Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.19 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4529 121884 111764 2026-09-10T05:08:28Z Opsec 12161 /* */ 121884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chalo2 |chalo = Belgium |bendera = Flag of Belgium (civil).svg |chidindo = |mapu (mndozgi) = EU-Belgium.svg }} '''Belgium''' ni chalo icho chili kwa [[Europe]]. Pali anthu pafupifupi 11 748 716 m'dzikoli (2024). {{Europe}} [[Category:Europe]] huzkpa1hbbrwxnwvpgy203j164gh9gl 0 5611 121869 20350 2026-09-10T01:00:58Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 121869 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Yemen.svg|300px|thumb]] [[File:Yemen (orthographic projection).svg|250px|thumb]] '''Yemen''', ni chalo icho chili kwa [[Asia]]. [[Category:Asia]] [[Category:Yemen| ]] o8awlw0g3jut8slg2uu5318ldf27ywh 0 7052 121873 51668 2026-09-10T01:10:06Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi moved page [[Djibouti (city)]] to [[Djibouti (msumba)]] without leaving a redirect 51668 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Djibcapital.jpg|thumb|430x430px]] '''Djibouti''' ni msumba ukulu wa boma mu chalo cha Djibouti. [[Category:Afrika]] [[Category:Djibouti]] 26jpv3mq7yol0i8pkwbpswrd8hg8mt0 0 7259 121874 81392 2026-09-10T01:11:56Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 121874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sanaa''' (صَنْعَاء) ni msumba ukulu wa boma mu chalo cha [[Yemen]]. [[Category:Yemen]] lsidovcq277mitcygne648o8ji18638 0 11581 121880 31151 2026-09-10T03:12:02Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Changing page definition 121880 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Niyoni '''(Neon) ni mtundu wa utatavu wa banja la utatavu wakujumphilira. rj2kgil2s7pt5diqiv1s90ih5hv2xov 0 18436 121866 112379 2026-09-10T00:42:30Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 121866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox academic|name=John McCracken|honorific_suffix= |image=Professor John McCracken died 23 October 2017 (sq cropped).jpg |alt= |caption= |birth_name=Kenneth John McCracken |birth_date={{birth date|df=y|1938|07|01}}|birth_place=[[Edinburgh]], United Kingdom|death_date={{death date and age|df=y|2017|10|23|1938|07|01}}|death_place=|occupation=|title=|known_for=|spouse=Jane Purkis (1966)<br />Juliet Clough (1972—)|children=|discipline=History|sub_discipline={{hlist|[[History of Malawi]]|[[Christianity in Africa]]}}|movement=<!-- Should match the ideological movement or denomination (for religious), "school" of thought etc. (e.g. "Anglican", "Postmodernist", "Socialist" or "Green" etc. -->|alma_mater=[[University of Cambridge]]|school_tradition=|doctoral_advisor=[[Ronald Robinson]]|doctoral_students=|notable_students=<!--Only those with WP articles-->|main_interests=|workplaces=[[University of Dar es Salaam]]<br />[[University of Stirling]]|notable_works=|notable_ideas=|influences=<!--Must be referenced from a third party source-->|influenced=<!--Must be referenced from a third party source-->|awards=<!--Notable national level awards only-->}} '''Kenneth John McCracken''' (1 July 1938 - 23 October 2017) wakaŵa wakulemba mbiri wa ku [[Britain]] ndipo wakumanya vya Africa. Wakamanyikwa comene cifukwa ca mabuku ghake ghakukhwaskana na mbiri ya [[Malaŵi|Malawi]] na Cikristu mu vyaru vya ku Africa. == Mbili == John McCracken wakababika mu Edinburgh, Scotland, pa Julayi 1, 1938.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ross|first=Kenneth R.|title=Obituary: John McCracken, leading African historian and Malawi expert|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/15660946.Obituary___John_McCracken__historian_and_Africanist/|access-date=20 April 2018|publisher=The Herald|date=16 November 2017}}</ref>Wakasambira pa sukulu ya Sedbergh School ndipo pamanyuma wakasambira pa St John's College, Cambridge, uko wakamba kutemwa nkhani za ku Africa. Wakasambira PhD ku Cambridge pasi pa Ronald Robinson, wakuyowoya chomene za mautumiki gha Church of Scotland mu Malaŵi. Mu 1964, apo wakaŵa kuti wachali kusambira vya udokotala, McCracken wakaluta ku Africa. Wakamba kusambizga pa University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland ku Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia (sono ni Harare, [[Zimbabwe]]). Pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Rhodesia chajiyimira pawekha mu 1965, wakafumamo mu charu ichi na kwamba kusambizga pa dipatimenti yiphya ya mbiri ku yunivesite ya Dar es Salaam ku [[Tanzania]]. Kwenekura wakamalizga udokotala wake, uwo wakawusanga mu buku la Politics and Christianity in Malawi, 1875~1940 (1977). Wakamanyikwa kuti ni yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakumanya comene vya Cikristu mu Africa. Apo ŵakaŵa ku Tanzania, muwoli wa McCracken, Jane Purkis, wakafwa pa ngozi ya galimoto myezi 10 pera ŵati ŵatorana. Mu 1968, McCracken wakawelera ku Britain kuti wakambe uteŵeti wake ku yunivesite ya Stirling, iyo yikaŵako chaka chamara. Wakalemba nkhani zinandi zakukhwaskana na umoyo wa ŵanthu, vyachuma, ndyali, kweniso vya chilengiwa. Wakatoraso mu 1972. McCracken wakafumako ku Stirling kwa nyengo yichoko waka pakati pa 1980 na 1983 kuti watore udindo ku University of Malawi. Wakateŵeteraso nga purezidenti wa African Studies Association of the United Kingdom (ASAUK) pakati pa 1990 na 1992..<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr John McCracken has passed away |url=http://www.cas.ed.ac.uk/news/2017/dr_john_mccracken_has_passed_away |access-date=24 April 2018 |website=Centre of African Studies |publisher=[[University of Edinburgh]]}}</ref> He retired from teaching in 2002.<ref>{{cite news|title=John McCracken, historian of Malawi – obituary|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2017/12/12/john-mccracken-historian-malawi-obituary/|publisher=The Telegraph|date=12 December 2017|access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref> Wakati wapumura, McCracken wakalutizga kulemba mbiri ya chalo cha Malawi, ndipo wakalemba mabuku ghanyake nga ni A History of Malawi, 1859~1966 (2012) na Voices from the Chilembwe Rising (2015). Wakafwa pa 23 Okutobala 2017. Mu 2020 pakalembeka buku la mutu wakuti Politics, Christianity and Society in Malawi. [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵambili ŵakufumila ku Britain mu Malaŵi]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵakulemba mbili Malaŵi]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵakufwa]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵakulemba mbili]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵakusintha charu cha Malaŵi]] == Uko vafuma vyakuyowoya == <references responsive="0"></references> == Mukaboni == * {{cite journal|last=Vaughan|first=Megan|authorlink=Megan Vaughan|title=Kenneth John McCracken, 1938–2017|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume=44|issue=1|pages=197–199|date=2018|doi=10.1080/03057070.2018.1414519|doi-access=free}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180424135851/http://www.cas.ed.ac.uk/news/2017/dr_john_mccracken_has_passed_away Dr John McCracken has Passed Away] at the Centre for African Studies ([[:en:University_of_Edinburgh|University of Edinburgh]]) {{Authority control}} 6c4xfztb5ka5r6vvur6ekd0j7v5jdiv 0 40525 121865 119337 2026-09-09T23:52:06Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 121865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Continent}} {{Other uses}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} {{Infobox Continent |title = Afilika |image = {{Switcher|[[File:Africa (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show national borders|[[File:Africa (orthographic projection) blank.svg|frameless]]|Hide national borders|default=1}} |area = {{convert|30370000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} &nbsp;([[List of continents by area|2nd]]) |population = {{UN_Population|Africa}}{{UN_Population|ref}} ({{UN_Population|Year}}; [[List of continents by population|2nd]]) |density = {{pop density|{{Decomma|{{UN_Population|Africa}}}}|30221532|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} ({{UN Population|Year}}) |religions = {{unbulleted list | [[Christianity in Africa|Christianity]] (49%) | [[Islam in Africa|Islam]] (42%) | [[African traditional religion|Traditional faiths]] (8%) | [[Religion in Africa|Others]] (1%)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gordonconwell.edu/blog/african-christianity-101/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=a1d4c1d931e6c38110d5c3f059ae64bb66bafafa-1590463375-0-AezHrWRbV9jUadPbMq1KCYOzXRnMTcuigdG5X7oahVbSoI1-HbOZFVzICpNQM3DD6h-V4OowV97KMQvA_Z5xrEIueURh3cAjh_JOwgzb_0xJ8ApebiYm1YKfWINm1tpYbvki0LdD6UCp1tdLlxQ9SRwtdKFDMRidCaiTEuKpAgqahxqDYDT9efnF_jaiIEUQu0uIx-pJ0jUDCQtArMqdHTN8eI_S59hxJlvlxrSqBFOFsKFbiRy66EYOzblYbhaniwzQPIxiovSOAM7Yj6fu-5jMYVAPJtBJplpKoRDBlTtl44pnDC6wJInEyJbLw46dPuXcViyFEB57ebEfmUnpcYoJDlysExw35Ay28x7nvUDx3aIEa6ZhJsxwn62dv-R57g |title=Gordon Conwell Theological Seminary, African Christianity, 2020 |date=18 March 2020 |access-date=1 July 2021 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503132003/https://www.gordonconwell.edu/blog/african-christianity-101/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=a1d4c1d931e6c38110d5c3f059ae64bb66bafafa-1590463375-0-AezHrWRbV9jUadPbMq1KCYOzXRnMTcuigdG5X7oahVbSoI1-HbOZFVzICpNQM3DD6h-V4OowV97KMQvA_Z5xrEIueURh3cAjh_JOwgzb_0xJ8ApebiYm1YKfWINm1tpYbvki0LdD6UCp1tdLlxQ9SRwtdKFDMRidCaiTEuKpAgqahxqDYDT9efnF_jaiIEUQu0uIx-pJ0jUDCQtArMqdHTN8eI_S59hxJlvlxrSqBFOFsKFbiRy66EYOzblYbhaniwzQPIxiovSOAM7Yj6fu-5jMYVAPJtBJplpKoRDBlTtl44pnDC6wJInEyJbLw46dPuXcViyFEB57ebEfmUnpcYoJDlysExw35Ay28x7nvUDx3aIEa6ZhJsxwn62dv-R57g |url-status=live }}</ref>}} |GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$8.05&nbsp;trillion (2022 est; 4th)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|title=GDP PPP, current prices|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=2022|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122001107/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref>}} |GDP_nominal = $2.96&nbsp;trillion (2022 est; [[List of continents by GDP (nominal)|5th]])<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP Nominal, current prices|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=2022|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=25 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225211431/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref> |GDP_per_capita = $2,180 (Nominal; 2022 est; [[List of continents by GDP (nominal)#GDP per capita (nominal) by continents|6th]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|title=Nominal GDP per capita|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=2022|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111084550/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref> |demonym = [[List of ethnic groups of Africa|African]] |countries = 54+2*+5** (*disputed) (**territories) |list_countries = List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa |dependencies = {{Collapsible list |list_style = text-align:left; |title = [[List of African dependencies#External territories|External]] (5) | 1 = {{flagdeco|Norway}} [[Bouvet Island]] | 2 = {{Flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}} | 3 = {{flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands|name=French Southern Territories}} | 4 = {{flag|Heard Island and McDonald Islands}} | 5 = {{flag|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}} }} {{Collapsible list |list_style = text-align:left; |title = [[List of African dependencies#Internal territories|Internal]] (6+1 disputed) | 1 = {{flag|France}} ''([[Mayotte]] and [[Réunion]])'' | 2 = {{flag|Italy}} ''([[Pantelleria]] and [[Pelagie Islands]])'' | 3 = {{flag|Morocco}} ''([[Southern Provinces]])'' | 4 = {{flag|Portugal}} ''([[Madeira]])'' | 5 = {{flag|Spain}} ''([[Alboran Island]], [[Canary Islands]], [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]], and [[Plazas de soberanía]])'' | 6 = {{flag|Tanzania}} ''([[Zanzibar]])'' | 7 = {{flag|Yemen}} ''([[Socotra]])'' }} |languages = [[Languages of Africa|1250–3000 native languages]] |time = [[UTC-1]] to [[UTC+4]] |cities = [[List of urban agglomerations in Africa|Largest urban areas]]:<!-- -->{{hlist |item_style=white-space:break; |[[Cairo]] |[[Lagos]] <br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Johannesburg]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Luanda]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Khartoum]] |[[Dar es Salaam]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Abidjan]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Alexandria]] |[[Kinshasa]]<br> |[[Kigali]] |[[Nairobi]]<br> |[[Algiers]] |[[Kinshasa]]<br> |[[Cape Town]] |[[Kano (city)|Kano]]<br> |[[Dakar]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Casablanca]]<br> |[[Addis Ababa]] |[[Kampala]]}} }} [[File:MapAfricaSize.gif|thumb|Ukuru wa Africa pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake]] [[Chilwa]] cha '''Afilika''' ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi. Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana makilomita pafupifupi 30.300,000, kusazgapo virwa vinyake.<ref name=Sayre>Sayre, April Pulley (1999), ''Africa'', Twenty-First Century Books. {{ISBN|0-7613-1367-2}}.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1.4 biliyoni{{UN_Population|ref}} Kufika chaka cha 2021, chiŵelengero ichi chikaŵa pafupifupi {{percent|{{UN Population|Africa}}|{{UN Population|World}}}} pa ŵanthu wose pa caru capasi. Ŵanthu ŵa mu Afilika ndiwo mbaciwukirano comene pa vyaru vyose;<ref>{{cite news|title=5 ways the world will look dramatically different in 2100|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/08/17/5-ways-the-world-will-look-dramatically-different-in-2100/|last=Swanson|first=Ana|date=17 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=26 September 2017|archive-date=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926194109/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/08/17/5-ways-the-world-will-look-dramatically-different-in-2100/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=[[Njideka Harry|Harry]]|first=Njideka U.|date=11 September 2013|title=African Youth, Innovation and the Changing Society|work=Huffington Post|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/njideka-u-harry/african-youth-innovation-_b_3904408.html|access-date=27 September 2013|archive-date=20 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920184934/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/njideka-u-harry/african-youth-innovation-_b_3904408.html|url-status=live}}</ref> mu 2012, ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 19.7 na 30.4 pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite web|title=item, 4 of the provisional agenda&nbsp;– General debate on national experience in population matters: adolescents and youth|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/cpd/cpd2012/Agenda%20item%204/UN%20system%20statements/ECA_Item4.pdf|author=Janneh, Abdoulie|date=April 2012|work=United Nations Economic Commission for Africa|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=10 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110111359/http://www.un.org/esa/population/cpd/cpd2012/Agenda%20item%204/UN%20system%20statements/ECA_Item4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Nangauli charu cha Africa chili na usambazi unandi chomene, kweni chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa charu chose chapasi. Ŵasayansi ŵakuti vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambenge kusuzgika maghanoghano,<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last1=Collier|first1=Paul|last2=Gunning|first2=Jan Willem|title=Why Has Africa Grown Slowly?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-perspectives_summer-1999_13_3/page/3|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|date=1 August 1999|volume=13|issue=3|pages=3–22|doi=10.1257/jep.13.3.3}}</ref>[[chikoloni]], Nkhondo Yakuzizima,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alemazung |first1=Joy Asongazoh |title=Post-colonial colonialism: an analysis of international factors and actors marring African socio-economic and political development |journal=Journal of Pan African Studies |date=1 September 2010 |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=62–85 |id={{Gale|A306596751}} |s2cid=140806396 |url=http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol3no10/3.10Post-Colonial.pdf |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127024827/http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol3no10/3.10Post-Colonial.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bayeh |first1=Endalcachew |title=The political and economic legacy of colonialism in the post-independence African states |journal=International Journal in Commerce, IT & Social Sciences |date=February 2015 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=89–93 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/poldev/78 |s2cid=198939744 |doi=10.4000/poldev.78 |access-date=24 October 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nkhondo ya ku caru ciphya, kusowa kwa demokilase, na vimbundi.Nangauli usambazi uli kupangika makora yayi, kweni chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa vinthu mu vyaru ivi, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi awo mbawukirano, charu cha Africa ni msika wakuzirwa pa caru cose. Charu ichi chili kuzingilizgika na [[Nyanja ya Mediterranean]] kumpoto, Suez Isthmus na [[Nyanja Yiswesi]] kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Indian Ocean]] kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Atlantic Ocean]] kumanjiliro gha dazi. Charu ichi chili na vyaru vinandi nga ni Madagascar. Mu vyaru ivi muli vyaru 54 ivyo vili na mazaza, vigaŵa 8, na vyaru viŵiri vyambura mazaza. Charu cha [[Algeria]] ndicho ntchikuru chomene pa vyaru vyose vya mu Afilika. Vyaru vya mu Afilika vikukolerana pakuzenga wupu wa African Union, uwo uli na ofesi yake yikuru mu [[Addis Ababa]]. Charu cha Afilika chili pafupi na equator na prime meridian. Ni caru cimoza pera ico cili kufuma kumpoto kukafika kumwera.<ref>{{cite web|title=Africa. General info|url=http://www.visualgeography.com/continents/africa.html|publisher=Visual Geography|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424072430/http://www.visualgeography.com/continents/africa.html|archive-date=24 April 2011|access-date=24 November 2007}}</ref> Chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chili kumpoto kwa charu, ndipo chigaŵa chikuru chili kumwera kwa charu. Chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chili mu vigaŵa vyakututuka, kupaturako chigaŵa chikuru cha [[Western Sahara]], [[Algeria]], [[Libya]], na [[Egypt]], kumpoto kwa [[Mauritania]], na vigaŵa vyose vya [[Morocco]], [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]], na [[Tunisia]] ivyo vili pachanya pa chigaŵa cha Cancer, kumpoto kwa chigaŵa chakututuka. Ku chigaŵa chinyake cha charu ichi, kumwera kwa [[Namibia]], kumwera kwa [[Botswana]], vigaŵa vinandi vya [[South Africa]], vigaŵa vyose vya [[Lesotho]] na [[Eswatini]], kweniso kumwera kwa Mozambique na [[Madagascar]], vili kusi kwa malo ghakuchemeka Tropic of Capricorn. Ku Afilika kuli vyamoyo vinandi chomene, ndipo kuli vyamoyo vinandi chomene. Ndipouli, mu vyaru vya ku Afilika muli masuzgo ghakupambanapambana, nga ni kuzgoka mapopa, kukomeka kwa makuni, kusoŵa maji, na kunangika kwa vinthu. Vinthu ivi vikwenera kulutilira kutikhuŵazga chomene chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Wupu wa United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (UNIPCC) ukati Afilika ni caru ico cikusuzgika comene na kusintha kwa nyengo.<ref>{{cite book|author=Schneider, S.H.|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch19s19-3-3.html|title=Chapter 19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change|publisher=Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-88010-7|editor=Parry, M.L.|series=Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|location=Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK|contribution=19.3.3 Regional vulnerabilities|display-authors=etal|access-date=15 September 2011|display-editors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312104158/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch19s19-3-3.html|archive-date=12 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":10Africa">Niang, I., O.C. Ruppel, M.A. Abdrabo, A. Essel, C. Lennard, J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, "2014: Africa". In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability''. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, and New York, pp. 1199–1265. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619170833/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf |date=19 June 2020 }}</ref> Mbiri ya Afilika njitali, njakusuzga kuyipulikiska, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kuyizirwiska. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵakafuma ku Afilika, chomenechomene ku East Africa. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira na ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵakaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 7 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha, kusazgapo Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis na H. ergaster. Vinthu vyakwambilira ivyo vikukhalira vya ŵanthu ŵa Homo sapiens (ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano) ivyo vikusangika ku [[Ethiopia]], [[Kum'mwera kwaAfrika (South Africa)|South Africa]], na [[Morocco]], vikaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 233,000, 259,000, na 300,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵasayansi ŵakuwona kuti mu Africa ndimo muli vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana chifukwa ndiko ŵanthu ŵakukhala nyengo yitali chomene.<ref>{{cite web |title=The genetic diversity in Africa is greater than in any other region in the world |date=19 July 2018 |url=https://blogs.bcm.edu/2018/07/19/genetic-diversity-in-africa-is-greater-than-in-any-other-region-in-the-world/ |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023512/https://blogs.bcm.edu/2018/07/19/genetic-diversity-in-africa-is-greater-than-in-any-other-region-in-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New study confirms that Africans are the most genetically diverse people on Earth. And it claims to pinpoint our center of origin. |url=https://ksj.mit.edu/tracker-archive/new-study-confirms-africans-are-most-gen/ |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023511/https://ksj.mit.edu/tracker-archive/new-study-confirms-africans-are-most-gen/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Africa is most genetically diverse continent, DNA study shows |date=9 June 2009 |url=https://www.bionews.org.uk/page_91054 |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023512/https://www.bionews.org.uk/page_91054 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira, nga ni Ŵaeguputo na Carthage, ŵakafuma ku North Africa. Kufuma apo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamira mu vyaru vinyake na kusama. Mu vyaka 400 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵamba kukhwaska chomene caru ici. Kwambira mu ma 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakendanga chomene mu vyaru vya ku America chifukwa cha malonda, kusazgapo malonda gha ŵazga. Kwambira kuumaliro wa m'ma 1800 m'paka kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900, vyaru vya ku Europe vikamba kulamulira pafupifupi charu chose cha Africa. Vyaru vinandi ivyo vilipo sono mu Africa vikafuma mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa maboma gha vyaru vinyake pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose.<ref>The [[Egba United Government]], a government of the [[Egba people]], was legally recognized by the British as independent until being annexed into the [[Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria]] in 1914: {{cite journal|last1=Daly|first1=Samuel Fury Childs|title=From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|date=4 May 2019|volume=47|issue=3|pages=474–489|doi=10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833|s2cid=159124664|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833|issn=0308-6534|access-date=5 July 2022|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407145030/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Zina== [[File:AS17-148-22733 (21516723298).jpg|thumb|Charu chose cha Africa icho ŵanthu ŵa mu Apollo 17 ŵakawona]] Afri likaŵa zina Lachilatini ilo ŵanthu ŵakakhaliranga kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Nayelo, mu chigaŵa icho kale chikachemekanga Northern Africa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Georges|first1=Karl Ernst|editor1-last=Georges|editor1-first=Heinrich|encyclopedia=Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch|date=1913–1918|location=Hannover|edition=8th|url=http://latin_german.deacademic.com/1644|access-date=20 September 2015|language=de|title=Afri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116044500/http://latin_german.deacademic.com/1644|archive-date=16 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Lewis|first1=Charlton T.|last2=Short|first2=Charles|encyclopedia=A Latin Dictionary|date=1879|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DAfer|access-date=20 September 2015|title=Afer|archive-date=16 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116044500/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DAfer|url-status=live}}</ref> Zina ili likwenera kuti likayowoyanga za fuko la ku Libya, ilo likaŵa sekuru wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber mazuŵa ghano. Kanandi zina ili likakolerananga na lizgu la Chifenike lakuti ʿafar ilo likung'anamura "fumbi", kweni mu 1981, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakaghanaghana kuti lizgu ili likufuma ku lizgu la Chiberberber lakuti ifri. Lizgu lenelili likusangikaso mu zina la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Banu Ifran ŵakufuma ku Algeria na Tripolitania. Mu nyengo ya Ŵaroma, msumba wa Carthage ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa icho ŵakachichemanga kuti Africa Proconsularis, pamanyuma pakuti ŵathereska ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage mu Nkhondo Yachitatu ya ku Punic mu 146 B.C.E., ndipo chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa ku Libya. Nyengo zinyake lizgu Lachilatini lakuti -ica likuyowoyeka kuti likung'anamura charu (kuyelezgera kuti, mu Chiceltic kufuma ku Celtae, nga umo Julius Caesar wakayowoyera). Chigaŵa cha Ifriqiya icho chikaŵa cha Ŵasilamu, chikati chawukira Ufumu wa Byzantine (Eastern Roman), chikaŵa na zina lakuti Exarchatus Africae. Kuyana na Ŵaroma, caru ca Africa cikaŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Egupto, apo "Asia" cikaŵa Anatolia na vyaru vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi. Munthu munyake uyo wakalemba vya malo zina lake Ptolemy (85-165 C.E.) wakajambura mphaka pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi, ndipo wakalongosora kuti msumba wa Alekizandiriya ndiwo uli pa mphaka pakati pa Asia na Africa. Apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamanya ukuru wa charu ichi, ŵakamba kumanya vinandi vya "Africa". Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti zina lakale lakuti "Afirika" likung'anamura kuti: * Flavius Josephus (Ant. 1.15) wakati zina ili likukolerana na zina la Eferi, muzukuru wa Abrahamu, uyo wakuzunulika pa Gen. 25:4, ndipo wakati ŵazukuru ŵake ŵakanjira mu Libya. * Isidore wa ku Seville mu buku lake la Etymologiae XIV.5.2 la m'ma 700 C.E., wakati "Africa lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chilatini lakuti aprica, kung'anamura "dazi". * Mu 1881, Massey wakayowoya kuti lizgu lakuti Africa lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chieguputo lakuti af-rui-ka, kung'anamura "kuzgokera ku chiziŵa cha Ka". Ka ni nkhongono ya munthu waliyose ndipo "kujura kwa Ka" kukung'anamura chiŵaro panji malo ghakubabikira. Ŵaeguputo ŵakatenge Africa ni "malo agho ŵakababikira".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gerald-massey.org.uk/massey/cmc_nile_genesis.htm|title=Nile Genesis: the opus of Gerald Massey|publisher=Gerald-massey.org.uk|date=29 October 1907|access-date=18 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130200159/http://gerald-massey.org.uk/massey/cmc_nile_genesis.htm|archive-date=30 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Mu 1976, Michèle Fruyt wakayowoya kuti lizgu Lachilatini lakuti africus likung'anamura "mphepo ya kumwera".<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fruyt, M. |title= D'Africus ventus a Africa terrain |journal=Revue de Philologie|volume= 50|year= 1976|pages= 221–238}}</ref> * Robert R. Mu 1984, Stieglitz wa pa Yunivesite ya Rutgers wakati: "Zina lakuti Africa, ilo lili kufuma ku lizgu la Cilatini lakuti *Aphir-ic-a, likuyana waka na lizgu la Cihebere lakuti Ophir ['lusambazi']".<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/3209914|jstor=3209914|title=Long-Distance Seafaring in the Ancient Near East|journal=The Biblical Archaeologist|volume=47|issue=3|pages=134–142|year=1984|last1=Stieglitz|first1=Robert R.|s2cid=130072563}}</ref> * Ibn Khallikan na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakuti zina la Africa likafuma kwa fumu ya ku Himyarite yakuchemeka Afrikin ibn Kais ibn Saifi uyo wakawuskapo Ifriqiya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3cdLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kitab Wafayat Ala'yan. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary Transl. by (Guillaume) B(aro)n Mac-Guckin de Slane|last=Hallikan|first='Abu-l-'Abbas Sams-al-din 'Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ibn|date=1842|publisher=Benjamin Duprat|language=en|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924231636/https://books.google.com/books?id=3cdLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcN7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|title=Science in the Medieval World|last=al-Andalusi|first=Sa'id|year=2010|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0292792319|language=en|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924231632/https://books.google.com/books?id=mcN7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbo5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA113|title=Travels in the Arabian Desert: With Special Reference to the Arabian Horse and Its Pedigree|last=Upton|first=Roger D.|date=1881|publisher=C.K. Paul & Company|language=en|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924231639/https://books.google.com/books?id=pbo5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA113|url-status=live}}</ref> * Chiarabu afrīqā (zina lachikazi) na ifrīqiyā, sono kanandi likuzunulika afrīqiyā (zina lachikazi) <nowiki>'Africa', kufuma ku 'afara' (kufumira ku 'fuvu, fuvu' na 'afir' (kufuma ku 'fuvu, fuvu' na 'kufuma ku zuŵa, kufota') na 'afara' (kufuma ku 'kufota mu zuŵa pa mchenga wakotcha') panji 'kuphaka fuvu''</nowiki>.<ref>Modified from Wilhelm Sturmfels and Heinz Bischof: ''Unsere Ortsnamen im ABC erklärt nach Herkunft und Bedeutung'', Bonn, 1961, Ferdinand Dümmlers Verlag.</ref> * Panyake Faraqa wa ku Fonike wakang'anamuranga 'kupatukana'.<ref>Serge Losique: ''Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de pays et de peuples'', Paris, 1971, Éditions Klincksieck.</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Africa}} {{Further|History of North Africa|History of West Africa|History of Central Africa|History of East Africa|History of Southern Africa}} ===Mbili yakwamba=== {{Main|Recent African origin of modern humans}} [[File:Lucy blackbg.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Lucy, chiwangwa cha Australopithecus afarensis icho chikasangika pa Novembala 24, 1974 mu Dambo la Awash ku Ethiopia ]] Ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti charu cha Africa ndicho chakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chapasi. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵasayansi ŵakasanga viswaswa vinandi na ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi vyaka 7 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha. Vipasi vya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakaghanaghanika kuti ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵaŵe ŵanthu, nga ni Australopithecus afarensis uyo wali na vyaka vyakujumpha 3.9 million. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵako kale chomene (ŵakaŵako kale chomene) ni Homo ergaster (c. Vinthu ivi vikawoneka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 B.C.E.<ref name=Sayre/> Pakati pajumpha vyaka 350,000 m'paka 260,000 kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵako mu Africa,<ref name="Schlebusch2017"/><ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="NYT-20190910"/><ref name="NAT-20190910"/> Pa nyengo iyo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa ŵalovi na ŵakuvuna vipasi.<ref>Mokhtar, G. (1990) ''UNESCO [[General History of Africa]], Vol. II, Abridged Edition: Ancient Africa'', University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-85255-092-8}}</ref><ref>Eyma, A.K. and C.J. Bennett. (2003) ''Delts-Man in Yebu: Occasional Volume of the Egyptologists' Electronic Forum No. 1'', Universal Publishers. p. 210. {{ISBN|1-58112-564-X}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira aŵa ŵakafumako ku Africa na kwamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake vya charu mu nyengo ya Out of Africa II migration iyo yikachitika vyaka pafupifupi 50,000 pambere Yesu wandize pa charu chapasi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasamukiranga ku vyaru vinyake mu nyengo yira, ŵakasanga ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa, kumwera kwa Africa, kumpoto kwa Africa, na Sahara.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Goucher, Candice|author2=Walton, Linda|title=World History: Journeys from Past to Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gY7cAAAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-72354-6|pages=2–20|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611044204/https://books.google.com/books?id=gY7cAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> === Kuwuka kwa maboma ghakubanuka === {{see|Cradle of civilization#Ancient Egypt}} Kwamba kale, chigaŵa cha Sahara chikusintha chomene, ndipo nyengo zinyake chikusintha mwakuyana na umo nyengo yiliri pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite book|author=Keenan, Jeremy|title=The Sahara: Past, Present and Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KUKPAQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-97001-9|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228175639/https://books.google.com/books?id=KUKPAQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Paumaliro wa nyengo ya Ice Age, iyo yikwenera kuti yikaŵa mu 10,500 B.C.E., Sahara yikazgokaso chipalamba, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakawerako ku vigaŵa vya mukati na mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Africa, ndipo ŵakalembapo vinthu vya mu jalawe ivyo vikulongora kuti Sahara yikaŵa na vyakumera vinandi. Ndipouli, chifukwa chakuti nyengo yikakwera kweniso kukawomira, mu 5000 B.C.E., chigaŵa cha Sahara chikaŵa chakomira chomene. Pafupifupi mu 3500 B.C.E., chifukwa cha kupindika kwa charu, Sahara yikazgoka mapopa mwaluŵiro. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafumanga mu chigaŵa cha Sahara na kuluta ku Dambo la Nayelo kusi ku Second Cataract uko ŵakakhalanga. Nyengo yikafika paheni comene, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ku Central na East Africa kuleke kuwa vula zinandi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa mukaŵa chilangalanga, ndipo mu vyaka 200 ivyo vyajumpha, ku Ethiopia kukaŵa chilangalanga. [[File:Mathendous giraffes.jpg|thumb|left|Vinthu vyakujambulika pa malibwe mu chigaŵa cha Fezzan, ku Libya]] Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri na vyakumera vya mu Sahara na Sahel ku North West Africa, ŵanthu awo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya Nilo-Saharan na Mandé ŵakamba kuwunjika mphoza za mu thondo, kuzingilizga 8000 m'paka 6000 B.C.E. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwunjika viŵiya nga ni nkhaka, mphoza, makungwa, na katoni. Nkhumba zinayamba kulima kum'mawa kwa Sudan cha m'ma 4000 B.C.E., ndipo iyi yikaŵa nyengo yakwambilira chomene ya ulimi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, vyakumera ivi vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku Africa, ndipo pamanyuma vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku India.<ref name="Pottery">{{cite journal |last1=Jesse |first1=Friederike |title=Early Pottery in Northern Africa – An Overview |issue=2 |pages=219–238 |journal=[[Journal of African Archaeology]]|volume=8 |jstor=43135518 |year=2010 |doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10171 }}</ref><ref name="swissinfo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002155/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/Home/Archive/Swiss_archaeologist_digs_up_West_Africas_past.html?cid=5675736 Simon Bradley, ''A Swiss-led team of archaeologists has discovered pieces of the oldest African pottery in central Mali, dating back to at least 9,400BC''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002155/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/Home/Archive/Swiss_archaeologist_digs_up_West_Africas_past.html?cid=5675736 |date=6 March 2012 }}, SWI swissinfo.ch – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SBC), 18 January 2007</ref> Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri na vyakumera vya mu Sahara na Sahel ku North West Africa, ŵanthu awo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya Nilo-Saharan na Mandé ŵakamba kuwunjika mphoza za mu thondo, kuzingilizga 8000 m'paka 6000 B.C.E. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwunjika viŵiya nga ni nkhaka, mphoza, makungwa, na katoni. Nkhumba zinayamba kulima kum'mawa kwa Sudan cha m'ma 4000 B.C.E., ndipo iyi yikaŵa nyengo yakwambilira chomene ya ulimi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, vyakumera ivi vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku Africa, ndipo pamanyuma vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku India.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/693898?journalCode=ca | doi=10.1086/693898 | title=Evidence for Sorghum Domestication in Fourth Millennium BC Eastern Sudan: Spikelet Morphology from Ceramic Impressions of the Butana Group | year=2017 | last1=Winchell | first1=Frank | last2=Stevens | first2=Chris J. | last3=Murphy | first3=Charlene | last4=Champion | first4=Louis | last5=Fuller | first5=Dorianq. | journal=Current Anthropology | volume=58 | issue=5 | pages=673–683 | s2cid=149402650 | access-date=20 May 2022 | archive-date=20 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520170745/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/693898?journalCode=ca | url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Abu Simbel Main Temple (2346939149).jpg|thumb|Vithuzithuzi vikuruvikuru vya Ramesses II ku Abu Simbel, Egypt, vikaŵako mu 1250 B.C.E.]] Nkhumba izi zikaŵako kakwamba mu charu cha Sudan. Kweniso ŵakamba kupanga viŵiya vya dongo na kuzenga malo gha malibwe (nga ni Tichitt, Oualata). Mu milonga na nyanja zinandi izo zikaŵako cifukwa ca vula, ŵanthu ŵakaloŵanga comene pa somba. Mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, nkhorongo yikakura chomene kufuma ku Senegal m'paka ku Cameroon. Pakati pa 9,000 na 5,000 B.C.E., ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Niger na Congo ŵakamba kulima makuni gha maolive na rafia. Ŵakaŵaso na viŵiya vinyake vyakuchemeka black-eyed peas na voandzeia. Pakuti vyakumera vinandi vikakuliranga mu nkhorongo, ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Niger na Congo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nkhwantha zakusona malibwe. Pafupifupi mu 4000 B.C.E., mlengalenga wa Sahara ukamba kukavuka chomene. Ivi vikapangiska kuti nyanja na milonga vichepe chomene. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukhalamo mu vyaru ivi, kweniso kuti ŵalimi ŵalute ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kulima mpunga pafupi na Mlonga wa Niger. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kupanga visulo ku North Africa. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito visulo mu vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Africa, kwali ŵakavipanganga mwakujiyimira paŵekha panji ŵakavipharazga kufuma kumpoto. Mu vyaru vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, mulimo wa kupanga visulo ukambira cha m'ma 500 B.C.E., nangauli mu vyaru vinyake ŵakamba kupanga visulo yayi m'paka m'ma 100 C.E. Vinthu vya mkuwa vyakufuma ku Eguputo, kumpoto kwa Africa, Nubia, na Ethiopia ivyo vikalembeka m'ma 500 B.C.E. vikavumbukwa ku West Africa, ndipo vikulongora kuti pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakendanga mu vyaru vya ku Sahara.<ref name="O'Brien">O'Brien, Patrick K. ed. (2005) ''Oxford Atlas of World History''. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 22–23. {{ISBN|978-0199746538}}</ref> === Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira === {{Main|Ancient African history}} [[File:African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Mapu agho ghakulongora maufumu gha ku Africa agho ghakaŵako pakati pa 500 B.C.E. na 1500 C.E.]] Pafupifupi mu 3300 B.C.E., mbiri yakale yikamba ku Northern Africa apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kusambira kulemba na kulemba mu nyengo ya Farawo. Boma la Eguputo likaŵa limoza mwa maboma ghakale chomene pa charu chose ndipo likalutilira kulamulira m'paka mu 343 B.C.E.<ref>Hassan, Fekri A. (2002) ''Droughts, Food and Culture'', Springer. p. 17. {{ISBN|0-306-46755-0}}</ref><ref>McGrail, Sean. (2004) ''Boats of the World'', Oxford University Press. p. 48. {{ISBN|0-19-927186-0}}</ref> Ŵaeguputo ŵakathereskanga ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Libya na Nubia. Ŵafenikiya ŵa ku Ture ŵakakhazikiska msumba wa Carthage, ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, uwo ukaŵa malo ghakupambanapambana gha ŵanthu awo ŵakaguliskiranga vinthu ku Fonike.<ref>Fage, J.D. (1979), ''The Cambridge History of Africa'', Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-21592-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521215923.004 |chapter=North Africa in the period of Phoenician and Greek colonization, c.800 to 323 BC |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |year=1979 |last1=Law |first1=R. C. C. |pages=87–147 |isbn=978-1-139-05456-0 }}</ref><ref>Oliver, Roland and Anthony Atmore (1994), ''Africa Since 1800'', Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-42970-6}}</ref> Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma ndiwo ŵakamba kusanda vyaru vya mu Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Berlin Conference {{!}} Western Civilization II (HIS 104) – Biel|url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-fmcc-worldcivilization2-1/chapter/the-berlin-conference/|website=courses.lumenlearning.com|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610192536/https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-fmcc-worldcivilization2-1/chapter/the-berlin-conference/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Greeks, Romans and Barbarians|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/Greeks-Romans-and-barbarians|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=4 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504023034/https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/Greeks-Romans-and-barbarians|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 332 B.C.E., Alekizanda Mukuru wakapokelereka nga ni muwomboli mu Eguputo. Wakazenga msumba wa Alexandria ku Eguputo, uwo ukakhalako kwa nyengo yitali ndipo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu wa Ptolemy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/EGYPT/PTOLEMY.HTM |title=Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt: 332 BC – 395 AD |publisher=Wsu.edu |date=6 June 1999 |access-date=18 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528152425/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/EGYPT/PTOLEMY.HTM |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:20141108- DSC1502 (15893475532).jpg|thumb|Malo agho Ŵaroma ŵakasunga ku Timgad, Algeria]] [[File:Aksum, iscrizione di re ezana, in greco, sabeo e ge'ez, 330-350 dc ca. 10.jpg|upright|thumb|Libwe la Ezana likulongosora umo Themba Ezana likang'anamukira ku Cikhristu na kuwuskira ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, kusazgapo Meroë.]] Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukati wapoka chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Africa icho chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Meditereniyani, chigaŵa ichi chikamba kulamulirika na Ŵaroma. Ŵaroma ŵakamba kukhala mu vyaru ivyo sono ni Tunisia na vinyake ivyo vili mumphepete mwa nyanja. Themba lakwamba la Ŵaroma ilo likafuma ku North Africa likaŵa Septimius Severus, uyo wakababikira ku Leptis Magna mu Libya. Chikhristu chikafika mu vigaŵa ivi kufuma ku Yudeya na ku Eguputo, kweniso kufuma ku charu cha Romu kuya ku Nubia. Mu 340 C.E., chikaŵa kuti chazgoka chisopa cha boma la Ufumu wa Aksumite. Ŵamishonale ŵa ku Siriya na Girisi awo ŵakafika pa Nyanja Yiswesi ndiwo ŵakambiska nkhani iyi.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tesfagiorgis, Mussie|title=Eritrea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f0R7iHoaykoC&pg=PA153|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-232-6|page=153|access-date=14 October 2015|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611044525/https://books.google.com/books?id=f0R7iHoaykoC&pg=PA153|url-status=live}}</ref> Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., ufumu wa Caliphate wa ku Arabia uwo ukaŵa kuti wapangika waka, ukafika ku Eguputo, ndipo pamanyuma ukafika ku North Africa. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakasazgikana na mafuko gha Ciarabu. Apo msumba wa Umayyad ku Damaseko ukaparanyika mu ma 700 C.E., msumba wa chisopa cha Cisilamu uwo ukaŵa ku Meditereniyani ukafumako ku Siriya kuluta ku Qayrawan, kumpoto kwa Africa. Ku North Africa kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Ciisilamu, ndipo kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵavinjeru, ŵasambizgi, ŵa malango, na ŵavinjeru. Mu nyengo iyi, Chisilamu chikamba kuthandazgika chomene mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Ku West Africa, Dhar Tichitt na Oualata ku Mauritania mazuŵa ghano, ni malo ghakwambilira agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mu chigaŵa icho kale chikachemekanga Sahara muli malo gha malibwe pafupifupi 500. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu ŵakaloŵanga somba na kulima mphoza. Augustin Holl wakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Soninke ndiwo ŵakazenga malo agha. Pafupifupi 300 B.C.E., chigaŵa ichi chikakhoma chomene ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchepa. Ukaboni wa vyakuzengeka na kuyaniska vyakuzengeka vikulongora kuti Dhar Tichitt wakaŵa mu ufumu wa Ghana. Djenné-Djenno (uko sono ni Mali) wakakhalanga ŵanthu pafupifupi 300 B.C.E., ndipo msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa mu nyengo ya Iron Age. Vinthu vyamoyo vikazengeka na mathipa agho ghakawomira pa dazi. Kufika mu 250 B.C.E., Djenné-Djenno wakaŵa kuti wazgoka msumba ukuru wa msika.<ref>Iliffe, John (2007). pp. 49–50{{Incomplete short citation|date=October 2021}}</ref><ref>Collins and Burns (2007), p. 78.{{Incomplete short citation|date=October 2021}}</ref> Kumwera kwenikweni, pakati pa Nigeria, cha m'ma 1500 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakamba kukhala pa Jos Plateau. Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pamoza. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakapanganga vithuzithuzi vya ŵanthu, njovu, na vinyama vinyake. Kuzakafika mu 500 B.C.E., panji kumasinda wuwo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusungunura visulo. Kufika mu 200 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakaŵa kuti ŵamara. Ndipo ŵakamara mu nyengo ya 500 C.E., ndipo ŵakakhala vyaka pafupifupi 2,000. Chifukwa cha kuyana kwa kalembedwe kake na ka terracotta ka Nok, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti vithuzithuzi vya mkuŵa vya ufumu wa Yoruba ku Ife na vya ufumu wa Bini ku Benin, ni vyakulondezgana na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Nok.{{sfn|Shillington|2005|p=39}}<ref name="FB 1969">Fagg, Bernard. 1969. Recent work in west Africa: New light on the Nok culture. World Archaeology 1(1): 41–50.</ref> === Vyaka vya m'ma 800 mpaka m'ma 1800 === [[File:Bronze ornamental staff head, 9th century, Igbo-Ukwu.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Viŵiya vya mkuŵa ivyo vikapangika mu Igbo-Ukwu, ku Nigeria, mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E., vikaŵa vyapadera chomene kuluska ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakapanga mu nyengo yira.<ref name=Honour-2005>{{cite book |last1=Honour |first1=Hugh|last2=Fleming|first2=John|title=A world history of art|url=https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryofar0000hono |date=2005|publisher=Laurence King |location=London |isbn=978-1856694513 |edition=7th}}</ref>]] Mu nyengo iyo vyaru vikaŵa pambere vyaru ivi vindambe kulamulira, mu Africa mukaŵa vyaru na maboma pafupifupi 10,000. Mu vigaŵa ivi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya vya ŵanthu awo ŵakalondezganga mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San ku South Africa; vikaya vikuruvikuru ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Bantu ku Central, Southern, na Eastern Africa; vikaya vikuruvikuru ku Horn of Africa; maufumu ghakurughakuru gha ku Sahelian; misumba na maufumu gha ŵanthu ŵakujiyimira ŵekha nga mba Akan; ŵanthu ŵa ku Edo, Yoruba, na Igbo ku West Africa; na matawuni gha Swahili agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Southeast Africa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2006/01/11/DI2006011101372.html|title=The Fate of Africa – A Survey of Fifty Years of Independence|access-date=23 July 2007|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Martin|last=Meredith|date=20 January 2006|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070029/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2006/01/11/DI2006011101372.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E., maufumu ghanandi, kusazgapo maufumu ghakwambilira gha Hausa, ghakathandazgikira mu chipalamba cha Sahara kufuma ku vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi m'paka ku Central Sudan. Vyaru ivi vikaŵa Ghana, Gao, na Kanem-Bornu. Ghana wakamara mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100, kweni Ufumu wa Mali ndiwo ukamulongozga. Kanem wakazomera Chisilamu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100. Mu vigaŵa vya nkhorongo ivyo vili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, maufumu ghakaŵa ghakujiyimira payekha ndipo kumpoto kwa Muslim kukaŵavya nkhongono. Ufumu wa Nri ukaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E. Kweniso ni ufumu wakale comene uwo uli mu Nigeria mazuŵa ghano. Ufumu wa Nri ngwakumanyikwa cifukwa ca malata gha mkuŵa agho ghakasangika mu tawuni ya Igbo-Ukwu. Malibwe agha ghakalembeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm|title=Igbo-Ukwu (c. 9th century) &#124; Thematic Essay &#124; Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History &#124; The Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=Metmuseum.org|access-date=18 May 2010|archive-date=4 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204053356/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Ufumu wa Ife, ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba mu maufumu gha Ŵayoruba, ndipo ukaŵa na boma la ŵasembe awo ŵakachemekanga Ooni of Ife. Ife yikaŵa malo ghakuru gha cisopa na maluso mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ndipo yikaŵa na mitheto yakuyelezgera yakuŵikapo vinthu vya mkuŵa. Boma la Ife likaŵa la Ufumu wa Oyo, uko ma obas panji mafumu ghake, agho ghakachemekanga Alaafins of Oyo, ghakaŵa na mazaza pa misumba na maufumu ghanandi gha Ŵayoruba. [[File:Great Zimbabwe Closeup.jpg|thumb|left|Mabwinja gha Zimbabwe Mukuru (wakakura mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100 m'paka 1500 C.E.)]] Ŵa Almoravid ŵakaŵa fuko la Ŵaberi ilo likafuma ku Sahara, ilo likaŵa ku chigaŵa chikuru cha kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa na Iberia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Banu Hilal na Banu Ma'qil ŵakaŵa Ŵabedouin ŵa ku Arabia awo ŵakasamukira ku Eguputo pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1100 na 1300. Ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakamba kusangana na Ŵaarabu na Ŵaberi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakazgoka Ŵaarabu. Pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Mali chaparanyika, mulongozgi munyake zina lake Sonni Ali (1464-1492) wakambiska ufumu wa Songhai mu chigaŵa cha pakati pa Niger na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sudan. Sonni Ali wakathereska msumba wa Timbuktu mu 1468 na Jenne mu 1473. Askia Mohammad I (1493-1528) uyo wakamulondezga, wakazgora chisopa cha Chisilamu kuŵa chisopa cha boma, wakazenga misasa, na kwiza na ŵasambizgi ŵa Chisilamu ku Gao, kusazgapo al-Maghili (uyo wakafwa mu 1504), uyo wakambiska chisambizgo cha Chisilamu cha ku Sudan. Kuzakafika m'ma 1100, vyaru vinyake vya Hausa nga ni Kano, Jigawa, Katsina, na Gobir, vikazgoka misumba yakuzingilizgika na viliŵa. M'paka m'ma 1400, vyaru ivi vikaŵa ku mphepete mwa maufumu ghakuru gha ku Sudan.<ref name="multiple">Lapidus, Ira M. (1988) ''A History of Islamic Societies'', Cambridge.</ref> === Kuguliska ŵazga kukaŵa palipose === {{See also|Trans-Saharan slave trade|Atlantic slave trade|Indian Ocean slave trade}} [[File:Africa slave Regions.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|Vyaru vikuruvikuru vya mu Africa ivyo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, vyaka vya m'ma 1500-1900.]] Ku Africa ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga kwa nyengo yitali.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 Historical survey: Slave societies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230184609/https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 |date=30 December 2007 }}, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051001033344/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206102932/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html |date=6 December 2007 }}, National Geographic</ref> Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1800, ŵanthu pafupifupi 712 miliyoni ŵakakoleka na malonda gha ŵazga ku Atlantic.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156 Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223090720/https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156|date=23 February 2007}}, ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523100.stm|title=Focus on the slave trade|publisher=BBC News – Africa|work=bbc.co.uk|date=3 September 2001|access-date=28 February 2008|archive-date=28 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728134034/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523100.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Lovejoy, Paul E. |title=Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love|url-access=registration |year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78430-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love/page/25 25]}}</ref> Kweniso pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na 1800, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni ŵa ku Europe ŵakakoleka na ŵankhungu ŵa ku Barbary na kuguliskika ku North Africa. Mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Atlantic ghakamara mu 1820 ndipo vinthu vikasintha chomene pa nkhani ya vyachuma. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa malonda gha ŵazga mu vyaru vya ku Europe na America, kweniso chifukwa chakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakakhalanga kufupi na nyanja za kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pakati pa 1808 na 1860, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ilo likalongozganga ŵasilikari ŵa ku West Africa, likakora sitima za ŵazga pafupifupi 1,600 na kufwatura Ŵafrika 150,000 awo ŵakaŵa mu ngalaŵa izi. Ŵalongozgi ŵa mu Africa awo ŵakakana kuzomerezga vyaru vya ku Britain kuti vileke kuguliska vinyama ŵakachitapo kanthu. Ŵalongozgi ŵakujumpha 50 ŵa mu Africa ŵakakolerana kuti ŵamazge wuzga. Maboma ghakuru chomene gha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa (Asante Confederacy, Kingdom of Dahomey, na Oyo Empire) ghakachita vinthu vyakupambanapambana kuti ghende makora. Asante na Dahomey ŵakaghanaghaniranga chomene vya "malonda ghakwenelera" agho ghakaŵa nga ni mafuta, koko, makuni, na golide. Ufumu wa Oyo ukati watondeka kusintha, ukawira mu nkhondo.<ref>Simon, Julian L. (1995) ''State of Humanity'', Blackwell Publishing. p. 175. {{ISBN|1-55786-585-X}}</ref> ===Chikoloni=== [[File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png|thumb|350px|Kuyaniska Afrika mu 1880 na 1913]] {{Excerpt|Scramble for Africa| only=paragraphs}} === Nkhondo za kujithemba === [[File:Map of Africa in 1939.svg|thumb|Muwuso wa Eu'''r'''ope mu 1939 {{aligned table |cols=2 |fullwidth=true | {{legend|#502D16|[[Belgian colonial empire|Belgian]]}} | {{legend|#00E500|[[Italian Empire|Italian]]}} | {{legend|#C83737|[[British Empire|British]]}} | {{legend|#009000|[[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]]}} | {{legend|#214478|[[French colonial empire|French]]}} | {{legend|#FFDA00|[[Spanish Empire|Spanish]]}} | {{legend|#f6f6f6|Independent}} }} ]] Ufumu wa Ŵazungu ukalutilira kuwusa m'paka Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikati yamara. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Africa ŵakamba kulimbikira kuti ŵajiyimire ŵekha. Mu 1951, charu cha Libya, icho kale chikaŵa pasi pa Italy, chikamba kujiwusa chekha. Mu 1956, charu cha Tunisia na Morocco vikafwatuka ku boma la France.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bély, Lucien|title=The History of France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ltzav890zpIC&pg=PA118|year=2001|publisher=Editions Jean-paul Gisserot|isbn=978-2-87747-563-1|page=118|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611045035/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ltzav890zpIC&pg=PA118|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|author1=Aryeetey, Ernest|author2=Harrigan, Jane|first3=Nissanke|last3=Machiko|title=Economic Reforms in Ghana: The Miracle and the Mirage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87V55ZHppSYC&pg=PA5|year=2000|publisher=Africa World Press|isbn=978-0-86543-844-6|page=5|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611044656/https://books.google.com/books?id=87V55ZHppSYC&pg=PA5|url-status=live}}</ref>Ghana nayo wakajiyimira yekha mu 1957. Mu vyaka 10 vyakulondezgapo, vyaru vinandi vya pa caru ici vikamba kujiyimira pavyekha. Charu cha Portugal chikaŵa ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara (kwamba ku Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, na Sao Tome na Principe) kwambira m'ma 1500 m'paka mu 1975, apo boma la Estado Novo likadumulika mu Lisbon. Rhodesia yikapharazga kuti njakujiyimira pawekha kufuma ku Britain mu 1965, pasi pa boma la Ian Smith, kweni charu cha Zimbabwe chikazomerezgeka yayi kuŵa na wanangwa uwu m'paka mu 1980, apo ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakamba kuwusa. Nangauli charu cha South Africa chikaŵa chimoza mwa vyaru vyakwambilira mu Africa kuti chiŵe na wanangwa, kweni chikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵazungu. === Africa ya ku maiko gha ku mpoto === {{see|Decolonisation of Africa}} {{see also|Non-Aligned Movement}} Mazuŵa ghano, mu Africa muli vyaru 54, ndipo vinandi mwa vyaru ivi vili na mphaka izo zikaŵako mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakalamuliranga. Kwambira apo vyaru vya mu Africa vikapokera wanangwa, kanandi vikusuzgika cifukwa ca kutimbanizgika kwa vinthu, vimbundi, nkhaza, na nkhaza. Vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa ni vyaru ivyo vili na muwuso wa pulezidenti. Ndipouli, ni vigaŵa vichoko waka ivyo vikatondeka kuŵa na maboma gha demokilase nyengo zose. Vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa vili na maboma ghanandi agho ghakwambiska viwawa. Kweni pakati pa 1990 na 2018, caru cose ca Africa cikamba kuŵa na muwuso waurunji.<ref>tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2019.1613980</ref> Ŵakati ŵafumako ku wuzga, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵa ŵakavu comene. Charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa ŵakoloni, ndipo chikaŵa chambura kukhazikika pa nkhani za ndyali. Vyaru vinyake nga ni Kenya vikaŵa na ndalama zichoko chomene ndipo vikaŵa na mwaŵi wakujura misika ya caru cose. Vyaru vicoko waka vya mu Africa ndivyo vikakura luŵiro comene pambere caka ca 1990 cindafike. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni Libya na Equatorial Guinea, ivyo vili na mafuta ghanandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga makora yayi mu charu ichi chifukwa cha vimbundi. Pakukhumba kusanga chandulo cha ndyali, ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakachitiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa mafuko, ndipo zinyake zikaŵako mu nyengo iyo charu cha Rwandani chikalamuliranga. Pakuwona kuti nkhaza zikuruzikuru zikucitika, ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinandi ŵakazomera kuti ŵasilikari ndiwo ŵachitenge vinthu mwamahara, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980, vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵasilikari. Mu vyaru vya mu Africa mukaŵaso mphindano za malo na kugaluka kwa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kujiwusa ŵekha. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Nigeria na boma la ku Igbo ilo likakhumbanga kujipatura. Nkhondo ziŵiri za cikaya izo zikacitika mu Sudan, yakwamba yikacitika mu 1955 m'paka mu 1972 ndipo yachiŵiri mu 1983 m'paka mu 2005, zikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni. Pa nkhondo zose izi, ŵanthu ŵakasankhanga mitundu na visopa. Nkhondo iyo yikaŵa pakati pa United States na Soviet Union nayo yikawovwira kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora. Boma la Soviet Union na la United States likakhozga comene ŵalongozgi ŵa ndyali na ŵasilikari ŵa mu Africa awo ŵakakolerananga na ŵamazaza ŵa vyaru ivi. Paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yakuzizima, wovwiri wa Soviet na America ukamara mwamabuchi ndipo Soviet Union yikawa. Mu Ethiopia mukaŵa njara yikuru pakati pa 1983 na 1985, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1.2 miliyoni ŵakafwa, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakuti njara iyi yikamba cifukwa ca ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu minda na kukora vyakurya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/703958.stm|title=BBC: 1984 famine in Ethiopia|date=6 April 2000|access-date=1 January 2010|work=BBC News|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011700/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/703958.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Robert G. Patman, ''The Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa'' 1990, {{ISBN|0-521-36022-6}}, pp. 295–296</ref><ref>Steven Varnis, ''Reluctant aid or aiding the reluctant?: U.S. food aid policy and the Ethiopian Famine Relief'' 1990, {{ISBN|0-88738-348-3}}, p. 38</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/722691 | jstor=722691 | title=The Consequences of Resettlement in Ethiopia | last1=Woldemeskel | first1=Getachew | journal=African Affairs | year=1989 | volume=88 | issue=352 | pages=359–374 | doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098187 | access-date=20 May 2022 | archive-date=20 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520194833/https://www.jstor.org/stable/722691 | url-status=live }}</ref> Mu 1994, ŵanthu 800,000 ŵakafwa pa mulandu wa kutinkhana ku Rwanda. Ivi vikapangiska kuti nkhondo yakwamba na yachiŵiri ya ku Congo yambe, nkhondo izo zikaŵa zakuparanya comene mu Africa, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 5.5 miliyoni ŵakafwa.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 January 2008|title=Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-democratic-death-idUSL2280201220080122|access-date=20 May 2022|archive-date=14 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414093820/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/01/22/us-congo-democratic-death-idUSL2280201220080122|url-status=live}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="250px"> File:African nations order of independence 1950-1993.gif|An animated map shows the order of [[Decolonisation of Africa|independence of African nations]], 1950–2011 File:Africa’s wars and conflicts, 1980–96.svg|Africa's wars and conflicts, 1980–96<br>{{legend|#cc4c02|Major Wars/Conflict (>100,000 casualties)}}{{legend|#fe9929|Minor Wars/Conflict}}{{legend|#fed98e|Other Conflicts}} File:Political Map of Africa.svg|Political map of Africa in 2021 </gallery> Nkhondo pakati pa magulu ghakupambanapambana na maboma zikulutilira. Kwambira mu 2003, nkhondo yikulutilira mu Darfur (Sudan) iyo yikakura comene mu 2003 m'paka 2005 ndipo nkhaza zikakwera comene mu 2007 na 2013. Gulu la Boko Haram ilo likulimbana chomene mu Nigeria (pamoza na nkhondo zinandi ku Niger, Chad, na Cameroon) likakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 350,000 kwambira mu 2009. Nkhondo zinandi za mu Africa zachepako kufika mu 2022. Kweni nkhondo ya Tigray iyo yikamba mu 2020 yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 300,000, chomenechomene chifukwa cha njara. Kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, nkhaza zachepa chomene mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Nkhondo za pawenenawene zikamara mu Angola, Sierra Leone, na Algeria mu 2002, Liberia mu 2003, kweniso Sudan na Burundi mu 2005. Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ku Congo, iyo yikaŵa na vyaru 9 na magulu ghakupambanapambana gha ŵakugaluka, yikamara mu 2003. Kuchepa kwa nkhaza uku, kukakolerana na kuti vyaru vinandi vikaleka kulongozgeka na boma la chikomyunizimu ndipo vikamba kusintha vinthu pa nkhani ya malonda. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 na 2000, vyaru ivi vikamba kwenda mwamtende pakati pa vyaru vyapafupi. Kuŵa na mtende ndiposo kusintha kwa vinthu mu vyaru vya mu Africa kwapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ŵa ku China, ŵanjire mu vyaru ivi. Pakati pa chaka cha 2000 na 2014, chiŵelengero cha GDP ku sub-Saharan Africa chikaŵa pa 5.02%, ndipo chiŵelengero cha GDP chikakwera kufuma pa $811 Billion kufika pa $1.63 Trillion (Constant 2015 USD). Kumpoto kwa Africa nako kukakura mwakuyana waka. Cigaŵa cikuru ca ciŵelengero ici cikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinandi comene vyakukhwaskana na sayansi ya vinthu, comenecomene foni. Nangauli vyaru vinandi vikalutilira kukura, kweni kufuma mu 2014 kukura kwa vyaru ivi kukakhira comene, comenecomene cifukwa ca kukhira kwa mitengo ya vyakurya, kuleka kwambiska vyamalonda, kweniso nthenda ya Ebola na COVID-19.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/117/469/543/5038419 | title=Validate User | journal=African Affairs | date=October 2018 | volume=117 | issue=469 | pages=543–568 | doi=10.1093/afraf/ady022 | last1=Frankema | first1=Ewout | last2=Van Waijenburg | first2=Marlous | access-date=21 May 2022 | archive-date=21 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521052321/https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/117/469/543/5038419 | url-status=live | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/development-prospects-africa-undermined-severe-economic-downturn | title=Development prospects in Africa undermined by a severe economic downturn | newspaper=Africa Renewal | date=25 January 2021 | access-date=21 May 2022 | archive-date=21 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521052321/https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/development-prospects-africa-undermined-severe-economic-downturn | url-status=live }}</ref> == Makhalilo gha chilwa, malo na charu == {{Main|Malo gha Africa}} [[File:Topography of africa.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Topography of Africa]] Charu cha Africa ndicho ntchikuru chomene pa vyaru vitatu ivi. Charu ichi chikupatukana na Europe na Nyanja ya Meditereniyani, ndipo chili na mtunda wa makilomita 163. (Kuyana na umo charu cha Egypt chiliri, chigaŵa cha Sinai icho chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Suez Canal nacho chikuwoneka kuti chili ku Africa).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=africa&Rootmap=&Mode=d|title=Atlas – Xpeditions|publisher=National Geographic Society|date=2003|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303230811/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=africa&Rootmap=&Mode=d|archive-date=3 March 2009| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Drysdale, Alasdair and Gerald H. Blake. (1985) ''The Middle East and North Africa'', Oxford University Press US. {{ISBN|0-19-503538-0}}</ref> Mphepete mwa nyanja ili na utali wa makilomita 26,000 (mailosi 16,000), ndipo palije malo ghakunjilirapo agho ghakusangika mu nyanja.<ref name="MW">(1998) ''Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (Index)'', Merriam-Webster, pp. 10–11. {{ISBN|0-87779-546-0}}</ref> Kuchokera kumpoto kwambiri, Ras ben Sakka ku Tunisia (37°21' N), mpaka kumwera kwambiri, Cape Agulhas ku South Africa (34°51'15" S), ndi mtunda wa pafupifupi 8,000 km (5,000 mi). Cape Verde, 17°33'22" W, malo gha kumanjiliro gha dazi chomene, ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 7,400 (4,600 mi) kufuma ku Ras Hafun, 51°27'52" E, chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi chomene icho chili kufupi na Cape Guardafui, kuumaliro wa Horn of Africa. Charu chikuru chomene mu Africa ni Algeria, ndipo chigaŵa chichoko chomene ni Seychelles. Charu chichoko chomene pa charu ichi ni Gambia. ===Chilwa cha Afilika=== [[Image:Motion of Nubia Plate.gif|thumb|upright=1.2|Mazuŵa ghano, chigaŵa cha pasi cha Africa chikwenda pa charu chapasi mwaluŵiro lwa 0.292° ± 0.007° pa chaka chimoza, pakuyaniska na charu chapakati (NNR-MORVEL56)]] {{Excerpt|African Plate}} === Nyengo === {{Main|Climate of Africa}} Nyengo ya mu Africa yikupambana chomene na ya mu vyaru vyakututuka. Chigaŵa chakumpoto cha charu ichi chili na mapopa ghanandi, ndipo chigaŵa chapakati na kumwera chili na vyakumera vinandi. Pakati pa malo agha pakaŵa vyakumera nga ni sahel na steppe. Charu cha Africa ndicho chili na chithukivu chikuru chomene pa charu chapasi. Ivyo vikachitika mu 1922 ku Libya ndivyo vikaŵa vyakusuzga chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye apo kukazizima chomene.<ref name="newRecord">{{cite journal|last=El Fadli|first=KI|title=World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|date=September 2012|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1|volume=94|issue=2|page=199|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2013BAMS...94..199E|doi-access=free}} (The 136&nbsp;°F (57.8&nbsp;°C), claimed by [['Aziziya]], [[Libya]], on 13 September 1922, has been officially deemed invalid by the [[World Meteorological Organization]].)</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=World Meteorological Organization World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |access-date=10 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |archive-date= 4 January 2013}}</ref> ===Ecology and biodiversity=== [[File:Vegetation Africa.png|thumb|upright=1.2|The main biomes in Africa.]] Mu vyaru vya mu Africa muli malo ghakuvikilirika ghakujumpha 3,000. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikuchitika mu Africa vikupangiska kuti vyamoyo vileke kuŵa vinandi kweniso kuti malo gha kulima ghaleke kuŵa ghawemi. Ŵanthu ŵakunjira mu vyaru vinyake, kusuzgika na ŵanthu, na mitundu yinyake ya vyamoyo ivyo vikusangika mu vyaru ivi, vikupangiska kuti vyamoyo vyambeso kuŵa na umoyo uwemi mu Africa. Vinthu ivi vikusazgikira cifukwa ca masuzgo gha nduna, ŵantchito ŵambura kwenelera, na ndalama. Wupu wa United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) ukuti, ku Africa ŵanthu ŵakumazga makuni ghanandi kuluska umo vikuŵira pa caru cose.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081206051452/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/18831 Deforestation reaches worrying level – UN] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206051452/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/18831 |date=6 December 2008 }}. AfricaNews. 11 June 2008</ref>Kuyana na lipoti la Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania ku Africa, vyakumera 31 pa 100 vya mu Africa na nkhorongo 19 pa 100 zili kunangika. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti makuni pafupifupi 90 pa 100 gha ku West Africa ghali kumara. Makuni ghakujumpha 90% gha ku Madagascar ghakaparanyika kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵakizira mu charu ichi vyaka 2000 ivyo vyajumpha. Pafupifupi 65% ya malo gha vyakurya gha mu Africa ghakunangika na dongo.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/nature-laid-waste-the-destruction-of-africa-844370.html "Nature laid waste: The destruction of Africa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017221918/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/nature-laid-waste-the-destruction-of-africa-844370.html |date=17 October 2017 }}, ''The Independent'', 11 June 2008.</ref>{{see also|Afrotropical realm|Palearctic realm}} === Environmental issues === {{Excerpt|Environmental issues in Africa|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} === Water === [[File:Africa Precipitation Map.svg|thumb|Africa Water Precipitation]] {{Excerpt|Water in Africa|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} === Climate change === [[File:Climate smart agriculture in Machakos county (15640332182).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Climate-smart agriculture]] and [[rainwater harvesting]] in [[Machakos County]], [[Kenya]].]] {{Excerpt|Climate change in Africa|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} ===Fauna=== {{Main|Fauna of Africa}} [[File:Zebras, Serengeti savana plains, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|Savanna at [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area]], [[Tanzania]]]] Mu vyaru vya ku Africa muli nyama zinandi zakututuŵa na zakupambanapambana, ndipo nyama zikuruzikuru izo zikurya nyama (nga ni nkhalamu, njati, na mphumphi) na vyakumera (nga ni mbaŵala, zovu, ngamila, na zirafu) vikukhala mwakufwatuka mu vigaŵa vya malo ghambura ŵanthu. Kweniso kuli nyama zinandi za mu nkhorongo, nga ni njoka na vinyama vinyake vya mu maji nga ni ng'ona na vyamoyo vinyake vya mu nyanja. Kweniso mu Africa ndimo muli vyamoyo vinandi chomene ivyo vikukhala mu charu ichi. ==Ndale== {{See also|List of political parties in Africa by country}} === African Union === {{Main|African Union}} [[File:Regions of the African Union.png|thumb|[[Regions of the African Union]]:<br /> {{Color box|#DAA520|'''Northern Region'''|border=darkgray}}, {{Color box|#87CEEB|'''Southern Region'''|border=darkgray}}, {{Color box|#90EE90|'''Eastern Region'''|border=darkgray}}, {{Color box|#FA8072|'''Western Regions A and B'''|border=darkgray}}, {{Color box|#B88FFF|'''Central Region'''|border=darkgray}}]] Wupu wa African Union (AU) uli na vyaru 55. Wupu uwu ukaŵako pa Juni 26, 2001, ndipo likuru lake likaŵa ku Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Wupu uwu ukaŵako pa Julayi 9, 2002, ndipo ndiwo ukalondezganga wupu wa African Unity (OAU). Mu Julayi 2004, wupu wa African Union's Pan-African Parliament (PAP) ukasamukira ku Midrand, South Africa, kweni wupu wa African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights ukakhala mu Addis Ababa. Wupu wa African Union (AU), uwo ukwenera kutimbanizgika yayi na wupu wa AU Commission, ukapangika na Dango la African Union (AU), ilo likukhumba kuti wupu wa African Economic Community (AEC), uwo ukaŵa wupu wakukolerana na vyaru vinyake, uŵe wupu wa boma. Wupu wa African Union uli na boma laparamende, lakucemeka African Union Government, ilo lili na wupu wakulongozga, wa vyeruzgo, na wa malango. Likulongozgeka na Mulara wa wupu wa African Union ndiposo mulongozgi wa boma, uyo nayo ni mulongozgi wa wupu wa Pan-African Parliament. Munthu wakuŵa purezidenti wa AU para wasankhika ku PAP, ndipo pamasinda wakusanga wovwiri wa ŵanandi mu PAP. Maluso na mazaza gha purezidenti wa African Parliament ghafuma ku Constitutive Act na Protocol ya Pan-African Parliament, kweniso chiharo cha mazaza gha purezidenti agho ghali kulembeka mu vyaru vya Africa na vyaru vya maiko. Boma la AU lili na maboma gha vigaŵa vyose, gha boma, na gha boma, kweniso maboma ghanandi. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵachali kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ndipo kanandi boma likuŵawona. Vifukwa vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira vinthu ivi ni vya ndyali, ndipo kanandi vikuchitika chifukwa cha nkhondo. Mu vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuswa comene wanangwa wawo, muli vyaru nga ni Democratic Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Sudan, Zimbabwe, na Ivory Coast. ===Boundary conflicts=== {{see|The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885|List of conflicts in Africa}} {{Excerpt|Military history of Africa#Post-colonial|paragraph=1|file=no}} ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Africa|List of African countries by GDP (nominal)|List of African countries by GDP (PPP)}} {{See also|Economy of the African Union}} [[File:RECs of the AEC.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Map of the [[African Economic Community]]. {{legend|#691717|[[Community of Sahel-Saharan States|CEN-SAD]]}} {{legend|#4F4FB1|[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|COMESA]]}} {{legend|#E88356|[[East African Community|EAC]]}} {{legend|#272759|[[Economic Community of Central African States|ECCAS]]}} {{legend|#C43C7F|[[Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]]}} {{legend|#4DB34D|[[Intergovernmental Authority on Development|IGAD]]}} {{legend|#D22E2E|[[Southern African Development Community|SADC]]}} {{legend|#7E8000|[[Arab Maghreb Union|UMA]]}} ]] Nangauli charu cha Africa chili na vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi, kweni ntchaukavu chomene pa charu chose chapasi kweniso ntchakusuzgika chomene (pambere Antarctica yindaŵeko). Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupangiska kuti charu ichi chiŵe na masuzgo nga ni vimbundi, kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kuleka kunozgekera makora vinthu, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambura kusambira, kujithemba, kuleka kusanga ndalama kufuma ku vyaru vinyake, vinthu ivyo vikaŵako chifukwa cha ufumu, malonda gha ŵazga, na Nkhondo Yakuzizima. GDP yake yose yikulondezga ya United States, China, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, India na France. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa United Nations lakuyowoya za umo ŵanthu ŵakukulira mu 2003, vyaru 24 ivyo vikaŵa pasi chomene pa vyaru vinyake vyose (151 na 175) vikaŵa vya mu Africa. Ukavu, kuleka kuŵazga na kulemba, kusoŵa chakurya, maji na malo ghakutowa yayi, kweniso umoyo uheni vikukhwaska ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Africa. Mu Ogasiti 2008, Banki ya Charu chose yikapharazga vya ukavu wa pa charu chose, kuyana na fundo ya $1.25 pa zuŵa (kuyaniska na $1.00 pa zuŵa). Charu cha Sub-Saharan Africa ndicho ntchigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kuchepeska ukavu (ndalama zakukwana madola 1.25 pa zuŵa); mu 1981 ŵanthu pafupifupi 50% (200 miliyoni) ŵakakhalanga mu ukavu. Munthu mukavu mu vigaŵa vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara wakukhala na ndalama zakukwana masenti 70 pa zuŵa, ndipo wakaŵa mukavu comene mu 2003 kuluska mu 1973, ico cikulongora kuti ukavu ukukura comene mu vigaŵa vinyake. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi vikucitika cifukwa ca masuzgo agho ghakwiza cifukwa ca ndyali na maboma gha caru cinyake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolitician.com/21498-africa-malawi-poverty |title=Neo-Liberalism and the Economic and Political Future of Africa |publisher=Globalpolitician.com |date=19 December 2005 |access-date=18 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131200200/http://globalpolitician.com/21498-africa-malawi-poverty |archive-date=31 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=58925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924092909/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=58925 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2008 |title=The Number of the Poor Increasing Worldwide while Sub-Saharan Africa is the Worst of All |publisher=Turkish Weekly |date=29 August 2008 |access-date=7 November 2011 }}</ref> Sono caru ca Africa cili pangozi yakuŵaso na ngongoli, comenecomene mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Nkhaza ya ngongoli iyo yikaŵako mu 2005 yikamara na wovwiri wa wupu wa HIPC (Highly Indebted Poor Countries Scheme). Pa nyengo iyi, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu Africa. Pakati pajumpha vilimika pafupifupi 10 kufuma apo suzgo la ngongoli mu caru ca Africa ca kumwera kwa Sahara mu 2005 likamalira, Zambia yikanjiraso mu ngongoli. Chifukwa chaching'ono chikaŵa chifukwa cha kukhira kwa mitengo ya mkuwa mu 2011, kweni chifukwa chikuru chikaŵa chakuti ndalama zinandi izo Zambia yikabwereka zikapambikika panji kupokeka na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/15/zambias-looming-debt-crisis-is-a-warning-for-the-rest-of-africa|title=Zambia's looming debt crisis is a warning for the rest of Africa|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=19 September 2018|language=en|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918163443/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/15/zambias-looming-debt-crisis-is-a-warning-for-the-rest-of-africa|url-status=live}}</ref> Kufuma mu 1995 m'paka mu 2005, chuma cha mu Africa chikakura chomene, ndipo mu 2005 chikaŵa pa 5%. Vyaru vinyake vikakura comene, comenecomene Angola, Sudan, na Equatorial Guinea, vyose ivi vikaŵa kuti vyambapo sonosono kunozga mafuta panji vyasazgirako nkhongono zawo. Mu kafukufuku uyo wakalembeka sonosono apa, uyo wakwendera vya ndyali wa ku Austria, Arno Tausch, wakati vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, chomenechomene Ghana, vikukolerana comene na umo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwera demokilase na malonda.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3214715|ssrn=3214715|title=Africa on the Maps of Global Values: Comparative Analyses, Based on Recent World Values Survey Data|date=2018|last1=Tausch|first1=Arno|s2cid=158596579|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/87966/1/MPRA_paper_87966.pdf|journal=|access-date=26 September 2019|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211141227/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/87966/1/MPRA_paper_87966.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{-}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; float:left; border:1px solid #aaa; margin:10px auto 10px auto" |- style="background:#dbdbdb;" ! Nambala ! Charu ! [[List of IMF ranked countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)|GDP]] <small>(nominal, Peak Year)</small><br /><small>millions of [[International dollar|USD]]</small> ! Peak Year |- | 1 ||align=left|{{flag|Nigeria}} ||568,499||2014 |- | 2 ||align=left|{{flag|Egypt}}||475,231||2022 |- | 3 ||align=left|{{nowrap|{{flag|South Africa}}}} ||458,708||2011 |- | 4 ||align=left|{{flag|Algeria}} ||213,810||2014 |- | 5 ||align=left|{{flag|Ethiopia}} ||156,083||2023 |- | 6 ||align=left|{{flag|Angola}} ||145,712||2014 |- | 7 ||align=left|{{flag|Morocco}} ||142,867||2021 |- | 8 ||align=left|{{flag|Kenya}} ||118,130||2023 |- | 9 ||align=left|{{flag|Libya}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=522,672,&s=NGDPD,&sy=1980&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=Peak GDP (Nominal) for Libya |access-date=2023-05-18}}</ref>||92,542||2012 |- | 10 ||align=left|{{flag|Tanzania}} ||85,421||2023 |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; float:right; border:1px solid #aaa; margin:10px" |- style="background:#dbdbdb;" ! Nambala ! Charu ! [[List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)|GDP]] <small>(PPP, Peak Year)</small><br /><small>millions of [[International dollar|USD]]</small> ! Peak Year |- | 1 ||align=left|{{flag|Egypt}} ||1,803,584||2023 |- | 2 ||align=left|{{flag|Nigeria}} ||1,372,624||2023 |- | 3 ||align=left|{{nowrap|{{flag|South Africa}}}} ||990,030||2023 |- | 4 ||align=left|{{flag|Algeria}}||620,971||2023 |- | 5 ||align=left|{{flag|Ethiopia}} ||393,847||2023 |- | 6 ||align=left|{{flag|Morocco}} ||387,233||2023 |- | 7 ||align=left|{{flag|Kenya}} ||341,999||2023 |- | 8 ||align=left|{{flag|Angola}} ||265,631||2023 |- | 9 ||align=left|{{flag|Ghana}} ||229,471||2023 |- | 10 ||align=left|{{flag|Tanzania}} ||228,031||2023 |} {{-}} Pakuyaniska mtengo wa vinthu pa caru cose ico Tausch wakacita mwakuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika pa caru cose, wakawona kuti pali vinthu vinandi ivyo vikupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora: 1. Wupu Wakulondezga Malango 2. Kuwukira boma 3. Kuŵa na mtima wa kuleka nkhaza 4. Kugomezga mabungwe 5. Chimwemwe, umoyo uwemi 6. Kuleka kusopa mwakujikuzga 7. Kuzomera malonda 8. Kuŵa na Nkhongono 9. Kuchitako ndyali 10. Kuŵa na cigomezgo ndiposo kujipeleka 11. Kulije maghanoghano gha wovwiri wa wupu wakuwona vya umoyo wa ŵanthu, ndipo ŵakuzomera kalvinistic work ethic. Tausch wakamalizga na kuyowoya kuti, umo vyaru vya mu Africa vikwendera na maukaboni ghose "nchakuzizika comene". Nangauli munthu wakwenera kuŵa na cigomezgo cikuru pa nkhani ya umo Ghana wazamuŵira na demokilase na cuma ca msika, kweni nkhani iyi yikulongora kuti vinthu vikwenda makora yayi ku Eguputo na Algeria, comenecomene ku South Africa, caru ico cili na cuma cikuru comene mu Africa. Kuyana yayi kwa ŵanthu, nga umo lipoti la UNDP likuyowoyera, kukupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuŵa na mtende. Tausch wakayowoyaso kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakukondwa chomene na vinthu ivyo vikuchitika pa nkhani ya vyachuma na wanangwa wa ŵanthu. [[File:African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2020.png|upright=1.2|thumb|African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2020]] Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti mu caru ici ndimo muli cobalti wakukwana 90 peresenti, platinamu wakukwana 90 peresenti, golide wakukwana 50 peresenti, chromium wakukwana 98 peresenti, tantalite wakukwana 70 peresenti, manganese wakukwana 64 peresenti, na uranium wakukwana limoza pa vigaŵa vitatu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629123044/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article3319909.ece Africa, China's new frontier] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629123044/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article3319909.ece |date=29 June 2011 }}. ''Times Online''. 10 February 2008</ref> Charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo chili na visulo vya coltan 70 pa 100 pa caru cose. Kweniso charu cha DRC chili na madimondi ghakujumpha 30% pa charu chose. Charu cha Guinea ndicho chikuguliska bauxite yinandi pa charu chose. Pakuti ku Africa, vinthu vikukura comene cifukwa ca mauteŵeti, m'malo mwa kupanga vinthu panji vyakurya, ntheura kulije nchito panji ukavu. Nakuti suzgo la vyakurya ilo likaŵako mu 2008 likati lachitika pamanyuma pa suzgo la vya ndalama pa caru cose, likapangiska kuti ŵanthu 100 miliyoni ŵaleke kusanga vyakurya vyakwenelera.<ref>[http://www.strategicforesight.com/african_decade.htm The African Decade?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613173905/http://www.strategicforesight.com/african_decade.htm |date=13 June 2010 }}. Ilmas Futehally. Strategic Foresight Group.</ref><ref>[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/africa/article2594373.ece China tightens grip on Africa with $4.4bn lifeline for Guinea junta]. The Times. 13 October 2009 {{subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429071020/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/africa/article2594373.ece |date=29 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>"[http://allafrica.com/stories/200802070635.html Africa: Developed Countries' Leverage On the Continent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020072131/http://allafrica.com/stories/200802070635.html |date=20 October 2012 }}". AllAfrica.com. 7 February 2008</ref> Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru ca China caŵa paubwezi wakukhora na vyaru vya mu Africa ndipo nchigaŵa cikuru comene ca vyamalonda mu Africa. Mu 2007, makampani gha ku China ghakagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana $1 biliyoni mu Africa. Kafukufuku uyo wakacitika pa Yunivesite ya Harvard, wakalongosora kuti caru ca Africa cingajipwelelera yekha para cingaleka kuguliska vinthu ku vyaru vinyake na kwamba kujiguliska. "Charu cha Africa chili pa mphambano; tili pafupi kumalizga vyaka 100 ivyo vikaŵa vyakuti vyakurya vikusangikenge mu vyaru vinyake. Africa yikwamba kuŵika mtima pa kupanga vyakurya vyakupambanapambana kuti viwovwire kuti mu vigaŵa vyose muŵe malonda ghawemi".<ref>[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/12/101202124337.htm "Africa Can Feed Itself in a Generation, Experts Say"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017221141/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/12/101202124337.htm|date=17 October 2017}}, ''[[Science Daily]]'', 3 December 2010</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Africa|Genetic history of Africa|Child marriage#Africa{{!}}Child marriage in Africa}} {{Pie chart | caption= [[List of African countries by population|Proportion of total African population by country]] | other = yes | label1 = Nigeria | value1 = 15.38 | color1=#36A | label2 = Ethiopia | value2 = 8.37 | color2=#1A9 | label3 = Egypt | value3 = 7.65 | color3=#6A5 | label4 = Democratic Republic of the Congo | value4 = 6.57 | color4=#CC5 | label5 = Tanzania | value5 = 4.55 | color5=#928 | label6 = South Africa | value6 = 4.47 | color6=#E33 | label7 = Kenya | value7 = 3.88 | color7=#E72 | label8 = Uganda | value8 = 3.38 | color8=#FE3 | label9 = Algeria | value9 = 3.36 | color9=#A45 }} Mu vyaka 40 ivyo vyajumpha, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ku Africa cakura comene, ntheura nchicoko comene. Mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ŵali na vyaka 25 kukhilira pasi. Unandi wa ŵanthu mu Africa ukakwera kufuma pa 229 miliyoni mu 1950 kufika pa 630 miliyoni mu 1990.<ref>[http://www.geohive.com/earth/his_proj_africa.aspx Past and future population of Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044751/http://www.geohive.com/earth/his_proj_africa.aspx |date=24 September 2015 }}. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.overpopulation.org/Africa.html|title=Africa Population Dynamics|publisher=overpopulation.org|access-date=26 July 2007|archive-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217040305/http://www.overpopulation.org/Africa.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kufika mu chaka cha 2021, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu Africa chikukwana 1.4 billion. Ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa kuluska mu vyaru vinyake; ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa kuluska mu Europe mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, apo ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu America ŵakajumpha mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000; ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa kuluska mu vyaru viŵiri pera ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Kuyana na ivyo vikuchitika mu vyaru vinyake, ciŵelengero ca ŵana awo ŵazamubabika mu Africa cizamufika pa 37% mu 2050. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakubabika mu vyaru vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa (ŵana pa mwanakazi yumoza) chikaŵa 4.7 mu 2018. Vyaru vyose vya ku sub-Saharan Africa vikaŵa na TFR (chiŵelengero cha ŵana) kuluska awo ŵakababika mu 2019 ndipo vikaŵa na 27.1% ya awo ŵakababika ŵamoyo pa charu chose. Mu 2021, vyaru vya ku sub-Saharan Africa vikaŵa na 29% vya ŵanthu awo ŵakababika pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development .desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results.pdf|title=World Population Prospects 2022. Summary of Results|location=New York|author=[[United Nations]]. Department of Economic and Social Affairs|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30977-6/fulltext|title=Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019|publisher=[[The Lancet]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=ZG |website=The World Bank |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513095844/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=ZG |url-status=live }}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Bantu (viyowoyero vya mu banja la Niger na Congo) ndiwo ŵanandi chomene kumwera, pakati na kumwera kwa Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sahel awo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca Bantu ŵakamba kuthandazgika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Africa.<ref>Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC Urban world history: an economic and geographical perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924171325/https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC |date=24 September 2015 }}''. PUQ. p. 204. {{ISBN|2-7605-1588-5}}</ref> Kweni mu South Sudan na East Africa muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Nilotic, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Swahili awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Swahili, kweniso ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan ("San" panji "Bushmen"). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Bantu ŵakusangika chomene ku Gabon na Equatorial Guinea. Mu chipalamba cha Kalahari, kumwera kwa Africa, ŵanthu awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Bushmen (panji kuti "San", awo ŵakukolerana chomene na "Hottentots" kweni ŵakupambana na iwo) ŵakakhalako nyengo yitali. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San ŵakupambana chomene na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Pygmy ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu Africaa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100525095020/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article402970.ece Pygmies struggle to survive in war zone where abuse is routine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525095020/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article402970.ece |date=25 May 2010 }}. ''Times Online''. 16 December 2004</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku West Africa ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Niger na Congo, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mtundu wa Yoruba, Igbo, Fulani, Akan, na Wolof ndiwo ni ukuru chomene pa mitundu yose. Mu chigaŵa chapakati cha Sahara, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mandinka panji Mande ndiwo ŵakumanyikwa chomene. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Chadic, kusazgapo Ŵahasa, ŵakukhala kumpoto chomene kwa Sahara, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Nilo-Sahara, nga ni Ŵasonghai, Kanuri, na Zarma, ŵakukhala kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. [[Image:African_countries_by_HDI_(2019).png|thumb|upright=1.2|left| {| width="100%" style="background:transparent;" | Map of Africa indicating [[Human Development Index]] (2018). |-Africa | {{Col-begin}} {{Col-break}} {{Legend|#00C400|0.800–0.849}} {{Legend|#00F900|0.750–0.799}} {{Legend|#D3FF00|0.700–0.749}} {{Legend|#FFFF00|0.650–0.699}} {{Legend|#FFD215|0.600–0.649}} {{Legend|#FFA83C|0.550–0.599}} {{Col-break}} {{Legend|#FF852F|0.500–0.549}} {{Legend|#FF5B00|0.450–0.499}} {{Legend|#FF0000|0.400–0.449}} {{Legend|#A70000|≤ 0.399}} {{Legend|#D9D9D9|No data}} {{Col-end}} |}]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa ŵali mu magulu ghatatu: Ŵa Berber kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, Ŵaeguputo kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi, na ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Nile na Sahara kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵaarabu awo ŵakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E. ŵakamba kuyowoya Chiarabu na Chisilamu ku North Africa. ŴaFenikiya (awo ŵakakhazikiska msumba wa Carthage) na Ŵahyksos, Ŵaalani ŵa ku Indo-Iran, Ŵagiriki ŵa ku Indo-Europe, Ŵaroma, na Ŵavandali nawo ŵakakhala ku North Africa. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Berber ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya Morocco na Algeria, ndipo mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Tunisia na Libya, ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chi Berber ŵalipo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Q&A: The Berbers|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3509799.stm|access-date=30 December 2013|newspaper=BBC News|date=12 March 2004|archive-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112181804/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3509799.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg awo ŵakuyowoya Chiberberberia na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake, ndiwo ŵakukhala chomene mu chigaŵa cha Sahara ku North Africa. Ku Mauritania, kumpoto kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa mtundu wa Berber awo ŵali kufwa, ndipo kumwera kuli ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Niger na Congo. Ku Sudan, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chiarabu na Chiarabu, kweni ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi mbanandi chomene. Ŵanthu ŵachokoŵachoko ŵa mtundu wa Beja awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha ku Africa na Asia ŵakusangikaso ku Egypt na Sudan. Ku Africa, ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia na Eritrea (nga mba Amhara na Tigray, awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Habesha) ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ku Semite, apo Ŵa Oromo na Ŵasomali ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ku Cushitic. Pambere Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yindambe, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyose vya Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960 na 1970, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafumako ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ku Algeria na Morocco (1,6 miliyoni ku North Africa), Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, Mozambique na Angola. Pakati pa 1975 na 1977, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni ŵakawelera ku Portugal. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵa mu Africa ndiwo ŵachoko chomene mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, chomenechomene mu Zimbabwe, Namibia, Réunion, na South Africa. Charu icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵazungu mu Africa ni South Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands na Britain ndiwo ŵali na mbumba zikuru comene za ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe.<ref name=World>{{cite encyclopedia|date=1989|title=Africa|encyclopedia=[[World Book Encyclopedia]]|publisher=World Book, Inc.|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-7166-1289-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/1989worldbookencyclo22worl}}</ref> Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Asia, chomenechomene awo ŵakafuma ku India, ŵakiza ku Britain. Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku India, ndipo ku Kenya, Tanzania, na vyaru vinyake vya kumwera na kumwera kwa Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka. Mu 1972, Fumu Idi Amin yikachimbizga ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku India mu Uganda, kweni ŵanandi ŵa iwo ŵali kuwelera. Kweniso mu virwa vya mu Nyanja ya Indian mukukhala ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Madagascar mba ku Austronesia, kweni awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ŵakusazgikana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu, Arabia, India, na Europe. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi na ku India ndiwo ŵali mu gulu la ŵanthu awo ku South Africa ŵakuchemeka Cape Coloured (ŵanthu awo ŵali kufuma ku mitundu yiŵiri panji kujumpha apa). Mu virimika vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵa ku Lebanon na ŵa ku China ŵakakhalanga mu misumba yikuruyikuru iyo yili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111224135631/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2007-07-10-voa46.html Naomi Schwarz, "Lebanese Immigrants Boost West African Commerce"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224135631/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2007-07-10-voa46.html |date=24 December 2011 }}, VOANews.com, 10 July 2007</ref> === Ŵanyake ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinandi chomene. (lternative Estimates of African Population, 0–2018 AD (in thousands) === ) Ukaboni: Maddison and others. (University of Groningen).<ref name="ggdc.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf|title=Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820|author=Maddison|date=27 July 2016 |access-date=17 July 2019|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212183845/http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right" |- ! scope="col" |Year<ref name="ggdc.net"/> ! scope="col" |0 ! scope="col" |1000 ! scope="col" |1500 ! scope="col" |1600 ! scope="col" |1700 ! scope="col" |1820 ! scope="col" |1870 ! scope="col" |1913 ! scope="col" |1950 ! scope="col" |1973 ! scope="col" |1998 ! scope="col" |2018 ! scope="col" |2100<br>(projected) |- |'''Africa''' |16 500 |33 000 |46 000 |55 000 |61 000 |74 208 |90 466 |124 697 |228 342 |387 645 |759 954 |1 321 000<ref name="worldometers"/> |3 924 421<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Five key findings from the 2022 UN Population Prospects |url=https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-update-2022 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> |- |'''World''' |230 820 |268 273 |437 818 |555 828 |603 410 |1 041 092 |1 270 014 |1 791 020 |2 524 531 |3 913 482 |5 907 680 |7 500 000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/2018/world-population.html|title=World Population Day: July 11, 2018|website=United States Census Bureau|date=11 July 2018|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718064224/https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/2018/world-population.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |10 349 323<ref name=":6" /> |} === Shares of Africa and World Population, 0–2020 AD (% of world total) === Ukaboni: Maddison and others (University of Groningen).<ref name="ggdc.net"/> {| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right" |- ! scope="col" |Chaka<ref name="ggdc.net"/> ! scope="col" |0 ! scope="col" |1000 ! scope="col" |1500 ! scope="col" |1600 ! scope="col" |1700 ! scope="col" |1820 ! scope="col" |1870 ! scope="col" |1913 ! scope="col" |1950 ! scope="col" |1973 ! scope="col" |1998 ! scope="col" |2020 ! scope="col" |2100<br/>(projected) |- |'''Afilika''' |7.1 |12.3 |10.5 |9.9 |10.1 |7.1 |7.1 |7.0 |9.0 |9.9 |12.9 |18.2<ref name="worldometers">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/africa-population/|title=Africa Population (LIVE)|website=worldometers.info|access-date=17 July 2019|archive-date=2 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902033531/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/africa-population/|url-status=live}}</ref> |39.4<ref name="www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank">{{cite web|website=Pew Research Center|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/worlds-population-is-projected-to-nearly-stop-growing-by-the-end-of-the-century/|title=World's population is projected to nearly stop growing by the end of the century|author1=ANTHONY CILLUFFO|author2= NEIL G. RUIZ|date=17 June 2019}}</ref> |} ===Chisopo=== [[File:Religion distribution Africa crop.png|A map showing religious distribution in Africa|thumb|upright=1.1]] {{Main|Religion in Africa}} {{See also||African divination}} Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵali na visopa vyakupambanapambana, kweni ŵanandi ŵakuchindika visopa vya ku Africa. Ndipouli, para ŵanthu ŵafumbika panji kupendeka, ŵanandi ŵakujiyaniska na visopa vikuruvikuru ivyo vikafuma ku vyaru vinyake. Pali vifukwa vinandi, ndipo cimoza mwa vifukwa vikuru nchakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ŵakagomezganga kuti visambizgo na maluso gha cisopa ca ku Africa ni viheni. Ntchakusuzga kusanga maukaboni gha visopa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga chifukwa kanandi maboma agho ŵanthu ŵakusopa mu visopa vyakupambanapambana ghakughanaghanapo chomene pa nkhani iyi.<ref name=stanford>{{cite web|url=http://library.stanford.edu/africa/religion.html|title=African Religion on the Internet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902182749/http://library.stanford.edu/africa/religion.html |archive-date=2 September 2006 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref><ref name=NYT>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/01/world/rising-muslim-power-in-africa-causes-unrest-in-nigeria-and-elsewhere-963950.html|date=1 November 2001|title=Rising Muslim Power in Africa Causing Unrest in Nigeria and Elsewhere|first=Normitsu|last=Onishi|work=The New York Times|access-date=1 March 2009}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>Buku linyake likuti visopa vikuru comene mu Africa ni Cisilamu na Cikhristu. Buku linyake likuti, ŵanthu 45 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mu caru ici Mbakhristu, 40 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose Mbasilamu, ndipo 10 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵali mu visopa vyawo. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Chihindu, Chibuda, Chiconfucian, Chibahai, panji Chiyuda. Kweniso mu Africa muli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakusopa yayi. ===Viyowoyelo=== {{Main|Languages of Africa}} {{See also|Writing systems of Africa#Indigenous writing systems}} Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakujumpha 1,000 mu Africa (UNESCO yikuti viyowoyero ivi ni 2,000).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=8048&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |title=Africa |date=2005 |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=1 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602050234/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D8048%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date= 2 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ŵanandi ŵali kufuma ku Africa, kweni ŵanyake ŵali kufuma ku Europe panji Asia. Charu cha Africa chili na viyowoyero vinandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi vya ku Africa: [[File:Map of African language families.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|A simplistic view of language families spoken in Africa]] * Viyowoyero vya Afroasiatic ni viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 285 miliyoni awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero pafupifupi 240 mu Africa, kumpoto kwa Africa, Sahel, na kumwera kwa Asia. * Viyowoyero vya ku Nilo na Sahara ni viyowoyero vyakujumpha 100 ivyo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu 30 miliyoni. Viyowoyero vya ku Nilo-Sahara vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, na kumpoto kwa Tanzania. * Viyowoyero vya Niger-Congo vikusangika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Africa. Kuyana na chiŵelengero cha viyowoyero ivyo vikuyowoyeka, chiyowoyero ichi ndicho ntchikuru chomene mu Africa, ndipo panji ntchikuru chomene pa charu chose. * Viyowoyero vya Khoisan vilipo pafupifupi 50 ndipo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 400,000 ku Southern Africa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Khoisan Languages|url=http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Khoisan.html|website=The Language Gulper|access-date=2 January 2017|archive-date=25 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125082754/http://languagesgulper.com/eng/Khoisan.html|url-status=live}}</ref>Viyowoyero vinandi vya ku Khoisan vili pafupi kumara. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoi na San ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, kweni viyowoyero ivi vikamanyikwanga na boma. Mu vyaru vinandi, Cingelezi na Cifurenci (wonani Cifurenci ca ku Africa) vikugwiliskirika nchito pakudumbiskana na ŵanthu nga ni boma, malonda, masambiro na vyakupharazga. Chiarabic, Ciphwitikizi, Cifrikaans na Cisipanishi ni viyelezgero vya viyowoyero ivyo vikamba ku Africa, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Africa ŵakuviyowoya mazuŵa ghano. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivyo kale vikaŵa pasi pa Italy ŵakayowoyanga Citaliyan. Ku Namibia ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Cijeremani cifukwa kukaŵa caru ico kale cikalongozgekanga na ŵa German. ===Umoyo=== [[File:HIV in Africa 2011.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Africa, total (% of population ages 15–49), in 2011 ([[World Bank]]) {| style="width:100%;" |- | valign=top | {{legend|#2b0000|over 15%}} {{legend|#800000|5–15%}} {{legend|#d40000|2–5%}} {{legend|#ff2a2a|1–2%}} {{legend|#ff9955|0.5-1%}} {{legend|#ffb380|0.1–0.5%}} {{legend|#b9b9b9|not available}} |}]] Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 85% mu Africa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito munkhwala wa maluso gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose m'malo mwa munkhwala wakuchemeka allopathic, uwo ukuŵa wakudura chomene. Wupu wa African Unity (OAU) Ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru na maboma ŵati vyaka vya m'ma 2000 ni vyaka vya m'ma 2000 vya vyakurya vya ku Africa mu chilato cha kukhozga fundo ya WHO ya ku Africa ya kuzenga vyakurya vya ku Africa mu vyakurya vya ku Africa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kofi-Tsekpo |first1=Mawuli |title=Editorial: Institutionalization of African Traditional Medicine in Health Care Systems in Africa |journal=African Journal of Health Sciences |date=11 February 2005 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=i-ii |doi=10.4314/ajhs.v11i1.30772 |pmid=17298111 }}</ref> Awo ŵakupanga malango gha boma mu cigaŵa ici ŵakususkika cifukwa ca kuzirwa kwa ndondomeko za umoyo za ŵanthu ŵa ciyowoyero cawo ndiposo usange kuŵapo kwawo pamoza na vyakurya vya mazuŵa ghano kungakhozga urunji na kuŵapo kwa wovwiri wa munkhwala, umoyo wa ŵanthu, ndiposo umo vyaru vya ku sub-Saharan Africa vikukulira. Nthenda ya AIDS njakuzara comene mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Nangauli mu Africa muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 15.2 pa ŵanthu 100 pa caru cose, kweni pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵali na nthenda iyi pa caru cose, ŵanthu 35 miliyoni ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa. Mu 2011, mu vyaru vya ku Africa pera, ŵanthu 69 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵa na HIV ndipo 70 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakafwa na AIDS. Mu vyaru vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara, umo nthenda ya AIDS yikusuzga comene, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufwa cifukwa ca nthenda iyi. Kweniso, mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Africa, umoyo wa ŵanthu ukukhala pacoko comene cifukwa ca nthenda ya HIV/AIDS.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of The Modern World|last=Stearns|first=Peter N. | name-list-style = vanc |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|pages=556}}</ref> ==Mwambo== {{Main|Mwambo wa Afilika}} [[File:Wassu Stone Circle.jpg|thumb|Vinthu ivi vili mu charu cha Gambia na Senegal.]] Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kulondezga mitheto yinyake ya mu Africa chifukwa cha kuyuyulika na kusuzgika na maboma gha ŵanthu. Mwaciyerezgero, mitheto ya ku Africa yikakanizgika, ndipo viyowoyero vya ku Africa vikakanizgika mu masukulu gha ŵamishonale. Leopold II wa ku Belgium wakayezga "kusambizga" ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa mwa kukanizga kutora ŵanakazi ŵanandi na uloyi.<ref name="pearsonhighered.com">{{Cite web |title=Pearsonhighered.com |url=http://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0205208606.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501070358/http://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0205208606.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> Obidoh Freeborn wakughanaghana kuti ukoloni ni cinthu cimoza ico cikapangiska kuti luso la ku Africa liŵe la mazuŵa ghano. Kuyana na umo Douglas Fraser na Herbert M. Cole wakati: "Vinthu vikasintha mwamabuchi mu boma chifukwa cha muwuso wa ŵasilikari. Fraser na Cole ŵakayowoya kuti mu Igboland, vinthu vinyake vya luso "vikusoŵa nkhongono na luso nga umo vikaŵira na vinthu vyakwambilira ivyo vikachitikanga mu nyengo yakale. Chika Okeke-Agulu, uyo ni mulembi wa mabuku, wakati: "Ufumu wa Britain ukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuzomerezga kuti caru ca Africa ciŵe na mazaza paŵekha kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kutemwana".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ojPJBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|title=Postcolonial Modernism: Art and Decolonization in Twentieth-Century Nigeria|first=Chika|last=Okeke-Agulu|year=2015|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-7630-9|page=63|access-date=18 December 2015|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611035844/https://books.google.com/books?id=ojPJBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|url-status=live}}</ref> Awo ŵakung'anamura F. Abiola Irele na Simon Gikandi ŵakayowoya kuti mabuku gha mu Africa ghakaŵako cifukwa ca "kukumana pakati pa Africa na Europe". Kweni Mhoze Chikowero wakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito sumu, kuvina, vyauzimu, na mitheto yinyake kuti ŵajiwonenge kuti mbanthu ŵakujiyimira ŵekha na ŵavinjeru. Pasono ŵanthu ŵakuyezgayezga chomene kuti ŵamanye makora mitheto ya ku Africa, nga umo vikaŵira na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka African Renaissance, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Thabo Mbeki. Kuzakafika mu Malichi 2023, malo 98 gha mu Africa ghali kulembeka na UNESCO kuti ni malo gha Charu Chose. Pa malo agha, 54 ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakuthupi, 39 ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakuthupi, ndipo 5 ni malo ghakupambanapambana. Malo 15 gha mu Africa ghali pa Mndandanda wa Vinthu Vya Caru Cose Ivyo Vili pa Suzgo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/africa/ |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Convention}}</ref> ===Visual art=== [[File:Nok sculpture Louvre 70-1998-11-1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1| Chizindikiro cha Nok (zaka za m'ma 500 BCE-5 CE)]] {{Excerpt|African art|paragraph=1,2,3,4,5||only=paragraphs}} ===Architecture=== {{Excerpt|Architecture of Africa|paragraph=1,2,3|file=1}} ===Cinema=== {{Excerpt|Cinema of Africa|paragraphs=1-2|file=1}} ===Music=== [[File:Ke-Nako Music-Performance Vienna2008c.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A musician from South Africa]] {{Excerpt|Music of Africa|paragraph=1,2}} ===Dance=== {{Excerpt|African dance|paragraph=1,2|file=no}} ===Sports=== [[File:World cup african countries best results and hosts.png|thumb|Zotsatira zabwino kwambiri za timu za mpira za amuna zaku Africa pa FIFA World Cup]] Vyaru 54 vya mu Africa vili na magulu gha mpira mu wupu wa African Football Confederation. Eguputo wali kuthereska nkhonya ya Africa kankhondi na kaŵiri, ndipo wakukwaniska katatu. Cameroon, Nigeria, Morocco, Senegal, Ghana, na Algeria ŵafika ku vigaŵa vyaumaliro vya FIFA World Cup. Morocco yikalemba mbiri pa World Cup ya 2022 ku Qatar pakuŵa chalo chakwamba ku Africa kufika ku semi-final ya FIFA Men's World Cup. Charu cha South Africa chikapokelera maseŵera gha World Cup mu 2010, ndipo chikaŵa charu chakwamba cha ku Africa kuchita nthena. Magulu ghapachanya mu kilabu yiliyose ya mpira wa ku Africa ghakuseŵera mu CAF Champions League, apo magulu ghapasi ghakuseŵera mu CAF Confederation Cup. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru ca Africa caŵa na malo ghaphya gha maseŵero gha basketball agho ghazengeka mu misumba yakupambanapambana nga ni Cairo, Dakar, Johannesburg, Kigali, Luanda na Rades. Chiŵerengero cha osewera a basketball a ku Africa omwe adalemba ku NBA chakhala chikukula kwambiri m'ma 2010.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lee |last=Nxumalo |title=Basketball's next frontier is Africa |url=https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/ |access-date=11 January 2021 |work=New Frame |date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116062357/https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Getting to know Africa's flashy basketball arenas |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas |access-date=10 December 2020 |work=[[FIBA]] |date=2 September 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107193242/https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha cricket. Charu cha South Africa na Zimbabwe vili na chigaŵa cha Test, apo charu cha Kenya ndicho chili na chigaŵa chakwamba cha One Day International cricket (ODI). Vyaru vitatu ivi vikachitiska ungano wa Cricket World Cup mu 2003. Charu cha Namibia ndico nchigaŵa cinyake ca mu Africa ico cacitapo maseŵera gha pa caru cose. Charu cha Morocco, icho chili kumpoto kwa Africa, ndicho chikachitiskaso maseŵero gha Morocco Cup mu 2002, kweni charu ichi chindachiteko maseŵero ghakuru. Mu vyaru vinandi vya kumwera kwa Africa, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha rugby. Namibia na Zimbabwe wose ŵaŵapo kanandi waka pa Rugby World Cup, apo South Africa ndiyo yikwenda makora chomene (pamoza na New Zealand) pa Rugby World Cup, pakuti yikawina katatu, mu 1995, 2007, na 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/608463/rwc-2023-spotlight-south-africa|title=RWC 2023 Spotlight: South Africa ｜ Rugby World Cup 2023|website=www.rugbyworldcup.com|access-date=29 May 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213126/https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/608463/rwc-2023-spotlight-south-africa|url-status=live}}</ref> == Vigaŵa na malo == {{Main|List of regions of Africa|List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa}} {{center|{{Africa Labelled Map}}}} Vyaru ivyo vili pa tabuleti iyi vyalembeka kuyana na ndondomeko ya vigaŵa ivyo vikuzunulika na wupu wa United Nations. Para pali mphambano, fundo zikulongosoreka makora. <!--{{editnote | NOTE: If you have arguments or evidence to the contrary, please provide them on the talk page and await until the consensus supports making proposed edits. Thank you!--> <!--begin country info tables--> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border:1px solid #aaa;" |- style="background:#ececec;" ! class="unsortable" style="width:20px" | ! class="unsortable" style="width:20px" | Chidindo cha boma ! Zina la chigaŵa panji charu, na ndembera{{efn|Continental regions as per [[United Nations geoscheme for Africa|UN categorizations/map]].}} ! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries and dependencies by area|Area]]<br>(km²) ! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries and dependencies by population|Population]]<ref name="uscen">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov\/cgi-bin/ipc/idbrank.pl|title=IDB: Countries Ranked by Population|date=28 November 1999|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991128111024/http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/idbrank.pl|archive-date=28 November 1999}}</ref> ! Chaka ! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|Density]]<br>(per km²) ! Msumba waboma ! [[Language|Name(s) in official language(s)]] ! [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3|ISO 3166-1]] |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|'''North Africa''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Algeria}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Algeria}} | [[Algeria]] |style="text-align:right;"|2,381,740 |style="text-align:right;"|46,731,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2022 |style="text-align:right;"|17.7 |[[Algiers]] | الجزائر (al-Jazāʾir)/Algérie | DZA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Canary Islands}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Canary Islands}} |[[Canary Islands]] (Spain){{efn|The Spanish [[Canary Islands]], of which [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] are [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] are co-capitals, are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to [[Morocco]] and [[Western Sahara]]; population and area figures are for 2001.}} |style="text-align:right;"|7,492 |style="text-align:right;"|2,154,905 |style="text-align:right;"|2017 |style="text-align:right;"|226 |[[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]],<br>[[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] | Canarias | IC |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Italy}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Italy}} | style="text-align:left" | [[Pelagie Islands]] (Italy) |style="text-align:right;"| 25.5 |style="text-align:right;"| 6,556 |style="text-align:right;"| 2019 |style="text-align:right;"| 247 | style="text-align:left" | [[Lampedusa]] | Pelagie/Isole Pelagie/Ìsuli Pilaggî | ITA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Ceuta}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Ceuta}} |[[Ceuta]] (Spain){{efn|The Spanish [[exclave]] of [[Ceuta]] is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.}} |style="text-align:right;"|20 |style="text-align:right;"|85,107 |style="text-align:right;"|2017 |style="text-align:right;"|3,575 |— | Ceuta/Sebta/سَبْتَة (Sabtah) | EA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Egypt}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Egypt}} |[[Egypt]]{{efn|[[Egypt]] is generally considered a [[List of transcontinental countries|transcontinental country]] in Northern Africa (UN region) and Western Asia; population and area figures are for African portion only, west of the [[Suez Canal]].}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,001,450 |style="text-align:right;"|82,868,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|83 |[[Cairo]] | مِصر (Miṣr) | EGY |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Libya}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Libya}} |[[Libya]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,759,540 |style="text-align:right;"|6,310,434 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|4 |[[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] | ليبيا (Lībiyā) | LBY |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Madeira}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Madeira}} |[[Madeira]] (Portugal){{efn|The Portuguese [[Madeira Islands]] are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to Morocco; population and area figures are for 2001.}} |style="text-align:right;"|797 |style="text-align:right;"|245,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2001 |style="text-align:right;"|307 |[[Funchal]] | Madeira | PRT-30 |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Melilla}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Melilla}} |[[Melilla]] (Spain){{efn|The Spanish [[exclave]] of [[Melilla]] is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.}} |style="text-align:right;"|12 |style="text-align:right;"|85,116 |style="text-align:right;"|2017 |style="text-align:right;"|5,534 |— | Melilla/Mlilt/مليلية | EA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Morocco}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Morocco}} |[[Morocco]] |style="text-align:right;"|446,550 |style="text-align:right;"|35,740,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2017 |style="text-align:right;"|78 |[[Rabat]] | المغرب (al-maḡrib)/ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ (lmeɣrib)/Maroc | MAR |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Tunisia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Tunisia}} |[[Tunisia]] |style="text-align:right;"|163,610 |style="text-align:right;"|10,486,339 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|64 |[[Tunis]] | تونس (Tūnis)/Tunest/Tunisie | TUN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Western Sahara}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Western Sahara}} | [[Western Sahara]]{{efn|name="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"|The territory of [[Western Sahara]] is claimed by the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] and [[Morocco]]. The [[SADR]] is recognized as a sovereign state by the [[African Union]]. [[Morocco]] claims the entirety of the country as its [[Southern Provinces]]. Morocco administers 4/5 of the territory while the SADR controls 1/5. Morocco's annexation of this territory has not been recognized internationally.}} |style="text-align:right;"|266,000 |style="text-align:right;"|405,210 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|2 |[[El Aaiún]] | الصحراء الغربية (aṣ-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbiyyah)/Taneẓroft Tutrimt/Sáhara Occidental | ESH |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|'''Kumafumilo gha Dazi gha Afilika''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Burundi}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Burundi}} | [[Burundi]] |style="text-align:right;"|27,830 |style="text-align:right;"|8,988,091 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|323 |[[Gitega]] | Uburundi/Burundi/Burundi | BDI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Comoros}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Comoros}} | [[Comoros]] |style="text-align:right;"|2,170 |style="text-align:right;"|752,438 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|347 |[[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]] | Komori/Comores/جزر القمر (Juzur al-Qumur) | COM |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Djibouti}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Djibouti}} | [[Djibouti]] |style="text-align:right;"|23,000 |style="text-align:right;"|828,324 |style="text-align:right;"|2015 |style="text-align:right;"|22 |[[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]] | Yibuuti/جيبوتي (Jībūtī)/Djibouti/Jabuuti | DJI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Eritrea}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Eritrea}} | [[Eritrea]] |style="text-align:right;"|121,320 |style="text-align:right;"|5,647,168 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|47 |[[Asmara]] | Eritrea | ERI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Ethiopia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} | [[Ethiopia]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,127,127 |style="text-align:right;"|84,320,987 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|75 |[[Addis Ababa]] | ኢትዮጵያ (Ītyōṗṗyā)/Itiyoophiyaa/ኢትዮጵያ/Itoophiyaa/Itoobiya/ኢትዮጵያ | ETH |- | style="text-align:center" | [[File:BlasonTAAF.svg|25px]] | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}} | [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands|French Southern Territories]] (France) |style="text-align:right;"|439,781 |style="text-align:right;"|100 |style="text-align:right;"|2019 |style="text-align:right;"|— |[[Saint-Pierre, Réunion|Saint Pierre]] | Terres australes et antarctiques françaises | FRA-TF |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Kenya}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Kenya}} | [[Kenya]] |style="text-align:right;"|582,650 |style="text-align:right;"|39,002,772 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|66 |[[Nairobi]] | Kenya | KEN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Madagascar}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Madagascar}} | [[Madagascar]] |style="text-align:right;"|587,040 |style="text-align:right;"|20,653,556 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|35 |[[Antananarivo]] | Madagasikara/Madagascar | MDG |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Malawi}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Malawi}} |[[Malawi]] |style="text-align:right;"|118,480 |style="text-align:right;"|14,268,711 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|120 |[[Lilongwe]] | Malaŵi/Malaŵi | MWI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mauritius}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mauritius}} |[[Mauritius]] |style="text-align:right;"|2,040 |style="text-align:right;"|1,284,264 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|630 |[[Port Louis]] | Maurice/Moris | MUS |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mayotte}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mayotte|local}} |[[Mayotte]] (France) |style="text-align:right;"|374 |style="text-align:right;"|223,765 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|490 |[[Mamoudzou]] | Mayotte/Maore/Maiôty | MYT |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mozambique}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mozambique}} |[[Mozambique]] |style="text-align:right;"|801,590 |style="text-align:right;"|21,669,278 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|27 |[[Maputo]] | Moçambique/Mozambiki/Msumbiji/Muzambhiki | MOZ |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Réunion}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Réunion}} | [[Réunion]] (France) |style="text-align:right;"|2,512 |style="text-align:right;"|743,981 |style="text-align:right;"|2002 |style="text-align:right;"|296 |[[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint Denis]] | La Réunion | FRA-RE |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Rwanda}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Rwanda}} | [[Rwanda]] |style="text-align:right;"|26,338 |style="text-align:right;"|10,473,282 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|398 |[[Kigali]] | Rwanda | RWA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Seychelles}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Seychelles}} |[[Seychelles]] |style="text-align:right;"|455 |style="text-align:right;"|87,476 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|192 |[[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] | Seychelles/Sesel | SYC |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Somalia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Somalia}} |[[Somalia]] |style="text-align:right;"|637,657 |style="text-align:right;"|9,832,017 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|15 |[[Mogadishu]] | 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖 (Soomaaliya) /الصومال (aṣ-Ṣūmāl) | SOM |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Somaliland}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Somaliland}} |[[Somaliland]] |style="text-align:right;"|176,120 |style="text-align:right;"|5,708,180 |style="text-align:right;"|2021 |style="text-align:right;"|25 |[[Hargeisa]] | Soomaaliland/صوماليلاند (Ṣūmālīlānd) | |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|South Sudan}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|South Sudan}} |[[South Sudan]] |style="text-align:right;"|619,745 |style="text-align:right;"|8,260,490 |style="text-align:right;"|2008 |style="text-align:right;"|13 |[[Juba]] | South Sudan | SSD |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Sudan}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Sudan}} |[[Sudan]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,861,484 |style="text-align:right;"|30,894,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2008 |style="text-align:right;"|17 |[[Khartoum]] | Sudan/السودان (as-Sūdān) | SDN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Tanzania}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Tanzania}} |[[Tanzania]] |style="text-align:right;"|945,087 |style="text-align:right;"|44,929,002 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|43 |[[Dodoma]] | Tanzania/Tanzania | TZA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Uganda}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Uganda}} |[[Uganda]] |style="text-align:right;"|236,040 |style="text-align:right;"|32,369,558 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|137 |[[Kampala]] | Uganda/Yuganda | UGA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Zambia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Zambia}} |[[Zambia]] |style="text-align:right;"|752,614 |style="text-align:right;"|11,862,740 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|16 |[[Lusaka]] | Zambia | ZMB |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Zimbabwe}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} |[[Zimbabwe]] |style="text-align:right;"|390,580 |style="text-align:right;"|11,392,629 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|29 |[[Harare]] | Zimbabwe | ZWE |- |colspan="10" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;"|'''Pakati pa Afilika''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Angola}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Angola}} |[[Angola]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,246,700 |style="text-align:right;"|12,799,293 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|10 |[[Luanda]] | Angola | AGO |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Cameroon}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Cameroon}} |[[Cameroon]] |style="text-align:right;"|475,440 |style="text-align:right;"|18,879,301 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|40 |[[Yaoundé]] | Cameroun/Kamerun | CMR |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Central African Republic}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Central African Republic}} |[[Central African Republic]] |style="text-align:right;"|622,984 |style="text-align:right;"|4,511,488 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|7 |[[Bangui]] | Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka/République centrafricaine | CAF |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Chad}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Chad}} |[[Chad]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,284,000 |style="text-align:right;"|10,329,208 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|8 |[[N'Djamena]] | تشاد (Tšād)/Tchad | TCD |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Republic of the Congo}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Republic of the Congo}} |[[Republic of the Congo]] |style="text-align:right;"|342,000 |style="text-align:right;"|4,012,809 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|12 |[[Brazzaville]] | Congo/Kôngo/Kongó | COG |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} |[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] |style="text-align:right;"|2,345,410 |style="text-align:right;"|69,575,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|30 |[[Kinshasa]] | République démocratique du Congo | COD |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Equatorial Guinea}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} |[[Equatorial Guinea]] |style="text-align:right;"|28,051 |style="text-align:right;"|633,441 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|23 |[[Malabo]] | Guinea Ecuatorial/Guinée Équatoriale/Guiné Equatorial | GNQ |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Gabon}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Gabon}} |[[Gabon]] |style="text-align:right;"|267,667 |style="text-align:right;"|1,514,993 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|6 |[[Libreville]] | gabonaise | GAB |- | style="text-align:center" | [[File:Insigne Insularum Sancti Thomae et Principis.png|25px]] | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|São Tomé and Príncipe}} | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,001 |style="text-align:right;"|212,679 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|212 |[[São Tomé]] | Sao Tome na Principe | STP |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|'''Kummwela kwa Afilika''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Botswana}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Botswana}} |[[Botswana]] |style="text-align:right;"|600,370 |style="text-align:right;"|1,990,876 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|3 |[[Gaborone]] | Botswana/Botswana | BWA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Eswatini}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Eswatini}} |[[Eswatini]] |style="text-align:right;"|17,363 |style="text-align:right;"|1,123,913 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|65 |[[Mbabane]] | eSwatini/Eswatini | SWZ |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Lesotho}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Lesotho}} |[[Lesotho]] |style="text-align:right;"|30,355 |style="text-align:right;"|2,130,819 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|70 |[[Maseru]] | Lesotho/Lesotho | LSO |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Namibia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Namibia}} | [[Namibia]] |style="text-align:right;"|825,418 |style="text-align:right;"|2,108,665 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|3 |[[Windhoek]] | Namibia | NAM |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|South Africa}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|South Africa}} |[[South Africa]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,219,912 |style="text-align:right;"|51,770,560 |style="text-align:right;"|2011 |style="text-align:right;"|42 |[[Bloemfontein]], [[Cape Town]], [[Pretoria]]{{efn|[[Bloemfontein]] is the judicial capital of South Africa, while [[Cape Town]] is its legislative seat, and [[Pretoria]] is the country's administrative seat.}} | yaseNingizimu Afrika/yoMzantsi-Afrika/Suid-Afrika/Afrika-Borwa/Aforika Borwa/Afrika Borwa/Afrika Dzonga/yeNingizimu Afrika/Afurika Tshipembe/yeSewula Afrika | ZAF |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|'''Kumafumilo gha Dazi gha Afilika''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Benin}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Benin}} | [[Benin]] |style="text-align:right;"|112,620 |style="text-align:right;"|8,791,832 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|78 |[[Porto-Novo]] | Bénin | BEN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Burkina Faso}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} | [[Burkina Faso]] |style="text-align:right;"|274,200 |style="text-align:right;"|15,746,232 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|57 |[[Ouagadougou]] | Burkina Faso | BFA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Cape Verde}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Cape Verde}} | [[Cape Verde]] |style="text-align:right;"|4,033 |style="text-align:right;"|429,474 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|107 |[[Praia]] | Cabo Verde/Kabu Verdi | CPV |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|The Gambia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|The Gambia}} | [[The Gambia]] |style="text-align:right;"|11,300 |style="text-align:right;"|1,782,893 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|158 |[[Banjul]] | The Gambia | GMB |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Ghana}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Ghana}} | [[Ghana]] |style="text-align:right;"|239,460 |style="text-align:right;"|23,832,495 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|100 |[[Accra]] | Ghana | GHA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Guinea}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Guinea}} | [[Guinea]] |style="text-align:right;"|245,857 |style="text-align:right;"|10,057,975 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|41 |[[Conakry]] | Guinée | GIN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Guinea-Bissau}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}} | [[Guinea-Bissau]] |style="text-align:right;"|36,120 |style="text-align:right;"|1,533,964 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|43 |[[Bissau]] | Guiné-Bissau | GNB |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Ivory Coast}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} |[[Ivory Coast]] |style="text-align:right;"|322,460 |style="text-align:right;"|20,617,068 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|64 |[[Abidjan]],{{efn|[[Yamoussoukro]] is the official capital of [[Ivory Coast]], while [[Abidjan]] is the ''de facto'' seat.}} [[Yamoussoukro]] | Côte d'Ivoire | CIV |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Liberia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Liberia}} |[[Liberia]] |style="text-align:right;"|111,370 |style="text-align:right;"|3,441,790 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|31 |[[Monrovia]] | Liberia | LBR |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mali}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mali}} |[[Mali]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,240,000 |style="text-align:right;"|12,666,987 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|10 |[[Bamako]] | Mali | MLI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mauritania}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mauritania}} |[[Mauritania]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,030,700 |style="text-align:right;"|3,129,486 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|3 |[[Nouakchott]] | موريتانيا (Mūrītānyā) | MRT |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Niger}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Niger}} |[[Niger]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,267,000 |style="text-align:right;"|15,306,252 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|12 |[[Niamey]] | Niger | NER |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Nigeria}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Nigeria}} |[[Nigeria]] |style="text-align:right;"|923,768 |style="text-align:right;"|166,629,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|180 |[[Abuja]] | Nigeria | NGA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|United Kingdom}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}} |[[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]] (United Kingdom) |style="text-align:right;"|420 |style="text-align:right;"|7,728 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|13 |[[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]] | Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | SHN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Senegal}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Senegal}} |[[Senegal]] |style="text-align:right;"|196,190 |style="text-align:right;"|13,711,597 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|70 |[[Dakar]] | Sénégal | SEN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Sierra Leone}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} |[[Sierra Leone]] |style="text-align:right;"|71,740 |style="text-align:right;"|6,440,053 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|90 |[[Freetown]] | Sierra Leone | SLE |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Togo}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Togo}} |[[Togo]] |style="text-align:right;"|56,785 |style="text-align:right;"|6,019,877 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|106 |[[Lomé]] | togolaise | TGO |- style="font-weight:bold; background:#eee;" | colspan="3" | Afilika pamoza |style="text-align:right;"|30,368,609 |style="text-align:right;"|1,001,320,281 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|33 ! colspan="3"| |} <!--end country info table + refs--> ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Africa}} <!-- *[[Bibliography of Africa]] --> * [[Index of Africa-related articles]] * [[African historiography]] * [[Outline of Africa]] ==Vyakulemba== {{notelist}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Vyalemba vinandi== * {{Cite book|last=Malone|first=Jacqui|url=https://archive.org/details/steppinonbluesvi00malo|title=Steppin' on the Blues: the Visible Rhythms of African American Dance|date=1996|publisher=University of Illinois Press|oclc=891842452}} * {{Cite book|last=Welsh-Asante|first=Kariamu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrbrTfSO3fwC|title=African Dance|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2427-8|language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Shillington |first1=Kevin |title=History of Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofafrica0002shil |date=2005 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-59957-0 }} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{see also|Africa Bibliography}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Asante|first=Molefi|author-link=Molefi Asante|title=The History of Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofafricaq0000asan_v6f8|publisher=Routledge|location=US|date=2007|isbn=978-0-415-77139-9}} * {{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. Desmond|author-link=J. Desmond Clark|title=The Prehistory of Africa|publisher=Thames and Hudson|location=London|date=1970|isbn=978-0-500-02069-2}} * {{cite book|last=Crowder|first=Michael|title=The Story of Nigeria|url=https://archive.org/details/storyofnigeria0000crow_x6k2|publisher=Faber|location=London|date=1978|isbn=978-0-571-04947-9}} * {{cite book|last=Davidson|first=Basil|author-link=Basil Davidson|title=The African Past: Chronicles from Antiquity to Modern Times|publisher=Penguin|location=Harmondsworth|date=1966|oclc=2016817}} * {{cite book|last1=Gordon|first1=April A.|first2=Donald L.|last2=Gordon|title=Understanding Contemporary Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/understandingcon0000unse_h5y4|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|location=Boulder|date=1996|isbn=978-1-55587-547-3}} * {{cite book|last=Khapoya|first=Vincent B.|title=The African experience: an introduction|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|date=1998|isbn=978-0-13-745852-3|url=https://archive.org/details/africanexperienc00khap}} * Moore, Clark D., and Ann Dunbar (1968). ''Africa Yesterday and Today'', in series, ''The George School Readings on Developing Lands''. New York: Praeger Publishers. * [[V. S. Naipaul|Naipaul, V.S.]] ''The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief''. Picador, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-330-47205-0}} * {{cite journal|last1=Wade|first1=Lizzie|title=Drones and satellites spot lost civilizations in unlikely places|journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.aaa7864|year=2015|doi-access=free}} {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|n=Category:Africa|voy=Africa}} '''General information''' * {{GovPubs|Africa}} * {{Britannica|7924}} * {{curlie|Regional/Africa}} * [https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/africa-human-geography Africa: Human Geography] at the [[National Geographic Society]] * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/ African & Middle Eastern Reading Room] from the United States [[Library of Congress]] * [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/ Africa South of the Sahara] from [[Stanford University]] * [http://www.aluka.org/ Aluka], digital library of scholarly resources from and about Africa * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100117005910/http://www.usaraf.army.mil/MAP_INTERACTIVE/INTERACTIVE_MAP.swf Africa Interactive Map] from the [[United States Army Africa]] '''History''' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section10.shtml The Story of Africa] from [[BBC World Service]] * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Africa | volume= 1 | pages = 320–358 |short= 1}} * [http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Urgent_Action/menu_APIC.html Africa Policy Information Center (APIC)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131103230525/http://www.scribd.com/doc/161017303/Hungarian-military-forces-in-Africa-%E2%80%93-past-and-future-Recovering-lost-knowledge-exploiting-cultural-anthropology-resources-creating-a-comprehensive Hungarian military forces in Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103230525/http://www.scribd.com/doc/161017303/Hungarian-military-forces-in-Africa-%E2%80%93-past-and-future-Recovering-lost-knowledge-exploiting-cultural-anthropology-resources-creating-a-comprehensive |date=3 November 2013 }} '''News media''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160210121749/http://allafrica.com/ allAfrica.com] current news, events and statistics * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/focus_magazine/index.shtml ''Focus on Africa''] magazine from [[BBC World Service]] {{Africa topics}} {{Africa}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles related to Africa |list = {{African Trade Agreements}} {{Continents of the world}} {{Regions of the world}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Afilika| ]] [[Category:Continents]] imx2i3spm7b47wbkv7tuxt2eaus24wb 0 41839 121868 119738 2026-09-10T00:47:21Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 121868 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Standard Normal Distribution-en.svg|right|thumb|Kugaŵa kwakaŵiri-kaŵiri, ako kali kakusangika chomene mu kuthithika kwa unandi, kukugwiliskika chomene pa Kusanthura-Maŵiro.]] [[File:Iris_Pairs_Plot.svg|right|thumb|Minda ya kumija na ma tchati gha mzere, yakugwiliskika chomene mu Kusanthura-Maŵiro kwa kulongosoleka kuwoneska ubali pakati pa visintho vyakupambana, apa kugwiriska chibwayila cha Iris flower.]] '''Kusanthura-Maŵiro''' (kufuma ku [[German language|ChiGerman]]: ''[[wikt:Statistik#German|Statistik]]'', {{Abbr|orig.|originally}} "kulongosora [[State (polity)|boma]], la charu")<ref>{{Cite OED|statistics}}</ref><ref>“[https://www.dwds.de/?q=Statistik Statistik]” in ''Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache''</ref> ni kafukufuku uyo wakukhwaskana na kuwunjika, kwendeska, kusanda, kung'anamura, na kulongosora [[uthenga]].<ref name=ox>{{cite book|title = Oxford Reference|chapter = Statistics|date = January 2008|publisher = Oxford University Press|isbn = 978-0-19-954145-4|url = https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199541454.001.0001/acref-9780199541454-e-1566?rskey=nxhBLl&result=1979|access-date = 2019-08-14|archive-date = 2020-09-03|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200903144424/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199541454.001.0001/acref-9780199541454-e-1566?rskey=nxhBLl&result=1979|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Jan-Willem |last=Romijn |year=2014 |title=Philosophy of statistics |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statistics/ |access-date=2016-11-03 |archive-date=2021-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019033058/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statistics/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Cambridge Dictionary | url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/statistics | access-date=2019-08-14 | archive-date=2020-11-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122210156/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/statistics | url-status=live }}</ref> Para tikugwiliskira ntchito Kusanthura-Maŵiro pa suzgo la [[sayansi]], malonda, panji la umoyo wa ŵanthu, kanandi tikwamba na [[Unandi-wose]] panjiso [[kayezgero ka Kusanthura-Maŵiro]] ako katiŵazgikenge. Unandi-wose, ungaŵa vigaŵa vyakupambana pambana vya ŵanthu panji vinthu nga "ŵanthu ŵose ŵakukhala mu charu" panji "chimenyu chilichose chakuwumba khristoli". Kusanthura-Maŵiro kukuwona vyose vyakukhwaskana na umo vinthu viliri, kusazgapo ndondomeko ya kunozga ma [[statistical survey|Save]] na [[experimental design|ma kafukufuku]].<ref name=Dodge>Dodge, Y. (2006) ''The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms'', Oxford University Press. {{isbn|0-19-920613-9}}</ref> Pala uthenga wa [[chipendero]] ungatoleleka yayi, [[waKusanthura-Maŵiro]] wakutolela uthenga pakupanga makafukufuku na ma save ago ghakugwiliska ntchito [[sample (statistics)|viyezgero]]. Kutola viyezgero vyakwimilra yikuwoneseska kuti fundo zingatandazga mwa mahara kufuma ku kachiyezgero kuluta ku unandi-wose mwanthunthu. [[experimental study|Kafukufuku wakusanda]] kukukhwaska kupima vinthu ivyo vikusangika mu ndondomeko iyo yikusambizgika, kunjizgapo vinthu vinyake ivyo vikusintha vinthu ivi, na kupima vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika mwakuyana na ndondomeko iyo yikapangika kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye usange vinthu ivi vyasintha vinthu ivyo vikupima. Mwakupambaniska, [[observational study|kusanda Kwakulaŵilira]] kukukhwaska kafukufuku wakuseŵeleska yayi. Vyakudanga viŵiri mwa nthowa za Kusanthura-Maŵiro yakugwiliskika mu [[data analysis|kusanda uthenga]]: [[descriptive statistics|Kusanthura-Maŵiro kwakulongosoleka]], Ivyo vikuyowoya mwakudumura ivyo vyafuma mu viyezgero kugwiriska [[Index (statistics)|maindekse]] nthe [[mean|tikatikati]] panji [[standard deviation|yisezgo yakukhazikika]], na [[statistical inference|Kusanthura-Maŵiro mwa fundo]], izo zikufunya fundo kufuma pa uthenga uwo ukupambanangapambananga (nthe, vyakubekeka mwautesi, upambano wa viyezgero).<ref name=LundResearchLtd>{{cite web |last=Lund Research Ltd. |url=https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/descriptive-inferential-statistics.php |title=Descriptive and Inferential Statistics |publisher=statistics.laerd.com |access-date=2014-03-23 |archive-date=2020-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026075549/https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/descriptive-inferential-statistics.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Kusanthura-Maŵiro ghakulongosoleka kanandi ghakukhwaska magulu yaŵiri ya maunenesko gha chigaŵo (chiyezgero panji unandi-wose): ''[[central tendency|uzgoloŵezgi wa pakati]]'' (pangi malo) uikukhumba kulongora umo vinthu viliri pakatikati panji umo vikuŵira, apo kusakatuka (panji kuti kusinthasintha) kukulongora umo ŵanthu ŵakufumira pakati pa vinthu. Fundo zakuroska mu [[mathematical statistics|Kusanthura-Maŵiro musamuzi]] zikupangika pa chizengero cha [[probability theory|fundo ya mayero]], iyi yikulongosora umo vinthu vikuchitikira mwamwaŵi. Kanandi ndondomeko ya Kusanthura-Maŵiro kukukhwaska kutolela kwa uthenga kulazgiska ku [[statistical hypothesis testing|kuyezga kwa ubali]] pakati pa vibwayila viŵiri vya Kusanthura-Maŵiro, panji vibwayila vyauthenga na mauthenga ghakuwumbika na ŵanthu kufuma ku chiyezgero chakuwumbika mwausuma. Chiloskero chikupelekeka kulongosola ubali wa Kusanthura-Maŵiro pakati pa vibwayila viŵiri vyauthenga, ndipo this is compared as an [[alternative hypothesis|alternative]] to an idealized [[null hypothesis]] of no relationship between two data sets. Rejecting or disproving the null hypothesis is done using statistical tests that quantify the sense in which the null can be proven false, given the data that are used in the test. Working from a null hypothesis, two basic forms of error are recognized: [[Type I error]]s (null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a "false positive") and [[Type II error]]s (null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual relationship between populations is missed giving a "false negative"). Statistical measurement processes are also prone to error in regards to the data that they generate. Many of these errors are classified as random (noise) or systematic ([[Bias (statistics)|bias]]), but other types of errors (e.g., blunder, such as when an analyst reports incorrect units) can also occur. The presence of [[missing data]] or [[censoring (statistics)|censoring]] may result in biased estimates and specific techniques have been developed to address these problems. {{TOC limit|3}} == Vyakudanga == {{main|Outline of statistics}} Statistics is a mathematical body of science that pertains to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of [[data]],<ref>Moses, Lincoln E. (1986) ''Think and Explain with Statistics'', Addison-Wesley, {{isbn|978-0-201-15619-5}}. pp. 1–3</ref> or as a branch of [[mathematics]].<ref>Hays, William Lee, (1973) ''Statistics for the Social Sciences'', Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p. xii, {{isbn|978-0-03-077945-9}}</ref> Some consider statistics to be a distinct [[mathematical sciences|mathematical science]] rather than a branch of mathematics. While many scientific investigations make use of data, statistics is concerned with the use of data in the context of uncertainty and decision-making in the face of uncertainty.<ref>{{cite book |last=Moore |first=David |title=Statistics for the Twenty-First Century |publisher=The Mathematical Association of America |editor=F. Gordon |editor2=S. Gordon |location=Washington, DC |year=1992 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/statisticsfortwe0000unse/page/14 14–25] |chapter=Teaching Statistics as a Respectable Subject |isbn=978-0-88385-078-7 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/statisticsfortwe0000unse/page/14 }} </ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chance |first=Beth L. |author1-link=Beth Chance |author2=Rossman, Allan J. |title=Investigating Statistical Concepts, Applications, and Methods |publisher=Duxbury Press |year=2005 |chapter=Preface |isbn=978-0-495-05064-3 |chapter-url=http://www.rossmanchance.com/iscam/preface.pdf |access-date=2009-12-06 |archive-date=2020-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122092901/http://www.rossmanchance.com/iscam/preface.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In applying statistics to a problem, it is common practice to start with a [[statistical population|population]] or process to be studied. Populations can be diverse topics, such as "all people living in a country" or "every atom composing a crystal". Ideally, statisticians compile data about the entire population (an operation called a [[census]]). This may be organized by governmental statistical institutes. ''[[Descriptive statistics]]'' can be used to summarize the population data. Numerical descriptors include [[mean]] and [[standard deviation]] for [[Continuous probability distribution|continuous data]] (like income), while frequency and percentage are more useful in terms of describing [[categorical data]] (like education). When a census is not feasible, a chosen subset of the population called a [[sampling (statistics)|sample]] is studied. Once a sample that is representative of the population is determined, data is collected for the sample members in an observational or [[experiment]]al setting. Again, descriptive statistics can be used to summarize the sample data. However, drawing the sample contains an element of randomness; hence, the numerical descriptors from the sample are also prone to uncertainty. To draw meaningful conclusions about the entire population, ''[[inferential statistics]]'' are needed. It uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented while accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of answering yes/no questions about the data ([[hypothesis testing]]), estimating numerical characteristics of the data ([[Estimation theory|estimation]]), describing [[Association (statistics)|associations]] within the data ([[correlation and dependence|correlation]]), and modeling relationships within the data (for example, using [[regression analysis]]). Inference can extend to the [[forecasting]], [[prediction]], and estimation of unobserved values either in or associated with the population being studied. It can include [[extrapolation]] and [[interpolation]] of [[time series]] or [[spatial statistics|spatial data]], as well as [[data mining]]. ===Mathematical statistics=== {{main|Mathematical statistics}} Mathematical statistics is the application of [[mathematics]] to statistics. Mathematical techniques used for this include [[mathematical analysis]], [[linear algebra]], [[stochastic analysis]], [[differential equations]], and [[measure-theoretic probability theory]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lakshmikantham|first1=D. |last2=Kannan|first2= V.|title=Handbook of stochastic analysis and applications|date=2002|publisher=M. Dekker|location=New York|isbn=0824706609}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Schervish|first=Mark J.|title=Theory of statistics|date=1995|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=0387945466|edition=Corr. 2nd print.}}</ref> == Mbiri == {{main|History of statistics|Founders of statistics}} [[File:Jakob Bernoulli.jpg|thumb|Bernoulli's ''[[Ars Conjectandi]]'' was the first work that dealt with [[probability theory]] as currently understood.]] Formal discussions on inference date back to [[Mathematics in medieval Islam|Arab mathematicians]] and [[cryptographers]], during the [[Islamic Golden Age]] between the 8th and 13th centuries. [[Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi|Al-Khalil]] (717–786) wrote the ''Book of Cryptographic Messages'', which contains one of the first uses of [[permutation]]s and [[combination]]s, to list all possible [[Arabic language|Arabic]] words with and without vowels.<ref name="LB">{{cite journal|last=Broemeling|first=Lyle D.|title=An Account of Early Statistical Inference in Arab Cryptology|journal=The American Statistician|date=1 November 2011|volume=65|issue=4|pages=255–257|doi=10.1198/tas.2011.10191|s2cid=123537702}}</ref> [[Al-Kindi|Al-Kindi's]] ''Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages'' gave a detailed description of how to use [[frequency analysis]] to decipher [[encrypted]] messages, providing an early example of [[statistical inference]] for [[Code|decoding]]. [[Ibn Adlan]] (1187–1268) later made an important contribution on the use of [[sample size]] in frequency analysis.<ref name="LB"/> The term 'statistic' was introduced by the Italian scholar [[Girolamo Ghilini]] in 1589 with reference to this science.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ostasiewicz |first=Walenty |year=2014 |title=The emergence of statistical science |journal=Śląski Przegląd Statystyczny |volume=12 |issue=18 |doi=10.15611/sps.2014.12.04 |pages=76–77}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bruneau |first=Quentin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63RnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT64 |title=States and the Masters of Capital: Sovereign Lending, Old and New |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-0231555647}}</ref> The earliest writing containing statistics in [[Europe]] dates back to 1663, with the publication of ''[[Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality]]'' by [[John Graunt]].<ref>Willcox, Walter (1938) "The Founder of Statistics". ''Review of the [[International Statistical Institute]]'' 5(4): 321–328. {{JSTOR|1400906}}</ref> Early applications of statistical thinking revolved around the needs of states to base policy on demographic and economic data, hence its [[History of statistics#Etymology|''stat-'' etymology]]. The scope of the discipline of statistics broadened in the early 19th century to include the collection and analysis of data in general. Today, statistics is widely employed in government, business, and natural and social sciences. The mathematical foundations of statistics developed from discussions concerning [[Game of chance|games of chance]] among mathematicians such as [[Gerolamo Cardano]], [[Blaise Pascal]], [[Pierre de Fermat]], and [[Christiaan Huygens]]. Although the idea of probability was already examined in ancient and medieval law and philosophy (such as the work of [[Juan Caramuel]]), [[probability theory]] as a mathematical discipline only took shape at the very end of the 17th century, particularly in [[Jacob Bernoulli|Jacob Bernoulli's]] posthumous work ''[[Ars Conjectandi]]''.<ref>J. Franklin, The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability before Pascal, Johns Hopkins Univ Pr 2002</ref> This was the first book where the realm of games of chance and the realm of the probable (which concerned opinion, evidence, and argument) were combined and submitted to mathematical analysis.<ref>Schneider, I. (2005). Jakob Bernoulli, ''Ars Conjectandi'' (1713). In I. Grattan-Guinness (Ed.), ''Landmark writings in Western Mathematics, 1640-1940'' (pp. 88-103). </ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sylla |first1=E. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xgwSAjTh34C |title=The Art of Conjecturing, Together with Letter to a Friend on Sets in Court Tennis (trans.) |last2=Bernoulli |first2=Jacob |publisher=JHU Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8018-8235-7 |language=en}}</ref> The [[method of least squares]] was first described by [[Adrien-Marie Legendre]] in 1805, though [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] presumably made use of it a decade earlier in 1795.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lim |first=M. |date=2021 |title=Gauss, Least Squares, and the Missing Planet |url=https://www.actuaries.digital/2021/03/31/gauss-least-squares-and-the-missing-planet/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Actuaries Digital}}</ref> [[File:Karl Pearson, 1910.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.05|[[Karl Pearson]], a founder of mathematical statistics.]] The modern field of statistics emerged in the late 19th and early 20th century in three stages.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYFRAAAAMAAJ|title=Studies in the history of statistical method|author=Helen Mary Walker|author-link=Helen M. Walker|year=1975|publisher=Arno Press|isbn=978-0405066283|access-date=2015-06-27|archive-date=2020-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727141905/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYFRAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The first wave, at the turn of the century, was led by the work of [[Francis Galton]] and [[Karl Pearson]], who transformed statistics into a rigorous mathematical discipline used for analysis, not just in science, but in industry and politics as well. Galton's contributions included introducing the concepts of [[standard deviation]], [[correlation]], [[regression analysis]] and the application of these methods to the study of the variety of human characteristics—height, weight and eyelash length among others.<ref name=Galton1877>{{cite journal | last1 = Galton | first1 = F | year = 1877 | title = Typical laws of heredity | journal = Nature | volume = 15 | issue = 388| pages = 492–553 | doi=10.1038/015492a0| bibcode = 1877Natur..15..492. | doi-access = free }}</ref> Pearson developed the [[Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient]], defined as a product-moment,<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1214/ss/1177012580 | last1 = Stigler | first1 = S.M. | year = 1989 | title = Francis Galton's Account of the Invention of Correlation | journal = Statistical Science | volume = 4 | issue = 2| pages = 73–79 | doi-access = free }}</ref> the [[Method of moments (statistics)|method of moments]] for the fitting of distributions to samples and the [[Pearson distribution]], among many other things.<ref name="Pearson, On the criterion">{{Cite journal|last1=Pearson|first1=K.|year=1900|title=On the Criterion that a given System of Deviations from the Probable in the Case of a Correlated System of Variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from Random Sampling|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1430618|journal=Philosophical Magazine|series=Series 5|volume=50|issue=302|pages=157–175|doi=10.1080/14786440009463897|access-date=2019-06-27|archive-date=2020-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818110818/https://zenodo.org/record/1430618|url-status=live}}</ref> Galton and Pearson founded ''[[Biometrika]]'' as the first journal of mathematical statistics and [[biostatistics]] (then called biometry), and the latter founded the world's first university statistics department at [[University College London]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Karl Pearson (1857–1936)|publisher=Department of Statistical Science&nbsp;– [[University College London]]|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/stats/department/pearson.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925065418/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/stats/department/pearson.html|archive-date=2008-09-25}}</ref> The second wave of the 1910s and 20s was initiated by [[William Sealy Gosset]], and reached its culmination in the insights of [[Ronald Fisher]], who wrote the textbooks that were to define the academic discipline in universities around the world. Fisher's most important publications were his 1918 seminal paper ''[[The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance]]'' (which was the first to use the statistical term, [[variance]]), his classic 1925 work ''[[Statistical Methods for Research Workers]]'' and his 1935 ''[[The Design of Experiments]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | author = Box, JF | title = R.A. Fisher and the Design of Experiments, 1922–1926 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-statistician_1980-02_34_1/page/n1 | jstor = 2682986 | journal = [[The American Statistician]] | volume = 34 | issue = 1 |date=February 1980 | pages = 1–7 | doi = 10.2307/2682986}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Yates, F | title = Sir Ronald Fisher and the Design of Experiments | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_biometrics_1964-06_20_2/page/307 | jstor = 2528399 | journal = [[Biometrics (journal)|Biometrics]] | volume = 20 | issue = 2 |date=June 1964 | pages = 307–321 | doi = 10.2307/2528399}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Influence of Fisher's "The Design of Experiments" on Educational Research Thirty Years Later |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-educational-research-journal_1966-05_3_3/page/223 |first1=Julian C. |last1=Stanley |journal=American Educational Research Journal |volume=3 |issue=3 |year=1966|pages= 223–229 |jstor=1161806 |doi=10.3102/00028312003003223|s2cid=145725524 }}</ref> where he developed rigorous [[design of experiments]] models. He originated the concepts of [[sufficiency (statistics)|sufficiency]], [[ancillary statistic]]s, [[linear discriminant analysis|Fisher's linear discriminator]] and [[Fisher information]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Agresti|first=Alan|author2=David B. Hichcock|year=2005|title=Bayesian Inference for Categorical Data Analysis|journal=Statistical Methods & Applications|issue=3|page=298|url=http://www.stat.ufl.edu/~aa/articles/agresti_hitchcock_2005.pdf|doi=10.1007/s10260-005-0121-y|volume=14|s2cid=18896230|access-date=2013-12-19|archive-date=2013-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219212926/http://www.stat.ufl.edu/~aa/articles/agresti_hitchcock_2005.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> He also coined the term [[null hypothesis]] during the [[Lady tasting tea]] experiment, which "is never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation".<ref name="oed">OED quote: '''1935''' R.A. Fisher, ''[[The Design of Experiments]]'' ii. 19, "We may speak of this hypothesis as the 'null hypothesis', and the null hypothesis is never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation."</ref><ref>Fisher|1971|loc=Chapter II. The Principles of Experimentation, Illustrated by a Psycho-physical Experiment, Section 8. The Null Hypothesis</ref> In his 1930 book ''[[The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection]]'', he applied statistics to various [[biology|biological]] concepts such as [[Fisher's principle]]<ref name="Edwards98">{{cite journal|last1=Edwards|first1=A.W.F.|year=1998|title=Natural Selection and the Sex Ratio: Fisher's Sources|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1998-06_151_6/page/564|journal=American Naturalist|volume=151|issue=6|pages=564–569|doi=10.1086/286141|pmid=18811377|s2cid=40540426}}</ref> (which [[A. W. F. Edwards]] called "probably the most celebrated argument in [[evolutionary biology]]") and [[Fisherian runaway]],<ref name="fisher15">Fisher, R.A. (1915) The evolution of sexual preference. Eugenics Review (7) 184:192</ref><ref name="fisher30">Fisher, R.A. (1930) [[The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection]]. {{isbn|0-19-850440-3}}</ref><ref name="pers00">Edwards, A.W.F. (2000) Perspectives: Anecdotal, Historical and Critical Commentaries on Genetics. The Genetics Society of America (154) 1419:1426</ref><ref name="ander94">{{cite book|last = Andersson|first = Malte|date = 1994|title = Sexual Selection|isbn = 0-691-00057-3|publisher = Princeton University Press|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lNnHdvzBlTYC|access-date = 2019-09-19|archive-date = 2019-12-25|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191225202726/https://books.google.com/books?id=lNnHdvzBlTYC|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="ander06">Andersson, M. and Simmons, L.W. (2006) Sexual selection and mate choice. Trends, Ecology and Evolution (21) 296:302</ref><ref name="gayon10">Gayon, J. (2010) Sexual selection: Another Darwinian process. Comptes Rendus Biologies (333) 134:144</ref> a concept in [[sexual selection]] about a positive feedback runaway effect found in [[evolution]]. The final wave, which mainly saw the refinement and expansion of earlier developments, emerged from the collaborative work between [[Egon Pearson]] and [[Jerzy Neyman]] in the 1930s. They introduced the concepts of "[[Type I and type II errors|Type II]]" error, [[power of a test]] and [[confidence interval]]s. Jerzy Neyman in 1934 showed that stratified random sampling was in general a better method of estimation than purposive (quota) sampling.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Neyman | first1 = J | year = 1934 | title = On the two different aspects of the representative method: The method of stratified sampling and the method of purposive selection | journal = [[Journal of the Royal Statistical Society]] | volume = 97 | issue = 4| pages = 557–625 | jstor=2342192| doi = 10.2307/2342192 }}</ref> Today, statistical methods are applied in all fields that involve decision making, for making accurate inferences from a collated body of data and for making decisions in the face of uncertainty based on statistical methodology. The use of modern [[computer]]s has expedited large-scale statistical computations and has also made possible new methods that are impractical to perform manually. Statistics continues to be an area of active research, for example on the problem of how to analyze [[big data]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.santafe.edu/news/item/sfnm-wood-big-data/|title=Science in a Complex World – Big Data: Opportunity or Threat?|work=Santa Fe Institute|access-date=2014-10-13|archive-date=2016-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530001750/http://www.santafe.edu/news/item/sfnm-wood-big-data/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Mauthenga gha Kusanthura-Maŵiro== {{main|Statistical data}} === Kutolela uthenga === ====Kutolela Viyezgero==== When full census data cannot be collected, statisticians collect sample data by developing specific [[design of experiments|experiment designs]] and [[survey sampling|survey samples]]. Statistics itself also provides tools for prediction and forecasting through [[statistical model]]s. To use a sample as a guide to an entire population, it is important that it truly represents the overall population. Representative [[sampling (statistics)|sampling]] assures that inferences and conclusions can safely extend from the sample to the population as a whole. A major problem lies in determining the extent that the sample chosen is actually representative. Statistics offers methods to estimate and correct for any bias within the sample and data collection procedures. There are also methods of experimental design that can lessen these issues at the outset of a study, strengthening its capability to discern truths about the population. Sampling theory is part of the [[mathematics|mathematical discipline]] of [[probability theory]]. Probability is used in [[statistical theory|mathematical statistics]] to study the [[sampling distribution]]s of [[sample statistic]]s and, more generally, the properties of [[statistical decision theory|statistical procedures]]. The use of any statistical method is valid when the system or population under consideration satisfies the assumptions of the method. The difference in point of view between classic probability theory and sampling theory is, roughly, that probability theory starts from the given parameters of a total population to [[deductive reasoning|deduce]] probabilities that pertain to samples. Statistical inference, however, moves in the opposite direction—[[inductive reasoning|inductively inferring]] from samples to the parameters of a larger or total population. ====Experimental and observational studies==== A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate [[causality]], and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or [[Dependent and independent variables|independent variables on dependent variables]]. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: [[Experiment|experimental studies]] and [[Observational study|observational studies]]. In both types of studies, the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies in how the study is actually conducted. Each can be very effective. An experimental study involves taking measurements of the system under study, manipulating the system, and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements. In contrast, an observational study does not involve [[Scientific control|experimental manipulation]]. Instead, data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated. While the tools of data analysis work best on data from [[Randomized controlled trial|randomized studies]], they are also applied to other kinds of data—like [[natural experiment]]s and [[Observational study|observational studies]]<ref>[[David A. Freedman (statistician)|Freedman, D.A.]] (2005) ''Statistical Models: Theory and Practice'', Cambridge University Press. {{isbn|978-0-521-67105-7}}</ref>—for which a statistician would use a modified, more structured estimation method (e.g., [[Difference in differences|Difference in differences estimation]] and [[instrumental variable]]s, among many others) that produce [[consistent estimator]]s. =====Vifukufuku===== The basic steps of a statistical experiment are: # Planning the research, including finding the number of replicates of the study, using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of [[Average treatment effect|treatment effects]], [[alternative hypothesis|alternative hypotheses]], and the estimated [[experimental error|experimental variability]]. Consideration of the selection of experimental subjects and the ethics of research is necessary. Statisticians recommend that experiments compare (at least) one new treatment with a standard treatment or control, to allow an unbiased estimate of the difference in treatment effects. # [[Design of experiments]], using [[blocking (statistics)|blocking]] to reduce the influence of [[confounding variable]]s, and [[randomized assignment]] of treatments to subjects to allow [[bias of an estimator|unbiased estimates]] of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage, the experimenters and statisticians write the ''[[protocol (natural sciences)|experimental protocol]]'' that will guide the performance of the experiment and which specifies the'' primary analysis'' of the experimental data. # Performing the experiment following the [[Protocol (natural sciences)|experimental protocol]] and [[analysis of variance|analyzing the data]] following the experimental protocol. # Further examining the data set in secondary analyses, to suggest new hypotheses for future study. # Documenting and presenting the results of the study. Experiments on human behavior have special concerns. The famous [[Hawthorne study]] examined changes to the working environment at the Hawthorne plant of the [[Western Electric Company]]. The researchers were interested in determining whether increased illumination would increase the productivity of the [[assembly line]] workers. The researchers first measured the productivity in the plant, then modified the illumination in an area of the plant and checked if the changes in illumination affected productivity. It turned out that productivity indeed improved (under the experimental conditions). However, the study is heavily criticized today for errors in experimental procedures, specifically for the lack of a [[control group]] and [[double-blind|blindness]]. The [[Hawthorne effect]] refers to finding that an outcome (in this case, worker productivity) changed due to observation itself. Those in the Hawthorne study became more productive not because the lighting was changed but because they were being observed.<ref name="pmid17608932">{{cite journal |vauthors=McCarney R, Warner J, Iliffe S, van Haselen R, Griffin M, Fisher P |title=The Hawthorne Effect: a randomised, controlled trial |journal=BMC Med Res Methodol |volume=7|pages=30 |year=2007 |pmid=17608932 |pmc=1936999 |doi=10.1186/1471-2288-7-30 |issue=1}}</ref> =====Kuŵazga Kwakulaŵilila===== An example of an observational study is one that explores the association between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case, the researchers would collect observations of both smokers and non-smokers, perhaps through a [[cohort study]], and then look for the number of cases of lung cancer in each group.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Rothman|editor1-first=Kenneth J|editor2-last=Greenland|editor2-first=Sander|editor3-last=Lash|editor3-first=Timothy|title=Modern Epidemiology|url=https://archive.org/details/modernepidemiolo00roth|url-access=limited|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|page=[https://archive.org/details/modernepidemiolo00roth/page/n100 100]|edition=3rd|language=en|chapter=7|isbn=978-0781755641}}</ref> A [[case-control study]] is another type of observational study in which people with and without the outcome of interest (e.g. lung cancer) are invited to participate and their exposure histories are collected. ===Mitundu ya uthenga=== {{main|Statistical data type||Levels of measurement}} Various attempts have been made to produce a taxonomy of [[level of measurement|levels of measurement]]. The psychophysicist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] defined nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Nominal measurements do not have meaningful rank order among values, and permit any one-to-one (injective) transformation. Ordinal measurements have imprecise differences between consecutive values, but have a meaningful order to those values, and permit any order-preserving transformation. Interval measurements have meaningful distances between measurements defined, but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with [[longitude]] and [[temperature]] measurements in [[Celsius]] or [[Fahrenheit]]), and permit any linear transformation. Ratio measurements have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined, and permit any rescaling transformation. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically, sometimes they are grouped together as [[categorical variable]]s, whereas ratio and interval measurements are grouped together as [[Variable (mathematics)#Applied statistics|quantitative variables]], which can be either [[Probability distribution#Discrete probability distribution|discrete]] or [[Probability distribution#Continuous probability distribution|continuous]], due to their numerical nature. Such distinctions can often be loosely correlated with [[data type]] in computer science, in that dichotomous categorical variables may be represented with the [[Boolean data type]], polytomous categorical variables with arbitrarily assigned [[integer]]s in the [[integer (computer science)|integral data type]], and continuous variables with the [[real data type]] involving [[floating-point arithmetic]]. But the mapping of computer science data types to statistical data types depends on which categorization of the latter is being implemented. Other categorizations have been proposed. For example, Mosteller and Tukey (1977)<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Mosteller | first1 = F. | author-link1 = Frederick Mosteller | last2 = Tukey | first2 = J.W | author-link2 = John Tukey | year = 1977 | title = Data analysis and regression | url = https://archive.org/details/dataanalysisregr0000most | location = Boston | publisher = Addison-Wesley}}</ref> distinguished grades, ranks, counted fractions, counts, amounts, and balances. Nelder (1990)<ref>[[John Nelder|Nelder, J.A.]] (1990). The knowledge needed to computerise the analysis and interpretation of statistical information. In ''Expert systems and artificial intelligence: the need for information about data''. Library Association Report, London, March, 23–27.</ref> described continuous counts, continuous ratios, count ratios, and categorical modes of data. (See also: Chrisman (1998),<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chrisman | first1 = Nicholas R | year = 1998 | title = Rethinking Levels of Measurement for Cartography | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_cartography-and-geographic-information-science_1998-10_25_4/page/231 | journal = Cartography and Geographic Information Science | volume = 25 | issue = 4| pages = 231–242 | doi=10.1559/152304098782383043}}</ref> van den Berg (1991).<ref>van den Berg, G. (1991). ''Choosing an analysis method''. Leiden: DSWO Press</ref>) The issue of whether or not it is appropriate to apply different kinds of statistical methods to data obtained from different kinds of measurement procedures is complicated by issues concerning the transformation of variables and the precise interpretation of research questions. "The relationship between the data and what they describe merely reflects the fact that certain kinds of statistical statements may have truth values which are not invariant under some transformations. Whether or not a transformation is sensible to contemplate depends on the question one is trying to answer."<ref>Hand, D.J. (2004). ''Measurement theory and practice: The world through quantification.'' London: Arnold.</ref>{{rp|82}} == Nthowa == {{more citations needed section|date=December 2020}} === Descriptive statistics === {{main|Descriptive statistics}} A '''descriptive statistic''' (in the [[count noun]] sense) is a [[summary statistic]] that quantitatively describes or summarizes features of a collection of [[information]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Mann |first=Prem S. |year=1995 |title=Introductory Statistics |url=https://archive.org/details/introductorystat02edmann_z9s5 |url-access=registration |edition=2nd |publisher=Wiley |isbn=0-471-31009-3 }}</ref> while '''descriptive statistics''' in the [[mass noun]] sense is the process of using and analyzing those statistics. Descriptive statistics is distinguished from [[statistical inference|inferential statistics]] (or inductive statistics), in that descriptive statistics aims to summarize a [[Sample (statistics)|sample]], rather than use the data to learn about the [[statistical population|population]] that the sample of data is thought to represent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Descriptive Statistics {{!}} Research Connections |url=https://www.researchconnections.org/research-tools/descriptive-statistics |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www.researchconnections.org}}</ref> === Inferential statistics === {{main|Statistical inference}} '''Statistical inference''' is the process of using [[data analysis]] to deduce properties of an underlying [[probability distribution]].<ref name="Oxford">Upton, G., Cook, I. (2008) ''Oxford Dictionary of Statistics'', OUP. {{ISBN|978-0-19-954145-4}}.</ref> Inferential statistical analysis infers properties of a [[Statistical population|population]], for example by testing hypotheses and deriving estimates. It is assumed that the observed data set is [[Sampling (statistics)|sampled]] from a larger population. Inferential statistics can be contrasted with [[descriptive statistics]]. Descriptive statistics is solely concerned with properties of the observed data, and it does not rest on the assumption that the data come from a larger population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Inferential Statistics - Purdue OWL® - Purdue University |url=https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/using_research/writing_with_statistics/basic_inferential_statistics.html |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=owl.purdue.edu}}</ref> ====Terminology and theory of inferential statistics==== =====Statistics, estimators and pivotal quantities===== Consider [[Independent identically distributed|independent identically distributed (IID) random variables]] with a given [[probability distribution]]: standard [[statistical inference]] and [[estimation theory]] defines a [[random sample]] as the [[random vector]] given by the [[column vector]] of these IID variables.<ref name=Piazza>Piazza Elio, Probabilità e Statistica, Esculapio 2007</ref> The [[Statistical population|population]] being examined is described by a probability distribution that may have unknown parameters. A statistic is a random variable that is a function of the random sample, but {{em|not a function of unknown parameters}}. The probability distribution of the statistic, though, may have unknown parameters. Consider now a function of the unknown parameter: an [[estimator]] is a statistic used to estimate such function. Commonly used estimators include [[sample mean]], unbiased [[sample variance]] and [[sample covariance]]. A random variable that is a function of the random sample and of the unknown parameter, but whose probability distribution ''does not depend on the unknown parameter'' is called a [[pivotal quantity]] or pivot. Widely used pivots include the [[z-score]], the [[Chi-squared distribution#Applications|chi square statistic]] and Student's [[Student's t-distribution#How the t-distribution arises|t-value]]. Between two estimators of a given parameter, the one with lower [[mean squared error]] is said to be more [[Efficient estimator|efficient]]. Furthermore, an estimator is said to be [[Unbiased estimator|unbiased]] if its [[expected value]] is equal to the [[true value]] of the unknown parameter being estimated, and asymptotically unbiased if its expected value converges at the [[Limit (mathematics)|limit]] to the true value of such parameter. Other desirable properties for estimators include: [[UMVUE]] estimators that have the lowest variance for all possible values of the parameter to be estimated (this is usually an easier property to verify than efficiency) and [[consistent estimator]]s which [[converges in probability]] to the true value of such parameter. This still leaves the question of how to obtain estimators in a given situation and carry the computation, several methods have been proposed: the [[method of moments (statistics)|method of moments]], the [[maximum likelihood]] method, the [[least squares]] method and the more recent method of [[estimating equations]]. =====Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis===== Interpretation of statistical information can often involve the development of a [[null hypothesis]] which is usually (but not necessarily) that no relationship exists among variables or that no change occurred over time.<ref>{{cite book | last = Everitt | first = Brian | title = The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge, UK New York | year = 1998 | isbn = 0521593468 | url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgediction00ever_0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yourstatsguru.com/epar/rp-reviewed/cohen1994/ |title=Cohen (1994) The Earth Is Round (p < .05) |publisher=YourStatsGuru.com |access-date=2015-07-20 |archive-date=2015-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905081658/http://www.yourstatsguru.com/epar/rp-reviewed/cohen1994/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The best illustration for a novice is the predicament encountered by a criminal trial. The null hypothesis, H₀, asserts that the defendant is innocent, whereas the alternative hypothesis, H₁, asserts that the defendant is guilty. The indictment comes because of suspicion of the guilt. The H₀ (status quo) stands in opposition to H₁ and is maintained unless H₁ is supported by evidence "beyond a reasonable doubt". However, "failure to reject H₀" in this case does not imply innocence, but merely that the evidence was insufficient to convict. So the jury does not necessarily ''accept'' H₀ but ''fails to reject'' H₀. While one can not "prove" a null hypothesis, one can test how close it is to being true with a [[Statistical power|power test]], which tests for [[type II error]]s. What [[statisticians]] call an [[alternative hypothesis]] is simply a hypothesis that contradicts the [[null hypothesis]]. =====Error===== Working from a [[null hypothesis]], two broad categories of error are recognized: * [[Type I and type II errors#Type I error|Type I errors]] where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected, giving a "false positive". * [[Type I and type II errors#Type II error|Type II errors]] where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed, giving a "false negative". [[Standard deviation]] refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value, such as the sample or population mean, while [[Standard error (statistics)#Standard error of the mean|Standard error]] refers to an estimate of difference between sample mean and population mean. A [[Errors and residuals in statistics#Introduction|statistical error]] is the amount by which an observation differs from its [[expected value]]. A [[Errors and residuals in statistics#Introduction|residual]] is the amount an observation differs from the value the estimator of the expected value assumes on a given sample (also called prediction). [[Mean squared error]] is used for obtaining [[efficient estimators]], a widely used class of estimators. [[Root mean square error]] is simply the square root of mean squared error. [[File:Linear least squares(2).svg|thumb|right|A least squares fit: in red the points to be fitted, in blue the fitted line.]] Many statistical methods seek to minimize the [[residual sum of squares]], and these are called "[[least squares|methods of least squares]]" in contrast to [[Least absolute deviations]]. The latter gives equal weight to small and big errors, while the former gives more weight to large errors. Residual sum of squares is also [[Differentiable function|differentiable]], which provides a handy property for doing [[regression analysis|regression]]. Least squares applied to [[linear regression]] is called [[ordinary least squares]] method and least squares applied to [[nonlinear regression]] is called [[non-linear least squares]]. Also in a linear regression model the non deterministic part of the model is called error term, disturbance or more simply noise. Both linear regression and non-linear regression are addressed in [[polynomial least squares]], which also describes the variance in a prediction of the dependent variable (y axis) as a function of the independent variable (x axis) and the deviations (errors, noise, disturbances) from the estimated (fitted) curve. Measurement processes that generate statistical data are also subject to error. Many of these errors are classified as [[Random error|random]] (noise) or [[Systematic error|systematic]] ([[bias]]), but other types of errors (e.g., blunder, such as when an analyst reports incorrect units) can also be important. The presence of [[missing data]] or [[censoring (statistics)|censoring]] may result in [[bias (statistics)|biased estimates]] and specific techniques have been developed to address these problems.<ref>Rubin, Donald B.; Little, Roderick J.A., Statistical analysis with missing data, New York: Wiley 2002</ref> =====Interval estimation===== {{main|Interval estimation}} [[File:NYW-confidence-interval.svg|thumb|right|[[Confidence intervals]]: the red line is true value for the mean in this example, the blue lines are random confidence intervals for 100 realizations.]] Most studies only sample part of a population, so results do not fully represent the whole population. Any estimates obtained from the sample only approximate the population value. [[Confidence intervals]] allow statisticians to express how closely the sample estimate matches the true value in the whole population. Often they are expressed as 95% confidence intervals. Formally, a 95% confidence interval for a value is a range where, if the sampling and analysis were repeated under the same conditions (yielding a different dataset), the interval would include the true (population) value in 95% of all possible cases. This does ''not'' imply that the probability that the true value is in the confidence interval is 95%. From the [[frequentist inference|frequentist]] perspective, such a claim does not even make sense, as the true value is not a [[random variable]]. Either the true value is or is not within the given interval. However, it is true that, before any data are sampled and given a plan for how to construct the confidence interval, the probability is 95% that the yet-to-be-calculated interval will cover the true value: at this point, the limits of the interval are yet-to-be-observed [[random variable]]s. One approach that does yield an interval that can be interpreted as having a given probability of containing the true value is to use a [[credible interval]] from [[Bayesian statistics]]: this approach depends on a different way of [[Probability interpretations|interpreting what is meant by "probability"]], that is as a [[Bayesian probability]]. In principle confidence intervals can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. An interval can be asymmetrical because it works as lower or upper bound for a parameter (left-sided interval or right sided interval), but it can also be asymmetrical because the two sided interval is built violating symmetry around the estimate. Sometimes the bounds for a confidence interval are reached asymptotically and these are used to approximate the true bounds. =====Significance===== {{main|Statistical significance}} Statistics rarely give a simple Yes/No type answer to the question under analysis. Interpretation often comes down to the level of statistical significance applied to the numbers and often refers to the probability of a value accurately rejecting the null hypothesis (sometimes referred to as the [[p-value]]). [[File:P-value in statistical significance testing.svg|upright=1.8|thumb|right|In this graph the black line is probability distribution for the [[test statistic]], the [[Critical region#Definition of terms|critical region]] is the set of values to the right of the observed data point (observed value of the test statistic) and the [[p-value]] is represented by the green area.]] The standard approach<ref name="Piazza"/> is to test a null hypothesis against an alternative hypothesis. A [[Critical region#Definition of terms|critical region]] is the set of values of the estimator that leads to refuting the null hypothesis. The probability of type I error is therefore the probability that the estimator belongs to the critical region given that null hypothesis is true ([[statistical significance]]) and the probability of type II error is the probability that the estimator does not belong to the critical region given that the alternative hypothesis is true. The [[statistical power]] of a test is the probability that it correctly rejects the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false. Referring to statistical significance does not necessarily mean that the overall result is significant in real world terms. For example, in a large study of a drug it may be shown that the drug has a statistically significant but very small beneficial effect, such that the drug is unlikely to help the patient noticeably. Although in principle the acceptable level of [[statistical significance]] may be subject to debate, the [[significance level]] is the largest p-value that allows the test to reject the null hypothesis. This test is logically equivalent to saying that the p-value is the probability, assuming the null hypothesis is true, of observing a result at least as extreme as the [[test statistic]]. Therefore, the smaller the significance level, the lower the probability of committing type I error. Some problems are usually associated with this framework (See [[Statistical hypothesis testing#Criticism|criticism of hypothesis testing]]): * A difference that is highly statistically significant can still be of no practical significance, but it is possible to properly formulate tests to account for this. One response involves going beyond reporting only the [[significance level]] to include the [[p-value|''p''-value]] when reporting whether a hypothesis is rejected or accepted. The p-value, however, does not indicate the [[effect size|size]] or importance of the observed effect and can also seem to exaggerate the importance of minor differences in large studies. A better and increasingly common approach is to report [[confidence interval]]s. Although these are produced from the same calculations as those of hypothesis tests or ''p''-values, they describe both the size of the effect and the uncertainty surrounding it. * Fallacy of the transposed conditional, aka [[prosecutor's fallacy]]: criticisms arise because the hypothesis testing approach forces one hypothesis (the [[null hypothesis]]) to be favored, since what is being evaluated is the probability of the observed result given the null hypothesis and not probability of the null hypothesis given the observed result. An alternative to this approach is offered by [[Bayesian inference]], although it requires establishing a [[prior probability]].<ref name=Ioannidis2005>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ioannidis | first1 = J.P.A. | author-link1 = John P.A. Ioannidis| title = Why Most Published Research Findings Are False | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 2 | issue = 8 | pages = e124 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16060722 | pmc = 1182327 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124}}</ref> * Rejecting the null hypothesis does not automatically prove the alternative hypothesis. * As everything in [[inferential statistics]] it relies on sample size, and therefore under [[fat tails]] p-values may be seriously mis-computed.{{clarify|date=October 2016}} =====Examples===== Some well-known statistical [[Statistical hypothesis testing|tests]] and procedures are: {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em| * [[Analysis of variance]] (ANOVA) * [[Chi-squared test]] * [[Correlation]] * [[Factor analysis]] * [[Mann–Whitney (U)|Mann–Whitney ''U'']] * [[Mean square weighted deviation]] (MSWD) * [[Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient]] * [[Regression analysis]] * [[Spearman's rank correlation coefficient]] * [[Student's t-test|Student's ''t''-test]] * [[Time series analysis]] * [[Conjoint Analysis]] }} ===Exploratory data analysis=== {{main|Exploratory data analysis}} '''Exploratory data analysis''' ('''EDA''') is an approach to [[data analysis|analyzing]] [[data set]]s to summarize their main characteristics, often with visual methods. A [[statistical model]] can be used or not, but primarily EDA is for seeing what the data can tell us beyond the formal modeling or hypothesis testing task. == Misuse == {{main|Misuse of statistics}} [[Misuse of statistics]] can produce subtle but serious errors in description and interpretation—subtle in the sense that even experienced professionals make such errors, and serious in the sense that they can lead to devastating decision errors. For instance, social policy, medical practice, and the reliability of structures like bridges all rely on the proper use of statistics. Even when statistical techniques are correctly applied, the results can be difficult to interpret for those lacking expertise. The [[statistical significance]] of a trend in the data—which measures the extent to which a trend could be caused by random variation in the sample—may or may not agree with an intuitive sense of its significance. The set of basic statistical skills (and skepticism) that people need to deal with information in their everyday lives properly is referred to as [[statistical literacy]]. There is a general perception that statistical knowledge is all-too-frequently intentionally [[Misuse of statistics|misused]] by finding ways to interpret only the data that are favorable to the presenter.<ref name="Huff">Huff, Darrell (1954) ''[[How to Lie with Statistics]]'', WW Norton & Company, Inc. New York. {{isbn|0-393-31072-8}}</ref> A mistrust and misunderstanding of statistics is associated with the quotation, "[[Lies, damned lies, and statistics|There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics]]". Misuse of statistics can be both inadvertent and intentional, and the book ''[[How to Lie with Statistics]]'',<ref name=Huff/> by [[Darrell Huff]], outlines a range of considerations. In an attempt to shed light on the use and misuse of statistics, reviews of statistical techniques used in particular fields are conducted (e.g. Warne, Lazo, Ramos, and Ritter (2012)).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Warne | first1 = R. Lazo | last2 = Ramos | first2 = T. | last3 = Ritter | first3 = N. | year = 2012 | title = Statistical Methods Used in Gifted Education Journals, 2006–2010 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_gifted-child-quarterly_summer-2012_56_3/page/134 | journal = Gifted Child Quarterly | volume = 56 | issue = 3| pages = 134–149 | doi = 10.1177/0016986212444122 | s2cid = 144168910 }}</ref> Ways to avoid misuse of statistics include using proper diagrams and avoiding [[Bias (statistics)|bias]].<ref name="Statistics in Archaeology">{{cite book | chapter = Statistics in archaeology | pages = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaarch00pear/page/n2072 2093]–2100 | first1 = Robert D. | last1 = Drennan | title = Encyclopedia of Archaeology | url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaarch00pear | url-access = limited | year = 2008 | publisher = Elsevier Inc. | editor-first = Deborah M. | editor-last = Pearsall | isbn = 978-0-12-373962-9 }}</ref> Misuse can occur when conclusions are [[Hasty generalization|overgeneralized]] and claimed to be representative of more than they really are, often by either deliberately or unconsciously overlooking sampling bias.<ref name="Misuse of Statistics">{{cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Jerome B. |title=Misuse of Statistics |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-statistical-association_1938-12_33_204/page/657 |journal=Journal of the American Statistical Association |date=December 1938 |volume=33 |issue=204 |pages=657–674 |location=JSTOR |doi=10.1080/01621459.1938.10502344}}</ref> Bar graphs are arguably the easiest diagrams to use and understand, and they can be made either by hand or with simple computer programs.<ref name="Statistics in Archaeology" /> Unfortunately, most people do not look for bias or errors, so they are not noticed. Thus, people may often believe that something is true even if it is not well [[Sampling (statistics)|represented]].<ref name="Misuse of Statistics" /> To make data gathered from statistics believable and accurate, the sample taken must be representative of the whole.<ref name="Modern Elementary Statistics">{{cite journal|last=Freund|first=J.E.|author-link = John E. Freund|title=Modern Elementary Statistics|journal=Credo Reference|year=1988}}</ref> According to Huff, "The dependability of a sample can be destroyed by [bias]... allow yourself some degree of skepticism."<ref>{{cite book|last=Huff|first=Darrell|title=How to Lie with Statistics|url=https://archive.org/details/howtoliewithstat0000dare|year=1954|publisher=Norton|location=New York|author2=Irving Geis |quote=The dependability of a sample can be destroyed by [bias]... allow yourself some degree of skepticism.}}</ref> To assist in the understanding of statistics Huff proposed a series of questions to be asked in each case:<ref name=Huff/> * Who says so? (Does he/she have an axe to grind?) * How does he/she know? (Does he/she have the resources to know the facts?) * What's missing? (Does he/she give us a complete picture?) * Did someone change the subject? (Does he/she offer us the right answer to the wrong problem?) * Does it make sense? (Is his/her conclusion logical and consistent with what we already know?) [[File:Simple Confounding Case.svg|upright=0.9|thumb|right|The [[confounding variable]] problem: ''X'' and ''Y'' may be correlated, not because there is causal relationship between them, but because both depend on a third variable ''Z''. ''Z'' is called a confounding factor.]] ===Misinterpretation: correlation=== {{See also|Correlation does not imply causation}} The concept of [[correlation]] is particularly noteworthy for the potential confusion it can cause. Statistical analysis of a [[data set]] often reveals that two variables (properties) of the population under consideration tend to vary together, as if they were connected. For example, a study of annual income that also looks at age of death, might find that poor people tend to have shorter lives than affluent people. The two variables are said to be correlated; however, they may or may not be the cause of one another. The correlation phenomena could be caused by a third, previously unconsidered phenomenon, called a lurking variable or [[confounding variable]]. For this reason, there is no way to immediately infer the existence of a causal relationship between the two variables. ==Applications== ===Applied statistics, theoretical statistics and mathematical statistics=== ''Applied statistics,'' sometimes referred to as ''Statistical science,''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nelder|first=John A.|date=1999|title=From Statistics to Statistical Science|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2681191|journal=Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series D (The Statistician)|volume=48|issue=2|pages=257–269|doi=10.1111/1467-9884.00187|jstor=2681191|issn=0039-0526|access-date=2022-01-15|archive-date=2022-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115160959/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2681191|url-status=live}}</ref> comprises descriptive statistics and the application of inferential statistics.<ref>Nikoletseas, M.M. (2014) "Statistics: Concepts and Examples." {{isbn|978-1500815684}}</ref><ref>Anderson, D.R.; Sweeney, D.J.; Williams, T.A. (1994) ''Introduction to Statistics: Concepts and Applications'', pp. 5–9. West Group. {{isbn|978-0-314-03309-3}}</ref> ''Theoretical statistics'' concerns the logical arguments underlying justification of approaches to [[statistical inference]], as well as encompassing ''mathematical statistics''. Mathematical statistics includes not only the manipulation of [[probability distribution]]s necessary for deriving results related to methods of estimation and inference, but also various aspects of [[computational statistics]] and the [[design of experiments]]. [[Statistical consultant]]s can help organizations and companies that do not have in-house expertise relevant to their particular questions. ===Machine learning and data mining=== [[Machine learning]] models are statistical and probabilistic models that capture patterns in the data through use of computational algorithms. ===Statistics in academia=== Statistics is applicable to a wide variety of [[academic discipline]]s, including [[Natural science|natural]] and [[social science]]s, government, and business. Business statistics applies statistical methods in [[econometrics]], [[auditing]] and production and operations, including services improvement and marketing research.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes|title=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics|website=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics|publisher=Taylor & Francis|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727052958/https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes|url-status=live}}</ref> A study of two journals in tropical biology found that the 12 most frequent statistical tests are: [[analysis of variance]] (ANOVA), [[chi-squared test]], [[Student's t-test]], [[linear regression]], [[Pearson’s correlation coefficient]], [[Mann-Whitney U test]], [[Kruskal-Wallis test]], [[Diversity index#Shannon index|Shannon’s diversity index]], [[Tukey's range test]], [[cluster analysis]], [[Spearman's rank correlation coefficient]] and [[principal component analysis]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Natalia Loaiza Velásquez, María Isabel González Lutz & Julián Monge-Nájera|date=2011|title=Which statistics should tropical biologists learn?|url=https://investiga.uned.ac.cr/ecologiaurbana/wp-content/uploads/sites/30/2017/09/JMN-2011-statistics-should-learn.pdf|journal=Revista Biología Tropical|volume=59|pages=983–992|access-date=2020-04-26|archive-date=2020-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019160957/https://investiga.uned.ac.cr/ecologiaurbana/wp-content/uploads/sites/30/2017/09/JMN-2011-statistics-should-learn.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> A typical statistics course covers descriptive statistics, probability, binomial and [[normal distribution]]s, test of hypotheses and confidence intervals, [[linear regression]], and correlation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pekoz|first=Erol|title=The Manager's Guide to Statistics|date=2009|publisher=Erol Pekoz|isbn=978-0979570438}}</ref> Modern fundamental statistical courses for undergraduate students focus on correct test selection, results interpretation, and use of [[free statistics software]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Statistical computing=== [[File:Gretl screenshot.png|thumb|upright=1.15|right|[[gretl]], an example of an [[List of open source statistical packages|open source statistical package]]]] {{main|Computational statistics}} The rapid and sustained increases in computing power starting from the second half of the 20th century have had a substantial impact on the practice of statistical science. Early statistical models were almost always from the class of [[linear model]]s, but powerful computers, coupled with suitable numerical [[algorithms]], caused an increased interest in [[Nonlinear regression|nonlinear models]] (such as [[Artificial neural network|neural networks]]) as well as the creation of new types, such as [[generalized linear model]]s and [[multilevel model]]s. Increased computing power has also led to the growing popularity of computationally intensive methods based on [[Resampling (statistics)|resampling]], such as [[permutation test]]s and the [[Bootstrapping (statistics)|bootstrap]], while techniques such as [[Gibbs sampling]] have made use of [[Bayesian model]]s more feasible. The computer revolution has implications for the future of statistics with a new emphasis on "experimental" and "empirical" statistics. A large number of both general and special purpose [[List of statistical packages|statistical software]] are now available. Examples of available software capable of complex statistical computation include programs such as [[Mathematica]], [[SAS (software)|SAS]], [[SPSS]], and [[R (programming language)|R]]. ===Business statistics=== In business, "statistics" is a widely used [[Management#Nature of work|management-]] and [[decision support]] tool. It is particularly applied in [[financial management]], [[marketing management]], and [[Manufacturing process management|production]], [[operations management for services|services]] and [[operations management]] .<ref>{{cite web |url=https://amstat.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=ubes20 |title=Aims and scope |website=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics |publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623194835/https://amstat.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=ubes20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes |title=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics |website=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics |publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727052958/https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes |url-status=live }}</ref> Statistics is also heavily used in [[management accounting]] and [[auditing]]. The discipline of [[Management Science]] formalizes the use of statistics, and other mathematics, in business. ([[Econometrics]] is the application of statistical methods to [[economic data]] in order to give empirical content to [[economic theory|economic relationships]].) A typical "Business Statistics" course is intended for [[Business education#Undergraduate education|business majors]], and covers <ref>Numerous texts are available, reflecting the scope and reach of the discipline in the business world: *Sharpe, N. (2014). ''Business Statistics'', Pearson. {{ISBN|978-0134705217}} *Wegner, T. (2010). ''Applied Business Statistics: Methods and Excel-Based Applications,'' Juta Academic. {{ISBN|0702172863}} Two [[Open textbook|open textbooks]] are: *Holmes, L., Illowsky, B., Dean, S. (2017). [https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/509 ''Introductory Business Statistics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616084059/https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/509|date=2021-06-16}} *Nica, M. (2013). [https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/384 ''Principles of Business Statistics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518151122/https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/384|date=2021-05-18}}</ref> [[descriptive statistics]] ([[Data collection|collection]], description, analysis, and summary of data), probability (typically the [[binomial distribution|binomial]] and [[normal distribution]]s), test of hypotheses and confidence intervals, [[linear regression]], and correlation; (follow-on) courses may include [[forecasting]], [[time series]], [[decision trees]], [[multiple linear regression]], and other topics from [[business analytics]] more generally. See also {{sectionlink|Business mathematics#University level}}. [[Professional certification in financial services|Professional certification programs]], such as the [[Chartered Financial Analyst|CFA]], often include topics in statistics. ===Statistics applied to mathematics or the arts=== Traditionally, statistics was concerned with drawing inferences using a semi-standardized methodology that was "required learning" in most sciences. This tradition has changed with the use of statistics in non-inferential contexts. What was once considered a dry subject, taken in many fields as a degree-requirement, is now viewed enthusiastically.{{according to whom|date=April 2014}} Initially derided by some mathematical purists, it is now considered essential methodology in certain areas. * In [[number theory]], [[scatter plot]]s of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns, which may then lead to hypotheses. * Predictive methods of statistics in [[forecasting]] combining [[chaos theory]] and [[fractal geometry]] can be used to create video works.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cline|first=Graysen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1132348139|title=Nonparametric Statistical Methods Using R|date=2019|publisher=EDTECH|isbn=978-1-83947-325-8|oclc=1132348139|access-date=2021-09-16|archive-date=2022-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515012840/https://www.worldcat.org/title/nonparametric-statistical-methods-using-r/oclc/1132348139|url-status=live}}</ref> * The [[process art]] of [[Jackson Pollock]] relied on artistic experiments whereby underlying distributions in nature were artistically revealed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Palacios|first1=Bernardo|last2=Rosario|first2=Alfonso|last3=Wilhelmus|first3=Monica M.|last4=Zetina|first4=Sandra|last5=Zenit|first5=Roberto|date=2019-10-30|title=Pollock avoided hydrodynamic instabilities to paint with his dripping technique|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=14|issue=10|pages=e0223706|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0223706|issn=1932-6203|pmc=6821064|pmid=31665191|bibcode=2019PLoSO..1423706P|doi-access=free}}</ref> With the advent of computers, statistical methods were applied to formalize such distribution-driven natural processes to make and analyze moving video art.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}} * Methods of statistics may be used predicatively in [[performance art]], as in a card trick based on a [[Markov process]] that only works some of the time, the occasion of which can be predicted using statistical methodology. * Statistics can be used to predicatively create art, as in the statistical or [[stochastic music]] invented by [[Iannis Xenakis]], where the music is performance-specific. Though this type of artistry does not always come out as expected, it does behave in ways that are predictable and tunable using statistics. == Specialized disciplines == {{main|List of fields of application of statistics}} Statistical techniques are used in a wide range of types of scientific and social research, including: [[biostatistics]], [[computational biology]], [[computational sociology]], [[network biology]], [[social science]], [[sociology]] and [[social research]]. Some fields of inquiry use applied statistics so extensively that they have [[specialized terminology]]. These disciplines include: {{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|* [[Actuarial science]] (assesses risk in the insurance and finance industries) * Applied information economics * [[Astrostatistics]] (statistical evaluation of astronomical data) * [[Biostatistics]] * [[Chemometrics]] (for analysis of data from [[chemistry]]) * [[Data mining]] (applying statistics and [[pattern recognition]] to discover knowledge from data) * [[Data science]] * [[Demography]] (statistical study of populations) * [[Econometrics]] (statistical analysis of economic data) * [[Statistical study of energy data|Energy statistics]] * [[Engineering statistics]] * [[Epidemiology]] (statistical analysis of disease) * [[Geography]] and [[geographic information system]]s, specifically in [[spatial analysis]] * [[Image processing]] * [[Jurimetrics]] ([[law]]) * [[Medical statistics]] * [[Political science]] * [[Psychological statistics]] * [[Reliability engineering]] * [[Social statistics]] * [[Statistical mechanics]]}} In addition, there are particular types of statistical analysis that have also developed their own specialised terminology and methodology: {{Columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[Bootstrapping (statistics)|Bootstrap]]{{\}}[[Jackknife resampling|jackknife]] [[Resampling (statistics)|resampling]] * [[Multivariate statistics]] * [[Statistical classification]] * [[Structured data analysis (statistics)|Structured data analysis]] * [[Structural equation modelling]] * [[Survey methodology]] * [[Survival analysis]] * Statistics in various sports, particularly [[Baseball statistics|baseball]] – known as [[sabermetrics]] – and [[Cricket statistics|cricket]] }} Statistics form a key basis tool in business and manufacturing as well. It is used to understand measurement systems variability, control processes (as in [[statistical process control]] or SPC), for summarizing data, and to make data-driven decisions. In these roles, it is a key tool, and perhaps the only reliable tool.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} == See also == {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=no |about=yes |label=Statistics}} {{main|Outline of statistics}} <!-- NOTE: This is mainly for statistics-related lists. Please consider adding links to either the "Outline of statistics" or the "List of statistics articles" entries rather than here.--> {{Columns-list|colwidth=20em| * [[Abundance estimation]] * [[Glossary of probability and statistics]] * [[List of academic statistical associations]] * [[List of important publications in statistics]] * [[List of national and international statistical services]] * [[List of statistical packages]] (software) * [[List of statistics articles]] * [[List of university statistical consulting centers]] * [[Notation in probability and statistics]] * [[Statistics education]] * [[World Statistics Day]] }} ;Foundations and major areas of statistics {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|<!-- Foundations and major areas of statistics, closely related fields NOT already mentioned in "Specialised disciplines" section--> * [[Foundations of statistics]] * [[List of statisticians]] * [[Official statistics]] * [[Multivariate analysis of variance]] :<!--empty column--> :<!--empty column--> }} == References == {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * Lydia Denworth, "A Significant Problem: Standard scientific methods are under fire. Will anything change?", ''[[Scientific American]]'', vol. 321, no. 4 (October 2019), pp.&nbsp;62–67. "The use of [[p value|''p'' values]] for nearly a century [since 1925] to determine [[statistical significance]] of [[experiment]]al results has contributed to an illusion of [[certainty]] and [to] [[Replication crisis|reproducibility crises]] in many [[science|scientific fields]]. There is growing determination to reform statistical analysis... Some [researchers] suggest changing statistical methods, whereas others would do away with a threshold for defining "significant" results." (p.&nbsp;63.) * {{cite book|author1=Barbara Illowsky|author2=Susan Dean|title=Introductory Statistics|url=https://openstax.org/details/introductory-statistics|year=2014|publisher=OpenStax CNX|isbn=978-1938168208}} * {{cite web|first=David W.|last=Stockburger|url=http://psychstat3.missouristate.edu/Documents/IntroBook3/sbk.htm|title=Introductory Statistics: Concepts, Models, and Applications|edition=3rd Web|website=[[Missouri State University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528093101/http://psychstat3.missouristate.edu/Documents/IntroBook3/sbk.htm|archive-date=28 May 2020}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190616110442/https://www.openintro.org/stat/textbook.php?stat_book=os ''OpenIntro Statistics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616110442/https://www.openintro.org/stat/textbook.php?stat_book=os |date=2019-06-16 }}, 3rd edition by Diez, Barr, and Cetinkaya-Rundel * Stephen Jones, 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170215092220/https://books.google.com/books?id=mywdBQAAQBAJ ''Statistics in Psychology: Explanations without Equations'']. Palgrave Macmillan. {{isbn|978-1137282392}}. * {{cite journal | last1 = Cohen | first1 = J | year = 1990 | title = Things I have learned (so far) | url = http://moityca.com.br/pdfs/Cohen_1990.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171018181831/http://moityca.com.br/pdfs/Cohen_1990.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2017-10-18 | journal = American Psychologist | volume = 45 | issue = 12 | pages = 1304–1312 | doi = 10.1037/0003-066x.45.12.1304 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Gigerenzer | first1 = G | year = 2004 | title = Mindless statistics | journal = Journal of Socio-Economics | volume = 33 | issue = 5 | pages = 587–606 | doi = 10.1016/j.socec.2004.09.033 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Ioannidis | first1 = J.P.A. | year = 2005 | title = Why most published research findings are false | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 2 | issue = 4 | pages = 696–701 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040168 | pmid = 17456002 | pmc = 1855693 }} ==External links== {{Sister project links|Statistics}} * (Electronic Version): TIBCO Software Inc. (2020). [https://docs.tibco.com/data-science/textbook Data Science Textbook]. * [http://onlinestatbook.com/index.html ''Online Statistics Education: An Interactive Multimedia Course of Study'']. Developed by Rice University (Lead Developer), University of Houston Clear Lake, Tufts University, and National Science Foundation. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060717201702/http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/ UCLA Statistical Computing Resources] (archived 17 July 2006) * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statistics/ Philosophy of Statistics] from the [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] {{Statistics |state=expanded}} {{Areas of mathematics |collapsed}} {{Glossaries of science and engineering}} {{Portal bar|Mathematics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Statistics| ]]<!--space-indexed (i.e. lead/home/eponymous) category first--> [[Category:Data]] [[Category:Formal sciences]] [[Category:Information]] [[Category:Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)]] [[Category:Research methods]] [[Category:Arab inventions]] gzaogv4ws2s1yy0ozwzion47prvkjt5 0 48156 121881 120532 2026-09-10T04:28:04Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 121881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Kampani ya ku America yakupereka mautumiki ghakugaŵana magalimoto}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2021}} {{Infobox company | name = Lyft, Inc. | type = [[Kampani ya pa msika wa masheya|Yakulembeska pa msika]] | traded_as = {{ubl|class=nowrap|{{NASDAQ|LYFT}} (Kalasi A)|[[Russell 1000]] component|[[S&P 600]] component}} | industry = [[Galimoto yakwendeska ŵanthu pa malipiro]] | founded = {{start date and age|2012|6|9}} (nga ni [[Zimride]]) | founders = {{ubl|[[Logan Green]]||[[John Zimmer]]}} | hq_location = {{nowrap|[[San Francisco]], California, U.S.}} | area_served = {{ubl|United States|Canada}} | key_people = {{unbulleted list|Logan Green ([[chairman]])|John Zimmer ([[President (corporate title)|purezidenti]])|[[David Risher]] ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}} | revenue = {{increase}} {{US$|6.32 billion|link=yes}} | revenue_year = 2025 | operating_income = {{increase}} -{{US$|118 million}} (2025) | net_income = {{increase}} {{US$|2.84 billion}} | net_income_year = 2025 | assets = {{increase}} {{US$|9.03 billion}} | assets_year = 2025 | equity = {{increase}} {{US$|3.27 billion}} | equity_year = 2025 | num_employees = 3,913 | num_employees_year = 2025 | website = {{URL|[https://lyft.com}}) | footnotes = <ref name=10K>{{cite web | url=[https://investor.lyft.com/sec-filings/all-sec-filings/content/0001628280-26-006960/lyft-20251231.htm](https://investor.lyft.com/sec-filings/all-sec-filings/content/0001628280-26-006960/lyft-20251231.htm) | title=Lyft, Inc. 2025 Form 10-K Annual Report | date=February 11, 2026 | access-date=February 23, 2026}}</ref> }} '''Lyft, Inc.''' ni kampani ya ku [[United States of America|America]] iyo yikupereka [[kampani yakucema magalimoto|mautumiki ghakucema magalimoto]], [[e-scooter]], na [[ndondomeko yakugaŵana njinga]] mu United States na Canada, ndipo kwizira mu pulogiramu yake ya pa foni ya [[Freenow]], ku [[Europe]].<ref name=10K/> Lyft ni kampani yachiŵiri yikuru chomene ya [[kampani yakucema magalimoto]] mu United States pamanyuma pa [[Uber]].<ref name=10K/> Yili na ŵakwenda ŵakugwira ntchito ŵakukwana 25 miliyoni ndipo yikovwira maulendo pafupifupi 9 miliyoni pa zuŵa.<ref name=10K/> ==Mbiri== [[File:LyftLA.jpg|thumb|Machele ya pinki yakuzirwa ya Lyft ndiyo yikaŵa chizindikiro chakwamba cha kampani iyi m'paka mu 2015 apo yikasinthira ku machele madoko, ghakung'anima gha mtundu wa magenta agho ghakuŵikika pa dashboard ya galimoto ya dalaivala.]] Lyft yikambiska mu chihanya cha 2012 na ŵakulemba mapulogalamu gha kompyuta [[Logan Green]] na [[John Zimmer]] nga ni uteŵeti wa [[Zimride]], kampani yakwendeska ŵanthu mu magalimoto gha pamoza pa mtunda utali pakati pa misumba iyo yikaŵa yakugomezgeka pa kayendedwe ka ŵana ŵa sukulu za koleji, iyo ŵakayambiska mu 2007 pamanyuma pakuti Green wakamba kwendeska ŵanthu mu galimoto kufuma ku kampasi ya [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] kukachezera chibwezi chake ku Los Angeles ndipo wakapenjanga nthowa yipusu yakugawirana maulendo.<ref>{{cite news | last=Farr | first=Christina | title=Lyft team gets $60M more; now it must prove ride-sharing can go global | url=[https://venturebeat.com/2013/05/23/lyft-races-ahead-with-60m-in-funding-but-what-challenges-lie-ahead/](https://venturebeat.com/2013/05/23/lyft-races-ahead-with-60m-in-funding-but-what-challenges-lie-ahead/) | work=[[VentureBeat]] | date=May 23, 2013 | access-date=September 4, 2017 | archive-date=July 27, 2017 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170727185342/https://venturebeat.com/2013/05/23/lyft-races-ahead-with-60m-in-funding-but-what-challenges-lie-ahead/](https://web.archive.org/web/20170727185342/https://venturebeat.com/2013/05/23/lyft-races-ahead-with-60m-in-funding-but-what-challenges-lie-ahead/) | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Green | first=Tomio | title=Lyft Raises $60 Million As Ride Sharing Competition Heats Up | url=[https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomiogeron/2013/05/23/lyft-raises-60-million-as-ride-sharing-competition-heats-up/](https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomiogeron/2013/05/23/lyft-raises-60-million-as-ride-sharing-competition-heats-up/) | work=[[Forbes]] | date=May 23, 2013 | access-date=September 4, 2017 | archive-date=December 1, 2017 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044812/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomiogeron/2013/05/23/lyft-raises-60-million-as-ride-sharing-competition-heats-up/](https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044812/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomiogeron/2013/05/23/lyft-raises-60-million-as-ride-sharing-competition-heats-up/) | url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Meyi 2013, kampani iyi yikasintha zina kufuma ku Zimride kuya ku Lyft.<ref>{{cite news | url=[https://www.inc.com/magazine/201607/christine-lagorio/john-zimmer-logan-green-lyft-zimride.html](https://www.inc.com/magazine/201607/christine-lagorio/john-zimmer-logan-green-lyft-zimride.html) | title=How Lyft's Founders Listened to Their Gut (and Not Their Mentor) | first=Christine | last=Lagorio-Chafkin | work=[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]] | date=June 24, 2017 | access-date=April 13, 2019 | archive-date=April 15, 2019 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190415155914/https://www.inc.com/magazine/201607/christine-lagorio-john-zimmer-logan-green-lyft-zimride.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20190415155914/https://www.inc.com/magazine/201607/christine-lagorio-john-zimmer-logan-green-lyft-zimride.html) | url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Julayi 2013, Lyft wakaguliska uteŵeti wakwamba wa Zimride ku [[Enterprise Holdings]], kampani iyo njapapi ya [[Enterprise Rent-A-Car]].<ref>{{cite news | last=Gannes | first=Liz | title=Lyft Sells Zimride Carpool Service to Rental-Car Giant Enterprise | url=[http://allthingsd.com/20130712/lyft-sells-zimride-carpool-service-to-rental-car-giant-enterprise/](http://allthingsd.com/20130712/lyft-sells-zimride-carpool-service-to-rental-car-giant-enterprise/) | work=[[All Things Digital]] | date=July 12, 2013 | access-date=July 19, 2013 | archive-date=July 15, 2013 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130715061921/http://allthingsd.com/20130712/lyft-sells-zimride-carpool-service-to-rental-car-giant-enterprise/](https://web.archive.org/web/20130715061921/http://allthingsd.com/20130712/lyft-sells-zimride-carpool-service-to-rental-car-giant-enterprise/) | url-status=live }}</ref> Mu 2013, [[Andreessen Horowitz]] wakaŵika ndalama mwa Lyft nga chigaŵa cha magawo gha ndalama zakovwira kukura kwa kampani iyi mu nyengo yake yakwambilira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lyft Raises $60 Million As Ride Sharing Competition Heats Up |url=[https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomiogeron/2013/05/23/lyft-raises-60-million-as-ride-sharing-competition-heats-up/](https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomiogeron/2013/05/23/lyft-raises-60-million-as-ride-sharing-competition-heats-up/) |work=Forbes |date=May 23, 2013 |access-date=2024-01-01}}</ref> Ndondomeko ya malonda ya Lyft yikasazgapo machele ghakurughakuru gha pinki agho madalaivala ŵakaŵikanga panthazi pa magalimoto ghawo kweniso kukhuŵilizga ŵakwenda kuti ŵakhale pa mpando wakwamba na kuchita [[kukhomana mawoko|fist bump]] na madalaivala para ŵakumana.<ref>{{cite news | url=[https://mashable.com/2014/12/22/lyft-marketing/](https://mashable.com/2014/12/22/lyft-marketing/) | title=Why Lyft is trimming its pink mustache | first=Seth | last=Fiegerman | work=[[Mashable]] | date=December 22, 2014 | access-date=April 13, 2019 | archive-date=April 2, 2019 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190402162527/https://mashable.com/2014/12/22/lyft-marketing/](https://web.archive.org/web/20190402162527/https://mashable.com/2014/12/22/lyft-marketing/) | url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Novembala 2014, kampani iyi yikaleka kutemwa na chizgo cha fist bump.<ref>{{cite news | url=[https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-lyft-fist-bump-20141128-story.html](https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-lyft-fist-bump-20141128-story.html) | title=Lyft distances itself from fist bump during busiest week yet | first=Tracey | last=Lien | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=November 28, 2014 | access-date=April 13, 2019 | archive-date=August 4, 2020 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200804091129/https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-lyft-fist-bump-20141128-story.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20200804091129/https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-lyft-fist-bump-20141128-story.html) | url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Janyuwale 2015, Lyft yikambiska machele madoko gha pulasitiki agho ghakung'anima gha pa dashboard iyo yikayichema "glowstache" nga nthowa yinyake yakupambana na machele ghakuru ghakuzirwa agho ghakaŵa panthazi pa magalimoto. Kusintha uku kukaŵa kwakovwira kuti ŵamalane na kukana kwa ŵakwenda ŵanyake awo ŵakakhumbanga yayi kufika ku malo nga ni maungano gha bizinesi mu galimoto iyo yikaŵa na machele ghakuru chomene.<ref>{{Cite magazine | url=[https://www.wired.com/2015/01/lyft-finally-ditching-furry-pink-mustache/](https://www.wired.com/2015/01/lyft-finally-ditching-furry-pink-mustache/) | title=Lyft Is Finally Ditching the Furry Pink Mustache | last=VanHemert | first=Kyle | magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | date=January 20, 2015 | access-date=April 9, 2017 | archive-date=February 11, 2017 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081538/https://www.wired.com/2015/01/lyft-finally-ditching-furry-pink-mustache/](https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081538/https://www.wired.com/2015/01/lyft-finally-ditching-furry-pink-mustache/) | url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Ogasiti 2014, kampani iyi yikambiska [[usafiri wakugawana]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=[https://techcrunch.com/2014/08/06/lyft-line/](https://techcrunch.com/2014/08/06/lyft-line/) | title=With Lyft Line, Passengers Can Split Fares For Shared Rides | last=Lawler | first=Ryan | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=August 6, 2014 | access-date=September 4, 2017 | archive-date=July 5, 2017 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170705172708/https://techcrunch.com/2014/08/06/lyft-line/](https://web.archive.org/web/20170705172708/https://techcrunch.com/2014/08/06/lyft-line/) | url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Disembala 2017, Lyft yikakulirako kuya ku [[Canada]], na kwamba kugwira ntchito mu misumba ya [[Toronto]], [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]] na [[Ottawa]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=[https://techcrunch.com/2017/11/13/lyfts-first-market-outside-the-u-s-will-be-canada-with-a-december-launch-in-toronto/](https://techcrunch.com/2017/11/13/lyfts-first-market-outside-the-u-s-will-be-canada-with-a-december-launch-in-toronto/) | title=Lyft's first market outside the U.S. will be Canada with a December launch in Toronto | last=Etherington | first=Darrell | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=November 13, 2017 | access-date=November 14, 2017 | archive-date=November 15, 2017 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20171115015523/https://techcrunch.com/2017/11/13/lyfts-first-market-outside-the-u-s-will-be-canada-with-a-december-launch-in-toronto/](https://web.archive.org/web/20171115015523/https://techcrunch.com/2017/11/13/lyfts-first-market-outside-the-u-s-will-be-canada-with-a-december-launch-in-toronto/) | url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Malichi 2018, Lyft wakachita phangano na [[Allscripts]] pa pulatifomu iyo yikapelekanga mwaŵi kwa ŵakupwelelera umoyo kuti ŵanozge maulendo gha ŵalwari awo ŵalije nthowa zakwendera ku maudindo gha chipatala, na vilato vya kupeleka uteŵeti uwu ku vipatala 2,500, madokotala 180,000, ndiposo ŵalwari pafupifupi 7 miliyoni.<ref>{{cite news | url=[https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2018/03/05/lyft-deal-allscripts-lets-180-000-doctors-call-rides-their-patients/389122002/](https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2018/03/05/lyft-deal-allscripts-lets-180-000-doctors-call-rides-their-patients/389122002/) | title=Lyft deal with Allscripts lets 180,000 doctors call rides for their patients | last=della Cava | first=Marco | work=[[USA Today]] | date=March 5, 2018 | access-date=March 5, 2018 | archive-date=March 5, 2018 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180305190102/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2018/03/05/lyft-deal-allscripts-lets-180-000-doctors-call-rides-their-patients/389122002/](https://web.archive.org/web/20180305190102/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2018/03/05/lyft-deal-allscripts-lets-180-000-doctors-call-rides-their-patients/389122002/) | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=[https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/04/lyft-and-allscripts-want-to-make-it-easier-to-get-people-to-the-doctors-office.html](https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/04/lyft-and-allscripts-want-to-make-it-easier-to-get-people-to-the-doctors-office.html) | title=Lyft and Allscripts want to make it easier to get people to the doctor's office | last=LaVito | first=Angelica | work=[[CNBC]] | date=March 5, 2018 | access-date=April 13, 2019 | archive-date=September 25, 2018 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180925062457/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/04/lyft-and-allscripts-want-to-make-it-easier-to-get-people-to-the-doctors-office.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20180925062457/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/04/lyft-and-allscripts-want-to-make-it-easier-to-get-people-to-the-doctors-office.html) | url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Febuluwale 2018, Lyft wakalemba ntchito uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa malonda gha pa charu chose wa Tesla, [[Jon McNeill]], kuŵa mulara wakwendeska ntchito (COO).<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2018 |title=Lyft hires Tesla executive Jon McNeill as COO |url=[https://www.reuters.com/article/technology/lyft-hires-tesla-executive-jon-mcneill-as-coo-idUSKBN1FS04Y/](https://www.reuters.com/article/technology/lyft-hires-tesla-executive-jon-mcneill-as-coo-idUSKBN1FS04Y/) |access-date=April 2, 2026 |website=Reuters}}</ref> Lyft wakagura [[Motivate (company)|Motivate]], ndondomeko ya [[magalimoto gha njinga ghakugawikana]] kweniso uyo wakwendeska [[Capital Bikeshare]] na [[Citi Bike]], mu Novembala 2018.<ref>{{cite news | url=[https://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2018/12/03/lyft-completes-acquisition-of-portlands-bikeshare.html](https://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2018/12/03/lyft-completes-acquisition-of-portlands-bikeshare.html) | title=Lyft completes acquisition of Portland's bike-share program operator | first=Carrie | last=Ghose | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=December 3, 2018 | access-date=April 13, 2019 | archive-date=January 17, 2020 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200117182740/https://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2018/12/03/lyft-completes-acquisition-of-portlands-bikeshare.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20200117182740/https://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2018/12/03/lyft-completes-acquisition-of-portlands-bikeshare.html) | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=[http://fortune.com/2018/11/29/lyft-biggest-bike-share-service-citi/](http://fortune.com/2018/11/29/lyft-biggest-bike-share-service-citi/) | title=Lyft Inks Deal With N.Y.C. and Becomes Largest Bike-Share Service in U.S. | first=Laura | last=Stampler | work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | date=November 29, 2018 | access-date=April 13, 2019 | archive-date=April 11, 2019 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190411134822/http://fortune.com/2018/11/29/lyft-biggest-bike-share-service-citi/](https://web.archive.org/web/20190411134822/http://fortune.com/2018/11/29/lyft-biggest-bike-share-service-citi/) | url-status=live }}</ref> Kampani iyi yikalengezga so yikukhumba kusazgirapo njinga za Citi 28,000 na kusazgirako uteŵeti wake.<ref>{{Cite news | url=[https://www.wsj.com/articles/lyft-to-add-28-000-citi-bikes-and-expand-service-1543508558](https://www.wsj.com/articles/lyft-to-add-28-000-citi-bikes-and-expand-service-1543508558) | title=Lyft to Add 28,000 Citi Bikes and Expand Service | last=Berger | first=Paul | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=November 29, 2018 | url-access=subscription | access-date=November 30, 2018 | archive-date=November 30, 2018 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181130090405/https://www.wsj.com/articles/lyft-to-add-28-000-citi-bikes-and-expand-service-1543508558](https://web.archive.org/web/20181130090405/https://www.wsj.com/articles/lyft-to-add-28-000-citi-bikes-and-expand-service-1543508558) | url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Novembala 2018, Lyft wakamazga mulandu wa gulu la ŵanthu awo wakatsegulika mu 2014, uwo ukatenge kampani iyi yikatuma mameseji ghanandi gha malonda agho ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga yayi.<ref name="TCA2018">{{cite web | last1=Pennington | first1=Laura | title=Lyft, Consumers Seek Approval of $4M Texting Class Action Settlement | website=Top Class Actions | date=November 9, 2018 | url=[https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/lawsuit-news/863072-lyft-consumers-seek-approval-4m-texting-class-action-settlement/](https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/lawsuit-news/863072-lyft-consumers-seek-approval-4m-texting-class-action-settlement/) | access-date=March 15, 2019 | archive-date=April 2, 2019 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190402042907/https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/lawsuit-news/863072-lyft-consumers-seek-approval-4m-texting-class-action-settlement/](https://web.archive.org/web/20190402042907/https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/lawsuit-news/863072-lyft-consumers-seek-approval-4m-texting-class-action-settlement/) | url-status=live }}</ref> Padera pa malipiro gha madola 4 miliyoni ku ŵakudandawura, ŵakupeleka mulandu ŵakapempha madola 1 miliyoni gha ndalama za maloya.<ref>{{cite news | last=Sinay | first=Reenat | title=2 Firms In $4M Lyft TCPA Deal Seek Nearly $1M Attys' Fees | url=[https://www.law360.com/articles/1129378/2-firms-in-4m-lyft-tcpa-deal-seek-nearly-1m-attys-fees](https://www.law360.com/articles/1129378/2-firms-in-4m-lyft-tcpa-deal-seek-nearly-1m-attys-fees) | publisher=[[Law360]] | date=February 14, 2019 | url-access=subscription | access-date=March 15, 2019 | archive-date=April 2, 2019 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190402042925/https://www.law360.com/articles/1129378/2-firms-in-4m-lyft-tcpa-deal-seek-nearly-1m-attys-fees](https://web.archive.org/web/20190402042925/https://www.law360.com/articles/1129378/2-firms-in-4m-lyft-tcpa-deal-seek-nearly-1m-attys-fees) | url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Malichi 2019, Lyft yikaŵa [[kampani ya ŵanthu wose]] kwizira mu [[kupereka masheya kakwamba kwa ŵanthu wose]], ndipo yikakwezga madola 2.34 biliyoni pa mtengo wa kampani wa madola 24.3 biliyoni.<ref>{{Cite news|url=[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lyft-ipo-idUSKCN1R92P4](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lyft-ipo-idUSKCN1R92P4) |title=Lyft valued at $24.3 billion in first ride-hailing IPO |date=March 29, 2019|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=September 10, 2019 |language=en |archive-date=March 29, 2019 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190329155048/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lyft-ipo-idUSKCN1R92P4|url-status=live}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20190329155048/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lyft-ipo-idUSKCN1R92P4|url-status=live}})</ref> Kampani iyi yikasunga masheya ghanyake kuti ghaŵe gha madalaivala awo ŵagwira nayo ntchito nyengo yitali.<ref>{{cite press release | url=[https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lyft-announces-driver-bonuses-and-directed-share-program-opportunity-300805055.html](https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lyft-announces-driver-bonuses-and-directed-share-program-opportunity-300805055.html) | title=Lyft Announces Driver Bonuses and Directed Share Program Opportunity | publisher=[[PR Newswire]] | date=March 1, 2019 | access-date=March 21, 2019 | archive-date=March 21, 2019 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190321231650/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lyft-announces-driver-bonuses-and-directed-share-program-opportunity-300805055.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20190321231650/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lyft-announces-driver-bonuses-and-directed-share-program-opportunity-300805055.html) | url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Malichi 2020, Lyft wakagura Halo Cars iyo yikupeleka malipiro ku madalaivala kuti ŵalongore malonda gha pa digito pa magalimoto ghawo.<ref>{{cite news |url=[https://www.thedp.com/article/2020/03/halo-cars-lyft-penn-wharton](https://www.thedp.com/article/2020/03/halo-cars-lyft-penn-wharton) |title=Lyft buys Halo Cars, a startup founded by four Penn students in 2018 | first=Anya | last=Tullman |work=[[The Daily Pennsylvanian]] | date=March 3, 2020 }}</ref> Mu Epulero 2020, pa nyengo ya [[mliri wa COVID-19 mu United States]], Lyft wakachita kuti ŵantchito 982 ŵalekere ntchito ndipo ŵanyake 288 ŵakaŵa pa tchuthi cha ntchito kuti ŵachepeske ndalama zakwendeskera kampani.<ref>{{Cite web | url=[https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1759509/000119312520125193/d848949d8k.htm](https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1759509/000119312520125193/d848949d8k.htm) | title=Lyft, Inc. Form 8-K | via=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] | date=April 29, 2020 | access-date=December 14, 2020 | archive-date=September 20, 2020 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200920200814/https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=%2FArchives%2Fedgar%2Fdata%2F1759509%2F000119312520125193%2Fd848949d8k.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20200920200814/https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=%2FArchives%2Fedgar%2Fdata%2F1759509%2F000119312520125193%2Fd848949d8k.htm) | url-status=live }}</ref> Kampani iyi yikalutilira kupeleka ma scooter gha kupangiska mu San Francisco, apo boma la Miami likapempha Lyft kuti yimike milimo yake.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electric scooter-sharing grinds to a halt in response to the COVID-19 pandemic |url=[https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/20/21188119/electric-scooter-coronavirus-bird-lime-spin-suspend-bikes](https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/20/21188119/electric-scooter-coronavirus-bird-lime-spin-suspend-bikes) |last=Hawkins |first=Andrew J. |website=[[The Verge]] |date=March 20, 2020 |access-date=May 22, 2020 |archive-date=May 19, 2020 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200519123321/https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/20/21188119/electric-scooter-coronavirus-bird-lime-spin-suspend-bikes](https://web.archive.org/web/20200519123321/https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/20/21188119/electric-scooter-coronavirus-bird-lime-spin-suspend-bikes) |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Ogasiti 2020, Lyft wakachita phangano na kampani yakupangiska magalimoto ya [[Sixt]] kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito Lyft ŵasange magalimoto ghakupangiska, ndipo kampani iyi yikupokera [[Komisheni (malipiro)|komisheni]]. Magalimoto ghanandi agho ghakupangiskika ghali gha Sixt ndipo ghakwendeskeka na iyo, ndipo wali na malo 85 mu U.S.<ref>{{cite news |url=[https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelgoldstein/2020/08/07/rent-a-car-straight-from-the-lyft-app-with-partner-sixt/](https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelgoldstein/2020/08/07/rent-a-car-straight-from-the-lyft-app-with-partner-sixt/) |title=Lyft Gets Into The Rental Car Business With Partner SIXT | first=Michael | last=Goldstein |work=[[Forbes]] |archive-date=August 10, 2020 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200810005116/https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelgoldstein/2020/08/07/rent-a-car-straight-from-the-lyft-app-with-partner-sixt/#3bca63b1952a](https://web.archive.org/web/20200810005116/https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelgoldstein/2020/08/07/rent-a-car-straight-from-the-lyft-app-with-partner-sixt/#3bca63b1952a) |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=[https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/30/lyft-expands-its-rental-business-with-sixt-partnership/](https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/30/lyft-expands-its-rental-business-with-sixt-partnership/) |title=Lyft expands its rental business with Sixt partnership | first=Kirsten |last=Korosec | work=[[TechCrunch]] |archive-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200817230747/https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/30/lyft-expands-its-rental-business-with-sixt-partnership/](https://web.archive.org/web/20200817230747/https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/30/lyft-expands-its-rental-business-with-sixt-partnership/) |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu Disembala 2020, Lyft wakapharazga mapulani ghakuti wayambiske uteŵeti wa [[magalimoto gha robotaxi|robotaxi]] mu misumba yinandi ya ku U.S. pamoza na Motional.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lienert |first=Paul |date=December 16, 2020|title=Lyft, Motional to launch multi-city U.S. robotaxi service in 2023 |language=en |work=Reuters |url=[https://www.reuters.com/article/autos-selfdriving-lyft-idUSKBN28Q2H2|access-date=December](https://www.reuters.com/article/autos-selfdriving-lyft-idUSKBN28Q2H2|access-date=December) 16, 2020}}</ref> Lyft wakaguliska chigaŵa chake cha magalimoto ghambura dalaivala ku [[Toyota]] pa madola 550 miliyoni mu Epulero 2021.<ref>{{Cite news | url=[https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/lyft-sells-self-driving-tech-unit-toyota-550-mln-moves-up-profit-timeline-2021-04-26/](https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/lyft-sells-self-driving-tech-unit-toyota-550-mln-moves-up-profit-timeline-2021-04-26/) | title=Toyota to buy Lyft unit in boost to self-driving plans | first1=Tina | last1=Bellon | first2=Eimi | last2=Yamamitsu | work=[[Reuters]] | date=April 26, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=[https://money.cnn.com/2018/03/05/technology/lyft-ceo-logan-green/index.html](https://money.cnn.com/2018/03/05/technology/lyft-ceo-logan-green/index.html) | title=Lyft's quiet CEO Logan Green opens up on his wild ride | last=McFarland | first=Matt | work=[[CNN]] | date=March 5, 2018 | access-date=August 3, 2020 | archive-date=August 9, 2020 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200809144545/https://money.cnn.com/2018/03/05/technology/lyft-ceo-logan-green/index.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20200809144545/https://money.cnn.com/2018/03/05/technology/lyft-ceo-logan-green/index.html) | url-status=dead}}</ref> Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa na mapangano na [[General Motors]],<ref>{{cite news | url=[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gm-lyft-investment/gm-invests-500-million-in-lyft-sets-out-self-driving-car-partnership-idUSKBN0UI1A820160105](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gm-lyft-investment/gm-invests-500-million-in-lyft-sets-out-self-driving-car-partnership-idUSKBN0UI1A820160105) | title=GM invests $500 million in Lyft, sets out self-driving car partnership | first=Steve | last=Trousdale | work=[[Reuters]] | date=January 5, 2016 | archive-date=April 5, 2019 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190405060852/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gm-lyft-investment/gm-invests-500-million-in-lyft-sets-out-self-driving-car-partnership-idUSKBN0UI1A820160105](https://web.archive.org/web/20190405060852/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gm-lyft-investment/gm-invests-500-million-in-lyft-sets-out-self-driving-car-partnership-idUSKBN0UI1A820160105) | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=[http://fortune.com/2016/05/05/lyft-gm-self-driving-pilot/](http://fortune.com/2016/05/05/lyft-gm-self-driving-pilot/) | title=GM and Lyft Will Test Self-Driving Taxis Within the Next Year | work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | first=Kia | last=Kokalitcheva | date=May 5, 2016 | archive-date=July 13, 2016 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160713140844/http://fortune.com/2016/05/05/lyft-gm-self-driving-pilot/](https://web.archive.org/web/20160713140844/http://fortune.com/2016/05/05/lyft-gm-self-driving-pilot/) | url-status=live }}</ref> [[NuTonomy]],<ref>{{Cite news | url=[https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/6/15742274/lyft-nutonomy-self-driving-car-partnership-boston-pilot](https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/6/15742274/lyft-nutonomy-self-driving-car-partnership-boston-pilot) | title=Lyft teams up with NuTonomy to put 'thousands' of self-driving cars on the road | last=Hawkins | first=Andrew J. | work=[[The Verge]] | date=June 6, 2017 | archive-date=July 5, 2017 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170705121536/https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/6/15742274/lyft-nutonomy-self-driving-car-partnership-boston-pilot](https://web.archive.org/web/20170705121536/https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/6/15742274/lyft-nutonomy-self-driving-car-partnership-boston-pilot) | url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ford Motor Company]],<ref>{{Cite news | url=[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/27/technology/lyft-ford-self-driving-cars.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/27/technology/lyft-ford-self-driving-cars.html) | title=Lyft Adds Ford to Its List of Self-Driving Car Partners | last=Isaac | first=Mike | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=September 27, 2017 | url-access=subscription | issn=0362-4331 | archive-date=September 29, 2017 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170929045518/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/27/technology/lyft-ford-self-driving-cars.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20170929045518/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/27/technology/lyft-ford-self-driving-cars.html) | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=[https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/27/16373574/ford-lyft-self-driving-car-partnership-gm](https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/27/16373574/ford-lyft-self-driving-car-partnership-gm) | title=Ford and Lyft will work together to deploy autonomous cars | first=Andrew J. | last=Hawkins | work=[[The Verge]] | date=September 27, 2017 | archive-date=April 14, 2019 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190414115552/https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/27/16373574/ford-lyft-self-driving-car-partnership-gm](https://web.archive.org/web/20190414115552/https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/27/16373574/ford-lyft-self-driving-car-partnership-gm) | url-status=live }}</ref> [[GoMentum Station]],<ref>{{Cite news | url=[https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/03/08/lyfts-self-driving-technology-finds-momentum-in-concord/](https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/03/08/lyfts-self-driving-technology-finds-momentum-in-concord/) | title=Lyft's self-driving technology finds momentum in Concord | first=Rex | last=Crum | work=[[The Mercury News]] | date=March 8, 2018 | archive-date=March 10, 2018 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180310074350/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/03/08/lyfts-self-driving-technology-finds-momentum-in-concord/](https://web.archive.org/web/20180310074350/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/03/08/lyfts-self-driving-technology-finds-momentum-in-concord/) | url-status=live}}</ref> ndiposo [[Magna International]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=[https://www.cnet.com/news/lyft-partners-with-magna-on-developing-and-manufacturing-self-driving-cars/](https://www.cnet.com/news/lyft-partners-with-magna-on-developing-and-manufacturing-self-driving-cars/) | title=Lyft is building self-driving tech that can go in any car | first=Dara | last=Kerr | work=[[CNET]] | date=March 14, 2018 | archive-date=March 15, 2018 | archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180315061433/https://www.cnet.com/news/lyft-partners-with-magna-on-developing-and-manufacturing-self-driving-cars/](https://web.archive.org/web/20180315061433/https://www.cnet.com/news/lyft-partners-with-magna-on-developing-and-manufacturing-self-driving-cars/) | url-status=live}}</ref> Kweniso yikaŵa na Blue Vision Labs, kampani yachoko ya [[ukuzga vinthu vyaunenesko|augmented reality]] iyo yikaŵa ku London, iyo yikagulika mu 2018 pa madola 72 miliyoni.<ref>{{Cite news | url=[https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/23/18014200/lyft-self-driving-car-acquires-blue-vision-lab-ar](https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/23/18014200/lyft-self-driving-car-acquires-blue-vision-lab-ar) | title=Lyft unveils a new self-driving car and acquires an AR startup | first=Andrew J. | last=Hawkins | work=[[The Verge]] | date=October 23, 2018 | archive-date=November 1, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101095729/https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/23/18014200/lyft-self-driving-car-acquires-blue-vision-lab-ar | url-status=live}}</ref> Mu Epulero 2022, Lyft wakapharazga phangano lakugura [[PBSC Urban Solutions]], uyo wakupereka vyakwendeska na tekinoloje ya magalimoto gha njinga ghakugawikana ku Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bellan |first=Rebecca |title=Lyft doubles micromobility footprint with PBSC acquisition |url=[https://techcrunch.com/2022/04/19/lyft-doubles-micromobility-footprint-with-pbsc-acquisition/](https://techcrunch.com/2022/04/19/lyft-doubles-micromobility-footprint-with-pbsc-acquisition/) |website=[[TechCrunch]] |date=April 20, 2022}}</ref> Mu Novembala 2022, kampani iyi yikapharazga kuti yikuchita kuchita kuti ŵantchito pafupifupi 700 ŵalekere ntchito, panji kuti ni pafupifupi 13% ya ŵantchito ŵake wose.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lyft to Lay Off About 700 Employees in Second Round of Job Cuts |url=[https://www.wsj.com/articles/lyft-plans-to-lay-off-hundreds-of-staffers-11667490092?mod=hp_lead_pos3](https://www.wsj.com/articles/lyft-plans-to-lay-off-hundreds-of-staffers-11667490092?mod=hp_lead_pos3) |last1=Rana |first1=Preetika |last2=Glazer |first2=Emily |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=November 3, 2022 | url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mu Malichi 2023, [[David Risher]] wakimikika kuŵa CEO wa kampani iyi.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rana |first1=Preetika |last2=Thomas |first2=Lauren |last3=Glazer |first3=Emily |date=March 27, 2023 |title=Lyft Hires New CEO as Founders Step Back Amid Struggles with Competition |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/lyft-hires-new-ceo-as-founders-step-back-amid-struggles-with-competition-493d1aa5 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327203204/https://www.wsj.com/articles/lyft-hires-new-ceo-as-founders-step-back-amid-struggles-with-competition-493d1aa5 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=4 January 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Genovese |first=Daniella |date=2023-08-15 |title=Lyft CEO buys $1.15M of company stock: 'I am putting my money where my mouth is' |url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/lyft-ceo-buys-company-stock-putting-my-money-where-my-mouth-is |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=FOXBusiness |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu Epulero 2023, kampani iyi yikapharazga kuti yikuchita kulekeska ntchito ŵantchito ŵa ofesi 1,076, panji kuti 26% ya ŵantchito ŵake. Ichi chikachitika pamanyuma pa vyakulekeska ntchito ivyo vikalengeka mu Julayi na Novembala 2022.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/27/lyft-layoffs-company-to-cut-1072-employees-or-26percent-of-its-workforce.html | title=Lyft to cut 1,072 employees, or 26% of its workforce | first=Rohan | last=Goswami | publisher=[[CNBC]] | date=April 27, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Korosec |first=Kirsten |date=2023-04-21 |title=Lyft to make 'significant' cuts across ride-hailing company |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/04/21/lyft-to-make-significant-cuts-across-ride-hailing-company/ |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first1=Preetika | last1=Rana | first2=Lauren | last2=Thomas | first3=Emily |last3=Glazer| title=Lyft to Cut at Least 1,200 Jobs in New Round of Layoffs to Reduce Costs | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/lyft-to-cut-at-least-1-200-jobs-in-new-round-of-layoffs-to-reduce-costs-da423e53 |access-date=2023-04-21 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=April 21, 2023 | url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mu Seputembala 2023, Lyft wakalekeska Lyft Rentals ndipo wakaleka kupeleka uteŵeti wa kupangiska magalimoto.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/21/23273092/lyft-rentals-layoffs-car-ride-sharing-transportation | title=Lyft Rentals shuts down as the ride-sharing company lays off about 60 people | first=Jasmine | last=Hicks | work=[[The Verge]] | date=July 21, 2022}}</ref> Mu chigaŵa chachiŵiri cha 2024, Lyft yikalemba phindu lake lakwamba la GAAP mu mbiri ya kampani iyi.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/lyft-swings-to-a-profit-on-record-rides-but-its-earnings-outlook-comes-in-light-295ed235 | title=Lyft swings to a profit on record rides, but its earnings outlook comes in light | first=Emily | last=Bary | work=[[MarketWatch]] | date=August 7, 2024 | url-access=limited}}</ref> Kukwambilira kwa 2025, munthu wakutchuka mu nyimbo za rap wa ku Detroit, Dajua Blanding, uyo wakumanyikwa kuti Dank Demoss, ndipo wakuti wali na uzito wa "pafupi mapaundi 500", wakatsegula mulandu pa Lyft pamanyuma pakuti dalaivala wakakana kumwendeska, wakuti iyo yikaŵa "yikuru chomene" kuti yinganjira mu galimoto. Chochitika ichi, icho chikajambulika pa vidiyo, chikapangiska ŵanthu kusuzgika mtima na kwambiska milandu, ndipo Blanding wakatenge kusankhana chifukwa cha uzito nkhwambura kuzomerezgeka pasi pa malango gha Michigan. Mulandu uwu ukamazgika kuwaro kwa khoti.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://wkfr.com/dank-demoss-update-michigan/ | title=Lawyers for Michigan Rapper Dank Demoss Issue Update on Lyft Lawsuit | first=Lauren | last=Gordon | publisher=[[WKFR-FM]] | date=September 19, 2025}}</ref> Mu Julayi 2025, Lyft wakagura [[Free Now (uteŵeti)|Free Now]] pa mtengo wa €175 miliyoni, ndipo wakakuzga uteŵeti wake mu Europe.<ref>{{Cite news | url=[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-07-31/lyft-completes-freenow-acquisition-isn-t-planning-to-cut-staff](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-07-31/lyft-completes-freenow-acquisition-isn-t-planning-to-cut-staff) | title=Lyft Completes Freenow Acquisition, Isn't Planning to Cut Staff | first=Natalie | last=Lung | publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] | date=July 31, 2025}}</ref> Mu Seputembala 2025, Lyft wakachita phangano na [[Waymo]] kuti wagwiliskire ntchito [[magalimoto ghambura dalaivala]] pa uteŵeti wake mu Nashville.<ref>{{Cite news | url=[https://techcrunch.com/2025/09/17/lyft-and-waymo-are-partnering-to-bring-robotaxis-to-nashville/](https://techcrunch.com/2025/09/17/lyft-and-waymo-are-partnering-to-bring-robotaxis-to-nashville/) | title=Lyft and Waymo are partnering to bring robotaxis to Nashville | first=Kirsten | last=Korosec | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=September 17, 2025}}</ref> Kweniso wakachita phangano na May Mobility kuti wayambiske magalimoto ghambura dalaivala mu Atlanta.<ref>{{Cite press release | url=[https://maymobility.com/posts/lyft-and-may-mobility-deploy-their-first-autonomous-vehicle-fleet-in-atlanta/](https://maymobility.com/posts/lyft-and-may-mobility-deploy-their-first-autonomous-vehicle-fleet-in-atlanta/) | title=Lyft and May Mobility Deploy Their First Autonomous Vehicle Fleet in Atlanta | first=Karsten | last=Kutterer | publisher=[[May Mobility]] | date=September 10, 2025}}</ref> Mu Okutobala 2025, Lyft wakagura TBR Global Chauffeuring pa mtengo wa £83 miliyoni.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.dentons.com/en/about-dentons/news-events-and-awards/news/2025/october/dentons-advises-tbr-global-chauffeuring-on-83-million-sale-to-lyft | title=Dentons advises TBR Global Chauffeuring on £83 million sale to Lyft | work=[[Dentons]] | date=October 17, 2025}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} ==Vyakulumikizga vya kuwaro== {{Commons category|Lyft}} * {{Official website}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Lyft| ]] [[Category:Vinthu vya kwambira mu 2012 ku California]] [[Category:Kupereka masheya kakwamba kwa ŵanthu wose mu 2019]] [[Category:Mapulogalamu gha Android (ndondomeko yakwendeskera)]] [[Category:Makampani agho ghali ku San Francisco]] [[Category:Makampani agho ghali pa Nasdaq]] [[Category:Mapulogalamu gha iOS]] [[Category:Mapulogalamu ghakutolera malo]] [[Category:Makampani gha kugawana mayendedwe gha ku United States]] [[Category:Makampani gha vyakwendeskera ghakambiska mu 2012]] mlc3p9qm57px2opf5uquxvrxi0epvmd 0 48618 121867 121659 2026-09-10T00:46:07Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 121867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} {{Databox}} '''Lodwar '''ni msumba yikuru chomene kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Kenya]], iyo yili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Turkana pa msewu wa A1. Mafakitale ghakuru ni kuluka mabasiketi na vya maulendo. Mapiri gha Loima ghali kumanjiliro gha dazi. Lodwar ndi msumba ukuru wa [[Turkana County, Kenya|chigaŵa cha Turkana]]. Msumba iyi yikaŵa na ŵanthu 82,970 pa kalembero ka 2019.<ref>https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-ii-distribution-of-population-by-administrative-units&wpdmdl=5728&ind=MT12f0IDWVM-a0J2dc3Xi42qelbruMwR0a7XIWb0iAwnedEVNBjd_1FEwMun_eI5</ref> ==Mbiri== Kuyana na buku la ''Insider’s Guide to Kenya'', mdauko wa Lodwar ukamba pafupifupi mu 1933 apo malonda munyake zina lake Shah Mohamed wakafika mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Turkwell. Misewu yikaŵa yiheni, ntheura wakiza na mbunda. Paumaliro wakazenga malo ghakuchitiramo malonda ghambura kumara ku Lodwar, kusazgapo malo ghakuguliskira mafuta. Ŵakazenga ofesi ya mulaŵiliri wa chigaŵa, ndipo pamanyuma pake ŵakazenga chipatala chichoko na jele la boma. Ŵakazenga likuru la ŵapolisi ku Lokitaung, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaŵanga na mphindano za mafuko mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu vilimika vya m’ma 1960, ŵamishonale ŵakazenga masukulu mu msumba iyi na kuzingilizga. Shah Mohamed wakajura masitolo ghanandi mu mamsumba ghakutali gha Turkana County chifukwa ndiyo yekha wakagwiranga ntchito ya kupanga makontrakitala na kupeleka katundu ku madipatimenti gha boma, wakayeghanga makalata ku malo agha, ndipo wakapelekanga na kunyamura katundu ku ntchito ya kupanga somba mu viŵiya vya ku [[Norway]] na [[Italy]] pa Nyanja ya Turkana (vyose vikatondeka pamanyuma). Mu nyengo ya ŵakoloni, Lodwar wakagwiranga nchito nga ni malo ghakujumphapo gha ŵalara ŵa boma la Britain awo ŵakasunkhunyanga ŵakayidi ŵandyali ŵa ku Kenya ku mpoto. Jomo Kenyatta, pulezidenti wakwamba wa Kenya, wakakanizgika kukhala mu jele mu nyumba kwa vilimika viŵiri ku Lodwar, kwamba mu 1959. Msumba iyi yikaŵa kuti yamanyikwa kuti ni malo ghakutali chomene agho ghali kutali chomene na Kenya yose, kweni mu vyaka vyasonosono apa Lodwar wakukura ndipo wakumanyikwa chomene pa nkhani ya malonda na chuma. ==Kuwoneseska mwakudumura== [[File:Lodwar Kenya landing2010.JPG|thumb|Kuwona kwa Lodwar apo mukukhira]] Lodwar yikuwoneka kuti ni msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa ichi, ndipo muli malo gha boma na gha boma, kusazgapo malo ghakuru gha umoyo gha ku Turkana na chipatala chikuru cha kutumizga ŵanthu, Lodwar County Hospital (LDH).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110727212955/http://www.rescue-uk.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Reports/IRC_LivingOn_online-1_01.pdf</ref> Kweniso ni mpando wa Dayosizi ya Katolika ya Roma ya Lodwar. Msumba iyi yikuteŵetereka na ndege ya Lodwar. Siteshoni ya [[magesi]] ya Turkana Geothermal yikuzengeka kufuma mu 2026 pafupifupi makilomita 170 kutali.<ref>https://geothermalresourcescouncil.blogspot.com/2017/11/kenya-geothermal_9.html</ref> ==Nyengo== Lodwar ili na nyengo yakutentha ya mapopa ([[kugaŵika kwa nyengo ya Köppen]] ''BWh'') iyo yili na nyengo yakutentha chomene ndiposo vula yichoko chomene chaka chose. Avereji ya vula pa chaka ili pafupifupi 210 mm (8.27 in). Lodwar ili na nyengo ya zuŵa comene cilimika cose, ndipo zuŵa likuŵa pafupifupi maora 3,600 pa cilimika. <div style="width:100%"> {{Weather box |location = Lodwar (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1920–present) |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan record high C = 39.8 |Feb record high C = 40.0 |Mar record high C = 40.6 |Apr record high C = 40.3 |May record high C = 39.0 |Jun record high C = 37.4 |Jul record high C = 38.3 |Aug record high C = 37.0 |Sep record high C = 39.0 |Oct record high C = 38.4 |Nov record high C = 39.9 |Dec record high C = 39.3 |year record high C = 40.6 |Jan high C = 36.4 |Feb high C = 37.5 |Mar high C = 37.1 |Apr high C = 35.9 |May high C = 35.6 |Jun high C = 34.6 |Jul high C = 33.8 |Aug high C = 34.3 |Sep high C = 35.6 |Oct high C = 35.9 |Nov high C = 35.4 |Dec high C = 35.5 |year high C = |Jan mean C = 29.3 |Feb mean C = 30.2 |Mar mean C = 30.6 |Apr mean C = 30.2 |May mean C = 30.3 |Jun mean C = 29.6 |Jul mean C = 29.1 |Aug mean C = 29.5 |Sep mean C = 30.4 |Oct mean C = 30.7 |Nov mean C = 29.8 |Dec mean C = 29.0 |year mean C = |Jan low C = 22.1 |Feb low C = 22.9 |Mar low C = 24.0 |Apr low C = 24.7 |May low C = 25.2 |Jun low C = 24.5 |Jul low C = 24.4 |Aug low C = 24.6 |Sep low C = 25.2 |Oct low C = 25.4 |Nov low C = 24.0 |Dec low C = 22.3 |year low C = |Jan record low C = 15.0 |Feb record low C = 12.6 |Mar record low C = 15.2 |Apr record low C = 14.3 |May record low C = 15.5 |Jun record low C = 17.4 |Jul record low C = 18.6 |Aug record low C = 19.2 |Sep record low C = 19.2 |Oct record low C = 15.3 |Nov record low C = 13.5 |Dec record low C = 14.5 |year record low C = 12.6 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 8.6 |Feb precipitation mm = 9.5 |Mar precipitation mm = 18.9 |Apr precipitation mm = 58.0 |May precipitation mm = 21.3 |Jun precipitation mm = 7.6 |Jul precipitation mm = 20.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 8.9 |Sep precipitation mm = 5.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 10.2 |Nov precipitation mm = 28.4 |Dec precipitation mm = 14.0 |year precipitation mm = 210.7 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 1 |Feb precipitation days = 1 |Mar precipitation days = 2 |Apr precipitation days = 4 |May precipitation days = 2 |Jun precipitation days = 1 |Jul precipitation days = 2 |Aug precipitation days = 1 |Sep precipitation days = 1 |Oct precipitation days = 1 |Nov precipitation days = 2 |Dec precipitation days = 1 |year precipitation days = 19 |Jan humidity = 38 |Feb humidity = 39 |Mar humidity = 41 |Apr humidity = 50 |May humidity = 50 |Jun humidity = 47 |Jul humidity = 48 |Aug humidity = 46 |Sep humidity = 42 |Oct humidity = 41 |Nov humidity = 44 |Dec humidity = 41 |year humidity = 44 |Jan sun = 316.2 |Feb sun = 271.6 |Mar sun = 288.3 |Apr sun = 258.0 |May sun = 310.0 |Jun sun = 306.0 |Jul sun = 306.9 |Aug sun = 306.9 |Sep sun = 306.0 |Oct sun = 306.9 |Nov sun = 288.0 |Dec sun = 313.1 |year sun = 3577.9 |Jand sun = 10.2 |Febd sun = 9.7 |Mard sun = 9.3 |Aprd sun = 8.6 |Mayd sun = 10.0 |Jund sun = 10.2 |Juld sun = 9.9 |Augd sun = 9.9 |Sepd sun = 10.2 |Octd sun = 9.9 |Novd sun = 9.6 |Decd sun = 10.1 |yeard sun = |source 1 = NOAA (precipitation and sun 1961–1990)<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KN/63612.TXT | title = Lodwar Climate Normals 1961–1990 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201031082827/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KN/63612.TXT | archive-date = 2020-10-31 | url-status = dead | access-date = July 6, 2015}}</ref> |source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (humidity 1961–1990),<ref name = DWD> {{cite web | url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_636120_kt.pdf | title = Klimatafel von Lodwar / Kenia | work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world | publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst | language = de | access-date = August 31, 2016}}</ref> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat> {{cite web | url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1760 | title = Station Lodwar | publisher = Meteo Climat |language = fr | access-date = August 31, 2016}}</ref> }} </div> ==Vinthu viheni== Ŵanthu pafupifupi 35 peresenti pera ŵa ku Lodwar ndiwo ŵali na magesi mu nyumba zawo. Lodwar Alluvial Aquifer ili na ndondomeko ziŵiri zapadera kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa musumba wa Lodwar, ku vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vya Mlonga wa Turkwel. Pafupifupi 1.3 biliyoni cubic metres yingasungika pano na pafupifupi 10% iyo yingaseŵezeskeka kwambura kupangiska masuzgo ghambura kuzomerezgeka gha chilengiwa, chuma na umoyo.<ref>https://reachwater.uk/ecr-feature-groundwater-is-a-vital-invisible-resource-to-use-it-we-need-to-better-understand-it-and-make-it-visible/</ref> Pali maji ghambura kunyang’amira gha pasi mu chigaŵa ichi agho ghali na maji ghawemi ghakumwa, nangauli ŵanthu ŵakusoŵa maji nyengo na nyengo ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti viŵeto vifwe. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuŵa ŵaliska ŵakukhala mu malo ghakupambanapambana. ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} * Elizabeth Watkins, ''Jomo's Jailor – Grand Warrior of Kenya''. (1993) Mulberry Books {{ISBN|978-0-9528952-0-6}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|03|07|00|N| 35|36|00|E|region:KE_type:city|display=title}} [[Category:Kenya]] pau8lods3izud8lqgjg46ib88uar57u 0 49559 121883 121848 2026-09-10T04:33:14Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 121883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Nthowa yakupimira]] ni ndondomeko iyo mikhaliro yakuwoneka (nga ni utali, kulemera, kutentha, na vinyake) yingapimika na manambara. Pakati pa ndondomeko zinandi zakupimira, '''nthowa ya metric''' ([[ChiNgelezi]]: ''metric system''), panji '''ndondomeko ya metric''', yikung’anamura chimoza, chilichose chikuŵika pa mlingo seti ya vigaŵa vyakukhazikika na zina ilo likulongosora vigaŵa vikuruvikuru na vichoko chomene mwakugwiliskira ntchito vimanyikwiro vya vigaŵa vyakuchulukizga vyakuthemba pa desimali (nga ni ''[[Kilo-|kilo]] ''na ''[[Milli-|milli]]''). [[International System of Units]] (SI) nchiyelezgero chiwemi, ndipo pali nthowa zinyake izo zikuzomerezgeka chomene (izo zikumanyikwa viŵi yayi kuluska SI) izo zikugwiriskirika nchito chomene mu vigaŵa vinyake, nga ni vigaŵa vya Gaussian vya magesi. Nangauli malango agho ghakulaŵilira nthowa ya metric ghakasintha pakujumpha kwa nyengo, ng’anamuro la mazuŵa ghano mu International System of Units likulongosora vimanyikwiro vya metric na vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri vyakwamba: [[mita]] (m), [[kilogram]] (kg), [[second]] (s), [[ampere]] (A), [[kelvin]] (K), [[mole]] (mol), na [[candela]] (cd).<ref name="SI2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530124226/https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf |archive-date=2019-05-30 |url-status=live|title=The International System of Units (SI), 9th Edition|date=2019|publisher=Bureau International des Poids et Mesures}}</ref> [[SI yakufumira ku yuniti]] ni zina lakusazgako vigaŵa vyakukhazikika, nga ni [[hertz]] (kuzungulira pa sekondi), [[Newton (yuniti)|newton]] (kg⋅m/s²), na [[tesla (yuniti)|tesla]] (1 kg⋅s⁻²⋅A⁻¹). Pa nkhani ya madigiri [[Celsius]] (°C), ni sikelo yakusinthika iyo yikufuma ku kelvin (273.15 K yikuyana na 0 °C apo nyengo ya 1 K yikuyana waka na nyengo ya 1 °C). Nthowa ya SI yikufuma ku nthowa yakale ya [[mita-kilogram-second]] (MKS) ya vigaŵa, nangauli vilongosolero vya vigaŵa vyakwamba vyasintha pakujumpha kwa nyengo. Lero, vigaŵa vyose vyakukhazikika vikulongosoreka na vinthu vyakuwoneka – na viyezgelero yayi mu kawonekero ka vinthu vyakuwoneka, nga umo vikaŵira kale. Nthowa zinyake zakupambanapambana za metric zikusazgapo nthowa ya centimeter–gram–second ya mayuniti, nthowa ya mita–tani–sekondi ya mayuniti, na nthowa ya gravitational metric. Chilichose chili na mayuniti gha metric ghambura kukolerana, ndipo vinyake mwa ndondomeko izi vikugwiriskirika nchito mu vigaŵa vichoko waka. Mayuniti ghanyake ghambura SI nga ni [[lita]] ghakulutilira kugwiliskirika nchito comene.<ref name="SIbrochure2026">{{Cite web |title=SI-Brochure-9 |url=https://www.bipm.org/en/si-brochure-9 |date=June 2026 |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=BIPM |language=en-US |doi=10.59161/AUEZ1291 |edition=4.01|pages=140–141}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== *[[Kutanthauzira kwa nthowa ya metric]] *[[Metrication]] ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{Wikiversity inline|Using the Metric System}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Nthowa ya metric| ]] 1aplzuuqqmq8xdjcp1gf3sm96t2d377 0 49561 121882 121852 2026-09-10T04:30:52Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 121882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} Kutanthauzira yakulondezgapo yikupelekeka nga ni ndondomeko ya nthowa ya metric: '''[[Nthowa ya metric]]''' – [[Nthowa yakupimira|nthowa zakupimira]] zakupambanapambana zakukhwaskana mwakufwatuka izo zikulongosora umo zikambira ku ndondomeko ya kupimira ya desimali iyo yikayambiskika ku [[France]] pa nyengo ya [[French Revolution]]. == Mtundu wa nthowa ya metric == === Fundo yikuru ya nthowa ya metric === === Filosofe yakubisika === Kudumbiskana kwa fundo zakuzirwa za nthowa ya metric (na ndondomeko zinyake zakupimira) kukusazgapo: *[[Coherence (mayuniti ghakupimira)]] *[[Realisation (metrology)]] == Mayuniti ghakupimira == == Mbiri ya nthowa ya metric == [[Mbiri ya nthowa ya metric]] – nthowa ya metric yikapangika kufuma ku ndondomeko ya desimali ya kuyezga iyo yikazomerezgeka na France pamanyuma pa French Revolution. === Mndandanda wa nyengo mbiri ya nthowa ya metric === === Mbiri ya metrication === [[File:Metric and imperial systems (2019).svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Vyalo ivyo vikugwiriskira nchito nthowa ya [[Nthowa ya metric|metric]], [[Nthowa ya imperial|imperial]] na [[Nthowa ya chikhalidwe cha US|chikhalidwe cha US]] kufuma mu 2019.]] === Kusintha kwa nthowa ya metric ya mbiri yakale === === Mbiri ya mayuniti vya metric === == Ndale za nthowa ya metric == == Munthazi mwa nthowa ya metric == == Metrication magulu na ŵamazaza == * [[US Metric Association]] (USA, 1916–sono) * [[Metric Commission]] (Canada, 1971–1985) * [[Metrication Board]] (Ufumu Ubanyi, 1969–1981) == Mabuku gha nthowa ya metric == * ''[[:en:Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States|Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States]]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20160819195416/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/jeffplan.htm malemba] ([[Thomas Jefferson]] 1790) == Ŵanthu awo ŵakuwovwira mu nthowa ya metric == * [[Simon Stevin]] (1548–1620) * [[Gabriel Mouton]] (1618–1694) * [[Marquis de Condorcet]] (1743–1794) * [[Pierre Méchain]] (1744–1804) * [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]] (1749–1827) * [[Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre]] (1749–1822) * [[Adrien-Marie Legendre]] (1753–1834) * [[James Clerk Maxwell]] (1831–1879) * [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin]] (1824–1907) * [[Giovanni Giorgi]] (1871–1950) == Malinki gha kuwaro == {{Sister project links|Metric system}} * [https://www.metric-conversions.org/ Metric conversions] {{Outline footer}} [[Category:Nthowa ya metric]] r9dg5sj7jfszzdbwbs2bw629g9mx77z 0 49578 121870 2026-09-10T01:07:47Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (عَدَنْ) ni msumba mu [[chigaŵa cha Aden]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}.<ref>https://geonames.org</ref> Muli ŵanthu 863,000 (2017).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210120130028/http://www.cso-yemen.com/content.php?lng=english&id=690</ref> Pakuti Aden uli pa malo ghawemi gha ku mtunda, uli nga ni chipata pakati pa Nyanja Yiswesi na Nyanja ya Arabia, ndipo ukupangiska kuti uŵe malo ghakuzirwa chomene g..." 121870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (عَدَنْ) ni msumba mu [[chigaŵa cha Aden]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}.<ref>https://geonames.org</ref> Muli ŵanthu 863,000 (2017).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210120130028/http://www.cso-yemen.com/content.php?lng=english&id=690</ref> Pakuti Aden uli pa malo ghawemi gha ku mtunda, uli nga ni chipata pakati pa Nyanja Yiswesi na Nyanja ya Arabia, ndipo ukupangiska kuti uŵe malo ghakuzirwa chomene gha pa nyanja agho ghakukoleska [[Afilika]], [[Asia]], na [[Middle East]]. ==Mbiri== Aden ni doko lakale ndipo likazunulika na ŴaGiriki pasi pa zina lakuti Αραβία Εμπόριον (''Arabia Emporion''), ilo likung’anamura doko la malonda la ŴaArabu.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fowc%2F9780199554942.003.0028</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=yes}} {{Library resources box}} {{EB1911 poster|Aden}} * {{cite web|website=ArchNet|publisher=MIT School of Architecture and Planning|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA|url=http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1432|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224005632/http://www.archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1432|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2007|title=Aden|access-date=9 February 2013}} *[https://acor.digitalrelab.com/index.php?s=filter=place_name:Aden%20(Yemen) Photos of Aden] pa [[American Center of Research]] * {{OSM relation}} * [https://unhabitat.org/aden-city-profile Aden City Profile] pa [[United Nations Human Settlements Programme]] [[Category:Yemen]] t968e5ba326v26ssc7sg2gyrcir0d0z 1 49579 121871 2026-09-10T01:08:04Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 121871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 1 49580 121872 2026-09-10T01:08:40Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 121872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 14 49581 121875 2026-09-10T01:12:20Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Asia]]" 121875 wikitext text/x-wiki [[{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Asia]] razw5pa7w9ipl16ltkc9qss2s4d328z 0 49582 121876 2026-09-10T02:56:56Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Revision}} {{Databox}} '''Mlonga wa Likouala-aux-Herbes''' ni mlonga uwo uli mu charu cha [[Republic of the Congo]]. Ni luwande wa [[Mlonga wa Sangha]], uwo nawo ukunjira mu [[Mlonga wa Congo]]. Likupereka zina lake ku [[Chigaŵa cha Likouala]]. ==Ukaboni== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_7/b_fdi_59-60/010026307.pdf |accessdate=2021-10-19 |first1=Alain |last1=Laraque |first2=Gil |last2=Mahé |fir..." 121876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Databox}} '''Mlonga wa Likouala-aux-Herbes''' ni mlonga uwo uli mu charu cha [[Republic of the Congo]]. Ni luwande wa [[Mlonga wa Sangha]], uwo nawo ukunjira mu [[Mlonga wa Congo]]. Likupereka zina lake ku [[Chigaŵa cha Likouala]]. ==Ukaboni== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_7/b_fdi_59-60/010026307.pdf |accessdate=2021-10-19 |first1=Alain |last1=Laraque |first2=Gil |last2=Mahé |first3=Didier |last3=Orange |first4=Bertrand |last4=Marieu |title=Spatiotemporal variations in hydrological regimes within Central Africa during the XXth century |journal=Journal of Hydrology |issue=245 |year=2001 |pages=104–117}} *{{citation |chapter=Dynamique actuelle des sables de la Likouala aux herbes : implications sur la paléohydrographie du bassin inférieur de la Sangha (République du Congo) |year=1995 |last1=Censier |first1=Claude |last2=Pouyaud |first2=Bernard |last3=Laraque |first3=Alain |last4=Maziezoula |first4=Bienvenue |editor1=Boulègue J. |editor2=Olivry Jean-Claude |title=Grands bassins fluviaux périatlantiques : Congo, Niger, Amazone |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions de l'ORSTOM |pages=239–248 |series=Colloques et Séminaires |ISBN=2-7099-1245-7 |ISSN=0767-2896 |chapter-url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/colloques2/42680.pdf}} *{{citation |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/950 |accessdate=2021-10-20 |publisher=Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention |title=Lac Télé/Likouala-aux-herbes |ref={{harvid|Lac Télé/Likouala-aux-herbes}} |work=Ramsar Sites Information Service}} *{{citation |title=Language and dialect in Epena District South |accessdate=2021-10-20 |last=Leich |first=Myles |journal=Annales Aequatoria |volume=30 |year=2009 |pages=787–838 |publisher= Honoré Vinck |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25836953 |jstor=25836953 }} *{{citation |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-05/world/congo.gorillas_1_gorillas-researchers-congolese?_s=PM:WORLD |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120015018/http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-05/world/congo.gorillas_1_gorillas-researchers-congolese?_s=PM:WORLD |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-01-20 |accessdate=2021-10-19 |title=More than 100,000 rare gorillas found in Congo |ref={{harvid|More than 100,000 rare gorillas}} |date=5 August 2008 |work=Cable News Network}} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1188608#map=8/0.428/17.281 |accessdate=2021-10-19 |title=Relation: Likouala-aus-Herbes (1188608) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Relation: Likouala-aus-Herbes (1188608)}} }} {{refend}} [[Category:Milonga]] [[Category:Republic of the Congo]] e1u8klvrlfyh4hzgvfnx1rmzfuvdvp0 121877 121876 2026-09-10T02:57:58Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 121877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Databox}} '''Mlonga wa Likouala-aux-Herbes''' ni mlonga uwo uli mu charu cha [[Republic of the Congo]]. Ni luwande wa [[Mronga Congo|Mlonga wa Sangha]], uwo nawo ukunjira mu [[Mlonga wa Congo]]. Likupereka zina lake ku [[Chigaŵa cha Likouala]]. ==Ukaboni== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_7/b_fdi_59-60/010026307.pdf |accessdate=2021-10-19 |first1=Alain |last1=Laraque |first2=Gil |last2=Mahé |first3=Didier |last3=Orange |first4=Bertrand |last4=Marieu |title=Spatiotemporal variations in hydrological regimes within Central Africa during the XXth century |journal=Journal of Hydrology |issue=245 |year=2001 |pages=104–117}} *{{citation |chapter=Dynamique actuelle des sables de la Likouala aux herbes : implications sur la paléohydrographie du bassin inférieur de la Sangha (République du Congo) |year=1995 |last1=Censier |first1=Claude |last2=Pouyaud |first2=Bernard |last3=Laraque |first3=Alain |last4=Maziezoula |first4=Bienvenue |editor1=Boulègue J. |editor2=Olivry Jean-Claude |title=Grands bassins fluviaux périatlantiques : Congo, Niger, Amazone |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions de l'ORSTOM |pages=239–248 |series=Colloques et Séminaires |ISBN=2-7099-1245-7 |ISSN=0767-2896 |chapter-url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/colloques2/42680.pdf}} *{{citation |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/950 |accessdate=2021-10-20 |publisher=Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention |title=Lac Télé/Likouala-aux-herbes |ref={{harvid|Lac Télé/Likouala-aux-herbes}} |work=Ramsar Sites Information Service}} *{{citation |title=Language and dialect in Epena District South |accessdate=2021-10-20 |last=Leich |first=Myles |journal=Annales Aequatoria |volume=30 |year=2009 |pages=787–838 |publisher= Honoré Vinck |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25836953 |jstor=25836953 }} *{{citation |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-05/world/congo.gorillas_1_gorillas-researchers-congolese?_s=PM:WORLD |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120015018/http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-05/world/congo.gorillas_1_gorillas-researchers-congolese?_s=PM:WORLD |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-01-20 |accessdate=2021-10-19 |title=More than 100,000 rare gorillas found in Congo |ref={{harvid|More than 100,000 rare gorillas}} |date=5 August 2008 |work=Cable News Network}} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1188608#map=8/0.428/17.281 |accessdate=2021-10-19 |title=Relation: Likouala-aus-Herbes (1188608) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Relation: Likouala-aus-Herbes (1188608)}} }} {{refend}} [[Category:Milonga]] [[Category:Republic of the Congo]] b8684volqev30ipbg9qfu7ze2aog0di 121878 121877 2026-09-10T02:58:17Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 121878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Databox}} '''Mlonga wa Likouala-aux-Herbes''' ni mlonga uwo uli mu charu cha [[Republic of the Congo]]. Ni luwande wa [[Mlonga wa Sangha]], uwo nawo ukunjira mu [[Mronga Congo|Mlonga wa Congo]]. Likupereka zina lake ku [[Chigaŵa cha Likouala]]. ==Ukaboni== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_7/b_fdi_59-60/010026307.pdf |accessdate=2021-10-19 |first1=Alain |last1=Laraque |first2=Gil |last2=Mahé |first3=Didier |last3=Orange |first4=Bertrand |last4=Marieu |title=Spatiotemporal variations in hydrological regimes within Central Africa during the XXth century |journal=Journal of Hydrology |issue=245 |year=2001 |pages=104–117}} *{{citation |chapter=Dynamique actuelle des sables de la Likouala aux herbes : implications sur la paléohydrographie du bassin inférieur de la Sangha (République du Congo) |year=1995 |last1=Censier |first1=Claude |last2=Pouyaud |first2=Bernard |last3=Laraque |first3=Alain |last4=Maziezoula |first4=Bienvenue |editor1=Boulègue J. |editor2=Olivry Jean-Claude |title=Grands bassins fluviaux périatlantiques : Congo, Niger, Amazone |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions de l'ORSTOM |pages=239–248 |series=Colloques et Séminaires |ISBN=2-7099-1245-7 |ISSN=0767-2896 |chapter-url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/colloques2/42680.pdf}} *{{citation |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/950 |accessdate=2021-10-20 |publisher=Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention |title=Lac Télé/Likouala-aux-herbes |ref={{harvid|Lac Télé/Likouala-aux-herbes}} |work=Ramsar Sites Information Service}} *{{citation |title=Language and dialect in Epena District South |accessdate=2021-10-20 |last=Leich |first=Myles |journal=Annales Aequatoria |volume=30 |year=2009 |pages=787–838 |publisher= Honoré Vinck |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25836953 |jstor=25836953 }} *{{citation |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-05/world/congo.gorillas_1_gorillas-researchers-congolese?_s=PM:WORLD |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120015018/http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-05/world/congo.gorillas_1_gorillas-researchers-congolese?_s=PM:WORLD |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-01-20 |accessdate=2021-10-19 |title=More than 100,000 rare gorillas found in Congo |ref={{harvid|More than 100,000 rare gorillas}} |date=5 August 2008 |work=Cable News Network}} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1188608#map=8/0.428/17.281 |accessdate=2021-10-19 |title=Relation: Likouala-aus-Herbes (1188608) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Relation: Likouala-aus-Herbes (1188608)}} }} {{refend}} [[Category:Milonga]] [[Category:Republic of the Congo]] oktj7pccwxvklcmdvlufhg5zfk0rqol 1 49583 121879 2026-09-10T02:58:41Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 121879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 4 49584 121885 2026-09-10T10:14:23Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "{{main page image/DYK|image=Dik-dik.jpg|caption=Dik-dik ku Kenya}} * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] ni mtundu wa mphala uchoko chomene uwo ukukula mamita 30–40 kufika pa pheŵe, ndipo zina lake likufuma ku lizgu ilo chikazi chikupanga para chachita wofi? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] yingaŵa na uzito wa makilogiramu 3–6, ndipo yingakhala umoyo wa vyaka 10? * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] yikukhala chomene mu Eastern Africa|kumafumiro gha zuŵa gha Afri..." 121885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Dik-dik.jpg|caption=Dik-dik ku Kenya}} * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] ni mtundu wa mphala uchoko chomene uwo ukukula mamita 30–40 kufika pa pheŵe, ndipo zina lake likufuma ku lizgu ilo chikazi chikupanga para chachita wofi? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] yingaŵa na uzito wa makilogiramu 3–6, ndipo yingakhala umoyo wa vyaka 10? * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] yikukhala chomene mu [[Eastern Africa|kumafumiro gha zuŵa gha Africa]] na [[Southern Africa|kumwera kwa Africa]]? * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] yikukhozga kusunga maji mu thupi mwakuti yingazizipizga malo ghakuuma? * ... kuti [[Axolotl|axolotl]] yingamerezgaso viŵaro vyake vinyake para vyapwetekeka? * ... kuti [[Wombat|wombat]] ndiyo nyama yakumanyikwa iyo yikupanga vinthu vyakufumapo vya thupi vyakuyana na ma cube? * ... kuti [[Platypus|platypus]] ni mamalia iyo yikupanga mahe ndipo yili na mulomo wakuyana na wa bakha? * ... kuti [[Pangolin|pangolin]] yili na thupi lakuphimbika na masikelo gha keratin agho ghakovwira kuyivikilira? * ... kuti [[Rafflesia arnoldii|Rafflesia arnoldii]] lili limoza mwa maluŵa ghakuru chomene pa charu chose? * ... kuti [[Mantis shrimp|mantis shrimp]] yingaŵa na nkhonya yambura kumanyikwa chifukwa cha liŵiro lake likuru chomene? * ... kuti [[Sea otter|sea otter]] yikugwiliskira ntchito malibwe pakubwangandura magomba gha nyama izo yikurya? * ... kuti [[Wandering albatross|wandering albatross]] yili na mapapindo ghakutambasuka chomene kuluska viyuni vinandi, ghakufika pafupifupi mamita 3.7? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> hvhlpsxt0vhv4go0rr60atft4fb6asa 4 49585 121886 2026-09-10T10:14:30Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "{{main page image/DYK|image=Dik-dik.jpg|caption=Dik-dik ku Kenya}} * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] ni mtundu wa mphala uchoko chomene uwo ukukula mamita 30–40 kufika pa pheŵe, ndipo zina lake likufuma ku lizgu ilo chikazi chikupanga para chachita wofi? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] yingaŵa na uzito wa makilogiramu 3–6, ndipo yingakhala umoyo wa vyaka 10? * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] yikukhala chomene mu Eastern Africa|kumafumiro gha zuŵa gha Afri..." 121886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Dik-dik.jpg|caption=Dik-dik ku Kenya}} * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] ni mtundu wa mphala uchoko chomene uwo ukukula mamita 30–40 kufika pa pheŵe, ndipo zina lake likufuma ku lizgu ilo chikazi chikupanga para chachita wofi? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] yingaŵa na uzito wa makilogiramu 3–6, ndipo yingakhala umoyo wa vyaka 10? * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] yikukhala chomene mu [[Eastern Africa|kumafumiro gha zuŵa gha Africa]] na [[Southern Africa|kumwera kwa Africa]]? * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] yikukhozga kusunga maji mu thupi mwakuti yingazizipizga malo ghakuuma? * ... kuti [[Axolotl|axolotl]] yingamerezgaso viŵaro vyake vinyake para vyapwetekeka? * ... kuti [[Wombat|wombat]] ndiyo nyama yakumanyikwa iyo yikupanga vinthu vyakufumapo vya thupi vyakuyana na ma cube? * ... kuti [[Platypus|platypus]] ni mamalia iyo yikupanga mahe ndipo yili na mulomo wakuyana na wa bakha? * ... kuti [[Pangolin|pangolin]] yili na thupi lakuphimbika na masikelo gha keratin agho ghakovwira kuyivikilira? * ... kuti [[Rafflesia arnoldii|Rafflesia arnoldii]] lili limoza mwa maluŵa ghakuru chomene pa charu chose? * ... kuti [[Mantis shrimp|mantis shrimp]] yingaŵa na nkhonya yambura kumanyikwa chifukwa cha liŵiro lake likuru chomene? * ... kuti [[Sea otter|sea otter]] yikugwiliskira ntchito malibwe pakubwangandura magomba gha nyama izo yikurya? * ... kuti [[Wandering albatross|wandering albatross]] yili na mapapindo ghakutambasuka chomene kuluska viyuni vinandi, ghakufika pafupifupi mamita 3.7? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> hvhlpsxt0vhv4go0rr60atft4fb6asa 4 49586 121887 2026-09-10T10:14:33Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "{{main page image/DYK|image=Dik-dik.jpg|caption=Dik-dik ku Kenya}} * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] ni mtundu wa mphala uchoko chomene uwo ukukula mamita 30–40 kufika pa pheŵe, ndipo zina lake likufuma ku lizgu ilo chikazi chikupanga para chachita wofi? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] yingaŵa na uzito wa makilogiramu 3–6, ndipo yingakhala umoyo wa vyaka 10? * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] yikukhala chomene mu Eastern Africa|kumafumiro gha zuŵa gha Afri..." 121887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Dik-dik.jpg|caption=Dik-dik ku Kenya}} * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] ni mtundu wa mphala uchoko chomene uwo ukukula mamita 30–40 kufika pa pheŵe, ndipo zina lake likufuma ku lizgu ilo chikazi chikupanga para chachita wofi? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] yingaŵa na uzito wa makilogiramu 3–6, ndipo yingakhala umoyo wa vyaka 10? * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] yikukhala chomene mu [[Eastern Africa|kumafumiro gha zuŵa gha Africa]] na [[Southern Africa|kumwera kwa Africa]]? * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] yikukhozga kusunga maji mu thupi mwakuti yingazizipizga malo ghakuuma? * ... kuti [[Axolotl|axolotl]] yingamerezgaso viŵaro vyake vinyake para vyapwetekeka? * ... kuti [[Wombat|wombat]] ndiyo nyama yakumanyikwa iyo yikupanga vinthu vyakufumapo vya thupi vyakuyana na ma cube? * ... kuti [[Platypus|platypus]] ni mamalia iyo yikupanga mahe ndipo yili na mulomo wakuyana na wa bakha? * ... kuti [[Pangolin|pangolin]] yili na thupi lakuphimbika na masikelo gha keratin agho ghakovwira kuyivikilira? * ... kuti [[Rafflesia arnoldii|Rafflesia arnoldii]] lili limoza mwa maluŵa ghakuru chomene pa charu chose? * ... kuti [[Mantis shrimp|mantis shrimp]] yingaŵa na nkhonya yambura kumanyikwa chifukwa cha liŵiro lake likuru chomene? * ... kuti [[Sea otter|sea otter]] yikugwiliskira ntchito malibwe pakubwangandura magomba gha nyama izo yikurya? * ... kuti [[Wandering albatross|wandering albatross]] yili na mapapindo ghakutambasuka chomene kuluska viyuni vinandi, ghakufika pafupifupi mamita 3.7? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> hvhlpsxt0vhv4go0rr60atft4fb6asa