Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.18 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 3 6887 120840 120388 2026-09-02T13:30:14Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Resources and questions */ new section 120840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == Resources and questions == Hi. I hope you are doing well. I have two things: 1. Do you have any resources for learning Tumbuka and Chewa? I'm getting more used to Tumbuka (not perfect still), but not great with Chewa. 2. Lots of things in one. *Is the word for ''is ''in Chewa ''ndi'', like ''ni ''in Tumbuka, or is ''ndi ''meaning ''and''? *Is ''mzinda ''meaning ''city ''in Tumbuka? I've been treating it this way until your move summary for [[Darwin (mzinda)]] saying it is Chewa. *Is ''village ''in Tumbuka ''muzi ''or ''chikaya''? And what is ''village ''in Chewa? *What is ''nyengo ''exactly? I've been treating it as ''weather''. *What is ''malo ''exactly? I've been treating it as ''geography'' and multiple other things. *What is ''boma''? Can it mean both ''government ''and ''county''/''LGA''? Yewo chomene. I know thats a lot. Come back to me when you can. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 13:30, 2 Sekutembala 2026 (UTC) ab1i7wtsab1rvpnmsyxprkz56lq610y 120841 120840 2026-09-02T13:31:27Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Resources and questions */ 120841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == Resources and questions == Hi. I hope you are doing well. I have two things: 1. Do you have any resources for learning Tumbuka and Chewa? I'm getting more used to Tumbuka (not perfect still), but not great with Chewa. 2. Lots of things in one. *Is the word for ''is ''in Chewa ''ndi'', like ''ni ''in Tumbuka, or is ''ndi ''meaning ''and''? *Is ''mzinda ''meaning ''city ''in Tumbuka? I've been treating it this way until your move summary for [[Darwin (mzinda)]] saying it is Chewa. *Is ''village ''in Tumbuka ''muzi ''or ''chikaya''? And what is ''village ''in Chewa? *What is ''nyengo ''exactly? I've been treating it as ''weather''. *What is ''malo ''exactly? I've been treating it as ''geography'' and multiple other things. *What is ''boma''? Can it mean both ''government ''and ''county''/''LGA''? *Is ''island ''meaning ''chilumba ''or ''nkhoska''? Yewo chomene. I know thats a lot. Come back to me when you can. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 13:30, 2 Sekutembala 2026 (UTC) 0mnc8najwocf81k6is7p079uxqlfwgh 120842 120841 2026-09-02T13:32:47Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Resources and questions */ 120842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == Resources and questions == Hi. I hope you are doing well. I have two things: 1. Do you have any resources for learning Tumbuka and Chewa? I'm getting more used to Tumbuka (not perfect still), but not great with Chewa. 2. Lots of things in one. *Is the word for ''is ''in Chewa ''ndi'', like ''ni ''in Tumbuka, or is ''ndi ''meaning ''and''? *Is ''mzinda ''meaning ''city ''in Tumbuka? I've been treating it this way until your move summary for [[Darwin (mzinda)]] saying it is Chewa. *Is ''village ''in Tumbuka ''muzi ''or ''chikaya''? And what is ''village ''in Chewa? *What is ''nyengo ''in Tumbuka exactly? I've been treating it as ''weather''. *What is ''malo ''in Tumbuka exactly? I've been treating it as ''geography'' and multiple other things. *What is ''boma'' in Tumbuka? Can it mean both ''government ''and ''county''/''LGA''? *Is ''island '' in Tumbuka ''chilumba ''or ''nkhoska''? Yewo chomene. I know thats a lot. Come back to me when you can. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 13:30, 2 Sekutembala 2026 (UTC) 1ejeksgvk7z0izqp7k150ny9eb8bvyp 120844 120842 2026-09-02T18:24:21Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* Resources and questions */ Zgolo 120844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == Resources and questions == Hi. I hope you are doing well. I have two things: 1. Do you have any resources for learning Tumbuka and Chewa? I'm getting more used to Tumbuka (not perfect still), but not great with Chewa. 2. Lots of things in one. *Is the word for ''is ''in Chewa ''ndi'', like ''ni ''in Tumbuka, or is ''ndi ''meaning ''and''? *Is ''mzinda ''meaning ''city ''in Tumbuka? I've been treating it this way until your move summary for [[Darwin (mzinda)]] saying it is Chewa. *Is ''village ''in Tumbuka ''muzi ''or ''chikaya''? And what is ''village ''in Chewa? *What is ''nyengo ''in Tumbuka exactly? I've been treating it as ''weather''. *What is ''malo ''in Tumbuka exactly? I've been treating it as ''geography'' and multiple other things. *What is ''boma'' in Tumbuka? Can it mean both ''government ''and ''county''/''LGA''? *Is ''island '' in Tumbuka ''chilumba ''or ''nkhoska''? Yewo chomene. I know thats a lot. Come back to me when you can. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 13:30, 2 Sekutembala 2026 (UTC) :Great questions and thanks. :* "Ni" is Tumbuka, and in Chewa, it is "ndi" which means "is". :* "Mzinda"''' is not Tumbuka''' (but '''Chewa'''), in Tumbuka it is called "msumba" which means "city", "town" or "urban area". :* "Island" is called "chirwa" (default normal Tumbuka), or "nkhoska" (old (or deep) Tumbuka), ''Chilumba'' is Chewa language :* "Boma" is both Chewa and Tumbuka, in both languages, it means "the district seat", "a district", "government of"= boma la, "government" :* Village is "'''Chikaya'''" in '''Tumbuka''', and ''mu'''d'''zi'' in Chewa. "Muzi" is a Tumbuka pidgin, meaning a neutral one, or a hybrid :* "malo" is both Tumbuka and Chewa to mean "place", piece of land", "a plot/plot", "location" :* "Nyengo" (time) is Tumbuka, in Chewa (if you mean time), it called "nthawi" :* "Nyengo" in Chewa, it may mean "season of", but does NOT mean "season" :* For "season(s)", in Tumbuka is "'''nyengo ya''' (vula) to mean "rainy season" :* For "season(s)", in Chewa is "'''nyengo ya''' (mvula) to mean "rainy season" :Resources, you mean online? :Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 18:24, 2 Sekutembala 2026 (UTC) ki6ntfnkaibj8u29jblf1z3ninv1tpp 120845 120844 2026-09-02T23:03:31Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Resources and questions */ Zgolo 120845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == Resources and questions == Hi. I hope you are doing well. I have two things: 1. Do you have any resources for learning Tumbuka and Chewa? I'm getting more used to Tumbuka (not perfect still), but not great with Chewa. 2. Lots of things in one. *Is the word for ''is ''in Chewa ''ndi'', like ''ni ''in Tumbuka, or is ''ndi ''meaning ''and''? *Is ''mzinda ''meaning ''city ''in Tumbuka? I've been treating it this way until your move summary for [[Darwin (mzinda)]] saying it is Chewa. *Is ''village ''in Tumbuka ''muzi ''or ''chikaya''? And what is ''village ''in Chewa? *What is ''nyengo ''in Tumbuka exactly? I've been treating it as ''weather''. *What is ''malo ''in Tumbuka exactly? I've been treating it as ''geography'' and multiple other things. *What is ''boma'' in Tumbuka? Can it mean both ''government ''and ''county''/''LGA''? *Is ''island '' in Tumbuka ''chilumba ''or ''nkhoska''? Yewo chomene. I know thats a lot. Come back to me when you can. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 13:30, 2 Sekutembala 2026 (UTC) :Great questions and thanks. :* "Ni" is Tumbuka, and in Chewa, it is "ndi" which means "is". :* "Mzinda"''' is not Tumbuka''' (but '''Chewa'''), in Tumbuka it is called "msumba" which means "city", "town" or "urban area". :* "Island" is called "chirwa" (default normal Tumbuka), or "nkhoska" (old (or deep) Tumbuka), ''Chilumba'' is Chewa language :* "Boma" is both Chewa and Tumbuka, in both languages, it means "the district seat", "a district", "government of"= boma la, "government" :* Village is "'''Chikaya'''" in '''Tumbuka''', and ''mu'''d'''zi'' in Chewa. "Muzi" is a Tumbuka pidgin, meaning a neutral one, or a hybrid :* "malo" is both Tumbuka and Chewa to mean "place", piece of land", "a plot/plot", "location" :* "Nyengo" (time) is Tumbuka, in Chewa (if you mean time), it called "nthawi" :* "Nyengo" in Chewa, it may mean "season of", but does NOT mean "season" :* For "season(s)", in Tumbuka is "'''nyengo ya''' (vula) to mean "rainy season" :* For "season(s)", in Chewa is "'''nyengo ya''' (mvula) to mean "rainy season" :Resources, you mean online? :Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 18:24, 2 Sekutembala 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] Yes, online. ::Thanks for the information. I'll remember these. ::Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 23:03, 2 Sekutembala 2026 (UTC) gnmjxkapubowod0l5br3fpzizu3w84v 0 7988 120855 112771 2026-09-03T02:42:07Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 120855 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Andry Rajoelina greeting crowd.jpg|thumb|Andry Rajoelina|240px]] '''Andry Rajoelina''' (kubabika 1974)  wakawa mlala wa chalo cha  [[Madagascar]] kufuma 19 January 2019. Wakawina chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 2018 ndipo wakakhazikiska kuŵa pulezidenti wa Madagascar pa Januwale 19, 2019. Mulimo wake ukaŵa wa kulongozga boma pa ivyo vikachitika pa nthenda ya [[Covid-19|COVID-19]] ku Madagascar, apo wakakhozgeranga uthenga uheni na munkhwala wambura kukhozgeka wa nthenda iyi, kweniso suzgo la chakurya mu Batsilo2. Pamanyuma pake Rajoelina wakawina chisankho cha pulezidenti wa Malagasy mu 2023. Mu May 2025, Andry Rajoelina wakasimikizgaso kuti wakukhumba kuluta ku Scattered Islands, virwa vya ku [[France]] ivyo vili mu mphaka ya maji gha Malagasy, uku wakukhumba kuti paŵe kudumbiskana kuti ŵamazge mphindano iyi iyo yikakhalako kwa vilimika vinandi mu Africa, pamanyuma pa nyengo ya ufumu wa ku [[Europe]]. poyklwmza5rys37ubwjns4x468676j5 0 18145 120828 120718 2026-09-02T11:59:41Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 120828 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-tum.svg|thumb]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiTumbuka''' nthamba la Umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiTumbuka]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 19,000. Ili ni Baibolo ilo lili mu viyowoyero vinandi, ndipo likovwira ŵanthu kumanya vinandi mu chiyowoyero chawo, ilo likamba mu Disembala 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Creation history / Accomplishments |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediaGrowthSummary.htm |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya cha Tumbuka chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|tum}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|tum}} awo ŵakuchitako ntchito iyi. == Ukaboni == [[Category:Wikipediya]] b3ts7pavav78z8d2a459kldqxx85krs 0 18439 120858 53651 2026-09-03T02:43:37Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:0|3|0 */ 120858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} '''Jan Mathijs Schoffeleers''' (1928~2011), uyo wakafumiska mabuku ghake ghanandi mu Chingelezi nga ni Jan Matthew Schoffeleers panji Matthew Schoffeleers wakaŵa mishonale wa ku [[Netherlands]] ndipo wakaŵa wa gulu la Montfort Fathers. Pamanyuma, wakalutizga nchito yake ya kusambizga ŵanthu vya cisopa ku Netherlands, ndipo wakalutilira kusanda nkhani za ku Africa. == Umoyo Wakwambilira == Schoffeleers wakababika pa Ogasiti 31, 1928, mwana wakwamba mu mbumba ya ŵalimi mu muzi wa Geverik, kufupi na tawuni ya Beek, mu chigaŵa cha South Limburg kumwera kwa Netherlands. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakaŵa Ŵakatolika. Schoffeleers wakaciskika na mbumba yake kuti waŵe musofi, ndipo wakamba masambiro ghake ghaciŵiri mu sukulu yakucemeka "small seminary" mu Schimmert, iyo yikasazga masambiro gha vya ŵanthu na kusambizga vya cisopa, apo wakaŵa na vilimika 14 mu 1942, ndipo wakaŵa kuti wali na cilato cakuti waŵe mishonale. Mu 1949, wakanjira sukulu ya umishonale ya Montfort ku Oirschot ndipo wakati wasambira vya cisopa, wakasambizgika usembe mu Malichi 1955..<ref>van Binsbergen (2011) pp. 455–6</ref> == Milimo mu Malawi == Mu 1955, Schoffeleers wakatumika ku Nyasaland, uko pa nyengo iyo kukachemekanga Malawi, ndipo wakakhalako vyaka vyakujumpha viŵiri kufupi na Thyolo. Kwambira mu 1958, wakaluta ku Lower Shire Valley, uko wakakhalako vyaka vinkhondi. Ku malo agha, cikaŵa cakusuzga kuzgora ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha kuŵa Ŵakatolika cifukwa ca milimo ya gulu la M'Bona Cult na gulu la Nyau. Schoffeleers wakamalira nyengo yinandi pakusanda vya cisopa ca M·Bona na vya gulu la Nyau, nangauli gulu ili likaŵa lakususkana comene na Ŵakhristu. Ici cikapangiska kuti waŵe na mphindano na ŵalongozgi ŵake ŵa cisopa, ndipo Schoffeleers wakamba kujilongosora kuti ni munthu wakusanda za ŵanthu m'malo mwa kuŵa mishonale.<ref>Meyer and Reis (2006), p. 24</ref><ref>van Binsbergen (2011) pp. 455–6</ref> Pamanyuma pa vilimika vyakujumpha vinkhondi na viŵiri ku Malawi kwambura kuluta ku holide, Schoffeleers wakaŵa na mwaŵi wa kuluta ku sukulu. Pa nyengo iyi, Yunivesite ya Lovanium ku Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, iyo yikaŵa na ŵa Jesuit, yikaŵapa masambiro gha ŵanthu. Paumaliro wa chaka chakwambilira cha masambiro, wakawelera ku Malawi kuti wakalutilire kusambira vya cisopa ca M ̇Bona. Cifukwa ca suzgo la usilikari mu Congo, wakawelera yayi ku Kinshasa,<ref>Meyer and Reis (2006), p. 26</ref> ntheura wakasamukira ku yunivesite ya Oxford mu 1966, ndipo wakasambira vya ŵanthu ku St. Catherine's College. Mu Juni 1966, wakalembeska kuti waŵe na digiri ya D. Wakaluta ku Malaŵi kuti wakalutizge kusambira vya cisopa ca M?? Bona, mabungwe gha visalu na mizimu iyo yili kumwera kwa caru ici. Pamanyuma pakugwira nchito yikuru ku Malawi, uko wakasambizganga nyengo yichoko waka, Schoffeleers wakawelera ku Oxford mu Janyuwale 1968 ndipo wakalemba thesis yake yakulongosora za cisopa ca M?? Bona, gulu la Nyau na cisopa ca mizimu yakuzura na mizimu. Pamasinda, wakayowoya kuti wakakhumbanga kusambira vya ŵanthu kuti wamanye makora ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Kweni ivyo wakasambira vikamovwira kuti wawonenge vinthu mwakupambana na umo ŵanthu ŵakuviwonera. Wakati wapokera digiri yake, Schoffeleers wakawelera ku Malawi, ndipo kwamba mu 1968 m'paka 1971, wakasambizganga pa sukulu ya Katolika. Kweni apo wakayezganga kuti waŵe Mufurika, bishopu mukuru wa Katolika wa ku Malawi wakasuska ndipo wakaleka sukulu iyi mu 1971 kuti waŵe msambizgi wa Social Anthropology pa University of Malawi, ku Zomba. Pamanyuma, Schoffeleers wakayowoya kuti wakafumako ku Malawi cifukwa cakuti boma la Hastings Banda likakaka ŵana ŵanyake ŵa ku yunivesite ndipo ŵanyake ŵakafumangamo mu caru ici. Ntheura wakawona kuti nchambura kwenelera kukhalako.<ref>Meyer and Reis (2006), p. 34</ref> == Ntchito yakunthazi == Mu 1976, Schoffeleers wakasankhika kuŵa msambizgi wa Anthropology of Religion pa Free University Amsterdam, ndipo wakaŵa pulofesa mu 1980. Wakateŵeteraso nga ni mulara wa wupu wa African Studies Centre, Leiden. Apo wakaŵa ku Amsterdam, wakagwiranga nchito ya kuŵa movwiri wa wasembe mu msumba uwu, ndipo nangauli wakaŵa wa tchalitchi la Montfort, kweni wakawonananga nawo viŵi yayi. Apo wakaŵa pa Yunivesite ya Free, wakaciska ŵanyawo kuti ŵamanye vinandi vya caru cose ndiposo kuti ŵafumiske mabuku ghawo mu Cingelezi kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵamanye. Ndipouli, mu 1988, Schoffeleers wakawona kuti ntchito iyo yikasazgikiranga kweniso kusintha kwa masambiro gha ŵanthu, vikapangiska kuti dipatimenti iyi yileke kuŵa yakukondweska. Ntheura wakaleka ntchito. Mu 1989, wakapika udindo wa kuŵa Pulofesa wa vya Chisopa pa Yunivesite ya Utrecht, ndipo wakakhala kwenekura m'paka apo wakafumira pa nchito mu 1998 apo wakaŵa na vyaka 70.<ref>van Binsbergen (2011) pp. 456</ref> == Ivyo ŵakakhumba kuchita pa kafukufuku == === Sayansi ya vya cisopa === Schoffeleers wakawonanga kuti mulimo wake ukuru pakuŵa wasayansi wa ŵanthu ukaŵa wa kulemba vya umoyo wa chisopa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵa Mang'anja. M'malo mwa kuwona vinthu nga umo ŵanthu ŵakuviwonera, iyo wakayezga kupulikiska umo ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakughanaghanira na kusanda chisopa cha Ŵabona. Padera pa kulemba umo chisopa ichi chikachitikiranga mazuŵa ghano, Schoffeleers wakalemba kuti M·Bona wakaŵa munthu uyo wakafwa chifukwa cha chipulikano chake. Ndipouli, wakazomerezga kuti vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa cifukwa ca cipulikano cawo vikafuma ku cisopa ca Cikhristu, pamanyuma pakuti Ŵang'anja ŵanandi ŵakang'anamukira ku Cikristu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900 na ŵamishonale ŵa Katolika. Ntheura gulu ili likamba kuwona M'Bona kuŵa nchimi na wakusuzgika, wakuyana na Yesu, uyo wakathaska ŵanthu ŵafipa nga umo Yesu wakachitira na ŵazungu. Schoffeleers wakawona kuti cisopa ici cikamba ca m'ma 1600, ndipo cikaŵa cakukolerana na muwuso wa ŵalongozgi awo ŵakaŵa na zina lakuti Lundu. Iyo wakati Lundu wakwamba wakaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali na chisopa. Mu Baibolo linyake, ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti apo Lundu wakatondekanga kwiza na vula pa nyengo iyo kukaŵa chilangalanga, wakawonanga kuti mwana wa mudumbu wake, M·Bona, wakathereska mazaza ghake. Lundu wakalangura kuti ŵakomeke M?? Bona, uyo wakacimbira mu msumba wa Lundu na kucimbilira ku Lower Shire Valley uko wakakomeka. Schoffeleers wakayaniska malo agho wakafwira na malo ghanyake agho Lundu wakaparanya nga ni malo ghakusoperapo. Iyo wakati ntchakuzirwa chomene kuzengaso malo ghakupatulika agha. Nkhani iyi yikulongosora vya cisopa, umo ŵanthu ŵakukolerana na ŵalongozgi ŵawo, kweniso umo vinthu viliri mu cilengiwa. Schoffeleers wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵako pambere chindindindi chindafike ŵakaghanaghananga kuti usange muwuso wa ŵanthu wasuzgika na mulongozgi uyo wakuchita vinthu mwambura kwenelera kweniso wakuyuzga ŵanthu ŵake, mbwenu chilengiwa nacho chingasuzgika. Masoka agha ghangagwentheka usange tingawezgerapo na kulutilira kukanizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kugwiliskira ntchito uheni mazaza ghawo..<ref>Schoffeleers (1980), p. 247-9</ref> Ŵasambiri ŵanyake ŵakususkana na umo Schoffeleers wakalongosolera vya M'Bona. Nangauli Terence Ranger wakang'anamuranga kuti M?? Bona yayi, kweni wakalongosora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Maravi ŵakagomezganga kuti mzimu uwu ndiwo ukovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵakhalenge makora mu chigaŵa chinyake. Pakwamba mizimu iyo ŵanthu ŵakasopanga yikaŵa mizimu iyo yikakhalanga mu malo ghanyake, ndipo kanandi yikaŵanga na ŵasembe ŵanakazi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Ranger wakagomezganga kuti malo ghanandi ghakusoperapo ghakaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha mbumba zakukhora. Nakuti ŵanthu ŵakatenge M'Bona wakaŵa chiuta wa milonga panji mzimu uwo ukakhalanga mu malo gha Zambezi na milonga yake. Mzimu wa M'Bona ukaŵa wakukolerana na njoka, iyo yikaŵa cigaŵa ca mitheto ya ku Africa iyo yikayowoyanga za nkhondo pakati pa nombo, iyo yikimiranga ŵaleza na chigumula, na njoka yakuchemeka python, iyo yikimiranga ciŵingavula na vula zinandi, kwambura chigumula panji chilangalanga. Vingachitika yayi kuti pakwamba pakaŵa chisopa chimoza cha M'Bona icho chikaŵa na ŵakavuŵa ŵanandi pa malo ghakupambanapambana. Msambiri uyu wakakayikiraso usange kukaŵa ufumu wankhongono wa Lundu mu 1600. Schoffeleers wakazgora ivyo Wrigley wakayowoya kuti nthano na mbiri yakale vikupambana yayi, kweni vingaŵa pamoza, mwakuti M·Bona wangaŵa munthu wa mdauko kweniso njoka. Wakayowoyaso kuti mabuku agho ghakalembeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ghakaŵa ghachoko chomene ndipo ŵakamanyanga vinandi yayi vya ndyali panji chisopa cha ku Africa. Nyau ni zina la ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu Malaŵi na Mozambiki. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakwimba maseŵero ghakuvwara vikozgo, ndipo kanandi ŵakwimba pa viphikiro ivyo vikuchitika para munthu wafwa. Kufuma waka apo Malawi wakapokera wanangwa, ŵanthu ŵakwimba sumu ya Gule Wamkulu pa viphikiro vya caru. Mu 1975, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti pakaŵa magulu gha Nyau pafupifupi 500, agho ghakaŵa pa muzi ndipo pakaŵavya boma lakuŵawovwira. Cinthu cikuru comene pa kuvina uku nkhugwiliskira nchito viswaswa vyakwenelera kuvina, kusazgapo viswaswa vya ŵanthu na vinyama. Kuyana na umo Schoffeleers* wakughanaghanira, fundo ya chisopa iyo yikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵawonenge makora vyamoyo ni umo ŵanthu ŵakukolerana na vyamoyo vinyake.<ref>Schoffeleers (1976), pp. 59. 63</ref> Wakayowoyaso kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Nyau ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira paŵekha. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nyau ŵakutinkha chomene Tchalitchi la Katolika nga umo ŵakutinkhira visambizgo vyake. Nangauli Schoffeleers wakalembapo vinandi yayi vyakukhwaskana na kuwusika na mizimu. Nkhani ya Phil. Wakalutilira kutemwa nkhani iyi. Munyake uyo wakaŵa mubwezi wake wakayowoya kuti wakawona nadi mzimu uwo ukazgoka thupi, ndipo wakati mizimu na visuzgo vya mizimu ni vyaunenesko, ni viyelezgero waka yayi. Schoffeleers wali na maghanoghano ghambura kwenelera, wakuzomerezga kuti ivyo munthu wakuwona vikuchitika nadi, kweni wakumanya yayi uko vikufuma..<ref>Meyer and Reis (2006), p. 41-2</ref> === Mbiri ya ŵanthu na ŵanthu === Nga umo vikaŵira na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasambira vya ŵanthu cha m'ma 1900, Schoffeleers nayo wakawona kuti ivyo wakalemba vikaŵa vyaunenesko. Wakakhozgera fundo za Ranger yakuti kusanda chisopa cha ku Africa na maluso ghake ndiposo mitheto iyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya, vingawovwira kuti vinthu ivyo vikachitika kale viŵeso makora. Wakalemba mabuku ghakulongosora vya visopa vyautesi mu Malaŵi, Zambia, na Zimbabwe. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakasuska fundo iyi chifukwa ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ntchakubudika kugwiliskira ntchito mabuku gha mulomo. Schoffeleers wakususka fundo yakuti nthano zakwambilira izo zikusungika nga ni mbiri ya mulomo, kanandi zikusintha kuti zikolerane na kusintha kwa ndyali na umoyo wa ŵanthu. Wakalongosora umo nkhani iyi yikenderanga apo wakayaniskanga nkhani ziŵiri zakususkana izo zikuyowoyeka mu Baibolo kuti wazakazengerepo nkhani yinyake iyo yikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa Lundu ŵakaleka kusopa ŵachiuta awo ŵakupangiska vula. Pamanyuma pa vyaka vyakujumpha 30 vya kusanda chisopa na nkhani ya M?? Bona, Schoffeleers wakalongosora mu 1992, umo wakalongosolera kuti vyose ivi vikafuma ku kusintha kwa ndyali za ku Portugal ku Zambezia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1590 apo, m'malo mwa kugwira ntchito pasi pa kuvikilirika na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha, ŵakakhazikiska vigaŵa vyakukhora vya ku Portugal. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakagwiranga nchito na Ŵapwitikizi ndipo ŵakacemekanga kuti Zimba, ŵakaparanya malo agho ŵanthu ŵakakanizgikiranga, kusazgapo malo ghakupatulika. Iyo wakati ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhazikiska maufumu ghakuru chomene mu chigaŵa ichi kwa vyaka 30, kusazgapo ufumu unyake uwo mulongozgi wake wakaŵa Lundu.<ref>Schoffeleers (1992), pp. 117, 126</ref> Ndipouli, ŵalongozgi ŵacilendo ŵa ku Lundu ŵakaŵavya cakuyowoya na mizimu ya caru ico ŵakaparanya, ntheura ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakawonanga muwuso wawo kuŵa wambura kuzomerezgeka. Malo ghakale agha ghakaŵa malo ghakwimako nkhondo, ndipo Lundu wakwamba wakati wathereskeka mu 1622 na Ŵapwitikizi na ŵabwezi ŵawo, malo agha ghakazengekaso. Ndipouli, likalutilira yayi kuŵa malo ghakupatulika gha Ciuta Wapachanya Nkhanira uyo wakawoneka nga ni njoka, kweni likaŵa malo ghakupatulika gha M·Bona, munthu uyo wakafwa cifukwa ca cipulikano cake. Schoffeleers wakutemwa kulongosora kuti M·Bona ni munthu uyo wakusuzgika.<ref>Schoffeleers (1992), pp. 4, 169–70</ref> === Matchalitchi gha Zionisiti mu South Africa === IMu 1991 Schoffeleers wakalemba nkhani yakukhwaskana na matchalitchi gha Ciziyoni mu South Africa iyo yikususkana na ivyo Jean Comaroff wakayowoya kuti, nangauli maluso gha matchalitchi agha ghakaŵa na cigaŵa cilicose yayi pa ndyali mu South Africa, kweni ghakawovwira comene pakususkana na muwuso wa ŵanakazi ŵatuŵa. Kuyana na umo iyo wakuwonera, matchalitchi gha Ciyonizimu ghakanenanga mazaza gha boma la South Africa mwa kukana mbiri iyo ŵamazaza ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵakanizga. Buku la Schoffeleers likati Comaroff wakasazgirako fundo ya kususka kujumpha pa ng'anamuro lake. Nangauli wakazomerezga kuti matchalitchi ghanyake agho ghakafuma ku Africa ghakaŵa na nkharo ya ndyali kweniso ghakaŵa malo ghakwimako nkhondo, kweni wakawona kuti ivi vikaŵa vyambura kwenelera. Wakayowoya kuti visopa vya Ciziyoni vikaŵa vyakukolerana yayi na boma la South Africa chifukwa cha kopa kugaluka. Nkhani yake yikaŵa yakukwesana, ndipo yikapangiska kuti Schoffeleers watambuzgike pa maungano ghanandi, comenecomene cifukwa cakuti ivyo wakayowoya vikaŵa vyambura kwenelera panji vya ndyali.<ref>Meyer and Reis (2006), pp. 39–40</ref> === Mbiri ya chigaŵa === Mu 1987, Schoffeleers wakalongosora mwakudumura mbiri ya Shire Valley ya kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1700. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakaghanaghananga kuti malonda gha njovu na ŵamalonda Ŵasilamu awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja mu chigaŵa cha Nampula na mu chigaŵa cha Zambezia, ghakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Maravi ŵambe kulamulira mu chigaŵa icho ŵakakhalanga vyaka vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti nkhondo izo zikachitika pakati pa vyaru ivi, kweniso kusintha kwa ndyali pakati pa 1570 na 1640, vikacitika cifukwa cakuti Ŵapwitikizi na ŵabwezi ŵawo ŵa ku Africa ŵakalekeska malonda agha. Ndipouli, pali ukaboni unyake wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Maravi ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya Shire na Central Zambezi pambere vyaka vya m'ma 1500 vindafike, kweniso kuti ŵakaguliskanga njovu na Ŵasilamu ŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mabuku ghakwambilira ghakulongosora vya chigaŵa ichi ghalipo bweka yayi, nangauli ŵasembe ŵanandi ŵa ku Portugal awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito ku malo agha ŵakalembapo nkhani izo zikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Makua ndiwo ŵakaguliskanga njovu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na m'ma 1700, magulu ghanandi ghakanjira mu charu cha Zambezi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Zimba ŵakwenera kuti ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Maravi awo ŵakendanga mu magulu ghachoko waka, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵalongozgi ŵachoko, kweni ŵakakumananga na Ŵapwitikizi m'malo mwa kuchita malonda na Ŵasilamu ŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mazgu ghakwambilira agho ghakuyowoya za zina la ufumu wa Lundu ghakalembeka mu 1614.<ref>Newitt (1982), p. 157</ref><ref>Schoffeleers (1987B), p. 344</ref> Schoffeleers wakuzomerezga kuti boma la Maravi likapangika cifukwa ca malonda gha njovu yayi, kweni wakagomezganga kuti maboma ghanandi ghakaŵako mu hafu yachiŵiri ya vyaka vya m'ma 1500 ndipo ghakathandazgika mwaluŵiro mu 1572, apo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakamba kuzenga vigongwe mu Dambo la Zambezi. Nkhani yake yakuti Zimba wakaŵako kumpoto kwa mlonga wa Zambezi mu 1592 yikukolerana na mabuku ghanyake agho ghakalembeka mu nyengo iyo, kweni wakayowoya kuti Lundu wakaŵa munthu wankhongono chomene mu 1590 C.E., nangauli palije buku ilo likuyowoyapo. Chifukwa chakwamba icho Schoffeleers wakalongosolera fundo iyi ntchakuti Ŵazimba, awo ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakaŵamanya kuti ŵakanjira mu Dambo la Zambezi mu 1590, ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari awo ŵakanozgeka na Lundu wakwamba na kuŵatuma kuti ŵakomere ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal. Nangauli wakuzomerezga kuti palije ukaboni wakuti pali kukolerana uku, kweni Schoffeleers wakuzunura ivyo ŵanthu ŵakayowoya mu 1907, kuti gulu linyake ilo likaparanya chigaŵa cha pakati pa Zambezi pa nyengo yinyake likaŵa Ŵazimba. Cifukwa caciŵiri nchakuti, wakayaniska nkhani yinyake ya mu Baibolo yakukhwaskana na Lundu, iyo yikuyowoya kuti wali na nkhongono zakupangiska vula, na nkhani ya umo wasembe wa ku Portugal wakacitira mu 1608. Vyose ivi vikulongora kuti mu 1590 C.E. kukaŵavya boma la Lundu, ndipo Schoffeleers wakuzomerezga kuti Ŵamaravi awo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakolerananga nawo mu vyaka ivi ŵakaŵa ŵekha. Ndipouli, wakayowoya kuti mu vyaka 20 ivyo vyajumpha, chigaŵa cha Lundu chikaŵa kutali chomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal.<ref>Schoffeleers (1987B), pp. 352–3</ref> == Umoyo wasono == Wakati wapumura pa nchito mu 1989, Schoffeleers wakakhalanga mu msumba wa Leiden, ndipo wakalutilira kucita kafukufuku na kulemba nkhani. Mu 2001, ŵakamusanga na nthenda ya Alzheimer ndipo mu 2006 wakaleka nyumba yake ku Leiden na kusamira ku muzi wa Montfort ku Maastricht, kumwera kwa Netherlands. Matthew Schoffeleers wakafwa mu Maastricht pa 24 Epulero 2011.<ref>van Binsbergen (2011) p. 456</ref> [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵambili ŵakufumila ku Netherlands mu Malaŵi]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵakulemba mbili Malaŵi]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵakufwa]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵakulemba mbili]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵakusintha charu cha Malaŵi]] == Ukaboni == <references responsive="1"></references> == Mabuku == * E. A. Alpers, (1975). ‘Ivory and Slaves in East Central Africa; changing patterns of international trade to the later nineteenth century’. London, Heinemann. {{ISBN|978-0-43532-005-8}}. * W. M. J. van Binsbergen, (2011). ‘In Memoriam: Matthew Schoffeleers (1928–2011)’. Journal of Religion in Africa, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp.&nbsp;455–463. * J. Comaroff, (1985). Body of Power, Spirit of Resistance: the culture and history of a South African people’. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|978-0-22611-423-1}}. * I. Linden and J. Linden, (1974). ‘Catholics, Peasants, and Chewa Resistance in Nyasaland, 1889–1939’. Los Angeles, University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-52002-500-8}}. * B. Meyer and R. Reis, (2006) ‘Matthew Schoffeleers: Anthropologist and Priest’. Etnofoor, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp.&nbsp;23–46. * M. D. D. Newitt, (1982). ‘The Early History of the Maravi’. The Journal of African History, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp.&nbsp;145–162. * T. Ranger, (1973). ‘Territorial Cults in the History of Central Africa’. The Journal of African History, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp.&nbsp;581–597. * J. M. Schoffeleers (editor), (1978). ‘Guardians of the land. Essays on Central African territorial cults’. Gweru, Mambo Press. {{ISBN|978-0-86922-734-3}}. * J.M. Schoffeleers, (1980). ‘The Story of Mbona the Martyr’, in R Schefold, J W Schoorl and J. Tennekes (editors) ‘Man, Meaning and History: Essays in Honour of H.G. Schulte Nordholt’ Leiden, Brill. {{ISBN|978-9-00428-720-4}}. * J. M. Schoffeleers, (1992). ‘River of Blood: The Genesis of a Martyr Cult in Southern Malawi, c. A.D. 1600’. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press. {{ISBN|0-29913-324-9}}. * M. Schoffeleers, (1972). ‘The History and Political Role of the M'Bona Cult among the Mang'anja’. in T. O. Ranger and I. N. Kimambo (editors), ‘The Historical Study of African Religion’. Berkeley, University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-52003-179-2}}. * M. Schoffeleers, (1975). ‘The Interaction of the M'Bona Cult and Christianity’, in T. O. Ranger and J. C. Weller (editors), ‘Themes in the Christian History of Central Africa’. Berkeley, University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-52002-536-9}}. * M. Schoffeleers, (1976). ‘The Nyau Societies: our present understanding’. The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;59–68. * M. Schoffeleers, (1987A). ‘Ideological Confrontation and the Manipulation of Oral History: A Zambesian Case’. History in Africa, Vol. 14 (1987), pp.&nbsp;257–273. * M. Schoffeleers, (1987B). ‘The Zimba and the Lundu State in the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries’. The Journal of African History, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.&nbsp;337–355. * M. Schoffeleers, (1988). ‘Myth and/or History: A Reply to Christopher Wrigley’. The Journal of African History, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp.&nbsp;385–390. * M. Schoffeleers, (1991). 'Ritual Healing and Political Acquiescence: The Case of Zionist Churches in Southern Africa.' Africa Vol. 61, No. 2, pp.&nbsp;1–25. * R. Willis, (1980). ‘The Literalist Fallacy and the Problem of Oral Tradition’. Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice No. 4, Using Oral Sources: Vansina and Beyond, pp.&nbsp;28–37 * C. Wrigley, (1988). The River-God and the Historians: Myth in the Shire Valley and Elsewhere. The Journal of African History, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp.&nbsp;367–383 {{authority control}} 90qr9okcrfhmmsurvhqghn774fo5g0p 0 20438 120853 118629 2026-09-03T02:39:45Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|1|0 */ 120853 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image|Ship image=Chauncy Maples, 1952, jubilee celebrations.jpg|Ship caption=SS ''Chauncy Maples'' bedecked with bunting and carrying dignitaries to celebrate fifty years of service on Lake Nyasa}} {{Infobox ship career|Hide header=|Ship country=[[Nyasaland]], [[Malawi]]|Ship flag=[[File:Flag of Nyasaland (1919–1925).svg|60px]] [[File:Flag of Malawi.svg|45px]]|Ship name='''SS ''Chauncy Maples''''' (until 1967), '''MV ''Chauncy Maples''''' (1967–present)|Ship owner=[[Universities’ Mission to Central Africa]] (until 1953); [[Politics of Malawi|Government of Malawi]] (1953 onwards)|Ship operator=Universities' Mission to Central Africa (until 1953); Government of Malawi (1953–67); [[Malawi Railways]] (1967–92)|Ship registry=[[Monkey Bay]]|Ship route=|Ship ordered=1898|Ship builder=[[Sentinel Waggon Works#Alley & MacLellan, Sentinel Works, Jessie Street Glasgow|Alley & McClellan]], [[Polmadie]], Scotland|Ship original cost=£13,500|Ship yard number=|Ship way number=|Ship laid down=|Ship launched=1901|Ship completed=|Ship christened=|Ship acquired=|Ship maiden voyage=1901|Ship in service=1901|Ship out of service=1992|Ship fate=Laid up|Ship status=|Ship notes=}} {{Infobox ship characteristics|Hide header=|Header caption=|Ship class=|Ship tonnage=150 [[Long ton|tons]]|Ship displacement=250 tons|Ship length={{cvt|126|ft|m|order=flip}}|Ship beam={{cvt|20|ft|m|order=flip}}|Ship height=|Ship draught={{cvt|6+1/2|ft|m|order=flip}}|Ship depth=|Ship decks=|Ship deck clearance=|Ship power=[[Steam engine]] (until 1967), 330 [[Horsepower#Brake horsepower|BHP]] 6-cylinder [[Crossley]] diesel engine (1967 onwards)<ref name=CMTrust>{{cite web|url=http://www.chauncymaples.org/ship/default.php |title=The Ship |date=2009–2011 |work=Chauncy Maples, Lake Malawi's Clinic |publisher=Chauncy Maples Trust |access-date=20 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316235902/http://www.chauncymaples.org/ship/default.php |archive-date=16 March 2012 }}</ref>|Ship propulsion=Single screw|Ship speed=|Ship capacity=|Ship crew=10 (as [[Motor ship|motor vessel]])|Ship armament=|Ship notes=}} |}'''MV Chauncy Maples''' ni [[sitima]] iyo yikendeskeka na injini ndipo yikaŵa sitima ya pa maji iyo yikanyamuka mu 1901. Cingalaŵa ici cikaŵa pa [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi|Nyanja ya Malaw]]<nowiki/>i (iyo pakwamba yikacemekanga Nyanja ya Nyasa) ndipo cikaŵa cikuru comene pa vyombo vyose vya mu Africa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust: The Story |url=http://www.chauncymaples.org/story/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202132658/http://www.chauncymaples.org/story/ |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=3 October 2017 |website=Chauncymaples.org |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Pamanyuma pa vilimika vyakujumpha 100, ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵamuwezgeremo kuti waŵe cipatala ico cikwenda pa maji kuti ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ŵagwirenge nchito. Boma la Malawi likapeleka wovwiri uwu mu 2009 ndipo ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga zikaŵa zakukwana kuti vinthu vyende makora. Ŵakasanga kuti ngalaŵa iyi yingazengekaso yayi pa mtengo uwemi, ntheura ŵakapanga ngalaŵa yiphya iyo yingapeleka wovwiri ku ŵasilikari awo ŵakwenda mu nyanja. == Ŵakuzenga ngaraŵa Alley na McLellan, Polmadie == Malo ghakupangirako sitima gha Alley & McLellan ku Polmadie, Glasgow, ghakaŵa kutali comene na Mlonga wa Clyde. Kampani iyi yikateŵeteranga mu vigaŵa vyakutali chomene vya Ufumu wa Britain.<ref>{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=P.J.|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire|year=1996|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-43211-1|pages=not cited|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521432115}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2018}}{{failed verification|date=July 2020}}Ŵakapanga ngalaŵa izo zikati zamara kuzenga, ŵakazisongonanga na kuzipanga kuŵa viŵiya. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa vikuru comene ndipo kukaŵa kwakusuzga kuti viyegheke. Kweniso ntchito yakunozgaso yikathembanga chomene pa awo ŵakaŵa na maluso pa malo agho ŵakaguliranga. Nga umo vikaŵira na chigaŵa cha Chauncy Maples, kanandi nthowa iyi ndiyo yikaŵa yiwemi chomene para munthu wakuluta kutali chomene na uko wakuluta. == Chilato na umo vyafiskikira == Sitima ya Chauncy Maples yikapangika kuti yigezenge maji gha mu Nyanja ya Nyasa, iyo yili kumwera comene mu Africa. Nyanja iyi yili na utali wa makilomita 560 na usani wa makilomita 80. Kweniso ni nyanja yaciŵiri yakunyang'amira comene mu Africa, ndipo kuli visomba vinandi kuluska nyanja yiliyose pa caru capasi. Wakapangika na kutumika na University's Mission to Central Africa (UMCA),<ref>{{cite book|author=Universities' Mission to Central Africa|authorlink=Universities' Mission to Central Africa|title=Specification for Screw Steamer for Lake Nyasa|year=1898|publisher=Waterlow & Sons|location=London|pages=not stated}}</ref> Cingalaŵa ca matani 150 ici cikaŵa cimoza mwa vyakupangiska vyaumaliro vya Henry Marc Brunel, mwana wa Isambard Kingdom Brunel, uyo wakaŵa injiniya wa ku Victoria. Para ŵamara kuwunjika vinthu ivi, ŵakanyamura vigaŵa pafupifupi 3,481 na kuluta navyo ku Portuguese East Africa. Abbot wa ku Newark ndiyo wakazenga maji agha. Chikaŵa na uzito wa matani 11 ndipo chikanyamulika mu chigaŵa chimoza pa ngolo yapadera iyo yikaŵa na mawilo gha Sentinel, ndipo ŵanthu 450 ŵa fuko la Ngoni ŵakayegha pa mtunda wa makilomita 560 kujumpha mu malo ghambura kulongosoreka agho kukaŵa maleriya. Vigaŵa vinyake vya ngalaŵa vikaŵa vya ŵanthu awo ŵakendanga pa mitu ya ŵanalume na ŵanakazi pa malo ghakusuzga na mu milonga. == David Livingstone == [[File:Maples_and_Johnson.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maples_and_Johnson.jpg|thumb|Chauncy Maples (kumazere) pamoza na mishonale munyake Rev. W.P. Johnson mu 1895]] David Livingstone, munthu wakwamba wa ku [[Europe]] kufika pa nyanja iyi, ndipo wakaŵa mupharazgi wa maulendo gha pa boti la nthukumusi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Reynolds|first=David|title=Steam and Quinine on Africa's Great Lakes|year=1997|publisher=Bygone Ships, Trains & Planes|location=[[Pretoria]]|isbn=0-620-21332-9|pages=not stated}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2018}} Mu 1859, Livingstone wakacitapo kanthu mwaluŵiro comene, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti malo ghanandi agho ghakazingilizga nyanja iyi ghaŵe gha Ufumu wa Britain. Nangauli caru ca [[Portugal]] cikamba kuwusa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja iyi, kweni ŵa mishonale ŵa ku Scotland ndiwo ŵakakhazikiska virwa vya Likoma na Chizumulu. == Kuŵikaso == Kuŵikaso<ref>{{cite book|last=Anderson-Morshead|first=A.E.M.|title=The Building of the Chauncy Maples|year=1903|publisher=[[Universities’ Mission to Central Africa]]|location=Westminster|pages=not cited}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Anderson-Morshead|first1=A.E.M.|last2=Garland|first2=Vera|title=Lady of the Lake: the story of Lake Malawi's M.V. Chauncy Maples: being a facsimile reprint of "The Building of the Chauncy Maples"|year=1991|publisher=Central Africana|location=[[Blantyre, Malawi]]|pages=not cited}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2018}} Ŵakapulikiska kuti para ŵafika ku malo agha, ŵakeneranga kuŵika manambara pa vigaŵa vyose pambere ŵandambe kugwiliskira ntchito vyakupimira. Vikatora vyaka viŵiri kuti ŵanozgeso. Mu 1901, ŵakafumiska boti ili mu nyanja. Mu 1895, apo wakaŵa pa ulendo wakuluta ku nchito yake, boti lake likabwangasuka pa Nyanja ya Nyasa apo kukaŵa chimphepo ndipo wakafwa na maji cifukwa ca kuzura kwa salu yake..<ref>{{cite book|last=Frere|first=Gertrude|title=Where Black Meets White: the little history of the UMCA|year=1901|publisher=[[Universities' Mission to Central Africa]]|location=Westminster|url=https://archive.org/stream/whereblackmeets00frergoog/whereblackmeets00frergoog_djvu.txt}}</ref> == Cingalaŵa ca cipatala, sukulu ya ŵamishonale na kumazga malonda gha ŵazga == Ŵamishonale ŵakiza na vinthu vinandi ku Africa kuluska cisopa, ndipo UMCA yikaŵa na maghanoghano ghakupulikikwa makora pa nkhani ya ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskira nchito. Ngalaŵa iyi yikaŵa na milimo yitatu: yikaŵa sitima ya cipatala, sukulu ya ŵamishonale, na malo ghakubisamamo ŵazga. Kweni ivyo ŵakakhumbanga vikaŵa vya pa caru cose; umo yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska nchito iyi, Bishop wa ku Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, wakayowoyera, nchito yikuru yikaŵa "kuzgora malonda kuŵa ghatuŵa, kumazga malonda gha ŵazga, ndiposo usange nchamacitiko, kuzenga vyaru vya mu Africa". Nyanja ya Nyasa yikaŵa kutali comene na nyanja, ndipo pakwamba vinthu vikendanga makora yayi pa nkhani ya munkhwala ku Likoma. Pulogiramu iyi yikamba mu 1894, apo dokotala munyake wa ku UMCA wakakhalako nyengo yicoko waka. Munthu uyo wakanjira mu malo ghake wakaŵa Rev. John Edward Hine, uyo nangauli wakaŵa dokotala, kweni wakawonanga kuti mulimo uwu ngwakuzirwa yayi. Apo Hine wakasankhika kuŵa bishopu wa ku Eastern Equatorial Africa mu 1896, wakasankha kuŵika mtima comene pa vinthu vyauzimu m'malo mwa vya umoyo. [[File:Chauncy_Maples_1905.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chauncy_Maples_1905.jpg|thumb|SS Chauncy Maples wakakhala pa Nyanja ya Nyasa kwa vyaka vinayi kufuma apo wakambira]] Ŵadumbu ŵa Chauncy Maples na Dr. Robert Howard wakasintha comene vinthu pa nkhani ya munkhwala na wovwiri wa munkhwala ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mwaluŵiro, Howard wakambiska ndondomeko yakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na umoyo uwemi. Kuzakafika m'ma 1930, masiteshoni ghanandi, kusazgapo agho ghakaŵa ku vigaŵa vyakutali, ghakaŵa na maofesi gha vipatala agho ghakaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Africa. Pakugwiliskira nchito fundo zakukhwaskana na matenda agho ŵadokotala ŵanyake ŵa mu cigaŵa ici, comenecomene ŵa ku Scotland, ŵakasanga, Dr. Howard wakambiska pulogiramu yakulimbana na maleriya, ndipo pamoza na ŵanyake ku ofesi ya ku Blantyre, ŵakambiska pulogiramu ya katemera wakwimikana na nthomba. Pa mulimo uwo ukaŵa na vyakukhumbikwa vichoko, mtengo wa kunozga boti ili ukakhumbikwiranga kuŵika mtima comene pa vyakurya. Pakuti ngalaŵa iyi yikaŵa na maji ghanandi, yikendanga pa malo ghose gha nyanja. Kweni nkhani ya kukora ŵazga yikaŵa yakusuzga comene, cifukwa yikakhumbikwiranga ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵavikilire malo agha kweniso kuti ŵamanye mphaka izo zikaŵa pakati pa mulimo wa kupharazga, munkhwala, na malonda. Kupenja ŵanthu ŵakwenelera awo ŵakaŵa ŵakunozgeka kupokera malipiro ghacoko ndiposo masuzgo gha umoyo wa pa nyanja, cikaŵa cinthu cimoza; kweni cifukwa cakuti ŵantchito ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaleke kutora panji kutengwa, cikaŵa cinonono comene. Pa vyose ivi pakaŵa masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo cifukwa cakuti ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakakhumbanga comene kuti ŵalutilire kucita milimo yawo mu nyanja ya Nyasa. Ŵa Chauncy Maples ŵakagwiranga nchito mu caru ico mukaŵa mauthenga ghawemi agho ghakapelekanga wovwiri wakukhumbikwa comene ku ŵakavu mu nyengo iyo vinthu vikaŵa vyambura kwenda makora mu ndyali ndiposo mu nyengo ya ufumu. Ngalaŵa iyi yikateŵeteranga ŵanthu ŵa ku Nyasaland kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 50 m'paka mu 1953, apo yikaguliskika na kuzgoka boti lakuyegha somba. Mu 1967, boma la Malawi likagura boti ili, ndipo likasintha kuti liŵe la ŵanthu na katundu. Makina ghake ghakusungirako vinthu ghali mu Lake Malawi Museum ku Mangochi. Pa nyengo yasono ngaraŵa iyi yili ku Monkey Bay. == Vyakususkana vya mishonale ya Cikhristu ya ku Europe == Nangauli ntchito ya ku cipatala yikacitikanga cifukwa ca kugomezga kuti munkhwala wa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi nguwemi ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, kweni yikaŵa ndondomeko ya kujipata yayi. Ŵamishonale aŵa ŵakeneranga kulongora umo ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Victoria ŵakawoneranga Africa na ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa. Nga umo vikaŵira na ntchito ya umishonale mu vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa, mulimo uwu ukawonekanga kuŵa nthowa yikuru yakulongolera nkhongono na cisisi ca uthenga wa Cikristu.<ref name="Good">{{cite book|last=Good|first=Charles M, Jr|title=The Steamer Parish — The Rise and Fall of Missionary Medicine on an African Frontier|year=2004|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|location=Chicago|pages=not cited|url=http://kar.kent.ac.uk/7718/1/Macola-SteamerParish-91129-1.pdf}}</ref> Kweni nangauli ŵamishonale ŵakwenera kuwoneka nga mbakusambizga visambizgo vya chisopa, kweni ntchito yawo yakupharazga vya vyakurya vya ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi yikakhwaska chomene umoyo wa ŵanthu. Kuzakafika mu 1965, matchalitchi ghakapanga vipatala pafupifupi 45 pa vipatala vyose mu Malawi.<ref name="Good" /> Ŵamishonale ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga pa ngaraŵa iyi ŵakamanya kuti ntchito yawo yikaŵa yakuzizika. Wasembe Mukuru George Wilson wakalemba mu diary yake kuti:<blockquote>Kulikose uko munthu wa ku Europe wakuluta, wakuwoneka kuti wali na nkhongono zakusintha vinthu. Ici nchinthu cakuzirwa comene ku wose awo ŵakutemwa Ŵafrika, cifukwa nkhumanya yayi usange kusintha uku nkhwakwenelera".<ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=George Herbert|title=A Missionary's Life in Nyasaland|year=1925|publisher=[[Universities' Mission to Central Africa]]|location=London|pages=not cited|url=https://archive.org/stream/missionaryslifei00wilsiala/missionaryslifei00wilsiala_djvu.txt}}</ref></blockquote>Ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoyapo mphanyi ŵakakolerana kuti sono ntchakukhumbikwa kusintha vinthu mwaluŵiro, nga umo Rev. Robert Keable, mishonale ku Zanzibar:<blockquote>"Tikanjira mu nyumba iyo yikaŵa na viliŵa vinandi, panji mu luŵaza ulo lukaŵa nga ni msika wa ŵazga. Kanandi mu kanyumba ako ŵakaŵikangamo ŵanalume, ŵanakazi, na ŵana ŵakaŵangamo ŵanalume pafupifupi 150, ndipo zuŵa lililose 'ŵakaŵapelekanga' kwa uyo wakapeleka ndalama zinandi".<ref>{{cite book|last=Keable|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Keable|title=Darkness or Light: Illustrating the Theory and Practice of Missions|url=https://archive.org/details/darknessorlights00keabiala|year=1914|publisher=[[Universities' Mission to Central Africa]]|location=London|pages=not cited}}</ref></blockquote>Munthu waliyose wakeneranga kusuzgika comene. Mu minda ya St. Tchalitchi la Michael ku Blantyre, ilo lili na zina la msumba uwo Livingstone wakababikiramo ku Scotland, lili na malibwe ghakukumbukirako ŵanthu 14 awo ŵakafwira ku Africa. Pa malibwe agha pali deti ilo wakafwira, likamba mu 1890 m'paka 1919. Mu buku la Mateyu muli mazgu ghakuti: "Uyo wakutaya umoyo wake cifukwa ca ine wawusangenge".<ref>[[Gospel of Matthew|The Gospel According to St. Matthew]], Chapter 10, verse 39, [[King James Version]]</ref> == Kuwezgerapo == [[File:Chauncy_Maples1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chauncy_Maples1.jpg|thumb|MV Chauncy Maples wakulindilira kuzengekaso mu 2008. Cikhwangwani ici nchakwamba yayi ndipo cizamuwuskikapo kuti cikhazikike makora na kuwelera umo cikaŵira pakwamba.]] Pa nyengo iyo ŵakendera boti ili mu 1992, ŵakasanga kuti likapwetekeka comene yayi. [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa] Chitsulo icho chikapangika mu 1899 chikwenera kuti chikawovwira chomene kuti sitima iyi yiŵe yakutowa. Mu Janyuwale 2012, ŵakayegha boti ili pa mtunda kuti ŵalutilire kunozga. Boma la Malawi ndilo likulongozga mulimo uwu ndipo likovwira na chawanangwa cha Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust ku Britain. Ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ngalaŵa iyi yizamuŵaso na mulimo uwo yikaghanaghananga kuchita kuumaliro wa 2014. Ŵati ŵawuskapo mapayipi agha, gulu la ŵadokotala likamba kovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Malawi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu nyanja iyi ŵalije wovwiri wa munkhwala ndipo ŵakusuzgika na maleriya, HIV-AIDS, na TB. Munthu wakuŵa na umoyo utali kwa vyaka pafupifupi 53. Mu 2017, wupu uwu ukati mulimo uwu walekeka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chauncy Maples : Lake Malawi's Clinic |url=http://www.chauncymaples.org/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912204513/https://chauncymaples.org/index.html |archive-date=12 September 2018 |access-date=12 September 2018 |website=Chauncymaples.org}}</ref> "Bungwe la Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust (CMMT) ilo lili ku UK pamoza na kampani yakuzenga ya ku Portugal, Mota-Engil, ŵakudandawura kuti mulimo wawo wakunozga boti la mishonale la vyaka 100, la Chauncy Maples, kuti liŵe chipatala pa Nyanja ya Malawi, uzamucitika yayi. Apo mulimo wa kuzenga ngalaŵa uwu ukendanga makora, pakaŵa masuzgo ghanyake agho ghakawoneka kuti ghangatimbanizga mulimo wa kuzenga ngalaŵa. == Ukaboni == [[File:Chauncy_Maples4.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chauncy_Maples4.jpg|thumb|Chakumanyuma kwa MV Chauncy Maples ku Monkey Bay, Lake Malawi, 2008]] <references responsive="1"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == {{commons category|Chauncy Maples (ship, 1901)}} [[Category:Sitima za Malaŵi]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230313085128/https://www.chauncymaples.org/ Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust] 4capxudwxu8uzq4clvfsvnybo4v07b5 120854 120853 2026-09-03T02:41:48Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 comene -> chomene 120854 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image|Ship image=Chauncy Maples, 1952, jubilee celebrations.jpg|Ship caption=SS ''Chauncy Maples'' bedecked with bunting and carrying dignitaries to celebrate fifty years of service on Lake Nyasa}} {{Infobox ship career|Hide header=|Ship country=[[Nyasaland]], [[Malawi]]|Ship flag=[[File:Flag of Nyasaland (1919–1925).svg|60px]] [[File:Flag of Malawi.svg|45px]]|Ship name='''SS ''Chauncy Maples''''' (until 1967), '''MV ''Chauncy Maples''''' (1967–present)|Ship owner=[[Universities’ Mission to Central Africa]] (until 1953); [[Politics of Malawi|Government of Malawi]] (1953 onwards)|Ship operator=Universities' Mission to Central Africa (until 1953); Government of Malawi (1953–67); [[Malawi Railways]] (1967–92)|Ship registry=[[Monkey Bay]]|Ship route=|Ship ordered=1898|Ship builder=[[Sentinel Waggon Works#Alley & MacLellan, Sentinel Works, Jessie Street Glasgow|Alley & McClellan]], [[Polmadie]], Scotland|Ship original cost=£13,500|Ship yard number=|Ship way number=|Ship laid down=|Ship launched=1901|Ship completed=|Ship christened=|Ship acquired=|Ship maiden voyage=1901|Ship in service=1901|Ship out of service=1992|Ship fate=Laid up|Ship status=|Ship notes=}} {{Infobox ship characteristics|Hide header=|Header caption=|Ship class=|Ship tonnage=150 [[Long ton|tons]]|Ship displacement=250 tons|Ship length={{cvt|126|ft|m|order=flip}}|Ship beam={{cvt|20|ft|m|order=flip}}|Ship height=|Ship draught={{cvt|6+1/2|ft|m|order=flip}}|Ship depth=|Ship decks=|Ship deck clearance=|Ship power=[[Steam engine]] (until 1967), 330 [[Horsepower#Brake horsepower|BHP]] 6-cylinder [[Crossley]] diesel engine (1967 onwards)<ref name=CMTrust>{{cite web|url=http://www.chauncymaples.org/ship/default.php |title=The Ship |date=2009–2011 |work=Chauncy Maples, Lake Malawi's Clinic |publisher=Chauncy Maples Trust |access-date=20 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316235902/http://www.chauncymaples.org/ship/default.php |archive-date=16 March 2012 }}</ref>|Ship propulsion=Single screw|Ship speed=|Ship capacity=|Ship crew=10 (as [[Motor ship|motor vessel]])|Ship armament=|Ship notes=}} |}'''MV Chauncy Maples''' ni [[sitima]] iyo yikendeskeka na injini ndipo yikaŵa sitima ya pa maji iyo yikanyamuka mu 1901. Chingalaŵa ichi chikaŵa pa [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi|Nyanja ya Malaw]]<nowiki/>i (iyo pakwamba yikacemekanga Nyanja ya Nyasa) ndipo chikaŵa chikuru chomene pa vyombo vyose vya mu Africa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust: The Story |url=http://www.chauncymaples.org/story/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202132658/http://www.chauncymaples.org/story/ |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=3 October 2017 |website=Chauncymaples.org |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Pamanyuma pa vilimika vyakujumpha 100, ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵamuwezgeremo kuti waŵe chipatala icho chikwenda pa maji kuti ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ŵagwirenge nchito. Boma la Malawi likapeleka wovwiri uwu mu 2009 ndipo ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga zikaŵa zakukwana kuti vinthu vyende makora. Ŵakasanga kuti ngalaŵa iyi yingazengekaso yayi pa mtengo uwemi, ntheura ŵakapanga ngalaŵa yiphya iyo yingapeleka wovwiri ku ŵasilikari awo ŵakwenda mu nyanja. == Ŵakuzenga ngaraŵa Alley na McLellan, Polmadie == Malo ghakupangirako sitima gha Alley & McLellan ku Polmadie, Glasgow, ghakaŵa kutali comene na Mlonga wa Clyde. Kampani iyi yikateŵeteranga mu vigaŵa vyakutali chomene vya Ufumu wa Britain.<ref>{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=P.J.|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire|year=1996|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-43211-1|pages=not cited|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521432115}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2018}}{{failed verification|date=July 2020}}Ŵakapanga ngalaŵa izo zikati zamara kuzenga, ŵakazisongonanga na kuzipanga kuŵa viŵiya. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa vikuru comene ndipo kukaŵa kwakusuzga kuti viyegheke. Kweniso ntchito yakunozgaso yikathembanga chomene pa awo ŵakaŵa na maluso pa malo agho ŵakaguliranga. Nga umo vikaŵira na chigaŵa cha Chauncy Maples, kanandi nthowa iyi ndiyo yikaŵa yiwemi chomene para munthu wakuluta kutali chomene na uko wakuluta. == Chilato na umo vyafiskikira == Sitima ya Chauncy Maples yikapangika kuti yigezenge maji gha mu Nyanja ya Nyasa, iyo yili kumwera comene mu Africa. Nyanja iyi yili na utali wa makilomita 560 na usani wa makilomita 80. Kweniso ni nyanja yaciŵiri yakunyang'amira chomene mu Africa, ndipo kuli visomba vinandi kuluska nyanja yiliyose pa charu chapasi. Wakapangika na kutumika na University's Mission to Central Africa (UMCA),<ref>{{cite book|author=Universities' Mission to Central Africa|authorlink=Universities' Mission to Central Africa|title=Specification for Screw Steamer for Lake Nyasa|year=1898|publisher=Waterlow & Sons|location=London|pages=not stated}}</ref> Cingalaŵa ca matani 150 ici cikaŵa cimoza mwa vyakupangiska vyaumaliro vya Henry Marc Brunel, mwana wa Isambard Kingdom Brunel, uyo wakaŵa injiniya wa ku Victoria. Para ŵamara kuwunjika vinthu ivi, ŵakanyamura vigaŵa pafupifupi 3,481 na kuluta navyo ku Portuguese East Africa. Abbot wa ku Newark ndiyo wakazenga maji agha. Chikaŵa na uzito wa matani 11 ndipo chikanyamulika mu chigaŵa chimoza pa ngolo yapadera iyo yikaŵa na mawilo gha Sentinel, ndipo ŵanthu 450 ŵa fuko la Ngoni ŵakayegha pa mtunda wa makilomita 560 kujumpha mu malo ghambura kulongosoreka agho kukaŵa maleriya. Vigaŵa vinyake vya ngalaŵa vikaŵa vya ŵanthu awo ŵakendanga pa mitu ya ŵanalume na ŵanakazi pa malo ghakusuzga na mu milonga. == David Livingstone == [[File:Maples_and_Johnson.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maples_and_Johnson.jpg|thumb|Chauncy Maples (kumazere) pamoza na mishonale munyake Rev. W.P. Johnson mu 1895]] David Livingstone, munthu wakwamba wa ku [[Europe]] kufika pa nyanja iyi, ndipo wakaŵa mupharazgi wa maulendo gha pa boti la nthukumusi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Reynolds|first=David|title=Steam and Quinine on Africa's Great Lakes|year=1997|publisher=Bygone Ships, Trains & Planes|location=[[Pretoria]]|isbn=0-620-21332-9|pages=not stated}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2018}} Mu 1859, Livingstone wakacitapo kanthu mwaluŵiro comene, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti malo ghanandi agho ghakazingilizga nyanja iyi ghaŵe gha Ufumu wa Britain. Nangauli caru ca [[Portugal]] cikamba kuwusa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja iyi, kweni ŵa mishonale ŵa ku Scotland ndiwo ŵakakhazikiska virwa vya Likoma na Chizumulu. == Kuŵikaso == Kuŵikaso<ref>{{cite book|last=Anderson-Morshead|first=A.E.M.|title=The Building of the Chauncy Maples|year=1903|publisher=[[Universities’ Mission to Central Africa]]|location=Westminster|pages=not cited}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Anderson-Morshead|first1=A.E.M.|last2=Garland|first2=Vera|title=Lady of the Lake: the story of Lake Malawi's M.V. Chauncy Maples: being a facsimile reprint of "The Building of the Chauncy Maples"|year=1991|publisher=Central Africana|location=[[Blantyre, Malawi]]|pages=not cited}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2018}} Ŵakapulikiska kuti para ŵafika ku malo agha, ŵakeneranga kuŵika manambara pa vigaŵa vyose pambere ŵandambe kugwiliskira ntchito vyakupimira. Vikatora vyaka viŵiri kuti ŵanozgeso. Mu 1901, ŵakafumiska boti ili mu nyanja. Mu 1895, apo wakaŵa pa ulendo wakuluta ku nchito yake, boti lake likabwangasuka pa Nyanja ya Nyasa apo kukaŵa chimphepo ndipo wakafwa na maji cifukwa ca kuzura kwa salu yake..<ref>{{cite book|last=Frere|first=Gertrude|title=Where Black Meets White: the little history of the UMCA|year=1901|publisher=[[Universities' Mission to Central Africa]]|location=Westminster|url=https://archive.org/stream/whereblackmeets00frergoog/whereblackmeets00frergoog_djvu.txt}}</ref> == Cingalaŵa ca cipatala, sukulu ya ŵamishonale na kumazga malonda gha ŵazga == Ŵamishonale ŵakiza na vinthu vinandi ku Africa kuluska cisopa, ndipo UMCA yikaŵa na maghanoghano ghakupulikikwa makora pa nkhani ya ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskira nchito. Ngalaŵa iyi yikaŵa na milimo yitatu: yikaŵa sitima ya cipatala, sukulu ya ŵamishonale, na malo ghakubisamamo ŵazga. Kweni ivyo ŵakakhumbanga vikaŵa vya pa caru cose; umo yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska nchito iyi, Bishop wa ku Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, wakayowoyera, nchito yikuru yikaŵa "kuzgora malonda kuŵa ghatuŵa, kumazga malonda gha ŵazga, ndiposo usange nchamacitiko, kuzenga vyaru vya mu Africa". Nyanja ya Nyasa yikaŵa kutali comene na nyanja, ndipo pakwamba vinthu vikendanga makora yayi pa nkhani ya munkhwala ku Likoma. Pulogiramu iyi yikamba mu 1894, apo dokotala munyake wa ku UMCA wakakhalako nyengo yicoko waka. Munthu uyo wakanjira mu malo ghake wakaŵa Rev. John Edward Hine, uyo nangauli wakaŵa dokotala, kweni wakawonanga kuti mulimo uwu ngwakuzirwa yayi. Apo Hine wakasankhika kuŵa bishopu wa ku Eastern Equatorial Africa mu 1896, wakasankha kuŵika mtima comene pa vinthu vyauzimu m'malo mwa vya umoyo. [[File:Chauncy_Maples_1905.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chauncy_Maples_1905.jpg|thumb|SS Chauncy Maples wakakhala pa Nyanja ya Nyasa kwa vyaka vinayi kufuma apo wakambira]] Ŵadumbu ŵa Chauncy Maples na Dr. Robert Howard wakasintha comene vinthu pa nkhani ya munkhwala na wovwiri wa munkhwala ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mwaluŵiro, Howard wakambiska ndondomeko yakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na umoyo uwemi. Kuzakafika m'ma 1930, masiteshoni ghanandi, kusazgapo agho ghakaŵa ku vigaŵa vyakutali, ghakaŵa na maofesi gha vipatala agho ghakaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Africa. Pakugwiliskira nchito fundo zakukhwaskana na matenda agho ŵadokotala ŵanyake ŵa mu cigaŵa ici, comenecomene ŵa ku Scotland, ŵakasanga, Dr. Howard wakambiska pulogiramu yakulimbana na maleriya, ndipo pamoza na ŵanyake ku ofesi ya ku Blantyre, ŵakambiska pulogiramu ya katemera wakwimikana na nthomba. Pa mulimo uwo ukaŵa na vyakukhumbikwa vichoko, mtengo wa kunozga boti ili ukakhumbikwiranga kuŵika mtima comene pa vyakurya. Pakuti ngalaŵa iyi yikaŵa na maji ghanandi, yikendanga pa malo ghose gha nyanja. Kweni nkhani ya kukora ŵazga yikaŵa yakusuzga comene, cifukwa yikakhumbikwiranga ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵavikilire malo agha kweniso kuti ŵamanye mphaka izo zikaŵa pakati pa mulimo wa kupharazga, munkhwala, na malonda. Kupenja ŵanthu ŵakwenelera awo ŵakaŵa ŵakunozgeka kupokera malipiro ghacoko ndiposo masuzgo gha umoyo wa pa nyanja, cikaŵa cinthu cimoza; kweni cifukwa cakuti ŵantchito ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaleke kutora panji kutengwa, cikaŵa cinonono comene. Pa vyose ivi pakaŵa masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo cifukwa cakuti ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakakhumbanga comene kuti ŵalutilire kucita milimo yawo mu nyanja ya Nyasa. Ŵa Chauncy Maples ŵakagwiranga nchito mu caru ico mukaŵa mauthenga ghawemi agho ghakapelekanga wovwiri wakukhumbikwa comene ku ŵakavu mu nyengo iyo vinthu vikaŵa vyambura kwenda makora mu ndyali ndiposo mu nyengo ya ufumu. Ngalaŵa iyi yikateŵeteranga ŵanthu ŵa ku Nyasaland kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 50 m'paka mu 1953, apo yikaguliskika na kuzgoka boti lakuyegha somba. Mu 1967, boma la Malawi likagura boti ili, ndipo likasintha kuti liŵe la ŵanthu na katundu. Makina ghake ghakusungirako vinthu ghali mu Lake Malawi Museum ku Mangochi. Pa nyengo yasono ngaraŵa iyi yili ku Monkey Bay. == Vyakususkana vya mishonale ya Cikhristu ya ku Europe == Nangauli ntchito ya ku cipatala yikacitikanga cifukwa ca kugomezga kuti munkhwala wa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi nguwemi ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, kweni yikaŵa ndondomeko ya kujipata yayi. Ŵamishonale aŵa ŵakeneranga kulongora umo ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Victoria ŵakawoneranga Africa na ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa. Nga umo vikaŵira na ntchito ya umishonale mu vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa, mulimo uwu ukawonekanga kuŵa nthowa yikuru yakulongolera nkhongono na cisisi ca uthenga wa Cikristu.<ref name="Good">{{cite book|last=Good|first=Charles M, Jr|title=The Steamer Parish — The Rise and Fall of Missionary Medicine on an African Frontier|year=2004|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|location=Chicago|pages=not cited|url=http://kar.kent.ac.uk/7718/1/Macola-SteamerParish-91129-1.pdf}}</ref> Kweni nangauli ŵamishonale ŵakwenera kuwoneka nga mbakusambizga visambizgo vya chisopa, kweni ntchito yawo yakupharazga vya vyakurya vya ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi yikakhwaska chomene umoyo wa ŵanthu. Kuzakafika mu 1965, matchalitchi ghakapanga vipatala pafupifupi 45 pa vipatala vyose mu Malawi.<ref name="Good" /> Ŵamishonale ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga pa ngaraŵa iyi ŵakamanya kuti ntchito yawo yikaŵa yakuzizika. Wasembe Mukuru George Wilson wakalemba mu diary yake kuti:<blockquote>Kulikose uko munthu wa ku Europe wakuluta, wakuwoneka kuti wali na nkhongono zakusintha vinthu. Ici nchinthu cakuzirwa comene ku wose awo ŵakutemwa Ŵafrika, cifukwa nkhumanya yayi usange kusintha uku nkhwakwenelera".<ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=George Herbert|title=A Missionary's Life in Nyasaland|year=1925|publisher=[[Universities' Mission to Central Africa]]|location=London|pages=not cited|url=https://archive.org/stream/missionaryslifei00wilsiala/missionaryslifei00wilsiala_djvu.txt}}</ref></blockquote>Ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoyapo mphanyi ŵakakolerana kuti sono ntchakukhumbikwa kusintha vinthu mwaluŵiro, nga umo Rev. Robert Keable, mishonale ku Zanzibar:<blockquote>"Tikanjira mu nyumba iyo yikaŵa na viliŵa vinandi, panji mu luŵaza ulo lukaŵa nga ni msika wa ŵazga. Kanandi mu kanyumba ako ŵakaŵikangamo ŵanalume, ŵanakazi, na ŵana ŵakaŵangamo ŵanalume pafupifupi 150, ndipo zuŵa lililose 'ŵakaŵapelekanga' kwa uyo wakapeleka ndalama zinandi".<ref>{{cite book|last=Keable|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Keable|title=Darkness or Light: Illustrating the Theory and Practice of Missions|url=https://archive.org/details/darknessorlights00keabiala|year=1914|publisher=[[Universities' Mission to Central Africa]]|location=London|pages=not cited}}</ref></blockquote>Munthu waliyose wakeneranga kusuzgika comene. Mu minda ya St. Tchalitchi la Michael ku Blantyre, ilo lili na zina la msumba uwo Livingstone wakababikiramo ku Scotland, lili na malibwe ghakukumbukirako ŵanthu 14 awo ŵakafwira ku Africa. Pa malibwe agha pali deti ilo wakafwira, likamba mu 1890 m'paka 1919. Mu buku la Mateyu muli mazgu ghakuti: "Uyo wakutaya umoyo wake cifukwa ca ine wawusangenge".<ref>[[Gospel of Matthew|The Gospel According to St. Matthew]], Chapter 10, verse 39, [[King James Version]]</ref> == Kuwezgerapo == [[File:Chauncy_Maples1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chauncy_Maples1.jpg|thumb|MV Chauncy Maples wakulindilira kuzengekaso mu 2008. Cikhwangwani ici nchakwamba yayi ndipo cizamuwuskikapo kuti cikhazikike makora na kuwelera umo cikaŵira pakwamba.]] Pa nyengo iyo ŵakendera boti ili mu 1992, ŵakasanga kuti likapwetekeka comene yayi. [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa] Chitsulo icho chikapangika mu 1899 chikwenera kuti chikawovwira chomene kuti sitima iyi yiŵe yakutowa. Mu Janyuwale 2012, ŵakayegha boti ili pa mtunda kuti ŵalutilire kunozga. Boma la Malawi ndilo likulongozga mulimo uwu ndipo likovwira na chawanangwa cha Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust ku Britain. Ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ngalaŵa iyi yizamuŵaso na mulimo uwo yikaghanaghananga kuchita kuumaliro wa 2014. Ŵati ŵawuskapo mapayipi agha, gulu la ŵadokotala likamba kovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Malawi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu nyanja iyi ŵalije wovwiri wa munkhwala ndipo ŵakusuzgika na maleriya, HIV-AIDS, na TB. Munthu wakuŵa na umoyo utali kwa vyaka pafupifupi 53. Mu 2017, wupu uwu ukati mulimo uwu walekeka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chauncy Maples : Lake Malawi's Clinic |url=http://www.chauncymaples.org/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912204513/https://chauncymaples.org/index.html |archive-date=12 September 2018 |access-date=12 September 2018 |website=Chauncymaples.org}}</ref> "Bungwe la Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust (CMMT) ilo lili ku UK pamoza na kampani yakuzenga ya ku Portugal, Mota-Engil, ŵakudandawura kuti mulimo wawo wakunozga boti la mishonale la vyaka 100, la Chauncy Maples, kuti liŵe chipatala pa Nyanja ya Malawi, uzamucitika yayi. Apo mulimo wa kuzenga ngalaŵa uwu ukendanga makora, pakaŵa masuzgo ghanyake agho ghakawoneka kuti ghangatimbanizga mulimo wa kuzenga ngalaŵa. == Ukaboni == [[File:Chauncy_Maples4.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chauncy_Maples4.jpg|thumb|Chakumanyuma kwa MV Chauncy Maples ku Monkey Bay, Lake Malawi, 2008]] <references responsive="1"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == {{commons category|Chauncy Maples (ship, 1901)}} [[Category:Sitima za Malaŵi]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230313085128/https://www.chauncymaples.org/ Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust] q11bz7xypc5o9jeucl8gdwksevasr8r 0 20519 120843 118324 2026-09-02T13:44:37Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 120843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Niger-Congo language originating in parts of Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania}} {{good article}} {{Infobox language | name = ChiTumbuka | nativename = ''tumbuka'' | states = [[Malawi]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] | region = | speakers = 7 miliyoni | date = 2022 | ref = | familycolor = Niger-Congo | fam2 = [[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]] | fam3 = [[Volta-Congo]] | fam4 = [[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]] | fam5 = [[Bantoid languages|Bantoid]] | fam6 = [[Southern Bantoid]] | fam7 = [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] ([[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages#Zone N|Zone N]]) | fam8 = [[Nyasa languages|Nyasa]] | iso2 = tum | iso3 = tum | glotto = tumb1250 | glottorefname = Tumbuka | script = {{Plainlist}} * [[Latin script]] ([[Roman alphabet]]) * [[Mwangwego script]] {{endplainlist}} | minority = {{plainlist}} * {{flag|Malawi}} * {{flag|Zambia}} * {{flag|Tanzania}} {{endplainlist}} | image = The Gonapamuhanya festival 2025.jpg | imagecaption = Msonkhano wa chikhalidwe cha ChiTumbuka cha chikondwerero cha Gonapamuhanya cha banthu ba chiTumbuka | guthrie = N.21 | lingua = [http://linguasphere.info/?page=linguascale&linguacode=99-AUS-wc 99-AUS-wc] (+ chi-Kamanga) <br>incl. varieties 99-AUS-wca...-wcl }} '''ChiTumbuka''' ntchiyowoyero cha [[ŴaTumbuka|ŵanthu]] ŵa mtundu wachi [[Bantu]] icho chikuyowoyeka mu [[Malaŵi]], [[Zambia]], na [[Tanzania]].<ref name="Michigan">[https://web.archive.org/web/20151123103050/http://africa.isp.msu.edu/afrlang/Tumbuka_root.html Michigan State University African Studies Center information page].</ref> Lizgu ili likumanyikwaso kuti Chitumbuka panji Citumbuka. Chi- icho chili kunthazi kwa Tumbuka chikung'anamura "mu nthowa ya", ndipo apa likung'anamura "chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka". ChiTumbuka chili mu chiyowoyero chimoza na [[ChiCheŵa|Chichewa]] na [[ChiSena|Sena]].<ref>Kiso (2012), pp.21ff.</ref> Buku linyake ([[The World Almanac]]) likuti mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 2,080,000. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chitumbuka, nangauli ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵalipo ŵachoko chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya Chitumbuka ŵakukhala mu Malaŵi.<ref name="Michigan" /> ChiTumbuka ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene kumpoto kwa Malawi, chomenechomene mu vigaŵa vya [[Rumphi]], [[Mzuzu]], na [[Mzimba]].<ref>University of Malawi (2006) Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi.</ref> Pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa ciyowoyero ca chiTumbuka ico cikuyowoyeka mu misumba ya ku Malawi (ico cili na mazgu ghanyake kufuma ku [[Chiswahili|Ciswahili]] na Chichewa) na ciyowoyero ca chiTumbuka ico cikuyowoyeka mu mizi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti chiyowoyero cha Rumphi ndicho ntchakutowa chomene.<ref>Kamwendo (2004), p.282.</ref> Chiyowoyero cha ku Mzimba chikakhwaskika chomene na chiNgoni ([[ChiZulu|Zulu]]). Kwamba kale, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chitumbuka na Chichewa. Ndipouli, ciyowoyero ca Tumbuka cikasuzgika comene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Pulezidenti [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]], cifukwa mu 1968 cifukwa ca fundo yake yakuti paŵe mtundu umoza na ciyowoyero cimoza, ciyowoyero ici cikaleka kuŵa ca boma mu Malawi. Ntheura, mu masukulu, pa wayilesi, na mu manyuzipepara ŵakafumiskamo ciyowoyero ici.<ref>Kamwendo (2004), p.278.</ref> Mu 1994, apo boma la Tumbuka likamba kulamulira na vipani vinandi, ŵakambaso kutegherezga maungano gha pa wayilesi. Kweni mabuku na mabuku ghanyake ghakaŵa ghanandi yayi.<ref>See Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi (2006), pp.38-40 for a list of publications.</ref> == Malembelo == [[File:WIKITONGUES-Temwa_Speaking_Tumbuka_-_free_to_use_file_under_Wikipedia_policies.webm|thumb|326x326px|Temwa wakuyowoya ChiTumbuka.]] Pali nthowa ziŵiri zakulembera chiTumbuka izo zikugwiliskirika nchito: kalembero ka kaluso (kakulembeka mu [[Baibolo]] la Chitumbuka la [[Wikipediya|Wikipedia]] na mu [[nyuzipepara y]]<nowiki/>a Fuko), umo mazgu gha banthu 'ŵanthu' na chaka 'chaka' ghakulembeka na 'b' na 'ch', na kalembero ka kaluso (kakulembeka mu dikishonare ya Citumbuka iyo yikufumiskika pa [[Intaneti]] na Centre for Language Studies na mu Baibolo la pa Intaneti), umo mazgu ghakulembeka na 'ŵ' na 'c', nga ŵanthu na caka. (Sumu ya 'ŵ' ni [w] yakuzingilizgika makora iyo yikuzunulika na lulimi pafupi na i).<ref>Atkins, Guy (1950) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156786 "Suggestions for an Amended Spelling and Word Division of Nyanja"] ''Africa: Journal of the International African Institute'', Vol. 20, No. 3, p.205.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakumanya yayi apo ŵakwenera kulemba 'r' na 'l', nga ni cakulya ([[Dikishonare]]) panji cakurya (Baibolo) 'chakurya.' (Nadi, [l] na [r] ni mazgu ghakupambanapambana gha chiyowoyero chimoza.) Kweniso pali kukayikira pakati pa mazgu ghakuti'sk' na'sy' (miskombe na misyombe ('bamboo') ghali mu dikishonare ya Citumbuka).<ref>See entries {{lang|tum|citatanga}}, {{lang|tum|cidunga}}, {{lang|tum|cihengo}}.</ref> == Kuyowoya mazgu == === Mavowele === Mu chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka muli mazgu ghakuyana waka nga ni /a/, /ɛ/, /i/, /ɔ/, /u/ na /m̩/ aghoso ghali mu [[Chichewa]].<ref>Vail (1972), p. 1.</ref> [[File:Monile.ogg|thumb|Kutauzgana mu ChiTumbuka.]] === Makonsonanti === Malizga gha chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka ghakuyana waka na gha Chichewa, kweni ghakupambana. Mu chiyowoyero cha Chichewa mulije mazgu ghakuti /ɣ/, /β/, na /h/. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kupulika mazgu agho ghakufuma mu mulomo {{IPA|/vʲ/}}, {{IPA|/fʲ/}}, {{IPA|/bʲ/}}, {{IPA|/pʲ/}}, {{IPA|/skʲ/}}, {{IPA|/zgʲ/}}, and {{IPA|/ɽʲ/}}. Mu chiTumbuka mulije vilembo vya Chichewa nga ni /psj/, /bzj/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/. Mazgu gha /s/ na /z/ ghakusangika yayi mu ChiTumbuka, ntheura Chewa nsómba ('somba') = Tumbuka somba. Lizgu lakuti /ʃ/ likusangika mu mazgu gha ku vyaru vinyake pera nga ni shati ('shati') na shuga ('shuga'). ChiTumbuka /?? / nyengo zinyake chikuyana na Chichewa /d/, chiChewa kudwala 'kuŵa mulwari' = Tumbuka kulwala, Chichewa kudya 'kurya' = Tumbuka kulya. Kuyowoya kwa lizgu lakuti "sk" na lizgu lakuti "zg" vikupambana kuyana na chiyowoyero. Makonsonanti gha Tumbuka kanandi ghakusangika mu viyowoyero vinyake. Vinyake vingalembeka pambere chindindindi chindambe kufuma. Pa chithuzithuzi ichi, pali mazgu agho ghangaŵa pa chilembo ichi: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Malembo gha Tumbuka<ref>Chavula (2016), pp. 11–13.</ref><ref>Vail (1972), pp. 4–19.</ref> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="3" |[[Labial consonant|labial]] ! colspan="3" |[[Dental consonant|dental]] ! colspan="2" |[[Palatal consonant|palatal]] ! colspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|velar]] ! rowspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|glottal]] |- !<small>plain</small> !<small>lab.</small> !<small>pal.</small> !<small>plain</small> !<small>lab.</small> !<small>pal.</small> !<small>plain</small> !<small>lab.</small> !<small>plain</small> !<small>lab.</small> |- ! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|nasal]] |ma<br />{{IPAslink|m}} |mwa<br />{{IPAslink|mʷ}} |mya<br />{{IPAslink|mʲ}} |na<br />{{IPAslink|n}} |nwa<br />{{IPAslink|nʷ}} |nya<br />{{IPAslink|nʲ}} | | |ng'a<br />{{IPAslink|ŋ}} |ng'wa<br />{{IPAslink|ŋʷ}} | |- ! rowspan="5" |[[plosive]]/<br />[[affricate]] !<small>unvoiced</small> |pa<br />{{IPAslink|p}} |pwa<br />{{IPAslink|pʷ}} |pya<br />{{IPAslink|pʲ}} |ta<br />{{IPAslink|t}} |twa<br />{{IPAslink|tʷ}} |tya<br />{{IPAslink|tʲ}} |ca<br />{{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} |cwa<br />{{IPAslink|t͡ʃʷ}} |ka<br />{{IPAslink|k}} |kwa<br />{{IPAslink|kʷ}} | |- !<small>voiced</small> |ba<br />{{IPAslink|ɓ}} |bwa<br />{{IPAslink|ɓʷ}} |bya<br />{{IPAslink|bʲ}} |da<br />{{IPAslink|ɗ}} |dwa<br />{{IPAslink|ɗʷ}} |dya<br />{{IPAslink|ɗʲ}} |ja<br />{{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}} |jwa<br />{{IPAslink|d͡ʒʷ}} |ga<br />{{IPAslink|g}} |gwa<br />{{IPAslink|gʷ}} | |- !<small>aspirated</small> |pha<br />{{IPAslink|pʰ}} |phwa<br />{{IPAslink|pʷʰ}} |phya<br />{{IPAslink|pʲʰ}} |tha<br />{{IPAslink|tʰ}} |thwa<br />{{IPAslink|tʷʰ}} |thya<br />{{IPAslink|tʲʰ}} |cha<br />{{IPAslink|t͡ʃʰ}} | |kha<br />{{IPAslink|kʰ}} |khwa<br />{{IPAslink|kʷʰ}} | |- !<small>nasalised</small> |mba<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐb}} |mbwa<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐbʷ}} |mbya<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐbʲ}} |nda<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿd}} |ndwa<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿdʷ}} |(ndya){{efn|Only in the word {{lang|tum|ndyali}}.}}<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿdʲ}} |nja<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿd͡ʒ}} | |nga<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑg}} |ngwa<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑgʷ}} | |- !<small>nasalised<br />aspirated</small> |mpha<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐpʰ}} |mphwa<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐpʷʰ}} |mphya<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐpʲʰ}} |ntha<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿtʰ}} |nthwa<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿtʷʰ}} |(nthya)<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿtʲʰ}} |ncha<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿt͡ʃʰ}} | |nkha<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑkʰ}} |nkhwa<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑkʷʰ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" |[[fricative]] !<small>unvoiced</small> |fa<br />{{IPAslink|f}} |fwa<br />{{IPAslink|fʷ}} |fya<br />{{IPAslink|fʲ}} |sa<br />{{IPAslink|s}} |swa<br />{{IPAslink|sʷ}} |ska (sya)<br />{{IPAslink|sʲ}} |(sha)<br />{{IPAslink|ʃ}} | | | |ha<br />{{IPAslink|h}} |- !<small>voiced</small> |va<br />{{IPAslink|v}} |vwa<br />{{IPAslink|vʷ}} |vya<br />{{IPAslink|vʲ}} |za<br />{{IPAslink|z}} |zwa<br />{{IPAslink|zʷ}} |zga<br />{{IPAslink|zʲ}} | | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[semivowel]]/ [[Liquid consonant|liquid]] |ŵa<br />{{IPAslink|β}} |wa<br />{{IPAslink|w}} | |la/ra<br />{{IPAslink|ɽ}} |lwa/rwa<br />{{IPAslink|ɽʷ}} |lya/rya<br />{{IPAslink|ɽʲ}} |ya<br />{{IPAslink|j}} | |gha<br />{{IPAslink|ɣ}} | | |} {{notelist}} === Kapulikikilo === Kupambana kukuru pakati pa Chichewa na Chitumbuka nkhwa kuti Chichewa ni chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoya mazgu ghakupambanapambana. ChiTumbuka chili na mazgu ghakupambanapambana, chifukwa lizgu lililose ilo likuyowoyeka payekha likuyana waka na lizgu lakwamba ilo likufuma pa lizgu laumaliro.<ref>Downing (2008, 2012).</ref> Ntheura, mu Citumbuka nchambura macitiko kupambaniska mazgu ghaŵiri ghakupambanapambana, nga umo vikuŵira mu Chichewa na viyowoyero vinyake vya Bantu. Ndipouli, lizgu laumaliro yayi ndilo likuŵa pa lizgu lililose, kweni lizgu laumaliro pera:<ref>Downing (2012), p.123.</ref> * {{lang|tum|ti-ku-phika sî:ma}} 'tikuphika sima' A greater variety of tonal patterns is found in the [[Ideophone|ideophones]] (expressive words) of Tumbuka; for example Low ({{lang|tum|yoyoyo}} 'disintegrating into small pieces'), High ({{lang|tum|fyá:}} 'swooping low (of birds)'), High-Low ({{lang|tum|phúli}} 'sound of thing bursting'), and Low-High ({{lang|tum|yií}} 'sudden disappearance'), etc.<ref>Moto (1999), pp.112-120.</ref> Intonational tones are also used in Tumbuka; for example, in yes-no questions there is often a High-Low fall on the final syllable of the question:<ref>Downing (2008), p.55.</ref> * {{lang|tum|ku-limirâ-so ngô:mâ?}} 'are you also weeding the maize?' There does not seem to be any consistent, direct correlation between tone in Tumbuka and [[Focus (linguistics)|focus]].<ref>Downing (2012), p.129.</ref> == Mazina == === Makilasi gha manoun === Nga umo vikuŵira na viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu, mazina gha ChiTumbuka ghakupangika mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana kuyana na vigaŵa vya mazina. Lizgu lililose lili na lizgu lake lakwimira, lizgu lakwimira, na lizgu la chiyowoyero. Para pali mphindano pakati pa mazgu agha na mazgu ghakwambilira, mazgu agha ndigho ghakuŵa pakwamba pakusankha zina. Mwaciyelezgero, lizgu lakuti katundu 'vinthu,' nangauli lili na lizgu lakuti ka-, lili mu gulu 1, cifukwa munthu wakuyowoya katundu uyu 'vinthu ivi' na lizgu lakuti uyu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi (nga umo viliri mu dikishonare ya Citumbuka ya pa Yunivesite ya Malawi) ŵakuzunura mazina gha viŵaro mu viyowoyero vinyake nga ni "Mu-Ŵa-"; kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu ŵakuzunura viŵaro mu manambara (1/2 etc.) agho ghakuyana na viŵaro vya viŵaro mu viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Bantu. Nyengo zinyake mazina ghakukolerana yayi na magulu ghakulondezgapo agha, nga ni fumu'mukuru' (kalasi 9) uyo wali na mazina ghanandi mu kilasi 6. '''Class 1/2 (Mu-Ŵa-)''' Some nouns in this class lack the prefix Mu-: * {{lang|tum|Munthu}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵanthu (banthu)}} = person * {{lang|tum|Muzungu}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵazungu (bazungu)}} = foreigner, white man * {{lang|tum|Mwana}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵana (bana)}} = child * {{lang|tum|Bulu}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵabulu}} = donkey * {{lang|tum|Sibweni}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵasibweni}} = maternal uncle * {{lang|tum|Katundu}} (no pl.) = goods, possessions '''Class 3/4 (Mu-Mi-)''' * {{lang|tum|Mutu}} pl. {{lang|tum|mitu}} = head * {{lang|tum|Mkuyu}} pl. {{lang|tum|mikuyu}} = fig-tree * {{lang|tum|Moyo}} pl. {{lang|tum|miyoyo}} = life * {{lang|tum|Mtima}} pl. {{lang|tum|mitima}} = heart '''Class 5/6 (Li-Ma-)''' * {{lang|tum|Bele (bhele}} pl. {{lang|tum|mabele (mabhele)}} = breast * {{lang|tum|Boma (bhoma)}} pl. {{lang|tum|maboma (mabhoma)}} = government, district * {{lang|tum|Botolo (bhotolo)}} pl. {{lang|tum|mabotolo (mabhotolo)}} = bottle * {{lang|tum|Fuko}} pl. {{lang|tum|mafuko}} = tribe, nation * {{lang|tum|Jiso}} pl. {{lang|tum|maso}} = eye * {{lang|tum|Maji}} (no singular) = water * {{lang|tum|Phiri}} pl. {{lang|tum|mapiri}} = hill * {{lang|tum|Suzgo}} pl. {{lang|tum|masuzgo}} = problem, trouble * {{lang|tum|Woko}} pl. {{lang|tum|mawoko}} = hand '''Class 7/8 (Ci-Vi-)''' * {{lang|tum|Caka (chaka)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vyaka}} = year * {{lang|tum|Caro (charo)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vyaro}} = country, land * {{lang|tum|Ciŵeto (chibeto)}} pl. {{lang|tum|viŵeto (vibeto)}} = farm animal * {{lang|tum|Cidakwa (chidakwa)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vidakwa}} = drunkard * {{lang|tum|Cikoti (chikoti)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vikoti}} = whip '''Class 9/10 (Yi-Zi-)''' * {{lang|tum|Mbale}} pl. {{lang|tum|mbale (mambale)}} = plate * {{lang|tum|Ndalama}} pl. {{lang|tum|ndalama}} = money * {{lang|tum|Njelwa}} pl. {{lang|tum|njelwa}} = brick * {{lang|tum|Nkhuku}} pl. {{lang|tum|nkhuku}} = chicken * {{lang|tum|Somba}} pl. {{lang|tum|somba}} = fish '''Class 11 (Lu-)''' Some speakers treat words in this class as if they were in class 5/6.<ref>Shiozaki (2004).</ref> * {{lang|tum|Lwande}} = side * {{lang|tum|Lumbiri}} = fame * {{lang|tum|Lulimi}} = tongue '''Class 12/13 (Ka-Tu-)''' * {{lang|tum|Kanthu (kantu)}} pl. {{lang|tum|tunthu (tuntu)}} = small thing * {{lang|tum|Kamwana}} pl. {{lang|tum|tuŵana (tubana)}} = baby * {{lang|tum|Kayuni}} pl. {{lang|tum|tuyuni}} = bird * {{lang|tum|Tulo}} (no singular) = sleep '''Class 14/6 (U-Ma-)''' These nouns are frequently abstract and have no plural. * {{lang|tum|Usiku}} = night * {{lang|tum|Ulimi}} = farming * {{lang|tum|Ulalo}} pl. {{lang|tum|maulalo}} = bridge * {{lang|tum|Uta}} pl. {{lang|tum|mauta}} = bow '''Class 15 (Ku-) Infinitive''' * {{lang|tum|Kugula}} = to buy, buying * {{lang|tum|Kwiba (kwibha)}} = to steal, stealing '''Classes 16, 17, 18 (Pa-, Ku-, Mu-) Locative''' * {{lang|tum|Pasi}} = underneath * {{lang|tum|Kunthazi (kuntazi)}} = in front, before * {{lang|tum|Mukati}} = inside === Concords === Viyezgo, vimanyikwiro, manambara, mazgu ghakupambanapambana, na vimanyikwiro mu Chitumbuka vikwenera kukolerana na lizgu ilo likuyowoyeka. Ŵakuchita nthena na vilembo vyakwambilira, vyakunthazi, panji vyakunthazi ivyo vikuchemeka 'concords.' Mtundu 1 uli na viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, nga ni mazina ghakwimira vinthu, mazgu ghakwamba, mazgu ghaumaliro, manambara, vimanyikwiro, na mazgu ghaumaliro:<ref>Chase (2004).</ref><ref>Shiozaki (2004)</ref><ref>Vail (1971).</ref> * {{lang|tum|Mwana u'''yu'''}} = this child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''yu'''moza}} = one child * {{lang|tum|Mwana u'''yo'''}} = that child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''yo'''se}} = the whole child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''li'''yo'''se}} = every child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''ka'''mu'''wona}} = the child saw him * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''mu'''choko (coko)}} = the small child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa''' Khumbo}} = Khumbo's child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''ne}} = my child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''wona}} = the child has seen Makilasi ghanyake gha manoun ghali na mitundu yichoko ya vimanyikwiro vyakukolerana, nga umo tingawonera pa thebulu ilo lili musi umu: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px; height: 200px;" |+Table of Tumbuka concords ! !noun !English !this !num !that !all !subj !object !adj !of !perf |- !1 |{{lang|tum|mwana}} |child |{{lang|tum|uyu}} |''yu-'' |{{lang|tum|uyo}} |{{lang|tum|yose}} |''wa-'' |''-mu-'' |''mu-'' |{{lang|tum|wa}} |''wa-'' |- !2 |{{lang|tum|ŵana}} |children |{{lang|tum|aŵa}} |''ŵa-'' |{{lang|tum|awo}} |{{lang|tum|wose}} |''ŵa-'' |''-ŵa-'' |''ŵa-'' |{{lang|tum|ŵa}} |''ŵa-'' |- !3 |{{lang|tum|mutu}} |head |{{lang|tum|uwu}} |''wu-'' |{{lang|tum|uwo}} |{{lang|tum|wose}} |''wu-'' | -''wu-'' |''wu-'' |{{lang|tum|wa}} |''wa-'' |- !4 |{{lang|tum|mitu}} |heads |{{lang|tum|iyi}} |''yi-'' |{{lang|tum|iyo}} |{{lang|tum|yose}} |''yi-'' |''-yi-'' |''yi-'' |{{lang|tum|ya}} |''ya-'' |- !5 |{{lang|tum|jiso}} |eye |{{lang|tum|ili}} |''li-'' |{{lang|tum|ilo}} |{{lang|tum|lose}} |''li-'' |''-li-'' |''li-'' |{{lang|tum|la}} |''la-'' |- !6 |{{lang|tum|maso}} |eyes |{{lang|tum|agha}} |''gha-'' |{{lang|tum|agho}} |{{lang|tum|ghose}} |''gha-'' |''-gha-'' |''gha-'' |{{lang|tum|gha}} |''gha-'' |- !7 |{{lang|tum|caka}} |year |{{lang|tum|ici}} |''ci-'' |{{lang|tum|ico}} |{{lang|tum|cose}} |''ci-'' |''-ci-'' |''ci-'' |{{lang|tum|ca}} |''ca-'' |- !8 |{{lang|tum|vyaka}} |years |{{lang|tum|ivi}} |''vi-'' |{{lang|tum|ivyo}} |{{lang|tum|vyose}} |''vi-'' |''-vi-'' |''vi-'' |{{lang|tum|vya}} |''vya-'' |- !9 |{{lang|tum|nyumba}} |house |{{lang|tum|iyi}} |''yi-'' |{{lang|tum|iyo}} |{{lang|tum|yose}} |''yi-'' |''-yi-'' |''yi-'' |{{lang|tum|ya}} |''ya-'' |- !10 |{{lang|tum|nyumba}} |houses |{{lang|tum|izi}} |''zi-'' |{{lang|tum|izo}} |{{lang|tum|zose}} |''zi-'' |''-zi-'' |''zi-'' |{{lang|tum|za}} |''za-'' |- !11 |{{lang|tum|lwande}} |side |{{lang|tum|ulu}} |''lu-'' |{{lang|tum|ulo}} |{{lang|tum|lose}} |''lu-'' |''-lu-'' |''lu-'' |{{lang|tum|lwa}} |''lwa-'' |- ! | |(or: |{{lang|tum|ili}} |''li-'' |{{lang|tum|ilo}} |{{lang|tum|lose}} |''li-'' |''-li-'' |''li-'' |{{lang|tum|la}} |''la-'') |- !12 |{{lang|tum|kayuni}} |bird |{{lang|tum|aka}} |''ka-'' |{{lang|tum|ako}} |{{lang|tum|kose}} |''ka-'' |''-ka-'' |''ka-'' |{{lang|tum|ka}} |''ka-'' |- !13 |{{lang|tum|tuyuni}} |birds |{{lang|tum|utu}} |''tu-'' |{{lang|tum|uto}} |{{lang|tum|tose}} |''tu-'' |''-tu-'' |''tu-'' |{{lang|tum|twa}} |''twa-'' |- !14 |{{lang|tum|uta}} |bow |{{lang|tum|uwu}} |''wu''- |{{lang|tum|uwo}} |{{lang|tum|wose}} |''wu-'' |''-wu-'' |''wu-'' |{{lang|tum|wa}} |''wa-'' |- !15 |{{lang|tum|kugula}} |buying |{{lang|tum|uku}} |''ku-'' |{{lang|tum|uko}} |{{lang|tum|kose}} |''ku-'' |''-ku-'' |''ku-'' |{{lang|tum|kwa}} |''kwa-'' |- !16 |{{lang|tum|pasi}} |underneath |{{lang|tum|apa}} |''pa-'' |{{lang|tum|apo}} |{{lang|tum|pose}} |''pa-'' |''-pa-'' |''pa-'' |{{lang|tum|pa}} |''pa-'' |- !17 |{{lang|tum|kunthazi}} |in front |{{lang|tum|uku}} |''ku-'' |{{lang|tum|uko}} |{{lang|tum|kose}} |''ku-'' |''-ku-'' |''ku-'' |{{lang|tum|kwa}} |''kwa-'' |- !18 |{{lang|tum|mukati}} |inside |{{lang|tum|umu}} |''mu-'' |{{lang|tum|umo}} |{{lang|tum|mose}} |''mu-'' |''-mu-'' |''mu-'' |{{lang|tum|mwa}} |''mwa-'' |- |} == Viyelezgero vya mazgu na malemba == Mazgu agha ndigho munthu wangayowoya para wakuluta ku chigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chitumbuka: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tumbuka !Chizungu |- |Moni |Hello |- |Monile |hello, to a group of people |- |Muli makola? Mwaŵa uli? |how are you? |- |Muli makola? Mwaŵa uli? |How are you?, to a group of people |- |Nili makola |I'm okay |- |Tili makola |We're okay |- |Naonga (chomene) |Thank you (a lot) |- |Yewo (chomene) |Thanks (a lot) |- |Ndiwe njani zina lako? |What is your name? |- |Zina lane ndine.... |My name is.... |- |Nyengo ili uli? |What is the time? |- |Ningakuvwila? |Can I help you? |- |Uyende makola |Goodbye/go well/safe travels |- |Mwende makola |Goodbye/go well/safe travels (said to a group of people) |- |Enya/ Eh |Yes |- |Yayi/Chala |No |- |Kwali |I don't know |- |Mukumanya kuyowoya Chizungu? |Can you speak English? |- |Nayambapo kusambilila ChiTumbuka |I've just started learning Tumbuka |- |Mukung'anamula vichi? |What do you mean? |- |Chonde, ningaluta kubafa? |May I please go to the bathroom? |- |Nakutemwa/Nkhukutemwa |"I love you" |- |Phepa |Sorry |- |Phepani |Sorry (to agroup of people) |- |Banja |Family |- |Yowoya |Talk/speak |} == Verbs == === Subject prefix === Viyezgo vyose vikwenera kuŵa na lizgu lakunjilira ilo likuyana na lizgu lakunjilira. Mwaciyerezgero, lizgu lakuti ciŵinda'muthondo' lili mu gulu la 7, ntheura usange ni munthu, verebu ili lili na c-: : {{lang|tum|ciŵinda '''ci'''-ka-koma nkhalamu}} = 'the hunter killed a lion'<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 42.</ref> It is also possible for the subject to be a locative noun (classes 16, 17, 18), in which case the verb has a locative prefix:<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 23.</ref> : {{lang|tum|pamphasa '''pa'''-ka-khala mwana}} = 'on the mat there sat down a child' The locative prefix ''ku-'' (class 17) is also used impersonally when discussing the weather:<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 24.</ref> : {{lang|tum|'''ku'''kuzizima madazi ghano}} = 'it's cold these days' When the subject is a personal pronoun, the subject prefixes are as follows (the pronoun itself may be omitted, but not the subject prefix): : {{lang|tum|(ine) '''n'''-kha-gula}} = 'I bought' (''nkha-'' stands for ''ni-ka-'') : {{lang|tum|(iwe) '''u'''-ka-gula}} = 'you bought' (informal, singular) : {{lang|tum|(iyo)<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 23. But Kishindo et al. (2018), s.v. {{lang|tum|iye}}, have {{lang|tum|iye}}.</ref> '''wa'''-ka-gula}} = 'he, she bought' : {{lang|tum|(ise) '''ti'''-ka-gula}} = 'we bought' : {{lang|tum|(imwe) '''mu'''-ka-gula}} = 'you bought' (plural or respectful) : {{lang|tum|(iwo) '''ŵa'''-ka-gula}} = 'they bought', 'he/she bought' (plural or respectful) In the perfect tense, these are shortened to {{lang|tum|n-a-, w-a-, w-a-, t-a-, mw-a-, ŵ-a-}}, e.g. {{lang|tum|t-a-gula}} 'we have bought'. In [[Karonga]] dialect, in the 3rd person singular ''a-'' is found instead of ''wa-'', and the 3rd plural is ''wa-'' instead of ''ŵa-'', except in the perfect tense, when ''wa-'' and ''ŵa-'' are used.<ref>McNicholl (2010), pp. 7–8.</ref> === Object-marker === To indicate the object, an infix can be added to the verb immediately before the verb root. Generally speaking, the object-marker is optional:<ref>Chavula (2016), pp. 51–64.</ref> : {{lang|tum|Pokani wa('''yi''')gula galimoto}} = 'Pokani has bought a car' (class 9) : {{lang|tum|Changa waka('''mu''')nyamula katundu}} = 'Changa carried the luggage' (class 1) The object-marker agrees with the class of the object, as shown on the table of concords above. The object-marker can also be a locative (classes 16, 17, or 18):<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 56.</ref> : {{lang|tum|Kondwani wa('''pa''')kwera pa nyumba}} = 'Kondwani has climbed on top of the house' The locative markers for personal pronouns are as follows:<ref>Chavula (2016), pp. 53–4.</ref> : {{lang|tum|wa'''ni'''ona (ine)}} = 'he has seen me' : {{lang|tum|wa'''ku'''ona (iwe)}} = 'he has seen you' : {{lang|tum|wa'''mu'''ona}} = 'he has seen him/her' : {{lang|tum|wa'''ti'''ona}} = 'he has seen us' : {{lang|tum|wa'''mu'''ona'''ni'''}} = 'he has seen you' (plural or respectful) : {{lang|tum|wa'''ŵa'''ona}} = 'he has seen them' === Tenses === Tenses in Tumbuka are made partly by adding infixes, and partly by suffixes. Unlike Chichewa, tones do not form any part of the distinction between one tense and another. In the past a distinction is made between hodiernal tenses (referring to events of today) and remote tenses (referring to events of yesterday or some time ago). However, the boundary between recent and remote is not exact.<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 176.</ref> Pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa nyengo iyo yajumpha na nyengo iyo yajumpha. Para munthu wakuyowoya mu nyengo yakufikapo, wakuyowoya kuti vinthu vicali makora, nga ni para wakuti: 'Vikondamoyo vyatandazgika mu munda.' Para munthu wakuyowoya lizgu lakuti ndakhala, wakung'anamura kuti "Nkhukhala" panji ndakondwa. Chizindikiro cha kutali chikugwiliskirika nchito pa vinthu ivyo vikacitika kale comene kweni ivyo vikucitika mazuŵa ghano, nga ni libwe lilikuwa 'libwe lawira' panji walikutayika 'wali kufwa.'<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 171, 178.</ref><ref>Kiso (2012), p. 171, quoting Vail (1972).</ref> Nyengo zakunthazi nazo zikupambaniska pakati pa vyakuchitika vyapafupi na vyakutali. Vinyake vikulongora kuti cakucitika ici cizamucitikira kunyake, nga ni ndamukuchezga 'Nizamuluta kukacezga.'<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 184, quoting Vail (1972).</ref> Compound tenses are also found in Tumbuka, such as {{lang|tum|wati wagona}} 'he had slept', {{lang|tum|wakaŵa kuti wafumapo}} 'he had just left' and {{lang|tum|wazamukuŵa waguliska}} 'he will have sold'.<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 172, 182, 184, quoting Vail (1972).</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |+Some Tumbuka tenses<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 163–192.</ref> !Tense !Tense marker !Example !Translation |- !Present infinitive |ku- |{{lang|tum|'''ku'''-luta}} |‘to go' |- ! |- !Present simple | -ku- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ku'''-luta}} |‘he/she goes/is going’ |- !Present habitual | -ku-...-anga |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ku'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she goes’ (some speakers only) |- ! |- !Present perfect | -a- |{{lang|tum|w-'''a'''-luta}} |‘he/she has gone’ |- !Present perfect continuous | -a-...-anga |{{lang|tum|w-'''a'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she has been going' |- !Remote perfect | -liku- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''liku'''-luta}} |‘he/she has gone’ |- ! |- !Recent past simple | -angu- |{{lang|tum|w-'''angu'''-luta}} |‘he/she went’ (today) |- !Recent past continuous | -angu-...-anga |{{lang|tum|w-'''angu'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she was going' (today) |- !Remote past simple | -ka- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ka'''-luta}} |‘he/she went’ |- !Remote past continuous | -ka-...-anga |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ka'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she was going/used to go' |- ! |- ![[Near future (grammar)|Near future]] |...-enge |{{lang|tum|wa-lut-'''enge'''}} |'he will go' (now or today) |- !Emphatic future<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 183, quoting Vail (1972).</ref> | -ti-...-enge |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ti'''-lut-'''enge'''}} |'he will certainly go' |- !Distal future<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 184, 185, quoting Vail (1972). For the term 'distal', see Botne (1999).</ref> | -amu-(ku)- |{{lang|tum|w-'''amuku'''-gula}} |‘he/she will buy’ (elsewhere) |- !Remote future | -zamu-(ku)- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''zamu'''-luta}} |‘he/she will go’ (tomorrow or later) |- !Remote future continuous | -zamu-...-anga |{{lang|tum|wa-'''zamu'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she will be going' (tomorrow or later) |- ! |- !Present subjunctive | -e |{{lang|tum|ti-lut-'''e'''}} |‘let's go' |- !Distal subjunctive | -ka-...-e |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ka'''-gul-'''e'''}} |‘so that he can buy (elsewhere)' |- !Potential | -nga- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''nga'''-luta}} |'he can go'<ref>McNicholl (2010), p. 8.</ref> |} Other future tenses are given by Vail (1972) and others.<ref>See Kiso (2012) pp. 182–188.</ref> In the 1st person singular, ''ni-ku-'' and ''ni-ka-'' are shortened to ''nkhu-'' and ''nkha-'': {{lang|tum|nkhuluta}} 'I am going', 'I go', {{lang|tum|nkhalutanga}} 'I used to go'.<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 163, 173.</ref> === Negative verbs === To make the negative of a verb in Tumbuka, the word {{lang|tum|yayi}} or {{lang|tum|cha(ra)}} is added at or near the end of the clause. It seems that {{lang|tum|yayi}} is preferred by younger speakers:<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 190.</ref> : {{lang|tum|wakulemba kalata '''yayi'''}} : 'he is not writing a letter' : {{lang|tum|tizamugwira ntchito '''cha''' machero}} : 'we will not work tomorrow' With the present perfect tense, however, a separate form exists, adding ''-nda-'' and ending in ''-e'':<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 191.</ref> : {{lang|tum|enya, n'''a'''kumana nawo}} : 'yes, I have met him' : {{lang|tum|yayi, ni'''nda'''kuman'''e''' nawo}} : 'no, I haven't met him' == The Ngoni influence on Tumbuka == '''Words of Ngoni (Zulu/Ndwandwe) origin found in Tumbuka:''' Viyowoyero vyose vya Chitumbuka vikakhwaskika na chiyowoyero cha Chigoni, chomenechomene mu chigaŵa cha Mzimba ku Malawi. Chiyowoyero cha Ngoni chikamba na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ndwandwe awo ŵakaŵa ŵazengezgani ŵa fuko la Zulu pambere Ŵazulu ŵandaŵathereske. Ntheura chiyowoyero icho Ŵandwandwe ŵakayowoyanga chikaŵa chakuyana waka na cha Ŵazulu. Apa pali viyelezgero vinyake vya mazgu gha Chitumbuka agho ghali kufuma ku chiZulu/Ndwandwe, nangauli ghanandi ghali na mazgu ghakwambilira gha Chitumbuka agho ghakung'anamulika mu chiyowoyero ichi. {| class="wikitable" !English !Tumbuka !Tumbuka-Ngoni dialect |- |See |Wona |Bheka |- |Smoke |Khweŵa |Bhema |- |Man |Mwanalume |Doda |- |Virgin |Mwali |Nthombi |} == An example of Tumbuka == '''Months in Tumbuka:''' {| class="wikitable" !English !Tumbuka |- |January |Mathipa |- |February |Muswela |- |March |Nyakanyaka |- |April |Masika |- |May |Vuna |- |June |Zizima |- |July |Mphepo |- |August |Mpupulu |- |September |Lupya |- |October |Zimya |- |November |Thukila |- |December |Vula |} Chiyelezgero cha nkhani ya ŵanthu iyo yikang'anamulika mu Chitumbuka na viyowoyero vinyake vya kumpoto kwa Malawi chili mu buku la Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi, ilo likalembeka na Center for Language Studies of the University of Malawi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225347/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf Language Mapping Survey], p. 60-64.</ref> Buku la Chitumbuka ilo lili na nkhani iyi likuti: : {{lang|tum|KALULU NA FULU (Citumbuka)|italics=no}} : {{lang|tum|Fulu wakaluta kukapemphiska vyakulya ku ŵanthu. Pakuyeya thumba lake wakacita kukaka ku cingwe citali na kuvwara mu singo, ndipo pakwenda thumba lake likizanga kunyuma kwakhe.|italics=no}} : {{lang|tum|Wali mu nthowa, kalulu wakiza kunyuma kwakhe ndipo wakati “bowo, thumba lane!” Fulu wakati, "Thumba ndane iwe, wona cingwe ici ndakaka sono nkhuguza pakwenda.” Kalulu wakakana nipera, ndipo wakati “Tilute ku Mphala yikateruzge.” Mphala yikadumula mlandu na kuceketa cingwe ico Fulu wakakakira thumba. Ŵakatola thumba lira ndipo ŵakapa kalulu.|italics=no}} : {{lang|tum|Pa zuŵa linyakhe Kalulu wakendanga, Fulu wakamsanga ndipo wakati, "Bowo, mcira wane!" Kalulu wakati, “Ake! Fulu iwe m'cira ngwane." Fulu wakakana, ndipo wakati, "Ndasola ngwane." Ŵakaluta ku mphala, kuti yikaŵeruzge. Ku Mphala kula mlandu ukatowera Fulu. Ŵakadumula m'cira wa Kalulu nakupa Fulu.|italics=no}} : (Translation) : THE TORTOISE AND THE HARE : Tortoise went to beg food from people. To carry his bag, he tied it to a long string and wore it round his neck. As he walked along, the bag was coming behind him. : As he was on his way, Hare came up behind him and said, "There it is, my bag!" Tortoise said "The bag is mine, see this string I've tied now I'm pulling it as I go." Hare refused to accept this and said "Let's go the Court, so that it can judge us." The Court examined the case and cut Tortoise's string which he'd tied the bag with. They took that bag and gave it to Hare. : Another day when Hare was walking along, Tortoise found him and said, "There it is, my tail!" Hare said, "Nonsense, this is my tail, Tortoise." Tortoise refused to accept this and said, "What I've got is mine." They went to the Court so that it could make a judgement. In that Court, the case went in Tortoise's favour. They cut off Hare's tail and gave it to Tortoise. == Some vocabulary == === Helpful phrases === * {{lang|tum|Enya}} = Yes * {{lang|tum|Yayi}} = No * {{lang|tum|Yebo (yeŵo)}} = Thank you * {{lang|tum|Taonga}} = We are thankful * {{lang|tum|Nkhukhumba chakurya!}} = I want some food ! * {{lang|tum|Munganipako chakurya?}} = could you give me some food? * {{lang|tum|Ine nkhuyowoya chiTumbuka yayi!}} = I do not speak chiTumbuka! * {{lang|tum|Yendani makola}} = Travel well. * {{lang|tum|Nkukhumba maji yakumwa}} = I would like water to drink. === Greetings === * {{lang|tum|Mwawuka uli?}} = Good morning. (How did you wake up?) * {{lang|tum|Tawuka makola. Kwali imwe?}} = Fine. And you? (I woke up well. I don't know about you?) * {{lang|tum|Muli uli?}} = How are you? * {{lang|tum|Nili makola, kwali imwe?}} = I am fine, how are you? * {{lang|tum|Mwatandala uli?}} = Good afternoon. (How did you spend the day?) * {{lang|tum|Natandala makola. Kwali imwe?}} = Good afternoon. How are you? (I spent the day well. I don't know about you?) * {{lang|tum|Monile}} = somewhat more formal than "Hi". Perhaps best translated as "Greetings". * {{lang|tum|Tionanenge}} = We shall meet again. === People === The plural ba- (ŵa-) is often used for politeness when referring to elders: * {{lang|tum|Munyamata}} = boy * {{lang|tum|Banyamata (ŵanyamata)}} = boys * {{lang|tum|Musungwana}} = girl * {{lang|tum|Basungwana (ŵasungwana)}} = girls * {{lang|tum|Bamwali (ŵamwali)}} = young ladies * {{lang|tum|Banchembere (ŵancembele)}} = a woman with babies * {{lang|tum|Bamama (ŵamama)}} = mother * {{lang|tum|Badada(ŵadhadha)}} = dad * {{lang|tum|Bagogo (ŵagogo)}} = grandmother * {{lang|tum|Babuya (ŵabhuya)}} = grandmother, also used when addressing old female persons * {{lang|tum|Basekulu (ŵasekulu)}} = grandfather * {{lang|tum|Bankhazi (ŵankhazi)}} = paternal aunt * {{lang|tum|ŵa/Bamama ŵa/bachoko / ŵa/bakulu}} = maternal aunt usually your mother's younger/older sister * {{lang|tum|Basibweni (ŵasibweni)}} = maternal uncle * {{lang|tum|Badada(ŵadhadha) bachoko / bakulu}} = paternal uncle usually your father's younger/older brother * {{lang|tum|Mudumbu(mudhumbu) wane}} = my brother/ sister (for addressing a sibling of the opposite sex) * {{lang|tum|Muchoko wane / muzuna wane/ munung'una wane}} = my young brother / sister (for addressing a sibling of the same sex) * {{lang|tum|Mukuru wane / mulala wane}} = my elder brother / sister (for addressing a sibling of the same sex) === Verbs === * {{lang|tum|Kusebela (Kuseŵera)}} = to play * {{lang|tum|Kuseka}} = to laugh * {{lang|tum|Kurya}} = to eat * {{lang|tum|Kugona}} = to sleep * {{lang|tum|Kwenda}} = to walk * {{lang|tum|Kuchimbila}} = to run * {{lang|tum|Kulemba}} = to write * {{lang|tum|Kuchapa}} = to do laundry * {{lang|tum|Kugeza}} = to bath * {{lang|tum|Kuphika}} = to cook * {{lang|tum|Kulima}} = to dig / cultivate * {{lang|tum|Kupanda}} = to plant * {{lang|tum|Kuvina}} = to dance * {{lang|tum|Kwimba}} = to sing === Animals === * {{lang|tum|Fulu}} = tortoise * {{lang|tum|Kalulu}} = hare * {{lang|tum|Gwere}} = hippo * {{lang|tum|Chimbwi}} = hyena * {{lang|tum|Njoka}} = snake * {{lang|tum|Nkhumba}} = pig * {{lang|tum|Ng'ombe}} = cow * {{lang|tum|Nchebe (Ncheŵe)}} = dog * {{lang|tum|Chona/pusi/kiti}} = cat * {{lang|tum|Mbelele}} = sheep * {{lang|tum|Nkalamu}} = lion * {{lang|tum|Mbuzi}} = goat * {{lang|tum|Nkhuku}} = chicken == Wonaniso == * [[Tumbuka people]] * [[Tumbuka mythology]] == Notable Tumbuka People == * [[Shepherd Bushiri|Sheperd Bushiri]] (Christian preacher) * [[Mwai Kumwenda]] (netball player) * [[Bridget Kumwenda|Briddget Kumwenda]] (netball player) * [[Chakufwa Chihana]] ( human rights activist and politician) * [[Enoch Chihana]] (member of parliament) == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == {{refbegin}} * Botne, Robert (1999). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225148/https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/3356/botne%20book%20chapter.pdf?sequence=1 "Future and distal -ka-'s: Proto-Bantu or nascent form(s)?"]. In: Jean-Marie Hombert and Larry M. Hyman (eds.), ''Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives''. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information, pp.&nbsp;473–515. * Chase, Robert (2004). "A Comparison of Demonstratives in the Karonga and Henga Dialects of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts. * Chavula, Jean Josephine (2016). [https://www.lotpublications.nl/Documents/423_fulltext.pdf "Verbal derivation and valency in Chitumbuka"]. Leiden University doctoral thesis. * Downing, Laura J. (2006). "The Prosody and Syntax of Focus in Chitumbuka". ''ZAS Papers in Linguistics'' 43, 55-79. * Downing, Laura J. (2008). "Focus and prominence in Chichewa, Chitumbuka and Durban Zulu". ''ZAS Papers in Linguistics'' 49, 47-65. * Downing, Laura J. (2012). [http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/42/paper2764.pdf "On the (Non-)congruence of Focus and Prominence in Tumbuka"]. ''Selected Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics'', ed. Michael R. Marlo et al., 122-133. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. * Downing, Laura J. (2017). "Tone and intonation in Chichewa and Tumbuka". In Laura J. Downing & Annie Rialland (eds) ''Intonation in African Tone Languages''. de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, pp.&nbsp;365–392. * Downing, Laura J. (2019). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Laura_Downing/publication/335175896_Tumbuka_prosody_Between_tone_and_stress/links/5d55398645851545af43be4d/Tumbuka-prosody-Between-tone-and-stress.pdf "Tumbuka prosody: Between tone and stress"]. In: Emily Clem et al (eds). ''Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics'', 75-94. Also available online at: [https://books.google.com/books?id=fPSrDwAAQBAJ&dq=Tumbuka+prosody%3A+Between+tone+and+stress&pg=PA75] * Elmslie, Walter Angus (1923): ''Introductory Grammar of the Tumbuka Language''. Livingstonia Mission Press. * Kamwendo, Gregory H. (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200929073334/http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol13num3/kamwendo.pdf Kamwendo "Your Chitumbuka is Shallow. It's not the Real Chitumbuka: Linguistic Purism Among Chitumbuka Speakers in Malawi"], ''Nordic Journal of African Studies'' 13(3): 275–288. * Kishindo, Pascal J. et Allan L. Lipenga (2006). ''Parlons citumbuka : langue et culture du Malawi et de la Zambie'', L'Harmattan, Paris, Budapest, Kinshasa, 138 pages. {{ISBN|2-296-00470-9}} * Kishindo, Pascal J. (ed), Jean J. Chavula and others (2018). {{lang|tum|Mung'anamulira mazgo wa Citumbuka}} (Citumbuka dictionary). Centre for Language Studies, University of Malawi. {{ISBN|978-99960-9-610-5}} * Kiso, Andrea (2012). [http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:546594/FULLTEXT01.pdf "Tense and Aspect in Chichewa, Citumbuka, and Cisena"]. Ph.D. Thesis. Stockholm University. * McNicholl, Duncan (2010). [http://malawinetwork.org/guide-to-chitumbuka.pdf "The No-Nonsense Guide to Learning Chitumbuka: Volume 1"]. * Moto, Francis (1999). "The Tonal Phonology of Bantu Ideophones". ''Malilime: Malawian Journal of Linguistics'' no.1, 100-120. (pp.&nbsp;112–119 deals with tone in Chitumbuka ideophones). * Mphande, L. (1989). "A Phonological Analysis of the Ideophone in Chitumbuka". Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of Texas, Austin. * Shiozaki, Lisa (2004). "Concordial agreement in the Karonga dialect of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts. * Turner, W.M. (1952). ''Tumbuka–Tonga–English Dictionary'' The Hetherwick Press, Blantyre, Nyasaland (now Malawi). * University of Malawi Centre for Language Studies (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225347/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf "Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi"]. * Vail, Hazen Leroy (1971). "The noun classes of Tumbuka". ''African studies'', v. 30, 1, p.&nbsp;35-59. * Vail, Hazen Leroy (1972). "Aspects of the Tumbuka Verb". Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin. {{refend}} == External links == {{InterWiki|code=tum}} {{Wikivoyage|Tumbuka phrasebook|Tumbuka|a phrasebook}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151123103050/http://africa.isp.msu.edu/afrlang/Tumbuka_root.html Very brief report on Tumbuka language.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225347/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi]. University of Malawi Centre for Language Studies, 2006. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225407/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/mw-north-a4.jpg Language Map of Northern Malawi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051222115610/http://embangweni.com/chitumbu.htm Some more chiTumbuka vocabulary.] * [http://www.bisharat.net/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Tumbuka PanAfrican L10n page on Tumbuka] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210308020136/http://www.unima-cls.org/ Citumbuka monolingual dictionary] {{Languages of Malawi}} {{Languages of Zambia}} {{Narrow Bantu languages|N-S}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tumbuka Language}} [[Category:Tumbuka language| ]] [[Category:Nyasa languages]] [[Category:Languages of Malawi]] [[Category:Languages of Zambia]] [[Category:Tumbuka people]] [[Category:Non-tonal languages in tonal families]] [[Category:Click languages|Tumbuka language (Mzimba dialect)]] 6fg6c8xmzwhomxj2t1w569oxukd7pu5 0 37585 120856 119317 2026-09-03T02:42:26Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 120856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Other uses}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}} [[Image:Mwata Kazembe at Mtomboko 2017 01.webp|thumb|right|Mwata Kazembe pa Mtomboko ceremony 2017]] '''Kazembe''' ni ufumu uwo uli ku [[Zambia]], kumwera kwa [[Congo]]. Kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 250, Kazembe wakaŵa ufumu wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa [[Kiluba-Chibemba]], awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Eastern Luba-Lunda ŵa kumwera kwa [[Africa]]. Malo agha ghakaŵa pa misewu ya malonda, ndipo ghakaŵa na maji ghanandi, vyakumera vinandi, na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Mwata panji Mulopwe, ilo likung'anamura kuti 'Mulongozgi Mulara,' ndipo pa chiphikiro cha Mutomboko icho chikuchitika chaka chilichose, ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene mu Luapula Valley na mu [[Nyanja ya Mweru]] mu Zambia.<ref name="Gordon" /><ref name="Gordon">{{cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0021853705001283|author=David M. Gordon|title=History on the Luapula Retold: Landscape, Memory and Identity in the Kazembe Kingdom|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_2006_47_1/page/21|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=47|pages=21|year=2006}}</ref> ==Mbili<ref name="Livingstone">[[David Livingstone]] and [[Horace Waller (activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.) (1874) ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray.</ref>== === Mbiri ya Chikoloni === ==== Umo Ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba-Lunda-Kazembe Ŵakafuma ==== {| align="right" style="margin:1em" | align="center" colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"|'''Mndandanda wa Mafumu gha Mwata Kazembe''' |- style="background:#efefef;" |align="center" colspan="2" |''Italics indicate approx dates'' |- style="background:#ffdead;" |''1740–5''||I Ng'anga Bilonda |- style="background:#ffdead;" | ''1745–60''||II Kanyembo Mpemba |- style="background:#efefef;" | align="center" colspan="2" |''Continued below in the section'' |- style="background:#efefef;" | align="center" colspan="2" |''to which their rule relates'' |} Around 1740 the first Mwata, Ng'anga Bilonda of the [[Kingdom of Luba|Luba]]-[[Kingdom of Lunda|Lunda Kingdom]] Wakalongozgeka na Mwata Yamvo (panji 'Mwaant Yav') makilomita 300 kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Luapula mu DR Congo, wakaluta na gulu la ŵalondezgi ŵake kukaskera kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mutanda uyo wakakoma wiske Chinyanta na asibweni ŵake mwa kuŵabira mu Mlonga wa Mukelweji. 'Mwata' pakwamba wakaŵa mutu wakuyana na 'General'. Ŵakati ŵamara kuthereska Mutanda, gulu ili likalutilira kusama kumanjiliro gha dazi pasi pa Mwata Kazembe II Kanyembo Mpemba, ŵakambuka Mlonga wa Luapula ku Matanda, ŵakathereska ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti Ŵashila mu Dambo la Luapula, ndipo ŵakimika ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Luba panji Lunda kuŵa ŵalongozgi ŵawo. Nangauli Lunda na Luba ŵakiza na mitheto na mitheto yawo (nga umo ŵakacitiranga na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luba), kweni ŵakamba kuyowoya ciyowoyero ca Ŵemba, awo nawo ŵakafuma ku Congo. Ufumu uwu ukafuma ku nyanja ya Mweru na Mofwe Lagoon, kweniso ku vinthu vyakuthupi, kusazgapo mkuwa ku Katanga, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Luapula. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakatenge Mwata Kazembe wakaŵa na ŵasilikari 20,000, ndipo malo ghake ghakaŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Lualaba (mphepete mwa ufumu wa Mwata Yamvo wa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Luba-Lunda na maufumu ghanyake gha Luba kumpoto kwake) na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Luba-Bemba. (Wonani mapu.)<ref name="Gordonc">David Gordon (2000) “Decentralized Despots or Contingent Chiefs: Comparing Colonial Chiefs in Northern Rhodesia and the Belgian Congo.” KwaZulu-Natal History and African Studies Seminar, University of Natal, Durban.</ref><ref name="Gordon" /> ==== Maulendo gha ku Portugal ==== {| align="right" style="margin:1em" |- style="background:#ffdead;" |''1760–1805''||III Lukwesa Ilunga |- style="background:#ffdead;" |1805–1850||IV Kanyembo Keleka Mayi |- style="background:#ffdead;" |1850–1854||V Kapumba Mwongo Mfwama |} Padera pa malonda, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵapangenge nthowa yakujumphira mu charu ichi, iyo yikayaniskenge vigaŵa vyawo vya Angola kumanjiliro gha dazi na [[Mozambique]] kumafumiro gha dazi.<ref name="Gordonb">{{cite journal|author=David M. Gordon|title=Review of Giacomo Macola. The Kingdom of Kazembe: History and Politics in North-Eastern Zambia and Katanga to 1950|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-studies-review_2004-12_47_3/page/216|jstor=1514960|journal=African Studies Review|date=December 2004|volume= 47|issue=3 |pages=216–218 }}</ref> [[Image:Kazembe Kingdom 433x455.JPG|right|thumb|Ufumu wa Kazembe ukaŵa wakutowa comene mu hafu yakwamba ya 19th Century.]] Maulendo agha ghakaŵa:<ref name="EB">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Cazembe}}</ref> * 1796 Manuel Caetano Pereira, wamalonda. * Mu 1798 Francisco José de Lacerda e Almeida uyo wakiza kwizira ku Tete wakafwa pakati pajumpha masabata ghacoko waka wati wafika ku Kazembe, uku wachali kulindilira kuti ŵambe kudumbiskana vya malonda. Wakaleka magazini yakuzirwa comene, ndipo wasembe wake, Father Pinto, ndiyo wakayegha ku Tete. * Mu 1802 Pedro João Baptista na Amaro José, ŵakaŵa ŵamalonda ŵa ŵazga. * Mu 1831, Mulara wa chigaŵa ichi wakatuma José Monteiro na António Gamito, pamoza na ŵasilikari 20 na ŵazga 120. Kweniso wakalemba mu buku lake kuti: "Tikawonanga yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakuchita vinthu vyapadera nthena".<ref name="Simbao"/> Kweni vyose ivi vikaŵa vyambura ntchito. Mwata Kazembe III Lukwesa Ilunga na IV Kanyembo Keleka Mayi ŵakakana ivyo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhumbanga kuchita kuti ŵambiske mubungwe uwo ukaŵa na mazaza pa msewu wa Atlantic na Indian Ocean. (Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Fumu ya Zanzibar na Msiri yikamba kulamulira nthowa iyi, ndipo Msiri ndiyo yikaŵa pakwamba.<ref name="EB"/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Ian Cunnison|title=Kazembe and the Portuguese 1798–1832|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_2009_50_1/page/61|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=2|pages=61|doi=10.1017/S0021853700002140 |year=2009}}</ref> ==== Ulendo wa David Livingstone ==== Mu 1867, munthu munyake uyo wakendanga mu Africa, zina lake David Livingstone, wakaluta kukawona chigaŵa chakumwera kwa Nile. Kufuma ku 'Nyasaland' ([[Malaŵi|Malawi]]) na kujumpha kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika, wakenda mu vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga. Wakalutilira kulazga kumwera kufupi na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja. Mwata Kazembe VII wakaphalirika kuti wafika ndipo wakamupokelera ku msumba wake wa Kanyembo kufupi na mphepete ya kumpoto kwa Mofwe Lagoon:<ref name="Livingstone"/> <blockquote> "Nyumba ya m'malo ya Casembe - ŵanyake ŵangayichema kuti nyumba yachifumu - ni malo ghakukwana mamita 300 na mamita 200. Yili pafupi na chivundikiro cha mathipa gha msinkhu ukuru. Mkati mwake, uko Casembe wakanipa ntchindi zikuru, muli nyumba yikuru ya Casembe, na nyumba zinandi za ŵateŵeti ŵa pa nyumba. Nyumba ya Fumukazi yili kuseri kwa nyumba ya mulara, ndipo muli nyumba zinandi. Kasembe wakakhala panthazi pa nyumba yake pa mpando wakulingana wakukhala pa makuni gha nkhalamu na nkharamu. Wakavwara salu ya buluu na yituŵa ya Manchester yakupatulika na mphonje zakuzura na maluŵa ghaswesi, ndipo wakanozgekera mu makuni ghakuru mwakuti wawoneke nga ni crinoline pa chigaŵa chakupambanapambana. —kufuma mu buku la ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone'' ku Central Africa kufuma 1865mpaka kufwakwake.<ref name="Livingstone"/></blockquote> {| align="right" style="margin:1em" |- style="background:#ffdead;" |1854–1862||VI Chinyanta Munona |- style="background:#ffdead;" |1862–70|| VII Mwonga Nsemba |} Livingstone wakalemba kuti muwuso wa Mwata Kazembe VII ukaŵa wankhongono comene. Cifukwa ca nkhaza izi, cikaŵa cakusuzga kuti waŵe na ŵanalume 1,000. Iyo wakawona kuti ufumu uwu ukaŵa wakukondwa yayi nga umo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayowoyera. Chaka chakulondezgapo wakizaso kwa Mwata, ndipo ndiyo wakamba kumuphalira kuti Chambeshi, Lake Bangweulu, Luapula, Lake Mweru, na Luvua-Lualaba ni maji ghamoza. Ivi vikapangiska kuti Livingstone walute ku Bangweulu, kufuma apo ku Lualaba uko wakaghanaghananga kuti kunganjira mu Mlonga wa Nayelo, na ku Tanganyika, kufuma apo wakawelera ku Bangweulu na kufwa pakati pajumpha vyaka vinkhondi.<ref name="Livingstone"/> ==== Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia na Swahili ==== {| align="right" style="margin:1em" |- style="background:#ffdead;" |1870–72|| VIII Chinkonkole Kafuti |- style="background:#ffdead;" |1872–83 & 1885–86||IX Lukwesa Mpanga |- style="background:#ffdead;" |1883–85 & 1886–1904||X Kanyembo Ntemena |} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 na 1800, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia na Swahili ŵakalutanga ku Mwata Kazembe kukaguliska mkuwa, njovu, na ŵazga. Ŵanthu ŵakendanga mu misewu ya malonda nga ni iyo yikafumanga ku Zanzibar kwizira ku Ujiji pa Nyanja ya Tanganyika. Livingstone wakakhalanga kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika cifukwa ca nkhondo pakati pa Tippu Tip (Ahmed bin Mohamed, uyo Livingstone wakamuchemanga kuti Tipo Tipo) na mulongozgi wa cigaŵa ici. Wakati wafika ku nyumba ya Mwata Kazembe wakasanga munthu munyake zina lake Mohamad Bogharib uyo wakaŵa kuti wiza mazuŵa ghachoko waka kumasinda kuzakapenja njovu, kweniso Mohamad bin Saleh (uyo wakachemekangaso Mpamari), uyo wakaŵa kuti wakhalako vyaka 10, chifukwa Mwata wakakana kumuzomerezga kuti wafumeko. Nangauli ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, kweni Livingstone wakendanga nawo ndipo ŵakamovwiranga. Kufuma mu ma 1860, ufumu uwu ukamba kunangika, chifukwa Msiri uyo wakaŵa mu Garanganza (Katanga) ndiyo wakambiska malonda gha mkuwa na zovu. M'paka apo wakafwira mu 1890, Msiri wakanjilirapo pa muwuso wa Mwata Kazembe.<ref name="Gordon"/> === Mbiri ya Chikoloni === ==== Division between British and Belgian territories ==== Msiri wakati wafwa, mu 1894 cigaŵa ca Luapula cikagaŵikana pakati pa Britain. Nkhorongo ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Luapula na Nyanja ya Mweru yikazgoka cigaŵa ca kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Rhodesia. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ku Belgium ŵakati ŵakoma Msiri, ŵakasoŵa cakucita. Ŵakasora ŵakaronga, awo ŵakasankhika kufuma pa ŵalongozgi ŵa Msiri yayi (awo pakwamba ŵakaŵa pasi pa Mwata Kazembe) kweni kufuma pa awo Ŵaluba-Lunda ŵakaŵachemanga kuti 'ŵenecho wa charu' awo ŵakaŵa panthazi pawo. Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la Belgium ku Mweru-Luapula ŵakajibisa na vifukwa vya maluso. Ichi chikasazgapo “kuzenga” fuko kufuma ku fuko la Bena Ngoma. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Belgium ŵakati ŵamba kulamulira kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Luapula, Mwata Kazembe wakaŵaso na mazaza pa charu chose, kweni ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi pera.<ref name="Gordonc" /> ==== Ufumu wa Britain ukapangiska ŵanthu kuti ŵambe kulamulira ==== Nangauli Mwata Kazembe X wakasayina phangano la BSAC lakukhwaskana na migodi na phangano la Britain ilo Alfred Sharpe wakamupa mu 1890, ndipo wakazomerezga kuti Dan Crawford uyo wakaŵa mishonale wa ku Britain wize kuzakamuwona, kweni apo Blair Watson uyo wakaŵa wakusonkheska msonkho wa BSAC wakakhalanga pa Mlonga wa Kalungwishi mu 1897, Mwata Kazembe wakakana kuzomerezga kuti ndembera ya Britain yikwambike pa caru cake panji kuti ŵanthu ŵake ŵapokere msonkho. Pa nyengo iyi Sharpe wakaŵa kazembe wa British Central Africa Protectorate ([[Nyasaland]]), mtunda wa makilomita 1000. Iyo ndiyo wakatondeka kupoka ufumu wa Msiri wa Garanganza kuŵa British Protectorate mwa kudumbiskana, ndipo pamasinda wakawona kuti ukatoleka ku British na CFS mwa nkongono. Mu 1899, pamoza na Robert Codrington, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa boma la BSAC ku North-Eastern Rhodesia, Sharpe wakatuma ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵa Sikh na Nyasaland awo ŵakawotcha msumba wa Mwata Kazembe, ndipo ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵake ŵanandi. Mwata Kazembe X wakaluta kumwera na kwambukira ku sirya linyake la mlonga kuti wakabisame mu nyumba ya Johnston Falls Mission iyo yikendeskeka na Mr. na Mrs. Anderson ŵa gulu la ŵamishonale la Dan Crawford. (Cakuzizika nchakuti, vyaka viŵiri kumasinda, Mwata Kazembe X wakayezga kuti waŵe na mubali wa Anderson uyo wakaŵa mubali wakwambilira pa Mambilima, H. J. Wakayama Pomeroy, wakakomeka, kweni wakatondeka.) Dan Crawford na Alfred Sharpe ŵakaŵa mu suzgo yakuyana waka mu 1890-91 na Msiri (wonani nkhani iyi). Pa nyengo iyi, Charles Swan, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa Crawford, wakaciska Msiri kuti waleke kukolerana na ivyo Sharpe wakayowoya. Pakati pajumpha cilimika cimoza, Msiri wakakomeka na ŵa ku Belgium, ndipo cigaŵa ici cikaŵa mu suzgo yikuru. Mbumba ya Anderson yikacita mwakupambana na Swan. Apo Mr. Anderson wakasunganga ŵanalume ŵa Mwata Kazembe pa Mambilima, Mrs. Anderson wakaluta na Mwata Kazembe yekha ku ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ku msumba wake ukuru uwo ukawotcheka, wakati "mumucitire lusungu". Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakakondwa comene na ivyo Mwata wakacita na kuzomera kuwusa kwawo. Mwata Kazembe X wakazengaso msumba wake wa Mwansabombwe. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakatora vinthu vinandi vyakale na vyakuzirwa vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba kufuma ku nyumba ya themba. Mu 1920, ŵahaliri ŵake ŵakaviŵika ku National Museum of Southern Rhodesia ku Bulawayo, mtunda wa makilomita 1000, uko vikalembeka kuti 'Codrington Collection'. Ŵalipo. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo iyi, Mwata Kazembe X na awo ŵakamulondezganga ŵakagwiranga lumoza nchito na BSAC na awo ŵakamulondezganga, awo ŵakaŵa British District Commissioners, ndipo mu nthowa yinyake ŵakathaska muwuso wake. Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain, ŵanthu ŵa mu mbumba ya Mwata Kazembes ŵakaŵa na mazaza chifukwa boma la Britain likalongozganga ŵanthu kwizira mu ŵalongozgi.<ref name="Gordonc"/><ref name="NRJV3N6">{{cite journal|url=http://www.nrzam.org.uk/Site%20Resources/NRJ/V3N1/044.jpg |journal=Northern Rhodesia Journal|title=Robert Edward Codrington 1869–1908|volume= 3 |issue=6|year=1956}}</ref><ref>Neville Jones (1930s). ''The Codrington Collection in the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia and the Bembesi Industry.'' ''Occasional Papers of National Museum of Southern Rhodesia.''</ref> ====The coming of missionaries==== Cifukwa ca wovwiri wa Dan Crawford, Mwata Kazembe X wakazomera kufumiska ŵamishonale mu dambo ili, comenecomene ŵa Christian Missions in Many Lands na London Missionary Society (LMS) awo ŵakatuma Livingstone ku Africa. Mu 1900, LMS Mbereshi Mission yikaŵa pa mtunda wa makilomita 10 kufuma ku Mwansabombwe. Pa malo agha, ŵakazenga masukulu, tchalitchi, na chipatala, kweniso ŵakasambizganga ŵanthu kupanga njerwa na kuzenga. Ŵaprotesitanti na Ŵakatolika ŵanyake ŵakazenga masukulu na vipatala mu Luapula Valley na mumphepete mwa nyanja iyi. Nangauli pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ufumu wa Mwata Kazembe ukaŵa kuti wabisika na migodi ya mkuwa ya ku Elisabethville (Lubumbashi) na Copperbelt, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Luba-Lunda-Kazembe ŵakamanyikwa mu misumba iyi na Lusaka.<ref name="Chuba">Bwalya S Chuba (2000) ''Mbeleshi in a history of the London Missionary Society'', Pula Press.</ref> ====Structure of the kingdom==== {| align="right" style="margin:1em" |- style="background:#ffdead;" |1904–19|| XI Mwonga Kapakata |- style="background:#ffdead;" |1919–36|| XII Chinyanta Kasasa |- style="background:#ffdead;" |1936–41||XIII Chinkonkole |} Pakuyana na ufumu wa Luba, Mwata Kazembe ni fumu ndipo wakuŵa na ŵalongozgi ŵalara na ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa. Ŵalongozgi ŵalara ni Lukwesa, Kashiba, Kambwali na Kanyembo. Mwata wakwimika ŵalongozgi aŵa kufuma mu mbumba yake ndipo para wafwa, yumoza wa ŵalongozgi aŵa wangakwezgeka. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa vinyake ŵakuchindika Mwata Kazembe. Kweniso mwakuyana na kaluso ka Luba, Mwata Kazembe wakalamuliranga kwizira mu wupu uwo mu nyengo ya ukoloni ukazgoka 'Superior Native Authority' (Ulamuliro Wapachanya wa Ŵanthu ŵa ku Lunda). Gulu la LNA ndilo likaŵa lankhongono comene mu Luapula-Mweru. Ntchito yake yikeneranga kuphalirika ku ŵalara ŵa boma la Britain awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵakhalenge ku Kawambwa uko kukaŵa chimphepo kweniso malo ghakutowa. Pakakhumbikwanga zuŵa lose kuti ŵalute ku malo agha mwaluŵiro.<ref name="Gordonc"/> ====Functions of the kingdom==== Mu vyaru vinandi, mauteŵeti gha ufumu uwu ghali mu mawupu gha boma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Kazembe ŵakukhala kulikose uko ŵakukhala. Mwata na wupu wake ŵakuŵika malango mu vigaŵa ivyo vikukolerana yayi na malango gha boma panji gha vigaŵa, nga ni malo na vinthu vinyake, vyakuzenga, ntchito, malonda, utozi, umoyo uwemi, na mitheto. Mwata wali na mathenga na ŵalinda awo ŵakulondezga malango, ndipo wakuŵa na khoti lakweruzgira awo ŵakuswa malango. ==== Kusintha ufumu ==== {| align="right" style="margin:1em" |- style="background:#ffdead;" |1941–50||XIV Shadreck Chinyanta Nankula |- style="background:#ffdead;" |1950–57||XV Brown Ngombe |- style="background:#ffdead;" |1957–61||XVI Kanyembo Kapema |} Msumba wa Elisabethville, uwo ukaŵa ku Belgian Congo, uwo ukaŵa na migodi ya mkuwa, ukakura luŵiro chomene kuluska msumba wa Copperbelt ku Northern Rhodesia. Chigaŵa cha Luapula chikaŵa kutali na Mlonga wa Congo, ndipo boma la Northern Rhodesia likachiwonanga nga ntchigaŵa icho chikaŵa kutali chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ntheura pakwamba, msumba wa Elisabethville ndiwo ukaŵa wakufikako chomene ku Kazembe. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamukira ku caru ca Belgium kufuma ku caru ca Britain. Kuti mumanye vinandi, wonani nkhani ya Congo Pedicle na Congo Pedicle road. Mwata Kazembe XIV Shadreck Chinyanta Nankula mu ma 1940 wakacita vinandi kuti wasinthe vinthu. Wakazenga ufumu na chigaŵa, ndipo wakucemeka Mwata wakwamba "wakunozga". Wakasambira na kugwira nchito ku Elizabethville ndipo wakayowoyanga makora Cifurenci na Cingelezi. Wakakhozga LNA, wakasintha zina lake kuŵa Lunda National Association, ndipo wakasankha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nkhongono za kusintha na kukura nga ndiyo. Mulara wa chigaŵa wakafipanga mtima kuti ŵanji mwa ŵanthu aŵa, nga ni Dauti Yamba, ŵakaŵa ŵakutemwa caru ndipo ŵangambiska masuzgo ku boma la ŵakoloni. Mwata Kazembe XIV wakaciska kuti ku Mwansabombwe kuŵe masukulu na macipatala kweniso kuti kuŵe maofesi ghanyake nga ni Mbereshi. Wakalemba nkhani yakulongosora vya ŵalongozgi awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Edouard Labreque, uyo wakaŵa mishonale wa ku White Father, ndipo paumaliro wakalemba mu Chibemba kuti Ifikolwe Fyandi na Bantu Bandi. Kuuyambiro wa m'ma 1950, masuzgo ghakaŵako mu Luapula apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba-Lunda ŵakawona kuti makhoti gha Mwata Kazembe ghakapelekanga urunji mwakuyana na umo iwo ŵakukhumbira kuluska ŵa ku Belgium na ŵalongozgi ŵawo. Kweni wakakana. Ufumu ukaŵa wakukondwa comene cifukwa ca msewu wa Pedicle uwo ukakolerananga cigaŵa ca Luapula na Copperbelt.<ref name="Gordonc" /> === Kujiyimira pawekha mpaka lero === {| align="right" style="margin:1em" |- style="background:#ffdead;" |1961–83||XVII Paul Kanyembo Lutaba |- style="background:#ffdead;" |1983–98||XVIII Munona Chinyanta |- style="background:#ffdead;" |1998– ||XIX Paul Mpemba Kanyembo Kapale Mpalume |} Mu 1964, Northern Rhodesia yikazgoka Zambia. Kwa nyengo yicoko waka, ŵalongozgi ŵakawona kuti mazaza ghawo ghakumara cifukwa ca ndyali za vipani na maboma, nangauli mu 1985 Mwata Kazembe XVIII wakasankhika kuŵa Commissioner wa District mu Kawambwa ndipo pamanyuma, Secretary wa Political Secretary. Vinthu vikamba kunangika pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1940, 1950, na 1960, ndipo pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1970, vinthu vikamba kunangika. Ndipouli, mu ma 1960, ŵakazenga msewu wakuchemeka 'Zambia Way,' uwo ukakolerananga Mansa na Nchelenge-Kashikishi kwizira mu Mwansabombwe. Ŵalongozgi ŵa Mwata Kazembe ŵalutilira kuŵa na mazaza, ndipo nangauli ŵakamba nkhondo ndipo ŵali kuzingilizgika na vyaru ivyo vyakumanapo na nkhondo zinandi, kweni ŵalutilira kuŵa na mtende mumphepete mwa Luapula na Nyanja ya Mweru kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 100.<ref name="Cancel">{{cite journal|author=Robert Cancel|title=Asserting/inventing traditions on the Luapula: the Mutomboko Festival|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_autumn-2006_39_3/page/12|journal=African Arts|volume=39|issue=3|pages=12|doi=10.1162/afar.2006.39.3.12|year=2006}}</ref> ==Mutomboko Festival== [[File:Mwata Kazembe at Mtomboko 2017 02.webp|thumb|300x300px|Mwata Kazembe at Mtomboko 2017]] In the last two decades the Mwata Kazembe chieftainship has experienced something of a cultural if not an administrative or economic resurgence, through the Mutomboko Festival, now the second largest of its kind in Zambia and a model for the strengthening of indigenous culture.<ref name="Simbao">{{cite journal|author=Ruth Kerkham Simbao|title=A crown on the move: stylistic integration of the Luba-Lunda complex in Kazembe performance|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_autumn-2006_39_3/page/26|journal=African Arts|volume=39|issue=3|pages=26|doi=10.1162/afar.2006.39.3.26|year=2006}}</ref><ref name="Cancel"/> It is held at the end of July and may attract 20,000 visitors, including the president of Zambia.<ref name="Cancel"/> Drawing on previous ceremonies and traditions, it was started in its present form in 1971 to mark the tenth anniversary of the instalment of Mwata Kazembe XVII Paul Kanyembo Lutaba<ref name="Simbao"/> (whose photograph appears at the top of the page). It includes dances symbolising the migration of the Luba-Lunda and the conquest of the Luapula valley by the first chiefs.<ref name="Simbao"/><ref name="Cancel"/> ==Wonaniso== *[[Luapula River]] *[[Alfred Sharpe]] *[[David Livingstone]] *[[Mwansabombwe]] *[[Lunda Kingdom]] *[[Luba Kingdom]] *[[Bemba people]] ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:History of Zambia]] [[Category:Zambian culture]] [[Category:Traditional rulers in Zambia]] [[Category:Former countries in Africa]] t8cn7pjz3lyeqxs5yrlg6ivluwc1ad0 0 41864 120852 105095 2026-09-03T02:39:15Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 120852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Cuban writer}} {{Infobox writer <!--For more information, see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]].--> | name = Wendy Guerra | image = Wendy Guerra.jpg | caption = Guerra mu 2018 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|12|11|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Havana]], [[Cuba]] | death_date = <!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | death_place = | resting_place = | occupation = Writer | language = Spanish | nationality = [[Cuban nationality law|Cuban]] | ethnicity = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = | genres = Poetry, novel | subject = <!-- or: | subjects = --> | movement = | notableworks = | awards = }} '''Wendy Guerra''' (wakababika pa 11 Disembala 1970), wakuchemeka '''Wendy Guerra Torres''', ni [[mulembi]] wa [[mabuku]] wa ku [[Cuba]], wakufuma ku [[Miami]].<ref>{{Citation|title=¿Tienen los cubanos que callarse en nombre de la utopía? La escritora Wendy Guerra dice "No más" - CNN Video|url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/spanish/2021/07/14/revolucion-cubana-izquierda-latinoamericana-wendy-guerra-poeta-escritora-intv-camilo-egana-cnne.cnn|access-date=2021-09-28}}</ref> Pamanyuma pa kucita maseŵero gha pa filimu na pa wayilesi ya ku Cuba, wakamba kulemba mabuku ndipo wakazomerezgeka luŵiro comene mu vyaru vinyake kuluska mu Cuba. Ŵanthu ŵakumuwona kuti ni "mulembi wa mabuku gha ku Cuba".<ref name="postmodern">{{cite news|last1=Vázquez| first1=Yailuma| title=Wendy Guerra: Postmodern Updating of the Diary as a Genre|url=http://www.cubanow.net/articles/wendy-guerra-postmodern-updating-diary-genre|accessdate=31 May 2016|work=Cuba Now|date=1 July 2014}}</ref> Mabuku ghake ghatatu ghakafuma mu Cuba: ''Platea a oscuras'' (poetry, Havana: Universidad de La Habana, 1987),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Platea a oscuras - Wendy Guerra|url=http://www.agenciabalcells.com/en/authors/works/wendy-guerra/platea-a-oscuras/|access-date=2021-01-17|website=Agencia Literaria Carmen Balcells|language=en}}</ref><ref name="lahabana.com">{{Cite web|date=2014-03-01|title=Wendy Guerra, la novela » LaHabana.com|url=http://www.lahabana.com/content/wendy-guerra-la-novela/|access-date=2021-01-17|website=LaHabana.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Gras 839–862">{{Cite journal|last=Gras|first=Dunia|date=2019-09-20|title=WENDY GUERRA: POSAR DESNUDA… ¿EN LA HABANA?|url=http://revista-iberoamericana.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/Iberoamericana/article/view/7810|journal=Revista Iberoamericana|language=es|volume=85|issue=268|pages=839–862|doi=10.5195/reviberoamer.2019.7810|issn=2154-4794|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''Cabeza rapada'' (poetry. Havana: Letras Cubanas, 1996) and ''Posar desnuda en La Habana'' (Havana: Letras Cubanas, 2014).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-05-29|title=Wendy Guerra: "Yo soy un objeto de mucho peligro."|url=https://oncubanews.com/opinion/columnas/esta-boca/wendy-guerra-yo-soy-un-objeto-de-mucho-peligro/|access-date=2021-01-17|website=OnCubaNews|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-24|title=Wendy Guerra naked in Havana|url=https://oncubanews.com/en/styles-trends/technologies-of-communication-and-media/wendy-guerra-naked-in-havana/|access-date=2021-01-17|website=OnCubaNews English|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Gras 839–862"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cabeza rapada - Wendy Guerra|url=http://www.agenciabalcells.com/en/authors/works/wendy-guerra/cabeza-rapada/|access-date=2021-01-17|website=Agencia Literaria Carmen Balcells|language=en}}</ref> == Mbili == Guerra wakababika pa 11 Disembala 1970 ku Havana mu malo agho pamanyuma pake wakaghazunura kuti "chipatala chichoko cha chigaŵa". Nyengo yichoko waka, mbumba yake yikasamukira ku Cienfuegos, kumwera kwa Cuba. Amama ŵake, Albis Torres, ŵakaŵa mulembi wambura kusindikizgika. Awiske ŵakaŵa Raúl Guerra, wakulemba maseŵero wa ku Cuba, uyo wakafwa na uloŵevu ndipo wakapemphanga vyawanangwa mu misewu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elnuevoherald.com/opinion-es/opin-col-blogs/opinion-sobre-cuba/article114282748.html|title=Cuba y la puesta en escena revolucionaria|last=Guerra|first=Wendy|date=11 Nov 2016|website=El Nuevo Herald|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=30 September 2019}}</ref> Wakaŵa na munung'una wake munyake, Sandro Guerra García, uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa vinthu vyakuwoneka makora. Buku lake lakwamba la mapowemu lakuti Platea a oscuras, likamupa chawanangwa cha "13 de marzo". Kufuma apo, wakasambira vya mafilimu, wayilesi na wayilesi ku Instituto Superior de Arte ku Havana. Wakawonekeranga pa pulogiramu yakwamba ya pa wayilesi ya ku Cuba, Buenos Días, apo wakaŵazganga nkhani za ŵana. Wakagwiranga nchito ya ku Cuba pa TV na mu mafilimu, kweni wakawonanga kuti maluso ghake ghakaŵa ghacoko. Mu mafilimu ghake muli Hello Hemingway (1990). Wakasunganga madayari agho ghakaŵa ghakwamba kulembeka mu buku lake lakwamba, Todos se van (Waliyose Wakufumapo). Buku ili likulongosora umo munthu uyo wakulemba buku ili wakakulira mu Cuba. Buku ili likalembeka kuti liŵe filimu yakulembeka na Sergio Cabrera wa ku Colombia. Cabrera wakawoneska filimu iyi ku Cuba ndipo pamasinda yikayowoyeka pa Havana Film Festival. Mu 2012, Guerra wakafumiska buku lake lakuti Posar desnuda en la Habana (Posing Nude in Havana). Mu buku ili, vinthu vinyake ivyo Nin wakalemba mu buku lake vyalembeka mu mabuku ghautesi. Mu 2014 buku ili likapelekeka ku Cuba (Alejo Carpentier room, La Cabaña Fortress) pa 23rd Havana's International Book Fair.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wendy Guerra, la novela|language=es|work=La Habana Magazine|url=http://www.lahabana.com/content/wendy-guerra-la-novela/.|accessdate=2 Jun 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-05-29|title=Wendy Guerra: "Yo soy un objeto de mucho peligro."|url=https://oncubanews.com/opinion/columnas/esta-boca/wendy-guerra-yo-soy-un-objeto-de-mucho-peligro/|access-date=2021-01-02|website=OnCubaNews|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Presentan en la Cabaña Posar desnuda en La Habana|url=http://www.granma.cu/granmad/secciones/23-feria-libro/noticias/20-noticias-05.html|access-date=2021-01-02|website=www.granma.cu}}</ref> Mu 2013, wakafumiska buku lakuti Negra in [[Spain]], ilo likulongosora za kusankhana mitundu mu charu cha Cuba. Mu 2016, Guerra wakafumiska Domingo de Revolución (Revolution Sunday) mu Spain, nkhani ya mulembi wa ku Cuba uyo wakafumiska buku la sumu mu [[Europe]] ndipo boma la Cuba na awo ŵakususka boma la Cuba ŵakumugomezga. Ivyo Guerra wakalemba vili kulembeka mu magazini nga ni Encuentro, La gaceta de Cuba, na Nexos, kweniso mu magazini ghakulongosora vya luso. Wakasambizganga pa Princeton University na Dartmouth College. Mabuku ghake ghali kung'anamulika mu viyowoyero vinandi. Wakutengwa kwa Ernán López-Nussa, uyo wakwimba piyano. Pambuyo pokhala ku Chile, adakhazikika ku Miami, ngati gawo la gulu la anthu othawa kwawo ku Cuba, komwe adayamba kugwira ntchito ngati wopanga zina za CNN en Español mu 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-28|title=La escritora Wendy Guerra se incorpora a CNN en Español como analista|url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2021/09/28/la-reconocida-escritora-wendy-guerra-se-une-a-cnn-en-espanol-como-colaboradora-y-analista/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=CNN|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=DDC|date=2021-09-18|title=Wendy Guerra a López Obrador: pase 15 días en Cuba 'viviendo como cualquier cubano' {{!}} DIARIO DE CUBA|url=https://diariodecuba.com/cultura/1631916555_34184.html|access-date=2021-09-18|website=diariodecuba.com|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Many Cuban female writers are working out of the public eye, author says|url=https://www.efe.com/efe/english/life/many-cuban-female-writers-are-working-out-of-the-public-eye-author-says/50000263-3211234|access-date=2021-05-26|website=www.efe.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Lecture by Cuban Poet/Novelist Wendy Guerra|url=https://spanport.dartmouth.edu/events/event?event=25712 |accessdate=30 May 2016|publisher=Dartmouth College Department of Spanish and Portuguese|date=16 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Visiting Faculty, 2015-2016|url=https://www.princeton.edu/plas/visitors/|accessdate=30 May 2016|publisher=Princeton University Program in Latin American Studies}}</ref> ==Awards and honours== Mu 2009, wakapokera chawanangwa cha Carbet des Lycéens. Mu 2010, boma la [[France]] likamupa zina lakuti Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.<ref>{{cite web| language=fr | title=Wendy GUERRA reçoit les insignes de Chevalier dans l’Ordre des Arts et Lettres|url=http://www.ambafrance-cu.org/Wendy-GUERRA-recoit-les-insignes|website=French Embassy in Cuba|accessdate=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Le prix Carbet des lycéens pour Wendy Guerra|url=http://www.franceguyane.fr/actualite/culture-et-patrimoine/le-prix-carbet-des-lyceens-pour-wendy-guerra-16094.php|accessdate=30 May 2016|work=France-Guyane|date=20 January 2009| language=fr}}</ref> ==Mabuku ghakulembeka== === Ndakatulo === *''Platea a oscuras'' (Havana: Universidad de La Habana, 1987) *''Cabeza rapada'' (Havana: Letras Cubanas, 1996) *''Ropa interior'' (Bruguera, 2009) **''A Cage Within'' (Harbor Mountain Press, 2013); translated by Elizabeth Polli === Mabuku === *''Todos se van'' (''Everyone's Leaving'') (Barcelona: Bruguera, 2006) **''Everyone Leaves'' (2013); translated by [[Achy Obejas]] *''Nunca fui primera dama'' (''I was never the grand dame'') (Barcelona: Bruguera, 2008) *''Posar desnuda en La Habana'' (''Posing Nude in Havana''); [[Alfaguara]] (2012), Havana: [[Letras Cubanas]] (2013) *''Negra'' ([[Editorial Anagrama]], 2014) *''Domingo de Revolución'' (Anagrama, 2016) **''Revolution Sunday'' (2018); translated by Achy Obejas == Ukaboni == {{Reflist|30em}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == *[http://www.elmundo.es/blogs/elmundo/habaname/ Habáname], Guerra's blog hosted by ''[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]'' *{{IMDb name|1817288}} *[http://havana-cultura.com/en/literature/wendy-guerra "Wendy Guerra, Writer", biography and video interview in Spanish with English subtitles], Havana Cultura {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Guerra, Wendy}} [[Category:1970 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Cuban film actresses]] [[Category:20th-century Cuban actresses]] [[Category:Cuban women novelists]] [[Category:Cuban women poets]] [[Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] [[Category:Instituto Superior de Arte alumni]] ppxvcjxugek7p0cdlijwalx7zrbu20z 0 47030 120859 116059 2026-09-03T04:37:36Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|1|0 */ 120859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Mubanki wa pakati ku Malawi (wakababika 17 Novembala 1973)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Dalitso Kabambe |image = Dalitso Kabambe 2025 (cropped).jpg |office = Mulara 13 wa [[Banki Yikuru ya Malawi|Bangi Yikuru ya Malawi]] |appointed = [[Peter Mutharika]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malenga |first1=Bright |title=Kabambe appointed as new RBM Governor {{!}} Malawi 24 - Malawi news |url=https://malawi24.com/2017/04/21/kabambe-appointed-as-new-rbm-governor/ |access-date=3 February 2021 |publisher=[[Malawi24]] |date=21 April 2017}}</ref> |term_start = 21 April 2017 |term_end = 8 Julayi 2020 |predecessor = [[Charles Chuka]] |successor = Wilson Banda |alma_mater = [[Imperial College London]], [[Yunivesite ya Malawi]] |birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1973|11|17}} |birth_place = [[Thyolo]], [[Chigaŵa cha Thyolo]], [[Malawi]] |spouse = Brigitte Kabambe }} '''Dalitso Kabambe''' (wakababika 17 Novembala 1973) ni [[wachuma]], mubanki na ndyali wakufuma ku [[Malawi]]. Wakatumikanga nga Mulara wa 13 wa [[Bangi Yikuru ya Malawi]] kufuma mu 2017 m'paka 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Featured Speaker: Dalitso Kabambe Governor for the Reserve Bank of Malawi |url=https://live.worldbank.org/experts/dalitso-kabambe |website=[[World Bank]] |access-date=3 February 2021}}</ref> Pa 17 Novembala 2024, wasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa [[United Transformation Movement]]. ==Ntchito yake== Kabambe ni wazakasayansi wa vya chitukuko ku Malawi uyo wasankhika kuŵa Mulara wa Bangi Yikuru ya Malawi pa 21 April 2017 na pulezidenti wakale wa Malawi, [[Peter Mutharika]]. Kambere wasankhikenge ku boma, Kabambe wakatumikanga mu ntchito ya chuma ya Boma la Malawi kwa vyaka 19, kufuma mu 1998. Wakagwira ntchito nga Principal Economist, Chief Economist, Deputy Director of Economic Planning, na Budget Director mu Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning and Development. Wakawovwiranga nga Director of Planning and Policy Development ku Ministry of Health pakati pa 2013 na 2015, ndipo wakawoneranga bajeti ya vyaumoyo ya charu chose. Kabambe wakateŵeteranga nga Secretary wa vya Vyamalonda na Usambizgano Wapadziko kwa nyengo ya vyaka viŵiri. Wakachimbilirika na Wilson Banda pa 9 Julayi 2020. ==Umoyo wa paumwini== Kabambe wakutorana na Brigitte Kabambe ndipo ŵali na ŵana ŵatatu. Ni membala wa [[Mpingo wa Seventh-day Adventist]] uko nayo ni msambizi wa mpingo (Church Elder). ==Sukulu== Wali na digirii ya PhD na master's mu Development Economics ku [[Imperial College]], [[Yunivesite ya London]], [[Great Britain|United Kingdom]] – iyo wakapokera mu 2008 na 2001. Digirii yake yakwamba ya Agricultural Economics wakayipokera ku Yunivesite ya Malawi mu 1998.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chimjeka |first1=Rebecca |title='I Will Focus On Achieving Macroeconomic Stability' {{!}} The Nation Online {{!}} Malawi Daily Newspaper |url=https://www.mwnation.com/i-will-focus-on-achieving-macroeconomic-stability/ |access-date=3 February 2021 |publisher=The Nation |date=29 April 2017}}</ref> ==Kuluta mu ndyali== Kabambe wakazgora pakufumura mwaluso kuti wasazgikenge mu ndyali pa 31 Disembala 2020 apo wakawonekanga nga membala wa chipani cha [[Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)]]. Malipoti gha mu visulo ghakulongora kuti Kabambe wimikikenge kuŵa mtsogoleri wa chipani ichi kuti wayime mu chisankho cha pulezidenti cha Malawi mu 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malawi24 |title=Former RBM governor poised to take on Nankhumwa for DPP leadership {{!}} Malawi 24 - Malawi news |url=https://malawi24.com/2020/12/31/former-rbm-governor-poised-to-take-on-nankhumwa-for-dpp-leadership/ |work=Malawi 24 |date=31 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=AllAfrica |title=Malawi: DPP Changes Tune Over Convention |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202102010751.html |work=allAfrica.com |date=1 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nyasa Times |title=Nankhumwa plays down 'DK-2025' hype in DPP presidential race {{!}} Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/nankhumwa-plays-down-dk-2025-hype-in-dpp-presidential-race/ |work=www.nyasatimes.com |date=2 January 2021}}</ref> Mpaka sono, wandafumure mwaluso usankho wake kuŵa mtsogoleri wa [[Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|DPP]]. Paumaliro wa 2024, Kabambe wakaluta ku chipani cha United Transformation Movement (UTM) kufuma apo pulezidenti wa chipani ichi kweniso wa Malawi, Dr Saulos Chilima, wakafwa pa ngozi ya ndege. Pa 17 Novembala 2024, Kabambe wasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa UTM. ==Vimanyikwiro== Kabambe wakaluta mu suzgo pa nkhani ya malipilo apo pakaŵa malipoti kuti pa mwezi wakalipanga K24 miliyoni (pafupifupi US$30,000). Pa ivyo wakayowoya na [[Zodiak Broadcasting Station|Zodiak]], Kabambe wakavomereza ivyo, kuyowoya kuti malipilo ghake ghakapelekeka na Board ya Bangi nga umo likulongosolera Dango la Parliament la Reserve Bank of Malawi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former RBM governor poised to take on Nankhumwa for DPP leadership {{!}} Malawi 24 - Malawi news |url=https://malawi24.com/2020/12/31/former-rbm-governor-poised-to-take-on-nankhumwa-for-dpp-leadership/ |work=Malawi 24 |date=31 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Address governance lapses at Reserve Bank of Malawi, Parliament' {{!}} Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/address-governance-lapses-at-reserve-bank-of-malawi-parliament/ |work=www.nyasatimes.com |date=2 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mperiwa |first1=Esther |title=Expert calls for RBM Act review, Governor should not be Board Chair |url=https://kulinji.com/article/news/business/2021/expert-calls-rbm-act-review-governor-should-not-be-board-chair |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214041938/https://kulinji.com/article/news/business/2021/expert-calls-rbm-act-review-governor-should-not-be-board-chair |url-status=usurped |archive-date=February 14, 2021 |work=Kulinji |language=en}}</ref> Nangauli malipoti ghakulongora kuti malipilo gha uyo wakamuwuska, Wilson Banda, ghawelerekaso, palije chiharo chakukwana chakulongora nthena kufuma ku visulo. Gulu la [[maungano gha ŵanthu ŵa chigaŵa|civil society organisations (CSOs)]] likayowoya kuti audit iyo yikafumiska malipoti gha malipilo gha Kabambe yikaŵa yakwananga ndipo yakukhumbikwira yayi. Likayowoya kuti ivi vikaŵa vyakupangika kuti vimukandirenge Kabambe kuti walute ku ndyali. Gulu la Centre for Democracy and Economic Development (CDEDI) likati audit iyi yikaŵa yakwananga ndipo wakayowoya kuti ŵakakhumbanga kumukanizga kuti wimenge pa malo gha [[Lazarus Chakwera]] mu 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reserve Bank of Malawi queried over results of forensic audit: Cdedi blames governor for leakage of privileged information {{!}} Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/reserve-bank-of-malawi-querried-over-results-of-forensic-audit-cdedi-blames-governor-for-leakage-of-privileged-information/ |work=www.nyasatimes.com |date=28 December 2020}}</ref> Mu Meyi 2021, [[Lilongwe]] Water Board yikafumiska mazina gha ŵanthu awo nyumba zawo zikaŵa na maji ghakusazgikira mwambura kuzomerezgeka. Mazina gha Kabambe ghakaŵa mu mndandanda uwu. Nangauli wakayowoya mu visulo kuti ni uwemi, pali nkhaŵa yakuti iyomwene ndiyo wakazomerezga maji agha mwambura kuzomerezgeka – icho chikavundikiska ndondomeko yake ya chisankho cha 2025. Mu Disembala 2021, Dalitso Kabambe wakayowoyekanga kuti wakapopokera ndalama ku IMF pa njira yakubisa akaunti apo wakaŵa director wa Bangi Yikuru ya Malawi. ==Malo ghakuzingilizgika na vinthu (Pa intaneti)== * [https://www.facebook.com/DalitsoKabambe2025 Facebook] ==Ukaboni == {{reflist}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Charles Chuka]]}} {{s-ttl|title= Ŵalara wa [[Bangi Yikuru ya Malawi]]}} {{s-aft|after= Wilson Banda}} {{s-end}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kabambe, Dalitso}} [[Category:Ŵalara ŵa Bangi Yikuru ya Malawi]] [[Category:Ŵachuma ŵa Malawi mu nyengo ya 21]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:1973 ŵakababika]] [[Category:Ŵasambizgi ŵa Imperial College London]] [[Category:Ŵasambizgi ŵa Yunivesite ya London]] [[Category:Andale gha Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku Chigaŵa cha Thyolo]] [[Category:Ŵasambizgi ŵa Yunivesite ya Malawi]] fzaaeo4ebdnlcb4qnqv7peqhhieg2u8 0 47032 120860 114868 2026-09-03T04:38:58Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 120860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}} {{Infobox political party | name = United Transformation Movement | colorcode = {{party color|United Transformation Movement}} | founder = [[Saulos Chilima]] | leader = | logo = | abbreviation = UTM | foundation = {{Start date|2018|7|21|df=yes}} | ideology = [[Liberalism]] | slogan = Tsogolo Lathu | seats1_title = [[Nyumba ya ŵanthu]] | seats1 = {{Composition bar|12|193|hex={{party color|United Transformation Movement}}}} | colours = {{color box|{{party color|United Transformation Movement}}|border=darkgray}} [[Wufulu (red)]] | website = [https://www.facebook.com/UTMofficialpage/ Facebook page] | country = Malawi | split = [[Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|Chipani cha Democratic Progressive Party]] | position = [[Centrism|Pakati]]<ref>https://t.me/africaelects/183 🇲🇼 #Malawi: pambuyo pakutaya masankhulo 6 pa 7 agha mu ma by-elections, DPP (pakati) waleka kukhala na chiŵeruzo chakupeleka ku Nyumba ya ŵanthu kwa nthawi yakwamba kuyana na 2009. Mubwezi wa MCP (pakati-pa-kumanyuma), UTM (pakati) na ŵanthu ŵakuzunulika (*) wakukweza chiŵeruzo chakupeleka mu Nyumba ya ŵanthu.</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2024}} mpaka ku [[centre-right]]<ref>https://www.ourcampaigns.com/PartyDetail.html?PartyID=7745 United Transformation Movement</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2024}} }} '''United Transformation Movement''' (UTM) ni chipani cha boma la ku [[Malawi]] icho chikalengeka na [[Saulos Chilima]]. == Mbili == Pa 21 Julayi 2018, Saulos Chilima wakayambiska chipani cha boma icho chikuchemeka United Transformation Movement (UTM) kuti chizengenge chipani chakuŵeruzga ku masankhulo gha mu [[2019 Malawian general election|May 2019]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.faceofmalawi.com/2014/02/meet-saulos-chilima-the-dpp-running-mate/#sthash.wUxpqHol.dpbs|title=Meet Saulos Chilima, the DPP running mate|date=10 February 2014|newspaper=.faceofmalawi.com|accessdate=1 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malawi24.com/2018/06/12/chilima-is-the-chosen-one-hollywood-star|title=Chilima ndi mulara wakusankhika - Hollywood star|date=12 June 2018}}</ref> Pa 1 February 2019, UTM ya Chilima yakakumana na mapangano na mapani ghanyake gha boma na mubwezi wa mapani ghanandi gha boma kuti alekenge mubwezi wakuzunulika. Mapani ghanyake ghakukumana pa ntchitu agha ghakaŵa Alliance for Democracy (Aford), chipani cha Mazaza cha mchifumu wa ku Malawi Joyce Banda, na Tikonze People's Movement icho chikutumika na wakulu wa kuŵa Vice President Cassim Chilumpha. Iwo ŵakalembekeka kuti ŵazenge mubwezi wa boma wachitatu wakusankhula munthu m'modzi wa kuŵa mulara wa charu pa masankhulo gha 2019. Kweni [[Joyce Banda]] na [[Cassim Chilumpha]] ŵakakwera mubwezi chifukwa cha kusazgikira pa kuchita mubwezi pakusankha wakusankha wakuŵa mphangwi wa mulara wa charu. Pa masankhulo gha mu [[2019 Malawian general election]] agho ghakaŵa ghakubweza, Chilima na Dr [[Michael Usi]] monga mphangwi ŵa mulara ŵakawina malo ghachitatu na 20.24% ya ŵanthu ŵakuvotera ndipo United Transformation Movement yikawina malo 4 mu Nyumba ya ŵanthu. Masankhulo gha mulara gha 2019 ghakaŵa ghakusankhika ndipo ghakaŵazgika pa mu [[2020 Malawian presidential election|2020]]. Pa [[2020 Malawian presidential election|masankhulo gha 2020]], Chilima wakusankhika kuŵa mphangwi wa mulara pa chipani cha [[Lazarus Chakwera|Malawi Congress Party]], mu mubwezi wakusankhula *Tonse* umo waliyose mapani gha boma ghakukumana na chiyembekezo chakukweza msumba wa Mutharika.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-17|title=MCP yalondezga Chilima: Deputy speaker Kazombo wakulongosora kuti Chakwera walutirize mubwezi na UTM|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/mcp-settles-for-chilima-deputy-speaker-kazombo-tells-chakwera-to-form-alliance-with-utm/|access-date=2020-06-24|website=Malawi Nyasa Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Chilima wakafwa mu ngozi ya ndege pa 10 June 2024 ndipo wakusinthika na [[Dalitso Kabambe]] pa mpingo wa kusankha mulara pa 17 November 2024 ku Mzuzu. == Ukaboni == <references /> {{Malawian political parties}} {{DEFAULTSORT:United Transformation Movement}} [[Category:Zalengedwa mu 2018 ku Malawi]] [[Category:Mapangano gha boma ghakalengeka mu 2018]] [[Category:Mapangano gha boma gha ku Malawi]] if7o9m4ua1gmof390xcuavju15e3m88 3 47402 120847 120398 2026-09-02T23:12:19Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 120847 wikitext text/x-wiki <center><big>⚠️ Do you want articles translated? Go to [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/TranslateCentral|TranslateCentral]] and follow the formats given. ⚠️</big></center> {{VvM Talk 1}} {{Archives}} == RED LINKS ON MAIN PAGE == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] I think instead of creating random articles as we do, we should be following red links on main page. Readers and visitors are likely to click on links on main page article links to see what that article is, than searching for the articles we create randomly. Our home interface is having lots of red links. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 10:38, 27 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] Of course. I will create some articles on the home page which have red links soon. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:11, 27 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], as much as I want to do this, I do want to create some articles which are not linked on the Jani likulu, because it is drawing my ADHD brain away from editing the tumwiki and having less enjoyment here. Thanks. I will often create articles linked on Jani likulu anyway though. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:33, 28 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A new format for the Community Wishlist is open for feedback. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]]. This new process plans to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent and balanced across project families and language editions. This consultation is open for two weeks. '''Updates for editors''' * The latest release of the Wikipedia Android app includes updates to the Saved feature, bringing the app’s saving experience closer to iOS and Web. The update redesigns the Saved tab with an “All articles” view, removes the default “Saved” reading list, renames reading lists to “Collections,” and modernizes the article-saving experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420788] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] feature was enabled for all logged-in users on Bengali, Chinese, Czech and Vietnamese Wikipedias on August 25, after several months as a beta feature. Reading Lists will be available to all logged-in users on Arabic, French and Indonesian Wikipedias on September 1, followed by English Wikipedia on September 14, and all other Wikipedia wikis on September 28. * At the end of the month, some logged-out readers on Bengali, Czech, Persian, English, and Polish Wikipedias using the Minerva skin on mobile will see an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|updated navigation bar]] in an [[w:A/B test|A/B test]]. The test will compare the current navigation bar with a new version designed to make it easier to find information more quickly. The goal is to determine whether these changes encourage readers to return more often. This experiment will not change the experience for logged-in readers and/or editors. * Editors who maintain redirects, templates, and categories used on redirect pages now have improved ways for finding and curating redirects. Previously, redirects pages could not be searched. Two new search keywords, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>onlyredirects:</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>withredirects:</nowiki></code></bdi>, now allow redirects to be searched directly and can be combined with existing keywords such as <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>incategory:</nowiki></code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>intitle:</nowiki></code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>insource:</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204089] * The ISBN lookup tools for generating citations were recently not working because of external service problems. Developers are working on solutions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435179] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where searching for pages by category using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>deepcat</nowiki></code></bdi> could return no results or unrelated results has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414859] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The domain of URLs for thumbnails is changing from upload.wikimedia.org to thumb.wikimedia.org. The old URLs will continue to work for the foreseeable future but MediaWiki will advertise the new domain instead. URLs to other types of media such as original files, videos and transcodes will still be served from upload.wikimedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427465] * The Wikimedia [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?api=wmf-math%2Fv1&title=Special%3ARestSandbox Math API] is now deprecated. These endpoints will be fully sunset by the end of September 2026. Developers who call these endpoints should transition to alternative math rendering solutions, such as the native [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML MathML] or [https://www.mathjax.org/ MathJax]. Third-party MediaWiki installations that utilize the Math extension for formula rendering are required to upgrade to v1.43+ to avoid disruption of service. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] in a Diff post titled, [[diffblog:2026/08/28/custom-edit-suggestions-for-every-wiki-how-communities-are-shaping-suggestion-mode-with-textmatch/|Custom edit suggestions for every wiki: How communities are shaping Suggestion Mode with TextMatch]]. 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Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 21:53, 31 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Borhan@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> t7bkuirwccubv0zm8r8yp9f698frf03 0 48141 120857 117916 2026-09-03T02:42:50Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|2|0 */ 120857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Wandale wa ku Malawi}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Mchindi]] | name = Nancy Tembo | image = Nancy Tembo UNFCCC Glasgow Climate Dialogues.jpg | image_size = | caption = Tembo pakuyowoya pa ungano wa COP26 wa Kusintha kwa Nyengo mu 2021 | birth_date = 1959 | birth_place = [[Mangochi]], [[Chalo cha Rhodesia na Nyasaland|Nyasaland]] (sono [[Malawi]]) | occupation = Wandale | office = [[Nduna ya Vyakuwalo (Malawi)|Nduna ya Vyakuwalo]] | term_start = 2022 | term_end = 15 September 2025 | president = [[Lazarus Chakwera]] | predecessor = [[Eisenhower Nduwa Mkaka]] | successor = [[George Chaponda]] | party = [[Malawi Congress Party]] | education = [[Sukulu ya Sekondale ya St Mary's, Zomba]], [[Coleji ya Chancellor]] na [[Sukunyuru ya Leeds Beckett]] }} '''Nancy Gladys Tembo''' ni wandale wa ku Malawi uwo wakaŵa [[Nduna ya Vyakuwalo (Malawi)|Nduna ya Vyakuwalo]] mu [[Boma la Malawi|Boma la Malawi]] pakati pa 2022 na 2025. Iyo ni [[Mphala ya Milandu|Echila wa Mphala ya Milandu]] uwo wakuyimira chigaŵa cha [[Lilongwe]] City Ngwenya mu [[Mphala ya Milandu ya Chalo cha Malawi]]. Wakaŵa candidate wakujiyimira payekha pamanyuma pa masuzgo gha ma primary election mu [[Malawi Congress Party]] (MCP) mu 2018, ndipo wakawina na ma vhoti ghanandi mu [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2019]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=[http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-politics/politics/5551-dpp-wants-to-talk-man-upnancy-tembo.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-08-05 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210225124257/http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-politics/politics/5551-dpp-wants-to-talk-man-upnancy-tembo.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.banja.org.mw/hope.htm |title=Banja la Mtsogolo |access-date=August 5, 2011 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090826162838/http://www.banja.org.mw/hope.htm |archive-date=August 26, 2009 }}</ref> Iyo wakaŵa mumpanda-chuma wa MCP (pa nyengo iyo chipani chikuru cha kupikisana) mu nyengo ya Utsogoleri wa [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] (2009-2012). Wakakakika ndipo wakakukhwapulika comene pamoza na ŵalongozgi ŵa viwoneshero nga ni [[Billy Mayaya]] na [[Undule Mwakasungula]] pa nyengo ya [[Viwoneshero vya ku Malawi mu 2011|Viwoneshero vya pa 20 July 2011]] apo ŵanthu 22 ŵakakomeka na ŵanthu ŵa kuvikilira boma. Mu nyengo yake yakudanga nga ni Mbalamande (2004-2009),<ref>{{cite web|title=African Parliamentarians Network Against Corruption - APNAC|url=[http://www.apnacafrica.org/Contact/contactus_e.htm|access-date=August 5, 2011|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111005152037/http://www.apnacafrica.org/Contact/contactus_e.htm|archive-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=John Tembo Now Wants Third Term | Malawi Voice|url=[http://www.malawivoice.com/latest-news/john-tembo-now-wants-third-term/|access-date=August 5, 2011|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110130211456/http://www.malawivoice.com/latest-news/john-tembo-now-wants-third-term/|archive-date=January 30, 2011}}</ref> Tembo wakaŵa nduna ya kuwona za masambiro mu ŵakususka (shadow Minister of Education), cheyamani wa African Parliamentarians Network Against Corruption (APNAC)-Malawi, ndipo wakagwiranga nchito mu Public Accounts Committee na Parliamentary Committee on Health (apo wakaŵa cheyamani wa Parliamentary Sub-Committee on Reproduction). Mu nyengo yake yachiŵiri nga ni MP, wakagwiranga nchito mu Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) na Legal Affairs Committee (LAC). == Umoyo wa paubana na Masambiro == Nancy Tembo wakababika mu 1959, mu [[Mangochi, Malawi|Mangochi]] ku ŵapapi ŵake uwo wakaŵa unesi Monica Msosa (wakababika Minofu) na dokotala wa mu chipatala, Noel Golden Grey Msosa. Ŵapapi ŵake ŵose ŵaŵiri ŵakaŵa ŵaganyu ŵa boma ŵa mu chigaŵa uwo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu zipatala za boma za ku Malawi kusazgapo Thyolo, Nsanje, Machinga, Mangochi na zinyake. Iyo ngwa ku [[Malindi, Malawi]], muzi uwo uli mu Boma la [[Mangochi]] pa mumphepete mwa kumpoto kwa [[Nyanja ya Malawi|Nyanja ya Malawi]]. Tembo wakasambira pa [[Sukulu ya Sekondale ya St Mary's, Zomba]] ndipo pamanyuma wakaluta ku [[Coleji ya Chancellor]] ya [[Sukunyuru ya Malawi]]. Tembo wali na digiri ya masters kukhuma ku [[Sukunyuru ya Leeds Beckett]] mu [[Ufumu wakukolana|Ufumu Wakukolana]] mu vya utsogoleri na kusintha kwa kasungiro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nancy Tembo |url=https://live.worldbank.org/en/experts/n/nancy-tembo |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=World Bank Live |language=en}}</ref> == Nchito ya Ndale == Tembo wakayamba nchito yake ya ndale apo wakachitanga mpikisano wa MP mu [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2004]] ndipo wakawina<ref>{{Cite web|title=Speaker Nancy TEMBO|url=[https://www.iucncongress2020.org/programme/speakers/nancy-tembo|access-date=2021-11-10|website=IUCN World Conservation Congress 2020|language=en}}</ref> mpando wa Chigaŵa cha Lilongwe City South West. Mu nyengo iyi wakagwirangaso nchito nga ni Mlembi wa Vyakupharazga na Mphala ya Vyakupharazga ya chipani chikuru cha kupikisana panyengo hiyo cha [[Malawi Congress Party]]. Mu [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2009|Sankho Likuru la 2009]] wakatondeka kuwina mpando wachiŵiri, wakaluzga ku mukhala wa chipani cha Democratic Progressive Party ([[Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|DPP]]). Mu 2012 wakasoleka kuŵa Komishonara wa [[Komishoni ya Masankho ya Malawi]] (MEC) ndipo wakateŵetera mpaka 2016. Mu nyengo ya [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2014|Sankho Likuru la 2014]] lakutimbana, wakalongozga kugaluka kwa ma Komishonara gha MEC kupenja urunji wa masankho na kupempha kuti ma vhoti ghaŵerengeso pambere munthu wakuwina wandapharazgike. Kuŵerengaso kwakatondeka pa vifukwa vya marango ndipo pulezidenti wakale [[Peter Mutharika]] wakapharazgika kuŵa wakuwina. [[File:Nancy_Tembo_UNFCCC_Glasgow_Climate_Dialogues_event_05.jpg|thumb|Tembo kukumana na Mfumu Wakudanga wa Scotland [[Nicola Sturgeon]] pa [[COP26]] mu 2021]] [[File:Nancy Tembo at the US Embassy 2025.jpg|thumb|Nancy Tembo pa Embasi ya US mu 2025]] Mu 2018, wakachita mpikisano mu ma primary election gha MCP mu chigaŵa yake yakale. Pa zuŵa la ma primaries wakapharazgika kuŵa wakuwina. Pamanyuma, makani gha pa wayilesi ghakayamba kupharazga Chiphiko kuŵa wakuwina ndipo MCP nayo wakasimikizga kuti iyo ndiyo wakawina ma primary election na kuŵa candidate wa chipani cha masankho gha mphala ya milandu gha Malawi mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-21|title=MCP confirms Chipiko victory against Nancy Tembo|url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/mcp-confirms-chipiko-victory-against-nancy-tembo/|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kafukafuku uyu wakapangiska Hon. Tembo kuchita mpikisano wakujiyimira payekha apo wakawina<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nthenda|first=Gladys|title=I've always been MCP-Nancy Tembo|url=[https://www.kulinji.com/index.php/article/news/2019/ive-always-been-mcp-nancy-tembo|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20211110102403/https://www.kulinji.com/index.php/article/news/2019/ive-always-been-mcp-nancy-tembo|url-status=usurped|archive-date=November 10, 2021|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Kulinji|language=en}}</ref> na ma vhoti ghanandi kuluska 25,000+. Wakathereska mupikisani wake wa MCP, Chiphiko, uwo wakaba pa malo wachitatu. Pamanyuma pa kuthereska kwake, wakachitako nkhondo ya urunji wa masankho kupenja kufuta kwa [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2019|Masankho gha Pulezidenti gha 2019]]. Wakasazgikana na ŵanyawo mu [[Tonse Alliance (Malawi)|Ungano wa Tonse]] wa vipani ŵa ndale 9, wakulongozgeka na [[Lazarus Chakwera]].<ref>{{cite web|date=November 7, 2024|author=Kasabo, Angel|title=TONSE ALLIANCE LUNCHED, ECL AT THE HELM|website=rcv.co.zm|url=[https://rcv.co.zm/tonse-alliance-lunched-ecl-at-the-helm/}}</ref> Yezgezo yawo yakapangiska kubabika kwa Republic yachi3 na kusoreka kwa Chakwera nga ni nambara 6 pa [[Pulezidenti wa Malawi]]. Mu 2019, apo wakaŵa mu mphala ya milandu, Tembo wakavumbura 'ugulitsi' wambura urunji wa charu cha sukulu ya boma (Livimbo Primary School) mu chigaŵa chake uwo ukalandikanga na ŵanthu ŵa bizinesi. Makalata yakalongora kuti charu ichi wakaŵa wa sukulu. Bizinesi iyo yakalandikanga umwene yakaŵa kuti yazenga nyumba zikuru mu charu cha sukulu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Nyasa Times |date=2019-11-17 |title=Government orders demolition of warehouse encroaching on Livimbo schools - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/government-orders-demolition-of-warehouse-encroaching-on-livimbo-schools/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wakapempha ŵalara ŵa Nduna ya vya Charu kuti ŵalongosore. Nyumba zili kufutulika na boma. Komiti ya chitukuko ya chigaŵa ikazenga vilinga vya nchito kuti ivikilire charu cha sukulu ku kuwukiraso. Tembo wakasoleka kuŵa Nduna ya Chilengiwa na Kusintha kwa Nyengo mu kabineti yakudanga ya Pulezidenti Chakwera ndipo wakalapizga pa 10 July 2020. Tembo waŵa mkhristu wakukhozgera kupanda makuni na kuwezgerapo chilengiwa mu Malawi pa kukolerana na [[Wupu wa Vyalo Vyawungana]], [[Kukolerana kwa Chalo pa za Chilengiwa|IUCN]], Cleaner Cooking Coalition, [[Rotary International]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-08|title=Lilongwe Rotary Club in tree planting drive: Minister Tembo says corporate world not doing enough|url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/lilongwe-rotary-club-in-tree-planting-drive-minister-tembo-says-corporate-world-not-doing-enough/|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi|language=en-GB}}</ref> na ŵanandi ŵanyake. Khumbo lake ndilo kuwuskapo kuotcha makuni (chinthu chikuru icho chikupangiska kutoteka kwa makuni na [[Nongunongu ya chilengiwa]] mu mizi ya Malawi) na nthowa zituŵa, na zakukhalilira zakubika<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-25|title=Meet the eight African women shaping the future of the continent|url=[https://news.globallandscapesforum.org/52527/8-african-women-shaping-the-future/|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Landscape News|language=en-US}}</ref> ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi na khumbo lakumaliro la kusanga Malawi watuŵa na wabwino mu umoyo wasu. Mu August 2021, apo Malawi wakaba cheyamani wa Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), iyo wakatora utsogoleri wa SADC Cluster on Environment, Natural Resources, and Tourism. Pamanyuma, nga ni Nduna ya Vyakuwalo, wakateŵetera nga ni Cheyamani wa SADC Council of Ministers. Mu November 2021, wakayimira charu chake cha Malawi pa ungano wa United Nations [[COP26]] Climate Change Conference mu [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]] pamanyuma pa kukolerana na wovwiri kukhuma ku boma la UK.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-09|title=UK minister tips Malawi on climate change|url=[https://www.mwnation.com/uk-minister-tips-malawi-on-climate-change/|access-date=2021-11-10|website=The Nation Online|language=en-US}}</ref> Tembo wakasoleka kuŵa [[Nduna ya Vyakuwalo (Malawi)|Nduna ya Vyakuwalo ya Malawi]] mu January 2022. Mu 2023, [[Charles III]] wakaba [[Mutu wa Commonwealth|mutu wa commonwealth]]. Komishonara Mukuru wa ku Britain [[Fiona Ritchie (diplomat)|Fiona Ritchie]] wakanozga chiphikiro pa 11 May pa nyumba yake ya boma kuwonetsa kuvalikizga ufumu kwa Mfumu muphya ndipo wakapokelera Tembo nga ni Nduna ya Vyakuwalo. Tembo wakasimikizgira Ritchie za wovwiri wa charu chake kwa Charles III.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Owolabi |first=Adekunle |date=2023-05-16 |title=Nancy Tembo attends coronation reception hosted by British High Commissioner to Malawi |url=[https://lagosdaily.com.ng/15312/news/world/diplomacy/nancy-tembo-attends-coronation-reception-hosted-by-british-high-commissioner-to-malawi/ |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Lagos Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu May 2024 Komiti ya Public Appointments (PAC) ya [[Joyce Chitsulo]] ikapempha kuti Nduna ya Vyakuwalo ya Tembo yiwezgepo ŵaganyu ŵawo ŵose uwo ŵakugwira nchito ku vyalo vyakuwalo uwo ŵakaŵa ŵalara ŵambura kusefeka na PAC. Pempho ili likiza pamanyuma pa kusoleka wa [[David Bisnowaty]] kuŵa charge d'affaires wa Malawi mu Israel. PAC ikazomerezga kusoza kwose kwa ŵalara asi chikawoneka kuti ichi chikagegeka na Nduna ya Vyakuwalo. Chitsulo wakachaliya nduna pa kusoza ŵalara pa nyengo yachoko waka kuti ŵagege kusefeka ndipo ŵangalongozga embasi kwa vyaka 4 kwambura kuwonelera na PAC.{{Cite web |last=Chimjeka |first=Rebecca |date=2024-05-30 |title=Public Appointments Committee asks government to recall diplomats |url=[https://times.mw/public-appointments-committee-asks-government-to-recall-diplomats/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=The Times Group |language=en-US}}</ref> Bisnowaty (MP wakale) na Tembo ŵakasuskana kuti kuwonelera kukaŵa kwambura kukhumbikwa ndipo Bisnowaty wakajipereka pa udindo uwo. Chitsulo na ŵakukhozgera ŵa m'magulu ŵakusanga maghanoghano yakuti Bisnowaty wakaŵa wakujipereka apo wakawonereranga ndalama za embasi kuŵa zakukayikiska.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-05-13 |title=CSOs, Pac insist on Bisnowaty interview |url=[https://times.mw/csos-pac-insist-on-bisnowaty-interview/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=The Times Group |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakaŵa candidate mu [[Chigaŵa cha Lilongwe City Ngwenya]] mu masankho gha 2025. Wakathereska pa fupi Edward Mvoliwa, ŵose ŵaŵiri ŵaŵa na ma vhoti kuluska 8,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lilongwe City Ngwenya Constituency in the Elections dashboard |url=[https://nplelectionsdashboard.com/parliamentary-map |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=nplelectionsdashboard.com |language=en}}</ref> Kukaŵa ŵapikisani ŵanyake ŵanayi kusazgapo [[Loveness Gondwe]]. == Umoyo wa pachembo == Mfumu wake, Morgan Tembo, ni Chief Executive Officer na m'manga-pamoza wa [[PayChangu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/centenary-bank-paychangu-partner-to-foster-sustainable-fast-cash-transfers/|title=Centenary Bank, PayChangu Partner to Foster Sustainable Fast Cash Transfers - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi|date=June 18, 2025|website=[www.nyasatimes.com}}</ref> Wakateŵeterapo nga ni Chief Financial Officer (CFO) ku Limbe Leaf Group, iyo ni chigaŵa cha [[Universal Corporation]]—kampani yikuru ya za ulimi pa charu chose. Ŵali na ŵana 6. Asogwe ŵa mfumu wawo wakaŵa wandale muwemi wakale [[John Tembo]] ndipo ntheura ni munyina wa mama wakale de facto [[Cecilia Tamanda Kadzamira]]. Mumbu wawo wakaŵa Dr [[Elizabeth Sibande]] uwo wakaŵa mwasayansi wa vya ulimi uwo wakachita ma mtundu gha mbalala.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sibale |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Lwanda |first2=George Chikondi |date=2022 |title=The life scientific and cultural: Dr Elizabeth Mary Sibale, agronomist, mother and changemaker |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=18–23 |jstor=27187055 |issn=0037-993X}}</ref> == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tembo, Nancy}} [[Category:Ŵakubabika mu 1959]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Ŵandale ŵa ku Malawi ŵa m'zachi 21]] [[Category:Ŵanakazi ŵandale ŵa ku Malawi ŵa m'zachi 21]] [[Category:Ŵandale ŵanakazi ŵa vyakuwalo]] [[Category:Ma Nduna gha Vyakuwalo gha Malawi]] [[Category:Ŵandale ŵa Malawi Congress Party]] [[Category:Ŵaeliti ŵa Mphala ya Milandu (Malawi)]] [[Category:Ŵanthu kukhuma mu Boma la Mangochi]] [[Category:Ŵana sukulu ŵakale ŵa Sukunyuru ya Malawi]] [[Category:Ŵanakazi ŵaeliti ŵa Mphala ya Milandu (Malawi)]] kkshqsui1j0yf79dbtjjk6ngu1mndyy 0 48423 120861 118543 2026-09-03T07:17:12Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 120861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi mu [[England]] mu charu cha [[United Kingdom]].<ref>https://geonames.org</ref> Muli ŵanthu 2,455. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:United Kingdom]] [[Category:England]] j50oi9imisy0csqjljfb2s2x5ez6u6x 0 49271 120829 2026-09-02T12:01:59Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiNgelezi''' nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiTumbuka]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 7,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Creation history / Accomplishments |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediaGrowthSummary.htm |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiNgelezi chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|..." 120829 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiNgelezi''' nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiTumbuka]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 7,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Creation history / Accomplishments |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediaGrowthSummary.htm |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiNgelezi chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|en}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|en}} awo ŵakuchitako ntchito iyi. == Ukaboni == [[Category:Wikipediya]] hq9kmc201k5t8pck92tqogc31atsali 120832 120829 2026-09-02T12:04:50Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 120832 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiNgelezi''' nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiNgelezi]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 7,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title={{PAGENAME}} |url=https://en.wikipedia.org |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiNgelezi chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|en}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|en}} awo ŵakuchitako ntchito iyi. == Ukaboni == [[Category:Wikipediya]] oabrk05blb7d4fcbmabpfz83fq6j8by 0 49272 120830 2026-09-02T12:03:17Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ny.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiCheŵa''' nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiTumbuka]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 1,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Creation history / Accomplishments |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediaGrowthSummary.htm |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiCheŵa chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICL..." 120830 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ny.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiCheŵa''' nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiTumbuka]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 1,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Creation history / Accomplishments |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediaGrowthSummary.htm |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiCheŵa chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ny}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|ny}} awo ŵakuchitako ntchito iyi. == Ukaboni == [[Category:Wikipediya]] ktl2qyl55daqcr4b3ohsat6lx8reqtt 120831 120830 2026-09-02T12:04:20Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 120831 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ny.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiCheŵa''' nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiTumbuka]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 1,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title={{PAGENAME}} |url=https://ny.wikipedia.org |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiCheŵa chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ny}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|ny}} awo ŵakuchitako ntchito iyi. == Ukaboni == [[Category:Wikipediya]] aru3drnv6mjcpwzb3tgkryaan0qvrir 120833 120831 2026-09-02T12:05:08Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 120833 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ny.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiCheŵa''' nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiCheŵa]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 1,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title={{PAGENAME}} |url=https://ny.wikipedia.org |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiCheŵa chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ny}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|ny}} awo ŵakuchitako ntchito iyi. == Ukaboni == [[Category:Wikipediya]] 63m9jrmv3i4x7yyhjhpmlbq1emk4ys9 0 49273 120834 2026-09-02T12:06:07Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-sn.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiShona''' nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiShona]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 11,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title={{PAGENAME}} |url=https://sn.wikipedia.org |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiShona chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|sn}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|sn}} awo ŵakuchitako..." 120834 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-sn.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiShona''' nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiShona]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 11,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title={{PAGENAME}} |url=https://sn.wikipedia.org |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiShona chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|sn}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|sn}} awo ŵakuchitako ntchito iyi. == Ukaboni == [[Category:Wikipediya]] fz465ouzil1cviiuxki9eywbvlwdo2t 0 49274 120835 2026-09-02T12:08:20Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-sw.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiSwahili''' nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiSwahili]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 125,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title={{PAGENAME}} |url=https://sw.wikipedia.org |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiNgelezi chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|sw}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|sw}} awo ŵaku..." 120835 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-sw.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiSwahili''' nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiSwahili]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 125,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title={{PAGENAME}} |url=https://sw.wikipedia.org |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiNgelezi chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|sw}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|sw}} awo ŵakuchitako ntchito iyi. == Ukaboni == [[Category:Wikipediya]] bxpnqtlkl37xameaazaf0rbl9qr81qb 120836 120835 2026-09-02T12:08:28Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 120836 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-sw.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiSwahili''' nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiSwahili]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 125,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title={{PAGENAME}} |url=https://sw.wikipedia.org |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiSwahili chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|sw}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|sw}} awo ŵakuchitako ntchito iyi. == Ukaboni == [[Category:Wikipediya]] rmmeawywol8kn96xt7bpwuy2yk1cdxy 10 49275 120837 2026-09-02T12:33:56Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "<div style="float: left; border:solid #C80815 1px; margin: 1px;"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background:#C80815;" | style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: white; text-align: center; font-size: 14pt; color: black;" | '''[[File:Flag of Greenland.svg|46px]]''' | style="font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; color: white;" | This user is in favor of '''<span style="color:#FFF">[[Greenland]]'s independence'''. |}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</no..." 120837 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float: left; border:solid #C80815 1px; margin: 1px;"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background:#C80815;" | style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: white; text-align: center; font-size: 14pt; color: black;" | '''[[File:Flag of Greenland.svg|46px]]''' | style="font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; color: white;" | This user is in favor of '''<span style="color:#FFF">[[Greenland]]'s independence'''. |}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> s8xc1alwtbayydkrmq3hl2bwdxkt8bp 120838 120837 2026-09-02T12:34:14Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 120838 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float: left; border:solid #C80815 1px; margin: 1px;"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background:#C80815;" | style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: white; text-align: center; font-size: 14pt; color: black;" | '''[[File:Flag of Greenland.svg|46px]]''' | style="font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; color: white;" | This user is in favor of '''<span style="color:#FFF">Greenland's independence'''. |}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 7j7ikhum7q6mzxqtvwidjf5dprpxzas 11 49276 120839 2026-09-02T12:41:49Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 120839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 10 49277 120846 2026-09-02T23:11:56Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "<div style="margin: 5px; align:center; border: 2px solid #000; width: 90%; padding: 5px; background-color: aqua; margin: auto" id="usertalk"> <div style="text-align: center;">'''Hello, [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome]] to my talk page!'''</div> If you want to leave a message, please do it at the ''bottom'', as a new [[Help:Section|section]], for better formatting. You can do that by simply pressing the plus sign (+) or "new section" on the top of this page. And ''don't..." 120846 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 5px; align:center; border: 2px solid #000; width: 90%; padding: 5px; background-color: aqua; margin: auto" id="usertalk"> <div style="text-align: center;">'''Hello, [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome]] to my talk page!'''</div> If you want to leave a message, please do it at the ''bottom'', as a new [[Help:Section|section]], for better formatting. You can do that by simply pressing the plus sign (+) or "new section" on the top of this page. And ''don't forget to [[Wikipedia:Signatures|sign your messages]] with four tildes, like this: <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>'' '''Attention:''' I prefer to keep [[Wikipedia:Talk page|discussions]] unfragmented. If you leave a comment for me here, I will most likely respond to it on this same page—''my talk page''—as an effort to keep the entire conversation in one place. By the same token, if ''I'' leave a comment on ''your talk page'', please respond to it ''there''. Remember, we can use our [[special:watchlist|watchlist]] to keep track of when responses are made. At the same time, feel free to send an alert to me on this page about a comment you have left elsewhere. Yewo chomene. </div><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> gvsckyw4tow9dk455moqs43jvvqtrjn 120851 120846 2026-09-03T02:35:21Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 120851 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 5px; align:center; border: 2px solid #000; width: 90%; padding: 5px; background-color: aqua; margin: auto" id="usertalk"> <div style="text-align: center;">'''Hello, [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome]] to my talk page!'''</div> If you want to leave a message, please do it at the ''bottom'', as a new [[Help:Section|section]], for better formatting. You can do that by simply pressing the plus sign (+) or "new section" on the top of this page. And ''don't forget to [[Wikipedia:Signatures|sign your messages]] with four tildes, like this: <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>'' '''Attention:''' I prefer to keep [[Wikipedia:Talk page|discussions]] unfragmented. If you leave a comment for me here, I will most likely respond to it on this same page—''my talk page''—as an effort to keep the entire conversation in one place. By the same token, if ''I'' leave a comment on ''your talk page'', please respond to it ''there''. Remember, we can use our [[special:watchlist|watchlist]] to keep track of when responses are made. At the same time, feel free to send an alert to me on this page about a comment you have left elsewhere. Yewo chomene. </div><noinclude> {{documentation}} [[ny:Template:VvM Talk 1]] [[sn:Template:VvM Talk 1]] </noinclude> nel6pa978x6ke490jkcqduf4jcg1e4d 0 49278 120848 2026-09-03T02:31:06Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni msewu mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}.<ref>https://www.mainroads.wa.gov.au/eastlinkwa</ref> Iwo ukukoleska msumba ukuru wa [[Perth]] ku Western Australia gha dazi na msumba wa [[Kalgoorlie]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130928155909/https://gis.mainroads.wa.gov.au/roadinformationmap/</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{Attached KML|display=inline,title}} * {{Commons category-inline|Gr..." 120848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni msewu mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}.<ref>https://www.mainroads.wa.gov.au/eastlinkwa</ref> Iwo ukukoleska msumba ukuru wa [[Perth]] ku Western Australia gha dazi na msumba wa [[Kalgoorlie]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130928155909/https://gis.mainroads.wa.gov.au/roadinformationmap/</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{Attached KML|display=inline,title}} * {{Commons category-inline|Great Eastern Highway}} * {{wikivoyage-inline}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160311234452/http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/search~s6?extended=0&searcharg=great+eastern+highway&searchlimits=&searchorigarg=xgreat+eastern+highway&searchscope=6&searchtype=x&sort=d&sort=dz&sortdropdown=-&submit=search State Library of Western Australia] Vithuzithuzi vyakusonkheska vya mdauko wa Great Eastern Highway [[Category:Australia]] djo93aek252wjnrpr9m21hraje1qe2g 120849 120848 2026-09-03T02:31:18Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 120849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni msewu mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}.<ref>https://www.mainroads.wa.gov.au/eastlinkwa</ref> Iwo ukukoleska msumba ukuru wa [[Perth]] ku Western Australia gha dazi na msumba wa [[Kalgoorlie]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130928155909/https://gis.mainroads.wa.gov.au/roadinformationmap/</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{Commons category-inline|Great Eastern Highway}} * {{wikivoyage-inline}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160311234452/http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/search~s6?extended=0&searcharg=great+eastern+highway&searchlimits=&searchorigarg=xgreat+eastern+highway&searchscope=6&searchtype=x&sort=d&sort=dz&sortdropdown=-&submit=search State Library of Western Australia] Vithuzithuzi vyakusonkheska vya mdauko wa Great Eastern Highway [[Category:Australia]] q6osfb27gdp4b3gu1fqndpwycjhfovy 1 49279 120850 2026-09-03T02:33:53Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 120850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 1 49280 120862 2026-09-03T07:17:26Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 120862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 1 49281 120863 2026-09-03T07:18:01Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 120863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 4 49282 120864 2026-09-03T08:04:57Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "[[File:PSM V05 D400 Joseph Priestley.jpg|thumb|150px|Joseph Priestley (pachithuzi)]] * Mu 1291, [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Chigwirizano cha Switzerland]] chikakhazikiskika, apo vigaŵa vya [[Uri]], [[Schwyz]] na [[Unterwalden]] vikachita [[Federal Charter of 1291|Phangano la Chigwirizano la 1291]]. * Mu 1774, musayansi wa ku [[United Kingdom|Britain]] [[Joseph Priestley]] wakasanga gasi wa [[Oxygen|okisijeni]], apo wakachitanga kafukufuku ku Wiltshire. (pachithuzi) Josep..." 120864 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:PSM V05 D400 Joseph Priestley.jpg|thumb|150px|Joseph Priestley (pachithuzi)]] * Mu 1291, [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Chigwirizano cha Switzerland]] chikakhazikiskika, apo vigaŵa vya [[Uri]], [[Schwyz]] na [[Unterwalden]] vikachita [[Federal Charter of 1291|Phangano la Chigwirizano la 1291]]. * Mu 1774, musayansi wa ku [[United Kingdom|Britain]] [[Joseph Priestley]] wakasanga gasi wa [[Oxygen|okisijeni]], apo wakachitanga kafukufuku ku Wiltshire. (pachithuzi) [[Joseph Priestley|Vinandi...]] * Mu 1914, [[Germany|Germany]] yikapharazga nkhondo ku [[Russian Empire|Ufumu wa Russia]] pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu Chose]]. * Mu 1927, [[Nanchang Uprising|Kuwukira kwa Nanchang]] kukamba, ndipo kukaŵa nkhondo yakwamba yikuru pakati pa [[Kuomintang]] na [[Chinese Communist Party|Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha China]] pa [[Chinese Civil War|Nkhondo ya Pachanya ya China]]. * Mu 1981, [[MTV]] yikamba kuwulutsa mapulogiramu ku [[United States]], ndipo vidiyo yakwamba iyo yikawoneska yikaŵa “Video Killed the Radio Star” ya gulu la [[The Buggles]]. 4gb6c7sp0iagxuu040aminxuy9fr5pq