi]] · [[:Portal:Lundazi|Lundazi]] · [[:Portal:Chasefu|Chasefu]] · [[:Portal:Mzimba|Mzimba]] · [[:Portal:Mzalangwe|Mzalangwe]] · [[:Portal:Mzuzu|Mzuzu]] · [[:Portal:Ekwendeni|Ekwendeni]] <br /> [[:Portal:Sayansi|Sayansi]] · [[:Portal:Umoyo|Umoyo]] · [[Edesi (AIDS)|AIDS]] · [[Lilombo la Fumu Yesu|Lulombo]] · [[Covid-19|COVID-19]] · [[:Bakili Muluzi|Muluzi]] · [[:Hastings Kamuzu Banda|Kamuzu]] · [[:Chakufwa Chihana|Chihana]] · [[Chiuta|Chiuta]] |} <!-- ========================================================= FEATURED CONTENT ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; border:0; background:transparent; margin:0;" | style="width:50%; padding-right:7px; vertical-align:top;" | <!-- FEATURED ARTICLE --> {| style="width:100%; background:#eef9f3; border:1px solid #a8d5c1; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#eef9f3;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> 📰&nbsp; Nkhani ya mwahuno </div> |- | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#f3fbf7;" | <div id="mp-tfa"> {{Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} <!-- DID YOU KNOW --> {| style="width:100%; background:#edf6ff; border:1px solid #b7d2ea; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#edf6ff;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> 💡&nbsp; Kasi mukumanya? </div> |- | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#f4f9ff;" | <div id="mp-dyk"> {{Wikipedia:Kasi mukumanya mu ChiTumbuka?/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} | style="width:50%; padding-left:7px; vertical-align:top;" | <!-- TODAY --> {| style="width:100%; background:#fff7e7; border:1px solid #ead3a5; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#fff7e7;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> 📅&nbsp; Pa dazi ili </div> |- | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#fffaf0;" | <div id="mp-itn"> {{Wikipedia:Pa siku la mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} <!-- ON THIS DAY --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f7f0fc; border:1px solid #d8c5e8; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#f7f0fc;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> 📜&nbsp; Mbili ya vyakuchitika </div> |- | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#fbf7fe;" | <div id="mp-otd"> {{Wikipedia:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} |} <!-- ========================================================= IMAGE OF THE DAY ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f4f6f8; border:1px solid #ccd3d9; border-radius:12px; margin:0 0 14px 0;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#f4f6f8;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> 🖼️&nbsp; Chithuzi cha mwahuno </div> |- | style="padding:16px; text-align:center; background:#fafbfc;" | {{Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} |} <!-- ========================================================= AFRICA ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#edf9f7; border:1px solid #b9ddd5; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#edf9f7;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> 🌍&nbsp; Vyaru vyamu Afilika </div> |- | style="padding:15px; line-height:1.6; background:#f6fcfb;" | {{Wikipedia:Vyaru vyamu Afilika/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} |} <!-- ========================================================= NEEDED ARTICLES ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#fff8eb; border:1px solid #e7d3ae; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#fff8eb;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> ✍️&nbsp; Vyakulemba viphya </div> |- | style="padding:15px; line-height:1.6; background:#fffaf2;" | {{Wikipedia:Vyakulemba viphya/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} |} <!-- ========================================================= CREATE ARTICLE ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#0b6b4f; color:white; border:0; border-radius:12px; margin:14px 0;" | style="padding:20px; text-align:center;" | <div style="font-size:140%; font-weight:bold;"> ➕&nbsp; Muli na chinthu chakusazgapo? </div> <div style="margin:6px 0 14px 0;"> Pangani nkhani yiphya na kusazgapo chidziŵitso ku Wikipediya ya Chitumbuka. </div> <div style="background:#ffffff; color:#202122; padding:10px; border-radius:8px; display:inline-block;"> <inputbox> type=create width=40 break=no buttonlabel=Pangani nkhani yasono </inputbox> </div> |} <!-- ========================================================= ARTICLE INDEX ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f7faf9; border:1px solid #d5e1dd; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#f7faf9;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> 🔤&nbsp; Sangani nkhani mwakuyana na lembo </div> |- | style="padding:16px; text-align:center; line-height:2.4; background:#fbfdfc;" | '''[[Special:AllPages/1|1]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/2|2]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/3|3]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/4|4]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/5|5]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/6|6]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/7|7]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/8|8]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/9|9]]''' <br /> '''[[Special:AllPages/A|A]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/B|B]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/C|C]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/D|D]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/E|E]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/F|F]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/G|G]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/H|H]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/I|I]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/J|J]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/K|K]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/L|L]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/M|M]]''' <br /> '''[[Special:AllPages/N|N]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/O|O]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/P|P]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/Q|Q]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/R|R]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/S|S]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/T|T]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/U|U]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/V|V]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/W|W]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/X|X]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/Y|Y]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/Z|Z]]''' |} <!-- ========================================================= OTHER AFRICAN WIKIPEDIAS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #d2d2d2; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#f8f8f8;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> 🌐&nbsp; Wikipediya zinyake zamu Afilika </div> |- | style="padding:15px; background:#fcfcfc;" | {{Wikipedia:Wikipediya zinyake zamu Afilika}} |} <!-- ========================================================= FOOTER ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#eef2f1; border-radius:12px; margin-top:15px;" | style="padding:18px; text-align:center; font-size:90%; color:#54595d;" | [[Special:RecentChanges|Vyakusinthika sonosono]] · [[Special:Random|Nkhani yiliyose]] · [[Special:AllPages|Nkhani zose]] · [[Special:Statistics|Ziŵelengero]] <br /> [[incubator:Wt/tum/Jani_likulu|Tumbuka Wiktionary]] <br /><br /> [https://tum.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile Mobile View] · [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop Desktop View] |} {{purgepage}} a0ip02ee8myql2m0tckqsywh7vsdail 10 48704 119759 2026-08-23T10:31:49Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Main Page/minerva.css" />**NOTOC** **NOEDITSECTION** <!-- ========================================================= MWAPOKELELEKA ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; border:0; margin:0 0 12px 0; background:#ffffff;" |- | style="background:#0b6b4f; color:white; padding:38px 20px 34px 20px; text-align:center; border-radius:14px;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-200px-transparent.png|105px|link=]]..." 119759 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Main Page/minerva.css" />**NOTOC** **NOEDITSECTION** <!-- ========================================================= MWAPOKELELEKA ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; border:0; margin:0 0 12px 0; background:#ffffff;" |- | style="background:#0b6b4f; color:white; padding:38px 20px 34px 20px; text-align:center; border-radius:14px;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-200px-transparent.png|105px|link=]] <div style="font-size:230%; font-weight:bold; margin-top:8px; letter-spacing:-0.5px;"> Mwapokeleleka ku Wikipediya ya Chitumbuka </div> <div style="font-size:112%; max-width:760px; margin:10px auto 0 auto; line-height:1.6;"> Nkhokwe ya ulele ya chidziŵitso mu Chitumbuka, yakupangika na ŵanthu wose kuti waliyose wasambire, waŵazge na kusazgapo chidziŵitso. </div> <div style="margin-top:18px; font-size:105%;"> [[Wikipedia:Kalembelo ka nkhani|'''Lembani nkhani''']] &nbsp;&nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Special:AllPages|'''Sangani nkhani''']] &nbsp;&nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Special:Random|'''Nkhani yiliyose''']] &nbsp;&nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Special:RecentChanges|'''Vyakusinthika sonosono''']] </div> |} <!-- ========================================================= SEARCH ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#eef7f3; border:1px solid #cfe4dc; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:12px;" | style="padding:16px; text-align:center;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f; margin-bottom:8px;"> 🔎 Penjani mu Wikipediya </div> <inputbox> type=search width=50 break=no buttonlabel=Penjani </inputbox> |} <!-- ========================================================= QUICK STATS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f7fbf9; border:1px solid #d7e5df; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">nkhani</div> | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px; border-left:1px solid #dce7e3;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">ŵalembi ŵakugwira ntchito</div> | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px; border-left:1px solid #dce7e3;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">{{NUMBEROFADMINS}}</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">ma admin</div> | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px; border-left:1px solid #dce7e3;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">[[Special:AllPages|A–Z]]</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">mindandanda</div> |} <!-- ========================================================= TOPICS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f4faf7; border:1px solid #cfe2da; border-left:5px solid #0b6b4f; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#f4faf7;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> 🗂️&nbsp; Mitu iyo ŵanthu ŵakukonda kuŵazga </div> |- | style="padding:15px 18px; text-align:center; line-height:2.25; background:#f9fcfa;" | [[Malaŵi|Malaŵi]] · [[Zambia|Zambia]] · [[:Portal:Tanzania|Tanzania]] · [[:Portal:Rumphi|Rumphi]] · [[:Portal:Lundazi|Lundazi]] · [[:Portal:Chasefu|Chasefu]] · [[:Portal:Mzimba|Mzimba]] · [[:Portal:Mzalangwe|Mzalangwe]] · [[:Portal:Mzuzu|Mzuzu]] · [[:Portal:Ekwendeni|Ekwendeni]] <br /> [[:Portal:Sayansi|Sayansi]] · [[:Portal:Umoyo|Umoyo]] · [[Edesi (AIDS)|AIDS]] · [[Lilombo la Fumu Yesu|Lulombo]] · [[Covid-19|COVID-19]] · [[:Bakili Muluzi|Muluzi]] · [[:Hastings Kamuzu Banda|Kamuzu]] · [[:Chakufwa Chihana|Chihana]] · [[Chiuta|Chiuta]] |} <!-- ========================================================= TWO COLUMNS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; border:0; background:transparent; margin:0;" | style="width:50%; padding-right:7px; vertical-align:top;" | <!-- FEATURED ARTICLE --> {| style="width:100%; background:#eef9f3; border:1px solid #a8d5c1; border-left:5px solid #159570; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#eef9f3;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> 📰&nbsp; Nkhani ya mwahuno </div> |- | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#f3fbf7;" | <div id="mp-tfa"> {{Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} <!-- DID YOU KNOW --> {| style="width:100%; background:#edf6ff; border:1px solid #b7d2ea; border-left:5px solid #3684c6; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#edf6ff;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> 💡&nbsp; Kasi mukumanya? </div> |- | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#f4f9ff;" | <div id="mp-dyk"> {{Wikipedia:Kasi mukumanya mu ChiTumbuka?/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} | style="width:50%; padding-left:7px; vertical-align:top;" | <!-- TODAY --> {| style="width:100%; background:#fff7e7; border:1px solid #ead3a5; border-left:5px solid #e19a27; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#fff7e7;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> 📅&nbsp; Pa dazi ili </div> |- | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#fffaf0;" | <div id="mp-itn"> {{Wikipedia:Pa siku la mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} <!-- ON THIS DAY --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f7f0fc; border:1px solid #d8c5e8; border-left:5px solid #8b63b6; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#f7f0fc;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> 📜&nbsp; Mbili ya vyakuchitika </div> |- | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#fbf7fe;" | <div id="mp-otd"> {{Wikipedia:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} |} <!-- ========================================================= IMAGE OF THE DAY ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f4f6f8; border:1px solid #ccd3d9; border-left:5px solid #72777d; border-radius:12px; margin:0 0 14px 0;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#f4f6f8;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> 🖼️&nbsp; Chithuzi cha mwahuno </div> |- | style="padding:16px; text-align:center; background:#fafbfc;" | {{Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} |} <!-- ========================================================= AFRICA ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#edf9f7; border:1px solid #b9ddd5; border-left:5px solid #159a8a; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#edf9f7;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> 🌍&nbsp; Vyaru vyamu Afilika </div> |- | style="padding:15px; line-height:1.6; background:#f6fcfb;" | {{Wikipedia:Vyaru vyamu Afilika/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} |} <!-- ========================================================= NEEDED ARTICLES ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#fff8eb; border:1px solid #e7d3ae; border-left:5px solid #d18a25; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#fff8eb;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> ✍️&nbsp; Vyakulemba viphya </div> |- | style="padding:15px; line-height:1.6; background:#fffaf2;" | {{Wikipedia:Vyakulemba viphya/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} |} <!-- ========================================================= CREATE ARTICLE ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#0b6b4f; color:white; border:0; border-radius:12px; margin:14px 0;" | style="padding:20px; text-align:center;" | <div style="font-size:140%; font-weight:bold;"> ➕&nbsp; Muli na chinthu chakusazgapo? </div> <div style="margin:6px 0 14px 0;"> Pangani nkhani yiphya na kusazgapo chidziŵitso ku Wikipediya ya Chitumbuka. </div> <div style="background:#ffffff; color:#202122; padding:10px; border-radius:8px; display:inline-block;"> <inputbox> type=create width=40 break=no buttonlabel=Pangani nkhani yasono </inputbox> </div> |} <!-- ========================================================= ARTICLE INDEX ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f7faf9; border:1px solid #d5e1dd; border-left:5px solid #0b6b4f; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#f7faf9;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> 🔤&nbsp; Sangani nkhani mwakuyana na lembo </div> |- | style="padding:16px; text-align:center; line-height:2.4; background:#fbfdfc;" | '''[[Special:AllPages/1|1]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/2|2]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/3|3]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/4|4]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/5|5]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/6|6]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/7|7]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/8|8]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/9|9]]''' <br /> '''[[Special:AllPages/A|A]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/B|B]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/C|C]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/D|D]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/E|E]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/F|F]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/G|G]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/H|H]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/I|I]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/J|J]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/K|K]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/L|L]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/M|M]]''' <br /> '''[[Special:AllPages/N|N]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/O|O]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/P|P]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/Q|Q]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/R|R]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/S|S]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/T|T]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/U|U]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/V|V]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/W|W]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/X|X]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/Y|Y]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/Z|Z]]''' |} <!-- ========================================================= OTHER AFRICAN WIKIPEDIAS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #d2d2d2; border-left:5px solid #a66200; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#f8f8f8;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> 🌐&nbsp; Wikipediya zinyake zamu Afilika </div> |- | style="padding:15px; background:#fcfcfc;" | {{Wikipedia:Wikipediya zinyake zamu Afilika}} |} <!-- ========================================================= FOOTER ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#eef2f1; border-radius:12px; margin-top:15px;" | style="padding:18px; text-align:center; font-size:90%; color:#54595d;" | [[Special:RecentChanges|Vyakusinthika sonosono]] · [[Special:Random|Nkhani yiliyose]] · [[Special:AllPages|Nkhani zose]] · [[Special:Statistics|Ziŵelengero]] <br /> [[incubator:Wt/tum/Jani_likulu|Tumbuka Wiktionary]] <br /><br /> [https://tum.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile Mobile View] · [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop Desktop View] |} {{purgepage}} fuld2n5fmo0edy849n5wo4wr8nfb1a1 119760 119759 2026-08-23T10:41:17Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 119760 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Main Page/minerva.css" />**NOTOC** **NOEDITSECTION** <!-- ========================================================= MWAPOKELELEKA ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; border:0; margin:0 0 12px 0; background:#ffffff;" |- | style="background:#0b6b4f; color:white; padding:38px 20px 34px 20px; text-align:center; border-radius:14px;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-200px-transparent.png|105px|link=]] <div style="font-size:230%; font-weight:bold; margin-top:8px; letter-spacing:-0.5px;"> Mwapokeleleka ku Wikipediya ya Chitumbuka </div> <div style="font-size:112%; max-width:760px; margin:10px auto 0 auto; line-height:1.6;"> Nkhokwe ya ulele ya chidziŵitso mu Chitumbuka, yakupangika na ŵanthu wose kuti waliyose wasambire, waŵazge na kusazgapo chidziŵitso. </div> <div style="margin-top:18px; font-size:105%;"> [[Wikipedia:Kalembelo ka nkhani|'''Lembani nkhani''']] &nbsp;&nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Special:AllPages|'''Sangani nkhani''']] &nbsp;&nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Special:Random|'''Nkhani yiliyose''']] &nbsp;&nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Special:RecentChanges|'''Vyakusinthika sonosono''']] </div> |} <!-- ========================================================= SEARCH ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#eef7f3; border:1px solid #cfe4dc; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:12px;" | style="padding:16px; text-align:center;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f; margin-bottom:8px;"> [[File:P globe.svg|18px|link=]]&nbsp; Penjani mu Wikipediya </div> <inputbox> type=search width=50 break=no buttonlabel=Penjani </inputbox> |} <!-- ========================================================= QUICK STATS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f7fbf9; border:1px solid #d7e5df; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">nkhani</div> | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px; border-left:1px solid #dce7e3;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">ŵalembi ŵakugwira ntchito</div> | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px; border-left:1px solid #dce7e3;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">{{NUMBEROFADMINS}}</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">ma admin</div> | style="width:25%; text-align:center; padding:15px; border-left:1px solid #dce7e3;" | <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#0b6b4f;">[[Special:AllPages|A–Z]]</div> <div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d;">mindandanda</div> |} <!-- ========================================================= TOPICS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f4faf7; border:1px solid #cfe2da; border-left:5px solid #0b6b4f; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#f4faf7;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> [[File:P globe.svg|18px|link=]]&nbsp; Mitu iyo ŵanthu ŵakukonda kuŵazga </div> |- | style="padding:15px 18px; text-align:center; line-height:2.25; background:#f9fcfa;" | [[Malaŵi|Malaŵi]] · [[Zambia|Zambia]] · [[:Portal:Tanzania|Tanzania]] · [[:Portal:Rumphi|Rumphi]] · [[:Portal:Lundazi|Lundazi]] · [[:Portal:Chasefu|Chasefu]] · [[:Portal:Mzimba|Mzimba]] · [[:Portal:Mzalangwe|Mzalangwe]] · [[:Portal:Mzuzu|Mzuzu]] · [[:Portal:Ekwendeni|Ekwendeni]] <br /> [[:Portal:Sayansi|Sayansi]] · [[:Portal:Umoyo|Umoyo]] · [[Edesi (AIDS)|AIDS]] · [[Lilombo la Fumu Yesu|Lulombo]] · [[Covid-19|COVID-19]] · [[:Bakili Muluzi|Muluzi]] · [[:Hastings Kamuzu Banda|Kamuzu]] · [[:Chakufwa Chihana|Chihana]] · [[Chiuta|Chiuta]] |} <!-- ========================================================= TWO COLUMNS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; border:0; background:transparent; margin:0;" | style="width:50%; padding-right:7px; vertical-align:top;" | <!-- FEATURED ARTICLE --> {| style="width:100%; background:#eef9f3; border:1px solid #a8d5c1; border-left:5px solid #159570; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#eef9f3;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> [[File:Newspaper.svg|18px|link=]]&nbsp; Nkhani ya mwahuno </div> |- | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#f3fbf7;" | <div id="mp-tfa"> {{Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} <!-- DID YOU KNOW --> {| style="width:100%; background:#edf6ff; border:1px solid #b7d2ea; border-left:5px solid #3684c6; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#edf6ff;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> [[File:Lightbulb.svg|18px|link=]]&nbsp; Kasi mukumanya? </div> |- | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#f4f9ff;" | <div id="mp-dyk"> {{Wikipedia:Kasi mukumanya mu ChiTumbuka?/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} | style="width:50%; padding-left:7px; vertical-align:top;" | <!-- TODAY --> {| style="width:100%; background:#fff7e7; border:1px solid #ead3a5; border-left:5px solid #e19a27; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#fff7e7;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> [[File:Calendar-icon.svg|18px|link=]]&nbsp; Pa dazi ili </div> |- | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#fffaf0;" | <div id="mp-itn"> {{Wikipedia:Pa siku la mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} <!-- ON THIS DAY --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f7f0fc; border:1px solid #d8c5e8; border-left:5px solid #8b63b6; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#f7f0fc;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> [[File:History.svg|18px|link=]]&nbsp; Mbili ya vyakuchitika </div> |- | style="padding:14px; line-height:1.6; background:#fbf7fe;" | <div id="mp-otd"> {{Wikipedia:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} </div> |} |} <!-- ========================================================= IMAGE OF THE DAY ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f4f6f8; border:1px solid #ccd3d9; border-left:5px solid #72777d; border-radius:12px; margin:0 0 14px 0;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#f4f6f8;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> [[File:Photo icon.svg|18px|link=]]&nbsp; Chithuzi cha mwahuno </div> |- | style="padding:16px; text-align:center; background:#fafbfc;" | {{Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} |} <!-- ========================================================= AFRICA ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#edf9f7; border:1px solid #b9ddd5; border-left:5px solid #159a8a; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#edf9f7;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> [[File:P globe.svg|18px|link=]]&nbsp; Vyaru vyamu Afilika </div> |- | style="padding:15px; line-height:1.6; background:#f6fcfb;" | {{Wikipedia:Vyaru vyamu Afilika/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} |} <!-- ========================================================= NEEDED ARTICLES ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#fff8eb; border:1px solid #e7d3ae; border-left:5px solid #d18a25; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#fff8eb;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> [[File:Pencil.svg|18px|link=]]&nbsp; Vyakulemba viphya </div> |- | style="padding:15px; line-height:1.6; background:#fffaf2;" | {{Wikipedia:Vyakulemba viphya/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY}}}} |} <!-- ========================================================= CREATE ARTICLE ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#0b6b4f; color:white; border:0; border-radius:12px; margin:14px 0;" | style="padding:20px; text-align:center;" | <div style="font-size:140%; font-weight:bold;"> [[File:Pencil.svg|20px|link=]]&nbsp; Muli na chinthu chakusazgapo? </div> <div style="margin:6px 0 14px 0;"> Pangani nkhani yiphya na kusazgapo chidziŵitso ku Wikipediya ya Chitumbuka. </div> <div style="background:#ffffff; color:#202122; padding:10px; border-radius:8px; display:inline-block;"> <inputbox> type=create width=40 break=no buttonlabel=Pangani nkhani yasono </inputbox> </div> |} <!-- ========================================================= ARTICLE INDEX ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f7faf9; border:1px solid #d5e1dd; border-left:5px solid #0b6b4f; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#f7faf9;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> [[File:Pencil.svg|18px|link=]]&nbsp; Sangani nkhani mwakuyana na lembo </div> |- | style="padding:16px; text-align:center; line-height:2.4; background:#fbfdfc;" | '''[[Special:AllPages/1|1]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/2|2]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/3|3]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/4|4]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/5|5]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/6|6]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/7|7]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/8|8]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/9|9]]''' <br /> '''[[Special:AllPages/A|A]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/B|B]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/C|C]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/D|D]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/E|E]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/F|F]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/G|G]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/H|H]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/I|I]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/J|J]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/K|K]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/L|L]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/M|M]]''' <br /> '''[[Special:AllPages/N|N]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/O|O]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/P|P]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/Q|Q]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/R|R]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/S|S]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/T|T]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/U|U]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/V|V]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/W|W]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/X|X]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/Y|Y]]''' · '''[[Special:AllPages/Z|Z]]''' |} <!-- ========================================================= OTHER AFRICAN WIKIPEDIAS ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #d2d2d2; border-left:5px solid #a66200; border-radius:12px; margin-bottom:14px;" |- | style="padding:8px 12px 4px 12px; background:#f8f8f8;" | <div style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; color:#202122; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-bottom:3px;"> [[File:P globe.svg|18px|link=]]&nbsp; Wikipediya zinyake zamu Afilika </div> |- | style="padding:15px; background:#fcfcfc;" | {{Wikipedia:Wikipediya zinyake zamu Afilika}} |} <!-- ========================================================= FOOTER ========================================================= --> {| style="width:100%; background:#eef2f1; border-radius:12px; margin-top:15px;" | style="padding:18px; text-align:center; font-size:90%; color:#54595d;" | [[Special:RecentChanges|Vyakusinthika sonosono]] · [[Special:Random|Nkhani yiliyose]] · [[Special:AllPages|Nkhani zose]] · [[Special:Statistics|Ziŵelengero]] <br /> [[incubator:Wt/tum/Jani_likulu|Tumbuka Wiktionary]] <br /><br /> [https://tum.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile Mobile View] · [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop Mobile View] |} {{purgepage}} 90pyludlqwkudvk2mkdssbnl0nm8zrb 0 48705 119761 2026-08-23T10:44:23Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "{| style="width:100%; border:0; margin:0 0 12px 0; background:#ffffff;" |- | style="background:#0b6b4f; color:white; padding:25px 18px 20px 18px; text-align:center; border-radius:14px;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-200px-transparent.png|95px|link=]] <div style="font-size:220%; font-weight:bold; margin-top:5px;"> Mwapokeleleka ku Wikipediya ya Chitumbuka </div> <div style="font-size:108%; max-width:780px; margin:7px auto 12px auto; line-height:1.5;"> Nkhokwe ya ulele iyo..." 119761 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="width:100%; border:0; margin:0 0 12px 0; background:#ffffff;" |- | style="background:#0b6b4f; color:white; padding:25px 18px 20px 18px; text-align:center; border-radius:14px;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-200px-transparent.png|95px|link=]] <div style="font-size:220%; font-weight:bold; margin-top:5px;"> Mwapokeleleka ku Wikipediya ya Chitumbuka </div> <div style="font-size:108%; max-width:780px; margin:7px auto 12px auto; line-height:1.5;"> Nkhokwe ya ulele iyo waliyose wangasazgapo ivyo wakumanya. </div> <!-- TOP LINKS --> <div style="font-size:105%; margin-bottom:12px;"> [[Wikipedia:Kalembelo ka nkhani|'''Lembani nkhani''']] · [[Special:AllPages|'''Nkhani zose''']] · [[Special:RecentChanges|'''Vyakusinthika sonosono''']] · [[Special:Random|'''Nkhani yiliyose''']] </div> <!-- MOST READ / POPULAR TOPICS --> {| style="width:100%; max-width:900px; margin:auto; border:0; background:rgba(255,255,255,0.10); color:white;" |- | style="padding:9px 10px; text-align:center;" | <div style="font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:5px;"> Vyakulemba ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa </div> [[Malaŵi|Malaŵi]] · [[Zambia|Zambia]] · [[:Portal:Tanzania|Tanzania]] · [[:Portal:Rumphi|Rumphi]] · [[:Portal:Lundazi|Lundazi]] · [[:Portal:Chasefu|Chasefu]] · [[:Portal:Mzimba|Mzimba]] · [[:Portal:Mzalangwe|Mzalangwe]] · [[:Portal:Mzuzu|Mzuzu]] · [[:Portal:Ekwendeni|Ekwendeni]] <br /> [[:Portal:Sayansi|Sayansi]] · [[:Portal:Umoyo|Umoyo]] · [[Edesi (AIDS)|AIDS]] · [[Lilombo la Fumu Yesu|Lulombo]] · [[Covid-19|Covid-19]] · [[:Bakili Muluzi|Muluzi]] · [[:Hastings Kamuzu Banda|Kamuzu]] · [[:Chakufwa Chihana|Chihana]] · [[Chiuta|Chiuta]] |} <!-- END POPULAR TOPICS --> <!-- ALPHABET --> <div style="margin-top:12px; padding-top:9px; border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.25);"> <div style="font-size:105%; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:5px;"> Mindandanda ya nkhani </div> [[Special:AllPages/1|1]] · [[Special:AllPages/2|2]] · [[Special:AllPages/3|3]] · [[Special:AllPages/4|4]] · [[Special:AllPages/5|5]] · [[Special:AllPages/6|6]] · [[Special:AllPages/7|7]] · [[Special:AllPages/8|8]] · [[Special:AllPages/9|9]] · [[Special:AllPages/A|A]] · [[Special:AllPages/B|B]] · [[Special:AllPages/C|C]] · [[Special:AllPages/D|D]] · [[Special:AllPages/E|E]] · [[Special:AllPages/F|F]] · [[Special:AllPages/G|G]] · [[Special:AllPages/H|H]] · [[Special:AllPages/I|I]] · [[Special:AllPages/J|J]] · [[Special:AllPages/K|K]] · [[Special:AllPages/L|L]] · [[Special:AllPages/M|M]] · [[Special:AllPages/N|N]] · [[Special:AllPages/O|O]] · [[Special:AllPages/P|P]] · [[Special:AllPages/Q|Q]] · [[Special:AllPages/R|R]] · [[Special:AllPages/S|S]] · [[Special:AllPages/T|T]] · [[Special:AllPages/U|U]] · [[Special:AllPages/V|V]] · [[Special:AllPages/W|W]] · [[Special:AllPages/X|X]] · [[Special:AllPages/Y|Y]] · [[Special:AllPages/Z|Z]] </div> <!-- STATISTICS --> {| style="width:100%; max-width:850px; margin:12px auto 0 auto; border:0; background:rgba(255,255,255,0.09); color:white;" |- | style="width:33%; text-align:center; padding:8px;" | <div style="font-size:145%; font-weight:bold;">{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}</div> <div style="font-size:85%;">nkhani</div> | style="width:34%; text-align:center; padding:8px; border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.2); border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.2);" | <div style="font-size:145%; font-weight:bold;">{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}</div> <div style="font-size:85%;">ŵalembi ŵakugwira ntchito</div> | style="width:33%; text-align:center; padding:8px;" | <div style="font-size:145%; font-weight:bold;">{{NUMBEROFADMINS}}</div> <div style="font-size:85%;">ma admin</div> |} <!-- MOBILE / DESKTOP --> <div style="font-size:85%; margin-top:10px; opacity:0.95;"> [https://tum.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile '''Mobile View'''] &nbsp; · &nbsp; [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop '''Desktop View'''] </div> |} d7bvg7ee6s5rxzs6e2blvm6as7t5hjf 10 48706 119763 2026-08-23T11:07:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "```wikitext <templatestyles src="Wikipedia:Main Page/styles.css" /> {{Bas bet header}} <div id="mp-upper"> <div id="mp-left" class="MainPageBG mp-box"> <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" class="mp-h2">[[Fayl:Potd-logo.svg|30px]] [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno|Chithuzi chakasankhika cha mwahuno]]</h2> <div id="mp-dyk" class="mp-contains-float">{{Potd|width=500}}</div> <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" class="mp-h2">[[Fayl:HSDagensdatum.svg|30px]] [[Wikipedia:Kalendala|Kalendala ya Wikipediya]]: {{C..." 119763 wikitext text/x-wiki ```wikitext <templatestyles src="Wikipedia:Main Page/styles.css" /> {{Bas bet header}} <div id="mp-upper"> <div id="mp-left" class="MainPageBG mp-box"> <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" class="mp-h2">[[Fayl:Potd-logo.svg|30px]] [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno|Chithuzi chakasankhika cha mwahuno]]</h2> <div id="mp-dyk" class="mp-contains-float">{{Potd|width=500}}</div> <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" class="mp-h2">[[Fayl:HSDagensdatum.svg|30px]] [[Wikipedia:Kalendala|Kalendala ya Wikipediya]]: [[{{CURRENTDAY}}-{{lc:{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}]]</h2> <div id="mp-dyk" class="mp-contains-float">{{Bas bet/Kalendar/{{CURRENTDAY}}-{{lc:{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}}}<div style="text-align:right;font-size:90%; ">''[[Template:Bas bet/Kalendar/{{CURRENTDAY}}-{{lc:{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}|Sinthani]]''</div></div> <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" class="mp-h2">[[Fayl:Motd-logo 02.svg|30px]] [[Wikipedia:Vyakuŵika vya mwahuno|Vyakuŵika vya mwahuno]]</h2> <div id="mp-dyk" class="mp-contains-float">{{Motd|width=500}}</div> </div> <div id="mp-right" class="MainPageBG mp-box"> <h2 id="mp-itn-h2" class="mp-h2">[[Fayl:HSUtvald.svg|30px]] Nkhani yakusankhika</h2> <div id="mp-itn" class="mp-contains-float">{{:Bas bet/Nkhani yakusankhika}}</div> <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" class="mp-h2">[[Fayl:PL Wiki CzyWiesz ikona.svg|30px]] Kasi mukumanya?</h2> <div id="mp-otd" class="mp-contains-float">{{Kasi mukumanya?}}</div> </div> </div> <div id="mp-lower" class="MainPageBG mp-box"> <h2 id="mp-tfl-h2" class="mp-h2"><center>Wakukhazikika pa Wikipediya</center></h2> <div id="mp-tfp">{{:Bas bet/Wakukhazikika pa Wikipediya}}</div> </div> <div id="mp-bottom" class="mp-box"> <h2 id="mp-sister" class="mp-h2"><center>Vigaŵa</center></h2> <div id="mp-other-content">{{:Bas bet/Vigaŵa}}</div> <h2 id="mp-other" class="mp-h2"><center>Mapulojekiti ghakukolerana</center></h2> <div id="mp-sister-content">{{:Bas bet/Mapulojekiti ghakukolerana}}</div> <h2 id="mp-lang" class="mp-h2"><center>Wikipediya mu viyowoyero</center></h2> <div>{{Bas bet/Túrkiy tillerdegi Wikipedialar}}</div> __MAZMUNSIZ__ ``` tqwu09tnanu8g02wun6eyiq1mj9pby1 119765 119763 2026-08-23T11:11:33Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 119765 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Wikipedia:Main Page/styles.css" /> {{Bas bet header}} <div id="mp-upper"> <div id="mp-left" class="MainPageBG mp-box"> <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" class="mp-h2">[[Fayl:Potd-logo.svg|30px]] [[Wikipedia:Kún súwreti|Kúnniń saylandı súwreti]]</h2> <div id="mp-dyk" class="mp-contains-float">{{Potd|width=500}}</div> <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" class="mp-h2">[[Fayl:HSDagensdatum.svg|30px]] [[Wikipedia:Kalendar|Wiki-kalendar]]: [[{{CURRENTDAY}}-{{lc:{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}]]</h2> <div id="mp-dyk" class="mp-contains-float">{{Bas bet/Kalendar/{{CURRENTDAY}}-{{lc:{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}}}<div style="text-align:right;font-size:90%; ">''[[Template:Bas bet/Kalendar/{{CURRENTDAY}}-{{lc:{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}|Ózgertiw]]''</div></div> <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" class="mp-h2">[[Fayl:Motd-logo 02.svg|30px]] [[Wikipedia:Kúnniń multimediası|Kúnniń saylandı multimediası]]</h2> <div id="mp-dyk" class="mp-contains-float">{{Motd|width=500}}</div> </div> <div id="mp-right" class="MainPageBG mp-box"> <h2 id="mp-itn-h2" class="mp-h2">[[Fayl:HSUtvald.svg|30px]] Saylandı maqala</h2> <div id="mp-itn" class="mp-contains-float">{{:Bas bet/Saylandı maqala}}</div> <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" class="mp-h2">[[Fayl:PL Wiki CzyWiesz ikona.svg|30px]] Bilesiz be?</h2> <div id="mp-otd" class="mp-contains-float">{{Bilesiz be?}}</div> </div> </div> <div id="mp-lower" class="MainPageBG mp-box"> <h2 id="mp-tfl-h2" class="mp-h2"><center>Wikipedia haqqında</center></h2> <div id="mp-tfp">{{:Bas bet/Wikipedia haqqında}}</div> </div> <div id="mp-bottom" class="mp-box"> <h2 id="mp-sister" class="mp-h2"><center>Kategoriyalar</center></h2> <div id="mp-other-content">{{:Bas bet/Kategoriyalar}}</div> <h2 id="mp-other" class="mp-h2"><center>Qanalas joybarlar</center></h2> <div id="mp-sister-content">{{:Bas bet/Qanalas joybarlar}}</div> <h2 id="mp-lang" class="mp-h2"><center>Wikitiller</center></h2> <div>{{Bas bet/Túrkiy tillerdegi Wikipedialar}}</div> __MAZMUNSIZ__ et0343x2zz7i8xe1p9zwuublybxsms2 119770 119765 2026-08-23T11:18:56Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 119770 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Wikipedia:Main Page/styles.css" /> {{Bas bet header}} <div id="mp-upper"> <div id="mp-left" class="MainPageBG mp-box"> <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" class="mp-h2">[[File:Potd-logo.svg|30px]] [[Wikipedia:Kún súwreti|Kúnniń saylandı súwreti]]</h2> <div id="mp-dyk" class="mp-contains-float">{{Potd|width=500}}</div> <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" class="mp-h2">[[File:HSDagensdatum.svg|30px]] [[Wikipedia:Kalendar|Wiki-kalendar]]: [[{{CURRENTDAY}}-{{lc:{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}]]</h2> <div id="mp-dyk" class="mp-contains-float">{{Bas bet/Kalendar/{{CURRENTDAY}}-{{lc:{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}}}<div style="text-align:right;font-size:90%; ">''[[Template:Bas bet/Kalendar/{{CURRENTDAY}}-{{lc:{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}|Ózgertiw]]''</div></div> <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" class="mp-h2">[[File:Motd-logo 02.svg|30px]] [[Wikipedia:Kúnniń multimediası|Kúnniń saylandı multimediası]]</h2> <div id="mp-dyk" class="mp-contains-float">{{Motd|width=500}}</div> </div> <div id="mp-right" class="MainPageBG mp-box"> <h2 id="mp-itn-h2" class="mp-h2">[[File:HSUtvald.svg|30px]] Saylandı maqala</h2> <div id="mp-itn" class="mp-contains-float">{{:Bas bet/Saylandı maqala}}</div> <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" class="mp-h2">[[File:PL Wiki CzyWiesz ikona.svg|30px]] Bilesiz be?</h2> <div id="mp-otd" class="mp-contains-float">{{Bilesiz be?}}</div> </div> </div> <div id="mp-lower" class="MainPageBG mp-box"> <h2 id="mp-tfl-h2" class="mp-h2"><center>Wikipedia haqqında</center></h2> <div id="mp-tfp">{{:Bas bet/Wikipedia haqqında}}</div> </div> <div id="mp-bottom" class="mp-box"> <h2 id="mp-sister" class="mp-h2"><center>Kategoriyalar</center></h2> <div id="mp-other-content">{{:Bas bet/Kategoriyalar}}</div> <h2 id="mp-other" class="mp-h2"><center>Qanalas joybarlar</center></h2> <div id="mp-sister-content">{{:Bas bet/Qanalas joybarlar}}</div> <h2 id="mp-lang" class="mp-h2"><center>Wikitiller</center></h2> <div>{{Bas bet/Túrkiy tillerdegi Wikipedialar}}</div> __MAZMUNSIZ__ qu16h65ijchhagxqx3h8ida746x28tr 10 48707 119764 2026-08-23T11:08:21Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "017 Hyacinth macaw flying in Encontro das Águas State Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg" 119764 wikitext text/x-wiki 017 Hyacinth macaw flying in Encontro das Águas State Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg aipx56ptsw67ct1v4d3agz7kpbk2zsa 0 48708 119766 2026-08-23T11:13:03Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "{|width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="border:0px; background:none;" |- valign="top" | align="left" style="font-size:95%; border-bottom:1px dashed #AAAAAA; background:transparent;"|[[Su'wret:Exquisite-xine.png|45px|left]]'''[[:Kategoriya:Mádeniyat|Mádeniyat]]'''<br /> [[:Kategoriya:Ádebiyat|Ádebiyat]] · [[:Kategoriya:Din|Din]] · [[:Kategoriya:Filosofiya|Filosofiya]] · [[:Kategoriya:Kino|Kino]] · [[:Kategoriya:Oyınlar|Oyınlar]] · :Kategoriya:Sa..." 119766 wikitext text/x-wiki {|width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="border:0px; background:none;" |- valign="top" | align="left" style="font-size:95%; border-bottom:1px dashed #AAAAAA; background:transparent;"|[[Su'wret:Exquisite-xine.png|45px|left]]'''[[:Kategoriya:Mádeniyat|Mádeniyat]]'''<br /> [[:Kategoriya:Ádebiyat|Ádebiyat]] · [[:Kategoriya:Din|Din]] · [[:Kategoriya:Filosofiya|Filosofiya]] · [[:Kategoriya:Kino|Kino]] · [[:Kategoriya:Oyınlar|Oyınlar]] · [[:Kategoriya:Saz|Saz]] · [[:Kategoriya:Sport|Sport]] · [[:Kategoriya:Bilimlendiriw|Bilimlendiriw]] · [[:Kategoriya:Teatr|Teatr]] · [[:Kategoriya:Tiller|Tiller]] · [[:Kategoriya:Turizm|Turizm]] · [[:Kategoriya:Úrp-ádetler|Úrp-ádet]] | align="left" style="font-size:95%; border-bottom:1px dashed #AAAAAA;"|[[Fayl:Exquisite-kspread.png|52px|left]]'''[[:Kategoriya:Bilim|Bilim]], [[:Kategoriya:Matematika|Matematika]] hám [[:Kategoriya:Tábiyat|Tábiyat]]'''<br /> [[:Kategoriya:Biologiya|Biologiya]] · [[:Kategoriya:Ekonomika|Ekonomika]] · [[:Kategoriya:Fizika|Fizika]] · [[:Kategoriya:Geologiya|Geologiya]] · [[:Kategoriya:Informatika|Informatika]] · [[:Kategoriya:Medicina|Medicina]] · [[:Kategoriya:Psixologiya|Psixologiya]] · |- valign="top" | align="left" style="font-size:95%; border-bottom:1px dashed #AAAAAA;"|[[Fayl:Crystal Clear app Login Manager.png|52px|left]]'''[[:Kategoriya:Jámiyet|Jámiyet]]'''<br /> [[:Kategoriya:Adamlar|Adamlar]] · [[:Kategoriya:Bilim|Bilim]] · [[:Kategoriya:Densawlıq|Densawlıq]] · [[:Kategoriya:Ekonomika|Ekonomika]] · [[:Kategoriya:Filosofiya|Filosofiya]] · [[:Kategoriya:Finans|Finans]] · [[:Kategoriya:Húkimet|Húkimet]] · [[:Kategoriya:Huqıq|Huqıq]] · [[:Kategoriya:Shańaraq|Shańaraq]] · [[:Kategoriya:Siyasat|Siyasat]] |width="50%" align="left" style="font-size:95%; border-bottom:1px dashed #AAAAAA;"|[[Fayl:Exquisite-battery_plugged.png|52px|left]]'''[[:Kategoriya:Texnologiya|Texnologiya]]'''<br /> [[:Kategoriya:Elektronika|Elektronika]] · [[:Kategoriya:Injenerlik isi|Injenerlik isi]] · [[:Kategoriya:Internet|Internet]] · [[:Kategoriya:Kompyuter|Kompyuter]] · [[:Kategoriya:Medicina|Medicina]] · [[:Kategoriya:Telekommunikaciya|Telekommunikaciya]]· [[:Kategoriya:Óndiris|Óndiris]] |- valign="top" | align="left" style="font-size:95%"|[[Fayl:Exquisite-kwrite.png|52px|left]]'''[[:Kategoriya:Din|Din]] hám [[:Kategoriya:Filosofiya|Filosofiya]]'''<br /> [[:Kategoriya:Filosofiyalıq aǵımlar|Filosofiyalıq aǵımlar]] · [[:Kategoriya:Filosoflar|Filosoflar]] · [[:Kategoriya:Islam|Islam]] · [[:Kategoriya:Xristianlıq|Xristianlıq]] · [[:Kategoriya:Mifologiya|Mifologiya]] |align="left" style="font-size:95%"|[[Fayl:Exquisite-opera.png|52px|left]]'''[[:Kategoriya:Geografiya|Geografiya]] hám [[:Kategoriya:Tariyx|Tariyx]]'''<br /> [[:Kategoriya:Awıllar|Awıllar]] · [[:Kategoriya:Dáwirler|Dáwirler]] · [[:Kategoriya:Hawa rayı|Hawa rayı]] · [[:Kategoriya:Kartalar|Kartalar]] · [[:Kategoriya:Mámleketler|Mámleketler]] · [[:Kategoriya:Materikler|Materikler]] · [[:Kategoriya:Qalalar|Qalalar]] |} hri15s2sa1tjhjt016942ckmthrt2ij 119767 119766 2026-08-23T11:15:54Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 119767 wikitext text/x-wiki {|width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="border:0px; background:none;" |- valign="top" | align="left" style="font-size:95%; border-bottom:1px dashed #AAAAAA; background:transparent;"|[[Su'wret:Exquisite-xine.png|45px|left]]'''[[:Category:Culture|Culture]]'''<br /> [[:Category:Literature|Literature]] · [[:Category:Religion|Religion]] · [[:Category:Philosophy|Philosophy]] · [[:Category:Film|Film]] · [[:Category:Games|Games]] · [[:Category:Music|Music]] · [[:Category:Sports|Sports]] · [[:Category:Education|Education]] · [[:Category:Theatre|Theatre]] · [[:Category:Languages|Languages]] · [[:Category:Tourism|Tourism]] · [[:Category:Traditions|Traditions]] | align="left" style="font-size:95%; border-bottom:1px dashed #AAAAAA;"|[[File:Exquisite-kspread.png|52px|left]]'''[[:Category:Science|Science]], [[:Category:Mathematics|Mathematics]] and [[:Category:Nature|Nature]]'''<br /> [[:Category:Biology|Biology]] · [[:Category:Economics|Economics]] · [[:Category:Physics|Physics]] · [[:Category:Geology|Geology]] · [[:Category:Computer science|Computer science]] · [[:Category:Medicine|Medicine]] · [[:Category:Psychology|Psychology]] |- valign="top" | align="left" style="font-size:95%; border-bottom:1px dashed #AAAAAA;"|[[File:Crystal Clear app Login Manager.png|52px|left]]'''[[:Category:Society|Society]]'''<br /> [[:Category:People|People]] · [[:Category:Science|Science]] · [[:Category:Health|Health]] · [[:Category:Economics|Economics]] · [[:Category:Philosophy|Philosophy]] · [[:Category:Finance|Finance]] · [[:Category:Government|Government]] · [[:Category:Law|Law]] · [[:Category:Family|Family]] · [[:Category:Politics|Politics]] |width="50%" align="left" style="font-size:95%; border-bottom:1px dashed #AAAAAA;"|[[File:Exquisite-battery_plugged.png|52px|left]]'''[[:Category:Technology|Technology]]'''<br /> [[:Category:Electronics|Electronics]] · [[:Category:Engineering|Engineering]] · [[:Category:Internet|Internet]] · [[:Category:Computers|Computers]] · [[:Category:Medicine|Medicine]] · [[:Category:Telecommunications|Telecommunications]] · [[:Category:Industry|Industry]] |- valign="top" | align="left" style="font-size:95%"|[[File:Exquisite-kwrite.png|52px|left]]'''[[:Category:Religion|Religion]] and [[:Category:Philosophy|Philosophy]]'''<br /> [[:Category:Philosophical movements|Philosophical movements]] · [[:Category:Philosophers|Philosophers]] · [[:Category:Islam|Islam]] · [[:Category:Christianity|Christianity]] · [[:Category:Mythology|Mythology]] |align="left" style="font-size:95%"|[[File:Exquisite-opera.png|52px|left]]'''[[:Category:Geography|Geography]] and [[:Category:History|History]]'''<br /> [[:Category:Villages|Villages]] · [[:Category:Historical periods|Historical periods]] · [[:Category:Weather|Weather]] · [[:Category:Maps|Maps]] · [[:Category:Countries|Countries]] · [[:Category:Continents|Continents]] · [[:Category:Cities|Cities]] |} 4nw6u9sd7q74ewos1khf2l5k9r42ewb 0 48709 119768 2026-08-23T11:16:42Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "<div style="margin:1em auto;margin-top:50px; 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