Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.17 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 3 6887 120368 120366 2026-08-29T12:40:37Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 archive 120368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] 7ubj3wb1yja0klpa4b46dve0teukgrt 120375 120368 2026-08-29T13:51:44Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Re: Potential Retiring */ new section 120375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == Re: Potential Retiring == @[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], Thank you for the help, but I'm worried that, if I am blocked on one wiki, that alone ruins my chances of getting more permissions on wikis like tumwiki, snwiki, nywiki. I am in utter disappointment in myself for my choices. I wish I never did it. And I will never do it again. I will continue editing here, just less active. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 13:51, 29 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) fwq2oslt05ql0o2a98rd9mnj2dccbh8 120377 120375 2026-08-30T02:46:28Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* Re: Potential Retiring */ Zgolo 120377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == Re: Potential Retiring == @[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], Thank you for the help, but I'm worried that, if I am blocked on one wiki, that alone ruins my chances of getting more permissions on wikis like tumwiki, snwiki, nywiki. I am in utter disappointment in myself for my choices. I wish I never did it. And I will never do it again. I will continue editing here, just less active. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 13:51, 29 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Thank you so much! If you mean you can't be a sysop on tumwiki, nywiki and snwiki, the answer is yes, you can be even if you are blocked on enwiki. Enwiki is just like any other wiki, it does NOT define rules for other wikis. Each wiki is independent. So, if the community here votes that you should be a sysop, then that is it, you will be, because it sees something in you. And this something is how you help the wiki. Besides, we are all volunteers here, nobody pays us, so your free time is regarded a precious blessing/gift. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 02:46, 30 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) h18kqjt09nzms79pqbrj075rla8nwk0 120378 120377 2026-08-30T02:50:00Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Re: Potential Retiring */ Zgolo 120378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == Re: Potential Retiring == @[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], Thank you for the help, but I'm worried that, if I am blocked on one wiki, that alone ruins my chances of getting more permissions on wikis like tumwiki, snwiki, nywiki. I am in utter disappointment in myself for my choices. I wish I never did it. And I will never do it again. I will continue editing here, just less active. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 13:51, 29 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Thank you so much! If you mean you can't be a sysop on tumwiki, nywiki and snwiki, the answer is yes, you can be even if you are blocked on enwiki. Enwiki is just like any other wiki, it does NOT define rules for other wikis. Each wiki is independent. So, if the community here votes that you should be a sysop, then that is it, you will be, because it sees something in you. And this something is how you help the wiki. Besides, we are all volunteers here, nobody pays us, so your free time is regarded a precious blessing/gift. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 02:46, 30 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] Yewo chomene. I am ''relieved'' to realise that. I am awaiting administrator reponse to my appeal at [[:en:User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]. Hope you are having a great day. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 02:50, 30 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) 2k5w2arnq2jv7dplo4mhv9it0pkyk43 120381 120378 2026-08-30T02:59:33Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* Re: Potential Retiring */ Zgolo 120381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == Re: Potential Retiring == @[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], Thank you for the help, but I'm worried that, if I am blocked on one wiki, that alone ruins my chances of getting more permissions on wikis like tumwiki, snwiki, nywiki. I am in utter disappointment in myself for my choices. I wish I never did it. And I will never do it again. I will continue editing here, just less active. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 13:51, 29 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Thank you so much! If you mean you can't be a sysop on tumwiki, nywiki and snwiki, the answer is yes, you can be even if you are blocked on enwiki. Enwiki is just like any other wiki, it does NOT define rules for other wikis. Each wiki is independent. So, if the community here votes that you should be a sysop, then that is it, you will be, because it sees something in you. And this something is how you help the wiki. Besides, we are all volunteers here, nobody pays us, so your free time is regarded a precious blessing/gift. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 02:46, 30 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] Yewo chomene. I am ''relieved'' to realise that. I am awaiting administrator reponse to my appeal at [[:en:User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]. Hope you are having a great day. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 02:50, 30 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Great! You might also wanna change "Yewo chomene" on enwiki appeal page to "thank you" as sysops there might not understand Tumbuka language. It's like adding Chinese, Russian or Telugu on enwiki discussion. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 02:59, 30 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) 9jm05tpwuhjxocd0oot3oqaokio0o9m 120386 120381 2026-08-30T03:15:19Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Also, if sysops start asking you questions on enwiki appeal page, avoid responding with LLM/ChatGPT. Be the original you, and answer naturally as you mean it. Study old successful appeals by other editors. 120386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == Re: Potential Retiring == @[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], Thank you for the help, but I'm worried that, if I am blocked on one wiki, that alone ruins my chances of getting more permissions on wikis like tumwiki, snwiki, nywiki. I am in utter disappointment in myself for my choices. I wish I never did it. And I will never do it again. I will continue editing here, just less active. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 13:51, 29 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Thank you so much! If you mean you can't be a sysop on tumwiki, nywiki and snwiki, the answer is yes, you can be even if you are blocked on enwiki. Enwiki is just like any other wiki, it does NOT define rules for other wikis. Each wiki is independent. So, if the community here votes that you should be a sysop, then that is it, you will be, because it sees something in you. And this something is how you help the wiki. Besides, we are all volunteers here, nobody pays us, so your free time is regarded a precious blessing/gift. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 02:46, 30 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] Yewo chomene. I am ''relieved'' to realise that. I am awaiting administrator reponse to my appeal at [[:en:User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]. Hope you are having a great day. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 02:50, 30 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Great! You might also wanna change "Yewo chomene" on enwiki appeal page to "thank you" as sysops there might not understand Tumbuka language. It's like adding Chinese, Russian or Telugu on enwiki discussion. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 02:59, 30 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) 1xaoxi5y8j2xlhlgrirrwproa442oqb 120388 120386 2026-08-30T03:19:54Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 archive 120388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] 7ubj3wb1yja0klpa4b46dve0teukgrt 0 7212 120379 23601 2026-08-30T02:53:02Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Already a page 120379 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Darwin (msumba)]] meek9n3eze23zfeh7trstxpldvvxhrf 0 35543 120376 119320 2026-08-30T02:27:07Z CommonsDelinker 72 Replacing King_Moses_George_of_Makuria.jpg with [[File:Queen_Mother_Repeatedly_Mistaken_as_King.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: completely incorrect name and subject). 120376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in East Africa}} {{Redirect|Sudanese Republic|other uses|Sudan (disambiguation)}} {{Distinguish|Sudan (region)|the Sudans}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Sudan | common_name = Sudan | native_name = {{native name|ar|جمهورية سودان|italics=off}}<br />''{{transliteration|ar|Jumhūriyyat Sūdān}}'' | image_flag = Flag of Sudan.svg | flag_type = [[Flag of Sudan|Flag]] | religion_year = 2020 | image_coat = Emblem of Sudan.svg | symbol_type = [[Emblem of Sudan|Chidindo cha boma]] | national_motto = {{lang|ar|النصر لنا}}<br />{{transliteration|ar|an-Naṣr lanā}}<br />"Victory is ours" | national_anthem = {{lang|ar|نحن جند الله، جند الوطن}}<br />{{transliteration|ar|[[Nahnu Jund Allah Jund Al-watan|Naḥnu jund Allah, jund al-waṭan]]}}<br />"We are the soldiers of God, the soldiers of the Nation"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Sudanese national anthem, performed by the U.S. Navy Band (instrumental).oga]]}} | image_map = File:Sudan (orthographic projection) highlighted.svg | map_caption = Sudan displayed in dark green color, claimed territories in light green | image_map2 = | capital = [[Khartoum]] | coordinates = {{coord|15.5007|N|32.5599|E|type:city_region:SD}} | largest_city = [[Omdurman]] | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Arabic]]|[[English_language|English]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist |79% [[Sudanese Arab]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/| title = People and Society CIA world factbook| date = 10 May 2022}}</ref> |5.5% [[Beja people|Beja]] |2.5% [[Nuba peoples|Nuba]] |2% [[Fur people|Fur]] |2% [[Egyptians|Egyptian]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/ShowPDF.aspx?page_id=%20/Admin/Pages%20Files/2017109143840cns.pdf| title = الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء}}</ref> |1% [[Hausa people|Hausa]] |0.5% [[Fula people|Fulani]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/11774/SU| title = Sudanese Fulani in Sudan}}</ref> |17.3% [[Demographics of Sudan|other]] }} | government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] republic under a [[military junta]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gavin |first1=Michelle |title=Junta and Public at Odds in Sudan |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/junta-and-public-odds-sudan |access-date=20 March 2023 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |date=8 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jeffrey |first1=Jack |title=Analysis: Year post-coup, cracks in Sudan's military junta |url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-africa-cairo-sudan-democracy-2b87ee19685ec2667ac05acff8b4ed9e |access-date=20 March 2023 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=23 October 2022 |location=[[Cairo, Egypt]]}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Transitional Sovereignty Council]] | leader_name1 = {{indented plainlist| *[[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]] (Chairman) *[[Malik Agar]] (Deputy chairman) }} {{Collapsible list |title=Others<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudan coup leader restores restructured Sovereignty Council |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-coup-leader-restores-restructured-transitional-sovereignty-council |access-date=26 March 2023 |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |date=11 November 2021 |location=[[Khartoum]]}}</ref> |bullets = true |1=Shams al-Din Khabbashi |2=Yasser al-Atta |3=Ibrahim Jabir Karim |5=El Hadi Idris Yahya |6=El Tahrir Abubakr Hajar |7=[[Raja Nicola]] |8=Abdulgasim Bortom |9=Yousef Jad Karim |10=Abdelbagi al-Zubeir |11=Salma Abdeljabbar }} | leader_title2 = [[List of heads of government of Sudan|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = {{indented plainlist|*[[Osman Hussein (politician)|Osman Hussein]] (acting)}} | legislature = [[Transitional Legislative Council (Sudan)|Transitional Legislative Council]] | religion = {{ublist||90.7% [[Islam in Sudan|Islam]] |5.5% [[Christianity in Sudan|Christianity]] |3.5% [[Traditional African religions|Traditional Faiths]] |1.0% [[Religion in Sudan|Others]]}} | sovereignty_type = [[History of Sudan|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Kerma culture|Kingdom of Kerma]] | established_date1 = 2500 BC | established_event2 = [[Kingdom of Kush]] | established_date2 = 1070 BC | established_event3 = [[Mahdist State]] | established_date3 = 1885 | established_event4 = [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Condominium]] | established_date4 = 1899 | established_event5 = Independence from the United Kingdom and the [[Kingdom of Egypt]] | established_date5 = 1 January 1956 | established_event6 = Secession of [[South Sudan]] | established_date6 = 9 July 2011 | established_event7 = [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|2019 coup d'état]] | established_date7 = 11 April 2019 | established_event8 = [[2019–2026 Sudanese transition to democracy#Draft Constitutional Declaration|2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration]] effective | established_date8 = 20 August 2019 | established_event9 = [[2021 Sudan coup d'état|2021 coup d'état]] | established_date9 = 25 October 2021 | area_km2 = 1886068 | area_rank = 15th | area_sq_mi = 728215 | percent_water = | population_estimate = 49,197,555<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Sudan|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 30th | population_density_km2 = 21.3 | population_density_sq_mi = 55.3 | population_density_rank = 202nd | GDP_PPP = {{decrease}}$207.7&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= 23 December 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 71st | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{decrease}}$4,450<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 151st | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}}$42.7&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 96th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}}$916<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 171st | Gini = 34.2 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2014 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.508 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 172nd | currency = [[Sudanese pound]] | currency_code = SDG | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy <!--numeric dates (dd-mm-yyyy, yyyy.mm.dd, etc.) plus era (AD, AH, etc.)--> | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[+249]] | iso3166code = SD | cctld = [[.sd]]<br />[[سودان.]] | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Profiles |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=211c |access-date=8 October 2022 |website=[[Association of Religion Data Archives]]}}</ref> | demonym = [[Demographics of Sudan|Sudanese]] }} '''Sudan''' ([[Chingelezi]]: /suːˈdɑːn/ panji /suːˈdæn/; Arabic: سودان, romanized: Sūdān), mwalamulo '''Republic of Sudan''' (Arabic: جمهورية سودان, romanized: Jumhūriyyat Sūdān), ni chalo icho chili ku [[North East Africa]]. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa [[Central African Republic]], kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Chad, kumpoto kwa [[Egypt]], kumpoto kwa [[Eritrea]], kumwera kwa [[Ethiopia]], kumwera kwa [[Libya]], kumwera kwa [[South Sudan]], na ku [[Nyanja Yiswesi]]. Mu 2022, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 45.7 miliyoni<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/sudan-population/ |title=Sudan Population 2021 (Live) |website=worldpopulationreview.com |access-date=26 July 2021 }}</ref> Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1,886,068 square kilometres (728,215 square miles), ndipo ntchigaŵa chachitatu mu Africa. Charu ichi chikaŵa chikuru chomene pa vyaru vya mu [[Afilika|Africa]] na vyaru vya [[Arab League]] m'paka apo South Sudan yikapatukira mu 2011. Msumba wake ukuru ni Khartoum, ndipo msumba wake ukuru ni [[Omdurman]]. Mbiri yikulongora kuti Ufumu wa Kerma (c. 2500-1500 B.C.E.), Ufumu Waphya wa Eguputo (c. 1500 BC~1070 BC), na Ufumu wa Kush (c. 785 BC~350 AD). Pamanyuma pakuti Kush wabwangandulika, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakamba kulamulira mu maufumu ghatatu gha Ŵakhristu gha Nobatia, Makuria, na Alodia. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1500, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Sudan. Kwambira mu ma 1500 m'paka m'ma 1800, chigaŵa chapakati na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Funj, apo Darfur wakaŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo Ottomans kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu 1811, Mamluks ŵakakhazikiska boma ku Dunqulah, ilo likaŵa likuru la malonda gha ŵazga. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Ŵaeguputo na Ŵaturuki mu charu cha Sudan, mu 1820, ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumwera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Walz |first1=Terence |url=https://oxfordre.com/abstract/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-8 |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 |chapter=Egyptian‐Sudanese Trade in the Ottoman Period to 1882 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.8}}</ref> Kwambira mu ma 1800, caru cose ca Sudan cikathereskeka na Ŵaegupto awo ŵakalongozgekanga na ufumu wa Muhammad Ali. Nkhondo iyi yikati yacitika, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Eguputo na Britain ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa ku [[Egypt|Eguputo]]. Mu 1899, ku Britain, Eguputo wakazomera kugaŵana mazaza pa Sudan na Britain. Nakuti charu cha Sudan chikaŵa pasi pa Britain.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Henehan |first=Alva D. Jr.|title=For Want Of A Camel: The Story of Britain's Failed Sudan Campaign, 1883–1885|date=2016|publisher=Outskirts Press|isbn=978-1-4787-6562-2|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=1007048089}}</ref>Nkhondo ya ku Eguputo ya mu 1952 yikawuskapo muwuso wa ufumu ndipo yikati ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵafumemo mu Eguputo na Sudan. Muhammad Naguib, yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵaciŵiri ŵa cigaluka ici, ndiposo pulezidenti wakwamba wa Egupto, uyo wakaŵa wa ku Sudan ndipo wakakulira mu Sudan, wakaŵika pakwamba kuti boma la Sudan liŵe na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Chaka chakulondezgapo, ku Eguputo na ku Sudan, United Kingdom yikakolerana na ivyo Eguputo wakakhumbanga. Pa Janyuwale 1, 1956, charu cha Sudan chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Boma la Jaafar Nimeiry likamba kulamulira charu cha Sudan. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe kugaŵikana pakati pa boma la kumpoto kwa caru ici, na ŵavisopa vya [[Cisilamu]] na Ŵakhristu ŵa kumwera. Nkhondo iyi yikamba pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa boma, awo ŵakakolerananga na gulu la National Islamic Front (NIF), na ŵakugaluka ŵa ku South Sudan, awo gulu lawo likuru chomene ni Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA).<ref>Collins, Robert O. (2008). ''A History of Modern Sudan''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-85820-5}}.</ref> Pakati pa 1989 na 2019, muwuso wa ŵasilikari wa vyaka 30 uwo ukalongozgekanga na Omar al-Bashir ndiwo ukalamuliranga Sudan ndipo ukachitanga viheni vinandi pa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kutambuzga, kutambuzga ŵanthu ŵachoko waka, kutemwera vigeŵenga pa caru cose, na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Darfur kwambira mu 2003 mpaka 2020. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti boma ili likakoma ŵanthu pakati pa 300,000 na 400,000. Chiwonetsero chinabuka mu 2018, chofuna kuti Bashir achoke, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti boma liwonongeke pa 11 April 2019 ndipo Bashir anamangidwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/12/10/world/africa/omar-al-bashir---fast-facts/index.html|title=Omar al-Bashir Fast Facts|website=CNN|date=10 December 2012}}</ref> Chisilamu chikaŵa chisopa cha boma la Sudan ndipo malango gha Chisilamu ghakaŵako kwambira mu 1983 m'paka mu 2020 apo charu chikazgoka charu cha charu.<ref name="sudan.gov.sd">{{cite web |title=عن السودان |url=http://sudan.gov.sd/ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=39&Itemid=75 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902160838/http://sudan.gov.sd/ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=39&Itemid=75 |archive-date=2 September 2013 |access-date=14 July 2017 |language=Arabic}}</ref> Sudan ni yimoza mwa vyaru vyakutukuka yayi ndipo yili pa malo 172 pa Human Development Index mu 2022. Chuma chake chimadalira kwambiri ulimi chifukwa cha ziletso zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kudzipatula, komanso mbiri yakusakhazikika kwamkati ndi ziwawa zamagulu. Charu chose cha Sudan ntchakomira ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 35 peresenti mbakavu. Charu cha Sudan chili mu wupu wa United Nations, Arab League, African Union, COMESA, Movement of Non-Aligned and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. ==Kwiza kwa zina== Zina lakuti Sudan ni zina ilo likapelekeka ku chigaŵa chikuru cha Sahel, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Sudan. Pakwamba, zina lakuti Sudan likang'anamuranga chigaŵa icho chikaŵa kufupi na nyanja ya Atlantic kufuma ku Senegal m'paka kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Zina ili lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chiarabu lakuti bilād as-sūdān (بلاد السودان), panji "Charu cha Ŵachibulumutira".<ref>{{citation |author=International Association for the History of Religions |title=Numen |publisher=EJ Brill |place=Leiden |year=1959 |page=131 |quote=West Africa may be taken as the country stretching from Senegal in the West to the Cameroons in the East; sometimes it has been called the central and western Sudan, the ''Bilad as-Sūdan'', 'Land of the Blacks', of the Arabs}}</ref> Ili ni zina linyake la malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala. Pambere ivi vindachitike, Ŵaeguputo ŵakale ŵakachemanga charu cha Sudan kuti Nubia na Ta Nehesi panji Ta Seti. ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Sudan}} === Charu cha Sudan (pambere c. 8000 B.C.E.) === [[File:Western Deffufa - Kerma.jpg|thumb|Tempile likuru la mathabwa, lakucemeka Deffufa wa ku Western, mu msumba wakale wa Kerma]] [[File:Fortress of the Middle Kingdom, reconstructed under the New Kingdom ( about 1200 B.C.).jpg|thumb|Linga la Buhen, la mu Ufumu wapakati, likazengekaso mu Ufumu uphya (pafupifupi 1200 BC)]] Kuzakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Neolithic ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya vyakukhora vya mathipa, ndipo ŵakalondezganga vyakurya na viŵeto.<ref name=locearlyhist>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/sudan |title=Sudan A Country Study |publisher=Countrystudies.us}}</ref> Neolithic peoples created cemeteries such as [[R12 (cemetery)|R12]]. During the fifth millennium BC, migrations from the drying Sahara brought neolithic people into the Nile Valley along with agriculture. The population that resulted from this cultural and genetic mixing developed a social hierarchy over the next centuries which became the [[Kingdom of Kush]] (with the capital at Kerma) at 1700 BC. Anthropological and archaeological research indicates that during the predynastic period Nubia and Nagadan Upper Egypt were ethnically and culturally nearly identical, and thus, simultaneously evolved systems of pharaonic kingship by 3300 BC.<ref name="Keita, S.O.Y. 1993 129–54">{{cite journal|title = Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian Biological Relationships| author = Keita, S.O.Y. |year = 1993| journal=History in Africa|volume=20| issue = 7 |pages=129–54|jstor=317196|doi = 10.2307/3171969| s2cid = 162330365 }}</ref> === Ufumu wa Kush (c. 1070 BC~350 AD) === {{main|Ufumu wa Kush|Ufumu wa Ŵaeguputo wa 25}} [[File:Sudan Meroe Pyramids 2001.JPG|thumb|[[Nubian pyramids]] ku [[Meroë]]]] [[File:Xerxes detail Ethiopian.jpg|thumb|Msilikari wa ku Kušiya wa ŵasilikari ŵa Achaemenid, c. 480 B.C.E. Ivyo vili pa dindi la Xerxes I.]] Ufumu wa Kush ukaŵa ufumu wakale wa ku Nubia uwo ukaŵa pa malo agho mukakumananga Mlonga wa Blue Nile na White Nile, kweniso Mlonga wa Atbarah na Nile. Likakhazikiskika mu nyengo ya Bronze apo ufumu uphya wa Eguputo ukamara. Fumu Kashta ("Mkhushite") yikati yaluta ku Eguputo mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 B.C.E., mathemba gha Kushite ghakawusa nga ni mafaro gha muwuso wa Ŵaeguputo wa vyaka pafupifupi 100 pambere Ŵaasiriya ŵandaŵathereske. Pa nyengo iyo Ŵakushi ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene, ŵakathereska ufumu uwo ukafumanga ku caru ico sono cikucemeka South Kordofan m'paka ku Sinayi. Farawo Piye wakayezga kusazgirako ufumu wake mu vyaru vya ku Near East, kweni themba la ku Asiriya, Sarigoni II, likamutondeska. Pakati pa 800 B.C.E. na 100 C.E. ŵakazenga mapiramidi gha Nubian, pakati pawo pali El-Kurru, Kashta, Piye, Tantamani, Shabaka, mapiramidi gha Gebel Barkal, mapiramidi gha Meroe (Begarawiyah), mapiramidi gha Sedeinga, na mapiramidi gha Nuri.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Takacs |first1=Sarolta Anna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPcvCgAAQBAJ&q=%22in+fact%2C+there+are+twice+as+many+Nubian+pyramids%22&pg=PA15 |title=The Ancient World |last2=Cline |first2=Eric H. |date=17 July 2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-45839-5 |language=en}}</ref> Baibolo likuyowoya za ufumu wa Kush kuti ndiwo ukaponoska Ŵaisrayeli ku ukali wa Ŵaasiriya. Nkhondo iyo yikacitika pakati pa Farawo Taharqa na Senakeribu themba la Asiriya yikaŵa yakuzirwa comene mu mbiri ya caru ca kumanjiliro gha dazi. Esarihadoni, uyo wakanjira mu malo gha Senakeribu, wakaluta patali comene ndipo wakawukira Egupto kuti wawuske caru ca Levant. Wakacita nthena cifukwa wakacimbizga Taharqa mu caru ca Lower Egypt. Taharqa wakachimbilira ku Upper Egypt na Nubia, uko wakafwira pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri. Ŵaegupto ŵakamba kulamulirika na Ŵaasiriya, kweni ŵakaleka kupulikira. Kufuma apo, themba Tantamani, ilo likakanjira mu malo gha Taharqa, likayezgapo kaumaliro kupoka caru ca Lower Egypt kwa Neko I, uyo wakaŵa kuti wawelerapo ku ufumu wake. Wakathereska msumba wa Memfisi na kukoma Neko. Ashurbanipal, uyo wakanjira mu malo gha Esarhaddon, wakatuma ŵasilikari ŵanandi ku Egupto kuti ŵakambeso kuwusa. Wakathereska Tantamani kufupi na Memfisi ndipo wakati wamulondezga, wakapoka msumba wa Thebes. Nangauli Ŵaasiriya ŵakafumako mwaluŵiro ku Upper Egypt pamanyuma pa vinthu ivi, kweni Thebes wakajipeleka kwa Psamtik I, mwana wa Neko. Ici cikapangiska kuti Ufumu wa Nubia uleke kuwuskika, ndipo ukalutilira kuŵa ufumu ucoko uwo ukaŵa ku Napata. Msumba uwu ukaparanyika na Ŵaeguputo ca. 590 B.C.E., ndipo nyengo yichoko waka pamanyuma paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 300 B.C.E., Ŵakushi ŵakasamukira ku Meroë.<ref name=Kelsey>{{cite book|chapter=A Cultural History of Kush: Politics, Economy, and Ritual Practice|url=https://lsa.umich.edu/content/dam/kelsey-assets/kelsey-publications/pdfs/Graffiti-as-Devotion.pdf|title=Graffiti as Devotion along the Nile and Beyond|last1=Emberling|first1=Geoff|last2=Davis|first2=Suzanne|publisher=[[Kelsey Museum of Archaeology]]|date=2019|access-date=3 November 2021|pages=5–6, 10–11|isbn=978-0-9906623-9-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lh4GBNLsCUsC|title=Forgotten Africa: An Introduction to Its Archaeology|last=Connah|first=Graham|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2004|access-date=3 November 2021|pages=52–53|isbn=0-415-30590-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Semantic Shift on a Geographical Term|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bible-translator_1998-07_49_3/page/323|last=Unseth|first=Peter|journal=[[The Bible Translator]]|date=1 July 1998|volume=49|issue=3|pages=323–324|doi=10.1177/026009359804900302|s2cid=131916337}}</ref> ===Medieval Christian Nubian kingdoms (c. 350–1500)=== {{main|Nobatia|Makuria|Alodia|Daju kingdom}} [[File:Christian Nubia.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Maufumu ghatatu gha Cikhristu gha ku Nubia. Mphaka ya kumpoto ya Alodia yikumanyikwa makora yayi, kweni yikwenera kuti yikaŵa kumpoto, pakati pa chigodobu chachinayi na chachisanu cha Nile.{{sfn|Welsby|2002|p=26}}]] Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E., Ŵablemmyes ŵakakhazikiska ufumu uwo ukakhala nyengo yichoko waka mu Upper Egypt na Lower Nubia, ndipo panyake ukaŵa kuzingilizga Talmis (Kalabsha). Kweni pambere chaka cha 450 C.E. chindafike, Ŵanobatiya ŵakaŵachimbizga kale mu Dambo la Nayelo. Paumaliro ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kuwusa mu ufumu wawo wa Nobatia. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E., pakaŵa maufumu ghatatu gha ku Nubia: Nobatia kumpoto, ilo likaŵa na msumba ukuru ku Pachoras (Faras); ufumu wapakati, Makuria uwo ukaŵa ku Tungul (Old Dongola), makilomita 13 kumwera kwa Dongola; na Alodia, uwo ukaŵa mu ufumu wakale wa Kushitic, uwo ukaŵa na msumba ukuru ku Soba (uno ni tawuni ya Khartoum). Ŵakazgoka Ŵakhristu mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 600 C.E., panyake pakati pa 628 na 642, Nobatia wakazgoka chigaŵa cha Makuria.{{sfn|Werner|2013|p=77}} Pakati pa 639 na 641, Ŵaarabu ŵa mu ufumu wa Rashidun ŵakathereska charu cha Byzantium. Mu 641 panji 642 kweniso mu 652 ŵakanjira mu Nubia, kweni ŵakaŵachimbizga. Pamanyuma, fumu ya Makuria na Ŵaarabu ŵakakolerana kuti ŵaleke kuwukira caru cawo. Nangauli Ŵaarabu ŵakatondeka kuthereska Nubia, kweni ŵakamba kukhala kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Nayelo.{{sfn|Welsby|2002|pp=77–78}} [[File:Queen Mother Repeatedly Mistaken as King.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Mozesi George, fumu ya Makuria na Alodia]] Kufuma pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 700 m'paka m'ma 1100, ufumu wa Chikhristu wa Nubia ukaŵa na nkhongono chomene. Mu 747, Makuria wakawukira Eguputo, uyo pa nyengo iyi wakaŵa wa Ŵaumaliyadi, ndipo wakawuskaso ufumu uwu mu ma 960, apo ukafika kumpoto kwa Akhmim. Makuria wakaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na Alodia, ndipo panji ici cikapangiska kuti maufumu ghaŵiri agha ghaŵe ufumu umoza. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo yakale ŵakachemekanga "Afro-Byzantine", kweni ŵakakhwaskikanga chomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia. Gulu la boma ili likaŵa lapakati chomene, ndipo likajintha pa ŵamazaza ŵa ku Byzantine ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 na 600. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kupenta vinthu vya ku dongo, chomenechomene vithuzithuzi vya ku viliŵa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakalemba vilembo vya chiyowoyero chawo, Old Nobiin, ivyo vikajintha pa vilembo vya Chigiriki, Chigiriki, Chigiriki, na Chiarabu. Ŵanakazi ŵakaŵa na udindo wapachanya: ŵakasambiranga, ŵakaguranga, kugura na kuguliska malo, ndipo kanandi ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito chuma chawo kuti ŵapeleke ndalama ku matchalitchi. Nanga mphapu ya fumu yingaŵa ya mu mbumba ya amama ŵake, ndipo mwana wa mudumbu wa fumu ndiyo wakeneranga kuŵa muhaliri. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1100 na 1200, msumba ukuru wa Makuria, Dongola, ukamba kuchepa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1500, mafuko gha Ŵabedouin ghakaŵa mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Sudan, ndipo ŵakaluta ku Butana, Gezira, Kordofan, na Darfur. Mu 1365, nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikapangiska ŵanthu ŵa ku Makuria kuti ŵachimbilire ku Gebel Adda ku Lower Nubia. Kufuma apo, Makuria wakalutilira kuŵa ufumu ucoko waka. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yitali kufuma apo themba Joel likawusira, charu cha Makuria chikamara. Malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja kufuma kumwera kwa Sudan m'paka ku tawuni ya Suakin ghakaŵa gha Adal Sultanate mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Kumwera, ufumu wa Alodia ukathereskeka na Ŵaarabu, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Abdallah Jamma, panji Funj, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakafuma kumwera. Vinthu ivi vikaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E. (c. 1396~1494 C.E.), mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., 1504 m'paka 1509. Ufumu wa alodian ungapona mu ufumu wa Fazughli, uwo ukakhalapo m'paka mu 1685.{{sfn|Spaulding|1974|pp=12–30}} === Ufumu wa Sennar na Darfur (c. 1500–1821) === {{main|Sultanate of Sennar|Tunjur kingdom|Sultanate of Darfur}} [[File:Sennar mosque (cropped).jpg|thumb|Mzikiti ukuru wa Sennar, uwo ukazengeka mu 17th century{{sfn|Holt|Daly|2000|p=25}}]] Mu 1504 Ŵafunj ŵakakhazikiska Ufumu wa Sennar, uwo ukaŵa chigaŵa cha Abdallah Jamma. Mu 1523, apo Muyuda munyake zina lake David Reubeni wakaluta ku Sudan, caru ca Funj cikafika ku Dongola. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Nile ŵakamba kupharazga vya cisopa ca Cisilamu. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa ku Funj ŵakalutilira kusunga mitheto iyo yikaŵa ya chisopa chautesi, nga nkhutora ufumu wa Chiuta panji kumwa moŵa m'paka mu 1800. Chisilamu cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan chikasungilira maluso ghanandi agho ghakafuma ku Chikhristu m'paka sono.{{sfn|Werner|2013|pp=177–184}} Mwaluŵiro Ŵafunj ŵakanjira mu nkhondo na Ŵaotomu, awo ŵakakora Suakin mu 1526 ndipo pamasinda ŵakaluta kumwera mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Nayelo, m'paka ŵakafika ku chigaŵa chachitatu mu 1583/1584. Ŵasilikari ŵa Ottoman ŵakayezga kupoka Dongola mu 1585. Pamanyuma pake, Hannik, uyo wakaŵa kumwera kwa nthenda ya katara, ndiyo wakaŵa mphaka pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa Ŵaotomu, ŵakayezga kupoka ufumu wa Ajib, themba lichoko la kumpoto kwa Nubia. Nangauli Funj ŵakamukoma mu 1611/1612, kweni Abdallab, awo ŵakamulondezganga, ŵakapika mazaza ghakulongozga vinthu vyose kumpoto kwa uko maji gha Blue na White Nile ghakukumana. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ufumu wa Funj ukafika paheni chomene, kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ukamba kuchepa. Kuwukira boma mu 1718 kukapangiska kuti muwuso wa mafuko usinthe, ndipo mu 1761 panji 1762, boma la Hamaj likamba kulamulira. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, ufumu uwu ukamba kupasuka; ndipo kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ukaŵa waka mu chigaŵa cha Gezira.{{sfn|Spaulding|1985|p=382}}[[File:Southern Sudan - 1800.png|thumb|Kumwera kwa Sudan mu c. 1800. Vikuwoneka kuti mazuŵa ghano pali mphaka.]] Kuwukira boma kwa mu 1718 kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kulondezga chisopa cha Cisilamu, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵambe kuŵa Ŵarabu. Kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia, Funj ŵakamba kusambizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Umayyad. Kumpoto kwa uko maji gha Blue na White Nile ghakusanganirana, kufupi na Al Dabbah, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakasankha mtundu wa Aarabu ŵa ku Jaalin. M'paka m'ma 1800, Chiarabu ndicho chikaŵa chiyowoyero chikuru chomene mu chigaŵa chapakati pa milonga ya Sudan na mu chigaŵa chikuru cha Kordofan. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Nayelo, ku Darfur, nyengo ya Chisilamu yikati yakwana, ufumu wa Tunjur ukawuka, uwo ukasintha ufumu wakale wa Daju mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tunjur ŵakwenera kuti ŵakaŵa Ŵaarabu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ndipo awo ŵakalongozganga ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ufumu wa Fur Keira ukachimbizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Tunjur. Boma la Keira, ilo likaŵa la Chisilamu kufuma mu nyengo ya Solomoni Solong (uyo wakawusa mu 1660 m'paka mu 1680), likaŵa ufumu uchoko kumpoto kwa Jebel Marra, kweni likakura kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumpoto mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 na kumafumiro gha dazi mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Muhammad Tayrab (uyo wakawusa mu 1751 m'paka mu 1786). Ufumu uwu ukaŵa ukuru chomene, ndipo ukaŵa ukuru wakuyana na wa Nigeria wa mazuŵa ghano.{{sfn|O'Fahey|Tubiana|2007|p=9}} === Turkiyah na Mahdist Sudan (1821-1899) === {{Main|Mbili ya Sudan (1821-1885)|Mahdist Sudan|Kuwukira kwa Anglo-Egypt kwa Sudan}} [[File:Ismail Pacha.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Ismail Pasha, Khedive wa Ottoman wa Egypt na Sudan kufuma 1863 mpaka 1879]] [[File:Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Muhammad Ahmad, muwusi wa Sudan (1881-1885)]] Mu 1821, muwusi wa ku Eguputo, Muhammad Ali, wakawukira na kuwukira kumpoto kwa Sudan. Nangauli Muhammad Ali wakaŵa fumu ya Eguputo mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Ottoman, kweni wakajiwonanga kuti ni khedive wa Eguputo. Pakukhumba kuti Sudan nayo waŵe chigaŵa chake, wakatuma mwana wake wacitatu Ismail (uyo wakwenera kutimbanizgika yayi na Isma'il Pasha uyo wazunulika kunthazi) kuti wakawuske caru ici, ndipo pamanyuma pake wakaciŵika mu Eguputo. Padera pa Shaiqiya na Darfur sultanate mu Kordofan, ŵakamususka yayi. Mwana wa Ibrahim Pasha, Ismaʻil, ndiyo wakalutilira kuthereska Eguputo. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wake, charu cha Sudan chikathereskeka. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma la Egypt ŵakanozga vinthu vinandi mu caru ca Sudan, comenecomene kumpoto kwa caru ici, comenecomene pa nkhani ya ulimi wa milonga na ulimi wa katoni. Mu 1879, maufumu ghakuru ghakachimbizga Ismail na kwimika mwana wake Tewfik Pasha. Uheni wa Tewfik ukapangiska kuti 'Urabi wagomezge kuti Khedive wafwa. Tewfik wakapempha ŵasilikari ŵa Britain kuti ŵamovwire. Charu cha Sudan chikakhala mu mawoko gha boma la Khedivial, na maboma agho ghakacitanga vinthu mwambura kwenelera ndiposo uheni. Mu nyengo ya Khedivial, ŵanthu ŵakamba kususkika chifukwa cha msonkho ukuru uwo ŵakakhomanga pa milimo yinandi. Malipiro gha msonkho pa visimi vya maji na vyakurya ghakaŵa ghanandi comene mwakuti ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakaleka minda yawo na viŵeto. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1870, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakasuskanga malonda gha ŵazga ŵakakhwaska chomene chuma cha kumpoto kwa Sudan. Muhammad ibn Abd Allah, Mahdi (Uyo Wakulongozgeka), wakapeleka mwaŵi ku Ansars (ŵalondezgi ŵake) na awo ŵakamupulikira kuti ŵasankhepo yumoza pakati pa kupokelera cisopa ca Ciisilamu panji kukomeka. Ufumu wa Mahdiyah ukakhazikiska malango gha Chisilamu. Pa Ogasiti 12, 1881, pakacitika cinthu cinyake pa cirwa ca Aba, ico cikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo ya Mahdist. Kufuma apo wakapharazgira vya Mahdiyya mu Juni 1881 m'paka apo msumba wa Khartoum ukaparanyikira mu Janyuwale 1885, Muhammad Ahmad wakalongozga nkhondo yakuluska ya nkhondo yakwimikana na boma la Turk-Egypt ku Sudan, ilo likamanyikwanga kuti Turkiyah. Muhammad Ahmad wakafwa pa Juni 22, 1885, myezi 6 pera kufuma apo ŵakathereskera Khartoum. Pamanyuma pa kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵake, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, na wovwiri wa Baggara ŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sudan, wakathereska ŵakususka ŵanyake na kuŵa mulongozgi wa Mahdiyah. Wakati wakhozga mazaza ghake, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad wakatora udindo wa Khalifa (wakulondezgapo) wa Mahdi, wakambiska boma, ndipo wakasora Ansar (ŵeneawo kanandi ŵakaŵa Baggara) kuŵa ma emirs pa chigaŵa chilichose.[[File:Battle of Omdurman-1.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Kuthawa kwa Khalifa wati wathereskeka ku Nkhondo ya Omdurman mu 1898]] Mu nyengo ya Mahdiyah, vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi mu chigaŵa ichi, chifukwa cha nkhaza izo Khalifa wakachitanga kuti wawuse charu chose. Mu 1887, ŵasilikari ŵa Ansar ŵakukwana 60,000 ŵakanjira mu Etiyopiya, ndipo ŵakafika m'paka ku Gondar. Mu Malichi 1889, fumu Yohannes IV ya ku Etiyopiya yikaluta ku Metemma. Kweni Yohannes wakati wafwa pa nkhondo, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakawerako. Abd ar-Rahman an-Nujumi, mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Khalifa, wakayezga kuti wawukire Eguputo mu 1889, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa ku Eguputo awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Britain ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Ansar ku Tushkah. Cifukwa ca kutondeka kwa nkhondo ya Ŵaegupto, ŵasilikari ŵa Ansar ŵakathera. Ŵa Belgian ŵakalekeska ŵanthu ŵa Mahdi kuwukira Equatoria, ndipo mu 1893, ŵa Italiya ŵakathereska ŵalwani ŵa Ansar ku Agordat (mu Eritrea) na kuŵachichizga kuti ŵafumemo mu Ethiopia. Mu ma 1890, ŵa ku Britain ŵakayezga kuwezgerapo mazaza ghawo pa Sudan, mwantheura ŵakambaso kulamulira mu zina la Khedive wa ku Egypt, kweni mu unenesko ŵakacitanga vinthu nga ni caru ca Britain. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1890, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain, France, na Belgium ŵakamba kudokera maji gha Nile. Britain wakafipanga mtima kuti maboma ghanyake ghacitenge vinthu mwambura kwenelera mu Sudan na kupoka malo agho ghakaŵa pasi pa Eguputo. Padera pa fundo za ndyali izi, Britain wakakhumbanga kuti wakhozge Nile kuti waleke kunanga chiziŵa cha Aswan. Herbert Kitchener wakalongozga nkhondo yakwimikana na Mahdist Sudan kufuma mu 1896 mpaka 1898. Nkhondo ya Kitchener yikamalira pa Nkhondo ya Omdurman pa Seputembala 2, 1898. Chaka chimoza pamanyuma, Nkhondo ya Umm Diwaykarat pa 25 November 1899 yikapangiska kuti Abdallahi ibn Muhammad wafwe, ndipo nkhondo ya Mahdist yikamara. ===Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)=== {{Main|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan}} [[File:The war in the Soudan.jpg|thumb|Nkhondo ya Mahdist yikacitika pakati pa gulu la Ŵasilamu ŵakucemeka Mahdists, awo ŵakathereska caru cose ca Sudan, na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain.]] Mu 1899, Britain na Egypt ŵakakolerana kuti Sudan walongozgekenge na kazembe uyo wakimikika na Eguputo. Nakuti caru ca Sudan cikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa boma. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakaŵa ŵakukhumbisiska kuti ŵamazge ndondomeko iyo yikamba mu muwuso wa Muhammad Ali Pasha ya kuwunganya Nile Valley pasi pa ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Eguputo. [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa] Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vya ku Sudan ŵakasuzgikanga kuti ŵamanye mphaka ya charu ichi na Abisini. Mu 1905, mulongozgi wa chigaŵa ichi, Sultan Yambio, wakaleka kurwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain awo ŵakakhalira mu chigaŵa cha Kordofan. Boma la Britain likalutilira kulamulira mu Sudan, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na boma la Egypt. Mu 1914, boma la Ottoman likati lamara, Sir Reginald Wingate wakatumika ku Sudan mu Disembala. Hussein Kamel wakapharazgika kuŵa Sultan wa ku Egypt na Sudan, nga umo vikaŵira na mubali wake Fuad I. Ŵakalutilira kukhumba boma limoza la ku Egypt na Sudan nanga ni apo ufumu wa Egypt ukasinthika zina kuŵa Ufumu wa Egypt na Sudan, kweni Saad Zaghloul ndiyo wakalutilira kukhuŵara na ivyo ŵakakhumbanga mpaka apo wakafwira mu 1927.{{sfn|Daly|p=346}}[[File:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan camel soldier of the British army.jpg|thumb|right|Msilikari wa ngamila wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain, kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900]] From 1924 until independence in 1956, the British had a policy of running Sudan as two essentially separate tMalo gha kumpoto na kumwera. Kukomeka kwa kazembe wa Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ku Cairo ndiko kukacitiska kuti boma la Wafd ilo likasoleka liŵe na ŵasilikari. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri mu msumba wa Khartoum likasinthika zina kuŵa Sudan Defence Force (SDF) ilo likateŵeteranga pasi pa boma la Sudan. Ŵa Wafist ŵakakana fundo yakuti Sarwat Pasha wakhalenge na Austen Chamberlain ku London. Kweni Cairo wakakhumbikwiranga ndalama. Ndalama za boma la Sudan zikafika pachanya mu 1928 pa £6.6 million, pamanyuma pa kusinthasintha kwa Wafdist, na kupoka kwa mphaka za Italy kufuma ku Somaliland, London wakadumura kuchepeska ndalama mu nyengo ya suzgo yikuru. Vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵakaguliskanga ku Britain vikapangiska kuti ku Khartoum kuŵe suzgo la ndalama. Mu Julayi 1936, mulongozgi wa Liberal Constitutional, Muhammed Mahmoud wakanyengelereka kuti wize na nthumwi za Wafd ku London kuti zizakasayine phangano la Anglo-Egypt, "kwamba kwa nyengo yiphya mu ubwezi wa Anglo-Egypt", wakalemba Anthony Eden. Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakazomerezgeka kuwelera ku Sudan kuti ŵavikilire cigaŵa ca Canal. Ŵakasanga malo ghakusambizgirako ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo ŵakendanga mwakufwatuka mu Eguputo. Ndipouli, likamazga yayi suzgo la ku Sudan: ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan ŵakamba kucitiska kuti boma la msumba uwu liwelere, ndipo ŵakakolerana na ŵantchito ŵa ku Germany. Mussolini wakalongosora makora kuti wangakananga yayi kuwukira Abyssinia kwambura kuwukira Eguputo na Sudan. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain ŵakanozgekera kuti ŵavikilire cigaŵa ici, ico cikaŵa cakusuzga comene. Mthenga wa ku Britain wakajandizga Italy kuti waleke kukolerana na Egypt na Sudan. Kweni Mahmoud wakaŵa movwiri wa Mufti Mukuru wa ku Yerusalemu.{{sfn|Morewood|pp=164–165}} Boma la Sudan likacitako nkhondo ya ku East Africa. Gulu la Sudan Defence Force likakhazikiskika mu 1925. Mu 1940, ŵasilikari ŵa Italy ŵakakora Kassala na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Somaliland. Mu 1942, SDF yikawovwiraso pa nkhondo ya ku Italy iyo yikacitika na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na ŵa Commonwealth. Kazembe waumaliro wa Britain wakaŵa Robert George Howe. Nkhondo ya ku Eguputo iyo yikacitika mu 1952, yikalongora kuti caru ca Sudan capokera wanangwa. Pakumazga muwuso wa ufumu mu 1953, ŵalongozgi ŵaphya ŵa ku Eguputo, Mohammed Naguib, uyo nyina wakaŵa wa ku Sudan, na Gamal Abdel Nasser, ŵakagomezganga kuti nthowa yimoza pera ya kumazgira muwuso wa Britain mu Sudan yikaŵa yakuti Eguputo waleke kujilambika. Kweniso Nasser wakamanyanga kuti cikaŵa cakusuzga kuti Eguputo wambe kuwusa caru cikavu ca Sudan para capokera wanangwa. Kweni ŵa ku Britain ŵakalutilira kovwira mu ndyali na vya ndyali muhaliri wa Mahdist, Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi, uyo ŵakagomezganga kuti walekelerenge kuyuzgika na Ŵaeguputo kuti charu cha Sudan chiŵe na wanangwa wa kusankha. Rahman wakaŵa wakwenelera kucita nthena, kweni boma lake likaŵa lambura mahara pa nkhani za ndyali. Ŵaegupto na Britain wose ŵakamanya kuti vinthu vikwenda makora yayi, ntheura ŵakasankha kuzomerezga vigaŵa vyose vya Sudan, kumpoto na kumwera kuti viŵe na wanangwa wa kuvota usange vikukhumba kujiyimira paŵekha panji kufumamo kwa Britain.. === Kujiyimira (1956~pano) === {{Main|Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)|Democratic Republic of the Sudan}} [[File:Sudan independence 2.png|upright=1.05|thumb|Ndembera ya Sudan yikakwezgeka pa ciphikiro ca kujithemba pa 1 Janyuwale 1956 na nduna yikuru Ismail al-Azhari ndipo pakunozgekera mulongozgi wakususka Mohamed Ahmed Almahjoub.]] Kuvota kukacitika ndipo pakapangika nyumba ya malango ya demokilase ndipo Ismail al-Azhari wakasankhika kuŵa nduna yikuru yakwamba na kulongozga boma lakwamba la ku Sudan. Pa Janyuwale 1, 1956, pa ciphikiro capadera ico cikacitikira mu Nyumba ya Ufumu, ndembera za Eguputo na Britain zikakhira ndipo ndembera yiphya ya Sudan, yakuŵa na viyuni, vyamabuluu na vyafipa, yikakwezgeka na nduna yikuru Ismail al-Azhari. Ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi na ivyo vikachitika ndipo pa Meyi 25, 1969, boma likapoka boma laciŵiri. Mulongozgi wa boma, Col. Gaafar Nimeiry, wakazgoka nduna yikuru, ndipo boma liphya likamazga Nyumba ya Malamulo na kukanizga vipani vyose vya ndyali. Mphindano pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa Marxist na ŵambura Marxist mukati mwa ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵa ku muwuso wa ŵasilikari, zikapangiska kuti boma lipoke boma mu July 1971. Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghacoko waka, ŵasilikari awo ŵakasuskanga boma la Communist ŵakawezgerapo Nimeiry ku mazaza. Mu 1972, phangano la Addis Ababa likawovwira kuti nkhondo ya kumpoto na kumwera yimare. Ivi vikapangiska kuti nkhondo ya pawenenawene yimare kwa vyaka 10, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa ku America ŵakaleka kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama pa mulimo wa kuzenga Jonglei Canal. Ivi vikaŵa vyakukhumbikwa chomene kuti maji gha mu chigaŵa cha Upper Nile ghaleke kunjira mu maji, kweniso kuti paleke kuŵa suzgo la vinthu vyakuthupi kweniso kuti paleke kuŵa njara yikuru pakati pa mafuko gha ku malo agha, chomenechomene Dinka. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikati yacitika, caru cawo cikapokeka, kupokeka, na kotcheka. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa fuko ili ŵakakomeka pa nkhondo ya pa cikaya iyo yikatora vilimika vyakujumpha 20.[[File:Hashem al Atta, 1971 Sudanese coup d'état.jpg|thumb|[[1971 Sudanese coup d'état]]]] M'paka m'ma 1970, vyakurya vinandi vya ku Sudan vikagwiliskirika ntchito mu charu. Mu 1972, boma la Sudan likamba kutemwera vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo likakhumbanga kuti vyakurya na vyakurya vinyake vifumiskike mu vyaru vinyake. Kweni mu ma 1970, mitengo ya vinthu yikakhira, ndipo vinthu vikamba kunangika mu Sudan. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakunozga vyakurya zikakwera. Mu 1978, IMF yikadumbiskana na boma za ndondomeko ya kusintha vinthu. Ici cikakhozga comene vyakurya ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto ŵa ku Sudan ŵasuzgikenge comene (wonani ŵanthu ŵa ku Nuba). Mu 1976, gulu la Ansars likayezga kutimbanizga boma, kweni likatondeka. Kweni mu Julayi 1977, Pulezidenti Nimeiry wakakumana na mulongozgi wa Ansar, Sadiq al-Mahdi, ndipo ivi vikajura nthowa yakuti paŵe mtende. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakakika cifukwa ca ndyali ŵakafwatulika, ndipo mu Ogasiti, ŵanthu wose ŵakususkana na boma ŵakafwatulika. ====Bashir era (1989–2019)==== [[File:Omar al-Bashir (2017-11-23) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Omar al-Bashir in 2017]] {{further|Republic of the Sudan (1985–2019)}} Pa Juni 30, 1989, Colonel Omar al-Bashir wakalongozga boma la nkhondo kwambura kuthiska ndopa. Boma liphya la ŵasilikari likakanizga vyaru vinyake vya ndyali ndipo likambiska dango la chisopa cha Cisilamu. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, al-Bashir wakayezga kukanizga magulu gha ŵasilikari, vyaru vya ndyali, na manyuzipepara ghakujiyimira pawekha, kweniso wakakaka ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ndyali na ŵamutolamakani. Pa Okutobala 16, 1993, al-Bashir wakajiŵika kuŵa "Mukuru wa Boma" ndipo wakasesa wupu wa Revolutionary Command Council. Al-Bashir ndiyo wakaŵa na mazaza gha kuwusa na kusora malango. Mu 1996, iyo wakaŵa yekha uyo wakaŵa wakwenelera kusankhapo. Charu cha Sudan chikaŵa na chipani chimoza icho chikaŵa pasi pa National Congress Party (NCP). Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, Hassan al-Turabi, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wa Nyumba ya Malango, wakawungana na magulu gha chisopa cha Cisilamu ndipo wakachema Osama bin Laden kuti wize mu caru ici. Pamanyuma pake, boma la United States likalemba kuti Sudan ni boma ilo likuwovwira vigeŵenga. Pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Al-Qaeda ŵaponya mabomba pa ofesi ya ufumiskiri wa ku United States ku Kenya na Tanzania, ŵasilikari ŵa United States ŵakamba ntchito ya Operation Infinite Reach ndipo ŵakakoma fakitare ya Al-Shifa, iyo boma la United States likagomezganga kuti yikupanga vilwero vya vyamizimu. Nkhongono ya Al-Turabi yikamba kuchepa, ndipo ŵanji awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵe makora ŵakayezga kusintha umo charu cha Sudan chikaŵira. Charu ichi chikagwiranga nchito kuti cikhozge ŵakususka ŵake mwa kufumiska ŵanthu ŵa ku Egypt ŵa Islamic Jihad na kukhuŵilizga bin Laden kuti wafumeko.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wright|first=Lawrence|title=The Looming Tower|url=https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig|url-access=registration|date=2006|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-26608-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig/page/221 221]–223}}</ref>[[File:Government Militia in Darfur.PNG|thumb|Gulu la boma ku Darfur]] Pambere chisankho cha 2000 chindachitike, al-Turabi wakapeleka dango lakukanizga mazaza gha pulezidenti, ndipo al-Bashir wakalangura kuti boma lileke kugwira ntchito. Apo al-Turabi wakaciskanga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kucita nawo phangano na gulu la Sudan People's Liberation Army, al-Bashir wakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakukhumba kuwuskapo boma. Hassan al-Turabi ŵakamujalira mu jele mu chaka chenechicho. Mu Febuluwale 2003, gulu la Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) na Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) mu Darfur ŵakanyamura vilwero, ŵakasuska boma la Sudan kuti likusuzga ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan awo ŵakaŵa Ŵarabu yayi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, nkhondo iyi yikucemeka kuti ni kukoma ŵanthu, ndipo Khoti la ku Hague (ICC) lili kupeleka malango ghaŵiri kuti al-Bashir wakomeke. Gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Janjaweed, ilo likuyowoya Ciarabu, likuyuyulika cifukwa ca vinthu viheni ivyo likucita. Pa 9 Janyuwale 2005, boma likasaina phangano la Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement na Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) na chilato cha kumazga Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Sudan. Wupu wa United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) ukakhazikiskika na UN Security Council Resolution 1590 kuti uwovwire pakugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko iyi. Phangano la mtende likaŵa chakukhumbikwa kuti paŵe referendum ya mu 2011: chilato chake chikaŵa chakuti South Sudan yipatulike.[[File:Southern Sudan Referendum1.jpg|thumb|Ŵanthu ŵa ku South Sudan ŵakulindilira kuvota pa 2011 South Sudanese independence referendum.]] Gulu la Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) ndilo likaŵa na mazaza pa Eastern Front. Pambuyo pa mgwirizano wamtendere, malo awo adatengedwa mu February 2004 pambuyo pa kuphatikiza kwa Fulani wamkulu ndi Beja Congress ndi Rashaida Free Lions yaying'ono. Pa Okutobala 14, 2006, boma la Sudan likasaina phangano la mtende na gulu la Eastern Front ku Asmara. Pa Meyi 5, 2006, pakalembeka phangano la mtende la ku Darfur, ilo likakhumbanga kumazga nkhondo iyo yikatora vyaka vitatu. Nkhondo ya Chad na Sudan (2005-2007) yikamba pamanyuma pakuti nkhondo ya Adré yikapangiska kuti Chad yipharazge nkhondo. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Sudan na Chad ŵakalembeska phangano ku Saudi Arabia pa 3 May 2007 kuti ŵaleke kurwa nkhondo ya ku Darfur iyo yikaŵa pa mphaka ya makilomita 1,000. Mu Julayi 2007, mu caru ici mukaŵa maji ghanandi agho ghakatimba ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 400,000. Kwambira mu 2009, nkhondo izo zikuchitika pakati pa mafuko gha visopa ku Sudan na South Sudan zakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi. ==== Kugaŵa na kuwezgerapo ==== Nkhondo ya ku Sudan ku South Kordofan na Blue Nile mu ma 2010s pakati pa Army of Sudan na Sudan Revolutionary Front yikamba nga nkhukwesana pa chigaŵa cha Abyei icho chili na mafuta ghanandi mu myezi yakulondezgapo pambere South Sudan yindaŵe na wanangwa mu 2011, nangauli yikukolerana na nkhondo ya ku Darfur iyo yili kumalizgika. Ivyo vikacitika pamanyuma pake vikacemeka kuti Sudanese Intifada, ndipo vikamara mu 2013 apo al-Bashir wakalayizga kuti wazamusankhikaso yayi mu 2015. Pamanyuma wakaleka kufiska ivyo wakalayizga ndipo wakakhumba kuwuskika mu 2015, ndipo wakawina cifukwa cakuti ŵakususka ŵakazomerezga yayi kuti mavoti ghaŵenge ghakufwatuka yayi. Kuvota kukaŵa kwacoko comene, 46%. Pa January 13, 2017, pulezidenti wa ku United States, Barack Obama, wakalembapo dango ilo likawuskapo vyeruzgo vinandi ivyo boma la Sudan likakanizga. Pa 6 Okutobala 2017, purezidenti wa US Donald Trump wakamazga vyeruzgo vinandi ivyo vikaŵapo pa charu ichi na mafuta, katundu wakunjira na kunjilira mu vyaru vinyake.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wadhams|first1=Nick|last2=Gebre|first2=Samuel|title=Trump Moves to Lift Most Sudan Sanctions|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-06/u-s-lifting-most-sudan-sanctions-on-progress-in-terrorism-fight|access-date=6 October 2017|work=Bloomberg Politics|date=6 October 2017}}</ref> ====2019 Sudanese Revolution and transitional government==== {{main|Sudanese Revolution|2019–2026 Sudanese transition to democracy}} {{see also|Sovereignty Council of Sudan}} [[File:Sudanese protestors celebrate signing of political agreement.png|thumb|Awo ŵakwimira boma la Sudan ŵakukondwelera kusazgikira kwa ndondomeko ya malango gha chalo pa 17 August 2019.]] Pa Disembala 19, 2018, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kususka ivyo boma likadumura vyakuti mitengo ya vinthu yikwane katatu. Kweniso, Pulezidenti al-Bashir, uyo wakaŵa pa mazaza kwa vilimika vyakujumpha 30, wakakana kufumapo, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti magulu gha ŵakususka ghaŵe pamoza. Boma likawezgera na kukora ŵanthu ŵakuwukira boma ŵakujumpha 800 na awo ŵakasuskanga, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 40 ŵakafwa, kuyana na wupu wa Human Rights Watch. Chiwonetserochi chinapitilizidwa pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa kwa boma lake pa 11 Epulo 2019 pambuyo pa chiwonetsero chachikulu kutsogolo kwa likulu la Sudanese Armed Forces, pambuyo pake atsogoleri a nduna adaganiza kulowererapo ndipo adalamula kumangidwa kwa Purezidenti al-Bashir ndikulengeza miyezi itatu yachilendo.<ref name="Sudan military coup topples Bashir">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47891470|title=Sudan military coup topples Bashir|date=11 April 2019|access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/sudan-crowds-rally-bashir-police-tear-gas-rival-protest-190109115845545.html |title=Sudan's Omar al-Bashir vows to stay in power as protests rage &#124; News |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=9 January 2019 |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Arwa Ibrahim|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/future-unclear-sudan-protesters-president-loggerheads-190108135021310.html |title=Future unclear as Sudan protesters and president at loggerheads &#124; News |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=8 January 2019 |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100 ŵakafwa pa Juni 3 pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵabwangandura ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga pasi na kugwiliskira nchito mafuta gha masozi na vilwero vyeneco. Ŵawukirano ŵa ku Sudan ndiwo ŵakapelekanga ulongozgi pa viyezgo ivi. Ungano uwu ukamara apo gulu la Forces for Freedom and Change (bungwe la magulu agho ghakachitiska ungweru uwu) na Transitional Military Council (boma la ŵasilikari) ŵakasaina chiphangano cha Julayi 2019.<ref name="raisethevoices_4Aug2019_const_dec" /><ref name="Const_Dec_En_unofficial" /> Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe wupu wa ŵasilikari na ŵanthu wose wa ku Sudan, kweniso kuti paŵe mulara wa boma, kweniso kuti paŵe mulara wa boma, Nemat Abdullah Khair. Mulara wa boma wakale, Abdalla Hamdok, wa vyaka 61, uyo wakagwiranga nchito ku wupu wa UN Economic Commission for Africa, wakapika nchito pa Ogasiti 21. Wakamba kudumbiskana na wupu wa IMF na World Bank kuti ŵamazge suzgo la vyakurya, mafuta na ndalama. Hamdok wakati ndalama zakukwana madola 10 biliyoni mu vyaka viŵiri zingamazga wofi. Maboma gha Saudi Arabia na United Arab Emirates ghakaŵika ndalama zinandi pakovwira wupu wa ŵasilikari kufuma apo Bashir wakathereskekera. Pa 3 Seputembala, Hamdok wakasora ŵanalume 14 kuŵa nduna za boma, kusazgapo mwanakazi wakwamba kuŵa nduna ya vyaru vinyake na Mkhristu wakwamba wa ku Coptic, uyo nayo wakaŵa mwanakazi. Mu Ogasiti 2021, chalo chikalongozgekanga na Chairman wa Transitional Sovereign Council, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, na Prime Minister Abdallah Hamdok.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/3136536/sudan-threatens-use-military-option-regain-control-over-border-ethiopia |title=Sudan Threatens to Use Military Option to Regain Control over Border with Ethiopia |work=Asharq Al-Awsat |date=17 August 2021 |access-date=23 August 2021 }}</ref> ====2021 coup and the al-Burhan regime ==== {{main|October–November 2021 Sudanese coup d'état}} Boma la Sudan likapharazga pa 21 Seputembala 2021 kuti pakaŵa chiyezgo chakutondeka cha boma kufuma ku ŵasilikari icho chikapangiska kuti ŵapolisi 40 ŵakakike. Pakati pajumpha mwezi umoza kufuma apo boma likayezga kutimbanizga boma, ŵasilikari ŵakambaso kuwukira boma pa Okutobala 25, 2021. Nkhondo iyi yikalongozgeka na Jenerale Abdel Fattah al-Burhan uyo pamasinda wakapharazga kuti kuli suzgo. Pa Novembala 21, 2021, Hamdok wakambaso kuŵa nduna yikuru pamanyuma pakuti Abdel Fattah al-Burhan wasayina phangano la ndyali kuti wawezgepo muwuso wa ŵanthu (nangauli Burhan wakalutilira kuwusa). Phangano la vigaŵa 14 likati ŵakayidi wose ŵa ndyali awo ŵakakakika pa nyengo ya vimbundi ŵafwatulike. Hamdok wakachimbizga mulara wa ŵapolisi Khaled Mahdi Ibrahim al-Emam na wachiŵiri wake Ali Ibrahim. Pa Janyuwale 2, 2022, Hamdok wakapharazga kuti wafumengepo pa udindo wake wa nduna yikuru pamanyuma pa umoza wa viphikiro ivyo vyapangiska ŵanthu ŵanandi kufwa. Kufika mu Malichi 2022 ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1,000 kusazgapo ŵana 148 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakakika cifukwa ca kukana boma la boma, ndipo pakaŵa milandu 25 yakucicizga ndipo ŵanthu 87 ŵakakomeka kusazgapo ŵana 11.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bachelet |first=Michelle |date=7 March 2022 |title=Oral update on the situation of human rights in the Sudan – Statement by United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/oral-update-situation-human-rights-sudan |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=ReliefWeb/ 49th Session of the UN Human Rights Council |language=en}}</ref> ====2023 internal conflict==== {{main|2023 Sudan conflict}} Mu Epulero chaka cha 2023, apo ŵanthu ŵa vyaru vyakupambanapambana ŵakadumbiskananga za ndondomeko ya kusinthira boma ku boma la ŵanthu ŵambura mulandu, nkhondo ya mazaza yikakura pakati pa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari (na mulongozgi wa charu) Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, na movwiri wake, Mohamed Hamdan Daglo, mulongozgi wa gulu la ŵasilikari la Rapid Support Forces & Rapid Strike Force ("RSF"), ilo likapangika kufuma ku Janjaweed. Pa 15 Epulero, 2023, nkhondo yawo yikazgoka nkhondo zaciwawa comene mu misewu ya mu Khartoum pakati pa ŵasilikari na RSF na ŵasilikari, matangi na ndege. Kuyana na wupu wa United Nations, pa zuŵa lacitatu, ŵanthu 400 ŵakafwa ndipo 3,500 ŵakapwetekeka. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa, pakaŵa ŵantchito ŵatatu ŵa WFP, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti wupu uwu uleke kugwira nchito mu Sudan, nangauli mu caru cose muli njara. Mulembi-mulongozgi wa UN, António Guterres, wakapempha "urunji" mwaluŵiro cifukwa ca kukoma ŵanthu aŵa, ndipo wakapempha kuti nkhondo yimare. Ŵadipuloma ŵa African Union na Saudi Arabia ŵaluta ku Sudan kuti ŵakayezge kuwezgerapo mtende. Ŵakaŵaphalira kuti ŵaleke kuwombera ŵanthu awo ŵapwetekeka, kweni nkhondo yikalutilira.<ref name="fighting_2023_04_16_france27_com">[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230416-death-toll-mounts-in-sudan-as-army-paramilitary-fight-for-power "Fighting continues in Sudan despite humanitarian pause,"] 16 April 2023, [[France24]], retrieved 16 April 2023</ref><ref name="clashes_2023_04_16_abc_news">[https://abcnews.go.com/International/clashes-erupt-sudan-army-paramilitary-group-government-transition/story?id=98607846 "Clashes erupt in Sudan between army, paramilitary group over government transition,"] 16 April 2023, [[ABC News]], retrieved 16 April 2023</ref> ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{Main|Geography of Sudan}} [[File:Map of Sudan (New).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Mapu gha Sudan. Chigaŵa cha Hala'ib Triangle chili pasi pa boma la Egypt kwambira mu 2000.]] [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map SDN present.svg|thumb|Mapu gha charu cha Sudan]] Charu cha Sudan chili kumpoto kwa Africa, ndipo chili na mtunda wa makilomita 853 kufupi na Nyanja Yiswesi. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na vyaru nga ni Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Central African Republic, Chad, na Libya. Na malo ghakukwana 1,886,068 km2 (728,215 sq mi), ni chalo chachitatu pakukura mu Africa (panyuma pa Algeria na Democratic Republic of Congo) na cha 15 pa vyaru vyose. Charu cha Sudan chili pakati pa 8° na 23°N. Malo agha ngakutowa chomene ndipo ghali na mapiri ghanandi. Kumanjiliro gha dazi, Deriba Caldera (3,042 m), iyo yili mu mapiri gha Marrah, ndiyo ni malo ghapacanya comene mu Sudan. Kumafumiro gha dazi kuli mapiri gha ku Nyanja Yiswesi. Mlonga wa Blue Nile na White Nile ukukumana ku Khartoum kuti uŵe Mlonga wa Nile, uwo ukufuma kumpoto kujumpha mu Eguputo kuya ku Nyanja ya Meditereniyani. Mlonga wa Blue Nile ukujumpha mu Sudan ndipo uli na utali wa makilomita pafupifupi 800. Mlonga wa White Nile mu Sudan ulije milonga yinandi. Pali madamu ghanandi pa Mlonga wa Blue na White Nile. Zina mwa madamu agha ni madamu gha Sennar na Roseires agho ghali pa Mlonga wa Blue Nile, kweniso madamu gha Jebel Aulia agho ghali pa Mlonga wa White Nile. Paliso Nyanja ya Nubia pa mphaka ya Sudan na Eguputo. Mu Sudan muli vinthu vinandi vyakukhumbikwa nga ni asibesiti, chromite, cobalt, mkuwa, golide, granite, gypsum, chisulo, kaolin, lead, manganese, mica, gasi, nikele, mafuta, siliva, tini, uranium na zinki..<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sudan-embassy.co.uk/infobook/geograph.php |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050930235450/http://www.sudan-embassy.co.uk/infobook/geograph.php |archive-date=30 September 2005 |title=Geography of Sudan |publisher=Sudan Embassy in London |date=n.d.}}</ref> ===Climate=== {{Main|Geography of Sudan#Climate|l1=Climate of Sudan}} Mvula yikukhilira kumwera. Ku chigaŵa chapakati na kumpoto kuli malo ghakomira chomene nga ni chipalamba cha Nubia kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi. Nyengo ya vula ku Sudan yikutora myezi yinayi (June m'paka September) kumpoto, ndipo myezi 6 (May m'paka October) kumwera. Ku vigaŵa vyakomira, kukuchitika chimphepo chikuru cha mchenga, icho chikuchemeka haboob. Ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi uko kuli mapopa ghacoko, ŵanthu ŵakuthemba comene vula izo zikulokwa yayi kuti ŵambe kulima. Pafupi na Mlonga wa Nayelo, pali minda iyo yili na maji ghanandi. Mu vyaru vinandi, zuŵa likuŵala nyengo yitali comene, kweni comenecomene mu mapopa uko likuŵala maora 4,000 pa caka..<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/kidsweb/world/sudan/sudgeog.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121001164348/http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/kidsweb/world/sudan/sudgeog.htm |archive-date= 1 October 2012 |title=Sudan – Geography & Environment |publisher=[[Oxfam GB]] |date=n.d. |access-date=13 January 2011}}</ref> ===Environmental issues=== Kuzgoka mapopa ni suzgo likuru comene mu Sudan. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakufipa mtima na kunangika kwa dongo. Vyaru vinandi vya boma na vya ŵanthu ŵekha vyalutilira kukura kwambura kuvikilirika. Vinthu ivi vyapangiska kuti makuni ghaphyoleke, dongo liwomire, kweniso kuti maji gha mu dongo ghaleke kuŵa ghawemi. Vinyama vyamuthondo vya mu caru ici vili pangozi cifukwa ca ulovi. Kuzakafika mu 2001, vyamoyo 21 vya vinyama na vyamoyo 9 vya viyuni vikaŵa pangozi. Viyuni vinyake ivyo vili pangozi ni: waldrapp, northern white rhinoceros, tora hartebeest, gazela wa masengwe ghafupi, na hawksbill turtle. Nyama ya Sahara oryx yili kumara mu ciŵaya.<ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2011|reason=appear to be user-generated site; how are entries vetted?}} {{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Sudan-ENVIRONMENT.html |title=Sudan – Environment |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Nations |date=n.d. |access-date=13 January 2011}}</ref> ==Politics== {{Main|Politics of Sudan}} Ndyali za ku Sudan zikaŵa za boma la Islamic Republic m'paka mu April 2019, apo boma la President Omar al-Bashir likathereskeka na boma la ŵasilikari. Pakwamba wakambiska wupu wa Transitional Military Council kuti uwuse vyalo vya mukati. Kweniso wakalekeska malango gha boma na kumazga nyumba za malango izo zikaŵanga na nyumba ziŵiri. Kweni Ibn Auf wakakhalako zuŵa limoza pera ndipo wakafumapo, ndipo Abdel Fattah al-Burhan ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa wupu wa Transitional Military Council. Pa 4 Ogasiti 2019, chikalata chiphya cha Constitution chikalembeka pakati pa ŵimiliri ŵa Transitional Military Council na Forces of Freedom and Change, ndipo pa 21 Ogasiti 2019 Transitional Military Council yikasinthika mwalamulo kuŵa mutu wa boma na wupu wa 11 wa Sovereignty Council, ndipo nga mutu wa boma na nduna yikuru. ===Sharia law=== ====Under al-Bashir==== Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Omar al-Bashir, malango gha mu Sudan ghakajintha pa Sharia. Mu 2005, pakaŵa phangano la Naivasha ilo likamazga nkhondo pakati pa kumpoto na kumwera kwa Sudan. Dango la Chisilamu la ku Sudan ndakupambana na vyaru vinyake. Ku Sudan, ŵanthu ŵakakomeranga munthu na malibwe. Pakati pa 2009 na 2012, ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na malibwe. Dango likatenge munthu wakwenera kukomeka. Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 2009 na 2014, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakalangika kuti ŵapike chilango cha kuŵatimba na mafayiti 40. Mu Ogasiti 2014, ŵanalume ŵanandi ŵa ku Sudan ŵakafwira mu jele chifukwa cha kutambuzgika. Mu 2001, Ŵakhristu 53 ŵakatimbika. Dango la boma la Sudan likazomerezganga ŵapolisi kuti ŵathyapure ŵanakazi awo ŵakuti ŵakuchita vinthu vyambura kwenelera. Kweniso dango likalanganga munthu para wakhomeka pa khuni. Mu 2002, ŵanthu 88 ŵakeruzgika kuti ŵakomeke cifukwa ca kukoma ŵanthu, kwiba na vilwero, na kurwa nkhondo. Wupu wa Amnesty International ukalemba kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵangakomeka na kukhomeka panji kukhomeka pa khuni. Khoti la pa caru cose likuzomera kuti ndise ŵakwenelera kweruzga. Kuyana na phangano la Naivasha, dango la Chisilamu likagwiranga nchito yayi mu South Sudan. Kufuma waka apo South Sudan yikapatukira, pakaŵa kukayika usange dango la Sharia lizamugwira nchito ku ŵanthu ŵacoko waka awo Mbasilamu yayi mu Sudan. Boma la Sudan lili na khoti la malango ilo lili na ŵeruzgi 9, Khoti Likuru Chomene, Khoti la Cassation, na makhoti ghanyake gha mu charu ichi..<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12033185 |title= Sharia law to be tightened if Sudan splits – president |work=BBC News |date=19 December 2010 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> ====After al-Bashir==== {{Main|2019–2024 Sudanese transition to democracy}} Following the ouster of al-Bashir, the interim constitution signed in August 2019 contained no mention of Sharia law.<ref name="MOM 09-2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200907-sudan-separates-religion-from-state-ending-30-years-of-islamic-rule/|title=Sudan separates religion from state ending 30 years of Islamic rule|date=7 September 2020}}</ref> As of 12 July 2020, Sudan abolished the apostasy law, public flogging and alcohol ban for non-Muslims. The draft of a new law was passed in early July. Sudan also criminalized [[female genital mutilation]] with a punishment of up to 3 years in jail.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53379733|title=Sudan scraps apostasy law and alcohol ban for non-Muslims|work=BBC News|date=12 July 2020|access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref> An accord between the transitional government and rebel group leadership was signed in September 2020, in which the government agreed to officially separate the state and religion, ending three decades of rule under Islamic law. It also agreed that no official state religion will be established.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/sudan-ends-30-years-of-islamic-law-by-separating-religion-state-1.1599359147751|title=Sudan ends 30 years of Islamic law by separating religion, state}}</ref><ref name="MOM 09-2020"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/islamic-world-at-decisive-point-in-history-will-it-take-the-path-of-emirates-or-turkey-8789981.html|title=Islamic world at decisive point in history: Will it take the path of Emirates or Turkey?|date=6 September 2020}}</ref> ===Foreign relations=== {{Main|Foreign relations of Sudan}} [[File:Al bashir1.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Bashir (right) and U.S. Deputy Secretary of State [[Robert Zoellick]], 2005]] Pakuti charu cha Sudan chili na visambizgo vya chisopa chautesi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimbira kwawo. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, charu cha Uganda, Kenya, na Ethiopia, vikaŵa mu wupu wa ad hoc uwo ukachemekanga "Front Line States" na wovwiri wa United States kuti uwonenge umo boma la National Islamic Front likuchitira. Boma la Sudan likapeleka wovwiri ku magulu gha ŵakugaluka gha ku Uganda nga ni Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). Apo boma la National Islamic Front ku Khartoum likamba kuwoneka nga ni suzgo ku chigaŵa ichi na caru cose, boma la United States likamba kuŵika Sudan pa ndondomeko ya vyaru ivyo vikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵacite vinthu vyakofya. Pamanyuma pakuti boma la United States lalemba kuti Sudan ni boma ilo likupeleka wovwiri ku vigeŵenga, wupu uwu ukaghanaghana vyakuti wambiske ubwezi na Iraq, ndipo pamanyuma Iran, vyaru viŵiri ivyo vili na mphindano mu cigaŵa ici. Kwamba m'ma 1990, Sudan yikamba kuchepeskako maghanoghano ghake cifukwa ca kukhuŵilizgika na boma la United States pamanyuma pa kuphulika kwa maboma gha United States mu 1998, ku Tanzania na Kenya, kweniso cifukwa ca kunozgaso malo gha mafuta agho ghakaŵa mu mawoko gha ŵakugaluka. Sudan nayo wali na mphindano na Egypt pa nkhani ya Hala'ib Triangle. Kufuma mu 2003, maubwezi gha ku vyaru vinyake gha Sudan ghakaŵa ghakuthemba pa wovwiri wa kumazga Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Sudan na kususka wovwiri wa boma ku magulu gha nkhondo mu Darfur. Charu cha Sudan chili paubwezi wakukhora na China. Charu cha China chikupokera mafuta 10 pa 100 gha mu Sudan. Kuyana na uyo wakaŵa nduna ya boma la Sudan, caru ca China ndico cikupeleka vilwero vinandi comene ku Sudan. Mu Disembala 2005, Sudan yikaŵa yimoza mwa vyaru vichoko ivyo vikazomera mazaza gha Morocco pa Western Sahara.<ref>{{cite news |archive-date=26 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226210429/http://www.moroccotimes.com/paper/article.asp?idr=2&id=11765 |url=http://www.moroccotimes.com/paper/article.asp?idr=2&id=11765 |title=Sudan supports Moroccan sovereignty over Southern Provinces |newspaper=Morocco Times |location=Casablanca |date=26 December 2005}}</ref>[[File:Secretary Pompeo Meets with Sudanese Sovereign Council Chair General Fattah el-Burhan (50267527813).jpg|thumb|The chairman of Sudan's sovereign council, General [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]], with U.S. Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]], 2020]] Mu 2015, Sudan yikawovwirapo pa nkhondo ya Saudi Arabia ku Yemen kwimikana na ma Houthi na ŵasilikari ŵakugomezgeka kwa pulezidenti wakale Ali Abdullah Saleh, uyo wakathereskeka mu 2011. Mu Juni 2019, charu cha Sudan chikalekeka kunjira mu wupu wa African Union chifukwa chakuti pakaŵavya icho chikachitika pakukhazikiska wupu wakulongozgeka na ŵanthu. Mu Julayi 2019, ŵimiliri ŵa vyaru 37 ku UN, kusazgapo Sudan, ŵakasaina kalata yakukolerana ku UNHRC kuvikilira umo China yikuchitira na ma Uyghur mu chigaŵa cha Xinjiang. Pa 23 Okutobala 2020, U.S. Pulezidenti Donald Trump wakapharazga kuti Sudan yikwamba kuwezgerapo ubwezi wake na Israel, ndipo yikaŵa chalo chachitatu cha ma Arab kuchita nthena mu chigaŵa cha Abraham Accords icho chikalembeka na United States. Pa Disembala 14 mu U.S. Boma la Sudan likawuskamo boma ili pa ndondomeko ya boma ilo likovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵachitenge vinthu vyakofya. Mkangano pakati pa Sudan na Ethiopia pa Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ukakura mu 2021. Munthu munyake uyo wakupeleka ulongozgi kwa mulongozgi wa Sudan, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, wakayowoya kuti nkhondo ya maji "yiŵenge yakofya comene kuluska umo munthu wangaghanaghanira". Mu Febuluwale 2022, ŵapharazgi ŵa ku Sudan ŵakaluta ku Israel kukakhozga ubwezi pakati pa vyaru ivi. Mu myezi yakwambilira ya 2023, nkhondo yikambaso, comenecomene pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa Gen. Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari na mulongozgi wa boma, pamoza na gulu la ŵasilikari la Rapid Support Forces ilo likulongozgeka na mulwani wake, Gen. Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo. Pa cifukwa ici, boma la United States na vyaru vinandi vya ku Europe vyajara maboma ghawo mu Khartoum na kuyezga kufumiska ŵanthu. Mu 2023, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ku Sudan kukaŵa ŵanthu 16,000 ŵa ku America awo ŵakakhumbikwiranga kufumamo. Pakuti ku United States kulije ndondomeko ya kufumiskako ŵanthu, Ku ofesi ya boma, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku America ŵakeneranga kuluta ku maboma gha vyaru vinyake kukapempha ulongozgi, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakachimbilira ku Nairobi. Vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa na mawupu ghanyake ghakovwira ŵanthu, ghakayezga kovwira. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku Turkey ŵati ŵazomerezga ŵanthu ŵa ku America kuti ŵafumemo mu charu chawo. TRAKboys, gulu la ndyali la ku South Africa ilo likususkana na Wagner Group, kampani yaku Russia iyo yikugwira ntchito ya usilikari mu Sudan kwambira mu 2017, yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵa ku America na ku Sudan ŵafumemo mu charu ichi na kuluta ku malo ghakukhora mu South Africa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Americans and other foreigners struggle to flee Sudan amid fierce fighting |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/04/26/sudan-fighting-evacuation-americans-british/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDS8IQSdZ-E | title=Trakboys David Mbatha, Blose begin peaceful talks w/ Mayor Kaunda about Durban Port tariff increase | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> === Wankhondo === {{Main|Sudanese Armed Forces}} Gulu la ŵasilikari la Sudan ni gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Sudan ndipo lili kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vinkhondi: Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Sudan, Navy ya Sudan (kukusazgapo Marine Corps), Air Force ya Sudan, Border Patrol na Internal Affairs Defence Force. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Sudan laŵa na vilwero viwemi comene; cifukwa ca kusazgikira kwa vilwero vizito na vyapacanya. Gulu ili likulongozgeka na wupu wa National Assembly ndipo fundo zake ni za kuvikilira mphaka za Sudan na kuvikilira wanangwa wa mukati. Kufuma waka pa suzgo la Darfur mu 2004, kuvikilira boma lapakati pa caru ku ŵanthu awo ŵakulimbana na gulu la ŵakugaluka nga ni Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA) na Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) ni vyakuzirwa comene. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa ku Sudan ŵakugwira ntchito yayi, kweni ŵakugwiliskira ntchito magulu gha ŵasilikari, ndipo ŵakumanyikwa chomene ni Janjaweed. Pakati pa 200,000 na 400,000<ref name="cia">{{cite web|title=Sudan|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/|access-date=10 July 2011|work=The World Factbook|publisher=U.S. Central Intelligence Agency|issn=1553-8133}}</ref><ref name="peopledaily1">{{cite news |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200511/28/eng20051128_224254.html |title=Darfur Peace Talks To Resume in Abuja on Tuesday: AU |agency=Xinhua News Agency |newspaper=[[People's Daily]] |location =Beijing |date=28 November 2005 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/10/AR2007041001775.html |agency= Associated Press |newspaper=The Washington Post |title=Hundreds Killed in Attacks in Eastern Chad – U.N. Agency Says Sudanese Militia Destroyed Villages |date=11 April 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵali kufwa cifukwa ca nkhondo. ===International organisations ku Sudan=== Mabungwe ghanandi gha UN ghakugwira ntchito mu Sudan nga ni World Food Programme (WFP); Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO); United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF); United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR); United Nations Mine Service (UNMAS), United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) na World Bank. Kweniso pali wupu wa International Organization for Migration (IOM).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/activities/africa-and-middle-east/east-africa/sudan/cache/offonce/ |title=Sudan |publisher=International Organisation for Migration |date=2 May 2013 |access-date=31 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310183842/http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/activities/africa-and-middle-east/east-africa/sudan/cache/offonce/ |archive-date=10 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-cida/ACDI-CIDA.nsf/Eng/JUD-217124359-NT2 |title=The Sudans |publisher=Canadian International Development Agency |location=Gatineau, Quebec |date=29 January 2013 |access-date=31 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528183621/http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-cida/ACDI-CIDA.nsf/eng/JUD-217124359-NT2 |archive-date=28 May 2013 }}</ref> Pakuti mu Sudan muli nkhondo ya pawenenawene kwa vyaka vinandi, mabungwe ghanandi ghambura kwendera boma (NGO) ghakovwiraso ŵanthu awo ŵafumamo mu vikaya vyawo. Mabungwe ghambura vya boma ghakugwira nchito mu vigaŵa vyose vya Sudan, comenecomene kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya pawenenawene, mawupu gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana nga ni Red Cross ghakacitanga milimo yawo comene mu vigaŵa vya kumwera, kweni ghakaŵa mu msumba wa Khartoum. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kughanaghanira chomene nkhondo iyo yikacitika ku Darfur, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sudan. Wupu wakuwoneka comene mu South Sudan ni Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS). Wupu unyake wa vyamalonda ukuwona kuti charu cha Sudan chili ku chigaŵa cha Great Horn of Africa Nangauli mawupu ghanandi gha pa caru cose ghali mu vigaŵa vya South Sudan na Darfur, kweni ghanyake ghakugwira nchito mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto. Mwaciyerezgero, wupu wa United Nations Industrial Development Organization ukucita makora nchito yake mu msumba wa Khartoum. Ndimo viliriso na sukulu zinyake za ku Europe. Wupu wa Canada wakuwona vya Vyakusazgirako Vinthu pa Caru Cose ukucitako milimo yinandi kumpoto kwa Sudan.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.unido.org/media-centre/press-releases/news/article/date////eu-unido-set-up-centre-in-sudan-to-develop-industrial-skills-entrepreneurship-for-job-creation.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615200234/http://www.unido.org/media-centre/press-releases/news/article/date////eu-unido-set-up-centre-in-sudan-to-develop-industrial-skills-entrepreneurship-for-job-creation.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2013 |title=EU, UNIDO set up Centre in Sudan to develop industrial skills, entrepreneurship for job creation |publisher=UN Industrial Development Organisation |date=8 February 2011 |access-date=4 June 2013 }}</ref> ===Human rights=== {{Main|Human rights in Sudan|Freedom of religion in Sudan|Slavery in Sudan|Child marriage in Sudan}} SKwambira mu 1983, nkhondo ya pawenenawene na njara vyakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 2 miliyoni mu Sudan. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 200,000 ŵakakoleka wuzga pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Sudan. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa Reporters Without Borders, charu cha Sudan chili pa nambara 172 pa vyaru 180. Ŵakukhumba kuti ŵapharazgi ŵaleke kutangwanika na nkhani za vimbundi. Ŵasilamu awo ŵakung'anamukira ku Cikristu ŵangalangika na nyifwa cifukwa ca kusopa kwautesi, wonani Kutambuzgika kwa Ŵakristu mu Sudan na cilango ca nyifwa kwa Mariam Yahia Ibrahim Ishag (uyo wakakulira mu Cikristu). Lipoti la wupu wa UNICEF la mu 2013, likati ŵanakazi 88 pa 100 ŵaliwose ku Sudan ŵakomeka. Dango la ku Sudan lakukhwaskana na nthengwa likususkika cifukwa ca kukanizga wanangwa wa ŵanakazi na kuzomerezga nthengwa za ŵana. Ukaboni ukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuzomerezga kuti ŵanakazi ŵakomeke, comenecomene ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi kweniso awo ŵakusambira comene yayi. Kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhwakukanizgika; kwambira mu Julayi 2020 kulije chilango cha nyifwa. Lipoti la wupu wa Human Rights Watch ilo likalembeka mu 2018 likulongora kuti charu cha Sudan chindachitepo kanthu kuti ŵanthu ŵeruzgike chifukwa cha vinthu viheni ivyo vikachitikanga kale kweniso ivyo vikuchitika sono. Lipoti ili likulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵakusuzgikira mu Darfur, kumwera kwa Kordofan, na Blue Nile. Mu 2018, wupu wa National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) ukagwiliskira nchito nkhongono zinandi pakupatura ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma. Kweniso ŵasilikari ŵa ku Sudan ŵakakanizga mawupu gha United Nations-African Union Hybrid Operation na mawupu ghanyake gha pa caru cose kuti ghasangire ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika mu Darfur.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/sudan|title=World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Sudan|chapter=Sudan: Events of 2018 |date=17 January 2019 |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> ====Darfur==== {{Main|War in Darfur|International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur}} [[File:Darfur refugee camp in Chad.jpg|right|thumb|Darfur refugee camp ku [[Chad]], 2005]] Kalata yakufuma kwa mulara wa wupu wa Human Rights Watch ya pa Ogasiti 14, 2006, yikati boma la Sudan ndakutondeka kuvikilira ŵanthu ŵake mu Darfur kweniso likukhumba yayi kuvikilira ŵanthu ŵake. Kweniso ŵasilikari ŵake ŵali na mulandu wa kuswa malango gha boma. Kalata iyi yikayowoyaso kuti ŵanthu ŵakuswa wanangwa uwu kwambira mu 2004. Malipoti ghanyake ghakulongora kuti ŵakugaluka, boma, na gulu la Janjaweed ndiwo ŵakuswa malango. U.S. Lipoti la Dipatimenti Yakuwona vya Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu ilo likalembeka mu Malichi 2007, likati: "Ŵanthu wose awo ŵakanjilirapo pa nkhondo iyi ŵakachitanga vinthu viheni chomene, kusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi, kuyuzga ŵanalume na ŵanakazi, kutambuzga ŵanthu, kwiba na kulemba ŵana ŵankhondo". Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.8 miliyoni ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo ndipo ŵanthu 300,000 ŵali kufwa. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma na ŵasilikari awo ŵakukolerana na boma ŵakumanyikwa kuti ŵakuwukira ŵanthu bweka yayi mu Darfur, kweniso awo ŵakovwira ŵanthu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukolerana na magulu gha ŵakugaluka ŵakukakika mwambura kwenelera, nga mba nyuzipepara ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ŵakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ŵana ŵa sukulu, na ŵanthu awo ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vya mu msumba wa Khartoum na vigaŵa vyapafupi. Lipoti linyake la boma la United States likayowoya kuti gulu la ŵakugaluka likuwukira awo ŵakovwira ŵanthu na kukoma ŵanthu ŵambura mulandu. Wupu wa UNICEF ukati mu 2008, mu Darfur mukaŵa ŵana 6,000 awo ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7796507.stm|title=Africa – Sudan 'has 6,000 child soldiers'|access-date=15 February 2015}}</ref> ===Disputed areas and zones of conflict=== * In April 2012, the South Sudanese army captured the [[Heglig]] oil field from Sudan, which the Sudanese army later recaptured. * [[Kafia Kingi]] and [[Radom National Park]] was a part of [[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el Ghazal]] in 1956.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/upload/files/GoS%20Memorial.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415073643/http://www.pca-cpa.org/upload/files/GoS%20Memorial.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2012|page=xii |title=Memorial of the Government of Sudan |publisher=Permanent Court of Arbitration |location=The Hague |date=18 December 2008}}</ref> Sudan has recognised South Sudanese independence according to the borders for 1 January 1956.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.menasborders.com/menasborders/news/article/1956/South_Sudan_ready_to_declare_independence/ |title=South Sudan ready to declare independence |publisher=Menas Associates |date=8 July 2011 |access-date=4 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529175404/http://www.menasborders.com/menasborders/news/article/1956/South_Sudan_ready_to_declare_independence/ |archive-date=29 May 2013 }}</ref> * The [[Abyei Area]] is disputed region between Sudan and [[South Sudan]]. It is currently under Sudanese rule. * The states of [[South Kurdufan]] and [[Blue Nile (state)|Blue Nile]] are to hold "popular consultations" to determine their constitutional future within Sudan. * The [[Hala'ib Triangle]] is disputed region between Sudan and [[Egypt]]. It is currently under Egyptian administration. * [[Bir Tawil]] is a [[terra nullius]] occurring on the border between Egypt and Sudan, claimed by neither state. ===Administrative divisions=== {{main|States of Sudan|List of current state governors in Sudan|Districts of Sudan}} Sudan is divided into [[States of Sudan|18 states]] (''[[wilaya]]t'', [[Grammatical number|sing.]] ''[[wilayah]]''). They are further divided into 133 [[Districts of Sudan|districts]]. [[File:Political Regions of Sudan, July 2010.svg|thumb|{{legend|#f7931d|Central and northern states}} {{legend|#8cc63f|[[Darfur]]}} {{legend|#800080|[[Eastern Front (Sudan)|Eastern Front]]}} {{legend|#FFFF00|[[Abyei|Abyei Area]]}} {{legend|#fb6282|[[South Kurdufan]] and [[Blue Nile (state)|Blue Nile]] states}}]] {{div col|colwidth=10em|content= * [[Gezira (state)|Gezira]] * [[Al Qadarif (state)|Al Qadarif]] * [[Blue Nile (state)|Blue Nile]] * [[Central Darfur]] * [[East Darfur]] * [[Kassala (state)|Kassala]] * [[Khartoum (state)|Khartoum]] * [[North Darfur]] * [[North Kordofan]] * [[Northern state, Sudan|Northern]] * [[Red Sea (state)|Red Sea]] * [[River Nile (state)|River Nile]] * [[Sennar (state)|Sennar]] * [[South Darfur]] * [[South Kordofan]] * [[West Darfur]] * [[West Kordofan]] * [[White Nile (state)|White Nile]] }} ===Regional bodies=== Padera pa maboma, paliso maboma ghanyake agho ghakaŵako cifukwa ca mtende uwo ukaŵako pakati pa boma na gulu la ŵakugaluka. * Boma la Darfur likakhazikiskika na phangano la mtende la Darfur kuti liŵe wupu wakulongozga vyaru ivyo vili mu Darfur. * Wupu wakuwona vya vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan ukakhazikiskika na Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement pakati pa boma la Sudan na gulu la rebels la Eastern Front. * Chigaŵa cha Abyei, icho chili pa mphaka ya South Sudan na Republic of Sudan, pasono chili na mazaza ghapadera ndipo chikulongozgeka na boma la Abyei. Mu 2011, boma la Sudan likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵayowoyepo maghanoghano ghawo pa nkhani yakuti charu ichi chiŵe chigaŵa cha South Sudan panji cha Republic of Sudan. ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Sudan}} {{See also|Telecommunications in Sudan|Transport in Sudan}} [[File:Sudan Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Sudan exports, 2019]] [[File:Sudan Map Oelgas.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Petroleum|Oil]] and [[Natural gas|gas]] concessions in Sudan – 2004]] [[File:GDP per capita development in Sudan.svg|thumb|GDP per capita development in Sudan]] Mu 2010, charu cha Sudan chikaŵa pa nambara 17 pa vyaru ivyo vili na chuma chakukwera luŵiro chomene pa charu chose. Chifukwa cha kupatukana kwa South Sudan, komwe kunali pafupifupi 75 peresenti ya malo opangira mafuta ku Sudan, Sudan idalowa gawo la stagflation, kukula kwa GDP kudatsika mpaka 3.4 peresenti mu 2014, 3.1 peresenti mu 2015 ndipo zikuyembekezeka kuchira pang'onopang'ono mpaka 3.7 peresenti mu 2016 pomwe kukwera kwamitengo kudakhalabe kokwera mpaka 21.8% kuyambira 2015. GDP ya Sudan yikakhira kufuma pa US$123.053 billion mu 2017 kufika pa US$40.852 billion mu 2018. Nanga ni apo charu cha South Sudan chikaŵa kuti chindapatuke, chikaŵa na masuzgo ghakuru gha vyachuma. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, chuma cha ku Sudan chikakura chomene, ndipo lipoti la World Bank likati GDP yikakura chomene mu 2010. Kukura uku kukalutilira nanga ni mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Darfur kweniso apo charu cha South Sudan chikaŵa na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Mafuta ndigho ghakaŵa vyakurya vikuru ivyo Sudan wakuguliska ku vyaru vinyake. Chifukwa cha kunjira kwa mafuta, chuma cha Sudan chikakura chomene, ndipo mu 2007 chikakura na 9 peresenti. Kweni chifukwa chakuti charu cha South Sudan chikaŵa na mafuta ghanandi, chikaleka kulamulira boma la Sudan. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, mulimo wa kunozga vyakurya wawelera pa malo ghake ndipo pa chaka cha 2014-15 wafika pa 40,000 m3/d. Kuti charu cha South Sudan chipeleke mafuta, chikuthemba pa chitoliro icho chikulongozgera ku Port Sudan mumphepete mwa Nyanja Yiswesi. Mu Ogasiti 2012, Sudan na South Sudan ŵakakolerana kuti ŵagulire mafuta ku South Sudan kwizira mu mapaipi gha ku Sudan. Boma la China ndilo likwendeska malonda ku Sudan, ndipo China yili na masheya 40 pa 100 gha Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company. Charu ichi chikuguliskaso ku Sudan vilwero vichoko, ivyo vyagwiliskirika nchito pa nkhondo nga ni nkhondo za ku Darfur na South Kordofan. Nangauli kale vyakurya na vyakurya ndivyo vikaŵa vyakukhumbikwa chomene ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan, ndipo vikawovwira ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 80 pa 100 pa 100 pa caru cose. Pasono, wupu wa International Monetary Fund (IMF) ukuteŵetera lumoza na boma la Khartoum kuti viwovwire pakunozga vinthu. Ivi vikacitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 apo caru ca Sudan cikaŵa na suzgo la ngongoli, ndipo ubwezi wake na IMF na World Bank ukakhira. Lipoti linyake likati mu charu cha Sudan ndimo vimbundi vyazara chomene. Kuyana na Global Hunger Index ya 2013, charu cha Sudan chili na chiŵerengero cha GHI cha 27.0 icho chikulongora kuti charu ichi chili na 'njara yikuru.' Charu ichi chili pa nambara 5 pa vyaru ivyo vili na njara chomene pa charu chose. Kuyana na 2015 Human Development Index (HDI), charu cha Sudan chili pa malo 167. Ichi chikulongora kuti charu ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa charu chose. Mu 2014, ŵanthu 45 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakukhala na ndalama zakuchepera pa madola 3.20 gha ku United States pa zuŵa..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poverty headcount ratio at $3.20 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) – Sudan {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.LMIC?locations=SD|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref> === Science and research === Ku Sudan kuli ma yunivesite pafupifupi 25-30 ndipo ŵanthu ŵakusambira mu ciarabu panji Cingelezi. Masambiro gha ku sekondare na ku yunivesite ghakutimbanizgika comene cifukwa cakuti ŵanalume ŵanandi ŵakukhumbikwira kunjira usilikari pambere ŵandafike ku malizgo gha masambiro ghawo. Kweniso, "Chisisilamu" ico pulezidenti Al-Bashir wakakhwimiska cikapangiska kuti ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵaleke kusambira Baibolo. Ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakusanda vya sayansi zikumara. Wupu wa UNESCO ukati pakati pa 2002 na 2014, ŵanthu ŵakufufuza ŵakujumpha 3,000 ŵa ku Sudan ŵakafumamo mu charu ichi. Kuzakafika mu 2013, caru ici cikaŵa na ŵasayansi 19 pera pa ŵanthu 100,000, panji 1/30 ya ciŵelengero ca ku Eguputo, kuyana na Sudan National Center for Research. Mu 2015, ku Sudan kukalembeka nkhani za sayansi pafupifupi 500. Kuyaniska na caru ici, caru ca Poland, ico cili na ŵanthu ŵanandi, cikupanga manyuzipepara pafupifupi 10,000 pa caka. Ndondomeko ya vya mu mlengalenga ya ku Sudan yili kupanga mapulaneti ghanandi gha CubeSat, ndipo yili na mapulani gha kupanga mapulaneti gha kudumbiskirana gha ku Sudan (SUDASAT-1) na mapulaneti gha kudumbiskirana gha ku Sudan (SRSS-1). Boma la Sudan likapeleka ndalama zakugulira satellite yakuwona malo ya boma ya Arabsat 6A iyo yikugwira ntchito pachanya pa Sudan, iyo yikatoleka makora pa 11 April 2019, kufuma ku Kennedy Space Centre. Pulezidenti wa ku Sudan Omar Hassan al-Bashir wakapempha kuti mu 2012 paŵe wupu wakuwona vya mlengalenga wa ku Africa, kweni ivi vikamara yayi.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Smith |first1=David |last2=correspondent |first2=Africa |date=6 September 2012 |title=Sudanese president calls for African space agency |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/06/sudanese-president-african-space-agency |access-date=7 March 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Sudan}} {{see also|List of cities in Sudan}} [[File:Sudan 2010 population density2.png|thumb|Sudan 2010 estimated population density]] Ku Sudan, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 30 miliyoni ŵakukhala kumpoto, kumanjiliro gha dazi, na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Ivi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu cha Sudan kufuma apo charu cha South Sudan chikapatukira ŵalipo 30 miliyoni. Ichi ntchiŵelengero icho chikukwera comene mu vyaka 20 ivyo vyajumpha, cifukwa pa kalembera wa mu 1983, ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Sudan, kusazgapo awo sono ŵakucemeka South Sudan, ŵakaŵa 21.6 miliyoni. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu msumba wa Greater Khartoum (ukusazgapo Khartoum, Omdurman, na Khartoum North) ŵakukura mwaluŵiro ndipo ŵalipo 5.2 miliyoni. Padera pa kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimbira kwawo, mu Sudan muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimbira kwawo ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake. Kuyana na kafukufuku wa UNHCR, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.1 miliyoni awo ŵakacimbira kwawo na awo ŵakapempha civikiliro ŵakakhalanga mu Sudan mu Ogasiti 2019. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku South Sudan (ŵanthu 858,607), Eritrea (123,413), Syria (93,502), Ethiopia (14,201), Central African Republic (11,713) na Chad (3,100). Padera pa ŵanthu aŵa, wupu wa UNHCR ukayowoya kuti pali ŵanthu 1,864,195 awo ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo. Charu cha Sudan chili kunjilirapo pa phangano la mu 1951 lakukhwaskana na ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo. ===Ethnic groups=== [[File:Eisa shikawi.JPG|thumb|[[Sudanese Arab]] of [[manasir|Al-Manasir]]]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ciarabu ŵakukwana 70 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu caru ici. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa Mbasilamu ndipo ŵakuyowoya Chiarabic. Mitundu yinyake ni Beja, Fur, Nubians, Armenians, na Copts. Ŵanthu awo Mbambura Ciarabu kanandi ŵakupambana mitundu, viyowoyero, na mitheto. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Beja (ŵanandi chomene), Fur (ŵanandi chomene), Nuba (ŵanandi chomene), Moro, Masalit, Bornu, Tama, Fulani, Hausa, Songhay, Nubians, Berta, Zaghawa, Nyimang, Ingessana, Daju, Koalib, Gumuz, Midob na Tagale. Chi Hausa chikugwiliskirika ntchito nga chiyowoyero cha malonda. Paliso Ŵagiriki ŵachoko waka, kweni ŵakumanyikwa chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Arabia ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Awadia na Fadnia, na Bani Arak, awo ŵakuyowoya Chiarabic cha Najdi. Ŵabedouin ŵachoko waka ŵa kumpoto kwa Rizeigat ŵakuyowoya Chiarabu cha ku Sudan ndipo ŵali na mitheto yakuyana na ya Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Sudan. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Baggara na Tunjur ŵakuyowoya Chiarabic. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan awo ŵakukhala kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan ŵakuti ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakafuma ku Arabia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa Eguputo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mafuko gha Ŵaarabu ku Sudan ŵakasamukira ku Sudan mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 C.E., ndipo ŵakatorana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Africa. Kweniso, mafuko ghaciarabu agho ghakaŵako pambere Chisilamu cindafike ghakaŵako mu Sudan kufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira mu caru ici kufuma ku Arabia. Mu mabuku ghanandi agho ghakulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan ŵakazgoka Ŵaarabu, ŵanthu ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakudumbiskana za umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakawonekeranga. Mwaciyelezgero, Elena Vezzadini wakulemba mdauko wakuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana mu Sudan ŵakuthemba pa umo ŵakulongosolera nkhani iyi. Mwakudumura, iyo wakuti "Ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵako mu nyengo yira, ndipo ŵakazgoka "Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan". Mu nkhani yinyake yakulongosora za mbumba za ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan, Claude Rilly, uyo wakumanya vya mipukutu ya ŵanthu ŵa ku France, wakati Ŵarabu ŵanandi ŵa ku Sudan awo ŵakuti ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia, ŵakumanya yayi kuti DNA yawo yikupangika na ŵanakazi ŵa ku Africa na ŵana ŵawo.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Rilly |author-first=Claude |title=Le Soudan, de la Préhistoire à la conquête de Méhémet Ali |publisher=Soleb Bleu autour |year=2021 |isbn=978-2-35848-186-1 |editor-last=Rilly |editor-first=Claude |publication-place=Paris |pages=543–544 |language=fr |chapter=Aux racines de la population soudanaise |oclc=1298202018 |editor-last2=Francigny |editor-first2=Vincent |editor-last3=Maillot |editor-first3=Marc |editor-last4=Cabon |editor-first4=Olivier}}</ref><ref>See also: Spaulding, J. (2000) ''The chronology of Sudanese Arabic genealogical tradition''. In History in Africa 27, Cambridge University Press, pp. 325–337</ref> ===Urban areas=== {{Further|List of cities in Sudan}} {{Largest cities of Sudan|Osman=}} ===Viyowoyelo=== {{Main|Languages of Sudan}} Ku Sudan kuli viyowoyero pafupifupi 70. Mu charu cha Sudan muli viyowoyero vinandi vya mawoko ivyo vikupulikikwa yayi. Mu 2009, pakaŵa ndondomeko yakuti paŵe chiyowoyero chimoza cha mawoko cha ku Sudan. Pambere chaka cha 2005 chindafike, Chiarabic ndicho chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha boma. Mu 2005, Dango la Charu cha Sudan likati viyowoyero vya boma ni Chiarabic na Chingelezi. Ŵanalume ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba ni 79.6%, ŵanakazi 60.8%.<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|access-date=13 August 2015}}</ref> ===Chisopo=== {{Main|Religion in Sudan}} Mu 2011, apo charu cha South Sudan chikagaŵikana, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 97% ŵakasopanga Chisilamu. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵali kugaŵikana mu magulu ghaŵiri: Ŵasilamu ŵa Sufi na Salafi. Magulu ghaŵiri agho ghakumanyikwa na ŵanthu ŵanandi, Ansar na Khatmia, ghakukolerana na chipani cha Umma na Democratic Unionist. Malo gha Darfur pera ndigho ghakaŵavya magulu gha Sufi agho ghakusangika mu vyaru vinyake. Mu msumba wa Khartoum na misumba yinyake ya kumpoto, muli Ŵakhristu ŵa Coptic Orthodox na Greek Orthodox. Mu Khartoum na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan, mu vyaru ivi muli ŵanthu ŵa tchalitchi la Orthodox la Ethiopia na Eritrea. Tchalitchi la Armenian Apostolic nalo lilipo ndipo likuteŵetera ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan. Tchalitchi la Sudan Evangelical Presbyterian nalo lili na ŵanthu awo ŵali mu tchalitchi ili. Chisopa ndicho chikupangiska kuti mu charu ichi muŵe kugaŵikana. Ŵasilamu ŵa kumpoto na ŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi ndiwo ŵakulongozga ndyali na vyachuma mu charu ichi kufuma apo charu chikapokera wanangwa. Chipani cha NCP chikukhozgeka chomene na ŵa Islam, Salafis/Wahhabis na Ŵaarabu ŵanyake ŵa ku mpoto. Chipani cha Umma chakopa ŵalondezgi ŵa Aarabu ŵa gulu la Ansar la Sufism pamoza na Ŵasilamu ŵambura Aarabu kufuma ku Darfur na Kordofan. Chipani cha Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) chili na Ŵaarabu na Ŵasilamu ŵanyake ŵa kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, comenecomene awo ŵali mu cisopa ca Khatmia Sufi. ===Health=== {{Main|Health in Sudan}} Sudan has a [[life expectancy]] of 65.1 years according to the latest data for the year 2019 from macrotrends.net<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/SDN/sudan/life-expectancy|title=Sudan Life Expectancy) {{!}} Data|website=macrotrends.net|access-date=25 November 2019}}</ref> Infant mortality in 2016 was 44.8 per 1,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?locations=SD&year_high_desc=true|title=Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=25 August 2018}}</ref> [[UNICEF]] estimates that 87% of Sudanese females between the ages of 15 to 49 have had [[female genital mutilation]] performed on them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/country_profiles/Sudan/FGM_SDN.pdf|title=UNICEF FGM country profile for Sudan|website=UNICEF|access-date=3 May 2019}}</ref> ===Education=== {{Main|Education in Sudan}} [[File:Faculty of Science (University of Khartoum) 002.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[University of Khartoum]], established as [[Gordon Memorial College]] in 1902]] Sukulu mu Sudan njambura kulipira ndipo njakukakamira ku ŵana ŵa vyaka 6 m'paka 13, nangauli ŵana ŵakujumpha 40% ŵakuluta yayi ku sukulu cifukwa ca suzgo la vya cuma. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika pa umoyo wa ŵanthu vikupangiska kuti ŵana ŵasungwana ŵasuzgikenge kuluta ku sukulu. Masambiro gha ku pulayimale ghakukhala vyaka 8, ndipo gha sekondare ghakwenda vyaka vitatu. Mu 1990, masambiro ghakaŵa gha 6 + 3 + 3. Chiarabu ndicho chikuyowoyeka pa vigaŵa vyose. Masukulu ghanandi ghali mu matawuni, ndipo ghanyake gha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici ghatimbanizgika panji kunangika cifukwa ca nkhondo ya pa cikaya. Mu 2001, Banki ya Caru Cose yikati ŵana 46 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo ŵakeneranga kusambira masambiro gha ku pulayimale, ndipo 21 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo ŵakasambiranga masambiro gha ku sekondare. Ŵanandi ŵakunjira sukulu izi, ndipo mu vigaŵa vinyake ŵakujumpha 20 peresenti. Ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ni 70.2%, ŵanalume 79.6%, ŵanakazi 60.8%.<ref name="cia" /> ==Culture== {{Further|Visual arts of Sudan|Architecture of Sudan|Sudanese literature}} Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko pafupifupi 578 ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Africa. Ukaboni wasono ukulongora kuti nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakutemwa chomene vinthu vya ku Sudan na chisopa chawo, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia na ku Africa ŵakutemwana chomene..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bath.ac.uk/economics/research/working-papers/2014-papers/21-14.pdf|title=Hamilton, A. and Hudson, J. (2014) Bribery and Identity: Evidence from Sudan. Bath Economic Research Papers, No 21/14|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-date=2 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502003707/http://www.bath.ac.uk/economics/research/working-papers/2014-papers/21-14.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Music=== {{main|Music of Sudan}} [[File:Drummer at Hamed el-Nil Mosque (8625532075).jpg|thumb|A [[Sufi]] [[dervish]] drums up the Friday afternoon crowd in [[Omdurman]].]] Charu cha Sudan chili na mitheto ya sumu iyo yikasuzga chomene ŵanthu. Pakwamba na kukhazikiskika kwa dango la Salafi la Sharia mu 1983, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa mu charu ichi nga ni Mahjoub Sharif ŵakakakika apo ŵanyake nga ni Mohammed el Amin (uyo wakawelera ku Sudan pakati pa ma 1990s) na Mohammed Wardi (uyo wakawelera ku Sudan mu 2003), ŵakachimbilira ku Cairo. Sumu za mu nyengo yakale nazo zikapwetekeka, ndipo viphikiro vya mu nyengo yakale vya Zār vikamara. Nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Europe ŵakayambiska sumu za ku Sudan. Chiyelezgero ni ungano wa Shulkawi No. 1. Kumpoto kwa Sudan kuli sumu zakupambana na zinyake. Mu sumu yinyake iyo yikuchemeka Aldlayib, ŵakugwiliskira nchito cakwimbira cakucemeka Tambur. Chiŵiya ichi chili na vingwe vinkhondi, chili kupangika na khuni ndipo chikulizga sumu pamoza na ŵanthu awo ŵakwimba. ===Cinema === {{Main|Cinema of Sudan|Photography of Sudan}} Sinema ya ku Sudan yikamba na vithuzithuzi ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Pamanyuma pa kujithemba mu 1956, filimu yakulongosora vya mdauko yikaŵa yakukhora, kweni boma la Chisilamu likapangiska kuti mafilimu ghachepe mu ma 1990. Kwambira mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuwoneseska kuti mafilimu ghaŵaso ghakunozga kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene mafilimu. Kugwiliskira nchito vithuzi mu Sudan kukamba mu ma 1880 apo ufumu wa Britain na Eguputo ukalamuliranga. Nga ni umo vikaŵira mu vyaru vinyake, kucindikwa kwa vithuzithuzi pa nkhani za ŵanthu ŵanandi nga ni manyuzipepara, kweniso vya ŵanthu awo ŵakujambura vithuzithuzi, kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵamanye vinandi pa nkhani ya vithuzithuzi mu Sudan mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu charu cha Sudan, chomenechomene chifukwa cha vithuzi vya digito. ===Clothing=== [[File:Bedscha.jpg|thumb|Bejia men wearing galabiyas]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Sudan ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vya ku Europe na vyakumwera. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Sudan ŵakutemwa kuvwara malaya ghakuchemeka jalabiya. Kanandi jalabiya wakuvwara chisoti chikuru na chigudulu, ndipo chakuvwara ichi chingaŵa chituŵa, cha mitundu yakupambanapambana, cha mikwawu, ndiposo chakuvwara chakupambanapambana, kuyana na nyengo ya chaka na ivyo munthu wakukhumba. Chovala chofala kwambiri cha akazi a ku Sudan ndi thobe kapena thawb, chomwe chimatchulidwa kuti tobe m'chinenero cha ku Sudan. Thube ni salu yitali yituŵa panji ya mitundu yakupambanapambana iyo ŵanakazi ŵakuvwara mu malaya ghawo, ndipo kanandi ŵakubisa mutu na sisi. Chifukwa cha dango la milandu ilo likaŵako mu 1991, ŵanakazi ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kuvwara mathalauza pa wumba. Munthu uyo wakavwara mathalauza wakalangikanga kuti wapwetekenge na nthonga 40. Kweni mu 2009, mwanakazi munyake wakapika ndalama zakukwana madola 200.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/2009/09/06/woman_faces_40_lashes_for_wearing_trousers.html|title=Woman faces 40 lashes for wearing trousers|date=6 September 2009|newspaper=The Toronto Star|last1=Ross|first1=Oakland}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/08/world/africa/08sudan.html?_r=0| work=The New York Times |first1=Jeffrey |last1=Gettleman |first2=Waleed |last2=Arafat |title=Sudan Court Fines Woman for Wearing Trousers |date=8 September 2009}}</ref> ===Sport=== {{Main articles|Sudan national football team |Sudan women's national football team}} Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinandi, mpira ndiwo ngwakuzirwa comene mu Sudan. Bungwe la mpira la Sudan Football Association likakhazikiskika mu chaka cha 1936 ndipo ndi umo likakhalira limoza mwa mabungwe ghakale chomene mu Africa. Ndipouli, pambere wupu wa football Association undaŵeko, chalo cha Sudan chikamba kuseŵera mpira uwo ukatoleka na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain kufuma ku Egypt. Mabungwe ena a ku Sudan omwe adakhazikitsidwa panthawiyo akuphatikizapo Al-Hilal Omdurman, Al-Merrikh, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mpira ukhale wotchuka mdzikolo. Khartoum League ndiyo yikaŵa ligi yakwamba ku Sudan. Kufuma mu Seputembala 2019, pakaŵa ligi ya ŵanakazi ya mpira iyo yikamba kufuma ku magulu gha ŵanakazi ghambura kulembeka. Mu chaka cha 2021, timu ya mpira ya ku Sudan yikwenela kakwamba mu chiphalizgano cha Arab Women's Cup, icho chikachitikira ku Cairo, Egypt. Chikwata cha mpira wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja cha ku Sudan chikapikisana pa CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup ya 2018-2020 mu chigawo cha azimayi ndi amuna. Mu Juni 2022, Patricia Seif El Din El Haj, mwanakazi wakwamba wa ku Sudan uyo wakachitako maseŵero gha ku Africa, wakatoleka vithuzi na Mohamed Nureldin Abdallah wa ku Reuters, apo wakanozgekeranga kuluta ku Nigeria kunozgekera maseŵero gha Olimpiki mu 2024..<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2022 |title=Reuters Pictures – Sudan-Women/Martial art |url=https://pictures.reuters.com/CS.aspx?VP3=SearchResult&VBID=2C0BXZ1THRXCM&SMLS=1&RW=1498&RH=904&POPUPPN=25&POPUPIID=2C0FQED8J07WH |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=pictures.reuters.com}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Africa}} * [[Outline of Sudan]] * [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Sudan]] ==Ukaboni== {{notelist}} {{reflist|refs= <ref name="Const_Dec_En_unofficial">{{cite web |last = Reeves |first = Eric |author-link = Eric Reeves |others=[[Forces of Freedom and Change|FFC]], [[Transitional Military Council (2019)|TMC]], [[International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance|IDEA]] |title = Sudan: Draft Constitutional Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period |website= sudanreeves.org |date = 10 August 2019 |url = https://sudanreeves.org/2019/08/06/sudan-draft-constitutional-charter-for-the-2019-transitional-period/ |access-date = 10 August 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190810213233/https://sudanreeves.org/2019/08/06/sudan-draft-constitutional-charter-for-the-2019-transitional-period/ |archive-date= 10 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="raisethevoices_4Aug2019_const_dec">{{cite web |others=[[Forces of Freedom and Change|FFC]], [[Transitional Military Council (2019)|TMC]] |title = (الدستوري Declaration (العربية)) |trans-title = (Constitutional Declaration) |language = ar |website= raisethevoices.org |date =4 August 2019 |url = http://raisethevoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/sudan-amendment.pdf |access-date = 5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805170905/http://raisethevoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/sudan-amendment.pdf |archive-date= 5 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> }} ==Vyamu mabuku== {{Scholia}} ; Mabuku * {{cite book |last=Adams |first=William Y. |title=Nubia. Corridor to Africa |year=1977 |publisher=Princeton University |isbn=978-0691093703}} * Berry, LaVerle B., ed. (2015). ''[https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo63176 Sudan: A Country Study]''. [[Library of Congress]] (Washington, D.C.) {{ISBN|978-0-8444-0750-0}}. * {{cite book |last=Beswick |first=Stephanie |title=Sudan's Blood Memory |url=https://archive.org/details/sudansbloodmemor0000besw |year=2004 |publisher=University of Rochester |isbn=978-1580462310}} * {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Richard P. C.|year=1992|title=Public Debt and Private Wealth: Debt, Capital Flight and the IMF in Sudan |url=https://archive.org/details/publicdebtprivat00brow|publisher=Macmillan Publishers |location=London |isbn=978-0-333-57543-7}} * [[Winston Churchill|Churchill, Winston]] (1899; 2000). ''[[The River War|The River War: An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan]]''. Carroll & Graf (New York City). {{ISBN|978-0-7867-0751-5}}. * {{cite book|last=Churchill|first=Winston|year=1902|title=The River War |chapter=The Rebellion of the Mahdi |edition=New and Revised |url=https://archive.org/stream/riverwarhistoric00chur}} * [[Paul Clammer|Clammer, Paul]] (2005). ''Sudan: The Bradt Travel Guide''. [[Bradt Travel Guides]] (Chalfont St. Peter); Globe Pequot Press. (Guilford, Connecticut). {{ISBN|978-1-84162-114-2}}. * {{cite book |last=Daly |title=Empire on the Nile|year=1986 |url=https://archive.org/details/empireonnileangl0000daly }}{{full citation needed|date=November 2020}} * Evans-Pritchard, Blake; Polese, Violetta (2008). ''Sudan: The City Trail Guide''. City Trail Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-9559274-0-9}}. * {{cite book |last=Edwards |first=David |title=The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan |url=https://archive.org/details/nubianpastarchae0000edwa |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415369879}} * [[Mandour Elmahdi|El Mahdi, Mandour]]. (1965). A Short History of the Sudan. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-913158-9}}. * Fadlalla, Mohamed H. (2005). ''The Problem of Dar Fur'', iUniverse (New York City). {{ISBN|978-0-595-36502-9}}. * Fadlalla, Mohamed H. (2004). ''Short History of Sudan''. iUniverse (New York City). {{ISBN|978-0-595-31425-6}}. * Fadlalla, Mohamed H. (2007). ''UN Intervention in Dar Fur'', iUniverse (New York City). {{ISBN|978-0-595-42979-0}}. * {{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Yusuf Fadl| title=The Arabs and the Sudan. From the seventh to the early sixteenth century |url=https://archive.org/details/arabssudanfromse0000hass |year=1967 |publisher=Edinburgh University |oclc=33206034}} * {{cite book |last=Hesse |first=Gerhard |title=Die Jallaba und die Nuba Nordkordofans. Händler, Soziale Distinktion und Sudanisierung |year=2002 |publisher=Lit |isbn=978-3825858902 |language=de}} * {{cite book |last1=Holt |first1=P. M. |last2=Daly |first2=M. W. |title=History of the Sudan: From the coming of Islam to the present Day |year=2000 |publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-0582368866 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780582368866 }} * Jok, Jok Madut (2007). ''Sudan: Race, Religion and Violence''. Oneworld Publications (Oxford). {{ISBN|978-1-85168-366-6}}. * Köndgen, Olaf (2017). ''The Codification of Islamic Criminal Law in the Sudan. Penal Codes and Supreme Court Case Law under Numayri and al-Bashir''. Brill (Leiden, Boston). {{ISBN|9789004347434}}. * {{cite book |editor-last1=Levtzion |editor-first1=Nehemia |editor-last2=Pouwels |editor-first2=Randall |year=2000 |title=The History of Islam in Africa |publisher=Ohio University Press |isbn=9780821444610 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1Ipt5A9mLMC}} * {{cite book |last=Loimeier |first=Roman |title=Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsocietiesi0000loim |year=2013 |publisher=Indiana University |isbn=9780253007889}} * {{cite book |last=Morewood |year=1940 |title=The British Defence of Egypt 1935–40 |publisher=Suffolk}}{{full citation needed|date=November 2020}} * {{cite book |last=Morewood |year=2005 |title=The British of Egypt |publisher=Suffolk}}{{full citation needed|date=November 2020}} * [[Godfrey Mwakikagile|Mwakikagile, Godfrey]] (2001). ''Slavery in Mauritania and Sudan: The State Against Blacks'', in ''The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation''. Nova Science Publishers (Huntington, New York). {{ISBN|978-1-56072-936-5}}. * {{cite book |last1=O'Fahey |first1=R.S. |last2=Spaulding |first2=Jay L. |title=Kingdoms of the Sudan |year=1974 |publisher=Methuen Young Books |isbn=978-0416774504}} * Peterson, Scott (2001). ''Me Against My Brother: At War in Somalia, Sudan and Rwanda—A Journalist Reports from the Battlefields of Africa''. Routledge (London; New York City). {{ISBN|978-0-203-90290-5}}. * [[Gérard Prunier|Prunier, Gérard]] (2005). ''Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide''. Cornell University Press (Ithaca, New York). {{ISBN|978-0-8014-4450-0}}. * {{cite book |last=Ruffini|first=Giovanni R. |year=2012 |title=Medieval Nubia. A Social and Economic History |publisher=Oxford University}} * {{cite book |last=Shackelford|first=Elizabeth |year=2020 |title=The Dissent Channel: American Diplomacy in a Dishonest Age |publisher=Public Affairs |isbn=978-1-5417-2448-8}} * {{cite book |last=Shinnie |first=P.L. |title=The Cambridge History of Africa. Volume 2 |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory02fage |chapter=Christian Nubia. |editor=J.D. Fage |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University |year=1978 |pages=556–588 |isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}} * {{cite book |last=Spaulding |first=Jay |title=The Heroic Age in Sennar |year=1985 |publisher=Red Sea |isbn=978-1569022603}} * {{cite book |last=Suliman |first=Osman |year=2010 |title=The Darfur Conflict: Geography or Institutions? |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-83616-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hrn-dkM00koC}} * {{cite book |last=Vantini |first=Giovanni |title=Oriental Sources concerning Nubia |year=1975 |publisher=Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften |url=http://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php/Giovanni_Vantini%27s_Oriental_Sources_Concerning_Nubia |oclc=174917032}} * {{cite book |last=Welsby |first=Derek |title=The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims Along the Middle Nile|url=https://archive.org/details/medievalkingdoms0000wels |year=2002 |publisher=British Museum |place=London |isbn=978-0714119472}} * {{cite book |last=Werner |first=Roland |title=Das Christentum in Nubien. Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche |year=2013 |publisher=Lit |isbn=978-3-643-12196-7|language=de}} * Zilfū, ʻIṣmat Ḥasan (translation: Clark, Peter) (1980). ''Karari: The Sudanese Account of the Battle of Omdurman''. Frederick Warne & Co (London). {{ISBN|978-0-7232-2677-2}}. ; Articles * "Sudan." Background Notes, U.S. Department of State, 2009. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A194470122/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=bb340529 online] * "Quo Vadis bilad as-Sudan? The Contemporary Framework for a National Interim Constitution". ''Law in Africa'' ([[Cologne]]; 2005). Vol. 8, pp.&nbsp;63–82. {{ISSN|1435-0963}}. * {{cite book |last=Lajtar |first=Adam |chapter=Qasr Ibrim's last land sale, AD 1463 (EA 90225) |title=Nubian Voices. Studies in Christian Nubian Culture |year=2011 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/5857688}} * {{cite journal |last=Martens-Czarnecka |first=Malgorzata |year=2015 |title=The Christian Nubia and the Arabs |url=http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.hdl_11089_18404 |journal=Studia Ceranea |volume=5 |pages=249–265 |issn=2084-140X|doi=10.18778/2084-140X.05.08 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last=McGregor |first=Andrew |journal=Sudan&Nubia |volume=15 |year=2011 |title=Palaces in the Mountains: An Introduction to the Archaeological Heritage of the Sultanate of Darfur |url=https://issuu.com/sudarchrs/docs/s_n15_mcgregor |pages=129–141}} * {{cite journal |last=Peacock |first=A.C.S. |title=The Ottomans and the Funj sultanate in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries |year=2012 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=75| issue=1 |pages=87–11 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X11000838}} * {{cite journal |last=Sharkey |first=Heather J. |title=Arab Identity and Ideology in Sudan: The Politics of Language, Ethnicity and Race |year=2007 |url=http://southsudanhumanitarianproject.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/formidable/Sharkey-J.-2007-Arab-Identity-and-Ideology-in-Sudan-The-Politics-of-Language-Ethnicity-and-Race2-annotated.pdf |pages=21–43 |journal=African Affairs |volume=107 |issue=426 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adm068 |access-date=24 September 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012152657/http://southsudanhumanitarianproject.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/formidable/Sharkey-J.-2007-Arab-Identity-and-Ideology-in-Sudan-The-Politics-of-Language-Ethnicity-and-Race2-annotated.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite journal |last=Spaulding |first=Jay |title=The Fate of Alodia |journal=Meroitic Newsletter |volume=15 |year=1974 |url=http://www.meroiticnewsletter.org/MeroNews15.pdf#page=13&zoom=125(0,0) |pages=12–30 |issn=1266-1635}} * {{cite book |last=Vantini |first=Giovanni |title=Acta Nubica. Proceedings of the X International Conference of Nubian Studies Rome 9–14 September 2002 |editor= Alessandro Roccati and Isabella Caneva |year=2006 |chapter=Some new light on the end of Soba |pages=487–491 |publisher=Libreria Dello Stato |isbn=978-88-240-1314-7}} ; Intaneti * {{cite web |last1=O'Fahey |first1=R. S. |last2=Tubiana |first2=Jérôme |year=2007 |title=Darfur. Historical and Contemporary Aspects |url=https://org.uib.no/smi/darfur/A%20DARFUR%20WHOS%20WHO3.pdf |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228022400/https://org.uib.no/smi/darfur/A%20DARFUR%20WHOS%20WHO3.pdf |url-status=dead }} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|Sudan|voy=Sudan}} * [http://www.sudan.gov.sd/index.php/en Government of Sudan] website * [https://rainerebert.com/2017/08/25/archaeological-sites-in-sudan/ Archaeological sites in Sudan] * {{GovPubs|sudan}} * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Sudan}} * {{Wikiatlas|Sudan}} * {{osmrelation-inline|192789}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ Sudan]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Sudan |volume= 26 |last= Cana |first= Frank Richardson |author-link= |pages = 9–19 ||short= 1}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094995 Sudan profile] from [[BBC News]] * [https://www.scribd.com/doc/127199474/CIMIC-activities-int-he-African-Union-Mission-in-Sudan%20 CIMIC activities in the African Union Mission in Sudan] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FAYxXu53m04 The conflict in South Sudan] – ''[[The Economist]]'' * [https://unamid.unmissions.org/ UNAMID {{!}} UNITED NATIONS – AFRICAN UNION HYBRID OPERATION IN DARFUR] {{Sudan topics|state=collapsed}} {{coord|15|N|032|E|region:SD_type:country|display=title}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Sudan]] <!--Keep at top (category corresponding to article), with a blank space, to keep this article at the top of the category.--> [[Category:1956 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Arabic-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Federal republics]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Arab League]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Military dictatorships]] [[Category:Saharan countries]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1956]] tddcwagefpz7yoiatlhuvhe8pt9f29o 3 47402 120371 120343 2026-08-29T12:49:14Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Archiving 120371 wikitext text/x-wiki <center><big>⚠️ Do you want articles translated? Go to [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/TranslateCentral|TranslateCentral]] and follow the formats given. ⚠️</big></center> {{Archives}} == RED LINKS ON MAIN PAGE == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] I think instead of creating random articles as we do, we should be following red links on main page. Readers and visitors are likely to click on links on main page article links to see what that article is, than searching for the articles we create randomly. Our home interface is having lots of red links. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 10:38, 27 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] Of course. I will create some articles on the home page which have red links soon. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:11, 27 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], as much as I want to do this, I do want to create some articles which are not linked on the Jani likulu, because it is drawing my ADHD brain away from editing the tumwiki and having less enjoyment here. Thanks. I will often create articles linked on Jani likulu anyway though. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:33, 28 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) b6m2mygprligl3lebchy5gd4fq0ma6s 10 47498 120367 120365 2026-08-29T12:23:20Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 120367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Australia |title = [[File:Flag of Australia.svg|25px]] Malo gha ku [[Australia]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |above = Msumba ukuru: '''[[Canberra]]''' | group1 = Misumba kukula |list1 = * [[Sydney]] * [[Melbourne]] * [[Brisbane]] * [[Perth]] * [[Adelaide]] * [[Canberra]] * [[Darwin (msumba)|Darwin]] }} sa6t2nr36vp8j3k7o7bwjejltg0sss0 0 48136 120385 119750 2026-08-30T03:14:23Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */ 120385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Part of the Second Jewish–Roman War}} {{good article}} {{about|chigaluka cha Ŵayuda ku Yudeya|kuwukira kwa Ŵayuda kwa nyengo yimoza mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Roma|Diaspora Revolt}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Nkhondo ya Kitos | partof = [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]] | image = Roman Empire - Iudaea (125 AD).svg | image_size = 260px | caption = Mapu gha Yudeya (ghaswesi), [[Chigaŵa cha Roma]] uko khumbo la Ŵayuda la kujiyimira pawokha likapangiska [[Nkhondo za Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]] | date = 117 CE <!-- Kasi Lukuas wakachimbilira ku Yudeya pawuli nadi, ndipo ichi ndicho chikambiska nkhondo iyi? --> | place = [[Yudeya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Yudeya]] | territory = ''Status quo ante bellum'' | result = Kutonda kwa Ŵaroma<ref>https://www.heritage-history.com/index.php?c=resources&s=war-dir&f=wars_romanjewish#kitos Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma yikachitika vyaka makumi ghanayi na vinkhondi pamanyuma pa kuwa kwa Yerusalemu pa nyengo ya kuwukira kwa Trajan ku Parthia. Yikambira mu gulu la Ŵayuda ku Cyrene. Ŵawukiri ŵakananga matempile ghanandi gha Ŵaroma, ndipo ŵakakoma Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma wuwo. Chiwukirano chikafalikira ku Alexandria na ku Cyprus, uko ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, Ŵayuda na ŵambura kuŵa Ŵayuda wuwo, ŵakakomeka. Ndipouli, viwukirano ivi vikaŵa vya magulu gha ŵanthu agho ghakaŵavya ndondomeko, m'malo mwa magulu gha nkhondo, ndipo ivyo vikachitika vikaŵa vivulupi m'malo mwa nkhondo zanadi. Bwanamkubwa wa Eguputo wakagwiliskira ntchito malegion ghake kuvikilira misumba iyo yindakhwaskike, kweni wakagomezganga Trajan kuti watume ŵasilikari ŵakukwana kuti ŵatondeske ŵawukiri. Paumaliro Trajan wakawunganya gulu la nkhondo kuti litondeske viwukirano ku Cyrene na Alexandria, ndipo pa nyengo yimoza wakayezgayezga kugega viwukirano vinyake pakati pa Ŵayuda mu vigaŵa vya Mesopotamiya ivyo wakaŵa wachita kuthereska mwakukoma Ŵayuda mu misumba yinyake yikuru ya chigaŵa ichi pambere ŵandawukire. Ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵakafwa pa viwukirano ivi, chomenechomene ku North Africa, ndipo malo ghanandi ghankhongono gha Ŵayuda agho ghakaŵa kuwaro kwa Yudeya ghakanangika.</ref> | combatant1 = [[Ufumu wa Roma]] | combatant2 = [[Ŵayuda]] | commander1 = {{plainlist| *[[Trajan]]{{Natural Causes}} *[[Lusius Quietus]]{{Assassinated}}<ref>Histoire des Juifs, Troisième période, I - Chapitre III - Soulèvement des Judéens sous Trajan et Adrien</ref> }} | commander2 = {{plainlist| *[[Lukuas]]{{executed}} *[[Lulianos na Paphos|Julianus]]{{executed}}<ref name=malamat>{{cite book|last=Malamat|first=Abraham|title=A History of the Jewish people|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/330|url-access=registration|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass|year=1976|page=330|isbn=978-0-674-39731-6}}</ref><br/>[[Lulianos na Paphos|Pappus]]{{executed}}<ref name=malamat/> *[[Gamliel II]]{{Natural Causes}} }} | casualties1 = Ŵakufwa ŵa Ŵaroma na Ŵagiriki: 200,000 ku Cyrene, 240,000 ku Cyprus (mwakuyana na [[Cassius Dio]]). Chiŵelengero chambura kumanyikwa cha ŵakufwa ku Eguputo, Mesopotamiya, Yudeya, na Siriya. | casualties2 = Kunangika na kusamuskika kwa magulu gha Ŵayuda ku North Africa, Cyrenaica, Cyprus, na Eguputo }} '''Nkhondo ya Kitos''' yikachitika mu chaka cha 117, nga ni chigaŵa cha [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]]. Malemba ghakale gha Chiyuda ghakuyidatisha ku vyaka 52 kufuma pa [[Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]] (66–73) na vyaka 16 pambere [[Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba]] chindambe (132–136). Nga umo vikaŵira pa nkhondo zinyake za [[Nkhondo za Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]], Nkhondo ya Kitos yikapangiskika na kusakhutira kwa [[Ŵayuda]] ku [[Ufumu wa Roma]]. Maghanoghano agha, agho panji ghakakura chomene pamanyuma pa [[Kuzingilizgika kwa Yerusalemu (70 CE)|kunangika kwa Tempile Lachiŵiri na Ŵaroma]] mu chaka cha 70, ghakapangiska viwukirano vinyake vikuruvikuru vya Ŵayuda mu [[Yudeya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Yudeya]] na mu [[Near East]] yose, kusazgapo [[Eguputo wa Roma|Eguputo]], [[Libya wa Roma|Libya]], [[Cyprus wa Roma|Cyprus]], na [[Mesopotamiya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Mesopotamiya]]. Pamanyuma pakuti chiwukirano cha Ŵayuda ku Mesopotamiya chikatondeska, fumu ya Roma [[Trajan]] yikimika mulara wake wa nkhondo [[Lusius Quietus]] (uyo wakamanyikwangaso kuti Kitos) kuŵa consul na bwanamkubwa wa Yudeya. Malemba gha m'masinda gha [[Chiyankhulo cha Syriac|Chisiriya]] ghakulongora kuti ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ŵakufuma ku Eguputo na [[Libya]] ŵakasamukira ku Yudeya, kweni ŵakatondeka kwenekura na [[ŵankhondo ŵa Roma]]. Ndipouli, kugomezgeka kwa malemba agha kukukayikika, ndipo ŵasambizgi ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakuchita chenjerero chifukwa palije ukaboni wakukhozgera uwu kufuma ku ŵalembi ŵa Chigiriki na Chiaroma [[Cassius Dio]] na [[Eusebius]], awo ŵakaŵa magwero ghakuru gha vyakuchitika vya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma. Ŵayuda ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Roma awo ŵakazingilizga [[Lod|Lida]], uko ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ŵakawungana pasi pa ulongozgi wa ŵabali [[Lulianos na Paphos|Julian na Pappus]]. Ŵanthu aŵa awo ŵakuchemeka kuti "ŵakukomeka ŵa ku Lida" kanandi ŵakuzunulika mu mazgu gha ulemu ukuru mu [[Talmud]].<ref name="ReferenceA2">Pes. 50a; B. B. 10b; Eccl. R. ix. 10</ref><ref name="Ta'anit 18b; Yer. Ta'anit 66b2">Ta'anit 18b; Yer. Ta'anit 66b</ref> Nangauli Ŵaroma ŵakatondeska viwukirano vinandi vya Ŵayuda, vinthu mu Yudeya vikakhalira vyakukhwaskana, ndipo ichi chikapangiska mulondezgi wa Trajan, [[Hadrian]], kusamuska kwamuyirayira [[Legio VI Ferrata|Legio VI ''Ferrata'']] ku [[Kaisareya Maritima]]. Malo agha ghakafika pachanya pa suzgo apo [[Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba]] chikamba mwasonosono pamanyuma pake, chikamba na kukhazikiskika kwa boma lakujiyimira pawokha la Ŵayuda na ŵawukiri ndipo chikamara na kukomeka na kusamuskika kwa Ŵayuda mu Yudeya mose, kweniso panji kunangika panji kunangikira chomene kwa [[legion ya Roma|malegion ghatatu gha Roma]]. ==Zina== {{langx|he|פולמוס קיטוס|Polemos Ḳiṭus}} ni zina lakubudika (panji kwizira mu [[Chiaramu cha Ŵapalestina Ŵachiyuda]]) kufuma ku {{langx|grc-x-koine|Πόλεμος του Κυήτου|Pólemos tou Kuḗtou|Nkhondo ya Quietus}}, kufuma ku zina la bwanamkubwa wa Roma wa [[Yudeya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Yudeya]], [[Lusius Quietus]], uyo wakatondeska chiwukirano ichi. Mazina ghakuti "Nkhondo ya Kitos", "Chiwukirano cha Diaspora", na "Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma" kanandi ghakugwiliskirika ntchito mwakupambana yayi, kweni mazina ghaŵiri ghakwamba ghakupulikikwa makora nga ni vigawo vya nkhondo yikuru iyi. ==Mbiri yakwamba== === Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵayuda (66–73 CE) === {{main|Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma}} Kusuzgana pakati pa [[Kususka Chiyuda#Ufumu wa Roma pambere Chikhristu chindize|Ŵayuda ŵa mu Ufumu wa Roma na ŵanthu Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma]] kukakura mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 CE, ndipo pachokopachoko kukafika pa vyakuchitika vyankhaza vinandi, chomenechomene mu [[Yudeya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Yudeya]], uko nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Yudeya ŵakawukiranga mwankhaza [[Ufumu wa Roma]]. Vyakuchitika vinyake vikachitikaso mu vigaŵa vinyake vya ufumu, nga ni [[Vivulupi vya ku Alexandria (38 CE)|kukoma Ŵayuda ku Alexandria]], uko kukalondezganga [[Mbiri ya Ŵayuda ku Alexandria|gulu likuru la Ŵayuda la ku Alexandria]] mu chigaŵa cha Eguputo. Ndipouli, kupatulako Alexandria, Ŵayuda ŵa mu diaspora ŵakakhalanga makora mu Ufumu wa Roma mose ndipo ŵakagomezganga boma la Roma kuti lisungilire wanangwa wawo.<ref name="Goodman20082">{{cite book |author=Martin Goodman |author-link=Martin Goodman (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNQPAEErNy8C |title=Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations |publisher=Vintage Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-375-72613-2 |page=418}}</ref> Kukura kwa kusuzgana uku kukafika pachanya ndipo kukaphulika kuŵa [[Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]], iyo yikamba mu chaka cha 66. Nkhondo zakwamba zikachitika chifukwa cha kusuzgana kwa chisopa pakati pa Ŵagiriki na Ŵayuda, kweni pamanyuma zikakura kuŵa [[Kukana kulipira msonkho|viphikiro vyakususka msonkho]] na kuwukira ŵanthu ŵa Roma.<ref>Josephus, ''War of the Jews'' II.8.11, II.13.7, II.14.4, II.14.5</ref> Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Roma mu Yudeya likathereskeka mwaluŵiro na ŵawukiri, ndipo fumu yakukolerana na Ŵaroma [[Herod Agrippa II]] wakachimbira ku [[Yerusalemu]], pamoza na ŵalara ŵa Roma, kuluta ku [[Galileya]]. [[Cestius Gallus]], [[Legatus|legate]] wa [[Siriya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Siriya]], wakiza na gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Siriya, ilo likaŵa ku [[Legio XII Fulminata|XII Fulminata]], lakovwirika na ŵasilikari ŵanyake, kuti wawuskepo mtende na kutondeska chiwukirano. Ndipouli, legion iyi yikategheka na ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ndipo yikatondeka pa [[Nkhondo ya Beth Horon (66)|Nkhondo ya Beth Horon]], icho chikaziziswa chomene ŵalongozgi ŵa Roma. Pamanyuma pake, kutondeska chiwukirano ichi kukapelekeka kwa General [[Vespasian]] na mwana wake [[Titus]], awo ŵakawunganya malegion ghanayi ndipo ŵakamba kuluta mu charu chose, kwambira ku Galileya mu chaka cha 67. Chiwukirano chikamara apo [[legion ya Roma|malegion]] agho ghakalongozgekanga na Titus [[Kuzingilizgika kwa Yerusalemu (70 CE)|ghakazingilizga na kunanga]] malo ghakuru gha ŵawukiri ku Yerusalemu mu chaka cha 70, ndipo pamanyuma ghakatondeska malo ghanyake ghose gha Ŵayuda agho ghakaŵa ghachali kukana. == Kusuzgika mu Yudeya == Pamanyuma pakutondeska kukana kwa ŵawukiri ku Mesopotamiya, Quietus wakapika ntchindi ya consulship ndipo Trajan wakamupa ubwanamkubwa wa [[Yudeya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Yudeya]].<ref>Cassius Dio, ''Roman History'', 68.32.5; Eusebius, ''Ecclesiastical History'', 4.2.5</ref>{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}} Vyakuchitika vya pa nyengo iyi vikupulikikwa makora yayi,{{Efn|Cassius Dio na Eusebius, awo mba magwero ghakuru pa viwukirano vya diaspora vya nyengo iyi, ŵakuzunura yayi vyakuchitika mu Yudeya pa nyengo iyo.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}}}} kweni mwakuyana na ŵasambizgi nga ni Pucci Ben Zeev, vikuwoneka kuti pakaŵa funde la kusuzgika kwa Ŵayuda ilo Lucius Quietus wakatondeska.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}} Cassius Dio na Eusebius, awo mba magwero ghakuru pa viwukirano vya diaspora vya nyengo iyi, ŵakuzunura yayi vyakuchitika mu Yudeya pa nyengo iyo.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}} Ndipouli, nkhani zakudumuka na zakumanyuma zikupereka kumanya kunyake. Chimoza mwa viboni ivi ni cholembedwa chakufuma ku [[Sardinia]], icho chikulemba {{lang|la|expeditio Judaeae}} pakati pa nkhondo izo Trajan wakachita.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=101}} Kusazgapo apo, magwero ghaŵiri gha m'masinda gha [[Chiyankhulo cha Syriac|Chisiriya]] ghakulongora kuti ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ŵakufuma ku Eguputo na Libya ŵakasamukira ku Yudeya, uko ŵakatondeka na Ŵaroma.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}} Nkhondo izi panji zikapangiskika na milimo ya kusopa ya Ŵaroma mu Yerusalemu. Mwakuyana na [[Hippolytus wa ku Roma|Hippolytus]], legion ilo likiza na Trajan likakhazikiska chikozgo icho chikamanyikwanga kuti Kore pa [[Phiri la Tempile]], mulimo uwo Ŵayuda ŵakawuwonanga nga nkhufipiska malo ghawo ghatuŵa chomene. Ukaboni wa malemba ghakuseŵeka pa malibwe ukulongora kuti pakaŵaso chakuchitika chakuyana waka: cholembedwa chimoza chikulongora kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ''[[Legio III Cyrenaica]]'' ŵakapeleka jotchero panji chikozgo kwa chiuta wa Chigiriki na Chieguputo [[Serapis]] mu Yerusalemu mu chaka chaumaliro cha ulamuliro wa Trajan (116 CE).{{Sfn|Ben Zeev|2018|p=90}} Magwero gha Arabbi ghakulongosora nkhani ya [[Lulianos na Paphos|Julian na Pappus]], iyo panji yikachitika mu nyengo iyi ya kusuzgika mu Yudeya.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}} Panji Quietus wakazingilizga [[Lod|Lida]], uko ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ŵakawungana pasi pa ulongozgi wa Julian na Pappus. Suzgo likakura chomene mwakuti patriarch Rabban [[Gamaliel II]], uyo wakaŵa wakajara mwenemumo ndipo wakafwa pati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, wakazomerezga kuzizipizga nanga ni pa [[Hanukkah|Ḥanukkah]]. Arabbi ŵanyake ŵakasuska fundo iyi.<ref>Ta'anit ii. 10; Yer. Ta'anit ii. 66a; Yer. Meg. i. 70d; R. H. 18b</ref> Pamanyuma pake Lida likapoka, ndipo Ŵayuda ŵanandi awo ŵakawukira ŵakakomeka; "ŵakukomeka ŵa ku Lida" kanandi ŵakuzunulika mu mazgu gha ulemu ukuru mu [[Talmud]].<ref name="ReferenceA2" /> Pappus na Julian ŵakaŵa pakati pa awo Ŵaroma ŵakakoma chaka icho, ndipo ŵakazgoka ŵakufwira chipulikano pakati pa Ŵayuda.<ref name="Ta'anit 18b; Yer. Ta'anit 66b2" /> Lusius Quietus, uyo Trajan wakamuwonanga mwantchindi yikuru ndipo wakateŵetera Roma makora, wakafumiskika mwakachetechete pa udindo wake apo [[Hadrian]] wakaŵa kuti wakhozga mazaza gha ufumu. Wakakomeka mu nyengo zambura kumanyikwa mu chilimwe cha 118, panji chifukwa cha dango la Hadrian. Hadrian wakapanga visankho vyambura kukondwereska, kusazgapo kumazga nkhondo, kuleka vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi ivyo Trajan wakathereska, na kukhozga mphaka za kumafumiro gha dazi. Nangauli wakaleka chigaŵa cha Mesopotamiya, wakimikaso [[Parthamaspates wa Parthia|Parthamaspates]]—uyo wakachimbizgika ku [[Ctesiphon]] na [[Osroes I|Osroes]] uyo wakawelera—kuŵa fumu ya [[Osroene]] iyo yikawuskikaso. Kwa vyaka pafupifupi 100, Osroene yikakhalilira kujiyimira payokha mwakukayikiska nga ni [[buffer state|boma lakupatura]] pakati pa maufumu ghaŵiri agha. Vinthu mu Yudeya vikakhalira vyakusuzga kwa Ŵaroma, awo ŵakeneranga pasi pa Hadrian kusamuska [[Legio VI Ferrata|Legio VI ''Ferrata'']] kwamuyirayira ku [[Kaisareya Maritima]] mu Yudeya. Ŵasambizgi ŵanyake ŵakukana kuti pakaŵapo nkhondo yiliyose mu Yudeya pa nyengo ya Chiwukirano cha Diaspora. Ŵakulemba mdauko [[Eric M. Meyers]] na Mark A. Chancey, mwachiyelezgero, ŵakulemba kuti "chiwukirano ichi chikawoneka kuti chikafika yayi ku Yudeya, uko kwiza kwa legion yachiŵiri kuti yikhozge Legion Yachikhumi kukapangiska chivikiliro chakukwanira ku viwukirano vinyake."{{sfn|Meyers|Chancey|2012|p=166}} Mwakuyana waka, Fergus Millar wakuti "palije ukaboni wakukhozgeka wa chiwukirano cha Ŵayuda mu Yudeya" pa nyengo yimoza na Chiwukirano cha Diaspora.{{sfn|Millar|1995|p=103}} ==Pamanyuma pa nkhondo== === Kusintha kwa udindo wa chigaŵa na kuŵapo kwa ŵasilikari ŵanandi === Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Kitos, Yudeya yikasinthika pa nkhani za boma na vya ŵasilikari. Chigaŵa ichi chikakweskeka kufuma pa udindo wa [[Praetorian prefect|praetorian]] kuya ku udindo wa consul, ndipo ichi chikazomerezga kuŵapo kwa ŵasilikari ŵanandi. Nga ni chigaŵa cha kusintha uku, legion yachiŵiri, panji [[Legio II Traiana Fortis|Legio II Traiana]], yikakhazikiskika mu chigaŵa ichi pafupifupi {{Circa|120 CE}}.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=101}} Pamanyuma pa Quietus, ŵabwanamkubwa ŵakulondezgapo ŵa chigaŵa ichi nawo ŵakaŵa na udindo wa consul. Pakati pawo pakaŵa [[Lucius Cossonius Gallus]], uyo wakimikika kuŵa consul mu 116 ndipo wakalamulira Yudeya pakati pa 118 na 120, kweniso [[Quintus Coredius Gallus Gargilius Antiquus]], [[Consul suffectus|''consul suffectus'']] mu 119, uyo wakaŵa bwanamkubwa pakati pa 122 na 125.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=101}} === Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba === {{Main article|Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba}} Vyakuchitika vinyake vikachitika mu Yudeya mu 130 CE, apo [[Hadrian]] wakaluta ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean ndipo wakadumura kuzengaso msumba wakunangika wa Yerusalemu kuŵa [[Colonia (Roman)|koloni la Roma]] la [[Aelia Capitolina]], ilo likathya zina lake.{{sfn|Magness|2024|pp=294–296}} Chisankho ichi, pamoza na dango panji lakukanizga [[Brit milah|kukotora]], chikapangiska kuti [[Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba]] chiyambe,{{sfn|Eshel|2006|p=106}} icho chikaŵa chiwukirano chachikulu chaumaliro cha Ŵayuda ndiposo kuyezga kwakumazgira kwa kujitolela wanangwa wa mtundu wawo.{{sfn|Eshel|2006|p=127}}{{sfn|Isaac|1990|p=55}} Pakwamba ŵawukiri ŵakathereska Ŵaroma, ŵakakhazikiska kwa nyengo yichoko waka boma lakujiyimira pawokha ndipo ŵakasuzga chomene nkhongono za ŵasilikari ŵa Roma. Pakuzgora, Roma yikawunganya gulu likuru chomene la ŵasilikari ndipo yikamalizga chiwukirano ichi na kuwukira kwakuluska vyose pa Ŵayuda ŵa ku Yudeya,{{sfn|Taylor|2012|p=243}}<ref name="raviv2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Raviv |first1=Dvir |last2=Ben David |first2=Chaim |date=2021-05-27 |title=Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account? |journal=Journal of Roman Archaeology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=585–607 |doi=10.1017/S1047759421000271 |issn=1047-7594 |s2cid=236389017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kuŵazgora ŵazga na kuŵasamuskira ku malo ghanyake mwavinandi,{{sfn|Mor|2016|pp=471, 483–484}} kunanga mizi ya ku Yudeya,{{sfn|Zissu|2018|pp=28–29, 37}} na kukanizga mitheto ya Chiyuda, ivyo vikakhalilira m'paka apo Hadrian wakafwira mu 138.{{sfn|Eshel|2006|p=126}} Yudeya yikasinthika zina kuŵa [[Siriya Palaestina]].{{sfn|Eshel|2006|pp=126–127}} == Vyakukumbuska == {{notelist}} == Ukaboni == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> <references responsive="1"></references> == Mabuku == *{{Cite book |last=Barclay |first=John M.G. |url= |title=Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora: From Alexander to Trajan (323 BCE–117 CE) |publisher=[[T&T Clark]] |year=1998 |orig-date= |isbn=978-0567-08651-8 |edition= |series= |volume= |location=Edinburgh}} *{{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Julian |url= |title=Trajan Optimus Princeps: A Life and Times |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2005 |orig-date=1997 |isbn=0-203-36056-7 |edition=e-Library |series= |volume= |location=London and New York}} *{{cite journal |last=Ben Zeev |first=Miriam |year=2018 |title=New Insights into Roman Policy in Judea on the Eve of the Bar Kokhba Revolt |journal=Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period |publisher=Brill |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=84–107 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26551240 |doi=10.1163/15700631-12481193 |jstor=26551240}} *{{Cite book |last=Eshel |first=Hanan |url= |title=The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |volume=4th |location= |pages= |chapter=The Bar Kochba Revolt, 132–135}} *{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Martin |year=2004 |title=Trajan and the Origins of Roman Hostility to the Jews |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600803 |journal=[[Past & Present (journal)|Past & Present]] |volume= |issue=182 |pages=3–29 |doi= 10.1093/past/182.1.3|jstor=3600803 |url-access=subscription }} *{{Cite book |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110787764/html |title=The Early Roman Period (30 BCE–117 CE) |publisher=[[De Gruyter Oldenbourg]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-3-110-78599-9 |editor-last=Hacham |editor-first=Noah |series=Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum |volume=5 |location= |chapter= |pages= |doi=10.1515/9783110787764 |editor-last2=Ilan |editor-first2=Tal}} *{{Cite book |last=Horbury |first=William |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/jewish-war-under-trajan-and-hadrian/jewish-war-under-trajan-and-hadrian/039283010F789E29AA6B95AA212BC9FA |title=Jewish War under Trajan and Hadrian |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-139-04905-4 |series= |volume= |location= |pages= |chapter=}} *{{Cite book |last=Horbury |first=William |url= |title=Israel in Egypt: The Land of Egypt as Concept and Reality for Jews in Antiquity and the Early Medieval Period |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-90-04-43539-1 |editor-last=Salvesen |editor-first=Alison |series=Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity |volume=110 |location=Leiden & Boston |chapter=Jewish Egypt in the Light of the Risings under Trajan |pages=347–366 |editor-last2=Pearce |editor-first2=Sarah |editor-last3=Frenkel |editor-first3=Miriam}} *{{Cite book |last=Isaac |first=Benjamin |url=https://archive.org/details/limitsofempirero0000isaa|title=The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-198-14952-1 |series= |volume= |location= |pages= |chapter=}} *{{Cite book |last=Kerkeslager |first=Allen |url= |title=The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |volume=4 |location= |chapter=The Jews in Egypt and Cyrenaica, 66–c. 235 CE |pages=}} *{{Cite book |last=Magness |first=Jodi |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/jerusalem-through-the-ages-9780190937805 |title=Jerusalem Through The Ages: From Its Beginnings To The Crusades |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2024 |isbn=978-0-19-093780-5 |series= |volume= |location=New York, NY |pages= |chapter=}} *{{Cite book |last1=Meyers |first1=Eric M. |author-link1=Eric M. Meyers |title=Alexander to Constantine: Archaeology of the Land of the Bible, Volume III |last2=Chancey |first2=Mark A. |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-300-14179-5 |series=The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library}} *{{Cite book |last=Millar |first=Fergus |author-link=Fergus Millar |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674778863 |title=The Roman Near East: 31 BC–AD 337 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-674-77886-3 |series= |volume= |location= |pages= |chapter=}} *{{cite book|last=Mor|first=Menahem|title=The Second Jewish Revolt: The Bar Kokhba War, 132–136 CE |year=2016|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-31463-4}} *{{Cite book |last=Pucci Ben Zeev |first=Miriam |url= |title=The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |volume=4 |location=Cambridge |chapter=The Uprisings in the Jewish Diaspora, 116–117|pages=93–104 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521772488.005}} *{{Cite book |last=Smallwood |first=E. Mary |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004502048_023 |title=The Jews under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diocletian |publisher=SBL Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-90-04-50204-8 |series= |volume= |location= |pages=389–427 |chapter=The Jewish Revolt of AD 115–117 |doi=10.1163/9789004502048_023}} *{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=J. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWIMFY4VnI4C&pg=PA243 |title=The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199554485}} *{{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=Susan |year=2002 |title=Hadrian and the Renewal of Cyrene |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/libyan-studies/article/abs/hadrian-and-the-renewal-of-cyrene/79FD713919C7F0CAA562DB2C4DC00F12 |journal=[[Libyan Studies]] |volume=33 |issue= |pages=45–56 |doi=10.1017/S0263718900005112|language=|publisher=Society for Libyan Studies|url-access=subscription }} *{{Cite book | last=Zissu | first=Boaz | editor-first=Joshua J. | editor-last=Schwartz | editor2-first=Peter J. | editor2-last=Tomson | title=Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE | series=Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum | volume=15 | chapter=Interbellum Judea 70–132 ce: An Archaeological Perspective | chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004352971_003 | year=2018 | pages=19–49 | isbn=978-90-04-35297-1 | publisher=Brill | doi=10.1163/9789004352971_011 }} == Vyakukolerana vya kuwaro == *[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=237&letter=B <small>BAR KOKBA AND BAR KOKBA WAR</small>]" nkhani yakufuma ku [https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180823/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp Jewish Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180823/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp|date=2011-06-28}} (public domain) *[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=948&letter=C&search=egypt%20roman <small>Cyprus: In Roman Times</small>]" nkhani yakufuma ku [https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180823/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp Jewish Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180823/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp|date=2011-06-28}} (public domain) *[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=948&letter=C&search=egypt%20roman <small>Cyrene</small>]" nkhani yakufuma ku [https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180823/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp Jewish Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180823/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp|date=2011-06-28}} (public domain) *[https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/roman-jewish-wars/roman-jewish-wars-7/ Chiwukirano kulimbana na Trajan], pa livius.org *[https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.ix.ii.html Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers], [[Eusebius]], ''[[Mbiri ya Mpingo (Eusebius)|Ecclesiastical History]]'', 4.2. {{Authority control}} [[Category:Nkhondo za m'ma 110s]] [[Category:M'ma 110s mu Ufumu wa Roma]] [[Category:115]] [[Category:116]] [[Category:117]] [[Category:Chiyuda mu vyaka vya m'ma 100]] [[Category:Viwukirano vya vyaka vya m'ma 100]] [[Category:Nkhondo za Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]] [[Category:Nkhondo zakwendera chisopa]] snzwfaceg0lcp5v9bpc6cchvx7xdsjo 0 48422 120384 118542 2026-08-30T03:12:00Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 120384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mphepete mwa '''Central Coast''' ni msumba uwo uli pa nyanja ya Pacific kumpoto kwa New South Wales, [[Australia]], kumpoto kwa [[Sydney]]. Malo agha ni malo ghatatu pa misumba yikuruyikuru mu New South Wales ndipo ni malo gha nambara 9 pa misumba yikuruyikuru mu charu ichi. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti Central Coast yikusazgapo chigaŵa icho chili ku mphaka na Mlonga wa Hawkesbury kumwera, mapiri gha Watagan kumanjiliro gha dazi na Nyanja ya Macquarie, iyo yili pa chigaŵa cha [[Sydney]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Coast |url=http://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/central-coast |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021050707/http://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/central-coast |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=11 October 2013 |publisher=VisitNSW.com}}</ref> Chigaŵa ichi chikuzura na mapaki gha charu cha subtropical, nkhalango ndiposo chikukhwaska nthowa zikuru za maji za mumphepete mwa nyanja za Brisbane Water, Nyanja za Tuggerah na Nyanja ya Macquarie ya kumwera. Malo ghakutali gha chigaŵa ichi ghali na vidika vyakunozga, malo ghakulimapo gha ku mizi na malo ghakupangira vinyo, ndiposo ghakusazgapo mapiri gha Watagan. == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} {{Australia}} [[Category:Australia]] j691k4bytlfo2uhiy9x4u7srphyydgn 0 48891 120374 120327 2026-08-29T13:00:08Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 120374 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Melbourne_skyline_sor.jpg|right|384x384px]] '''Melbourne''' ni msumba ukulu wa boma mu state ya [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]. {{Australia}} [[Category:Australia]] ejtlnzago249r52apiqxpmthim4fbfy 0 48892 120373 120328 2026-08-29T12:59:58Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 120373 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Perth_CBD_skyline_from_State_War_Memorial_Lookout,_2023,_04_b.jpg|right|384x384px]] '''Perth''' ni msumba ukulu wa boma mu state ya [[Western Australia]], [[Australia]]. {{Australia}} [[Category:Australia]] hfau2ys8xbdl9ndhqj389kqrwghyfqx 0 48893 120372 120347 2026-08-29T12:59:49Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 120372 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:DarwinOct172024_02.jpg|right|384x384px]] '''Darwin''' ni msumba ukulu wa boma mu state ya [[Northern Territory]], [[Australia]]. {{Australia}} [[Category:Australia]] skz6l7e8x5r0ap4trvhtn4lnuayvjhj 3 48898 120369 2026-08-29T12:41:19Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "== TumbukaArchBot == @[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] Hello, I saw you are encoding a bot called TumbukaArchBot. I am intrigued by this. I understand bots take a lot of work, but I wanted to make my own bot which expands the very short articles on this wiki by adding and translating information from Wikidata and other Wikipedias (for example the English and Swahili editions). I don't know where to start, so I hope you have some knowledge? Yewo chomene!! '''''User:..." 120369 wikitext text/x-wiki == TumbukaArchBot == @[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] Hello, I saw you are encoding a bot called TumbukaArchBot. I am intrigued by this. I understand bots take a lot of work, but I wanted to make my own bot which expands the very short articles on this wiki by adding and translating information from Wikidata and other Wikipedias (for example the English and Swahili editions). I don't know where to start, so I hope you have some knowledge? Yewo chomene!! '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:45, 13 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], thanks for reminding me. The bot is already available and currently in test. I can post instructions via email if it is okay with you. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 11:14, 16 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) ::Yes please! Amazing to see its up and running. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 11:58, 16 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) == Growth/Newsletters/36 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|180px|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''Updates from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth]] team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === Recent releases === ====Account creation experiments==== Several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|experiments to increase successful account creation]] have delivered significant results. * An updated message shown to logged-out mobile users who try to edit produced a 27% relative increase in account creation and is being scaled to all wikis. ([[phab:T424595|T424595]]) * A new account menu button in the mobile web header, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Experiment Results: Mobile Web Account Menu|A/B tested across five Wikipedias with nearly 8 million participants]], made logged-out mobile users 25% more likely to create an account, with no significant difference in constructive editing behavior. ([[phab:T428220|T428220]]) *A simpler post-edit dialog for temporary account holders increased permanent account creation by 87% (relative), converting more temp editors into registered ones. ([[phab:T416418|T416418]])[[File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|thumb|The redesigned account creation form increases registration by a relative 24.4%]] *We also redesigned the account creation form itself ([[phab:T409236|T409236]]): adding real-time username validation, a concise summary of the username policy, a "reveal password" option, and a simplified design aligned with [[wmdoc:codex/latest|Codex]] guidelines. In an A/B test on English Wikipedia mobile, users who saw the redesigned form created permanent accounts at a rate of 20.4%, compared to 16.4% for the control group (a 24.4% relative increase). ====Revise Tone structured task==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages that may contain non-encyclopedic language and guides them through revising the tone. In A/B testing on Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, newcomer task completion rates were [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone#Experiment Results|38.7% higher]] than the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The test ended July 9, and the feature is now available to everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration. [[phab:T426364|We plan]] to release Revise Tone to more wikis. ====Automated mentor list cleanup==== Communities can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatically mark inactive mentors as ''away'' or remove them from mentorship entirely]] (which automatically reassigns their mentees). Inactivity is based on edits, and talk page responses count, so mentors answering mentee questions remain active. We recommend enabling both options together; administrators can enable them via [[Special:CommunityConfiguration]] and review the mentor list at [[Special:ManageMentors]]. ====Growth features for Wikidata==== Growth features are [[phab:T400937|now available at Wikidata]], including a simplified Newcomer Homepage, Mentorship, the Impact module, Community Updates and the Help Panel. === Work in progress === [[File:Home designs labeled.png|thumb|Early concepts for evolving the Newcomer Homepage into a personalized 'Home' that grows with contributors.]] ====Home==== The Growth and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]] teams are developing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Home|Home]] ([[phabricator:T419358|T419358]]): a unified, personalized landing page intended to replace the Newcomer Homepage. Rather than remaining a newcomer-only feature, Home will evolve with users as they gain experience, surfacing Suggested Edits, edits to review, and moderation workflows at the right moment. === Research === The [https://research.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia Research team], in partnership with the Growth Team, published findings from two projects on how new editors learn and integrate into the community: * [[m:Research:Understanding_newcomer_mentorship_on_Wikipedia|Understanding newcomer mentorship on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Research:Successful_Newcomers_Survey_2025#Results|Successful Newcomers Survey]] ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 13:17, 18 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=30870183 --> == Thank you so much == Hello @[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], yewo chomene for making me an administrator! I will help out this wiki a lot! I hope you are having a good day. Yewo chomene! PS I also made [[Depop]] a good article, since it has so much information. Please remove the badge if you disagree. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 04:53, 23 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Hi, I thought I had replied to this, the page is amazing and it deserves a good article badge. Yewo chome. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:03, 28 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) == Potential Retiring == @[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] Hi, I'm here to let you know I am possibly retiring from the Tumbuka Wikipedia and Wikimedia as a whole in the next few days. I admit I abused multiple accounts across multiple crosswikis. I was trying to be helpful by adding content in more languages for more people to read, but of course I understand why you shouldn't do that, and now this account is blocked on the English wiki. I am deeply sorry, and I regret it a lot and wish I could go back in time before I created those accounts. It has been a great time, and I will continue reading this Wikipedia without any accounts used to edit. Yewo chomene, and good bye. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 08:02, 29 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] 😭😭 So I am alone again. I am heart broken, and not because of "accounts" issue but how helpful you were here. We were getting to know each other bit by bit, even though we never sent each other any emails or any sort of (personal) contact. I finally thought this wiki at least has two established standing users. :Your edits on this wiki were so helpful and precious. :I have checked the enwiki page. :I am begging you if possible, to keep using this account of yours here on this wiki as you are only blocked on enwiki. Alternatively, you can completely start afresh with a new account, but if you happen to create another one, remember to disclose/or tag it on your main account. :I also have 3 accounts on Wikipedia which were created when I was a new comer and I disclosed them soon after creating them. See; [[User:Main focus talk]], you can read what I wrote there and see links to other accounts. The reason I didn't tag or mention them on my main account of Tumbuka Arch is that I am trying hard to forget them, and never ever use them again. :Please find some way to keep helping us here. Yewo chomene and sorry to hear about the incident. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 11:15, 29 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) 4oixwu8xpl8exce6489344cd6d740w5 3 48899 120370 2026-08-29T12:49:04Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Talkarchive}} == Translation request 21 August 2026 == Hello viyowoyero-vya-Malawi, Can you please translate the page [[:en:Confine]] and [[:en:Poggio Chiesanuova]] into tumbuka? I look forward to the translation. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-45617-66|&#126;2026-45617-66]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-45617-66|pakuchezgela]]) 01:50, 21 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:~2026-45617-66|~2026-45617-66]], I will do the translations later. Yewo chomene. '''''User:Viyow..." 120370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talkarchive}} == Translation request 21 August 2026 == Hello viyowoyero-vya-Malawi, Can you please translate the page [[:en:Confine]] and [[:en:Poggio Chiesanuova]] into tumbuka? I look forward to the translation. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-45617-66|&#126;2026-45617-66]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-45617-66|pakuchezgela]]) 01:50, 21 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:~2026-45617-66|~2026-45617-66]], I will do the translations later. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 02:13, 21 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[Special:CreateAccount|Special:CreateAccount]] page has been simplified as part of ongoing work to modernize the account creation experience. The panel showing project statistics no longer appears next to the form on desktop and mobile web. Multiple account creation experiments show that a simpler form helps newcomers complete registration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433783] * In order to improve page performance, images now load when they are viewed. This means images lower down an article will not load if a reader never scrolls to that part of the page, which may affect some image-related metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148047] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where image thumbnails in Abstract Wikipedia could fail to display after the corresponding file was moved on Wikimedia Commons, has now been fixed. Thumbnails will now update correctly when files are moved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433448] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * User Info card is a feature that helps patrollers see information about user accounts. So far, it has been available only in places such as page history, logs and recent changes. Now, it's possible to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CheckUser#User_Info_card_in_page_content|place it in the page content]] as well, using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{#uic:}}</nowiki></code></bdi> parser function. It can be particularly useful in templates like [[:en:Template:Userlinks|<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{Userlinks}}</nowiki></code></bdi>]] (or their specialized variants), as it will make it easier to see the context about a user on various noticeboard pages. The card will be displayed only to users who have it enabled in their [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpcheckuser-userinfocard-enable|preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424466] * Due to user security and privacy risks, we have disabled access to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MyPage</nowiki></code></bdi> URLs when specifically using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. If you are impacted by this, consider whether you can use an alternative approach. <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MyPage</nowiki></code></bdi> URLs can still be accessed and used without <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. Specified user page URLs (e.g. <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>User:Myusername</nowiki></code></bdi>) can still be used with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120386] * Due to an update, the thumbnailing software has been improved. This includes upgrading <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>librsvg</nowiki></code></bdi> to 2.60 and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ImageMagick</nowiki></code></bdi> to 7, as well as resolving a number of long-standing thumbnailing bugs like rendering errors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419815#12222841] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:46, 24 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30961208 --> == HOME PAGE == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Hi, how is the main page? Better, good, best or not good? I also saw your fix on main page about ''ChiTumbuka ''from '''''Chitumbuka''''', great! And good work! Can you give feedback on new home page interface. Yewo chomene. Pawemi (Best regards/All the best)- [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 19:19, 26 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :I also added hover effects if you hover on some articles on main page [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 19:20, 26 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) ::Looks a lot better, wow! And yeah, I believe ''ChiTumbuka ''with a capital is better than ''Chitumbuka''. Yewo chomene! '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 01:23, 27 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) == Are you ljxa? == Please leave people alone, you're basically stalking cheesewhisk3rs and your excessive messages to my talk page are kinda creepy. Can you leave me alone? [[User:Jq|Jq]] ([[User talk:Jq|pakuchezgela]]) 19:25, 26 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :I'm sorry @[[User:Jq|Jq]], I don't understand what you are saying. Your talk page isn't yet created yet either. If you have a translation request, please leave it [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Mala%C5%B5i/TranslateCentral|here]]. Yewo chomene! '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 01:24, 27 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) == regarding next Wikimedia Malawi meet up == hi VvM, by any chance do you know when the next wikimedia Meet up is? Thank you [[User:Chanda Vavilaya|Chanda Vavilaya]] ([[User talk:Chanda Vavilaya|pakuchezgela]]) 06:04, 27 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Chanda Vavilaya|Chanda Vavilaya]] That I do not know. Possibly the better person to ask is Tumbuka Arch, as he is the founder of [[m:Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi|Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi]]. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 06:08, 27 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) ::okay, Whenever it happens i"ll see you there [[User:Chanda Vavilaya|Chanda Vavilaya]] ([[User talk:Chanda Vavilaya|pakuchezgela]]) 06:18, 27 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Chanda Vavilaya|Chanda Vavilaya]] to get notified of any incoming wiki meetups, you need to add your name there on that page. We have been telling you this on your talk page, but you haven't done it yet, nor replied to it. Add your name here: [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating] [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 09:50, 27 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) == Notice of changes to Template:Databox == Helo I am letting you know I am wanting to make changes to the Databox template on this wiki. I noticed hundreds of pagesmostly created by you use this template. Should these changes go through? I want it to look like [[:knc:Template:Databox]] [[User:Katakǝnǝa|Katakǝnǝa]] ([[User talk:Katakǝnǝa|pakuchezgela]]) 09:17, 27 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Katakǝnǝa|Katakǝnǝa]] Please do not. :The [[Template:Databox|current Databox on tumwiki]] stands out, rather than following the same format as other wikis. The example Databox you provided (from Central Kanuri Wikipedia) comes across as bland to me and does not exhibit the typical features of a normal infobox here. :If you really want to make this change, I recommend asking more users than just me. :Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 09:24, 27 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) fxbet2mfkmhm5agucg0n4h3ity8smcw 0 48900 120380 2026-08-30T02:59:07Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni malo gha msumba (''suburb'') mu [[Perth]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}.<ref>https://geonames.org</ref> Muli ŵanthu 1,521 (2021).<ref>https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL50304</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Australia]] [[Category:Malo gha mizinda mu Perth]]" 120380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni malo gha msumba (''suburb'') mu [[Perth]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}.<ref>https://geonames.org</ref> Muli ŵanthu 1,521 (2021).<ref>https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL50304</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Australia]] [[Category:Malo gha mizinda mu Perth]] ocpinwpdkjvdcj5g2zy7cd9bg6votja 0 48901 120382 2026-08-30T03:04:45Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Midland''' ni malo gha msumba (''suburb'') mu [[Perth]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}.<ref>https://geonames.org</ref> Muli ŵanthu 6,335 (2021).<ref>https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL50947</ref> Ndi mpando wa boma na malo gha malonda gha chigaŵa cha [[boma la Swan]]. Kweniso ni malo ghakusankhika ghakuzirwa chomene gha msumba ukuru wa Perth.<ref>https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/prod..." 120382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Midland''' ni malo gha msumba (''suburb'') mu [[Perth]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}.<ref>https://geonames.org</ref> Muli ŵanthu 6,335 (2021).<ref>https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL50947</ref> Ndi mpando wa boma na malo gha malonda gha chigaŵa cha [[boma la Swan]]. Kweniso ni malo ghakusankhika ghakuzirwa chomene gha msumba ukuru wa Perth.<ref>https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/prod/gazettestore.nsf/FileURL/gg2010_166.pdf/$FILE/Gg2010_166.pdf?OpenElement</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Australia]] [[Category:Malo gha mizinda mu Perth]] pm8oi8f2t3ew6i6t1n5s9cxri28ufe1 0 48902 120383 2026-08-30T03:10:36Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni malo gha msumba (''suburb'') mu [[Central Coast]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}.<ref>https://geonames.org</ref> Muli ŵanthu 1,392 (2011).<ref>https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2011/SSC12256</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Australia]] [[Category:Malo gha mizinda mu Central Coast]]" 120383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni malo gha msumba (''suburb'') mu [[Central Coast]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}.<ref>https://geonames.org</ref> Muli ŵanthu 1,392 (2011).<ref>https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2011/SSC12256</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Australia]] [[Category:Malo gha mizinda mu Central Coast]] 0p4hvgq6kwh7g0schmfnxx5di53s7fp 0 48903 120387 2026-08-30T03:15:52Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni malo gha msumba (''suburb'') mu [[Central Coast]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}.<ref>https://geonames.org</ref> Muli ŵanthu 4,244 (2021).<ref>https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL13834</ref> Msumba iyi yili pa mtunda uwo uli na maji ku vigaŵa vitatu. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Australia]] [[Category:Malo gha mizinda mu Central Coast]]" 120387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni malo gha msumba (''suburb'') mu [[Central Coast]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}.<ref>https://geonames.org</ref> Muli ŵanthu 4,244 (2021).<ref>https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL13834</ref> Msumba iyi yili pa mtunda uwo uli na maji ku vigaŵa vitatu. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Australia]] [[Category:Malo gha mizinda mu Central Coast]] 3y0b7r9z5ec2jajjpjwetksuucqe5qz 3 48904 120389 2026-08-30T03:20:02Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with " == Re: Potential Retiring == @[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], Thank you for the help, but I'm worried that, if I am blocked on one wiki, that alone ruins my chances of getting more permissions on wikis like tumwiki, snwiki, nywiki. I am in utter disappointment in myself for my choices. I wish I never did it. And I will never do it again. I will continue editing here, just less active. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[..." 120389 wikitext text/x-wiki == Re: Potential Retiring == @[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], Thank you for the help, but I'm worried that, if I am blocked on one wiki, that alone ruins my chances of getting more permissions on wikis like tumwiki, snwiki, nywiki. I am in utter disappointment in myself for my choices. I wish I never did it. And I will never do it again. I will continue editing here, just less active. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 13:51, 29 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Thank you so much! If you mean you can't be a sysop on tumwiki, nywiki and snwiki, the answer is yes, you can be even if you are blocked on enwiki. Enwiki is just like any other wiki, it does NOT define rules for other wikis. Each wiki is independent. So, if the community here votes that you should be a sysop, then that is it, you will be, because it sees something in you. And this something is how you help the wiki. Besides, we are all volunteers here, nobody pays us, so your free time is regarded a precious blessing/gift. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 02:46, 30 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] Yewo chomene. I am ''relieved'' to realise that. I am awaiting administrator reponse to my appeal at [[:en:User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]. Hope you are having a great day. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 02:50, 30 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Great! You might also wanna change "Yewo chomene" on enwiki appeal page to "thank you" as sysops there might not understand Tumbuka language. It's like adding Chinese, Russian or Telugu on enwiki discussion. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 02:59, 30 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) dkwtfs61a7ro5begch1jsu9yiurl2nm