Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.19 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 4 1526 122072 119866 2026-09-15T12:58:11Z MediaWiki message delivery 2648 /* Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon */ new section 122072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = Wikipedia:Vidumbizgano vya chikaya/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 20 }} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> == Request for the renewal of Interface sysop == MU CHITUMBUKA Monile chikaya chose,nkhupempha kuti nilutilizge kuŵa admin wa interface. Ntchito yane mukuimanya kale ngati ni mwa nyengo zose. Uyo wakususka, panji kuzomelezga, walemba maganizo ghake pasi. ENGLISH I would like to request for interface adminship. I would like to continue updating and creating JSON and CSS pages. I have done this here a countless times. I have been an interface admin for more than 3 times, and it's nothing new. Requesting 2-3 years. Thank you. -- [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 01:51, 7 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) === Agree (nkhuzomelezga) === * {{Support}} [[User:Chanda Vavilaya|Chanda Vavilaya]] ([[User talk:Chanda Vavilaya|pakuchezgela]]) 07:59, 20 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) * {{Support}}- Tumbuka Arch is very deservent of this right, they work very hard on the wiki. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 08:53, 24 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) === Disagree (nkhukana) === === Results (vyakulondezga === * [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' * You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|en}}. * If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': * Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 Sekutembala 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> eppqpcpuxo4m4z6y92n5j9n6e95ihm9 0 5247 122094 21180 2026-09-16T03:28:43Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122094 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cologne_montage.png|thumb|300px|Cologne]] '''Cologne''' ni mzinda mu charu cha [[Germany]]. Muli ŵanthu pafupi-fupi 1,060,582 (2015). {{Commons|Category:Cologne}} [[Category:Mzinda]] [[Category:Germany]] in674afhlr8tdb59ukz9ejh1vs8dh45 0 5320 122108 109205 2026-09-16T05:13:43Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122108 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Italy.svg|300px|thumb]] [[File:EU-Italy.svg|250px|thumb]] '''Italy''' ni chalo icho chili kwa [[Europe]]. Pali anthu pafupifupi 58 850 717 m'dzikoli (2023). ==Wonaniso== *[[Viyowoyelo vyamu Italy]] [[Category:Italy]] [[Category:Europe]] 6qa095e1vay1wjvszcd94y82xzzp6ul 0 5505 122081 34979 2026-09-16T00:44:42Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chalo2 |chalo = Bangladesh |bendera = Flag of Bangladesh.svg |chidindo = National emblem of Bangladesh.svg |mapu (mndozgi) = Bangladesh (orthographic projection).svg }} '''Bangladesh''' (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ) ni chalo icho chili kwa [[Asia]]. {{Asia}} {{Commons}} [[Category:Asia]] luolmdhxb155k4u2al3byl7m7v1q99d 0 5546 122080 22557 2026-09-16T00:44:19Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122080 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|300px|thumb]] [[File:Jordan (orthographic projection).svg|250px|thumb]] '''Jordan''' (ar: الأردن‎‎) ni chalo icho chili kwa [[Asia]]. <br><gallery class=center caption="Jordan"> Amman-02-Strasse-2010-gje.jpg Amman-10-Moschee-Waschpavillon-2010-gje.jpg Petra-Koenigswand-12-2010-gje.jpg Petra-Strasse der Fassaden-08-Reiter-2010-gje.jpg Siq el-Berid-08-2010-gje.jpg Siq el-Berid-44-2010-gje.jpg Jerash-Artemistempel-26-2010-gje.jpg Qasr Kharana-06-2010-gje.jpg </gallery> [[Category:Asia]] rng3jos67y6dz3r9bfbccl9ct8dfo27 0 5554 122079 26565 2026-09-16T00:43:57Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chalo2 |chalo = Cambodia |bendera = Flag of Cambodia.svg |chidindo = |mapu (mndozgi) = Location Cambodia ASEAN.svg }} '''Cambodia''' (km: កម្ពុជា) ni chalo icho chili kwa Asia. [[Category:Asia]] nvk39xh8f795ut84190mk2i69uy4am3 0 5592 122082 20892 2026-09-16T00:44:56Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122082 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|300px|thumb]] [[File:Saudi Arabia (orthographic projection).svg|250px|thumb]] '''Saudi Arabia''' (ar: العربية السعودية) ni chalo icho chili kwa [[Asia]]. [[Category:Asia]] l62rnsrpq7bzpqsp2uqubgu1j6pyx4h 0 6942 122090 120277 2026-09-16T01:13:36Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 122090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Landlocked country in West Africa}} {{About|the country|other uses|Niger (disambiguation)|the state in Nigeria|Niger State}} {{pp-move-indef}}{{Not to be confused with|Nigeria}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of the Niger | native_name = {{native name|fr|République du Niger}} | common_name = Niger | image_flag = Flag of Niger.svg | flag_size = 100 | image_coat = Coat of arms of Niger.svg | coa_size = 110 | image_map = Niger (orthographic_projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark green}} | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{unbulleted list |{{native phrase|fr|"Fraternité, Travail, Progrès"|italics=off}} |{{small|"Fraternity, Work, Progress"}}}} | national_anthem = {{native phrase|fr|[[L'Honneur de la Patrie]]|nolink=yes}}<br />{{small|"The Honour of the Fatherland"}} | official_languages = [[French language|French]] | languages_type = [[National language]]s<ref name="axl.cefan.ulaval.ca">[https://web.archive.org/web/20181019123028/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/niger-loi-2001-037-LNG.htm République du Niger, "Loi n° 2001-037 du 31 décembre 2001 fixant les modalités de promotion et de développement des langues nationales." L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019123028/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/niger-loi-2001-037-LNG.htm |date=19 October 2018 }} (accessed 21 September 2016)</ref> | languages = {{hlist |[[Arabic language|Arabic]] |[[Buduma language|Buduma]]}} {{hlist |[[Fula language|Fulfulde]] |[[Gurma language|Gourmanchéma]]}} {{hlist |[[Hausa language|Hausa]] |[[Kanuri language|Kanuri]]}} {{hlist |[[Zarma language|Zarma]] | [[Songhoyboro Ciine|Songhai]] |[[Tuareg languages|Tamasheq]] |[[Tasawaq language|Tassawaq]] |[[Tebu languages|Tebu]]}} | religion_ref = <ref name="census" /> | religion_year = 2012 | religion = {{plainlist| * 99.3% [[Islam in Niger|Islam]] * 0.3% [[Christianity]] * 0.2% [[Animism]] * 0.1% [[Irreligion]] }} | demonym = Nigerien<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nigerien|title=Nigerien – definition of Nigerien in English from the Oxford Dictionaries|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301230120/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nigerien|archive-date=1 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> | capital = [[Niamey]] | coordinates = {{Coord|13|32|N|2|05|E|type:city}} | largest_city = Niamey | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[List of heads of state of Niger|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Mohamed Bazoum]] | leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Niger|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou]] | leader_title3 = [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of Niger|President of the National Assembly]] | leader_name3 = [[Seyni Oumarou]] | legislature = [[National Assembly of Niger|National Assembly]] | area_rank = 21st | area_km2 = 1,267,000 | area_sq_mi = 489,678 | percent_water = 0.02 | population_estimate = 25,396,840<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Niger|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 56th | population_density_km2 = 12.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 31.2 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $29.9 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 144th | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,443<ref name="IMF.WEO.US">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2022|date=April 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date=April 19, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 188th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $14.6 billion<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 145th | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $561<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 185th | sovereignty_type = [[History of Niger|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from [[France]] | established_event1 = Republic proclaimed | established_date1 = 18 December 1958 | established_event2 = Declared | established_date2 = 3 August 1960 | Gini_year = 2014 | Gini_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 34.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ World Bank GINI index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |date=9 February 2015 }}, accessed on 21 January 2016.</ref> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.400 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="2020 trends">{{cite book |title=Human Development Report 2021-22 |date=8 September 2022 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=978-9-211-26442-5 |pages=275 |website=hdr.undp.org |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=8 September 2022 }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 189th | currency = [[West African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XOF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = right<ref>[http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/ Which side of the road do they drive on?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414073422/http://brianlucas.ca/roadside/ |date=14 April 2012 }} Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2009.</ref> | calling_code = [[+227]] | cctld = [[.ne]] | footnote_a = | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="CIA-2021-Niger">{{cite web |title=Africa: Niger - The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/#people-and-society|website=www.cia.gov |access-date=1 May 2021 |date=27 April 2021}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2021 | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * 53.1% [[Hausa people|Hausa]] * 21.2% [[Zarma people|Zarma]] & [[Songhai proper|Songhay]] * 11.0% [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] * 6.5% [[Fula people|Fulani]] * 5.9% [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] * 0.8% [[Gurma people|Gurma]] * 0.4% [[Toubou people|Toubou]] * 0.4% [[Diffa Arabs|Arab]] * 0.9% [[Demographics of Niger|Other]] }} }} '''Niger''' panji '''ŵa Niger'''<ref name="nameISO" /><ref name="nameUNGEGN" /> <ref>[http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/07/how_do_you_pronounce_niger.html How Do You Pronounce "Niger"?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314184006/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/07/how_do_you_pronounce_niger.html|date=14 March 2012}} from [[Slate.com]], retrieved 4 March 2012</ref><ref>"Niger." ''The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition''. 2003. Houghton Mifflin Company 22 February 2013 [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Niger thefreedictionary.com/Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512034128/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Niger |date=12 May 2013 }}</ref>( {{IPA-fr|niʒɛʁ|lang}}),{{efn|{{lang-ar|النيجر}}, {{lang-ff|Niiser}} {{lang-ha|Nijar}}}} mwalamulo '''Charu cha Niger'''<ref name="nameISO">{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:NE |title=ISO 3166 |publisher=ISO Online Browsing Platform |access-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617031837/https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:NE |archive-date=17 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nameUNGEGN">{{cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/geonames/ |title=UNGEGN World Geographical Names |publisher=United Nations Statisticsc Division |date=1 March 2017 |access-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728144249/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/geonames/ |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{lang-fr|République du Niger}}, {{lang-ha|Jamhuriyar Nijar}}), ni caru ico cili mu West Africa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na [[Libya]] kumpoto, [[Chad]] kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Nigeria]] kumwera, [[Benin]] na [[Burkina Faso]] kumwera, Mali kumanjiliro gha dazi, na [[Algeria]] kumpoto. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1,270,000 km2 (490,000 sq mi), ndipo ntchikuru chomene ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa.{{UN_Population|ref}} Vyaru vyakujumpha 80 pa 100 vya ku Africa vili mu chipalamba cha Sahara. Ŵasilamu pafupifupi 25 miliyoni ŵakukhala kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici. Msumba wa Niamey uli kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Niger. Niger njimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene pa caru cose.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nations |first=United |date=2023-07-11 |title=2023 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/2023-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi |language=en}}</ref> Vigaŵa vinyake vya caru ici ivyo vikaŵa vyambura mapopa, nyengo zinyake vikaŵanga na njara na mapopa. Chuma cha ŵanthu ŵakuzengeka pa ulimi, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakuluta ku vyaru vinyake kukaguliska vyakurya. Charu ichi chili na masuzgo ghachitukuko chifukwa cha malo ghambura maji, mapopa, ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kuŵazga viŵi yayi, ŵanthu awo ŵakulimbana na ŵasilikari, kweniso ŵanthu awo ŵali na ŵana ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa zakulera yayi.<ref name=EconPop>{{cite news|title=Population Explosion|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21612239-runaway-birth-rates-are-disaster-population-explosion|access-date=3 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=16 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729151128/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21612239-runaway-birth-rates-are-disaster-population-explosion|archive-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵali na mitheto yakupambanapambana iyo yikulongora umo ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake na vigaŵa vinyake ŵakakhaliranga, kweniso umo ŵakakhaliranga mu caru cimoza. Kwamba kale, caru ca Niger cikupambana na vyaru vinyake. Kufuma apo caru ca Nigeria cikapokelera wanangwa wake, ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵakhalanga mu vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri ivyo ŵasilikari ŵakalamuliranga. Mu 2010, ŵasilikari ŵakawukira boma, ndipo pa nyengo iyi mu Niger mukaŵa vipani vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala ku mizi. ==Zina== Zina ili likufuma ku mlonga wa Niger uwo ukwenda mu chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Zina ili likufuma ku lizgu la Tuareg lakuti n'eghirren, ilo likung'anamura 'maji ghakwenda.'<ref>{{cite book | title =Atlas A-Z | publisher =Dorling Kindersley | year =2004 | location =New York City | page =289 }}</ref> Kuyowoyekera kwake ni /niːˈʒɛər/ mu Chifalansa, apo mu Chingelezi chikuyowoyeka /ˈnaɪdʒər/. ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Niger}} ===Prehistory=== [[File:1997 278-10 Sahara glyph.jpg|thumb|Rock engraving showing herds of giraffe, ibex, and other animals in the southern Sahara near Tiguidit, Niger]] Viŵiya vyamalibwe, vinyake vikaŵako kale comene mu 280,000 B.C.E., vikasangika ku Adrar Bous, Bilma na Djado kumpoto kwa Agadez Region.<ref name="Bradt">Geels, Jolijn, (2006) ''Bradt Travel Guide - Niger'', pgs. 15–22</ref> Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi vikukolerana na visopa vya Aterian na Mousterian ivyo vikaŵako mu nyengo ya Middle Paleolithic, ivyo vikaŵako ku mpoto kwa Africa cha m'ma 90,000 B.C.E.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = On the industrial attributions of the Aterian and Mousterian of the Maghreb|journal = Journal of Human Evolution|date = 1 March 2013|pages = 194–210|volume = 64|issue = 3|doi = 10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.10.010|first1 = Harold L.|last1 = Dibble|first2 = Vera|last2 = Aldeias|first3 = Zenobia|last3 = Jacobs|first4 = Deborah I.|last4 = Olszewski|first5 = Zeljko|last5 = Rezek|first6 = Sam C.|last6 = Lin|first7 = Esteban|last7 = Alvarez-Fernández|first8 = Carolyn C.|last8 = Barshay-Szmidt|first9 = Emily|last9 = Hallett-Desguez|pmid=23399349}}</ref><ref name="Bradt"/> Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga nga mbalovi. Mu nyengo yakale, nyengo ya mu chipalamba cha Sahara yikaŵanga yakuthukira kweniso yakupambika vyakurya vinandi, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakuyichema kuti "Chipalamba cha Green Sahara".<ref>Gwin, Peter. [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/green-sahara/gwin-text/1 "Lost Tribes of the Green Sahara"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903071614/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/green-sahara/gwin-text/1 |date=3 September 2010 }}, ''National Geographic'', September 2008.</ref><ref>[[Roland Oliver|Oliver, Roland]] (1999), ''The African Experience: From Olduvai Gorge to the 21st Century'' (Series: History of Civilization), London: [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson|Phoenix Press]], revised edition, pg 39.</ref> Nyengo ya Neolithic yikamba mu 10,000 BC; nyengo iyi yikasintha vinthu vinandi, nga ni umo ŵakazengera viŵiya vya dongo (nga umo vikaŵira ku Tagalagal, Temet na Tin Ouffadene), kuŵeta ng'ombe, na kusunga ŵakufwa mu vibumira vya malibwe.<ref name="Bradt"/> Nyengo yikati yasintha pakati pa 4000 na 2800 B.C.E., caru ca Sahara cikamba kufota pacoko na pacoko, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima, kulima tirigu, na viŵiya vya dongo. Vinthu vya visulo na mkuŵa vikaŵako mu nyengo iyi. Vinthu ivyo vikasangika ku Azawagh, Takedda, Marendet na Termit Massif.<ref>Duncan E. Miller and N.J. Van Der Merwe, 'Early Metal Working in Sub Saharan Africa' Journal of African History 35 (1994) 1–36; Minze Stuiver and N.J. Van Der Merwe, 'Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa' Current Anthropology 1968.</ref><ref>{{citation | last=Grébénart | first=Danilo | year=1993 | url=http://siris-libraries.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!752653!0#focus | title=Azelik Takedda et le cuivre médiéval dans la région d'Agadez | journal=Le Saharien (Paris) | volume=125 | issue=2 | pages=28–33 | access-date=12 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724093526/https://siris-libraries.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!752653!0#focus | archive-date=24 July 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref> [http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=3432&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Iron in Africa: Revisiting the History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025192915/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D3432%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |date=25 October 2008 }} – Unesco (2002)</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Kiffian (pafupifupi 8000-6000 B.C.) na ŵa ku Tenerian (pafupifupi 5000-2500 B.C.), awo ŵakakhalanga ku Adrar Bous na Gobero, uko ŵasanga viwangwa vya ŵanthu, ŵakakura comene mu nyengo iyi.<ref name="auto">[https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=5593387 Ancient cemetery found in 'green' Sahara Desert] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811115708/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=5593387 |date=11 August 2014 }}. By Randolph E. Schmid. Associated Press /ABC News.</ref><ref name="Clark & DGG">{{cite book|last1=Clark|first1=J. Desmond|last2=Gifford-Gonzalez|first2=Diane|title=Adrar Bous: archaeology of a central Saharan granitic ring complex in Niger|date=2008|publisher=Royal Museum of Central Africa, Tervuren}}</ref><ref name="scidaily">{{cite web | url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/08/080815101317.htm | title = Stone Age Graveyard Reveals Lifestyles Of A 'Green Sahara' | publisher = Science Daily | date = 15 August 2008 | access-date = 15 August 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080816060031/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/08/080815101317.htm | archive-date = 16 August 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/15/science/15sahara.html | title = Graves Found From Sahara's Green Period | first = John Noble | last = Wilford | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 14 August 2008 | access-date = 15 August 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120123154828/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/15/science/15sahara.html | archive-date = 23 January 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Sereno PC, ((Garcea EAA)), Jousse H, Stojanowski CM, ((Saliège J-F)), Maga A|title=Lakeside Cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 Years of Holocene Population and Environmental Change|journal=PLOS ONE|date=2008|volume=3|issue=8|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002995|display-authors=etal|pmid=18701936|pmc=2515196|pages=e2995|bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2995S|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kukura mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana pa nkhani ya ulimi na malaro. Chikhalidwe cha nyengo iyi ndi Chikhalidwe cha Bura (circa 200 - 1300 AD) chotchedwa Bura archeological site. komwe manda odzaza ndi zitsulo ndi ziboliboli za ceramic adapezeka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5045/|title=Site archéologique de Bura|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210180203/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5045/|archive-date=10 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>Mu nyengo ya Neolithic, ŵanthu ŵakamba kupanga vithuzithuzi vya mu malibwe ku Sahara. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa mu mapiri gha Aïr, Termit Massif, Djado Plateau, Iwelene, Arakao, Tamakon, Tzerzait, Iferouane, Mammanet na Dabous.<ref>{{citation|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/niger/|publisher=British Museum|title=African Rock Art - Niger|access-date=11 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702080140/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/niger/|archive-date=2 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.icomos.org/studies/rockart-sahara-northafrica/07sous-zone3.pdf|publisher=ICOMOS|author=Caulson, David|title=Sub-Zone 3: Niger|access-date=11 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212111121/https://www.icomos.org/studies/rockart-sahara-northafrica/07sous-zone3.pdf|archive-date=12 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Shillington">Shillington, Kevin (1989, 1995). ''History of Africa, Second Edition''. St. Martin's Press, New York. Page 32.</ref> ===Empires and kingdoms in pre-colonial Niger=== Mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 B.C.E., cigaŵa ico lero ni Niger cikaŵa cigaŵa ca malonda. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg ŵakendanga kufuma kumpoto, ndipo ŵakendanga na ngamila mu chipalamba.<ref>Lewicki, T. (1994). "The Role of the Sahara and Saharians in Relationships between North and South". In ''UNESCO General History of Africa: Volume 3.'' University of California Press, {{ISBN|92-3-601709-6}}.</ref><ref name=Masonen>Masonen, P: "[https://web.archive.org/web/20061008085939/http://www.hf-fak.uib.no/institutter/smi/paj/Masonen.html Trans-Saharan Trade and the West African Discovery of the Mediterranean World.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008085939/http://www.hf-fak.uib.no/institutter/smi/paj/Masonen.html |date=8 October 2006 }}"</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kusamukira ku vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa na ku vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Africa, ndipo Chisilamu chikamba kuthandazgika. Ŵarabu ŵakawukira caru ca North Africa mu vilimika vya m'ma 700 C.E., ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵasamire kumwera. Mu nyengo iyi, mu Sahel mukaŵa maufumu ghanandi. Nkhani yakulondezgapo yikulongosora umo maufumu ghanyake ghakaŵira. ====Mali Empire (1200s–1400s)==== {{Main|Mali Empire}} Ufumu wa Mali ukaŵa ufumu wa Mandinka uwo ukayambika na Sundiata Keita (r. 1230 ⁇ 1255) mu 1230 ndipo ukakhalako mpaka 1600. Nga umo vyayowoyekera mu buku la Sundiata, Mali yikaŵa chigaŵa cha ufumu wa Sosso, uwo ukafumako ku ufumu wa Ghana. Kufuma apo, Mali wakathereska Sosso pa nkhondo ya Kirina mu 1235 na Ghana mu 1240.<ref name="oxfordre1">{{cite web| url = https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-266| title = Mali Empire| author = Sirio Canós-Donnay| publisher = Oxford Research Encyclopedias| date = February 2019| doi = 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.266| isbn = 978-0-19-027773-4| access-date = 13 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190730024800/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-266| archive-date = 30 July 2019| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.worldhistory.org/Mali_Empire/| title = Mali Empire| publisher = Ancient Origins| date = 1 March 2019| access-date = 13 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190729130448/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mali_Empire/| archive-date = 29 July 2019| url-status = live}}</ref> Kufumira ku chigaŵa icho chikaŵa pafupi na mphaka ya Guinea na Mali, ufumu uwu ukakuranga mu nyengo ya mathemba ghakulondezgana ndipo ukafika pa mphepete mwa msewu wa malonda wa Trans-Sahara, ndipo ukafika pa mtunda ukuru chomene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Mansa Musa (r. 1312–1337). Pa nyengo iyi, vigaŵa vinyake ivyo sono ni chigaŵa cha Tillabéri mu Niger vikaŵa pasi pa Ŵamali. Mansa Musa, uyo wakaŵa Musilamu, wakacita haji mu 1324-1325, ndipo wakawovwira kuti Chisilamu chisanuzgike mu ufumu wake. "Vikuwoneka kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakalutilira kulondezga visambizgo vyawo vya chisopa chautesi m'malo mwa kusopa chisopa chautesi".<ref name="oxfordre1"/><ref name="ancient1">{{cite web| url = https://www.worldhistory.org/Mali_Empire/| title = Mali Empire| publisher = World History Encyclopedia| access-date = 13 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190729130448/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mali_Empire/| archive-date = 29 July 2019| url-status = live}}</ref> Ufumu ukamba "kuwelera pasi" mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, chifukwa cha kulimbana kwa awo ŵakeneranga kuŵa mafumu, mathemba ghambura nkhongono, kwendeska malonda gha ku [[Europe]] ku mphepete mwa nyanja, na kugaluka kwa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mossi, Wolof, Tuareg na Songhai.<ref name="ancient1"/> Ufumu wa ku Mali ukalutilira m'paka m'ma 1600. ==== Songhai Empire (1000s–1591) ==== [[File:SONGHAI empire map.PNG|thumb|left|Map of the Songhai Empire, overlaid over modern boundaries]] {{Main|Songhai Empire}} Ufumu wa Songhai ukacemeka kuyana na mtundu wawo, Songhai panji Sonrai, ndipo ukaŵa mu Mali, mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Niger. Songhai wakamba kukhala mu cigaŵa ici mu virimika vya m'ma 700 na vya m'ma 800; ndipo mu virimika vya m'ma 1000, Gao (uyo kale ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu wa Gao) ndiyo yikaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu uwu.<ref name="boubou-hama">Boubou Hama and M Guilhem, "L’histoire du Niger, de l’Afrique et du Monde"; Edicef, ''Les royaumes Haoussa'', pp. 104–112</ref><ref name=countrystudy>{{cite book|editor1-last=Metz|editor1-first=Helen Chapin|title=Nigeria: A Country Study|date=1991|publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress|location=Washington, DC|url=http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/9.htm|access-date=14 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012936/http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/9.htm|archive-date=3 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Kufuma mu 1000 mpaka 1325, ufumu wa Songhai ukaŵa pa mtende na ufumu wa Mali, uwo ukaŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu 1325 Songhai wakathereskeka na Mali mpaka apo yikapokereraso wanangwa wake mu 1375. Mu nyengo ya themba Sonni Ali (r. 1464 ⁇ 1492) Songhai wakatora ndondomeko yakusazgikira iyo yikatora malo ghapachanya chomene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Askia Mohammad I (r. 1493 ⁇ 1528); pa nyengo iyi ufumu ukakura kufuma ku Niger-bend heartland, kusazgapo kumafumiro gha dazi uko vigaŵa vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Niger vikawa pasi pa muwuso wake, kusazgapo Agadez uyo wakathereskeka mu 1496.<ref name="Bradt"/><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.worldhistory.org/Songhai_Empire/| title = Songhai Empire| publisher = World History Encyclopedia| access-date = 13 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190729123752/https://www.worldhistory.org/Songhai_Empire/| archive-date = 29 July 2019| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.africankingdoms.com African Kingdoms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519102901/http://www.africankingdoms.com/ |date=19 May 2019 }} African kingdoms – The Songhai Empire</ref> Ufumu uwu ukatondeka kulimbana na kuwukira kwa ufumu wa Saadi wa ku Morocco ndipo ukathereskeka pa nkhondo ya ku Tondibi mu 1591; pamanyuma ukagaŵikana mu maufumu ghachokochoko.<ref name=countrystudy/> ====Sultanate of Aïr (1400s–1906)==== [[File:1997 277-9A Agadez mosque cropped.jpg|thumb|right|[[Agadez Mosque|The Grand Mosque of Agadez]]]] {{Main|Sultanate of Aïr}} Mu 1449 kumpoto kwa Niger, Sultanate of Aïr wakapangika na Sultan Ilisawan, uyo wakakhalanga ku Agadez. Pakwamba, msumba uwu ukaŵa waka malo ghakusungirako malonda gha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hausa na ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg. Mu 1515, Aïr wakathereskeka na Songhai, ndipo wakalutilira kuŵa cigaŵa ca ufumu uwu mpaka apo ukamalira mu 1591.<ref name="Bradt"/><ref name="H-Dictionary"/> Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ufumu uwu "ukwenera kuti ukayamba kuchepa" cifukwa ca nkhondo za pakati pa mafuko. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakati ŵafika pa malo agha, msumba wa Agadez ukaŵa mu mahami ndipo Ŵafalansa ndiwo ŵakamba kuwupoka.<ref name="Bradt"/><ref name="H-Dictionary"/> ====Kanem–Bornu Empire (700s–1700s)==== {{Main|Kanem–Bornu Empire|Sultanate of Damagaram}} Ku mafumiro gha dazi, ufumu wa Kanem ⁇ Bornu ukaŵa na mazaza pa malo agho ghakaŵa pafupi na Nyanja ya Chad. Mzinda uwu ukasangika na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Zaghawa mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E. ndipo ukaŵa ku Njimi, kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja iyi. Ufumu uwu ukakuranga pachokopachoko, kusazgapo nyengo ya muwuso wa Sayfawa uwo ukamba mu 1075 pasi pa Mai (mfumu) Hummay.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ryder|first=A.F.C.|title=General History of Africa: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century|year=1981|publisher=UNESCO|location=Paris|page=239|editor=D.T. Niane}}</ref><ref name="ancient2">{{cite web| url = https://www.worldhistory.org/Kingdom_of_Kanem/| title = Kingdom of Kanem| publisher = World History Encyclopedia| author = Cartwright, Mark| date = 23 April 2019| access-date = 13 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190508165923/https://www.worldhistory.org/Kingdom_of_Kanem/| archive-date = 8 May 2019| url-status = live}}</ref> Ufumu uwu ukafika pachanya chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200, chifukwa cha kulimbikira kwa Mai Dunama Dibbalemi (r. 1210 ⁇ 1259), ndipo ukakura "wakusambazga" chifukwa cha kuwusa kwake kwa ma Trans-Saharan malonda; vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera-kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Niger, kusazgapo Bilma na Kaouar, vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Kanem mu nyengo iyi. Ŵamalonda Ŵaarabu ndiwo ŵakiza na cisopo ca Cisilamu mu caru ici mu virimika vya m'ma 1100, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kusopa cisopo ici. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bulala ŵakasuzga Kanem kuti wafumire kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Chad, uko kukamanyikwanga kuti Ufumu wa Bornu. Ufumu uwu ukawusanga mu tawuni ya Ngazargamu, iyo sono ni mphaka ya Niger na Nigeria.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ryder|first=A.F.C.|title=General History of Africa: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century|year=1981|publisher=UNESCO|location=Paris|pages=258–65|editor=D.T. Niane}}</ref><ref name="ancient2"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The History of Islam in Africa|year=2000|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780864864543|author-link=Nehemia Levtzion|author1=Nehemia Levtzion|author2=Randall Pouwels|publisher=Ohio University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780864864543/page/81 81]}}</ref> Bornu "wakakura comene" mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Mai Idris Alooma (wakababika ca mu 1575-1610) ndipo wakathereskaso vigaŵa vinandi vya Kanem, lekani ufumu uwu ukacemekanga kuti 'Kanem ⁇ Bornu'. Kuzakafika mu vilimika vya m'ma 1600 na vya m'ma 1700, ufumu wa ku Bornu ukaŵa kuti 'ukumara,' ndipo ukaweleraso ku Nyanja ya Chad.<ref name=countrystudy/><ref name="ancient2"/> Mu 1730/40, gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Kanuri likaluta kukakhala ku Kanem ndipo likambiska ufumu wa Damagaram, uwo ukaŵa ku Zinder. Ufumu uwu ukaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa Borno m'paka apo Sultan Tanimoune Dan Souleymane wakawusira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Sokoto ŵakaŵawukira, ndipo ŵakaŵathereska mu 1899.<ref name="Bradt"/> ====The Hausa states and other smaller kingdoms (1400s–1800s)==== [[File:Photo1906 Zinder overview.jpg|thumb|Overlooking the town of [[Zinder]] and the Sultan's Palace from the French fort (1906). The arrival of the French spelled an end for precolonial states like the [[Sultanate of Damagaram]] which carried on only as ceremonial "chiefs" appointed by the colonial government.]] {{Main|Hausa Kingdoms|Dosso Kingdom|Dendi Kingdom}} Pakati pa Mlonga wa Niger na Nyanja ya Chad kukaŵa uthemba wa Hausa, uwo ukazingilizga cigaŵa ca Hausaland ico pamanyuma cikazgoka mphaka ya Niger na Nigeria. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Hausa ŵakuyowoyeka kuti ni ŵanthu awo ŵakafuma ku mpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo ŵakamba kuŵa ŵanthu ŵakupambana mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 na 1400.<ref name="ancient3">{{cite web |author=Cartwright, Mark |date=9 May 2019 |title=Hausaland |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Hausaland/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226173321/https://www.worldhistory.org/Hausaland/ |archive-date=26 December 2019 |access-date=13 November 2019 |publisher=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref name="Bradt"/><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/4chapter5.shtml| title = Hausa States| publisher = BBC| access-date = 13 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180915100345/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/4chapter5.shtml| archive-date = 15 September 2018| url-status = live}}</ref> Ŵakazomera chisopa cha Chisilamu kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ndipo nyengo zinyake visopa ivi vikaŵanga pamoza na visopa vinyake, ndipo vikapangiska kuti visopa ivi viŵe vyakupambana. Magulu ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hausa nga ni Azna, ghakaleka kusopa chisopa cha Chisilamu. (Chigaŵa cha Dogondoutchi chikulutilira kuŵa na ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli vyamoyo).<ref name="Bradt"/><ref name=countrystudy/> Maufumu gha ku Hausa ghakaŵa ghakukolerana yayi, kweni ghakaŵanga na maufumu ghakupambanapambana agho ghakaŵanga ghakupambana. Ŵakaŵanga na gulu la ŵakaronga ndipo ŵakacitanga vinthu mwakuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakenderanga. Mathemba gha Ŵahausa ghakasankhikanga na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵa mu caru ndipo ghakaŵanga na mazaza ghakufumiskapo. Maufumu gha ku Hausa ghakaŵa na vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri ivyo vikapangika na ŵana ŵankhondi na yumoza ŵa Bawo.<ref name="ancient3"/><ref name=countrystudy/> Bawo wakaŵa mwana yekha wa Daurama na Bayajidda (Abu Yazid kuyana na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakumanya mdauko) awo ŵakafuma ku Baghdad. Maufumu ghankhondi na ghatatu gha ku Hausa ghakaŵa Daura, Kano, Rano, Zaria, Gobir, Katsina na Biram.<ref name="boubou-hama"/><ref name="Bradt"/><ref name="autogenerated1"/> Nkhani iyi yikulongosoraso kuti Bawo wakaŵa na ŵana ŵanayi na mwanakazi munyake, ndipo ndiwo ŵakambiska mtundu wa 'Banza (wambura kuzomerezgeka) Bakwai': Zamfara, Kebbi, Nupe, Gwari, Yauri, Ilorin na Kwararafa. Boma linyake lichoko chomene ilo likaŵa la Konni, likaŵa la Birni-N'Konni.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> The [[Fulani]] (also called Peul, Fulbe etc.), a pastoral people found throughout the Sahel, began migrating to Hausaland during the 1200s–1500s.<ref name=countrystudy/><ref name="ancient3"/> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fulani ŵakakondwa yayi na chisopa cha Chisilamu icho chikaŵako pa malo agha. Munthu munyake wakusambira chomene wa mtundu wa Fulani, zina lake Usman Dan Fodio (wakafuma ku Gobir) wakati mu 1804 wakambiska chisopa cha Chisilamu.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/><ref name="Bradt"/><ref name=fisher1975>H. J. Fisher. The Sahara and Central Sudan. in The Cambridge History of Africa: From C 1600 to C 179. Richard Gray, J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, eds. Cambridge University Press, (1975) {{ISBN|0-521-20413-5}} pp. 134–6</ref> Wati wathereska vigaŵa vinandi vya Hausaland (kweni ufumu wa Bornu ukaŵa kuti ngwambura kukolerana na ufumu wake yayi), mu 1809 wakapharazga ufumu wa Sokoto. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Hausa ŵakapona cifukwa cakuti ŵakacimbilira kumwera, nga ni ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Katsina awo ŵakasamira ku Maradi, kumwera kwa Niger. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi vikasuzga Caliphate ndipo nyengo ya nkhondo yikamba, vyaru vinyake (nga ni Katsina na Gobir) vikalutilira kujiyimira paŵekha, apo kunyake vikapangika vyaru viphya (nga ni Sultanate of Tessaoua). Ufumu wa Caliphate ukalutilira kukhalako mpaka apo "wakatimbanizgika comene" cifukwa ca kuwukira kwa mulongozgi wa nkhondo Rabih az-Zubayr, uyo wakakhalanga ku Chad, ndipo paumaliro ukawira mu mawoko gha Ŵabritish mu 1903, ndipo pamasinda caru cake cikagaŵikana pakati pa Britain na France. Maufumu ghanyake ghacoko mu nyengo iyi ni ufumu wa Dosso, uwo ukaŵako mu 1750, uwo ukalimbana na muwuso wa Hausa na Sokoto.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> ===Colonial (1900–58)=== {{Main|Senegambia and Niger|Upper Senegal and Niger|French West Africa|Colony of Niger}} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Europe ŵakaluta ku malo agho ghakachemeka Niger, nga ni Mungo Park (mu 1805 ⁇ 06), Oudney-Denham-Clapperton expedition (1822 ⁇ 25), Heinrich Barth (1850 ⁇ 55; na James Richardson na Adolf Overweg), Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs (1865 ⁇ 67), Gustav Nachtigal (1869 ⁇ 74) na Parfait-Louis Monteil (1890 ⁇ 92). Vyaru vinyake vya ku Europe vikaŵa kale na virwa vinyake mu Africa, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, vikamba kughanaghanira vyakumukati mwa caru ici. Ndondomeko iyi yikamanyikwa na zina lakuti 'Chisulo cha ku Africa' ndipo yikamara na ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Berlin mu 1885. Pa ungano uwu, vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na mazaza ghakupambanapambana vikalongosora umo vyaru vya mu Africa vikwenera kugaŵikana. Pa cifukwa ici, caru ca France cikapoka cigaŵa ico cikaŵa mu mphepete mwa Mlonga wa Niger (cigaŵa ico lero ni Mali na Niger). Kufuma apo, caru ca France cikamba kuwusa nadi caru ici. Mu 1897, msilikari wa ku France Marius Gabriel Cazemajou wakatumika ku Niger; iyo wakafika ku Sultanate of Damagaram mu 1898 ndipo wakakhala ku Zinder ku khoti la Sultan Amadou Kouran Daga ⁇ . Wakakomeka pamanyuma pakuti Daga wakawopanga kuti wangakolerana na mulongozgi wa nkhondo Rabih az-Zubayr wa ku Chad. Mu 1899-1900, France yikanozga maulendo ghatatu ghakuluta ku vyaru vya ku Africa. Maulendo agha ghakaŵa gha Ŵamitundu kufuma ku French Congo, Foureau-Lamy kufuma ku Algeria na Voulet kufuma ku Timbuktu. Ŵasilikari ŵatatu aŵa ŵakakumana ku Kousséri (kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Cameroon) ndipo ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Rabih az-Zubayr pa nkhondo ya ku Kousséri. Gulu la Voulet-Chanoine "likasuzgika na nkhaza", ndipo "likamanyikwanga chomene" chifukwa cha kupoka vinthu, kupoka, kukolelera na kukoma ŵanthu ŵa ku Niger. Pa 8 May 1899, pakuwezgera cifukwa ca kukana kwa fumukazi Sarraounia, kapitawo Voulet na ŵanalume ŵake ŵakakoma ŵanthu wose ŵa mu muzi wa Birni-N'Konni, ndipo ici cikaŵa "cinthu cakofya comene mu mbiri ya French colonial". Macitiro gha Voulet na Chanoine ghakapangiska "mbuwu" ndipo Paris wakeneranga kunjilirapo; apo Lieutenant-Colonel Jean-François Klobb wakakumana na gulu ili pafupi na Tessaoua kuti waŵafumiskeko udindo, wakakomeka. Lt. Paul Joalland, uyo kale wakaŵa mulara wa Klobb, na Lt. Paumaliro Octave Meynier ndiyo wakambiska gulu ili, pamasinda pa kugaluka uko kukakoma Voulet na Chanoine. Boma la ŵasilikari la Niger likapangika mu Disembala 1904 ku Upper Senegal na Niger (pamanyuma ku Burkina Faso, Mali na Niger) ndipo likuru lake likaŵa Niamey. Mpaka wa ku Britain na Nigeria ukamara mu 1910, pakuti vyaru viŵiri ivi vikaŵa kuti vyakolerana kale mu mapangano gha pakati pa 1898 na 1906. Msumba wa boma ili ukasamuskikira ku Zinder mu 1912 apo boma la Niger likapatukana na la Upper Senegal na la Niger, ndipo likasamuskikira ku Niamey mu 1922 apo Niger yikazgoka boma la Ŵafalansa ku West Africa. Malire gha Niger ghakaŵikika mu vigaŵa viŵiri ndipo ghakaŵikika pa malo ghake mu ma 1930. Mu nyengo iyi vinthu vikasintha mu vigaŵa vinyake. Vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mlonga wa Niger vikapelekeka ku Niger mu 1926-1927, ndipo apo boma la Upper Volta (lero ni Burkina Faso) likamara mu 1932-1947, vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi vikasazgikira ku Niger. Ŵafalansa ŵakagwiliskira nchito muwuso wambura kulongosoka, kuti ŵalutilire kuwusa mu nyengo ya ŵakoloni, uku ŵakuzomera kuwusa kwa Ŵafalansa. Zarma wa ku ufumu wa Dosso wakazomera kuwusika na Ŵafalansa, ndipo wakaŵagwiliskiranga nchito nga mbalwani kuti ŵarwe na ŵanthu ŵa ku Hausa na ŵanyakhe awo ŵakakhalanga kufupi na iwo. Ŵakawona kuti boma la France likukhumba kuwukira, nga ni kuwukira kwa Kobkitanda mu chigaŵa cha Dosso (1905 ⁇ 06), uko wakalongozgekanga na Alfa Saibou, na kuwukira kwa Karma mu chigodobu cha Niger (December 1905 ⁇ March 1906) uko wakalongozgekanga na Oumarou Karma.<ref name="Bradt"/><ref name="H-Dictionary">{{cite book |author1=Decalo, Sameul |author2=Idrissa, Abdourahmane |title=Historical Dictionary of Niger |date=1 June 2012 |isbn=9780810870901 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GFFjEMjKrWkC&pg=PA286 |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725153320/https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=GFFjEMjKrWkC&pg=PA286&lpg=PA286 |archive-date=25 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>''UNESCO General History of Africa'', Vol. VIII: Africa Since 1935. Ali A. Mazrui, Christophe Wondji, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa, eds. University of California Press, (1999) {{ISBN|0-520-06703-7}} pp. 70–3</ref> Nangauli Ŵafalansa ŵakakhozgeranga ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga waka kumwera, kweni ŵakasuzgikanga chomene na Ŵatuwareg ku mpoto. Ŵakafika ku Agadez mu 1906. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg ŵakalutilira kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kaocen, ndipo ŵakagalukira boma. Pa nyengo iyi, Ag Mohammed Wau Teguidda Kaocen wakadangiliranga gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Senussi. Ŵafalansa ŵakakhazikiska boma la ŵanthu ŵambura kugomezgeka, ndipo "kuwelera pasi na kulekeka" kwa cigaŵa ca kumpoto kwa caru ici kukalutilira, ndipo kukaŵaso njara. Nangauli charu ichi chikaŵa "chambura kukhazikika", kweni vinthu vikasintha mu Niger mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Ŵaroma. Vinthu vyakuti viwovwire ŵanthu kusanga cakurya vikapangika pamanyuma pa njara zikuru izo zikaŵako mu 1913, 1920, na 1931.<ref name="Bradt"/><ref name="H-Dictionary"/> Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, apo caru ca France cikaŵa mu mawoko gha Nazi, Charles de Gaulle wakalemba chikalata chakucemeka kuti Brazzaville Declaration, ico cikayowoya kuti ufumu wa France uzamumalizgika na boma la France. Boma la France, ilo likaŵako kufuma mu 1946 m'paka mu 1958, likapeleka wanangwa ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Britain kuti ŵaŵe ŵenekaya ŵa charu cha France. Pa nyengo iyi ndipo chipani cha Nigerien Progressive Party (Parti Progressiste Nigérien, panji PPN, icho pakwamba chikaŵa chigaŵa cha African Democratic Rally, panji Rassemblement Démocratique Africain  ⁇  RDA) chikapangika pasi pa ulongozgi wa msambizgi wakale Hamani Diori, nga ni chipani cha Movement Socialiste Africain-Sawaba (MSA), icho chikalongozgekanga na Djibo Bakary. Pamanyuma pa Dango la Ŵapharazgi ŵa ku vyaru vinyake (Loi Cadre) la pa 23 Julayi 1956 na kukhazikiskika kwa boma la Fifth French Republic pa 4 Disembala 1958, charu cha Niger chikamba kuŵa na mazaza ghekha mu French Community. Pa Disembala 18, 1958, boma la Niger likapangika ndipo Hamani Diori ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa boma ili. Mu 1959 boma likakanizga MSA cifukwa ca kutinkha comene ŵanthu ŵa ku France. Pa 11 July 1960, Niger yikasankha kuti yifumemo mu French Community ndipo yikamba kujiyimira payekha pa 3 August, 1960 nyengo ya pakati pa usiku. Ntheura Diori wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa charu ichi.<ref>Keesing's Contemporary Archives, page 17569.</ref><ref name="djibo03">Mamoudou Djibo. Les enjeux politiques dans la colonie du Niger (1944–1960). Autrepart no 27 (2003), pp. 41–60.</ref> ===Post-colonial (1960–)=== ====Diori years (1960–74)==== [[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F028554-0009, Niger, Staatsbesuch Bundespräsident Lübke.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|200px|right|Pulezidenti Hamani Diori na Pulezidenti wa ku Germany Heinrich Lübke ŵakutawuzga wumba pa ulendo wa boma ku Niamey, 1969. Muwuso wa Diori ukaŵa wa chipani chimoza pera ndipo ukaŵa na "ubwezi uwemi" na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi.]] Kwa vyaka 14 vyakwambilira vya ufumu wa Niger, boma likaŵa na chipani chimoza icho chikaŵa pasi pa Hamani Diori.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hamani-Diori|title=Encyclopedia Britannica - Hamni Diori|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903003241/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hamani-Diori|archive-date=3 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> M'ma 1960 ŵanthu ŵakasambira vinandi yayi pa nkhani ya masambiro, kweniso vinthu vikasintha pa nkhani ya chuma na mafakitale.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> Diori wakazomerezga kuti ku France kuŵe migodi ya uranium ku Arlit ndipo wakawovwira France pa nkhondo ya ku Algeria.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> Mdauko wa vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa ukaŵa "uwemi", kupaturako Dahomey (Benin), cifukwa ca mphindano ya mphaka. Mu nyengo yose iyi, boma la Niger likaŵa na chipani chimoza pera, ndipo Diori wakapona pa chiŵembu icho chikachitika mu 1963 na chiyezgo cha kumukoma mu 1965; viŵembu vinandi ivi vikachitikanga na gulu la Djibo Bakary la MSA-Sawaba ilo likambiska chigaluka mu 1964.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Jon Abbink |author2=Mirjam de Bruijn, Klaas van Walraven |title=Rethinking Resistance: revolt and violence in African history |year=2003 |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/9606/ASC_1267345_058.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |isbn=90-04-12624-4 |chapter=''Sawaba's Rebellion in Niger (1964-64)'' |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805010044/https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/9606/ASC_1267345_058.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu ma 1970, masuzgo gha vyachuma, njara, na milandu ya vimbundi na kuleka kunozga makora vyakurya, vikapangiska kuti boma liwukirepo ndipo boma la Diori likathereskeka.. ====First military regime (1974–1991)==== Wupu uwu ukapangika na Col. Seyni Kountché na gulu la ŵasilikari lakucemeka Conseil Militaire Supreme, ndipo Kountché wakalutilira kuwusa caru mpaka apo wakafwira mu 1987.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> The first action of the military government was to address the food crisis.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20141022153822/http://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve?codeEve=574 Renversement du président Hamani Diori au Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022153822/http://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve?codeEve=574 |date=22 October 2014 }}. ''Perspective monde'', 15 avril 1974</ref> Nangauli boma la Diori likafwatura ŵakayidi awo ŵakakhalanga mu jele chifukwa cha ndyali, kweni wanangwa wa ŵanthu na wanangwa wa ŵanthu "ukalutilira kunangika". Pakaŵaso viyezgo vya kupoka boma (mu 1975, 1976 na 1984) ivyo vikatimbanizgika, ndipo awo ŵakavipangiska ŵakalangika.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> Kountché wakakhumbanga kupanga "bungwe lakukhozga ŵanthu", ilo likasanganga ndalama zinandi kufuma ku migodi ya uranium ku Agadez Region. Makampani gha boma ghakapangika, nyumba zinandi zikapangika (kuzenga misewu, masukulu, na malo ghakusungirako umoyo), ndipo pakaŵaso vimbundi mu mawupu gha boma, ivyo Kountché wakaleka yayi kulanga. M'ma 1980, Kountché wakamba kucepeskako mazaza gha ŵasilikari, ndipo boma likamba kucepeskako mazaza gha ŵasilikari, na kuyezgayezga kuti boma liŵe nga ni ŵanthu. Chuma chikamba kukwera chomene apo mitengo ya uranium yikakhira, ndipo boma la IMF likamba kukanizga ŵanthu kugura vinthu vyawo, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu Nigeria ŵakane. Mu 1985, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg ŵakagaluka ku Tchintabaraden. Kountché wakafwa mu Novembala 1987 cifukwa ca kansa ya mu wongo, ndipo wakasinthika na mulongozgi wake wa ŵasilikari, Col. Ali Saibou uyo wakazomelezgeka kuŵa mulongozgi wa Supreme Military Council pamanyuma pa mazuŵa ghanayi. Saibou wakawuskapo vinthu vinyake ivyo vikacitikanga mu nyengo ya Kountché (nga ni polisi ya cisisi na kuŵika malango pa vinthu ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu nyuzipepara), ndipo wakambiska ndondomeko ya kusintha vinthu mu ndyali iyo yikalongozgekanga na gulu limoza (Mouvement National pour la Société du Développement, panji MNSD). Boma lakwamba likaŵa la Ŵaroma, ndipo lachiŵiri likaŵa la Ŵaroma. General Saibou wakazgoka pulezidenti wakwamba wa Second Republic pamanyuma pakutonda pa chisankho cha pulezidenti pa 10 December 1989. Mulimo wa Pulezidenti Saibou wa kuwongolera kusintha vinthu mu ndyali watondeka cifukwa ca ivyo ŵamalonda na ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakukhumba kuti paŵe demokilase ya vipani vinandi. Pa 9 February, 1990, ku Niamey kukaŵa chiwawa icho chikapangiska kuti ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵatatu ŵakomeke, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti boma na vyaru vinyake viŵachichizge kuti ŵasinthe vinthu. Kuumaliro wa 1990, boma la Saibou likazomera ivyo ŵakakhumbanga. Pa nyengo iyi, masuzgo ghakambaso mu chigaŵa cha Agadez apo gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg likalukira tawuni ya Tchintabaraden (uyo ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti ndiwo ŵakambiska kuwukira kwa mtundu wa Tuareg), ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵakome ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. (Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya yayi unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakomeka, kweni ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakwana 70 panji 1,000).<ref name="H-Dictionary"/>[[File:Ali Saibou cropped.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Ali Saibou, President 1987–93, helped oversee the transition from military to civilian rule]] ====National Conference and Third Republic (1991–1996)==== Msonkhano wa National Sovereign wa mu 1991 unabweretsa demokalase ya zipani zambiri. Kwambira pa Julayi 29 mpaka pa Novembala 3, pa ungano wa caru cose uwu pakawungana ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose kuti ŵapeleke ulongozgi wakukhwaskana na umo vinthu viŵirenge mu caru. Pa ungano uwu pakaŵa Prof. André Salifou ndipo wakapangiska pulani ya boma lakusintha vinthu; ilo likaŵikika mu Novembala 1991 kuti lilongozge vinthu vya boma mpaka apo maboma gha Third Republic ghakaŵikira mu Epulero 1993. Pamanyuma pa ungano wa National Sovereign Conference, boma la nyengo yichoko waka likalemba dango la chalo ilo likasintha dango la chipani chimoza ilo likaŵako mu 1989, ndipo likapeleka wanangwa ku ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ndondomeko yiphya ya malango yikazomerezgeka pa 26 Disembala 1992. Pamanyuma pa ichi, chisankho cha pulezidenti chikachitika ndipo Mahamane Ousmane wakaba pulezidenti wakwamba wa Third Republic pa 27 March 1993.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/><ref name="auto1">Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p685 {{ISBN|0-19-829645-2}}</ref> Mu nyengo ya Ousmane, boma likasintha kankhondi na kankhondi, ndipo mu 1995 kukaŵa mavoti gha wupu wa malango. Nkhaza mu Agadez Region zikalutilira mu nyengo iyi, ivyo vikapangiska kuti boma la Niger lisayinire phangano la mtende na ŵakugaluka ŵa Tuareg mu 1992. Kweni phangano ili likaŵa lawaka chifukwa cha kususkana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Toubou ŵakakwiya na ivyo boma la Niger likacita ku vigaŵa vyawo. Iwo ŵakatenge boma la Niger likutondeka kovwira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Mu Epulero 1995, boma likasazga phangano la mtende na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakugaluka ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg, ndipo likazomerezga kuti ŵasilikari ŵanyake awo kale ŵakagalukiranga boma ŵaŵapokelere mu gulu la ŵasilikari, ndipo na wovwiri wa caru ca France, ŵakawovwire ŵanyake kuti ŵambeso umoyo uwemi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Publications|first1=USA International Business|title=Niger Foreign Policy and Government Guide|date=2007|publisher=Int'l Business Publications|isbn=9781433036873|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwInUH18i8wC&q=The+niger+agreed+to+absorb+some+of+the+former+rebels+into+the+military+and%2C+with+French+assistance%2C+to+help+others+return+to+a+productive+civilian+life.&pg=PA28|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ====Second military regime and third military regime (1996–1999)==== Cifukwa cakuti boma likaŵa kuti lindambe kwendera fundo zake, ŵasilikari ŵakacitapo kanthu; pa Janyuwale 27, 1996, Col. Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara wakadangilira kuwukira uko kukawuskapo Pulezidenti Ousmane na kumazga muwuso wa Third Republic.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/28/world/world-news-briefs-niger-s-elected-president-ousted-in-military-coup.html?pagewanted=1 Niger's Elected President Ousted in Military Coup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803195752/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/28/world/world-news-briefs-niger-s-elected-president-ousted-in-military-coup.html?pagewanted=1 |date=3 August 2018 }} New York Times, 28 January 1996</ref><ref name=Obit>Kaye Whiteman, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095159/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19990412/ai_n14221141 "Obituary: Ibrahim Bare Mainassara"], ''The Independent'' (London), 12 April 1999.</ref> Maïnassara wakalongozga wupu wa Conseil de Salut National (National Salvation Council) uwo ukapangika na ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵapo pa nyengo ya myezi 6, apo ŵakanozga dango la chalo ndipo likapelekeka pa 12 May 1996. Mu myezi yakulondezgapo, pakaŵaso upharazgi wapadera. Maïnassara wakanjira mu kampeni nga ni munthu wakujiyimira payekha ndipo wakathereska chisankho pa 8 Julayi 1996, chisankho ichi chikawonekanga kuti ntchiheni, chifukwa komiti ya chisankho yikasinthika pa kampeni. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, Maïnassara wakambiska pulogiramu ya privatization yakuzomerezgeka na IMF na World Bank iyo yikaŵapangiska kuŵa ŵasambazi ŵanji awo ŵakamulondezganga, kweni wupu wa ŵamalonda ukakana. Pamanyuma pa mavoti ghaupusikizgi mu 1999, gulu lakuwukira boma likati lilekerethu kukolerana na boma la Maïnassara. Mu nyengo zambura kumanyikwa (panji kuti wakakhumbanga kucimbira mu caru), Maïnassara wakakomeka pa 9 Epulero 1999 pa Airport ya Niamey.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358644/Ibrahim-Bare-Mainassara|title=Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=9 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330145938/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358644/Ibrahim-Bare-Mainassara|archive-date=30 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=1999: President of Niger 'killed in ambush'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/9/newsid_2463000/2463927.stm|access-date=9 April 2014|newspaper=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415001633/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/9/newsid_2463000/2463927.stm|archive-date=15 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Maj. Daouda Malam Wanké wakayamba kuwusa, ndipo wakapangiska National Reconciliation Council kuti yilongozge pa kulemba dango la chalo la French-style semi-presidential. Ndondomeko iyi yikapelekeka pa Ogasiti 9, 1999, ndipo pamasinda pa Okutobala na Novembala pakachitika visankho vya pulezidenti na vya nduna. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru ŵakayowoya kuti visankho vikachitika mwawanangwa. Pamanyuma pake Wanké wakaleka nchito ya boma.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> ====Fifth Republic (1999–2009)==== [[File:Nigerien MNJ fighter technical gun.JPG|thumb|A [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] rebel fighter in northern Niger during the Second Tuareg Rebellion, 2008]] Wati wawina masankho mu Novembala 1999, Pulezidenti Tandja Mamadou wakalapa pa 22 Disembala 1999 nga ni pulezidenti wakwamba wa Fifth Republic. Mamadou wakawovwira kuti vinthu vyende makora pa nkhani ya ndyali, kweniso kuti vinthu vyende makora pa nkhani ya ndyali.<ref>{{citation|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2005/07/144962-un-world-court-decides-niger-benin-border-dispute|publisher=UN News|title=UN World Court decides Niger, Benin border dispute|date=13 July 2019|access-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108193311/https://news.un.org/en/story/2005/07/144962-un-world-court-decides-niger-benin-border-dispute|archive-date=8 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Fabio Spadi (2005) [https://web.archive.org/web/20060929032048/http://www.ljil.leidenuniv.nl/index.php3?m=5&c=186 The ICJ Judgment in the Benin-Niger Border Dispute: the interplay of titles and ‘effectivités’ under the uti possidetis juris principle, ''Leiden Journal of International Law''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929032048/http://www.ljil.leidenuniv.nl/index.php3?m=5&c=186 |date=29 September 2006 }} 18: 777–794</ref> Mu Ogasiti 2002, ku Niamey, Diffa, na Nguigmi kukacitika vivulupi mu misasa ya ŵasilikari, ndipo mu mazuŵa ghacoko waka boma likamazga vivulupi. Pa Julayi 24, 2004, kukacitika masankho gha boma kuti ŵasankhe ŵimiliri awo ŵakimikika na boma. Chisankho ichi chikalondezgana na chisankho cha pulezidenti, apo Mamadou wakasankhikaso kwa nyengo yachiŵiri, ntheura wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa chalo ichi kuwina visankho vyakulondezgana kwambura kuwuskika na ŵasilikari.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070622081649/http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/NIGER_RMO1611_04122004.pdf "RAPPORT DE LA MISSION D’OBSERVATION DES ELECTIONS PRESIDENTIELLES ET LEGISLATIVES DES 16 NOVEMBRE ET 4 DECEMBRE 2004"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622081649/http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/NIGER_RMO1611_04122004.pdf |date=22 June 2007 }}, democratie.francophonie.org {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> Wupu wakulongozga na wupu wa malango vikalutilira kuyana na umo vikaŵira mu nyengo yakwamba ya pulezidenti: Hama Amadou wakasoleka kuŵa nduna yikuru ndipo Mahamane Ousmane, mulongozgi wa chipani cha CDS, wakasoleka kuŵa mulongozgi wa wupu wa malango (parliament) na ŵanyake. Mu 2007, ubale pakati pa Pulezidenti Tandja Mamadou na nduna yake "wakatimbanizgika", ivyo vikapangiska kuti mu Juni 2007 wasinthike na Seyni Oumarou pamasinda pa voti ya kuwoneseska kuti palije chigomezgo mu Nyumba ya Malamulo. Pulezidenti Tandja Mamadou wakakhumbanga kuti nyengo ya kuwusa kwake yilute panthazi mwa kusintha dango ilo likakanizganga ŵanthu kuwusa nyengo yitali. Awo ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti boma likhale kwa nyengo yitali, ŵakakolerana na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakucemeka kuti "Tazartche" (kufuma ku lizgu la Chihausa ilo likung'anamura "kukhala nyengo yitali"), kweni ŵakasuskika na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakucemeka kuti "anti-Tazartche" ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakulimbana na boma kweniso ŵakususka boma. Ku mpoto kwa caru ici kukawuka viwawa vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg mu 2007. Mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakoleka ndipo ŵakamanyikwa kuti mbanthu ŵambura kugomezgeka. Vuto la "kukhazikika" kwa chitetezo m'chigawochi likuganiziridwa kuti ndilo linapangitsa kuti gulu la Al-Qaeda mu Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) likhazikike m'dzikoli.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> ====Fourth military regime (2009–2010)==== Mu 2009, pulezidenti Tandja Mamadou wakanozga vyakuti wapange referendum kuti wawuskepo muwuso wake, kweni vipani vinyake vikakolerana navyo yayi. Pamanyuma Mamadou wakasintha na kukhazikiska dango liphya, ilo Khoti la Vyamalango likati ndambura kuzomerezgeka, ivyo vikapangiska kuti Mamadou wasankhepo Khoti ili na kupoka mazaza ghapadera.<ref name=Reutersjune26>[https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSLQ2439220090626 Niger president rules by decree after court snub] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629050556/http://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSLQ2439220090626 |date=29 June 2009 }}. Reuters. Fri 26 June 2009</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8121974.stm Emergency powers for Niger leader] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116071655/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8121974.stm |date=16 November 2018 }}. BBC. 26 June 2009.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakususka ŵakakana kupulika fundo iyi, ndipo dango la chalo likapokeka na ŵanthu 92.5% ndipo ŵanthu 68% ŵakaluta ku mavoti, kuyana na ivyo vikawoneka. Ndondomeko iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe muwuso wa chalo cha 6 na boma la pulezidenti, na boma la kanyengo ka vyaka vitatu la Tandja Mamadou. Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti mu caru muŵe vivulupi pa ndyali na pa umoyo wa ŵanthu. Mu Febuluwale 2010, ŵasilikari ŵakakhazikiska boma la Salou Djibo, chifukwa chakuti Tandja wakakhumbanga kusazgirako nyengo iyo wakhalenge mu boma. Wupu wakulongozgeka na Djibo, ukacita ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa vinthu, ndipo ukasora dango la chalo, na kupanga mavoti mu 2011. ====Seventh Republic (2010–)==== Pamanyuma pa kupika dango la chalo mu chaka cha 2010 na kusankhika kwa pulezidenti chaka chimoza pamanyuma, Mahamadou Issoufou wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa chalo cha 7th Republic; ndipo wakasankhikaso mu chaka cha 2016.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-niger-election-idUSKCN0WO0ZN "Boycott helps Niger President Issoufou win re-election"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304072455/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-niger-election-idUSKCN0WO0ZN |date=4 March 2020 }}, Reuters, 22 March 2016.</ref><ref name="H-Dictionary"/> Ndondomeko iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe muwuso wa mulongozgi yumoza, uwo ukalekeka chaka chimoza kumanyuma. Mu 2011, boma likakhumba kumupoka, kweni likamutondeska ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵake ŵakakakika. Nyengo iyo Issoufou wakaŵa paudindo yikamanyikwa na masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo chifukwa cha nkhondo iyo yikachitikanga ku Libya na kumpoto kwa Mali, uchigaluka uwo ukachitikanga kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Niger na al-Qaeda na Islamic State, uchigaluka wa Boko Haram uwo ukachitikanga ku Nigeria uwo ukafika na kumwera cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Niger, na kugwiliskira ntchito charu cha Niger nga ni charu icho ŵanthu ŵakujumphamo kuti ŵalute ku charu chinyake. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France na America ŵakovwira Niger kulimbana na masuzgo agha..<ref>{{cite web|title=France ready to strike extremists on Libya border|url=http://asian-defence-news.blogspot.fr/2015/01/france-ready-to-strike-extremists-on.html|website=Asian Defense News|date=6 January 2015|publisher=6 January 2015|access-date=6 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031907/http://asian-defence-news.blogspot.fr/2015/01/france-ready-to-strike-extremists-on.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Pa Disembala 27, 2020, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakaluta ku mavoti pamanyuma pakuti Issoufou wapharazga kuti wafumengepo pa udindo, na kunozga nthowa kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Pakaŵavya uyo wakasangika na voti yinandi, kweni Mohamed Bazoum ndiyo wakasanga 39.33%. Kuyana na dango la chalo, pa 20 February 2021, pakachitika chisankho chachiŵiri, ndipo Bazoum wakapokera 55.75% ya mavoti ndipo uyo wakususka (ndipo kale wakaŵa pulezidenti) Mahamane Ousmane wakapokera 44.25%, kuyana na ivyo komiti ya chisankho yikayowoya. Pa 31 Malichi 2021, ŵasilikari ŵa Niger ŵakathereska chiŵembu cha ŵasilikari ku Niamey. Ŵanthu ŵakapulika kuphulika kwa futi mu nyumba ya pulezidenti. Cinthu ici cikacitika mazuŵa ghaŵiri pambere Mohamed Bazoum, uyo wakaŵa kuti wasankhika waka kuŵa pulezidenti wa caru ici, wandambe mulimo wake. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakakora ŵanthu ŵanyake. Pa 2 April, 2021, Bazoum wakalambikwa kuŵa pulezidenti wa Niger.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup |title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger's president amid tensions |work=Aljazeera |first=Giacomo |last=Zandonini |date=2 April 2021 |access-date=26 August 2021 }}</ref> ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{Main|Geography of Niger}} [[File:Ng-map.png|thumb|upright=1.15|A map of Niger]] {{MapLibrary|Niger sat.png|Niger}} Charu ichi chili ku West Africa ndipo chili pakati pa Sahara na vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nigeria na Benin, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Burkina Faso na Mali, kumpoto kwa Algeria na Libya, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad. Charu ichi chili pakati pa 11° na 24°N, kweniso pakati pa 0° na 16°E. Munda wake ngwakuti 1,267,000 square kilometres (489,191 sq mi) ndipo 300 square kilometres (116 sq mi) ni maji. Ici cikung'anamura kuti ni caru cikuru comene kuluska ca France, ndipo nchigaŵa ca nambara 21 pa caru cose.<ref>{{cite web |title=Africa :: Niger — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/ |website=www.cia.gov |access-date=1 September 2019 }}</ref> Charu ichi chili na mphaka na vyaru 7, ndipo chili na utali wa makilomita 5,697. Mphepete mwa nyanja iyi muli charu cha Nigeria icho chili na mtunda wa makilomita 1,497. Charu cha Chad chili kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 1,175. Charu cha Algeria chili kumpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo cha Mali chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 821. Charu cha Niger chili na mphaka na Burkina Faso pa 628 km (390 mi) na Benin pa 266 km (165 mi) na kumpoto-mpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Libya pa 354 km (220 mi). Malo gha pasi chomene ni pa Mlonga wa Niger, ndipo ghakukwera mamita 200. Malo ghapachanya chomene ni Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès mu mapiri gha Aïr. ===Climate=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map NER present.svg|thumb|Map of Köppen climate classification]] Ku malo ghanyake, nyengo ya kotcha na ya chipalamba yikupangiska kuti moto uŵeko kanandi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ramo|first1=Ruben|last2=Roteta|first2=Ekhi|last3=Bistinas|first3=Ioannis|last4=Wees|first4=Dave van|last5=Bastarrika|first5=Aitor|last6=Chuvieco|first6=Emilio|last7=Werf|first7=Guido R. van der|date=2021-03-02|title=African burned area and fire carbon emissions are strongly impacted by small fires undetected by coarse resolution satellite data|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=118|issue=9|doi=10.1073/pnas.2011160118|pmc=7936338|issn=0027-8424|pmid=33619088|bibcode=2021PNAS..11811160R |hdl=10810/50523 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Kumwera kwa caru ici kuli malo ghakuzizima agho ghakukhala mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Niger. Malo agha ghakaŵa mapopa, ndipo kumwera kukaŵa mapiri, kumpoto kukaŵa mapiri. ===Biodiversity=== {{Further|Wildlife of Niger}} [[File:Elephant dust bath park w niger.jpg|thumb|An elephant in the [[W National Park]] ]] Charu cha Niger chili na vigaŵa vinkhondi: Savanna ya Sahelian Acacia, Savanna ya West Sudan, Savanna ya Lake Chad, South Saharan steppe and woodlands, na West Saharan montane xeric woodlands. Kumpoto kwa caru ici kuli mapopa na malo ghanyake ghambura mapopa. Vinyama vinyake ivyo vikukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ni viyuni nga ni viyuni vya addax antelope, oryx, gazelle, ndipo ku mapiri kuli mberere za mtundu wa Barbary. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi, kuli malo ghakucemeka Aïr and Ténéré National Nature Reserve. Kumwera kwa caru ici kuli vigaŵa ivyo ni vyakupambanapambana. W National Park, iyo yili ku mphaka ya Burkina Faso na Benin, njimoza mwa "malo ghakuzirwa comene" ku vyamoyo vyamuthengere ku West Africa. Malo agha ghakucemeka WAP (W ⁇ Arli ⁇ Pendjari) Complex. Ku malo agha kuli nkharamu za ku West Africa, ndipo kuli nkharamu ya Northwest African cheetah. Vinyama vinyake vyamuthengere ni njovu, njati, mphoyo, mphoyo za mu thengere, na mphoyo za ku mphepete. Giraffe wa ku West Africa wakusangika kumpoto uko wali na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni umo ŵalimi ŵakunanga vinthu chifukwa cha kukwera kwa unandi wa ŵanthu, kuska vyakurya mwambura kuzomerezgeka, moto wa mu nkhorongo mu vigaŵa vinyake, na umo ŵanthu ŵakunjilira mu malo agho ghakuphulika na maji gha mu Mlonga wa Niger kuti ŵalimenge mpunga. Vigeŵenga ivyo vili kuzengeka pa Mlonga wa Niger mu vyaru vya Mali na Guinea, kweniso mu Niger, ndivyo vyapangiska kuti maji gha mu Mlonga wa Niger ghaleke kwenda makora, ndipo ivi vikukhwaska comene malo agho tikukhala. Cinyake ico cikupangiska kuti viŵeto viluwenge ni "kuŵavya ŵantchito ŵakukwana" kuti ŵavikilire viŵeto mu malo ghakusungirako viŵeto. Mulimi wakuŵawovwira kuti ŵaleke kusuzgika na mphepo kufuma waka mu 1983 kuti ŵapange vyakurya vinandi na makuni, kweniso kuti ŵaleke kusuzgika na mphepo.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hertsgaard|first=Mark|date=2009-11-19|title=Regreening Africa|language=en-US|journal=The Nation|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/regreening-africa/|access-date=2021-11-26|issn=0027-8378}}</ref> == Boma na ndyali == {{Main|Politics of Niger|Government of Niger}} Pa Okutobala 31, 2010, boma liphya la Niger likazomerezgeka. Likawuskaso ndondomeko ya kuwusa ya pulezidenti ya mu 1999 (Fifth Republic) apo pulezidenti wakusankhika na ŵanthu wose kwa vilimika vinkhondi, ndipo nduna yikuru iyo yikwimikika na pulezidenti ndiyo yikucita mulimo wa kuwusa. Pa 26 May 2009, Pulezidenti Tandja wakathura nyumba ya malango pamanyuma pakuti khoti la malango la boma la boma la [[Malaŵi|Malawi]] likanizga ndondomeko ya kupanga referendum pa nkhani ya kuzakazomerezga kuti waŵepo paudindo kachitatu. Mwakuyana na dango la boma, mu myezi yitatu yikeneranga kufika nyengo yakuti ŵasole nyumba ya malango yiphya. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe kulimbana pakati pa Tandja, uyo wakakhumbanga kuti wamalizge mazaza ghake agho ghakaŵa gha nyengo yichoko waka, na awo ŵakamususkanga, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti wafumeko pa udindo wake para nyengo yake yachiŵiri yamara mu Disembala 2009. Wonani 2009 Nigerien constitutional crisis. Ŵasilikari ŵakapoka boma, ndipo Pulezidenti Tandja ŵakamujalira mu jele, ŵakamupusikizgira kuti wali na vimbundi. Ŵasilikari ŵakasunga layizgo lawo lakuti ŵazamuwezgerapo demokarase mu caru. Pakacitikaso mavoti na referendum pa nkhani ya malango gha caru cose. Chisankho cha pulezidenti chidachitika pa 31 January 2011, kweni pakuti pakaŵavya uyo wakathereskeka, chisankho chachiŵiri chikachitika pa 12 March 2011. Mahamadou Issoufou wa ku chipani cha Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pakaŵaso kusora ŵaboma.<ref>Ahmad, Romoke W. [http://allafrica.com/stories/201102030287.html "West Africa: Ecowas, EU Say Niger Elections Satisfactory"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629053302/http://allafrica.com/stories/201102030287.html |date=29 June 2011}}, ''Daily Trust'' (republished at AllAfrica.com), 3 February 2011.</ref><ref>Saidou, Djibril. [http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-04/niger-s-presidential-election-heads-to-march-runoff.html "Niger’s Presidential Election Heads to March Runoff"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628204008/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-04/niger-s-presidential-election-heads-to-march-runoff.html |date=28 June 2011}}, ''Bloomberg Businessweek'', 4 February 2011.</ref><ref>Look, Anne. [http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Politicians-Forge-Alliances-Before-March-Election-116159734.html "Niger Politicians Forge Alliances Before March Election"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207212122/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Politicians-Forge-Alliances-Before-March-Election-116159734.html |date=7 February 2012}}, ''Voice of America'', 14 February 2011.</ref> ===Foreign relations=== [[File:Drapeau Niger ambassade Paris.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Niger's flag waving at the embassy in Paris]] {{Main|Foreign relations of Niger}} Boma la Niger likulongozga ndyali ya pa caru cose yayi ndipo likuŵa paubwezi na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, vyaru vya Chisilamu, na vyaru ivyo vikukolerana navyo yayi. Wupu uwu uli mu UN na mabungwe ghanyake ndipo mu 1980-1981 ukaŵa mu wupu wakuwona vya chivikiliro wa UN. Niger yili paubwezi wapadera na caru ico kale cikaŵa pasi pa France, kweniso yili paubwezi na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili na wanangwa wakuchita vinthu nga ni umoza wa vyaru vya Africa na Western African Monetary Union. Charu ichi chili ku Niger Basin Authority na Lake Chad Basin Commission, Economic Community of West African States, Non-Aligned Movement, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). Vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Niger vikukolerana na vigaŵa vya Mali na Burkina Faso pasi pa Liptako-Gourma Authority. Mu 2005, Khoti la Vyamalango la pa Charu Chose likadumura nkhani ya mphindano ya mphaka pakati pa charu cha Benin na charu cha Niger. Nkhani iyi yikakhwaska chomene chirwa cha Lété icho chili mu mlonga wa Niger. ===Military=== {{Further|Niger Armed Forces}} Ŵasilikari ŵa Niger (Forces armées nigériennes) ni ŵasilikari ŵa Niger, pasi pa pulezidenti uyo ni mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari. Vili na ŵasilikari ŵa Niger (Armée de Terre), ŵasilikari ŵa Niger Air Force (Armée de l'Air) na ŵasilikari ŵanyake, nga ni National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie nationale) na National Guard (Garde nationale). Ŵasilikari wose ŵaŵiri ŵakusambizgika nkhondo ndipo ŵakugwira nchito zinyake za nkhondo. Mu nyengo ya mtende, ŵakucita milimo ya ŵapolisi. Ŵasilikari ŵakukwana 12,900, kusazgapo 3,700 gendarmes, 3,200 national guards, 300 air force personnel, na 6,000 army personnel. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Niger ŵali kuchitapo vinthu vinandi ivyo vingapangiska kuti boma liwe, ndipo ivyo vyachitika sonosono apa ni vya mu 2010. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Niger ŵakukolerana na ŵasilikari ŵa ku France na United States. Mu 2013, ku Niamey kukaŵa malo agho kukaŵanga ndege za ku U.S. ===Judicial system=== {{Main|Judiciary of Niger}} Khoti ili likamba kugwira ntchito mu 1999 apo boma lachinayi la Niger likapangika. Ndondomeko ya malango ya Disembala 1992 yikasinthika pa 12 May 1996 ndipo pa 18 July 1999 yikasinthikaso na kuŵa umo yiliri sono. Ndondomeko iyi yikukolerana na dango la Code Napoléon, ilo likapangika mu Niger mu nyengo ya French colonial rule na Constitution ya 1960 ya Niger. Khoti la Appeal Court likusanda nkhani zakukhwaskana na ivyo vikacitika na ivyo vili mu dango, ndipo Khoti Likuru Chomene la Supreme Court likusanda nkhani zakukhwaskana na dango na ivyo vili mu dango. Khoti Likuru la Vyamalango (HCJ) ndilo likweruzga milandu ya ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma. Boma likuŵaso na makhoti gha milandu ya ŵanthu, makhoti gha mitheto, makhoti gha ŵasilikari, na makhoti ghanyake. Makhoti gha ŵasilikari ghakupika wanangwa wakuyana waka na makhoti gha milandu yaŵanthu. Kweni makhoti gha mitheto ghalije wanangwa uwu. Khoti la ŵasilikari lingeruzga ŵanthu bweka yayi.<ref name="USHRR2008">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090226175359/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/119017.htm 2008 Human Rights Report: Niger] in 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. (25 February 2009) As a publication of the United States Federal Government, this report is in the [[Public Domain]]. Portions of it may be used here verbatim.</ref><ref name=Sory>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081126022100/http://www.etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr/institutionnel/niger.html#Syst%E8me%20judiciaire Niger:Système judiciaire] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126022100/http://www.etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr/institutionnel/niger.html |date=26 November 2008}}. NIGER Situation institutionnelle. Sory Baldé, CEAN, IEP-Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV (2007) Accessed 13 April 2009</ref> ===Law enforcement=== {{Main|Law enforcement in Niger}} Boma la Niger ndilo likwendeska nkhani za malango. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku [[Spain]] ndiwo ŵakulaŵilira kuti malango gha m'mizinda ghakulondezgeka. Kuwaro kwa misumba yikuru na ku mizi, mulimo uwu ukupelekeka ku ŵasilikari ŵa boma na ŵasilikari ŵa boma. ===Government finance=== Ndalama izo boma likupeleka zikufuma ku vyamalonda ivyo likupeleka ku vyaru vinyake (vyamalonda vya migodi, mafuta, na vyakurya ivyo vikufumiskika ku vyaru vinyake) kweniso ku misonkho iyo boma likutolera. Kale, wovwiri wakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ukaŵanga ukuru comene pa bajeti. Mu chaka cha 2013, boma la Niger likapeleka bajeti yambura kusuzga ya 1,279 trillion CFA francs ($2.53 billion) iyo yikulongosoreka kuti yikovwira kuti ndalama na ndalama viŵe pa mtende na kuchepeska bajeti na 11% kufuma mu chaka chamanyuma. Bajeti ya chaka cha 2014 yikaŵa ya CFA 1.867 trillion, iyo yikatumizgika ku: ngongole ya boma (76,703,692,000 CFA), ndalama zakwendeskera ntchito (210,979,633,960 CFA), ndalama zakwendeskera ntchito (128,988,777,711 CFA); ndalama zakwendeskera ntchito: 308,379,641,366 CFA) na ndalama zakwendeskera ntchito (1,142,513,658,712 CFA).<ref>{{in lang|fr}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20200805215851/http://nigerexpress.info/2013/11/28/niger-le-budget-2014-porte-a-1-867-milliards/ Niger : le budget 2014 porté à 1.867 milliards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805215851/http://nigerexpress.info/2013/11/28/niger-le-budget-2014-porte-a-1-867-milliards/ |date=5 August 2020}}. ''Niger Express'', 28 November 2013.</ref> ====Foreign aid==== Kuzirwa kwa wovwiri wa ku caru ca Niger kukulongoreka na fundo yakuti pafupifupi 45% ya bajeti ya boma ya cilimika ca 2002, kusazgapo 80% ya bajeti ya ndalama, yikufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakupeleka wovwiri.<ref name=ussd2009>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5474.htm Background Notes for Niger: January 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524232128/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5474.htm |date=24 May 2019}} Bureau of African Affairs, United States State Department. Retrieved 26 February 2009. Portions of the "Economy" section are here used verbatim, as this document is in the public domain.</ref> Vinthu vyakuzirwa comene ivyo vikupeleka ndalama ku Niger ni France, European Union, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, na mawupu ghakupambanapambana gha United Nations (UNDP, UNICEF, FAO, World Food Program, na United Nations Population Fund). Vyaru vinyake vikuruvikuru ivyo vikupereka ndalama ni United States, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Canada, na Saudi Arabia. Nangauli wupu wa USAID ulije ofesi ku Niger, kweni boma la United States ndilo likupeleka ndalama zinandi ku Niger. Boma la U.S. likovwiraso comene pa nkhani ya vyakurya na HIV/AIDS. ===Administrative divisions=== [[File:Niger administrative divisions.svg|thumb|upright=2.25|Administrative divisions of Niger]] {{Main|Regions of Niger|Departments of Niger|Communes of Niger}} Charu cha Niger chili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 7 na chigaŵa chimoza. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika mu madipatimenti 36. Mazuŵa ghano, vigaŵa vyose 36 vya ku France vili kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Mu chaka cha 2006 mukaŵa makomomu 265, kusazgapo makomomu gha mu misumba (Urban Communes: nga ni vigaŵa vya misumba yikuruyikuru), makomomu gha ku mizi (Rural Communes), mu vigaŵa ivyo muli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka na mapositi gha mu boma (Administrative Posts) mu vigaŵa vya mapopa panji vigaŵa vya ŵasilikari. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi mungasangika vikaya na malo ghakukhalako ŵanthu, apo mu vigaŵa vya mu misumba mungasangika vigaŵa viŵiri. Mu 2002, vigaŵa vya Niger vikasinthika mazina pakulondezga ndondomeko ya kusankhana vinthu ivyo vikamba mu 1998. Pakwamba, Niger yikagaŵikana mu vigaŵa 7, vigaŵa 36, na vigaŵa vinyake. Maofesi agha ghakaŵanga na ŵalaraŵalara awo ŵakasankhika na boma. Maofesi agha muzamughasintha kuti ghaŵe na makomiti agho ghazamusankhika mwademocracy pa vigaŵa vyose. Madera agho ghakaŵako pambere chaka cha 2002 chindafike (ghakazgoka vigaŵa) ni: * [[Agadez Region]] * [[Diffa Region]] * [[Dosso Region]] * [[Maradi Region]] * [[Tahoua Region]] * [[Tillabéri Region]] * [[Zinder Region]] * [[Niamey]] {{smaller|(capital district)}} ===Largest cities and towns=== {{Further|List of cities in Niger}} {{Largest cities | country = Niger | stat_ref = According to the 2012 Census<ref>{{cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/Niger-Cities.html|title=Niger|access-date=2019-11-06}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = Region | div_link = | city_1 = Niamey | div_1 = Niamey <!-- Capital District --> | pop_1 = 978,029 | img_1 = Niamey from the sky.jpg | city_2 = Maradi, Niger{{!}}Maradi | div_2 = Maradi Region{{!}}Maradi | pop_2 = 267,249 | img_2 = Village maradi niger.jpg | city_3 = Zinder | div_3 = Zinder Region{{!}}Zinder | pop_3 = 235,605 | img_3 = Zinder (6328886864).jpg | city_4 = Tahoua | div_4 = Tahoua Region{{!}}Tahoua | pop_4 = 117,826 | img_4 = Femmes rurales et taches ménageres.jpg | city_5 = Agadez | div_5 = Agadez Region{{!}}Agadez | pop_5 = 110,497 | city_6 = Arlit | div_6 = Agadez Region{{!}}Agadez | pop_6 = 78,651 | city_7 = Birni-N'Konni | div_7 = Tahoua Region{{!}}Tahoua | pop_7 = 63,169 | city_8 = Dosso, Niger{{!}}Dosso | div_8 = Dosso Region{{!}}Dosso | pop_8 = 58,671 | city_9 = Gaya, Niger{{!}}Gaya | div_9 = Dosso Region{{!}}Dosso | pop_9 = 45,465 | city_10 = Tessaoua | div_10 = Maradi Region{{!}}Maradi | pop_10 = 43,409 }} ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Niger}} [[File:Niger Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Niger exports, 2019]] [[File:Niamey night.jpg|thumb|[[Niamey]], Niger's capital and economic hub]] Vyakurya ivyo vikulimika mu Niger ni vyakurya vyakukhumbikwa comene, viŵeto, na uranium, vinthu ivyo vikusangika comene mu caru. Vinthu ivi ni njara, mapopa ghasazgikira, ŵanthu ŵakusazgikira na 2.9 peresenti, kweniso ŵanthu ŵakukhumba chomene uranium pa caru cose. Charu cha Niger chili na ndalama yimoza pera, ya CFA franc, ndipo chili na banki yimoza ya ku West Africa, ya Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO), pamoza na vyaru vinyake 7 vya ku West African Monetary Union. Niger nayo njimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikukolerana pa nkhani ya malango gha vyamalonda mu Africa (OHADA).<ref name="ohada.com">{{cite web | title = OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa | url = http://www.ohada.com/index.php | access-date = 22 March 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033744/http://www.ohada.com/index.php | archive-date = 26 March 2009 | url-status = live}}</ref>[[File:Echangeur a Niamey la Nuit.jpg|thumb|Niamey at night]] Mu Disembala 2000, chalo cha Niger chikapokera ndalama zakuwombolera ngongoli za vyaru vikavu ivyo vili na ngongoli yikuru chomene (HIPC) kufuma ku wupu wa International Monetary Fund. Kuwombora ngongoli uko kwapelekeka mu ndondomeko ya HIPC kukuchepeska ngongoli izo Niger yikugwiliskira nchito pa chaka, ndipo ndalama zikuluwika pa vinthu nga ni vyaumoyo, masambiro gha pulayimale, kulimbana na HIV/AIDS, kunozga vinthu vyakukhumbikwa ku mizi, na vinyake ivyo vikovwira kuti ukavu uchepeko. Msika wa Dolé Mu Disembala 2005, boma la Niger likapokera ndalama zakukwana madola 86 miliyoni kufuma ku IMF. Pafupifupi hafu ya ndalama izo boma likupeleka zikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Kukura kwa caru kunthazi kungazengeka pa kugwiliskira nchito mafuta, golide, malasha, na visulo vinyake. Mu vilimika vyasonosono apa, mitengo ya uranium yikukwera. Mu 2005, ku Nigeria kukaŵa njara na zombe, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 2.5 miliyoni ŵakasoŵa cakurya. == Chiwerengero cha ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Niger}} [[File:1997 275-15 young Wodaabe women.jpg|thumb|[[Fula people|Fulani]] women with traditional [[face tattoo|facial tattoos]] ]] Kuzakafika mu chaka cha 2021, ŵanthu ŵa ku Niger ŵakaŵa 25,252,722{{UN_Population|ref}}. Mu 1960, mu Niger mukaŵa ŵanthu 3.4 miliyoni, kweni sono ŵanthu ŵakusazgikira mwaluŵiro chomene.<ref name="ins-demographics">{{in lang|fr}} ''Annuaires Statistiques du Niger 2007–2011''. [http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/file/Annuaires_Statistiques/AS2007-2011STRUCTUREPOPULATION.pdf Structure de la population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726234159/http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/file/Annuaires_Statistiques/AS2007-2011STRUCTUREPOPULATION.pdf |date=26 July 2014}} (Niger's National Statistics Institute Report)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/niger-population/ |title=Niger Population |publisher=Worldometers |access-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814061458/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/niger-population/ |archive-date=14 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kukura kwa unandi wa ŵanthu uku, nkhukuru comene pa caru cose ndipo boma na mawupu ghanyake ghakufipa mtima comene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu chigaŵa ichi mbachinyamata, ndipo 49.2% ŵali na vyaka 15 kukhilira pasi, ndipo 2.7% ŵali na vyaka vyakujumpha 65. Kafukufuku wa mu 2005 [which?] likati ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 800,000 (pafupifupi 8 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose) mu Niger ŵali mu wuzga.<ref>"[https://abcnews.go.com/International/Story?id=813618&page=1 The Shackles of Slavery in Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219150212/https://abcnews.go.com/International/Story?id=813618&page=1 |date=19 February 2009}}". ABC News. 3 June 2005.</ref><ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4250709.stm Born to be a slave in Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806031036/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4250709.stm |date=6 August 2017}}". BBC News. 11 February 2005.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1357_slavery_today/page3.shtml |title=BBC World Service &#124; Slavery Today |publisher=BBC |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113131049/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1357_slavery_today/page3.shtml |archive-date=13 November 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Urban settlements=== {| class="wikitable" |+ Cities of Niger ! rowspan="2"| Rank !! rowspan="2" | City !! colspan="2" | Population !! rowspan="2" | Region |- ! 2001 Census<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/en/niger/cities/|title=Niger: Regions, Cities & Urban Centers - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|website=citypopulation.de|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321050141/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/niger/cities/|archive-date=21 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>!! 2012 Census<ref name="auto2"/> |- |align=right | 1. || [[Niamey]] || align=right | 690,286 || align=right | 978,029 || [[Niamey]] |- |align=right | 2. || [[Maradi, Niger|Maradi]] || align=right | 148,017 || align=right | 267,249 || [[Maradi Region]] |- |align=right | 3. || [[Zinder]] || align=right | 170,575 || align=right | 235,605 || [[Zinder Region]] |- |align=right | 4. || [[Tahoua]] || align=right | 73,002 || align=right | 117,826 || [[Tahoua Region]] |- |align=right | 5. || [[Agadez]] || align=right | 77,060 || align=right | 110,497 || [[Agadez Region]] |- |align=right | 6. || [[Arlit]] || align=right | 68,835 || align=right | 78,651 || [[Agadez Region]] |- |align=right | 7. || [[Birni N'Konni]] || align=right | 44,663 || align=right | 63,169 || [[Tahoua Region]] |- |align=right | 8. || [[Dosso, Niger|Dosso]] || align=right | 43,561 || align=right | 58,671 || [[Dosso Region]] |- |align=right | 9. || [[Gaya, Niger|Gaya]] || align=right | 28,385 || align=right | 45,465 || [[Dosso Region]] |- |align=right | 10. || [[Tessaoua]] || align=right | 31,667 || align=right | 43,409 || [[Maradi Region]] |} ===Ethnic groups=== {{bar box |title=Ethnic Groups in Niger (2001 Census)<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat-niger.org/frame/demographie.htm|title=DEMOGRAPHIE|website=www.stat-niger.org|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922235514/http://www.stat-niger.org/frame/demographie.htm|archive-date=22 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Ethnic Groups |right1=percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|Hausa|darkgreen|55.4}} {{bar percent|Zarma & Songhai|purple|21}} {{bar percent|Tuareg|red|9.3}} {{bar percent|Fula|black|8.5}} {{bar percent|Kanuri|orange|4.7}} {{bar percent|Toubou|green|0.4}} {{bar percent|Arab|darkblue|0.4}} {{bar percent|Gurma|white|0.4}} {{bar percent|Other|darkred|0.1}} }} {{Main|Hausa people|Zarma people|Tuareg people|Fula people|Kanuri people|Tubu people|Diffa Arabs|Gurma people}} Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ku Niger nako kuli ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Mu 2001, mitundu ya ku Niger yikaŵa: Hausa (55.4%), Zarma & Songhay (21%), Tuareg (9.3%), Fula (French: Peuls; Fula: Fulɓe) (8.5%), Kanuri Manga (4.7%), Tubu (0.4%), Arab (0.4%), Gourmantche (0.4%), ŵanyake (0.1%). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zarma na Songhay ndiwo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya Dosso, Tillabéri, na Niamey, ŵanthu ŵa ku Hausa ndiwo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya Zinder, Maradi, na Tahoua, ŵanthu ŵa ku Kanuri Manga ndiwo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya Diffa, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Tuareg ndiwo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya Agadez kumpoto kwa Niger.<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="ins-demographics" /> === Viyowoyero === {{Main| Languages of Niger}} Cifrenchi, ico cikapokeka kufuma ku nyengo ya ufumu, ndico ni ciyowoyero ca boma. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasambira comene ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵakuyowoya Cingelezi nga ni ciyowoyero caciŵiri, kweniso ni ciyowoyero ca boma. Niger ni membala wa wupu wa Organisation internationale de la Francophonie kwambira mu 1970. Charu cha Niger chili na viyowoyero 10 ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu charu ichi. Viyowoyero ivi ni Chiarabu, Chibuduma, Chifulfulde, Chigurmanchéma, Chihausa, Chikanuri, Chizarma na Chi Songhay, Chi Tamasheq, Chi Tassawaq, Chi Tebu. Ciyowoyero cilicose cikayowoyekanga na ŵanthu ŵa fuko ilo cikakolerananga nalo.<ref>Ethologue. [https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NE/languages Niger languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727114820/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NE/languages |date=27 July 2018}}</ref><ref>Présidence de la République du Niger. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180727090206/https://www.presidence.ne/gographie/ Le Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727090206/https://www.presidence.ne/gographie/ |date=27 July 2018}}</ref> Viyowoyero viŵiri ivyo vikuyowoyeka comene ni Hausa na Zarma-Songhai, ndipo ni viyowoyero vyakwamba panji viŵiri ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu caru cose ici. ===Chisopo=== {{Main|Religion in Niger}} {{bar box |title=Religion in Niger |titlebar=#ddd |left1=religion |right1=percent<ref name="census" /> |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|Islam|darkgreen|99.3}} {{bar percent|Christianity|purple|0.3}} {{bar percent|Animism|blue|0.2}} {{bar percent|Irreligious|black|0.1}} }} Charu cha Niger ntchambura kukolerana na chisopa ndipo boma na chisopa vikupambana. Ufulu wa kusopa ukuvikilirika na Ndime 30 ya dango la boma lenelili. Chisopa cha Chisilamu chikamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E. ndipo ndicho chikusambizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Niger umo ŵakwenera kukhalira. Chisilamu ndicho ntchisopa chakumanyikwa chomene, ndipo ŵanthu 99.3% mu chigaŵa ichi ndiwo ŵakasopanga kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2012. Visopa viŵiri vikuruvikuru vya ku Niger ni Chikhristu, icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu 0.3%, na Chikhristu (chikhristu icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi), icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu 0.2%. Ŵamishonale ndiwo ŵakambiska cisopa ca Cikhristu mu caru ici mu nyengo iyo caru cikaŵa pasi pa Ŵafalansa. Ŵakhristu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga ku Europe na ku West Africa nawo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha. Mu virimika vyasonosono apa, ku Niger kwambaso kutambuzgika ŵanthu ŵanandi cifukwa ca cisopa. Wupu wa Ŵakhristu wakucemeka Open Doors, ukati mu caru ca Niger, kuŵa Mkhristu ni suzgo likuru comene, ndipo ico cikulongora kuti Ŵakhristu ŵakusuzgika comene mu caru ici. Kuyana na ŵimiliri ŵa magulu gha Ŵakhristu na Ŵasilamu ku Niger, ubwezi pakati pa Ŵasilamu na Ŵakhristu ngwakuzika comene.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2022 |title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Niger |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/niger/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa nkhani ya unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti vyamoyo ni vyamoyo. Kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1800, Ŵasilamu ŵakafika yayi ku vigaŵa vinandi vya kumwera kwa caru ici, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanyake ku mizi ŵakang'anamuka mtima viŵi yayi. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, visopa vya Ŵabori na Ŵatubwi na Ŵawudabe ŵakucita viphikiro na maluso gha Ŵasilamu. Ŵanthu aŵa ni awo ŵakuyowoya chiHausa, Maouri (panji Azna, lizgu la chiHausa ilo likung'anamura "ŵambura kusopa Chiuta") ku Dogondoutci, kumwera na kumwera-kumanjiliro gha dazi, na awo ŵakuyowoya chiKanuri, chakuchemeka Manga, kufupi na Zinder, ndipo wose ŵakulondezga visambizgo vya chiHausa Maguzawa, ivyo vikaŵako pambere Chisilamu chindaŵeko. Kweniso ku cigaŵa ca kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici, kuli vigaŵa vichoko waka vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boudouma na Songhay. Mu virimika 10 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria awo Mbasilamu ŵakuleka kutemwana.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Decalo79" /> ====Islam==== {{Main|Islam in Niger}} Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ku Niger mba Sunni, 7% mba Shi'a, 5% mba Ahmadiyya ndipo 20% mbanthu ŵa visopa vinyake.<ref name="pew">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf |title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity |access-date=2 June 2014 |date=9 August 2012 |publisher=Pew Forum on Religious & Public life |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024125551/http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="report">[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90113.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216213927/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90113.htm|date=16 December 2019}}. United States [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (14 September 2007). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> Chisilamu chikamba mu vigaŵa ivyo lero ni Niger mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 C.E., apo ufumu wa Songhai ukakuranga kumanjiliro gha dazi, kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb na Eguputo ŵakendanga kuzingilira virwa vya Sahara. Ŵantu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg ŵakaluta kumpoto, ndipo ŵakathereska vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kufuma ku ufumu wa Kanem ⁇ Bornu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ŵambe kuchita vinthu vinyake. [[File:Niger, Filingué (25), street scene with mosque.jpg|thumb|Small mosque in [[Filingue|Filingué]] ]] Vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vya Zarma na Hausa vikakhwaskika comene na gulu la Ŵafula la m'ma 1700 na 1900, comene-comene gulu la Sokoto Caliphate (mu caru ico lero ni Nigeria). Mazuŵa ghano, Ŵasilamu ŵakucita vinthu mwakuyana na visambizgo vya Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Niger, ndipo kanandi ŵakuchita vinthu mwakuyana na visambizgo vya Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Tijaniya, nangauli kuli magulu gha Ŵasilamu ŵachoko waka agho ghakukolerana na visambizgo vya Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Hammallism na Nyassist.<ref name=Decalo79>Decalo, James. ''Historical Dictionary of Niger''. Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, New Jersey&nbsp;– London, 1979. {{ISBN|0-8108-1229-0}}. pp. 156–7, 193–4.</ref> Mu virimika 30 ivyo vyajumpha, mu msumba wa Maradi, mukaŵa gulu la ŵanthu ŵa cisopo ca Salafi. Magulu ghacoko agha, agho ghakukolerana na magulu ghanyake gha ku Jos, Nigeria, ghakamanyikwa comene mu vilimika vya m'ma 1990 pa nyengo ya viwawa vya cisopo.<ref>Ben Amara, Ramzi. [http://www.sharia-in-africa.net/pages/staff/amara.php "The Development of the Izala Movement in Nigeria: Its Split, Relationship to Sufis and Perception of Sharia Implementation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228012116/http://www.sharia-in-africa.net/pages/staff/amara.php |date=28 December 2016 }}. Research Summary (n.d.)</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090113202500/http://www.conflict-prevention.net/page.php?id=40&formid=73&action=show&surveyid=1 Summary for Shedrack Best's ''Nigeria, The Islamist Challenge, the Nigerian 'Shiite' Movement'', 1999] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113202500/http://www.conflict-prevention.net/page.php?id=40&formid=73&action=show&surveyid=1 |date=13 January 2009 }}; conflict-prevention.net.</ref> Nangauli vili nthena, kweni Niger ni boma ilo likusopa yayi, ndipo likulongozgeka na dango. Ŵanthu ŵa visopa vyakupambanapambana ŵakutemwana comene, ndipo visopa vya Cisilamu ivyo vikucitika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici, vikulekelera visopa vyakupambanapambana, ndipo palije kukanizga wanangwa wa munthu waliyose. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu caru ici, ŵanthu ŵakuguliska moŵa, nga ni uwo ukupangika mu Niger. ===Masambilo=== {{Main|Education in Niger}} [[File:Niger primary school MCC3500.jpg|thumb|A primary classroom in Niger]] Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kuŵazga mu charu cha Niger ntchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili pasi chomene pa charu chose.<ref name="ilab">[http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/Niger.htm "Niger"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205044526/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/niger.htm|date=5 December 2008}}. ''2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor''. [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of Labor]] (2002). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> Ku Niger, sukulu ya pulayimale njakukhumbikwa kwa vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza. Ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku sukulu za pulayimale yayi.<ref name="ilab" /> Mu 1997, ciŵelengero ca ŵana awo ŵakalembeka pa sukulu iyi cikaŵa 29.3 peresenti, ndipo mu 1996, ciŵelengero ca ŵana awo ŵakalembeka pa sukulu iyi cikaŵa 24.5 peresenti.<ref name="ilab" /> Pa ŵana 100 awo ŵamalizga sukulu ya pulayimare, pafupifupi 60 ni ŵasepuka, cifukwa ŵasungwana ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku sukulu kwa vilimika vicoko waka. Kanandi ŵana ŵakugwira nchito m'malo mwa kuluta ku sukulu, comene-comene pa nyengo ya kuseŵa panji kuvuna. Kanandi ŵana ŵa ku mpoto kwa caru ici ŵakuluta ku sukulu yayi.<ref name=ilab/> ===Umoyo=== {{Main|Health in Niger}} Ŵana awo ŵakufwa ku Niger (ŵana awo ŵakufwa na vyaka vyapakati pa 1 na 4) mbanandi chomene (248 pa 1,000) cifukwa ca suzgo la ulwari na kurya vyakurya vyambura kwenelera kwa ŵana ŵanandi mu caru ici. Kuyana na wupu wa Save the Children, pa caru cose capasi ŵana ŵanandi ŵakufwa ku Niger.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jeff |last=Green |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/HEALTH/parenting/05/08/mothers.index/index.html |title=U.S. has second worst newborn death rate in modern world, report says |publisher=CNN |date=10 May 2006 |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209065002/http://www.cnn.com/2006/HEALTH/parenting/05/08/mothers.index/index.html |archive-date=9 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:HOPITAL DE REFERENCE DE MARADI.jpg|thumb|Maradi Reference Hospital]] Niger nayo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi (6,49 awo ŵakubabika na mwanakazi yumoza kuyana na ivyo vikalembeka mu 2017). Ichi chapangiska kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi hafu (49,7%) ŵa ku Niger ŵaŵe na vyaka 15 kukhilira pasi mu 2020. Pa vyaru vyose, charu cha Niger ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakufwa na nthenda iyi. Pa ŵanthu 100,000 awo ŵakubabika, 820 ŵakufwa. Mu 2006, pa ŵanthu 100,000, pakaŵa ŵadokotala ŵatatu na manesi 22.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angellite.org.uk/where-we-work.html|title=Niger|access-date=20 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123142319/http://www.angellite.org.uk/where-we-work.html|archive-date=23 November 2011}}</ref> Kuyana na umo vinthu viliri pa caru cose, maji ghakumwa ghakusoŵa, ndipo pali mphambano yikuru comene pakati pa mizi na mizi. Niger yili pa malo gha pasi chomene pa UN Human Development Index. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 92 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakukhala ku mizi mu chigaŵa cha Tillabéri, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakusoŵa maji ghakumwa, chomenechomene mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, apo nyengo zinyake maji ghakukhira chomene.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Fresh water in Niger undercuts violence, as well as offering better living conditions|url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/niger-water-development|access-date=2021-05-26|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene|url=https://www.unicef.org/niger/water-sanitation-and-hygiene|access-date=2021-05-26|website=www.unicef.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Delivering water and sanitation services in Niger: challenges and results|url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/water/delivering-water-and-sanitation-services-niger-challenges-and-results|access-date=2021-05-26|website=blogs.worldbank.org|language=en}}</ref> Pa ŵanthu 30,000 awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni ya Téra, kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa tawuni ya Niamey, kufupi na mphaka ya Burkina Faso, 40 pa ŵanthu 100 ndiwo ŵali na maji ghakukwana.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger - OECD|url=https://www.oecd.org/countries/niger/|access-date=2021-05-26|website=www.oecd.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Development Projects : Niger Basin Water Resources Development and Sustainable Ecosystems Management Project - P093806|url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P093806|access-date=2021-05-26|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> Wupu wakuwona vya maji ku Niger, wa Société de Patrimoine des Eaux du Niger (SPEN), ukazenga migodi 10 na malo ghakupwanthirapo maji mu 2018 kuti upeleke maji ghakumwa ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Téra na mu vigaŵa vyapafupi. Pakati pajumpha cilimika cimoza, maji ghakamara, ndipo ŵakakhumba kumalizga mulimo wa kunozga maji.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger: EIB finances drinking water supply project (EUR 21m)|url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2018-099-la-bei-finance-un-projet-dalimentation-en-eau-potable-au-niger-21-meur|access-date=2021-05-26|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref> Na wovwiri wa ndalama izo boma la Netherlands likapeleka, wupu wa European Investment Bank (EIB) na wupu wakuwona vya maji ku Niger ŵakuteŵetera lumoza kuti ŵasange nthowa zakumazgira suzgo la maji. Banki ya pa caru cose yikati Niger njimoza mwa vyaru 18 vya kumwera kwa Sahara mu Africa ivyo vikusuzgika comene. Banki ya ku Europe yikasunganga ndalama ku vigaŵa ivi. Banki ya European Investment Bank na Niger Water Authority ŵakuwona nthowa ziŵiri zakumazgira suzgo la maji ku Téra. Nthowa yakwamba njakuti ŵanozge thanki la maji ilo lili kufupi na tawuni. Nthowa yinyake njakuti maji gha mu Mlonga wa Niger, uwo uli pa mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 100 kumafumiro gha dazi, ghatore na kugwiliskira nchito. Misumba iyo yili pakati pa Téra na Mlonga wa Niger nayo yiŵenge na maji ghakunyang'amira. Banki ya European Investment Bank yizamuwonaso umo ŵangaponoskera ndalama zawo pa nkhani ya magesi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fresh water in Niger undercuts violence, as well as offering better living conditions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/niger-water-development |access-date=2021-05-18 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> ==Mwambo== {{Main|Culture of Niger}} [[File:Zinder sultans horsemen festival.jpg|thumb|Horsemen at the traditional [[Ramadan]] festival at the [[Sultanate of Damagaram|Sultan's]] Palace in the [[Hausa people|Hausa]] city of [[Zinder]] ]] [[File:Ancient home zinder niger.jpg|thumb|A traditional home in [[Zinder]] ]] Chikhalidwe cha ku Niger chikupambana chomene, ndipo uwu mbukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakakolerana na Ŵafalansa. Charu icho lero ni Niger chikapangika kufuma ku vigaŵa vinayi vya mitheto iyo yikaŵako pambere ŵanthu ŵandambe kukhazikiskana: Zarma na Songhai ndiwo ŵakalamuliranga chigodobu cha Mlonga wa Niger kumwera kwakumanjiliro gha dazi; chigaŵa chakumpoto cha Hausaland, icho chikaŵa na vigaŵa ivyo vikalimbananga na Sokoto Caliphate, ndipo chikazingilizga mphaka ya kumwera na Nigeria; chigaŵa cha Nyanja ya Chad na Kaouar kumanjiliro gha dazi, uko kukaŵanga ŵalimi ŵa Kanuri na ŵaliska ŵa Toubou awo kale ŵakaŵa mu Ufumu wa Kanem ⁇ Bornu; ndiposo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg awo ŵakakhalanga mu mapiri gha Aïr na Sahara kumpoto. Wose aŵa, pamoza na mafuko ghanyake ghacoko nga ni Wodaabe Fula, ŵakiza na mitheto yawo ku Niger. Nangauli maboma ghakupambana-pambana ghayezgayezga kuti ghaŵe na mitheto yakuyana, kweni ivi vikucitika pacoko waka, cifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Niger ŵali na mitheto yawo na yawo, kweniso cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Niger nga ni Hausa, Tuareg na Kanuri ŵali mu mitundu yikuru iyo yikunjira mu caru caŵene. M'ma 1990, boma la Niamey na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Zarma ndiwo ŵakendeskanga vinthu mu msumba uwu. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku vigaŵa vya ku mphaka kwa Hausa pakati pa Birni-N'Konni na Maine-Soroa, kanandi ŵakutolera kakhaliro ka ŵanthu ŵa ku Hausaland mu Nigeria kuluska Niamey. Pakati pa 1996 na 2003, ŵanthu 30 pa ŵanthu 100 ndiwo ŵakasambiranga sukulu ya pulayimare, ndipo 36 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵakaŵa ŵanalume, ndipo 25 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi. Masambiro ghakusazgikira ghakucitika mu madrasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Niger_statistics.html |title=At a glance: Niger |access-date=22 June 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130170853/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Niger_statistics.html |archive-date=30 November 2009 }}</ref> ===Festivals and cultural events=== ====Guérewol festival==== {{Main|Guérewol}} [[File:1997 274-5 Gerewol.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Ŵanthu awo ŵakwimba Guérewol ŵakwimba dansi la Guérewol, mu 1997.]] Chikondwerero cha Guérewol ndi mwambo wachikhalidwe wa Wodaabe womwe umachitika ku Abalak m'chigawo cha Tahoua kapena In'Gall m'chigawo cha Agadez. Ni mwambo wa cilimika cilicose uwo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Wodaabe (Fula) ŵa ku Niger ŵakucita. Pa ciphikiro ici, ŵawukirano ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vyakutowa comene na kujitozga kuti ŵajitozge kuyana na mitheto yawo, ŵakwimba sumu na kuvina, ndipo ŵakukhumba kuti ŵasungwana awo ŵakukhumba kutorana nawo ŵaŵatemwenge. Ciphikiro ca Guérewol cikukondweska ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana ndipo cikaŵa mu mafilimu na mu magazini ghakumanyikwa comene nga ni National Geographic. ====Cure Salée festival==== {{Main|Cure Salee}} "La Cure salée" (Chingelezi: Salt Cure) ni chiphikiro icho chikuchitika chaka chilichose ku In'Gall mu chigaŵa cha Agadez. Kwa mazuŵa ghatatu, pa ciphikiro ici pakuŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg awo ŵakwenda pa ngamila, ndipo pamanyuma pake pakuŵa viphalizgano vya ngamila na mahaci, kwimba sumu, kuvina, na kuphalirana nkhani. ===Media=== {{Main|Media of Niger}} Kuumaliro kwa m'ma 1990, ku Niger kukaŵa nkhani zinandi. Pambere boma la Third Republic lindaŵeko, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakaŵa na mwaŵi wa kupulikizga waka nkhani za mu nyuzipepara izo zikaŵa mu mawoko gha boma. Sono mu Niamey muli manyuzipepara ghanandi na magazini; ghanyake, nga ni Le Sahel, ghakulembeka na boma, apo ghanyake ghakususka boma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/ng82.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213180757/http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/ng82.html|url-status=dead|title=Media in Niger: the African Development Information Database|archivedate=13 December 2009}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011302/http://www.gret.org/parma/uk2/ressource/edm/pdf/niger.pdf Medias Status Report: Niger] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011302/http://www.gret.org/parma/uk2/ressource/edm/pdf/niger.pdf |date=4 March 2009 }}. Summary document written for the African Media Partners Network. Guy-Michel Boluvi, Les Echos du Sahel Niamey, January 2001.</ref> Wayilesi ndiyo njakuzirwa comene, cifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala ku mizi ŵalije ndalama zakugulira TV, ndipo cifukwa ca kuleka kuŵazga na kuŵazga, mabuku ghakulembeka ghakutondeka kuŵa cakupharazgira ŵanthu ŵanandi. Padera pa wayilesi ya boma ya ORTN, pali wayilesi zinayi za boma izo zikupanga wayilesi zakukwana 100. Zitatu mwa izo - Anfani Group, Sarounia na Tenere - ni masiteshoni gha FM gha malonda mu misumba yikuruyikuru. Kweniso pali ma wayilesi ghakujumpha 80 agho ghakupharazga mu vigaŵa vyose 7 vya mu charu ichi. Wupu wa Comite de Pilotage de Radios de Proximité (CPRP) ndiwo ukwendeska ma wayilesi agha. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa CPRP ŵakughanaghana kuti ma wayilesi agho ghakupharazga ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana ghakupharazga ku ŵanthu pafupifupi 7.6 miliyoni, panji kuti 73% ya ŵanthu wose (2005). Padera pa ma wayilesi gha ku Niger, ma wayilesi gha ku Hausa gha BBC ghakupulikizgikaso mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu caru ici, comene kumwera, kufupi na mphaka na Nigeria. Radio France Internationale nayo yikupharazga mu ciyowoyero ca Cifurenci kwizira mu wayilesi ya Satellite. Tenere FM nayo yili na wayilesi ya pa caru cose ya zina leneilo. Nangauli mu caru cose muli wanangwa, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulemba nkhani mu caru ici ŵakuyowoya kuti kanandi ŵakucicizgika na ŵalara ŵa boma. Boma likupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera makina gha ORTN ku boma, ndipo likupeleka ndalama izi kwizira mu ndalama izo boma likulipira pa ndalama za magesi, kweniso kwizira mu ndalama izo boma likupeleka. Bungwe la Conseil Supérieur de Communications ndilo likulongozga ntchito iyi. Bungwe ili likakhazikiskika kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1990, ndipo kufuma mu 2007, Daouda Diallo ndiyo wakulilongozga. Magulu gha wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakususka boma kufuma mu chaka cha 1996 kuti likugwiliskira nchito malango na ŵapolisi kuti likhizge ŵanthu awo ŵakususka boma.<ref name=cpj2006>[http://cpj.org/2007/02/attacks-on-the-press-2006-niger.php Attacks on the press: Niger 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920053522/http://www.cpj.org/2007/02/attacks-on-the-press-2006-niger.php |date=20 September 2011 }}. Committee to Protect Journalists (2007). Retrieved 23 February 2009.</ref><ref>[http://asiapacific.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR430012007?open&of=ENG-2F5 Niger: Emergency legislation infringes non-derogable human rights] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211134003/http://asiapacific.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR430012007?open&of=ENG-2F5 |date=11 February 2009 }}. AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL Public Statement. AI Index: AFR 43/001/2007 (Public Document) Press Service Number: 181/07. 21 September 2007.</ref><ref name="issa04">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131109234423/http://www.panos-ao.org/ipao/spip.php?article39 Niger : Conseil de presse. Les journalistes refusent la mise sous tutelle] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510075744/http://www.panos-ao.org/ipao/spip.php?article39|date=10 May 2011}}. Ousseini Issa. Médi@ctions n°37, Institut PANOS Afrique de l'Ouest. March 2004.</ref><ref name="ussd9506">U.S. Department of State. Report on Human Rights Practices&nbsp;– Niger. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090616143410/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/democracy/hrp_index.html 1993–1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616143410/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/democracy/hrp_index.html|date=16 June 2009}} to [https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78750.htm 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421204423/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78750.htm|date=21 April 2020}}.</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Niger}} * [[Outline of Niger]] ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} ===Notes=== {{Notelist}} ==Vyakulemba== {{Refbegin}} * Decalo, Samuel. ''Historical Dictionary of Niger'', 3rd ed. (Scarecrow Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-8108-3136-8}})&nbsp;– a comprehensive collection of Niger topics * [[CIA World Factbook]] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/ entry on Niger]) * [[US State Department]] {{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5474.htm |title=Niger |publisher=State.gov |date=3 February 2010 |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-date=22 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194527/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5474.htm |url-status=live }} ''Note: This article contains material from the State Department website.'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091130170853/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Niger_statistics.html Unicef Niger statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130170853/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Niger_statistics.html |date=30 November 2009 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050929053656/http://www.nsu.newschool.edu/internationalaffairs/papers/thiam.pdf Unesco manuscript on child work and schooling in Niger] {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{sisterlinks|voy=yes}} * {{Official website|http://www.presidence.ne}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/ Niger]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085340/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/niger.htm Niger] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Niger}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13943662 Niger profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{wikiatlas|Niger}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NE Key Development Forecasts for Niger] from [[International Futures]] '''Trade''' * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/NER/Year/2012/Summary 2012 Niger Trade Summary Statistics] {{Niger topics}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{Community of Sahel–Saharan States}} {{Organisation of Islamic Cooperation}} {{African Union}} {{La Francophonie}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|16|N|8|E|display=title}} [[Category:Niger| ]] [[Category:Saharan countries]] [[Category:West African countries]] [[Category:Economic Community of West African States]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1960]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:1960 disestablishments in France]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] 3wlktauf37qml3xt0846v00qswzve2a 0 7044 122078 122052 2026-09-16T00:33:31Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} {{Infobox website | name = Wikipediya | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|upright=0.68|frameless|center|Chibulumutuzga chambura kumara chakupangika na vipande vikuru, vituŵa vya jigsaw puzzle. Chigaŵa chilichose cha puzzle chili na [[glyph]] yimoza kufuma ku [[ndondomeko yakulembera]] yakupambanapambana, ndipo glyph yiliyose yalembeka na mtundu ufipa.]] | screenshot = Wikipediya Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = Portal ya Wikipediya yakulongora viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana vyakupangwa mwakulondezgana na unandi wa nkhani | caption = Tsamba lakwamba la Wikipediya pa desktop mu 2022 | collapsible = yes | type = [[Ensaikulopidiya ya pa intaneti]] | language_count = {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} | language_footnote = {{efn|Pali ma edition gha Wikipediya {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} agho ghakugwira ntchito, kweni ichi chikung'anamura yayi kuti pali viyowoyero vyapadera {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}}. Mwachiyelezgero, pali edition ya Chingelezi na edition ya Simple English, ma edition ghakupambanapambana gha Chibelarusi (ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[Narkamaŭka]] na [[Taraškievica]] orthographies), ma edition ghakupambanapambana gha Chinorway (ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[Nynorsk]] na [[Bokmål]] orthographies), na vinyake.<br />Kusazgirapo apo, pali ma edition gha Wikipediya {{NUMBEROF|closed|Wikipedia}} agho ghali kujalika, mu viyowoyero ivyo vilije ŵakuyowoya ŵakukwana kuti vilutilire (mwachiyelezgero, [[Chiyowoyero cha Marshallese|Marshallese]] na [[Chiyowoyero cha Akan|Akan]]). Ma edition ghanayi ghakafumiskikathu (vyakuyeruzgapo ni [[:meta:Proposals for closing projects/Deletion of Moldovan Wikipedia 2|Wikipediya ya Moldovia]] na [[:meta:Proposals for closing projects/Deletion of Siberian Wikipedia|Wikipediya ya Siberia]])}}{{efn|Pa viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vili pafupi kumara, nga ni [[Chiyowoyero cha Manchu]], palije edition ya Wikipediya iyo yili kupangikapo.}} | predecessor = [[Nupediya]] | headquarters = [[San Francisco]], California, US | country_of_origin = United States | area_served = Charu chose (kupatulako [[China]], [[Myanmar]], na [[North Korea]]) | owner = [[Wikimidiya Foundation]] (kwambira mu 2003) | authors = {{hlist|[[Jimmy Wales]]|[[Larry Sanger]]}} | url = {{URL|https://wikipedia.org}} | ipv6 = Yikovwirika | commercial = Yayi | registration = Yakusankha{{efn|Kulembeska nkhwakukhumbikwa pa milimo yinyake, nga nkhusintha [[#Vakugega|mapeji ghakovirikilika]], kupanga mapeji pa Wikipedia ya Chingelezi, na kukwezga mafayilo.}} | num_users = {{format price|{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}} (kufika pa {{Date|2=MDY}}) | launch_date = {{Start date and age|2001}} | current_status = Yichali kugwira ntchito | content_license = [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike]] 4.0{{efn|Malemba ghanandi ghali na layisensi yiŵiri pamoza na [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]; layisensi ya media yikupambana.}} | oclc = 52075003 | programming_language = <!-- None, the programming language is a property of MediaWiki --> }} '''Wikipediya''' ni nkhokwe ya vinjeru ya ulere ya pa [[intaneti]] iyo ikayambika mu chaka cha 2001. Waliyose wangasintha vyakulembeka va pa nkhokwe iyi nyengo iliyose, kulikose, palipose. Pakwamba Wikipediya yikaŵa mu [[ChiNgelezi]] pera, kweni sono yakura na kuŵa na viyowoyero vyakujumpha 300 ndipo njimoza mwa mawebusayiti agho ŵanthu ŵakulutako chomene pa charu chose kufuma mu 2026.{{citation needed}} Wikipediya yalumbanizgika chifukwa chakuti yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinthu mwa demokilase ndiposo chifukwa chakuti yikulongosora chomene nkhani zakupambanapambana, kapangikiro ka vinthu vya mukati na chikhalidwe. Wikipediya yaseŵezeskeka na maboma ghanyake gha vyaru, kufuma pa masamba ghanyake mpaka pa webusayiti yose, nyengo zinyake chifukwa chakuti yikususka boma panji chifukwa cha ivyo vikuwoneka kuti ni vyakunyoza Chiuta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=April 1, 2022 |title=Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|archive-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> Wikipediya iyi yasuskikaso chifukwa cha kusankhana kwa ndondomeko, nga nkhusankhana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi na kusankhana kwa malo gha Global South.<ref>{{cite news |last=Noor |first=Poppy |title=Wikipedia biases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=July 29, 2018 |author-link=Poppy Noor |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040056/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hern |first1=Alex |title=Wikipedia's view of the world is written by the west |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/15/wikipedia-view-of-the-world-is-still-written-by-the-west |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> Kugomezgeka kwa Wikipediya kukasuskika kanandi waka mu vilimika vya m’ma 2000, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalumba chomene kufuma kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m’ma 2010 kuya munthazi.<ref name="Last best">{{cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Richard |date=February 17, 2020 |title=Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|url-access=limited|access-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217081500/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|archive-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref> Nkhani za pa Wikipedia mu ChiNgelezi zakukhwaskana na nkhani zasonosono zikusangika kanandi waka nga ni magwero ghakusangirapo uthenga wasonosono na ŵanandi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Samantha Murphy |date=May 20, 2022 |title=Meet the Wikipedia editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001310/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=May 24, 2022 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= McNamee |first= Kai |date=September 15, 2022 |title= Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Wikipedia's race to cover the queen's death |publisher= [[NPR]] |url= https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |url-status= live| access-date= January 22, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230115033202/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |archive-date= January 15, 2023}}</ref> ==Kusintha mwakukolerana== ===Kuwoneseska ivyo vyasintha=== [[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|Thepo lakusintha la Wikipediya|300px]] Nangauli ivyo vyasintha vikuwoneseska yayi mwa ndondomeko, kweni pulogiramu ya Wikipediya yikupereka vipangizo ivyo vikuzomerezga waliyose kuti wawone ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha. Thepo la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani yiliyose likulongosora umo nkhani yiliyose yikusinthira.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220722/https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf</ref> Pa nkhani zinandi, waliyose wangawona ivyo vyasintha sonosono apa na kuwuskapo ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha mwa kudodoliska pa linki iyo yili pa hamba la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani iyo. ===Kunanga vinthu=== Kusintha kulikose uko kukunanga dala masamba gha Wikipediya kukuwoneka kuti kunanga vinthu.<ref>https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=cis_papers</ref> ==Viyowoyero vinyake== Pasono pali mabuku gha viyowoyero 348 gha Wikipediya, kufuma mu Julayi 2026.<ref>https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles</ref> ===Mndandanda wa viyowoyero vya pa Wikipediya=== Iyi ni mndandanda wa ma Wikipediya gha viyowoyero agho ghali na nkhani pa Wikipediya ya ChiTumbuka (panji nkhani izo zikukhazga kuti zizamupangika mu mazuŵa ghachoko waka ghakwiza). {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Wikipediya ya chiyowoyero ! Chiyowoyero ! Khodi ya<br>chiyowoyero ! Nkhani |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiNgelezi]] | [[ChiNgelezi]] | [[:en:|en]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|en|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiJeremani]] | [[ChiJeremani]] | [[:de:|de]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|de|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiFurenchi]] | [[ChiFurenchi]] | [[:fr:|fr]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|fr|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiSpanish]] | [[ChiSpanish]] | [[:es:|es]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|es|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiCatalan]] | [[ChiCatalan]] | [[:ca:|ca]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ca|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiBask]] | [[ChiBask]] | [[:eu:|eu]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|eu|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiMinnan]] | [[ChiMinnan]] | [[:zh-min-nan:|zh-min-nan]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|zh-min-nan|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiGalicia]] | [[ChiGalicia]] | [[:gl:|gl]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|gl|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiSwahili]] | [[ChiSwahili]] | [[:sw:|sw]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|sw|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiHausa]] | [[ChiHausa]] | [[:ha:|ha]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ha|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiLombard]] | [[ChiLombard]] | [[:lmo:|lmo]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|lmo|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiFula]] | [[ChiFula]] | [[:ff:|ff]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ff|N}} |- | '''[[Wikipediya ya ChiTumbuka]]''' | [[ChiTumbuka]] | [[:tum:|tum]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|tum|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiShona]] | [[ChiShona]] | [[:sn:|sn]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|sn|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiKarekare]] | [[ChiKarekare]] | [[:kai:|kai]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|kai|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiCheŵa]] | [[ChiCheŵa]] | [[:ny:|ny]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ny|N}} |} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Vyakukumbuska == {{Notelist|30em}} [[Category:Wikipediya| ]] [[Category:Wikimidiya]] cmphrp5ttwjt9euodglc5fgf8rhrnjm 122095 122078 2026-09-16T04:53:21Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} {{Infobox website | name = Wikipediya | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|upright=0.68|frameless|center|Chibulumutuzga chambura kumara chakupangika na vipande vikuru, vituŵa vya jigsaw puzzle. Chigaŵa chilichose cha puzzle chili na [[glyph]] yimoza kufuma ku [[ndondomeko yakulembera]] yakupambanapambana, ndipo glyph yiliyose yalembeka na mtundu ufipa.]] | screenshot = Wikipediya Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = Portal ya Wikipediya yakulongora viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana vyakupangwa mwakulondezgana na unandi wa nkhani | caption = Tsamba lakwamba la Wikipediya pa desktop mu 2022 | collapsible = yes | type = [[Ensaikulopidiya ya pa intaneti]] | language_count = {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} | language_footnote = {{efn|Pali ma edition gha Wikipediya {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} agho ghakugwira ntchito, kweni ichi chikung'anamura yayi kuti pali viyowoyero vyapadera {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}}. Mwachiyelezgero, pali edition ya Chingelezi na edition ya Simple English, ma edition ghakupambanapambana gha Chibelarusi (ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[Narkamaŭka]] na [[Taraškievica]] orthographies), ma edition ghakupambanapambana gha Chinorway (ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[Nynorsk]] na [[Bokmål]] orthographies), na vinyake.<br />Kusazgirapo apo, pali ma edition gha Wikipediya {{NUMBEROF|closed|Wikipedia}} agho ghali kujalika, mu viyowoyero ivyo vilije ŵakuyowoya ŵakukwana kuti vilutilire (mwachiyelezgero, [[Chiyowoyero cha Marshallese|Marshallese]] na [[Chiyowoyero cha Akan|Akan]]). Ma edition ghanayi ghakafumiskikathu (vyakuyeruzgapo ni [[:meta:Proposals for closing projects/Deletion of Moldovan Wikipedia 2|Wikipediya ya Moldovia]] na [[:meta:Proposals for closing projects/Deletion of Siberian Wikipedia|Wikipediya ya Siberia]])}}{{efn|Pa viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vili pafupi kumara, nga ni [[Chiyowoyero cha Manchu]], palije edition ya Wikipediya iyo yili kupangikapo.}} | predecessor = [[Nupediya]] | headquarters = [[San Francisco]], California, US | country_of_origin = United States | area_served = Charu chose (kupatulako [[China]], [[Myanmar]], na [[North Korea]]) | owner = [[Wikimidiya Foundation]] (kwambira mu 2003) | authors = {{hlist|[[Jimmy Wales]]|[[Larry Sanger]]}} | url = {{URL|https://wikipedia.org}} | ipv6 = Yikovwirika | commercial = Yayi | registration = Yakusankha{{efn|Kulembeska nkhwakukhumbikwa pa milimo yinyake, nga nkhusintha [[#Vakugega|mapeji ghakovirikilika]], kupanga mapeji pa Wikipedia ya Chingelezi, na kukwezga mafayilo.}} | num_users = {{format price|{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}} (kufika pa {{Date|2=MDY}}) | launch_date = {{Start date and age|2001}} | current_status = Yichali kugwira ntchito | content_license = [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike]] 4.0{{efn|Malemba ghanandi ghali na layisensi yiŵiri pamoza na [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]; layisensi ya media yikupambana.}} | oclc = 52075003 | programming_language = <!-- None, the programming language is a property of MediaWiki --> }} '''Wikipediya''' ni nkhokwe ya vinjeru ya ulere ya pa [[intaneti]] iyo ikayambika mu chaka cha 2001. Waliyose wangasintha vyakulembeka va pa nkhokwe iyi nyengo iliyose, kulikose, palipose. Pakwamba Wikipediya yikaŵa mu [[ChiNgelezi]] pera, kweni sono yakura na kuŵa na viyowoyero vyakujumpha 300 ndipo njimoza mwa mawebusayiti agho ŵanthu ŵakulutako chomene pa charu chose kufuma mu 2026.{{citation needed}} Wikipediya yalumbanizgika chifukwa chakuti yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinthu mwa demokilase ndiposo chifukwa chakuti yikulongosora chomene nkhani zakupambanapambana, kapangikiro ka vinthu vya mukati na chikhalidwe. Wikipediya yaseŵezeskeka na maboma ghanyake gha vyaru, kufuma pa masamba ghanyake mpaka pa webusayiti yose, nyengo zinyake chifukwa chakuti yikususka boma panji chifukwa cha ivyo vikuwoneka kuti ni vyakunyoza Chiuta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=April 1, 2022 |title=Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|archive-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> Wikipediya iyi yasuskikaso chifukwa cha kusankhana kwa ndondomeko, nga nkhusankhana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi na kusankhana kwa malo gha Global South.<ref>{{cite news |last=Noor |first=Poppy |title=Wikipedia biases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=July 29, 2018 |author-link=Poppy Noor |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040056/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hern |first1=Alex |title=Wikipedia's view of the world is written by the west |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/15/wikipedia-view-of-the-world-is-still-written-by-the-west |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> Kugomezgeka kwa Wikipediya kukasuskika kanandi waka mu vilimika vya m’ma 2000, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalumba chomene kufuma kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m’ma 2010 kuya munthazi.<ref name="Last best">{{cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Richard |date=February 17, 2020 |title=Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|url-access=limited|access-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217081500/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|archive-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref> Nkhani za pa Wikipedia mu ChiNgelezi zakukhwaskana na nkhani zasonosono zikusangika kanandi waka nga ni magwero ghakusangirapo uthenga wasonosono na ŵanandi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Samantha Murphy |date=May 20, 2022 |title=Meet the Wikipedia editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001310/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=May 24, 2022 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= McNamee |first= Kai |date=September 15, 2022 |title= Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Wikipedia's race to cover the queen's death |publisher= [[NPR]] |url= https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |url-status= live| access-date= January 22, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230115033202/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |archive-date= January 15, 2023}}</ref> ==Kusintha mwakukolerana== ===Kuwoneseska ivyo vyasintha=== [[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|Thepo lakusintha la Wikipediya|300px]] Nangauli ivyo vyasintha vikuwoneseska yayi mwa ndondomeko, kweni pulogiramu ya Wikipediya yikupereka vipangizo ivyo vikuzomerezga waliyose kuti wawone ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha. Thepo la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani yiliyose likulongosora umo nkhani yiliyose yikusinthira.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220722/https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf</ref> Pa nkhani zinandi, waliyose wangawona ivyo vyasintha sonosono apa na kuwuskapo ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha mwa kudodoliska pa linki iyo yili pa hamba la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani iyo. ===Kunanga vinthu=== Kusintha kulikose uko kukunanga dala masamba gha Wikipediya kukuwoneka kuti kunanga vinthu.<ref>https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=cis_papers</ref> ==Viyowoyero vinyake== Pasono pali mabuku gha viyowoyero 348 gha Wikipediya, kufuma mu Julayi 2026.<ref>https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles</ref> ===Mndandanda wa viyowoyero vya pa Wikipediya=== Iyi ni mndandanda wa ma Wikipediya gha viyowoyero agho ghali na nkhani pa Wikipediya ya ChiTumbuka (panji nkhani izo zikukhazga kuti zizamupangika mu mazuŵa ghachoko waka ghakwiza). {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Wikipediya ya chiyowoyero ! Chiyowoyero ! Khodi ya<br>chiyowoyero ! Nkhani |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiNgelezi]] | [[ChiNgelezi]] | [[:en:|en]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|en|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiJeremani]] | [[ChiJeremani]] | [[:de:|de]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|de|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiFurenchi]] | [[ChiFurenchi]] | [[:fr:|fr]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|fr|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiSpanish]] | [[ChiSpanish]] | [[:es:|es]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|es|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiCatalan]] | [[ChiCatalan]] | [[:ca:|ca]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ca|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiBask]] | [[ChiBask]] | [[:eu:|eu]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|eu|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiMinnan]] | [[ChiMinnan]] | [[:zh-min-nan:|zh-min-nan]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|zh-min-nan|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiGalicia]] | [[ChiGalicia]] | [[:gl:|gl]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|gl|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiSwahili]] | [[ChiSwahili]] | [[:sw:|sw]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|sw|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiHausa]] | [[ChiHausa]] | [[:ha:|ha]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ha|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiLombard]] | [[ChiLombard]] | [[:lmo:|lmo]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|lmo|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiPiedmont]] | [[ChiPiedmont]] | [[:pms:|pms]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|pms|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiFula]] | [[ChiFula]] | [[:ff:|ff]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ff|N}} |- | '''[[Wikipediya ya ChiTumbuka]]''' | [[ChiTumbuka]] | [[:tum:|tum]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|tum|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiShona]] | [[ChiShona]] | [[:sn:|sn]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|sn|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiKarekare]] | [[ChiKarekare]] | [[:kai:|kai]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|kai|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiCheŵa]] | [[ChiCheŵa]] | [[:ny:|ny]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ny|N}} |} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Vyakukumbuska == {{Notelist|30em}} [[Category:Wikipediya| ]] [[Category:Wikimidiya]] r6lehsgyv97kzqbly7honhyq3cgbyy1 122113 122095 2026-09-16T05:19:14Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Mndandanda wa viyowoyero vya pa Wikipediya */ 122113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} {{Infobox website | name = Wikipediya | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|upright=0.68|frameless|center|Chibulumutuzga chambura kumara chakupangika na vipande vikuru, vituŵa vya jigsaw puzzle. Chigaŵa chilichose cha puzzle chili na [[glyph]] yimoza kufuma ku [[ndondomeko yakulembera]] yakupambanapambana, ndipo glyph yiliyose yalembeka na mtundu ufipa.]] | screenshot = Wikipediya Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = Portal ya Wikipediya yakulongora viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana vyakupangwa mwakulondezgana na unandi wa nkhani | caption = Tsamba lakwamba la Wikipediya pa desktop mu 2022 | collapsible = yes | type = [[Ensaikulopidiya ya pa intaneti]] | language_count = {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} | language_footnote = {{efn|Pali ma edition gha Wikipediya {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} agho ghakugwira ntchito, kweni ichi chikung'anamura yayi kuti pali viyowoyero vyapadera {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}}. Mwachiyelezgero, pali edition ya Chingelezi na edition ya Simple English, ma edition ghakupambanapambana gha Chibelarusi (ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[Narkamaŭka]] na [[Taraškievica]] orthographies), ma edition ghakupambanapambana gha Chinorway (ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[Nynorsk]] na [[Bokmål]] orthographies), na vinyake.<br />Kusazgirapo apo, pali ma edition gha Wikipediya {{NUMBEROF|closed|Wikipedia}} agho ghali kujalika, mu viyowoyero ivyo vilije ŵakuyowoya ŵakukwana kuti vilutilire (mwachiyelezgero, [[Chiyowoyero cha Marshallese|Marshallese]] na [[Chiyowoyero cha Akan|Akan]]). Ma edition ghanayi ghakafumiskikathu (vyakuyeruzgapo ni [[:meta:Proposals for closing projects/Deletion of Moldovan Wikipedia 2|Wikipediya ya Moldovia]] na [[:meta:Proposals for closing projects/Deletion of Siberian Wikipedia|Wikipediya ya Siberia]])}}{{efn|Pa viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vili pafupi kumara, nga ni [[Chiyowoyero cha Manchu]], palije edition ya Wikipediya iyo yili kupangikapo.}} | predecessor = [[Nupediya]] | headquarters = [[San Francisco]], California, US | country_of_origin = United States | area_served = Charu chose (kupatulako [[China]], [[Myanmar]], na [[North Korea]]) | owner = [[Wikimidiya Foundation]] (kwambira mu 2003) | authors = {{hlist|[[Jimmy Wales]]|[[Larry Sanger]]}} | url = {{URL|https://wikipedia.org}} | ipv6 = Yikovwirika | commercial = Yayi | registration = Yakusankha{{efn|Kulembeska nkhwakukhumbikwa pa milimo yinyake, nga nkhusintha [[#Vakugega|mapeji ghakovirikilika]], kupanga mapeji pa Wikipedia ya Chingelezi, na kukwezga mafayilo.}} | num_users = {{format price|{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}} (kufika pa {{Date|2=MDY}}) | launch_date = {{Start date and age|2001}} | current_status = Yichali kugwira ntchito | content_license = [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike]] 4.0{{efn|Malemba ghanandi ghali na layisensi yiŵiri pamoza na [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]; layisensi ya media yikupambana.}} | oclc = 52075003 | programming_language = <!-- None, the programming language is a property of MediaWiki --> }} '''Wikipediya''' ni nkhokwe ya vinjeru ya ulere ya pa [[intaneti]] iyo ikayambika mu chaka cha 2001. Waliyose wangasintha vyakulembeka va pa nkhokwe iyi nyengo iliyose, kulikose, palipose. Pakwamba Wikipediya yikaŵa mu [[ChiNgelezi]] pera, kweni sono yakura na kuŵa na viyowoyero vyakujumpha 300 ndipo njimoza mwa mawebusayiti agho ŵanthu ŵakulutako chomene pa charu chose kufuma mu 2026.{{citation needed}} Wikipediya yalumbanizgika chifukwa chakuti yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinthu mwa demokilase ndiposo chifukwa chakuti yikulongosora chomene nkhani zakupambanapambana, kapangikiro ka vinthu vya mukati na chikhalidwe. Wikipediya yaseŵezeskeka na maboma ghanyake gha vyaru, kufuma pa masamba ghanyake mpaka pa webusayiti yose, nyengo zinyake chifukwa chakuti yikususka boma panji chifukwa cha ivyo vikuwoneka kuti ni vyakunyoza Chiuta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=April 1, 2022 |title=Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|archive-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> Wikipediya iyi yasuskikaso chifukwa cha kusankhana kwa ndondomeko, nga nkhusankhana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi na kusankhana kwa malo gha Global South.<ref>{{cite news |last=Noor |first=Poppy |title=Wikipedia biases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=July 29, 2018 |author-link=Poppy Noor |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040056/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hern |first1=Alex |title=Wikipedia's view of the world is written by the west |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/15/wikipedia-view-of-the-world-is-still-written-by-the-west |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> Kugomezgeka kwa Wikipediya kukasuskika kanandi waka mu vilimika vya m’ma 2000, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalumba chomene kufuma kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m’ma 2010 kuya munthazi.<ref name="Last best">{{cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Richard |date=February 17, 2020 |title=Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|url-access=limited|access-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217081500/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|archive-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref> Nkhani za pa Wikipedia mu ChiNgelezi zakukhwaskana na nkhani zasonosono zikusangika kanandi waka nga ni magwero ghakusangirapo uthenga wasonosono na ŵanandi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Samantha Murphy |date=May 20, 2022 |title=Meet the Wikipedia editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001310/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=May 24, 2022 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= McNamee |first= Kai |date=September 15, 2022 |title= Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Wikipedia's race to cover the queen's death |publisher= [[NPR]] |url= https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |url-status= live| access-date= January 22, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230115033202/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |archive-date= January 15, 2023}}</ref> ==Kusintha mwakukolerana== ===Kuwoneseska ivyo vyasintha=== [[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|Thepo lakusintha la Wikipediya|300px]] Nangauli ivyo vyasintha vikuwoneseska yayi mwa ndondomeko, kweni pulogiramu ya Wikipediya yikupereka vipangizo ivyo vikuzomerezga waliyose kuti wawone ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha. Thepo la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani yiliyose likulongosora umo nkhani yiliyose yikusinthira.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220722/https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf</ref> Pa nkhani zinandi, waliyose wangawona ivyo vyasintha sonosono apa na kuwuskapo ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha mwa kudodoliska pa linki iyo yili pa hamba la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani iyo. ===Kunanga vinthu=== Kusintha kulikose uko kukunanga dala masamba gha Wikipediya kukuwoneka kuti kunanga vinthu.<ref>https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=cis_papers</ref> ==Viyowoyero vinyake== Pasono pali mabuku gha viyowoyero 348 gha Wikipediya, kufuma mu Julayi 2026.<ref>https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles</ref> ===Mndandanda wa viyowoyero vya pa Wikipediya=== Iyi ni mndandanda wa ma Wikipediya gha viyowoyero agho ghali na nkhani pa Wikipediya ya ChiTumbuka (panji nkhani izo zikukhazga kuti zizamupangika mu mazuŵa ghachoko waka ghakwiza). {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Wikipediya ya chiyowoyero ! Chiyowoyero ! Khodi ya<br>chiyowoyero ! Nkhani |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiNgelezi]] | [[ChiNgelezi]] | [[:en:|en]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|en|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiJeremani]] | [[ChiJeremani]] | [[:de:|de]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|de|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiFurenchi]] | [[ChiFurenchi]] | [[:fr:|fr]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|fr|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiSpanish]] | [[ChiSpanish]] | [[:es:|es]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|es|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiItaliya]] | [[ChiItaliya]] | [[:it:|it]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|it|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiCatalan]] | [[ChiCatalan]] | [[:ca:|ca]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ca|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiBask]] | [[ChiBask]] | [[:eu:|eu]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|eu|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiMinnan]] | [[ChiMinnan]] | [[:zh-min-nan:|zh-min-nan]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|zh-min-nan|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiGalicia]] | [[ChiGalicia]] | [[:gl:|gl]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|gl|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiSwahili]] | [[ChiSwahili]] | [[:sw:|sw]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|sw|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiHausa]] | [[ChiHausa]] | [[:ha:|ha]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ha|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiLombard]] | [[ChiLombard]] | [[:lmo:|lmo]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|lmo|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiPiedmont]] | [[ChiPiedmont]] | [[:pms:|pms]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|pms|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiFula]] | [[ChiFula]] | [[:ff:|ff]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ff|N}} |- | '''[[Wikipediya ya ChiTumbuka]]''' | [[ChiTumbuka]] | [[:tum:|tum]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|tum|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiShona]] | [[ChiShona]] | [[:sn:|sn]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|sn|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiKarekare]] | [[ChiKarekare]] | [[:kai:|kai]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|kai|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiCheŵa]] | [[ChiCheŵa]] | [[:ny:|ny]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ny|N}} |} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Vyakukumbuska == {{Notelist|30em}} [[Category:Wikipediya| ]] [[Category:Wikimidiya]] elwdci6w65se7pz0osigphc3hriom5b 122122 122113 2026-09-16T09:26:50Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} {{Infobox website | name = Wikipediya | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|upright=0.68|frameless|center|Chibulumutuzga chambura kumara chakupangika na vipande vikuru, vituŵa vya jigsaw puzzle. Chigaŵa chilichose cha puzzle chili na [[glyph]] yimoza kufuma ku [[ndondomeko yakulembera]] yakupambanapambana, ndipo glyph yiliyose yalembeka na mtundu ufipa.]] | screenshot = Wikipediya Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = Portal ya Wikipediya yakulongora viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana vyakupangwa mwakulondezgana na unandi wa nkhani | caption = Tsamba lakwamba la Wikipediya pa desktop mu 2022 | collapsible = yes | type = [[Ensaikulopidiya ya pa intaneti]] | language_count = {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} | language_footnote = {{efn|Pali ma edition gha Wikipediya {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} agho ghakugwira ntchito, kweni ichi chikung'anamura yayi kuti pali viyowoyero vyapadera {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}}. Mwachiyelezgero, pali edition ya Chingelezi na edition ya Simple English, ma edition ghakupambanapambana gha Chibelarusi (ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[Narkamaŭka]] na [[Taraškievica]] orthographies), ma edition ghakupambanapambana gha Chinorway (ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[Nynorsk]] na [[Bokmål]] orthographies), na vinyake.<br />Kusazgirapo apo, pali ma edition gha Wikipediya {{NUMBEROF|closed|Wikipedia}} agho ghali kujalika, mu viyowoyero ivyo vilije ŵakuyowoya ŵakukwana kuti vilutilire (mwachiyelezgero, [[Chiyowoyero cha Marshallese|Marshallese]] na [[Chiyowoyero cha Akan|Akan]]). Ma edition ghanayi ghakafumiskikathu (vyakuyeruzgapo ni [[:meta:Proposals for closing projects/Deletion of Moldovan Wikipedia 2|Wikipediya ya Moldovia]] na [[:meta:Proposals for closing projects/Deletion of Siberian Wikipedia|Wikipediya ya Siberia]])}}{{efn|Pa viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vili pafupi kumara, nga ni [[Chiyowoyero cha Manchu]], palije edition ya Wikipediya iyo yili kupangikapo.}} | predecessor = [[Nupediya]] | headquarters = [[San Francisco]], California, US | country_of_origin = United States | area_served = Charu chose (kupatulako [[China]], [[Myanmar]], na [[North Korea]]) | owner = [[Wikimidiya Foundation]] (kwambira mu 2003) | authors = {{hlist|[[Jimmy Wales]]|[[Larry Sanger]]}} | url = {{URL|https://wikipedia.org}} | ipv6 = Yikovwirika | commercial = Yayi | registration = Yakusankha{{efn|Kulembeska nkhwakukhumbikwa pa milimo yinyake, nga nkhusintha [[#Vakugega|mapeji ghakovirikilika]], kupanga mapeji pa Wikipedia ya Chingelezi, na kukwezga mafayilo.}} | num_users = {{format price|{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}} (kufika pa {{Date|2=MDY}}) | launch_date = {{Start date and age|2001}} | current_status = Yichali kugwira ntchito | content_license = [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike]] 4.0{{efn|Malemba ghanandi ghali na layisensi yiŵiri pamoza na [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]; layisensi ya media yikupambana.}} | oclc = 52075003 | programming_language = <!-- None, the programming language is a property of MediaWiki --> }} '''Wikipediya''' ni nkhokwe ya vinjeru ya ulere ya pa [[intaneti]] iyo ikayambika mu chaka cha 2001. Waliyose wangasintha vyakulembeka va pa nkhokwe iyi nyengo iliyose, kulikose, palipose. Pakwamba Wikipediya yikaŵa mu [[ChiNgelezi]] pera, kweni sono yakura na kuŵa na viyowoyero vyakujumpha 300 ndipo njimoza mwa mawebusayiti agho ŵanthu ŵakulutako chomene pa charu chose kufuma mu 2026.{{citation needed}} Wikipediya yalumbanizgika chifukwa chakuti yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinthu mwa demokilase ndiposo chifukwa chakuti yikulongosora chomene nkhani zakupambanapambana, kapangikiro ka vinthu vya mukati na chikhalidwe. Wikipediya yaseŵezeskeka na maboma ghanyake gha vyaru, kufuma pa masamba ghanyake mpaka pa webusayiti yose, nyengo zinyake chifukwa chakuti yikususka boma panji chifukwa cha ivyo vikuwoneka kuti ni vyakunyoza Chiuta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=April 1, 2022 |title=Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|archive-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> Wikipediya iyi yasuskikaso chifukwa cha kusankhana kwa ndondomeko, nga nkhusankhana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi na kusankhana kwa malo gha Global South.<ref>{{cite news |last=Noor |first=Poppy |title=Wikipedia biases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=July 29, 2018 |author-link=Poppy Noor |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040056/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hern |first1=Alex |title=Wikipedia's view of the world is written by the west |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/15/wikipedia-view-of-the-world-is-still-written-by-the-west |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> Kugomezgeka kwa Wikipediya kukasuskika kanandi waka mu vilimika vya m’ma 2000, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalumba chomene kufuma kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m’ma 2010 kuya munthazi.<ref name="Last best">{{cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Richard |date=February 17, 2020 |title=Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|url-access=limited|access-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217081500/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|archive-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref> Nkhani za pa Wikipedia mu ChiNgelezi zakukhwaskana na nkhani zasonosono zikusangika kanandi waka nga ni magwero ghakusangirapo uthenga wasonosono na ŵanandi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Samantha Murphy |date=May 20, 2022 |title=Meet the Wikipedia editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001310/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=May 24, 2022 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= McNamee |first= Kai |date=September 15, 2022 |title= Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Wikipedia's race to cover the queen's death |publisher= [[NPR]] |url= https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |url-status= live| access-date= January 22, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230115033202/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |archive-date= January 15, 2023}}</ref> ==Kusintha mwakukolerana== ===Kuwoneseska ivyo vyasintha=== [[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|Thepo lakusintha la Wikipediya|300px]] Nangauli ivyo vyasintha vikuwoneseska yayi mwa ndondomeko, kweni pulogiramu ya Wikipediya yikupereka vipangizo ivyo vikuzomerezga waliyose kuti wawone ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha. Thepo la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani yiliyose likulongosora umo nkhani yiliyose yikusinthira.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220722/https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf</ref> Pa nkhani zinandi, waliyose wangawona ivyo vyasintha sonosono apa na kuwuskapo ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha mwa kudodoliska pa linki iyo yili pa hamba la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani iyo. ===Kunanga vinthu=== Kusintha kulikose uko kukunanga dala masamba gha Wikipediya kukuwoneka kuti kunanga vinthu.<ref>https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=cis_papers</ref> ==Viyowoyero vinyake== Pasono pali mabuku gha viyowoyero 348 gha Wikipediya, kufuma mu Julayi 2026.<ref>https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles</ref> ===Mndandanda wa viyowoyero vya pa Wikipediya=== Iyi ni mndandanda wa ma Wikipediya gha viyowoyero agho ghali na nkhani pa Wikipediya ya ChiTumbuka (panji nkhani izo zikukhazga kuti zizamupangika mu mazuŵa ghachoko waka ghakwiza). {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Wikipediya ya chiyowoyero ! Chiyowoyero ! Khodi ya<br>chiyowoyero ! Nkhani |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiNgelezi]] | [[ChiNgelezi]] | [[:en:|en]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|en|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiJeremani]] | [[ChiJeremani]] | [[:de:|de]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|de|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiFurenchi]] | [[ChiFurenchi]] | [[:fr:|fr]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|fr|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiSpanish]] | [[ChiSpanish]] | [[:es:|es]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|es|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiItaliya]] | [[ChiItaliya]] | [[:it:|it]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|it|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiCatalan]] | [[ChiCatalan]] | [[:ca:|ca]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ca|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiBask]] | [[ChiBask]] | [[:eu:|eu]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|eu|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiMinnan]] | [[ChiMinnan]] | [[:zh-min-nan:|zh-min-nan]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|zh-min-nan|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiGalicia]] | [[ChiGalicia]] | [[:gl:|gl]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|gl|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiLadin]] | [[ChiLadin]] | [[:lld:|lld]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|lld|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiSwahili]] | [[ChiSwahili]] | [[:sw:|sw]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|sw|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiHausa]] | [[ChiHausa]] | [[:ha:|ha]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ha|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiLombard]] | [[ChiLombard]] | [[:lmo:|lmo]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|lmo|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiPiedmont]] | [[ChiPiedmont]] | [[:pms:|pms]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|pms|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiFula]] | [[ChiFula]] | [[:ff:|ff]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ff|N}} |- | '''[[Wikipediya ya ChiTumbuka]]''' | [[ChiTumbuka]] | [[:tum:|tum]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|tum|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiShona]] | [[ChiShona]] | [[:sn:|sn]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|sn|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiKarekare]] | [[ChiKarekare]] | [[:kai:|kai]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|kai|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiCheŵa]] | [[ChiCheŵa]] | [[:ny:|ny]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ny|N}} |} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Vyakukumbuska == {{Notelist|30em}} [[Category:Wikipediya| ]] [[Category:Wikimidiya]] fp4ypdv55b4esvzwwmxclcnc75t8blc 122129 122122 2026-09-16T09:53:07Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Mndandanda wa viyowoyero vya pa Wikipediya */ 122129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} {{Infobox website | name = Wikipediya | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|upright=0.68|frameless|center|Chibulumutuzga chambura kumara chakupangika na vipande vikuru, vituŵa vya jigsaw puzzle. Chigaŵa chilichose cha puzzle chili na [[glyph]] yimoza kufuma ku [[ndondomeko yakulembera]] yakupambanapambana, ndipo glyph yiliyose yalembeka na mtundu ufipa.]] | screenshot = Wikipediya Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = Portal ya Wikipediya yakulongora viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana vyakupangwa mwakulondezgana na unandi wa nkhani | caption = Tsamba lakwamba la Wikipediya pa desktop mu 2022 | collapsible = yes | type = [[Ensaikulopidiya ya pa intaneti]] | language_count = {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} | language_footnote = {{efn|Pali ma edition gha Wikipediya {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} agho ghakugwira ntchito, kweni ichi chikung'anamura yayi kuti pali viyowoyero vyapadera {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}}. Mwachiyelezgero, pali edition ya Chingelezi na edition ya Simple English, ma edition ghakupambanapambana gha Chibelarusi (ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[Narkamaŭka]] na [[Taraškievica]] orthographies), ma edition ghakupambanapambana gha Chinorway (ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[Nynorsk]] na [[Bokmål]] orthographies), na vinyake.<br />Kusazgirapo apo, pali ma edition gha Wikipediya {{NUMBEROF|closed|Wikipedia}} agho ghali kujalika, mu viyowoyero ivyo vilije ŵakuyowoya ŵakukwana kuti vilutilire (mwachiyelezgero, [[Chiyowoyero cha Marshallese|Marshallese]] na [[Chiyowoyero cha Akan|Akan]]). Ma edition ghanayi ghakafumiskikathu (vyakuyeruzgapo ni [[:meta:Proposals for closing projects/Deletion of Moldovan Wikipedia 2|Wikipediya ya Moldovia]] na [[:meta:Proposals for closing projects/Deletion of Siberian Wikipedia|Wikipediya ya Siberia]])}}{{efn|Pa viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vili pafupi kumara, nga ni [[Chiyowoyero cha Manchu]], palije edition ya Wikipediya iyo yili kupangikapo.}} | predecessor = [[Nupediya]] | headquarters = [[San Francisco]], California, US | country_of_origin = United States | area_served = Charu chose (kupatulako [[China]], [[Myanmar]], na [[North Korea]]) | owner = [[Wikimidiya Foundation]] (kwambira mu 2003) | authors = {{hlist|[[Jimmy Wales]]|[[Larry Sanger]]}} | url = {{URL|https://wikipedia.org}} | ipv6 = Yikovwirika | commercial = Yayi | registration = Yakusankha{{efn|Kulembeska nkhwakukhumbikwa pa milimo yinyake, nga nkhusintha [[#Vakugega|mapeji ghakovirikilika]], kupanga mapeji pa Wikipedia ya Chingelezi, na kukwezga mafayilo.}} | num_users = {{format price|{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}} (kufika pa {{Date|2=MDY}}) | launch_date = {{Start date and age|2001}} | current_status = Yichali kugwira ntchito | content_license = [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike]] 4.0{{efn|Malemba ghanandi ghali na layisensi yiŵiri pamoza na [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]; layisensi ya media yikupambana.}} | oclc = 52075003 | programming_language = <!-- None, the programming language is a property of MediaWiki --> }} '''Wikipediya''' ni nkhokwe ya vinjeru ya ulere ya pa [[intaneti]] iyo ikayambika mu chaka cha 2001. Waliyose wangasintha vyakulembeka va pa nkhokwe iyi nyengo iliyose, kulikose, palipose. Pakwamba Wikipediya yikaŵa mu [[ChiNgelezi]] pera, kweni sono yakura na kuŵa na viyowoyero vyakujumpha 300 ndipo njimoza mwa mawebusayiti agho ŵanthu ŵakulutako chomene pa charu chose kufuma mu 2026.{{citation needed}} Wikipediya yalumbanizgika chifukwa chakuti yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinthu mwa demokilase ndiposo chifukwa chakuti yikulongosora chomene nkhani zakupambanapambana, kapangikiro ka vinthu vya mukati na chikhalidwe. Wikipediya yaseŵezeskeka na maboma ghanyake gha vyaru, kufuma pa masamba ghanyake mpaka pa webusayiti yose, nyengo zinyake chifukwa chakuti yikususka boma panji chifukwa cha ivyo vikuwoneka kuti ni vyakunyoza Chiuta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=April 1, 2022 |title=Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|archive-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> Wikipediya iyi yasuskikaso chifukwa cha kusankhana kwa ndondomeko, nga nkhusankhana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi na kusankhana kwa malo gha Global South.<ref>{{cite news |last=Noor |first=Poppy |title=Wikipedia biases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=July 29, 2018 |author-link=Poppy Noor |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040056/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hern |first1=Alex |title=Wikipedia's view of the world is written by the west |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/15/wikipedia-view-of-the-world-is-still-written-by-the-west |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> Kugomezgeka kwa Wikipediya kukasuskika kanandi waka mu vilimika vya m’ma 2000, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalumba chomene kufuma kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m’ma 2010 kuya munthazi.<ref name="Last best">{{cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Richard |date=February 17, 2020 |title=Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|url-access=limited|access-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217081500/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|archive-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref> Nkhani za pa Wikipedia mu ChiNgelezi zakukhwaskana na nkhani zasonosono zikusangika kanandi waka nga ni magwero ghakusangirapo uthenga wasonosono na ŵanandi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Samantha Murphy |date=May 20, 2022 |title=Meet the Wikipedia editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001310/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=May 24, 2022 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= McNamee |first= Kai |date=September 15, 2022 |title= Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Wikipedia's race to cover the queen's death |publisher= [[NPR]] |url= https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |url-status= live| access-date= January 22, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230115033202/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |archive-date= January 15, 2023}}</ref> ==Kusintha mwakukolerana== ===Kuwoneseska ivyo vyasintha=== [[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|Thepo lakusintha la Wikipediya|300px]] Nangauli ivyo vyasintha vikuwoneseska yayi mwa ndondomeko, kweni pulogiramu ya Wikipediya yikupereka vipangizo ivyo vikuzomerezga waliyose kuti wawone ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha. Thepo la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani yiliyose likulongosora umo nkhani yiliyose yikusinthira.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220722/https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf</ref> Pa nkhani zinandi, waliyose wangawona ivyo vyasintha sonosono apa na kuwuskapo ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha mwa kudodoliska pa linki iyo yili pa hamba la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani iyo. ===Kunanga vinthu=== Kusintha kulikose uko kukunanga dala masamba gha Wikipediya kukuwoneka kuti kunanga vinthu.<ref>https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=cis_papers</ref> ==Viyowoyero vinyake== Pasono pali mabuku gha viyowoyero 348 gha Wikipediya, kufuma mu Julayi 2026.<ref>https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles</ref> ===Mndandanda wa viyowoyero vya pa Wikipediya=== Iyi ni mndandanda wa ma Wikipediya gha viyowoyero agho ghali na nkhani pa Wikipediya ya ChiTumbuka (panji nkhani izo zikukhazga kuti zizamupangika mu mazuŵa ghachoko waka ghakwiza). {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Wikipediya ya chiyowoyero ! Chiyowoyero ! Khodi ya<br>chiyowoyero ! Nkhani |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiNgelezi]] | [[ChiNgelezi]] | [[:en:|en]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|en|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiJeremani]] | [[ChiJeremani]] | [[:de:|de]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|de|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiFurenchi]] | [[ChiFurenchi]] | [[:fr:|fr]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|fr|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiSpanish]] | [[ChiSpanish]] | [[:es:|es]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|es|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiItaliya]] | [[ChiItaliya]] | [[:it:|it]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|it|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiChayinizi]] | [[ChiChayinizi]] | [[:zh:|zh]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|zh|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiJapanizi]] | [[ChiJapanizi]] | [[:ja:|ja]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ja|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiCatalan]] | [[ChiCatalan]] | [[:ca:|ca]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ca|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiBask]] | [[ChiBask]] | [[:eu:|eu]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|eu|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiMinnan]] | [[ChiMinnan]] | [[:zh-min-nan:|zh-min-nan]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|zh-min-nan|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiGalicia]] | [[ChiGalicia]] | [[:gl:|gl]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|gl|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiLadin]] | [[ChiLadin]] | [[:lld:|lld]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|lld|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiSwahili]] | [[ChiSwahili]] | [[:sw:|sw]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|sw|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiHausa]] | [[ChiHausa]] | [[:ha:|ha]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ha|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiLombard]] | [[ChiLombard]] | [[:lmo:|lmo]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|lmo|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiPiedmont]] | [[ChiPiedmont]] | [[:pms:|pms]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|pms|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiFula]] | [[ChiFula]] | [[:ff:|ff]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ff|N}} |- | '''[[Wikipediya ya ChiTumbuka]]''' | [[ChiTumbuka]] | [[:tum:|tum]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|tum|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiShona]] | [[ChiShona]] | [[:sn:|sn]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|sn|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiKarekare]] | [[ChiKarekare]] | [[:kai:|kai]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|kai|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiCheŵa]] | [[ChiCheŵa]] | [[:ny:|ny]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ny|N}} |} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Vyakukumbuska == {{Notelist|30em}} [[Category:Wikipediya| ]] [[Category:Wikimidiya]] pawi2qlmim0s03l4pzn3j2fix0f9xo5 122130 122129 2026-09-16T09:53:56Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Mndandanda wa viyowoyero vya pa Wikipediya */ 122130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} {{Infobox website | name = Wikipediya | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|upright=0.68|frameless|center|Chibulumutuzga chambura kumara chakupangika na vipande vikuru, vituŵa vya jigsaw puzzle. Chigaŵa chilichose cha puzzle chili na [[glyph]] yimoza kufuma ku [[ndondomeko yakulembera]] yakupambanapambana, ndipo glyph yiliyose yalembeka na mtundu ufipa.]] | screenshot = Wikipediya Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = Portal ya Wikipediya yakulongora viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana vyakupangwa mwakulondezgana na unandi wa nkhani | caption = Tsamba lakwamba la Wikipediya pa desktop mu 2022 | collapsible = yes | type = [[Ensaikulopidiya ya pa intaneti]] | language_count = {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} | language_footnote = {{efn|Pali ma edition gha Wikipediya {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} agho ghakugwira ntchito, kweni ichi chikung'anamura yayi kuti pali viyowoyero vyapadera {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}}. Mwachiyelezgero, pali edition ya Chingelezi na edition ya Simple English, ma edition ghakupambanapambana gha Chibelarusi (ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[Narkamaŭka]] na [[Taraškievica]] orthographies), ma edition ghakupambanapambana gha Chinorway (ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[Nynorsk]] na [[Bokmål]] orthographies), na vinyake.<br />Kusazgirapo apo, pali ma edition gha Wikipediya {{NUMBEROF|closed|Wikipedia}} agho ghali kujalika, mu viyowoyero ivyo vilije ŵakuyowoya ŵakukwana kuti vilutilire (mwachiyelezgero, [[Chiyowoyero cha Marshallese|Marshallese]] na [[Chiyowoyero cha Akan|Akan]]). Ma edition ghanayi ghakafumiskikathu (vyakuyeruzgapo ni [[:meta:Proposals for closing projects/Deletion of Moldovan Wikipedia 2|Wikipediya ya Moldovia]] na [[:meta:Proposals for closing projects/Deletion of Siberian Wikipedia|Wikipediya ya Siberia]])}}{{efn|Pa viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vili pafupi kumara, nga ni [[Chiyowoyero cha Manchu]], palije edition ya Wikipediya iyo yili kupangikapo.}} | predecessor = [[Nupediya]] | headquarters = [[San Francisco]], California, US | country_of_origin = United States | area_served = Charu chose (kupatulako [[China]], [[Myanmar]], na [[North Korea]]) | owner = [[Wikimidiya Foundation]] (kwambira mu 2003) | authors = {{hlist|[[Jimmy Wales]]|[[Larry Sanger]]}} | url = {{URL|https://wikipedia.org}} | ipv6 = Yikovwirika | commercial = Yayi | registration = Yakusankha{{efn|Kulembeska nkhwakukhumbikwa pa milimo yinyake, nga nkhusintha [[#Vakugega|mapeji ghakovirikilika]], kupanga mapeji pa Wikipedia ya Chingelezi, na kukwezga mafayilo.}} | num_users = {{format price|{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}} (kufika pa {{Date|2=MDY}}) | launch_date = {{Start date and age|2001}} | current_status = Yichali kugwira ntchito | content_license = [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike]] 4.0{{efn|Malemba ghanandi ghali na layisensi yiŵiri pamoza na [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]; layisensi ya media yikupambana.}} | oclc = 52075003 | programming_language = <!-- None, the programming language is a property of MediaWiki --> }} '''Wikipediya''' ni nkhokwe ya vinjeru ya ulere ya pa [[intaneti]] iyo ikayambika mu chaka cha 2001. Waliyose wangasintha vyakulembeka va pa nkhokwe iyi nyengo iliyose, kulikose, palipose. Pakwamba Wikipediya yikaŵa mu [[ChiNgelezi]] pera, kweni sono yakura na kuŵa na viyowoyero vyakujumpha 300 ndipo njimoza mwa mawebusayiti agho ŵanthu ŵakulutako chomene pa charu chose kufuma mu 2026.{{citation needed}} Wikipediya yalumbanizgika chifukwa chakuti yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinthu mwa demokilase ndiposo chifukwa chakuti yikulongosora chomene nkhani zakupambanapambana, kapangikiro ka vinthu vya mukati na chikhalidwe. Wikipediya yaseŵezeskeka na maboma ghanyake gha vyaru, kufuma pa masamba ghanyake mpaka pa webusayiti yose, nyengo zinyake chifukwa chakuti yikususka boma panji chifukwa cha ivyo vikuwoneka kuti ni vyakunyoza Chiuta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=April 1, 2022 |title=Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|archive-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> Wikipediya iyi yasuskikaso chifukwa cha kusankhana kwa ndondomeko, nga nkhusankhana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi na kusankhana kwa malo gha Global South.<ref>{{cite news |last=Noor |first=Poppy |title=Wikipedia biases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=July 29, 2018 |author-link=Poppy Noor |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040056/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hern |first1=Alex |title=Wikipedia's view of the world is written by the west |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/15/wikipedia-view-of-the-world-is-still-written-by-the-west |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> Kugomezgeka kwa Wikipediya kukasuskika kanandi waka mu vilimika vya m’ma 2000, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalumba chomene kufuma kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m’ma 2010 kuya munthazi.<ref name="Last best">{{cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Richard |date=February 17, 2020 |title=Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|url-access=limited|access-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217081500/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|archive-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref> Nkhani za pa Wikipedia mu ChiNgelezi zakukhwaskana na nkhani zasonosono zikusangika kanandi waka nga ni magwero ghakusangirapo uthenga wasonosono na ŵanandi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Samantha Murphy |date=May 20, 2022 |title=Meet the Wikipedia editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001310/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=May 24, 2022 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= McNamee |first= Kai |date=September 15, 2022 |title= Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Wikipedia's race to cover the queen's death |publisher= [[NPR]] |url= https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |url-status= live| access-date= January 22, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230115033202/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |archive-date= January 15, 2023}}</ref> ==Kusintha mwakukolerana== ===Kuwoneseska ivyo vyasintha=== [[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|Thepo lakusintha la Wikipediya|300px]] Nangauli ivyo vyasintha vikuwoneseska yayi mwa ndondomeko, kweni pulogiramu ya Wikipediya yikupereka vipangizo ivyo vikuzomerezga waliyose kuti wawone ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha. Thepo la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani yiliyose likulongosora umo nkhani yiliyose yikusinthira.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220722/https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf</ref> Pa nkhani zinandi, waliyose wangawona ivyo vyasintha sonosono apa na kuwuskapo ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha mwa kudodoliska pa linki iyo yili pa hamba la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani iyo. ===Kunanga vinthu=== Kusintha kulikose uko kukunanga dala masamba gha Wikipediya kukuwoneka kuti kunanga vinthu.<ref>https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=cis_papers</ref> ==Viyowoyero vinyake== Pasono pali mabuku gha viyowoyero 348 gha Wikipediya, kufuma mu Julayi 2026.<ref>https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles</ref> ===Mndandanda wa viyowoyero vya pa Wikipediya=== Iyi ni mndandanda wa ma Wikipediya gha viyowoyero agho ghali na nkhani pa Wikipediya ya ChiTumbuka (panji nkhani izo zikukhazga kuti zizamupangika mu mazuŵa ghachoko waka ghakwiza). {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Wikipediya ya chiyowoyero ! Chiyowoyero ! Khodi ya<br>chiyowoyero ! Nkhani |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiNgelezi]] | [[ChiNgelezi]] | [[:en:|en]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|en|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiJeremani]] | [[ChiJeremani]] | [[:de:|de]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|de|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiFurenchi]] | [[ChiFurenchi]] | [[:fr:|fr]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|fr|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiSpanish]] | [[ChiSpanish]] | [[:es:|es]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|es|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiRussia]] | [[ChiRussia]] | [[:ru:|ru]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ru|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiItaliya]] | [[ChiItaliya]] | [[:it:|it]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|it|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiChayinizi]] | [[ChiChayinizi]] | [[:zh:|zh]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|zh|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiJapanizi]] | [[ChiJapanizi]] | [[:ja:|ja]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ja|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiCatalan]] | [[ChiCatalan]] | [[:ca:|ca]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ca|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiBask]] | [[ChiBask]] | [[:eu:|eu]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|eu|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiMinnan]] | [[ChiMinnan]] | [[:zh-min-nan:|zh-min-nan]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|zh-min-nan|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiGalicia]] | [[ChiGalicia]] | [[:gl:|gl]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|gl|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiLadin]] | [[ChiLadin]] | [[:lld:|lld]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|lld|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiSwahili]] | [[ChiSwahili]] | [[:sw:|sw]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|sw|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiHausa]] | [[ChiHausa]] | [[:ha:|ha]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ha|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiLombard]] | [[ChiLombard]] | [[:lmo:|lmo]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|lmo|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiPiedmont]] | [[ChiPiedmont]] | [[:pms:|pms]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|pms|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiFula]] | [[ChiFula]] | [[:ff:|ff]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ff|N}} |- | '''[[Wikipediya ya ChiTumbuka]]''' | [[ChiTumbuka]] | [[:tum:|tum]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|tum|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiShona]] | [[ChiShona]] | [[:sn:|sn]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|sn|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiKarekare]] | [[ChiKarekare]] | [[:kai:|kai]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|kai|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiCheŵa]] | [[ChiCheŵa]] | [[:ny:|ny]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ny|N}} |} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Vyakukumbuska == {{Notelist|30em}} [[Category:Wikipediya| ]] [[Category:Wikimidiya]] hqcp1vdgrg55yn64dmg9nuknccvnb5i 0 18145 122077 122020 2026-09-16T00:29:52Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122077 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-tum.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiTumbuka''' nthamba la Umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiTumbuka]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 19,000. Ili ni Baibolo ilo lili mu viyowoyero vinandi, ndipo likovwira ŵanthu kumanya vinandi mu chiyowoyero chawo, ilo likamba mu Disembala 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Creation history / Accomplishments |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediaGrowthSummary.htm |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiTumbuka chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|tum|N}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|tum|N}} awo ŵakuchitako ntchito iyi. == Ukaboni == [[Category:Wikipediya]] g8hyz1s8edgmkbwpjjblihi91wroj5y 0 20519 122071 121891 2026-09-15T12:48:14Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Niger-Congo language originating in parts of Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania}} {{good article}} {{Infobox language | name = ChiTumbuka | nativename = ''tumbuka'' | states = [[Malawi]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] | region = | speakers = 7 miliyoni | date = 2022 | ref = | familycolor = Niger-Congo | fam2 = [[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]] | fam3 = [[Volta-Congo]] | fam4 = [[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]] | fam5 = [[Bantoid languages|Bantoid]] | fam6 = [[Southern Bantoid]] | fam7 = [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] ([[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages#Zone N|Zone N]]) | fam8 = [[Nyasa languages|Nyasa]] | iso2 = tum | iso3 = tum | glotto = tumb1250 | glottorefname = Tumbuka | script = {{Plainlist}} * [[Latin script]] ([[Roman alphabet]]) * [[Mwangwego script]] {{endplainlist}} | minority = {{plainlist}} * {{flag|Malawi}} * {{flag|Zambia}} * {{flag|Tanzania}} {{endplainlist}} | image = The Gonapamuhanya festival 2025.jpg | imagecaption = Msonkhano wa chikhalidwe cha ChiTumbuka cha chikondwerero cha Gonapamuhanya cha ŵanthu ŵa ChiTumbuka | guthrie = N.21 | lingua = [http://linguasphere.info/?page=linguascale&linguacode=99-AUS-wc 99-AUS-wc] (+ chi-Kamanga) <br>incl. varieties 99-AUS-wca...-wcl }} '''ChiTumbuka''' ntchiyowoyero cha [[ŴaTumbuka|ŵanthu]] ŵa mtundu wachi [[Bantu]] icho chikuyowoyeka mu [[Malaŵi]], [[Zambia]], na [[Tanzania]].<ref name="Michigan">[https://web.archive.org/web/20151123103050/http://africa.isp.msu.edu/afrlang/Tumbuka_root.html Michigan State University African Studies Center information page].</ref> Lizgu ili likumanyikwaso kuti ChiTumbuka panji Citumbuka. Chi- icho chili kunthazi kwa Tumbuka chikung'anamura "mu nthowa ya", ndipo apa likung'anamura "chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka". ChiTumbuka chili mu chiyowoyero chimoza na [[ChiCheŵa|Chichewa]] na [[ChiSena|Sena]].<ref>Kiso (2012), pp.21ff.</ref> Buku linyake ([[The World Almanac]]) likuti mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 2,080,000. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ChiTumbuka, nangauli ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵalipo ŵachoko chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya ChiTumbuka ŵakukhala mu Malaŵi.<ref name="Michigan" /> ChiTumbuka ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene kumpoto kwa Malawi, chomenechomene mu vigaŵa vya [[Rumphi]], [[Mzuzu]], na [[Mzimba]].<ref>University of Malawi (2006) Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi.</ref> Pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa ciyowoyero ca ChiTumbuka ico cikuyowoyeka mu misumba ya ku Malawi (ico cili na mazgu ghanyake kufuma ku [[Chiswahili|Ciswahili]] na Chichewa) na ciyowoyero ca ChiTumbuka ico cikuyowoyeka mu mizi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti chiyowoyero cha Rumphi ndicho ntchakutowa chomene.<ref>Kamwendo (2004), p.282.</ref> Chiyowoyero cha ku Mzimba chikakhwaskika chomene na chiNgoni ([[ChiZulu|Zulu]]). Kwamba kale, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ChiTumbuka na Chichewa. Ndipouli, ciyowoyero ca Tumbuka cikasuzgika comene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Pulezidenti [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]], cifukwa mu 1968 cifukwa ca fundo yake yakuti paŵe mtundu umoza na ciyowoyero cimoza, ciyowoyero ici cikaleka kuŵa ca boma mu Malawi. Ntheura, mu masukulu, pa wayilesi, na mu manyuzipepara ŵakafumiskamo ciyowoyero ici.<ref>Kamwendo (2004), p.278.</ref> Mu 1994, apo boma la Tumbuka likamba kulamulira na vipani vinandi, ŵakambaso kutegherezga maungano gha pa wayilesi. Kweni mabuku na mabuku ghanyake ghakaŵa ghanandi yayi.<ref>See Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi (2006), pp.38-40 for a list of publications.</ref> == Malembelo == [[File:WIKITONGUES-Temwa_Speaking_Tumbuka_-_free_to_use_file_under_Wikipedia_policies.webm|thumb|326x326px|Temwa wakuyowoya ChiTumbuka.]] Pali nthowa ziŵiri zakulembera ChiTumbuka izo zikugwiliskirika nchito: kalembero ka kaluso (kakulembeka mu [[Baibolo]] la ChiTumbuka la [[Wikipediya|Wikipedia]] na mu [[nyuzipepara y]]<nowiki/>a Fuko), umo mazgu gha banthu 'ŵanthu' na chaka 'chaka' ghakulembeka na 'b' na 'ch', na kalembero ka kaluso (kakulembeka mu dikishonare ya Citumbuka iyo yikufumiskika pa [[Intaneti]] na Centre for Language Studies na mu Baibolo la pa Intaneti), umo mazgu ghakulembeka na 'ŵ' na 'c', nga ŵanthu na caka. (Sumu ya 'ŵ' ni [w] yakuzingilizgika makora iyo yikuzunulika na lulimi pafupi na i).<ref>Atkins, Guy (1950) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156786 "Suggestions for an Amended Spelling and Word Division of Nyanja"] ''Africa: Journal of the International African Institute'', Vol. 20, No. 3, p.205.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakumanya yayi apo ŵakwenera kulemba 'r' na 'l', nga ni cakulya ([[Dikishonare]]) panji cakurya (Baibolo) 'chakurya.' (Nadi, [l] na [r] ni mazgu ghakupambanapambana gha chiyowoyero chimoza.) Kweniso pali kukayikira pakati pa mazgu ghakuti'sk' na'sy' (miskombe na misyombe ('bamboo') ghali mu dikishonare ya Citumbuka).<ref>See entries {{lang|tum|citatanga}}, {{lang|tum|cidunga}}, {{lang|tum|cihengo}}.</ref> == Kuyowoya mazgu == === Mavowele === Mu chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka muli mazgu ghakuyana waka nga ni /a/, /ɛ/, /i/, /ɔ/, /u/ na /m̩/ aghoso ghali mu [[Chichewa]].<ref>Vail (1972), p. 1.</ref> [[File:Monile.ogg|thumb|Kutauzgana mu ChiTumbuka.]] === Makonsonanti === Malizga gha chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka ghakuyana waka na gha Chichewa, kweni ghakupambana. Mu chiyowoyero cha Chichewa mulije mazgu ghakuti /ɣ/, /β/, na /h/. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kupulika mazgu agho ghakufuma mu mulomo {{IPA|/vʲ/}}, {{IPA|/fʲ/}}, {{IPA|/bʲ/}}, {{IPA|/pʲ/}}, {{IPA|/skʲ/}}, {{IPA|/zgʲ/}}, and {{IPA|/ɽʲ/}}. Mu ChiTumbuka mulije vilembo vya Chichewa nga ni /psj/, /bzj/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/. Mazgu gha /s/ na /z/ ghakusangika yayi mu ChiTumbuka, ntheura Chewa nsómba ('somba') = Tumbuka somba. Lizgu lakuti /ʃ/ likusangika mu mazgu gha ku vyaru vinyake pera nga ni shati ('shati') na shuga ('shuga'). ChiTumbuka /?? / nyengo zinyake chikuyana na Chichewa /d/, chiChewa kudwala 'kuŵa mulwari' = Tumbuka kulwala, Chichewa kudya 'kurya' = Tumbuka kulya. Kuyowoya kwa lizgu lakuti "sk" na lizgu lakuti "zg" vikupambana kuyana na chiyowoyero. Makonsonanti gha Tumbuka kanandi ghakusangika mu viyowoyero vinyake. Vinyake vingalembeka pambere chindindindi chindambe kufuma. Pa chithuzithuzi ichi, pali mazgu agho ghangaŵa pa chilembo ichi: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Malembo gha Tumbuka<ref>Chavula (2016), pp. 11–13.</ref><ref>Vail (1972), pp. 4–19.</ref> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="3" |[[Labial consonant|labial]] ! colspan="3" |[[Dental consonant|dental]] ! colspan="2" |[[Palatal consonant|palatal]] ! colspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|velar]] ! rowspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|glottal]] |- !<small>plain</small> !<small>lab.</small> !<small>pal.</small> !<small>plain</small> !<small>lab.</small> !<small>pal.</small> !<small>plain</small> !<small>lab.</small> !<small>plain</small> !<small>lab.</small> |- ! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|nasal]] |ma<br />{{IPAslink|m}} |mwa<br />{{IPAslink|mʷ}} |mya<br />{{IPAslink|mʲ}} |na<br />{{IPAslink|n}} |nwa<br />{{IPAslink|nʷ}} |nya<br />{{IPAslink|nʲ}} | | |ng'a<br />{{IPAslink|ŋ}} |ng'wa<br />{{IPAslink|ŋʷ}} | |- ! rowspan="5" |[[plosive]]/<br />[[affricate]] !<small>unvoiced</small> |pa<br />{{IPAslink|p}} |pwa<br />{{IPAslink|pʷ}} |pya<br />{{IPAslink|pʲ}} |ta<br />{{IPAslink|t}} |twa<br />{{IPAslink|tʷ}} |tya<br />{{IPAslink|tʲ}} |ca<br />{{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} |cwa<br />{{IPAslink|t͡ʃʷ}} |ka<br />{{IPAslink|k}} |kwa<br />{{IPAslink|kʷ}} | |- !<small>voiced</small> |ba<br />{{IPAslink|ɓ}} |bwa<br />{{IPAslink|ɓʷ}} |bya<br />{{IPAslink|bʲ}} |da<br />{{IPAslink|ɗ}} |dwa<br />{{IPAslink|ɗʷ}} |dya<br />{{IPAslink|ɗʲ}} |ja<br />{{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}} |jwa<br />{{IPAslink|d͡ʒʷ}} |ga<br />{{IPAslink|g}} |gwa<br />{{IPAslink|gʷ}} | |- !<small>aspirated</small> |pha<br />{{IPAslink|pʰ}} |phwa<br />{{IPAslink|pʷʰ}} |phya<br />{{IPAslink|pʲʰ}} |tha<br />{{IPAslink|tʰ}} |thwa<br />{{IPAslink|tʷʰ}} |thya<br />{{IPAslink|tʲʰ}} |cha<br />{{IPAslink|t͡ʃʰ}} | |kha<br />{{IPAslink|kʰ}} |khwa<br />{{IPAslink|kʷʰ}} | |- !<small>nasalised</small> |mba<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐb}} |mbwa<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐbʷ}} |mbya<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐbʲ}} |nda<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿd}} |ndwa<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿdʷ}} |(ndya){{efn|Only in the word {{lang|tum|ndyali}}.}}<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿdʲ}} |nja<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿd͡ʒ}} | |nga<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑg}} |ngwa<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑgʷ}} | |- !<small>nasalised<br />aspirated</small> |mpha<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐpʰ}} |mphwa<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐpʷʰ}} |mphya<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐpʲʰ}} |ntha<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿtʰ}} |nthwa<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿtʷʰ}} |(nthya)<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿtʲʰ}} |ncha<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿt͡ʃʰ}} | |nkha<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑkʰ}} |nkhwa<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑkʷʰ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" |[[fricative]] !<small>unvoiced</small> |fa<br />{{IPAslink|f}} |fwa<br />{{IPAslink|fʷ}} |fya<br />{{IPAslink|fʲ}} |sa<br />{{IPAslink|s}} |swa<br />{{IPAslink|sʷ}} |ska (sya)<br />{{IPAslink|sʲ}} |(sha)<br />{{IPAslink|ʃ}} | | | |ha<br />{{IPAslink|h}} |- !<small>voiced</small> |va<br />{{IPAslink|v}} |vwa<br />{{IPAslink|vʷ}} |vya<br />{{IPAslink|vʲ}} |za<br />{{IPAslink|z}} |zwa<br />{{IPAslink|zʷ}} |zga<br />{{IPAslink|zʲ}} | | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[semivowel]]/ [[Liquid consonant|liquid]] |ŵa<br />{{IPAslink|β}} |wa<br />{{IPAslink|w}} | |la/ra<br />{{IPAslink|ɽ}} |lwa/rwa<br />{{IPAslink|ɽʷ}} |lya/rya<br />{{IPAslink|ɽʲ}} |ya<br />{{IPAslink|j}} | |gha<br />{{IPAslink|ɣ}} | | |} {{notelist}} === Kapulikikilo === Kupambana kukuru pakati pa Chichewa na ChiTumbuka nkhwa kuti Chichewa ni chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoya mazgu ghakupambanapambana. ChiTumbuka chili na mazgu ghakupambanapambana, chifukwa lizgu lililose ilo likuyowoyeka payekha likuyana waka na lizgu lakwamba ilo likufuma pa lizgu laumaliro.<ref>Downing (2008, 2012).</ref> Ntheura, mu Citumbuka nchambura macitiko kupambaniska mazgu ghaŵiri ghakupambanapambana, nga umo vikuŵira mu Chichewa na viyowoyero vinyake vya Bantu. Ndipouli, lizgu laumaliro yayi ndilo likuŵa pa lizgu lililose, kweni lizgu laumaliro pera:<ref>Downing (2012), p.123.</ref> * {{lang|tum|ti-ku-phika sî:ma}} 'tikuphika sima' A greater variety of tonal patterns is found in the [[Ideophone|ideophones]] (expressive words) of Tumbuka; for example Low ({{lang|tum|yoyoyo}} 'disintegrating into small pieces'), High ({{lang|tum|fyá:}} 'swooping low (of birds)'), High-Low ({{lang|tum|phúli}} 'sound of thing bursting'), and Low-High ({{lang|tum|yií}} 'sudden disappearance'), etc.<ref>Moto (1999), pp.112-120.</ref> Intonational tones are also used in Tumbuka; for example, in yes-no questions there is often a High-Low fall on the final syllable of the question:<ref>Downing (2008), p.55.</ref> * {{lang|tum|ku-limirâ-so ngô:mâ?}} 'are you also weeding the maize?' There does not seem to be any consistent, direct correlation between tone in Tumbuka and [[Focus (linguistics)|focus]].<ref>Downing (2012), p.129.</ref> == Mazina == === Makilasi gha manoun === Nga umo vikuŵira na viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu, mazina gha ChiTumbuka ghakupangika mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana kuyana na vigaŵa vya mazina. Lizgu lililose lili na lizgu lake lakwimira, lizgu lakwimira, na lizgu la chiyowoyero. Para pali mphindano pakati pa mazgu agha na mazgu ghakwambilira, mazgu agha ndigho ghakuŵa pakwamba pakusankha zina. Mwaciyelezgero, lizgu lakuti katundu 'vinthu,' nangauli lili na lizgu lakuti ka-, lili mu gulu 1, cifukwa munthu wakuyowoya katundu uyu 'vinthu ivi' na lizgu lakuti uyu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi (nga umo viliri mu dikishonare ya Citumbuka ya pa Yunivesite ya Malawi) ŵakuzunura mazina gha viŵaro mu viyowoyero vinyake nga ni "Mu-Ŵa-"; kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu ŵakuzunura viŵaro mu manambara (1/2 etc.) agho ghakuyana na viŵaro vya viŵaro mu viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Bantu. Nyengo zinyake mazina ghakukolerana yayi na magulu ghakulondezgapo agha, nga ni fumu'mukuru' (kalasi 9) uyo wali na mazina ghanandi mu kilasi 6. '''Class 1/2 (Mu-Ŵa-)''' Some nouns in this class lack the prefix Mu-: * {{lang|tum|Munthu}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵanthu (banthu)}} = person * {{lang|tum|Muzungu}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵazungu (bazungu)}} = foreigner, white man * {{lang|tum|Mwana}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵana (bana)}} = child * {{lang|tum|Bulu}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵabulu}} = donkey * {{lang|tum|Sibweni}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵasibweni}} = maternal uncle * {{lang|tum|Katundu}} (no pl.) = goods, possessions '''Class 3/4 (Mu-Mi-)''' * {{lang|tum|Mutu}} pl. {{lang|tum|mitu}} = head * {{lang|tum|Mkuyu}} pl. {{lang|tum|mikuyu}} = fig-tree * {{lang|tum|Moyo}} pl. {{lang|tum|miyoyo}} = life * {{lang|tum|Mtima}} pl. {{lang|tum|mitima}} = heart '''Class 5/6 (Li-Ma-)''' * {{lang|tum|Bele (bhele}} pl. {{lang|tum|mabele (mabhele)}} = breast * {{lang|tum|Boma (bhoma)}} pl. {{lang|tum|maboma (mabhoma)}} = government, district * {{lang|tum|Botolo (bhotolo)}} pl. {{lang|tum|mabotolo (mabhotolo)}} = bottle * {{lang|tum|Fuko}} pl. {{lang|tum|mafuko}} = tribe, nation * {{lang|tum|Jiso}} pl. {{lang|tum|maso}} = eye * {{lang|tum|Maji}} (no singular) = water * {{lang|tum|Phiri}} pl. {{lang|tum|mapiri}} = hill * {{lang|tum|Suzgo}} pl. {{lang|tum|masuzgo}} = problem, trouble * {{lang|tum|Woko}} pl. {{lang|tum|mawoko}} = hand '''Class 7/8 (Ci-Vi-)''' * {{lang|tum|Caka (chaka)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vyaka}} = year * {{lang|tum|Caro (charo)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vyaro}} = country, land * {{lang|tum|Ciŵeto (chibeto)}} pl. {{lang|tum|viŵeto (vibeto)}} = farm animal * {{lang|tum|Cidakwa (chidakwa)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vidakwa}} = drunkard * {{lang|tum|Cikoti (chikoti)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vikoti}} = whip '''Class 9/10 (Yi-Zi-)''' * {{lang|tum|Mbale}} pl. {{lang|tum|mbale (mambale)}} = plate * {{lang|tum|Ndalama}} pl. {{lang|tum|ndalama}} = money * {{lang|tum|Njelwa}} pl. {{lang|tum|njelwa}} = brick * {{lang|tum|Nkhuku}} pl. {{lang|tum|nkhuku}} = chicken * {{lang|tum|Somba}} pl. {{lang|tum|somba}} = fish '''Class 11 (Lu-)''' Some speakers treat words in this class as if they were in class 5/6.<ref>Shiozaki (2004).</ref> * {{lang|tum|Lwande}} = side * {{lang|tum|Lumbiri}} = fame * {{lang|tum|Lulimi}} = tongue '''Class 12/13 (Ka-Tu-)''' * {{lang|tum|Kanthu (kantu)}} pl. {{lang|tum|tunthu (tuntu)}} = small thing * {{lang|tum|Kamwana}} pl. {{lang|tum|tuŵana (tubana)}} = baby * {{lang|tum|Kayuni}} pl. {{lang|tum|tuyuni}} = bird * {{lang|tum|Tulo}} (no singular) = sleep '''Class 14/6 (U-Ma-)''' These nouns are frequently abstract and have no plural. * {{lang|tum|Usiku}} = night * {{lang|tum|Ulimi}} = farming * {{lang|tum|Ulalo}} pl. {{lang|tum|maulalo}} = bridge * {{lang|tum|Uta}} pl. {{lang|tum|mauta}} = bow '''Class 15 (Ku-) Infinitive''' * {{lang|tum|Kugula}} = to buy, buying * {{lang|tum|Kwiba (kwibha)}} = to steal, stealing '''Classes 16, 17, 18 (Pa-, Ku-, Mu-) Locative''' * {{lang|tum|Pasi}} = underneath * {{lang|tum|Kunthazi (kuntazi)}} = in front, before * {{lang|tum|Mukati}} = inside === Concords === Viyezgo, vimanyikwiro, manambara, mazgu ghakupambanapambana, na vimanyikwiro mu ChiTumbuka vikwenera kukolerana na lizgu ilo likuyowoyeka. Ŵakuchita nthena na vilembo vyakwambilira, vyakunthazi, panji vyakunthazi ivyo vikuchemeka 'concords.' Mtundu 1 uli na viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, nga ni mazina ghakwimira vinthu, mazgu ghakwamba, mazgu ghaumaliro, manambara, vimanyikwiro, na mazgu ghaumaliro:<ref>Chase (2004).</ref><ref>Shiozaki (2004)</ref><ref>Vail (1971).</ref> * {{lang|tum|Mwana u'''yu'''}} = this child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''yu'''moza}} = one child * {{lang|tum|Mwana u'''yo'''}} = that child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''yo'''se}} = the whole child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''li'''yo'''se}} = every child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''ka'''mu'''wona}} = the child saw him * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''mu'''choko (coko)}} = the small child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa''' Khumbo}} = Khumbo's child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''ne}} = my child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''wona}} = the child has seen Makilasi ghanyake gha manoun ghali na mitundu yichoko ya vimanyikwiro vyakukolerana, nga umo tingawonera pa thebulu ilo lili musi umu: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px; height: 200px;" |+Table of Tumbuka concords ! !noun !English !this !num !that !all !subj !object !adj !of !perf |- !1 |{{lang|tum|mwana}} |child |{{lang|tum|uyu}} |''yu-'' |{{lang|tum|uyo}} |{{lang|tum|yose}} |''wa-'' |''-mu-'' |''mu-'' |{{lang|tum|wa}} |''wa-'' |- !2 |{{lang|tum|ŵana}} |children |{{lang|tum|aŵa}} |''ŵa-'' |{{lang|tum|awo}} |{{lang|tum|wose}} |''ŵa-'' |''-ŵa-'' |''ŵa-'' |{{lang|tum|ŵa}} |''ŵa-'' |- !3 |{{lang|tum|mutu}} |head |{{lang|tum|uwu}} |''wu-'' |{{lang|tum|uwo}} |{{lang|tum|wose}} |''wu-'' | -''wu-'' |''wu-'' |{{lang|tum|wa}} |''wa-'' |- !4 |{{lang|tum|mitu}} |heads |{{lang|tum|iyi}} |''yi-'' |{{lang|tum|iyo}} |{{lang|tum|yose}} |''yi-'' |''-yi-'' |''yi-'' |{{lang|tum|ya}} |''ya-'' |- !5 |{{lang|tum|jiso}} |eye |{{lang|tum|ili}} |''li-'' |{{lang|tum|ilo}} |{{lang|tum|lose}} |''li-'' |''-li-'' |''li-'' |{{lang|tum|la}} |''la-'' |- !6 |{{lang|tum|maso}} |eyes |{{lang|tum|agha}} |''gha-'' |{{lang|tum|agho}} |{{lang|tum|ghose}} |''gha-'' |''-gha-'' |''gha-'' |{{lang|tum|gha}} |''gha-'' |- !7 |{{lang|tum|caka}} |year |{{lang|tum|ici}} |''ci-'' |{{lang|tum|ico}} |{{lang|tum|cose}} |''ci-'' |''-ci-'' |''ci-'' |{{lang|tum|ca}} |''ca-'' |- !8 |{{lang|tum|vyaka}} |years |{{lang|tum|ivi}} |''vi-'' |{{lang|tum|ivyo}} |{{lang|tum|vyose}} |''vi-'' |''-vi-'' |''vi-'' |{{lang|tum|vya}} |''vya-'' |- !9 |{{lang|tum|nyumba}} |house |{{lang|tum|iyi}} |''yi-'' |{{lang|tum|iyo}} |{{lang|tum|yose}} |''yi-'' |''-yi-'' |''yi-'' |{{lang|tum|ya}} |''ya-'' |- !10 |{{lang|tum|nyumba}} |houses |{{lang|tum|izi}} |''zi-'' |{{lang|tum|izo}} |{{lang|tum|zose}} |''zi-'' |''-zi-'' |''zi-'' |{{lang|tum|za}} |''za-'' |- !11 |{{lang|tum|lwande}} |side |{{lang|tum|ulu}} |''lu-'' |{{lang|tum|ulo}} |{{lang|tum|lose}} |''lu-'' |''-lu-'' |''lu-'' |{{lang|tum|lwa}} |''lwa-'' |- ! | |(or: |{{lang|tum|ili}} |''li-'' |{{lang|tum|ilo}} |{{lang|tum|lose}} |''li-'' |''-li-'' |''li-'' |{{lang|tum|la}} |''la-'') |- !12 |{{lang|tum|kayuni}} |bird |{{lang|tum|aka}} |''ka-'' |{{lang|tum|ako}} |{{lang|tum|kose}} |''ka-'' |''-ka-'' |''ka-'' |{{lang|tum|ka}} |''ka-'' |- !13 |{{lang|tum|tuyuni}} |birds |{{lang|tum|utu}} |''tu-'' |{{lang|tum|uto}} |{{lang|tum|tose}} |''tu-'' |''-tu-'' |''tu-'' |{{lang|tum|twa}} |''twa-'' |- !14 |{{lang|tum|uta}} |bow |{{lang|tum|uwu}} |''wu''- |{{lang|tum|uwo}} |{{lang|tum|wose}} |''wu-'' |''-wu-'' |''wu-'' |{{lang|tum|wa}} |''wa-'' |- !15 |{{lang|tum|kugula}} |buying |{{lang|tum|uku}} |''ku-'' |{{lang|tum|uko}} |{{lang|tum|kose}} |''ku-'' |''-ku-'' |''ku-'' |{{lang|tum|kwa}} |''kwa-'' |- !16 |{{lang|tum|pasi}} |underneath |{{lang|tum|apa}} |''pa-'' |{{lang|tum|apo}} |{{lang|tum|pose}} |''pa-'' |''-pa-'' |''pa-'' |{{lang|tum|pa}} |''pa-'' |- !17 |{{lang|tum|kunthazi}} |in front |{{lang|tum|uku}} |''ku-'' |{{lang|tum|uko}} |{{lang|tum|kose}} |''ku-'' |''-ku-'' |''ku-'' |{{lang|tum|kwa}} |''kwa-'' |- !18 |{{lang|tum|mukati}} |inside |{{lang|tum|umu}} |''mu-'' |{{lang|tum|umo}} |{{lang|tum|mose}} |''mu-'' |''-mu-'' |''mu-'' |{{lang|tum|mwa}} |''mwa-'' |- |} == Viyelezgero vya mazgu na malemba == Mazgu agha ndigho munthu wangayowoya para wakuluta ku chigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ChiTumbuka: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tumbuka !Chizungu |- |Moni |Hello |- |Monile |hello, to a group of people |- |Muli makola? Mwaŵa uli? |how are you? |- |Muli makola? Mwaŵa uli? |How are you?, to a group of people |- |Nili makola |I'm okay |- |Tili makola |We're okay |- |Naonga (chomene) |Thank you (a lot) |- |Yewo (chomene) |Thanks (a lot) |- |Ndiwe njani zina lako? |What is your name? |- |Zina lane ndine.... |My name is.... |- |Nyengo ili uli? |What is the time? |- |Ningakuvwila? |Can I help you? |- |Uyende makola |Goodbye/go well/safe travels |- |Mwende makola |Goodbye/go well/safe travels (said to a group of people) |- |Enya/ Eh |Yes |- |Yayi/Chala |No |- |Kwali |I don't know |- |Mukumanya kuyowoya Chizungu? |Can you speak English? |- |Nayambapo kusambilila ChiTumbuka |I've just started learning Tumbuka |- |Mukung'anamula vichi? |What do you mean? |- |Chonde, ningaluta kubafa? |May I please go to the bathroom? |- |Nakutemwa/Nkhukutemwa |"I love you" |- |Phepa |Sorry |- |Phepani |Sorry (to agroup of people) |- |Banja |Family |- |Yowoya |Talk/speak |} == Verbs == === Subject prefix === Viyezgo vyose vikwenera kuŵa na lizgu lakunjilira ilo likuyana na lizgu lakunjilira. Mwaciyerezgero, lizgu lakuti ciŵinda'muthondo' lili mu gulu la 7, ntheura usange ni munthu, verebu ili lili na c-: : {{lang|tum|ciŵinda '''ci'''-ka-koma nkhalamu}} = 'the hunter killed a lion'<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 42.</ref> It is also possible for the subject to be a locative noun (classes 16, 17, 18), in which case the verb has a locative prefix:<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 23.</ref> : {{lang|tum|pamphasa '''pa'''-ka-khala mwana}} = 'on the mat there sat down a child' The locative prefix ''ku-'' (class 17) is also used impersonally when discussing the weather:<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 24.</ref> : {{lang|tum|'''ku'''kuzizima madazi ghano}} = 'it's cold these days' When the subject is a personal pronoun, the subject prefixes are as follows (the pronoun itself may be omitted, but not the subject prefix): : {{lang|tum|(ine) '''n'''-kha-gula}} = 'I bought' (''nkha-'' stands for ''ni-ka-'') : {{lang|tum|(iwe) '''u'''-ka-gula}} = 'you bought' (informal, singular) : {{lang|tum|(iyo)<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 23. But Kishindo et al. (2018), s.v. {{lang|tum|iye}}, have {{lang|tum|iye}}.</ref> '''wa'''-ka-gula}} = 'he, she bought' : {{lang|tum|(ise) '''ti'''-ka-gula}} = 'we bought' : {{lang|tum|(imwe) '''mu'''-ka-gula}} = 'you bought' (plural or respectful) : {{lang|tum|(iwo) '''ŵa'''-ka-gula}} = 'they bought', 'he/she bought' (plural or respectful) In the perfect tense, these are shortened to {{lang|tum|n-a-, w-a-, w-a-, t-a-, mw-a-, ŵ-a-}}, e.g. {{lang|tum|t-a-gula}} 'we have bought'. In [[Karonga]] dialect, in the 3rd person singular ''a-'' is found instead of ''wa-'', and the 3rd plural is ''wa-'' instead of ''ŵa-'', except in the perfect tense, when ''wa-'' and ''ŵa-'' are used.<ref>McNicholl (2010), pp. 7–8.</ref> === Object-marker === To indicate the object, an infix can be added to the verb immediately before the verb root. Generally speaking, the object-marker is optional:<ref>Chavula (2016), pp. 51–64.</ref> : {{lang|tum|Pokani wa('''yi''')gula galimoto}} = 'Pokani has bought a car' (class 9) : {{lang|tum|Changa waka('''mu''')nyamula katundu}} = 'Changa carried the luggage' (class 1) The object-marker agrees with the class of the object, as shown on the table of concords above. The object-marker can also be a locative (classes 16, 17, or 18):<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 56.</ref> : {{lang|tum|Kondwani wa('''pa''')kwera pa nyumba}} = 'Kondwani has climbed on top of the house' The locative markers for personal pronouns are as follows:<ref>Chavula (2016), pp. 53–4.</ref> : {{lang|tum|wa'''ni'''ona (ine)}} = 'he has seen me' : {{lang|tum|wa'''ku'''ona (iwe)}} = 'he has seen you' : {{lang|tum|wa'''mu'''ona}} = 'he has seen him/her' : {{lang|tum|wa'''ti'''ona}} = 'he has seen us' : {{lang|tum|wa'''mu'''ona'''ni'''}} = 'he has seen you' (plural or respectful) : {{lang|tum|wa'''ŵa'''ona}} = 'he has seen them' === Tenses === Tenses in Tumbuka are made partly by adding infixes, and partly by suffixes. Unlike Chichewa, tones do not form any part of the distinction between one tense and another. In the past a distinction is made between hodiernal tenses (referring to events of today) and remote tenses (referring to events of yesterday or some time ago). However, the boundary between recent and remote is not exact.<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 176.</ref> Pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa nyengo iyo yajumpha na nyengo iyo yajumpha. Para munthu wakuyowoya mu nyengo yakufikapo, wakuyowoya kuti vinthu vicali makora, nga ni para wakuti: 'Vikondamoyo vyatandazgika mu munda.' Para munthu wakuyowoya lizgu lakuti ndakhala, wakung'anamura kuti "Nkhukhala" panji ndakondwa. Chizindikiro cha kutali chikugwiliskirika nchito pa vinthu ivyo vikacitika kale comene kweni ivyo vikucitika mazuŵa ghano, nga ni libwe lilikuwa 'libwe lawira' panji walikutayika 'wali kufwa.'<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 171, 178.</ref><ref>Kiso (2012), p. 171, quoting Vail (1972).</ref> Nyengo zakunthazi nazo zikupambaniska pakati pa vyakuchitika vyapafupi na vyakutali. Vinyake vikulongora kuti cakucitika ici cizamucitikira kunyake, nga ni ndamukuchezga 'Nizamuluta kukacezga.'<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 184, quoting Vail (1972).</ref> Compound tenses are also found in Tumbuka, such as {{lang|tum|wati wagona}} 'he had slept', {{lang|tum|wakaŵa kuti wafumapo}} 'he had just left' and {{lang|tum|wazamukuŵa waguliska}} 'he will have sold'.<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 172, 182, 184, quoting Vail (1972).</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |+Some Tumbuka tenses<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 163–192.</ref> !Tense !Tense marker !Example !Translation |- !Present infinitive |ku- |{{lang|tum|'''ku'''-luta}} |‘to go' |- ! |- !Present simple | -ku- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ku'''-luta}} |‘he/she goes/is going’ |- !Present habitual | -ku-...-anga |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ku'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she goes’ (some speakers only) |- ! |- !Present perfect | -a- |{{lang|tum|w-'''a'''-luta}} |‘he/she has gone’ |- !Present perfect continuous | -a-...-anga |{{lang|tum|w-'''a'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she has been going' |- !Remote perfect | -liku- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''liku'''-luta}} |‘he/she has gone’ |- ! |- !Recent past simple | -angu- |{{lang|tum|w-'''angu'''-luta}} |‘he/she went’ (today) |- !Recent past continuous | -angu-...-anga |{{lang|tum|w-'''angu'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she was going' (today) |- !Remote past simple | -ka- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ka'''-luta}} |‘he/she went’ |- !Remote past continuous | -ka-...-anga |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ka'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she was going/used to go' |- ! |- ![[Near future (grammar)|Near future]] |...-enge |{{lang|tum|wa-lut-'''enge'''}} |'he will go' (now or today) |- !Emphatic future<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 183, quoting Vail (1972).</ref> | -ti-...-enge |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ti'''-lut-'''enge'''}} |'he will certainly go' |- !Distal future<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 184, 185, quoting Vail (1972). For the term 'distal', see Botne (1999).</ref> | -amu-(ku)- |{{lang|tum|w-'''amuku'''-gula}} |‘he/she will buy’ (elsewhere) |- !Remote future | -zamu-(ku)- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''zamu'''-luta}} |‘he/she will go’ (tomorrow or later) |- !Remote future continuous | -zamu-...-anga |{{lang|tum|wa-'''zamu'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she will be going' (tomorrow or later) |- ! |- !Present subjunctive | -e |{{lang|tum|ti-lut-'''e'''}} |‘let's go' |- !Distal subjunctive | -ka-...-e |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ka'''-gul-'''e'''}} |‘so that he can buy (elsewhere)' |- !Potential | -nga- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''nga'''-luta}} |'he can go'<ref>McNicholl (2010), p. 8.</ref> |} Other future tenses are given by Vail (1972) and others.<ref>See Kiso (2012) pp. 182–188.</ref> In the 1st person singular, ''ni-ku-'' and ''ni-ka-'' are shortened to ''nkhu-'' and ''nkha-'': {{lang|tum|nkhuluta}} 'I am going', 'I go', {{lang|tum|nkhalutanga}} 'I used to go'.<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 163, 173.</ref> === Negative verbs === To make the negative of a verb in Tumbuka, the word {{lang|tum|yayi}} or {{lang|tum|cha(ra)}} is added at or near the end of the clause. It seems that {{lang|tum|yayi}} is preferred by younger speakers:<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 190.</ref> : {{lang|tum|wakulemba kalata '''yayi'''}} : 'he is not writing a letter' : {{lang|tum|tizamugwira ntchito '''cha''' machero}} : 'we will not work tomorrow' With the present perfect tense, however, a separate form exists, adding ''-nda-'' and ending in ''-e'':<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 191.</ref> : {{lang|tum|enya, n'''a'''kumana nawo}} : 'yes, I have met him' : {{lang|tum|yayi, ni'''nda'''kuman'''e''' nawo}} : 'no, I haven't met him' == The Ngoni influence on Tumbuka == '''Words of Ngoni (Zulu/Ndwandwe) origin found in Tumbuka:''' Viyowoyero vyose vya ChiTumbuka vikakhwaskika na chiyowoyero cha Chigoni, chomenechomene mu chigaŵa cha Mzimba ku Malawi. Chiyowoyero cha Ngoni chikamba na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ndwandwe awo ŵakaŵa ŵazengezgani ŵa fuko la Zulu pambere Ŵazulu ŵandaŵathereske. Ntheura chiyowoyero icho Ŵandwandwe ŵakayowoyanga chikaŵa chakuyana waka na cha Ŵazulu. Apa pali viyelezgero vinyake vya mazgu gha ChiTumbuka agho ghali kufuma ku chiZulu/Ndwandwe, nangauli ghanandi ghali na mazgu ghakwambilira gha ChiTumbuka agho ghakung'anamulika mu chiyowoyero ichi. {| class="wikitable" !English !Tumbuka !Tumbuka-Ngoni dialect |- |See |Wona |Bheka |- |Smoke |Khweŵa |Bhema |- |Man |Mwanalume |Doda |- |Virgin |Mwali |Nthombi |} == An example of Tumbuka == '''Months in Tumbuka:''' {| class="wikitable" !English !Tumbuka |- |January |Mathipa |- |February |Muswela |- |March |Nyakanyaka |- |April |Masika |- |May |Vuna |- |June |Zizima |- |July |Mphepo |- |August |Mpupulu |- |September |Lupya |- |October |Zimya |- |November |Thukila |- |December |Vula |} Chiyelezgero cha nkhani ya ŵanthu iyo yikang'anamulika mu ChiTumbuka na viyowoyero vinyake vya kumpoto kwa Malawi chili mu buku la Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi, ilo likalembeka na Center for Language Studies of the University of Malawi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225347/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf Language Mapping Survey], p. 60-64.</ref> Buku la ChiTumbuka ilo lili na nkhani iyi likuti: : {{lang|tum|KALULU NA FULU (Citumbuka)|italics=no}} : {{lang|tum|Fulu wakaluta kukapemphiska vyakulya ku ŵanthu. Pakuyeya thumba lake wakacita kukaka ku cingwe citali na kuvwara mu singo, ndipo pakwenda thumba lake likizanga kunyuma kwakhe.|italics=no}} : {{lang|tum|Wali mu nthowa, kalulu wakiza kunyuma kwakhe ndipo wakati “bowo, thumba lane!” Fulu wakati, "Thumba ndane iwe, wona cingwe ici ndakaka sono nkhuguza pakwenda.” Kalulu wakakana nipera, ndipo wakati “Tilute ku Mphala yikateruzge.” Mphala yikadumula mlandu na kuceketa cingwe ico Fulu wakakakira thumba. Ŵakatola thumba lira ndipo ŵakapa kalulu.|italics=no}} : {{lang|tum|Pa zuŵa linyakhe Kalulu wakendanga, Fulu wakamsanga ndipo wakati, "Bowo, mcira wane!" Kalulu wakati, “Ake! Fulu iwe m'cira ngwane." Fulu wakakana, ndipo wakati, "Ndasola ngwane." Ŵakaluta ku mphala, kuti yikaŵeruzge. Ku Mphala kula mlandu ukatowera Fulu. Ŵakadumula m'cira wa Kalulu nakupa Fulu.|italics=no}} : (Translation) : THE TORTOISE AND THE HARE : Tortoise went to beg food from people. To carry his bag, he tied it to a long string and wore it round his neck. As he walked along, the bag was coming behind him. : As he was on his way, Hare came up behind him and said, "There it is, my bag!" Tortoise said "The bag is mine, see this string I've tied now I'm pulling it as I go." Hare refused to accept this and said "Let's go the Court, so that it can judge us." The Court examined the case and cut Tortoise's string which he'd tied the bag with. They took that bag and gave it to Hare. : Another day when Hare was walking along, Tortoise found him and said, "There it is, my tail!" Hare said, "Nonsense, this is my tail, Tortoise." Tortoise refused to accept this and said, "What I've got is mine." They went to the Court so that it could make a judgement. In that Court, the case went in Tortoise's favour. They cut off Hare's tail and gave it to Tortoise. == Some vocabulary == === Helpful phrases === * {{lang|tum|Enya}} = Yes * {{lang|tum|Yayi}} = No * {{lang|tum|Yebo (yeŵo)}} = Thank you * {{lang|tum|Taonga}} = We are thankful * {{lang|tum|Nkhukhumba chakurya!}} = I want some food ! * {{lang|tum|Munganipako chakurya?}} = could you give me some food? * {{lang|tum|Ine nkhuyowoya ChiTumbuka yayi!}} = I do not speak ChiTumbuka! * {{lang|tum|Yendani makola}} = Travel well. * {{lang|tum|Nkukhumba maji yakumwa}} = I would like water to drink. === Greetings === * {{lang|tum|Mwawuka uli?}} = Good morning. (How did you wake up?) * {{lang|tum|Tawuka makola. Kwali imwe?}} = Fine. And you? (I woke up well. I don't know about you?) * {{lang|tum|Muli uli?}} = How are you? * {{lang|tum|Nili makola, kwali imwe?}} = I am fine, how are you? * {{lang|tum|Mwatandala uli?}} = Good afternoon. (How did you spend the day?) * {{lang|tum|Natandala makola. Kwali imwe?}} = Good afternoon. How are you? (I spent the day well. I don't know about you?) * {{lang|tum|Monile}} = somewhat more formal than "Hi". Perhaps best translated as "Greetings". * {{lang|tum|Tionanenge}} = We shall meet again. === People === The plural ba- (ŵa-) is often used for politeness when referring to elders: * {{lang|tum|Munyamata}} = boy * {{lang|tum|Banyamata (ŵanyamata)}} = boys * {{lang|tum|Musungwana}} = girl * {{lang|tum|Basungwana (ŵasungwana)}} = girls * {{lang|tum|Bamwali (ŵamwali)}} = young ladies * {{lang|tum|Banchembere (ŵancembele)}} = a woman with babies * {{lang|tum|Bamama (ŵamama)}} = mother * {{lang|tum|Badada(ŵadhadha)}} = dad * {{lang|tum|Bagogo (ŵagogo)}} = grandmother * {{lang|tum|Babuya (ŵabhuya)}} = grandmother, also used when addressing old female persons * {{lang|tum|Basekulu (ŵasekulu)}} = grandfather * {{lang|tum|Bankhazi (ŵankhazi)}} = paternal aunt * {{lang|tum|ŵa/Bamama ŵa/bachoko / ŵa/bakulu}} = maternal aunt usually your mother's younger/older sister * {{lang|tum|Basibweni (ŵasibweni)}} = maternal uncle * {{lang|tum|Badada(ŵadhadha) bachoko / bakulu}} = paternal uncle usually your father's younger/older brother * {{lang|tum|Mudumbu(mudhumbu) wane}} = my brother/ sister (for addressing a sibling of the opposite sex) * {{lang|tum|Muchoko wane / muzuna wane/ munung'una wane}} = my young brother / sister (for addressing a sibling of the same sex) * {{lang|tum|Mukuru wane / mulala wane}} = my elder brother / sister (for addressing a sibling of the same sex) === Verbs === * {{lang|tum|Kusebela (Kuseŵera)}} = to play * {{lang|tum|Kuseka}} = to laugh * {{lang|tum|Kurya}} = to eat * {{lang|tum|Kugona}} = to sleep * {{lang|tum|Kwenda}} = to walk * {{lang|tum|Kuchimbila}} = to run * {{lang|tum|Kulemba}} = to write * {{lang|tum|Kuchapa}} = to do laundry * {{lang|tum|Kugeza}} = to bath * {{lang|tum|Kuphika}} = to cook * {{lang|tum|Kulima}} = to dig / cultivate * {{lang|tum|Kupanda}} = to plant * {{lang|tum|Kuvina}} = to dance * {{lang|tum|Kwimba}} = to sing === Animals === * {{lang|tum|Fulu}} = tortoise * {{lang|tum|Kalulu}} = hare * {{lang|tum|Gwere}} = hippo * {{lang|tum|Chimbwi}} = hyena * {{lang|tum|Njoka}} = snake * {{lang|tum|Nkhumba}} = pig * {{lang|tum|Ng'ombe}} = cow * {{lang|tum|Nchebe (Ncheŵe)}} = dog * {{lang|tum|Chona/pusi/kiti}} = cat * {{lang|tum|Mbelele}} = sheep * {{lang|tum|Nkalamu}} = lion * {{lang|tum|Mbuzi}} = goat * {{lang|tum|Nkhuku}} = chicken == Wonaniso == * [[Tumbuka people]] * [[Tumbuka mythology]] == Notable Tumbuka People == * [[Shepherd Bushiri|Sheperd Bushiri]] (Christian preacher) * [[Mwai Kumwenda]] (netball player) * [[Bridget Kumwenda|Briddget Kumwenda]] (netball player) * [[Chakufwa Chihana]] ( human rights activist and politician) * [[Enoch Chihana]] (member of parliament) == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == {{refbegin}} * Botne, Robert (1999). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225148/https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/3356/botne%20book%20chapter.pdf?sequence=1 "Future and distal -ka-'s: Proto-Bantu or nascent form(s)?"]. In: Jean-Marie Hombert and Larry M. Hyman (eds.), ''Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives''. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information, pp.&nbsp;473–515. * Chase, Robert (2004). "A Comparison of Demonstratives in the Karonga and Henga Dialects of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts. * Chavula, Jean Josephine (2016). [https://www.lotpublications.nl/Documents/423_fulltext.pdf "Verbal derivation and valency in ChiTumbuka"]. Leiden University doctoral thesis. * Downing, Laura J. (2006). "The Prosody and Syntax of Focus in ChiTumbuka". ''ZAS Papers in Linguistics'' 43, 55-79. * Downing, Laura J. (2008). "Focus and prominence in Chichewa, ChiTumbuka and Durban Zulu". ''ZAS Papers in Linguistics'' 49, 47-65. * Downing, Laura J. (2012). [http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/42/paper2764.pdf "On the (Non-)congruence of Focus and Prominence in Tumbuka"]. ''Selected Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics'', ed. Michael R. Marlo et al., 122-133. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. * Downing, Laura J. (2017). "Tone and intonation in Chichewa and Tumbuka". In Laura J. Downing & Annie Rialland (eds) ''Intonation in African Tone Languages''. de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, pp.&nbsp;365–392. * Downing, Laura J. (2019). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Laura_Downing/publication/335175896_Tumbuka_prosody_Between_tone_and_stress/links/5d55398645851545af43be4d/Tumbuka-prosody-Between-tone-and-stress.pdf "Tumbuka prosody: Between tone and stress"]. In: Emily Clem et al (eds). ''Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics'', 75-94. Also available online at: [https://books.google.com/books?id=fPSrDwAAQBAJ&dq=Tumbuka+prosody%3A+Between+tone+and+stress&pg=PA75] * Elmslie, Walter Angus (1923): ''Introductory Grammar of the Tumbuka Language''. Livingstonia Mission Press. * Kamwendo, Gregory H. (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200929073334/http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol13num3/kamwendo.pdf Kamwendo "Your ChiTumbuka is Shallow. It's not the Real ChiTumbuka: Linguistic Purism Among ChiTumbuka Speakers in Malawi"], ''Nordic Journal of African Studies'' 13(3): 275–288. * Kishindo, Pascal J. et Allan L. Lipenga (2006). ''Parlons citumbuka : langue et culture du Malawi et de la Zambie'', L'Harmattan, Paris, Budapest, Kinshasa, 138 pages. {{ISBN|2-296-00470-9}} * Kishindo, Pascal J. (ed), Jean J. Chavula and others (2018). {{lang|tum|Mung'anamulira mazgo wa Citumbuka}} (Citumbuka dictionary). Centre for Language Studies, University of Malawi. {{ISBN|978-99960-9-610-5}} * Kiso, Andrea (2012). [http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:546594/FULLTEXT01.pdf "Tense and Aspect in Chichewa, Citumbuka, and Cisena"]. Ph.D. Thesis. Stockholm University. * McNicholl, Duncan (2010). [http://malawinetwork.org/guide-to-ChiTumbuka.pdf "The No-Nonsense Guide to Learning ChiTumbuka: Volume 1"]. * Moto, Francis (1999). "The Tonal Phonology of Bantu Ideophones". ''Malilime: Malawian Journal of Linguistics'' no.1, 100-120. (pp.&nbsp;112–119 deals with tone in ChiTumbuka ideophones). * Mphande, L. (1989). "A Phonological Analysis of the Ideophone in ChiTumbuka". Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of Texas, Austin. * Shiozaki, Lisa (2004). "Concordial agreement in the Karonga dialect of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts. * Turner, W.M. (1952). ''Tumbuka–Tonga–English Dictionary'' The Hetherwick Press, Blantyre, Nyasaland (now Malawi). * University of Malawi Centre for Language Studies (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225347/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf "Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi"]. * Vail, Hazen Leroy (1971). "The noun classes of Tumbuka". ''African studies'', v. 30, 1, p.&nbsp;35-59. * Vail, Hazen Leroy (1972). "Aspects of the Tumbuka Verb". Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin. {{refend}} == External links == {{InterWiki|code=tum}} {{Wikivoyage|Tumbuka phrasebook|Tumbuka|a phrasebook}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151123103050/http://africa.isp.msu.edu/afrlang/Tumbuka_root.html Very brief report on Tumbuka language.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225347/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi]. University of Malawi Centre for Language Studies, 2006. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225407/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/mw-north-a4.jpg Language Map of Northern Malawi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051222115610/http://embangweni.com/chitumbu.htm Some more ChiTumbuka vocabulary.] * [http://www.bisharat.net/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Tumbuka PanAfrican L10n page on Tumbuka] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210308020136/http://www.unima-cls.org/ Citumbuka monolingual dictionary] {{Languages of Malawi}} {{Languages of Zambia}} {{Narrow Bantu languages|N-S}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tumbuka Language}} [[Category:Tumbuka language| ]] [[Category:Nyasa languages]] [[Category:Languages of Malawi]] [[Category:Languages of Zambia]] [[Category:Tumbuka people]] [[Category:Non-tonal languages in tonal families]] [[Category:Click languages|Tumbuka language (Mzimba dialect)]] hsclsgf1w9axvp0s6sj37bghn9fhfgn 122087 122071 2026-09-16T01:10:31Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Niger-Congo language originating in parts of Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania}} {{good article}} {{Infobox language | name = ChiTumbuka | nativename = ''tumbuka'' | states = [[Malawi]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] | region = | speakers = 7 miliyoni | date = 2022 | ref = | familycolor = Niger-Congo | fam2 = [[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]] | fam3 = [[Volta-Congo]] | fam4 = [[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]] | fam5 = [[Bantoid languages|Bantoid]] | fam6 = [[Southern Bantoid]] | fam7 = [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] ([[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages#Zone N|Zone N]]) | fam8 = [[Nyasa languages|Nyasa]] | iso2 = tum | iso3 = tum | glotto = tumb1250 | glottorefname = Tumbuka | script = {{Plainlist}} * [[Latin script]] ([[Roman alphabet]]) * [[Mwangwego script]] {{endplainlist}} | minority = {{plainlist}} * {{flag|Malawi}} * {{flag|Zambia}} * {{flag|Tanzania}} {{endplainlist}} | image = The Gonapamuhanya festival 2025.jpg | imagecaption = Msonkhano wa chikhalidwe cha ChiTumbuka cha chikondwerero cha Gonapamuhanya cha ŵanthu ŵa ChiTumbuka | guthrie = N.21 | lingua = [http://linguasphere.info/?page=linguascale&linguacode=99-AUS-wc 99-AUS-wc] (+ chi-Kamanga) <br>incl. varieties 99-AUS-wca...-wcl }} '''ChiTumbuka''' ntchiyowoyero cha [[ŴaTumbuka|ŵanthu]] ŵa mtundu wachi [[Bantu]] icho chikuyowoyeka mu [[Malaŵi]], [[Zambia]], na [[Tanzania]].<ref name="Michigan">[https://web.archive.org/web/20151123103050/http://africa.isp.msu.edu/afrlang/Tumbuka_root.html Michigan State University African Studies Center information page].</ref> Lizgu ili likumanyikwaso kuti Chitumbuka panji Citumbuka. Chi- icho chili kunthazi kwa Tumbuka chikung'anamura "mu nthowa ya", ndipo apa likung'anamura "chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka". ChiTumbuka chili mu chiyowoyero chimoza na [[ChiCheŵa|Chichewa]] na [[ChiSena|Sena]].<ref>Kiso (2012), pp.21ff.</ref> Buku linyake ([[The World Almanac]]) likuti mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 2,080,000. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ChiTumbuka, nangauli ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵalipo ŵachoko chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya ChiTumbuka ŵakukhala mu Malaŵi.<ref name="Michigan" /> ChiTumbuka ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene kumpoto kwa Malawi, chomenechomene mu vigaŵa vya [[Rumphi]], [[Mzuzu]], na [[Mzimba]].<ref>University of Malawi (2006) Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi.</ref> Pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa ciyowoyero ca ChiTumbuka ico cikuyowoyeka mu misumba ya ku Malawi (ico cili na mazgu ghanyake kufuma ku [[Chiswahili|Ciswahili]] na Chichewa) na ciyowoyero ca ChiTumbuka ico cikuyowoyeka mu mizi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti chiyowoyero cha Rumphi ndicho ntchakutowa chomene.<ref>Kamwendo (2004), p.282.</ref> Chiyowoyero cha ku Mzimba chikakhwaskika chomene na chiNgoni ([[ChiZulu|Zulu]]). Kwamba kale, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ChiTumbuka na Chichewa. Ndipouli, ciyowoyero ca Tumbuka cikasuzgika comene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Pulezidenti [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]], cifukwa mu 1968 cifukwa ca fundo yake yakuti paŵe mtundu umoza na ciyowoyero cimoza, ciyowoyero ici cikaleka kuŵa ca boma mu Malawi. Ntheura, mu masukulu, pa wayilesi, na mu manyuzipepara ŵakafumiskamo ciyowoyero ici.<ref>Kamwendo (2004), p.278.</ref> Mu 1994, apo boma la Tumbuka likamba kulamulira na vipani vinandi, ŵakambaso kutegherezga maungano gha pa wayilesi. Kweni mabuku na mabuku ghanyake ghakaŵa ghanandi yayi.<ref>See Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi (2006), pp.38-40 for a list of publications.</ref> == Malembelo == [[File:WIKITONGUES-Temwa_Speaking_Tumbuka_-_free_to_use_file_under_Wikipedia_policies.webm|thumb|326x326px|Temwa wakuyowoya ChiTumbuka.]] Pali nthowa ziŵiri zakulembera ChiTumbuka izo zikugwiliskirika nchito: kalembero ka kaluso (kakulembeka mu [[Baibolo]] la ChiTumbuka la [[Wikipediya|Wikipedia]] na mu [[nyuzipepara y]]<nowiki/>a Fuko), umo mazgu gha banthu 'ŵanthu' na chaka 'chaka' ghakulembeka na 'b' na 'ch', na kalembero ka kaluso (kakulembeka mu dikishonare ya Citumbuka iyo yikufumiskika pa [[Intaneti]] na Centre for Language Studies na mu Baibolo la pa Intaneti), umo mazgu ghakulembeka na 'ŵ' na 'c', nga ŵanthu na caka. (Sumu ya 'ŵ' ni [w] yakuzingilizgika makora iyo yikuzunulika na lulimi pafupi na i).<ref>Atkins, Guy (1950) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156786 "Suggestions for an Amended Spelling and Word Division of Nyanja"] ''Africa: Journal of the International African Institute'', Vol. 20, No. 3, p.205.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakumanya yayi apo ŵakwenera kulemba 'r' na 'l', nga ni cakulya ([[Dikishonare]]) panji cakurya (Baibolo) 'chakurya.' (Nadi, [l] na [r] ni mazgu ghakupambanapambana gha chiyowoyero chimoza.) Kweniso pali kukayikira pakati pa mazgu ghakuti'sk' na'sy' (miskombe na misyombe ('bamboo') ghali mu dikishonare ya Citumbuka).<ref>See entries {{lang|tum|citatanga}}, {{lang|tum|cidunga}}, {{lang|tum|cihengo}}.</ref> == Kuyowoya mazgu == === Mavowele === Mu chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka muli mazgu ghakuyana waka nga ni /a/, /ɛ/, /i/, /ɔ/, /u/ na /m̩/ aghoso ghali mu [[Chichewa]].<ref>Vail (1972), p. 1.</ref> [[File:Monile.ogg|thumb|Kutauzgana mu ChiTumbuka.]] === Makonsonanti === Malizga gha chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka ghakuyana waka na gha Chichewa, kweni ghakupambana. Mu chiyowoyero cha Chichewa mulije mazgu ghakuti /ɣ/, /β/, na /h/. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kupulika mazgu agho ghakufuma mu mulomo {{IPA|/vʲ/}}, {{IPA|/fʲ/}}, {{IPA|/bʲ/}}, {{IPA|/pʲ/}}, {{IPA|/skʲ/}}, {{IPA|/zgʲ/}}, and {{IPA|/ɽʲ/}}. Mu ChiTumbuka mulije vilembo vya Chichewa nga ni /psj/, /bzj/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/. Mazgu gha /s/ na /z/ ghakusangika yayi mu ChiTumbuka, ntheura Chewa nsómba ('somba') = Tumbuka somba. Lizgu lakuti /ʃ/ likusangika mu mazgu gha ku vyaru vinyake pera nga ni shati ('shati') na shuga ('shuga'). ChiTumbuka /?? / nyengo zinyake chikuyana na Chichewa /d/, chiChewa kudwala 'kuŵa mulwari' = Tumbuka kulwala, Chichewa kudya 'kurya' = Tumbuka kulya. Kuyowoya kwa lizgu lakuti "sk" na lizgu lakuti "zg" vikupambana kuyana na chiyowoyero. Makonsonanti gha Tumbuka kanandi ghakusangika mu viyowoyero vinyake. Vinyake vingalembeka pambere chindindindi chindambe kufuma. Pa chithuzithuzi ichi, pali mazgu agho ghangaŵa pa chilembo ichi: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Malembo gha Tumbuka<ref>Chavula (2016), pp. 11–13.</ref><ref>Vail (1972), pp. 4–19.</ref> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="3" |[[Labial consonant|labial]] ! colspan="3" |[[Dental consonant|dental]] ! colspan="2" |[[Palatal consonant|palatal]] ! colspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|velar]] ! rowspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|glottal]] |- !<small>plain</small> !<small>lab.</small> !<small>pal.</small> !<small>plain</small> !<small>lab.</small> !<small>pal.</small> !<small>plain</small> !<small>lab.</small> !<small>plain</small> !<small>lab.</small> |- ! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|nasal]] |ma<br />{{IPAslink|m}} |mwa<br />{{IPAslink|mʷ}} |mya<br />{{IPAslink|mʲ}} |na<br />{{IPAslink|n}} |nwa<br />{{IPAslink|nʷ}} |nya<br />{{IPAslink|nʲ}} | | |ng'a<br />{{IPAslink|ŋ}} |ng'wa<br />{{IPAslink|ŋʷ}} | |- ! rowspan="5" |[[plosive]]/<br />[[affricate]] !<small>unvoiced</small> |pa<br />{{IPAslink|p}} |pwa<br />{{IPAslink|pʷ}} |pya<br />{{IPAslink|pʲ}} |ta<br />{{IPAslink|t}} |twa<br />{{IPAslink|tʷ}} |tya<br />{{IPAslink|tʲ}} |ca<br />{{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} |cwa<br />{{IPAslink|t͡ʃʷ}} |ka<br />{{IPAslink|k}} |kwa<br />{{IPAslink|kʷ}} | |- !<small>voiced</small> |ba<br />{{IPAslink|ɓ}} |bwa<br />{{IPAslink|ɓʷ}} |bya<br />{{IPAslink|bʲ}} |da<br />{{IPAslink|ɗ}} |dwa<br />{{IPAslink|ɗʷ}} |dya<br />{{IPAslink|ɗʲ}} |ja<br />{{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}} |jwa<br />{{IPAslink|d͡ʒʷ}} |ga<br />{{IPAslink|g}} |gwa<br />{{IPAslink|gʷ}} | |- !<small>aspirated</small> |pha<br />{{IPAslink|pʰ}} |phwa<br />{{IPAslink|pʷʰ}} |phya<br />{{IPAslink|pʲʰ}} |tha<br />{{IPAslink|tʰ}} |thwa<br />{{IPAslink|tʷʰ}} |thya<br />{{IPAslink|tʲʰ}} |cha<br />{{IPAslink|t͡ʃʰ}} | |kha<br />{{IPAslink|kʰ}} |khwa<br />{{IPAslink|kʷʰ}} | |- !<small>nasalised</small> |mba<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐb}} |mbwa<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐbʷ}} |mbya<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐbʲ}} |nda<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿd}} |ndwa<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿdʷ}} |(ndya){{efn|Only in the word {{lang|tum|ndyali}}.}}<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿdʲ}} |nja<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿd͡ʒ}} | |nga<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑg}} |ngwa<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑgʷ}} | |- !<small>nasalised<br />aspirated</small> |mpha<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐpʰ}} |mphwa<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐpʷʰ}} |mphya<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐpʲʰ}} |ntha<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿtʰ}} |nthwa<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿtʷʰ}} |(nthya)<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿtʲʰ}} |ncha<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿt͡ʃʰ}} | |nkha<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑkʰ}} |nkhwa<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑkʷʰ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" |[[fricative]] !<small>unvoiced</small> |fa<br />{{IPAslink|f}} |fwa<br />{{IPAslink|fʷ}} |fya<br />{{IPAslink|fʲ}} |sa<br />{{IPAslink|s}} |swa<br />{{IPAslink|sʷ}} |ska (sya)<br />{{IPAslink|sʲ}} |(sha)<br />{{IPAslink|ʃ}} | | | |ha<br />{{IPAslink|h}} |- !<small>voiced</small> |va<br />{{IPAslink|v}} |vwa<br />{{IPAslink|vʷ}} |vya<br />{{IPAslink|vʲ}} |za<br />{{IPAslink|z}} |zwa<br />{{IPAslink|zʷ}} |zga<br />{{IPAslink|zʲ}} | | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[semivowel]]/ [[Liquid consonant|liquid]] |ŵa<br />{{IPAslink|β}} |wa<br />{{IPAslink|w}} | |la/ra<br />{{IPAslink|ɽ}} |lwa/rwa<br />{{IPAslink|ɽʷ}} |lya/rya<br />{{IPAslink|ɽʲ}} |ya<br />{{IPAslink|j}} | |gha<br />{{IPAslink|ɣ}} | | |} {{notelist}} === Kapulikikilo === Kupambana kukuru pakati pa Chichewa na ChiTumbuka nkhwa kuti Chichewa ni chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoya mazgu ghakupambanapambana. ChiTumbuka chili na mazgu ghakupambanapambana, chifukwa lizgu lililose ilo likuyowoyeka payekha likuyana waka na lizgu lakwamba ilo likufuma pa lizgu laumaliro.<ref>Downing (2008, 2012).</ref> Ntheura, mu Citumbuka nchambura macitiko kupambaniska mazgu ghaŵiri ghakupambanapambana, nga umo vikuŵira mu Chichewa na viyowoyero vinyake vya Bantu. Ndipouli, lizgu laumaliro yayi ndilo likuŵa pa lizgu lililose, kweni lizgu laumaliro pera:<ref>Downing (2012), p.123.</ref> * {{lang|tum|ti-ku-phika sî:ma}} 'tikuphika sima' A greater variety of tonal patterns is found in the [[Ideophone|ideophones]] (expressive words) of Tumbuka; for example Low ({{lang|tum|yoyoyo}} 'disintegrating into small pieces'), High ({{lang|tum|fyá:}} 'swooping low (of birds)'), High-Low ({{lang|tum|phúli}} 'sound of thing bursting'), and Low-High ({{lang|tum|yií}} 'sudden disappearance'), etc.<ref>Moto (1999), pp.112-120.</ref> Intonational tones are also used in Tumbuka; for example, in yes-no questions there is often a High-Low fall on the final syllable of the question:<ref>Downing (2008), p.55.</ref> * {{lang|tum|ku-limirâ-so ngô:mâ?}} 'are you also weeding the maize?' There does not seem to be any consistent, direct correlation between tone in Tumbuka and [[Focus (linguistics)|focus]].<ref>Downing (2012), p.129.</ref> == Mazina == === Makilasi gha manoun === Nga umo vikuŵira na viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu, mazina gha ChiTumbuka ghakupangika mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana kuyana na vigaŵa vya mazina. Lizgu lililose lili na lizgu lake lakwimira, lizgu lakwimira, na lizgu la chiyowoyero. Para pali mphindano pakati pa mazgu agha na mazgu ghakwambilira, mazgu agha ndigho ghakuŵa pakwamba pakusankha zina. Mwaciyelezgero, lizgu lakuti katundu 'vinthu,' nangauli lili na lizgu lakuti ka-, lili mu gulu 1, cifukwa munthu wakuyowoya katundu uyu 'vinthu ivi' na lizgu lakuti uyu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi (nga umo viliri mu dikishonare ya Citumbuka ya pa Yunivesite ya Malawi) ŵakuzunura mazina gha viŵaro mu viyowoyero vinyake nga ni "Mu-Ŵa-"; kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu ŵakuzunura viŵaro mu manambara (1/2 etc.) agho ghakuyana na viŵaro vya viŵaro mu viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Bantu. Nyengo zinyake mazina ghakukolerana yayi na magulu ghakulondezgapo agha, nga ni fumu'mukuru' (kalasi 9) uyo wali na mazina ghanandi mu kilasi 6. '''Class 1/2 (Mu-Ŵa-)''' Some nouns in this class lack the prefix Mu-: * {{lang|tum|Munthu}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵanthu (banthu)}} = person * {{lang|tum|Muzungu}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵazungu (bazungu)}} = foreigner, white man * {{lang|tum|Mwana}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵana (bana)}} = child * {{lang|tum|Bulu}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵabulu}} = donkey * {{lang|tum|Sibweni}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵasibweni}} = maternal uncle * {{lang|tum|Katundu}} (no pl.) = goods, possessions '''Class 3/4 (Mu-Mi-)''' * {{lang|tum|Mutu}} pl. {{lang|tum|mitu}} = head * {{lang|tum|Mkuyu}} pl. {{lang|tum|mikuyu}} = fig-tree * {{lang|tum|Moyo}} pl. {{lang|tum|miyoyo}} = life * {{lang|tum|Mtima}} pl. {{lang|tum|mitima}} = heart '''Class 5/6 (Li-Ma-)''' * {{lang|tum|Bele (bhele}} pl. {{lang|tum|mabele (mabhele)}} = breast * {{lang|tum|Boma (bhoma)}} pl. {{lang|tum|maboma (mabhoma)}} = government, district * {{lang|tum|Botolo (bhotolo)}} pl. {{lang|tum|mabotolo (mabhotolo)}} = bottle * {{lang|tum|Fuko}} pl. {{lang|tum|mafuko}} = tribe, nation * {{lang|tum|Jiso}} pl. {{lang|tum|maso}} = eye * {{lang|tum|Maji}} (no singular) = water * {{lang|tum|Phiri}} pl. {{lang|tum|mapiri}} = hill * {{lang|tum|Suzgo}} pl. {{lang|tum|masuzgo}} = problem, trouble * {{lang|tum|Woko}} pl. {{lang|tum|mawoko}} = hand '''Class 7/8 (Ci-Vi-)''' * {{lang|tum|Caka (chaka)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vyaka}} = year * {{lang|tum|Caro (charo)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vyaro}} = country, land * {{lang|tum|Ciŵeto (chibeto)}} pl. {{lang|tum|viŵeto (vibeto)}} = farm animal * {{lang|tum|Cidakwa (chidakwa)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vidakwa}} = drunkard * {{lang|tum|Cikoti (chikoti)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vikoti}} = whip '''Class 9/10 (Yi-Zi-)''' * {{lang|tum|Mbale}} pl. {{lang|tum|mbale (mambale)}} = plate * {{lang|tum|Ndalama}} pl. {{lang|tum|ndalama}} = money * {{lang|tum|Njelwa}} pl. {{lang|tum|njelwa}} = brick * {{lang|tum|Nkhuku}} pl. {{lang|tum|nkhuku}} = chicken * {{lang|tum|Somba}} pl. {{lang|tum|somba}} = fish '''Class 11 (Lu-)''' Some speakers treat words in this class as if they were in class 5/6.<ref>Shiozaki (2004).</ref> * {{lang|tum|Lwande}} = side * {{lang|tum|Lumbiri}} = fame * {{lang|tum|Lulimi}} = tongue '''Class 12/13 (Ka-Tu-)''' * {{lang|tum|Kanthu (kantu)}} pl. {{lang|tum|tunthu (tuntu)}} = small thing * {{lang|tum|Kamwana}} pl. {{lang|tum|tuŵana (tubana)}} = baby * {{lang|tum|Kayuni}} pl. {{lang|tum|tuyuni}} = bird * {{lang|tum|Tulo}} (no singular) = sleep '''Class 14/6 (U-Ma-)''' These nouns are frequently abstract and have no plural. * {{lang|tum|Usiku}} = night * {{lang|tum|Ulimi}} = farming * {{lang|tum|Ulalo}} pl. {{lang|tum|maulalo}} = bridge * {{lang|tum|Uta}} pl. {{lang|tum|mauta}} = bow '''Class 15 (Ku-) Infinitive''' * {{lang|tum|Kugula}} = to buy, buying * {{lang|tum|Kwiba (kwibha)}} = to steal, stealing '''Classes 16, 17, 18 (Pa-, Ku-, Mu-) Locative''' * {{lang|tum|Pasi}} = underneath * {{lang|tum|Kunthazi (kuntazi)}} = in front, before * {{lang|tum|Mukati}} = inside === Concords === Viyezgo, vimanyikwiro, manambara, mazgu ghakupambanapambana, na vimanyikwiro mu ChiTumbuka vikwenera kukolerana na lizgu ilo likuyowoyeka. Ŵakuchita nthena na vilembo vyakwambilira, vyakunthazi, panji vyakunthazi ivyo vikuchemeka 'concords.' Mtundu 1 uli na viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, nga ni mazina ghakwimira vinthu, mazgu ghakwamba, mazgu ghaumaliro, manambara, vimanyikwiro, na mazgu ghaumaliro:<ref>Chase (2004).</ref><ref>Shiozaki (2004)</ref><ref>Vail (1971).</ref> * {{lang|tum|Mwana u'''yu'''}} = this child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''yu'''moza}} = one child * {{lang|tum|Mwana u'''yo'''}} = that child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''yo'''se}} = the whole child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''li'''yo'''se}} = every child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''ka'''mu'''wona}} = the child saw him * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''mu'''choko (coko)}} = the small child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa''' Khumbo}} = Khumbo's child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''ne}} = my child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''wona}} = the child has seen Makilasi ghanyake gha manoun ghali na mitundu yichoko ya vimanyikwiro vyakukolerana, nga umo tingawonera pa thebulu ilo lili musi umu: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px; height: 200px;" |+Table of Tumbuka concords ! !noun !English !this !num !that !all !subj !object !adj !of !perf |- !1 |{{lang|tum|mwana}} |child |{{lang|tum|uyu}} |''yu-'' |{{lang|tum|uyo}} |{{lang|tum|yose}} |''wa-'' |''-mu-'' |''mu-'' |{{lang|tum|wa}} |''wa-'' |- !2 |{{lang|tum|ŵana}} |children |{{lang|tum|aŵa}} |''ŵa-'' |{{lang|tum|awo}} |{{lang|tum|wose}} |''ŵa-'' |''-ŵa-'' |''ŵa-'' |{{lang|tum|ŵa}} |''ŵa-'' |- !3 |{{lang|tum|mutu}} |head |{{lang|tum|uwu}} |''wu-'' |{{lang|tum|uwo}} |{{lang|tum|wose}} |''wu-'' | -''wu-'' |''wu-'' |{{lang|tum|wa}} |''wa-'' |- !4 |{{lang|tum|mitu}} |heads |{{lang|tum|iyi}} |''yi-'' |{{lang|tum|iyo}} |{{lang|tum|yose}} |''yi-'' |''-yi-'' |''yi-'' |{{lang|tum|ya}} |''ya-'' |- !5 |{{lang|tum|jiso}} |eye |{{lang|tum|ili}} |''li-'' |{{lang|tum|ilo}} |{{lang|tum|lose}} |''li-'' |''-li-'' |''li-'' |{{lang|tum|la}} |''la-'' |- !6 |{{lang|tum|maso}} |eyes |{{lang|tum|agha}} |''gha-'' |{{lang|tum|agho}} |{{lang|tum|ghose}} |''gha-'' |''-gha-'' |''gha-'' |{{lang|tum|gha}} |''gha-'' |- !7 |{{lang|tum|caka}} |year |{{lang|tum|ici}} |''ci-'' |{{lang|tum|ico}} |{{lang|tum|cose}} |''ci-'' |''-ci-'' |''ci-'' |{{lang|tum|ca}} |''ca-'' |- !8 |{{lang|tum|vyaka}} |years |{{lang|tum|ivi}} |''vi-'' |{{lang|tum|ivyo}} |{{lang|tum|vyose}} |''vi-'' |''-vi-'' |''vi-'' |{{lang|tum|vya}} |''vya-'' |- !9 |{{lang|tum|nyumba}} |house |{{lang|tum|iyi}} |''yi-'' |{{lang|tum|iyo}} |{{lang|tum|yose}} |''yi-'' |''-yi-'' |''yi-'' |{{lang|tum|ya}} |''ya-'' |- !10 |{{lang|tum|nyumba}} |houses |{{lang|tum|izi}} |''zi-'' |{{lang|tum|izo}} |{{lang|tum|zose}} |''zi-'' |''-zi-'' |''zi-'' |{{lang|tum|za}} |''za-'' |- !11 |{{lang|tum|lwande}} |side |{{lang|tum|ulu}} |''lu-'' |{{lang|tum|ulo}} |{{lang|tum|lose}} |''lu-'' |''-lu-'' |''lu-'' |{{lang|tum|lwa}} |''lwa-'' |- ! | |(or: |{{lang|tum|ili}} |''li-'' |{{lang|tum|ilo}} |{{lang|tum|lose}} |''li-'' |''-li-'' |''li-'' |{{lang|tum|la}} |''la-'') |- !12 |{{lang|tum|kayuni}} |bird |{{lang|tum|aka}} |''ka-'' |{{lang|tum|ako}} |{{lang|tum|kose}} |''ka-'' |''-ka-'' |''ka-'' |{{lang|tum|ka}} |''ka-'' |- !13 |{{lang|tum|tuyuni}} |birds |{{lang|tum|utu}} |''tu-'' |{{lang|tum|uto}} |{{lang|tum|tose}} |''tu-'' |''-tu-'' |''tu-'' |{{lang|tum|twa}} |''twa-'' |- !14 |{{lang|tum|uta}} |bow |{{lang|tum|uwu}} |''wu''- |{{lang|tum|uwo}} |{{lang|tum|wose}} |''wu-'' |''-wu-'' |''wu-'' |{{lang|tum|wa}} |''wa-'' |- !15 |{{lang|tum|kugula}} |buying |{{lang|tum|uku}} |''ku-'' |{{lang|tum|uko}} |{{lang|tum|kose}} |''ku-'' |''-ku-'' |''ku-'' |{{lang|tum|kwa}} |''kwa-'' |- !16 |{{lang|tum|pasi}} |underneath |{{lang|tum|apa}} |''pa-'' |{{lang|tum|apo}} |{{lang|tum|pose}} |''pa-'' |''-pa-'' |''pa-'' |{{lang|tum|pa}} |''pa-'' |- !17 |{{lang|tum|kunthazi}} |in front |{{lang|tum|uku}} |''ku-'' |{{lang|tum|uko}} |{{lang|tum|kose}} |''ku-'' |''-ku-'' |''ku-'' |{{lang|tum|kwa}} |''kwa-'' |- !18 |{{lang|tum|mukati}} |inside |{{lang|tum|umu}} |''mu-'' |{{lang|tum|umo}} |{{lang|tum|mose}} |''mu-'' |''-mu-'' |''mu-'' |{{lang|tum|mwa}} |''mwa-'' |- |} == Viyelezgero vya mazgu na malemba == Mazgu agha ndigho munthu wangayowoya para wakuluta ku chigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ChiTumbuka: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tumbuka !Chizungu |- |Moni |Hello |- |Monile |hello, to a group of people |- |Muli makola? Mwaŵa uli? |how are you? |- |Muli makola? Mwaŵa uli? |How are you?, to a group of people |- |Nili makola |I'm okay |- |Tili makola |We're okay |- |Naonga (chomene) |Thank you (a lot) |- |Yewo (chomene) |Thanks (a lot) |- |Ndiwe njani zina lako? |What is your name? |- |Zina lane ndine.... |My name is.... |- |Nyengo ili uli? |What is the time? |- |Ningakuvwila? |Can I help you? |- |Uyende makola |Goodbye/go well/safe travels |- |Mwende makola |Goodbye/go well/safe travels (said to a group of people) |- |Enya/ Eh |Yes |- |Yayi/Chala |No |- |Kwali |I don't know |- |Mukumanya kuyowoya Chizungu? |Can you speak English? |- |Nayambapo kusambilila ChiTumbuka |I've just started learning Tumbuka |- |Mukung'anamula vichi? |What do you mean? |- |Chonde, ningaluta kubafa? |May I please go to the bathroom? |- |Nakutemwa/Nkhukutemwa |"I love you" |- |Phepa |Sorry |- |Phepani |Sorry (to agroup of people) |- |Banja |Family |- |Yowoya |Talk/speak |} == Verbs == === Subject prefix === Viyezgo vyose vikwenera kuŵa na lizgu lakunjilira ilo likuyana na lizgu lakunjilira. Mwaciyerezgero, lizgu lakuti ciŵinda'muthondo' lili mu gulu la 7, ntheura usange ni munthu, verebu ili lili na c-: : {{lang|tum|ciŵinda '''ci'''-ka-koma nkhalamu}} = 'the hunter killed a lion'<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 42.</ref> It is also possible for the subject to be a locative noun (classes 16, 17, 18), in which case the verb has a locative prefix:<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 23.</ref> : {{lang|tum|pamphasa '''pa'''-ka-khala mwana}} = 'on the mat there sat down a child' The locative prefix ''ku-'' (class 17) is also used impersonally when discussing the weather:<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 24.</ref> : {{lang|tum|'''ku'''kuzizima madazi ghano}} = 'it's cold these days' When the subject is a personal pronoun, the subject prefixes are as follows (the pronoun itself may be omitted, but not the subject prefix): : {{lang|tum|(ine) '''n'''-kha-gula}} = 'I bought' (''nkha-'' stands for ''ni-ka-'') : {{lang|tum|(iwe) '''u'''-ka-gula}} = 'you bought' (informal, singular) : {{lang|tum|(iyo)<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 23. But Kishindo et al. (2018), s.v. {{lang|tum|iye}}, have {{lang|tum|iye}}.</ref> '''wa'''-ka-gula}} = 'he, she bought' : {{lang|tum|(ise) '''ti'''-ka-gula}} = 'we bought' : {{lang|tum|(imwe) '''mu'''-ka-gula}} = 'you bought' (plural or respectful) : {{lang|tum|(iwo) '''ŵa'''-ka-gula}} = 'they bought', 'he/she bought' (plural or respectful) In the perfect tense, these are shortened to {{lang|tum|n-a-, w-a-, w-a-, t-a-, mw-a-, ŵ-a-}}, e.g. {{lang|tum|t-a-gula}} 'we have bought'. In [[Karonga]] dialect, in the 3rd person singular ''a-'' is found instead of ''wa-'', and the 3rd plural is ''wa-'' instead of ''ŵa-'', except in the perfect tense, when ''wa-'' and ''ŵa-'' are used.<ref>McNicholl (2010), pp. 7–8.</ref> === Object-marker === To indicate the object, an infix can be added to the verb immediately before the verb root. Generally speaking, the object-marker is optional:<ref>Chavula (2016), pp. 51–64.</ref> : {{lang|tum|Pokani wa('''yi''')gula galimoto}} = 'Pokani has bought a car' (class 9) : {{lang|tum|Changa waka('''mu''')nyamula katundu}} = 'Changa carried the luggage' (class 1) The object-marker agrees with the class of the object, as shown on the table of concords above. The object-marker can also be a locative (classes 16, 17, or 18):<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 56.</ref> : {{lang|tum|Kondwani wa('''pa''')kwera pa nyumba}} = 'Kondwani has climbed on top of the house' The locative markers for personal pronouns are as follows:<ref>Chavula (2016), pp. 53–4.</ref> : {{lang|tum|wa'''ni'''ona (ine)}} = 'he has seen me' : {{lang|tum|wa'''ku'''ona (iwe)}} = 'he has seen you' : {{lang|tum|wa'''mu'''ona}} = 'he has seen him/her' : {{lang|tum|wa'''ti'''ona}} = 'he has seen us' : {{lang|tum|wa'''mu'''ona'''ni'''}} = 'he has seen you' (plural or respectful) : {{lang|tum|wa'''ŵa'''ona}} = 'he has seen them' === Tenses === Tenses in Tumbuka are made partly by adding infixes, and partly by suffixes. Unlike Chichewa, tones do not form any part of the distinction between one tense and another. In the past a distinction is made between hodiernal tenses (referring to events of today) and remote tenses (referring to events of yesterday or some time ago). However, the boundary between recent and remote is not exact.<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 176.</ref> Pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa nyengo iyo yajumpha na nyengo iyo yajumpha. Para munthu wakuyowoya mu nyengo yakufikapo, wakuyowoya kuti vinthu vicali makora, nga ni para wakuti: 'Vikondamoyo vyatandazgika mu munda.' Para munthu wakuyowoya lizgu lakuti ndakhala, wakung'anamura kuti "Nkhukhala" panji ndakondwa. Chizindikiro cha kutali chikugwiliskirika nchito pa vinthu ivyo vikacitika kale comene kweni ivyo vikucitika mazuŵa ghano, nga ni libwe lilikuwa 'libwe lawira' panji walikutayika 'wali kufwa.'<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 171, 178.</ref><ref>Kiso (2012), p. 171, quoting Vail (1972).</ref> Nyengo zakunthazi nazo zikupambaniska pakati pa vyakuchitika vyapafupi na vyakutali. Vinyake vikulongora kuti cakucitika ici cizamucitikira kunyake, nga ni ndamukuchezga 'Nizamuluta kukacezga.'<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 184, quoting Vail (1972).</ref> Compound tenses are also found in Tumbuka, such as {{lang|tum|wati wagona}} 'he had slept', {{lang|tum|wakaŵa kuti wafumapo}} 'he had just left' and {{lang|tum|wazamukuŵa waguliska}} 'he will have sold'.<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 172, 182, 184, quoting Vail (1972).</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |+Some Tumbuka tenses<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 163–192.</ref> !Tense !Tense marker !Example !Translation |- !Present infinitive |ku- |{{lang|tum|'''ku'''-luta}} |‘to go' |- ! |- !Present simple | -ku- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ku'''-luta}} |‘he/she goes/is going’ |- !Present habitual | -ku-...-anga |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ku'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she goes’ (some speakers only) |- ! |- !Present perfect | -a- |{{lang|tum|w-'''a'''-luta}} |‘he/she has gone’ |- !Present perfect continuous | -a-...-anga |{{lang|tum|w-'''a'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she has been going' |- !Remote perfect | -liku- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''liku'''-luta}} |‘he/she has gone’ |- ! |- !Recent past simple | -angu- |{{lang|tum|w-'''angu'''-luta}} |‘he/she went’ (today) |- !Recent past continuous | -angu-...-anga |{{lang|tum|w-'''angu'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she was going' (today) |- !Remote past simple | -ka- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ka'''-luta}} |‘he/she went’ |- !Remote past continuous | -ka-...-anga |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ka'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she was going/used to go' |- ! |- ![[Near future (grammar)|Near future]] |...-enge |{{lang|tum|wa-lut-'''enge'''}} |'he will go' (now or today) |- !Emphatic future<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 183, quoting Vail (1972).</ref> | -ti-...-enge |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ti'''-lut-'''enge'''}} |'he will certainly go' |- !Distal future<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 184, 185, quoting Vail (1972). For the term 'distal', see Botne (1999).</ref> | -amu-(ku)- |{{lang|tum|w-'''amuku'''-gula}} |‘he/she will buy’ (elsewhere) |- !Remote future | -zamu-(ku)- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''zamu'''-luta}} |‘he/she will go’ (tomorrow or later) |- !Remote future continuous | -zamu-...-anga |{{lang|tum|wa-'''zamu'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she will be going' (tomorrow or later) |- ! |- !Present subjunctive | -e |{{lang|tum|ti-lut-'''e'''}} |‘let's go' |- !Distal subjunctive | -ka-...-e |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ka'''-gul-'''e'''}} |‘so that he can buy (elsewhere)' |- !Potential | -nga- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''nga'''-luta}} |'he can go'<ref>McNicholl (2010), p. 8.</ref> |} Other future tenses are given by Vail (1972) and others.<ref>See Kiso (2012) pp. 182–188.</ref> In the 1st person singular, ''ni-ku-'' and ''ni-ka-'' are shortened to ''nkhu-'' and ''nkha-'': {{lang|tum|nkhuluta}} 'I am going', 'I go', {{lang|tum|nkhalutanga}} 'I used to go'.<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 163, 173.</ref> === Negative verbs === To make the negative of a verb in Tumbuka, the word {{lang|tum|yayi}} or {{lang|tum|cha(ra)}} is added at or near the end of the clause. It seems that {{lang|tum|yayi}} is preferred by younger speakers:<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 190.</ref> : {{lang|tum|wakulemba kalata '''yayi'''}} : 'he is not writing a letter' : {{lang|tum|tizamugwira ntchito '''cha''' machero}} : 'we will not work tomorrow' With the present perfect tense, however, a separate form exists, adding ''-nda-'' and ending in ''-e'':<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 191.</ref> : {{lang|tum|enya, n'''a'''kumana nawo}} : 'yes, I have met him' : {{lang|tum|yayi, ni'''nda'''kuman'''e''' nawo}} : 'no, I haven't met him' == The Ngoni influence on Tumbuka == '''Words of Ngoni (Zulu/Ndwandwe) origin found in Tumbuka:''' Viyowoyero vyose vya ChiTumbuka vikakhwaskika na chiyowoyero cha Chigoni, chomenechomene mu chigaŵa cha Mzimba ku Malawi. Chiyowoyero cha Ngoni chikamba na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ndwandwe awo ŵakaŵa ŵazengezgani ŵa fuko la Zulu pambere Ŵazulu ŵandaŵathereske. Ntheura chiyowoyero icho Ŵandwandwe ŵakayowoyanga chikaŵa chakuyana waka na cha Ŵazulu. Apa pali viyelezgero vinyake vya mazgu gha ChiTumbuka agho ghali kufuma ku chiZulu/Ndwandwe, nangauli ghanandi ghali na mazgu ghakwambilira gha ChiTumbuka agho ghakung'anamulika mu chiyowoyero ichi. {| class="wikitable" !English !Tumbuka !Tumbuka-Ngoni dialect |- |See |Wona |Bheka |- |Smoke |Khweŵa |Bhema |- |Man |Mwanalume |Doda |- |Virgin |Mwali |Nthombi |} == An example of Tumbuka == '''Months in Tumbuka:''' {| class="wikitable" !English !Tumbuka |- |January |Mathipa |- |February |Muswela |- |March |Nyakanyaka |- |April |Masika |- |May |Vuna |- |June |Zizima |- |July |Mphepo |- |August |Mpupulu |- |September |Lupya |- |October |Zimya |- |November |Thukila |- |December |Vula |} Chiyelezgero cha nkhani ya ŵanthu iyo yikang'anamulika mu ChiTumbuka na viyowoyero vinyake vya kumpoto kwa Malawi chili mu buku la Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi, ilo likalembeka na Center for Language Studies of the University of Malawi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225347/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf Language Mapping Survey], p. 60-64.</ref> Buku la ChiTumbuka ilo lili na nkhani iyi likuti: : {{lang|tum|KALULU NA FULU (Citumbuka)|italics=no}} : {{lang|tum|Fulu wakaluta kukapemphiska vyakulya ku ŵanthu. Pakuyeya thumba lake wakacita kukaka ku cingwe citali na kuvwara mu singo, ndipo pakwenda thumba lake likizanga kunyuma kwakhe.|italics=no}} : {{lang|tum|Wali mu nthowa, kalulu wakiza kunyuma kwakhe ndipo wakati “bowo, thumba lane!” Fulu wakati, "Thumba ndane iwe, wona cingwe ici ndakaka sono nkhuguza pakwenda.” Kalulu wakakana nipera, ndipo wakati “Tilute ku Mphala yikateruzge.” Mphala yikadumula mlandu na kuceketa cingwe ico Fulu wakakakira thumba. Ŵakatola thumba lira ndipo ŵakapa kalulu.|italics=no}} : {{lang|tum|Pa zuŵa linyakhe Kalulu wakendanga, Fulu wakamsanga ndipo wakati, "Bowo, mcira wane!" Kalulu wakati, “Ake! Fulu iwe m'cira ngwane." Fulu wakakana, ndipo wakati, "Ndasola ngwane." Ŵakaluta ku mphala, kuti yikaŵeruzge. Ku Mphala kula mlandu ukatowera Fulu. Ŵakadumula m'cira wa Kalulu nakupa Fulu.|italics=no}} : (Translation) : THE TORTOISE AND THE HARE : Tortoise went to beg food from people. To carry his bag, he tied it to a long string and wore it round his neck. As he walked along, the bag was coming behind him. : As he was on his way, Hare came up behind him and said, "There it is, my bag!" Tortoise said "The bag is mine, see this string I've tied now I'm pulling it as I go." Hare refused to accept this and said "Let's go the Court, so that it can judge us." The Court examined the case and cut Tortoise's string which he'd tied the bag with. They took that bag and gave it to Hare. : Another day when Hare was walking along, Tortoise found him and said, "There it is, my tail!" Hare said, "Nonsense, this is my tail, Tortoise." Tortoise refused to accept this and said, "What I've got is mine." They went to the Court so that it could make a judgement. In that Court, the case went in Tortoise's favour. They cut off Hare's tail and gave it to Tortoise. == Some vocabulary == === Helpful phrases === * {{lang|tum|Enya}} = Yes * {{lang|tum|Yayi}} = No * {{lang|tum|Yebo (yeŵo)}} = Thank you * {{lang|tum|Taonga}} = We are thankful * {{lang|tum|Nkhukhumba chakurya!}} = I want some food ! * {{lang|tum|Munganipako chakurya?}} = could you give me some food? * {{lang|tum|Ine nkhuyowoya ChiTumbuka yayi!}} = I do not speak ChiTumbuka! * {{lang|tum|Yendani makola}} = Travel well. * {{lang|tum|Nkukhumba maji yakumwa}} = I would like water to drink. === Greetings === * {{lang|tum|Mwawuka uli?}} = Good morning. (How did you wake up?) * {{lang|tum|Tawuka makola. Kwali imwe?}} = Fine. And you? (I woke up well. I don't know about you?) * {{lang|tum|Muli uli?}} = How are you? * {{lang|tum|Nili makola, kwali imwe?}} = I am fine, how are you? * {{lang|tum|Mwatandala uli?}} = Good afternoon. (How did you spend the day?) * {{lang|tum|Natandala makola. Kwali imwe?}} = Good afternoon. How are you? (I spent the day well. I don't know about you?) * {{lang|tum|Monile}} = somewhat more formal than "Hi". Perhaps best translated as "Greetings". * {{lang|tum|Tionanenge}} = We shall meet again. === People === The plural ba- (ŵa-) is often used for politeness when referring to elders: * {{lang|tum|Munyamata}} = boy * {{lang|tum|Banyamata (ŵanyamata)}} = boys * {{lang|tum|Musungwana}} = girl * {{lang|tum|Basungwana (ŵasungwana)}} = girls * {{lang|tum|Bamwali (ŵamwali)}} = young ladies * {{lang|tum|Banchembere (ŵancembele)}} = a woman with babies * {{lang|tum|Bamama (ŵamama)}} = mother * {{lang|tum|Badada(ŵadhadha)}} = dad * {{lang|tum|Bagogo (ŵagogo)}} = grandmother * {{lang|tum|Babuya (ŵabhuya)}} = grandmother, also used when addressing old female persons * {{lang|tum|Basekulu (ŵasekulu)}} = grandfather * {{lang|tum|Bankhazi (ŵankhazi)}} = paternal aunt * {{lang|tum|ŵa/Bamama ŵa/bachoko / ŵa/bakulu}} = maternal aunt usually your mother's younger/older sister * {{lang|tum|Basibweni (ŵasibweni)}} = maternal uncle * {{lang|tum|Badada(ŵadhadha) bachoko / bakulu}} = paternal uncle usually your father's younger/older brother * {{lang|tum|Mudumbu(mudhumbu) wane}} = my brother/ sister (for addressing a sibling of the opposite sex) * {{lang|tum|Muchoko wane / muzuna wane/ munung'una wane}} = my young brother / sister (for addressing a sibling of the same sex) * {{lang|tum|Mukuru wane / mulala wane}} = my elder brother / sister (for addressing a sibling of the same sex) === Verbs === * {{lang|tum|Kusebela (Kuseŵera)}} = to play * {{lang|tum|Kuseka}} = to laugh * {{lang|tum|Kurya}} = to eat * {{lang|tum|Kugona}} = to sleep * {{lang|tum|Kwenda}} = to walk * {{lang|tum|Kuchimbila}} = to run * {{lang|tum|Kulemba}} = to write * {{lang|tum|Kuchapa}} = to do laundry * {{lang|tum|Kugeza}} = to bath * {{lang|tum|Kuphika}} = to cook * {{lang|tum|Kulima}} = to dig / cultivate * {{lang|tum|Kupanda}} = to plant * {{lang|tum|Kuvina}} = to dance * {{lang|tum|Kwimba}} = to sing === Animals === * {{lang|tum|Fulu}} = tortoise * {{lang|tum|Kalulu}} = hare * {{lang|tum|Gwere}} = hippo * {{lang|tum|Chimbwi}} = hyena * {{lang|tum|Njoka}} = snake * {{lang|tum|Nkhumba}} = pig * {{lang|tum|Ng'ombe}} = cow * {{lang|tum|Nchebe (Ncheŵe)}} = dog * {{lang|tum|Chona/pusi/kiti}} = cat * {{lang|tum|Mbelele}} = sheep * {{lang|tum|Nkalamu}} = lion * {{lang|tum|Mbuzi}} = goat * {{lang|tum|Nkhuku}} = chicken == Wonaniso == * [[Tumbuka people]] * [[Tumbuka mythology]] == Notable Tumbuka People == * [[Shepherd Bushiri|Sheperd Bushiri]] (Christian preacher) * [[Mwai Kumwenda]] (netball player) * [[Bridget Kumwenda|Briddget Kumwenda]] (netball player) * [[Chakufwa Chihana]] ( human rights activist and politician) * [[Enoch Chihana]] (member of parliament) == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == {{refbegin}} * Botne, Robert (1999). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225148/https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/3356/botne%20book%20chapter.pdf?sequence=1 "Future and distal -ka-'s: Proto-Bantu or nascent form(s)?"]. In: Jean-Marie Hombert and Larry M. Hyman (eds.), ''Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives''. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information, pp.&nbsp;473–515. * Chase, Robert (2004). "A Comparison of Demonstratives in the Karonga and Henga Dialects of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts. * Chavula, Jean Josephine (2016). [https://www.lotpublications.nl/Documents/423_fulltext.pdf "Verbal derivation and valency in ChiTumbuka"]. Leiden University doctoral thesis. * Downing, Laura J. (2006). "The Prosody and Syntax of Focus in ChiTumbuka". ''ZAS Papers in Linguistics'' 43, 55-79. * Downing, Laura J. (2008). "Focus and prominence in Chichewa, ChiTumbuka and Durban Zulu". ''ZAS Papers in Linguistics'' 49, 47-65. * Downing, Laura J. (2012). [http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/42/paper2764.pdf "On the (Non-)congruence of Focus and Prominence in Tumbuka"]. ''Selected Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics'', ed. Michael R. Marlo et al., 122-133. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. * Downing, Laura J. (2017). "Tone and intonation in Chichewa and Tumbuka". In Laura J. Downing & Annie Rialland (eds) ''Intonation in African Tone Languages''. de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, pp.&nbsp;365–392. * Downing, Laura J. (2019). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Laura_Downing/publication/335175896_Tumbuka_prosody_Between_tone_and_stress/links/5d55398645851545af43be4d/Tumbuka-prosody-Between-tone-and-stress.pdf "Tumbuka prosody: Between tone and stress"]. In: Emily Clem et al (eds). ''Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics'', 75-94. Also available online at: [https://books.google.com/books?id=fPSrDwAAQBAJ&dq=Tumbuka+prosody%3A+Between+tone+and+stress&pg=PA75] * Elmslie, Walter Angus (1923): ''Introductory Grammar of the Tumbuka Language''. Livingstonia Mission Press. * Kamwendo, Gregory H. (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200929073334/http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol13num3/kamwendo.pdf Kamwendo "Your ChiTumbuka is Shallow. It's not the Real ChiTumbuka: Linguistic Purism Among ChiTumbuka Speakers in Malawi"], ''Nordic Journal of African Studies'' 13(3): 275–288. * Kishindo, Pascal J. et Allan L. Lipenga (2006). ''Parlons citumbuka : langue et culture du Malawi et de la Zambie'', L'Harmattan, Paris, Budapest, Kinshasa, 138 pages. {{ISBN|2-296-00470-9}} * Kishindo, Pascal J. (ed), Jean J. Chavula and others (2018). {{lang|tum|Mung'anamulira mazgo wa Citumbuka}} (Citumbuka dictionary). Centre for Language Studies, University of Malawi. {{ISBN|978-99960-9-610-5}} * Kiso, Andrea (2012). [http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:546594/FULLTEXT01.pdf "Tense and Aspect in Chichewa, Citumbuka, and Cisena"]. Ph.D. Thesis. Stockholm University. * McNicholl, Duncan (2010). [http://malawinetwork.org/guide-to-ChiTumbuka.pdf "The No-Nonsense Guide to Learning ChiTumbuka: Volume 1"]. * Moto, Francis (1999). "The Tonal Phonology of Bantu Ideophones". ''Malilime: Malawian Journal of Linguistics'' no.1, 100-120. (pp.&nbsp;112–119 deals with tone in ChiTumbuka ideophones). * Mphande, L. (1989). "A Phonological Analysis of the Ideophone in ChiTumbuka". Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of Texas, Austin. * Shiozaki, Lisa (2004). "Concordial agreement in the Karonga dialect of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts. * Turner, W.M. (1952). ''Tumbuka–Tonga–English Dictionary'' The Hetherwick Press, Blantyre, Nyasaland (now Malawi). * University of Malawi Centre for Language Studies (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225347/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf "Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi"]. * Vail, Hazen Leroy (1971). "The noun classes of Tumbuka". ''African studies'', v. 30, 1, p.&nbsp;35-59. * Vail, Hazen Leroy (1972). "Aspects of the Tumbuka Verb". Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin. {{refend}} == External links == {{InterWiki|code=tum}} {{Wikivoyage|Tumbuka phrasebook|Tumbuka|a phrasebook}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151123103050/http://africa.isp.msu.edu/afrlang/Tumbuka_root.html Very brief report on Tumbuka language.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225347/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi]. University of Malawi Centre for Language Studies, 2006. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225407/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/mw-north-a4.jpg Language Map of Northern Malawi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051222115610/http://embangweni.com/chitumbu.htm Some more ChiTumbuka vocabulary.] * [http://www.bisharat.net/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Tumbuka PanAfrican L10n page on Tumbuka] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210308020136/http://www.unima-cls.org/ Citumbuka monolingual dictionary] {{Languages of Malawi}} {{Languages of Zambia}} {{Narrow Bantu languages|N-S}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tumbuka Language}} [[Category:Tumbuka language| ]] [[Category:Nyasa languages]] [[Category:Languages of Malawi]] [[Category:Languages of Zambia]] [[Category:Tumbuka people]] [[Category:Non-tonal languages in tonal families]] [[Category:Click languages|Tumbuka language (Mzimba dialect)]] n9sgf5z9ozpi3q0n1tkme2tuq3zdjgd 122088 122087 2026-09-16T01:11:09Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Niger-Congo language originating in parts of Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania}} {{good article}} {{Infobox language | name = ChiTumbuka | nativename = ''tumbuka'' | states = [[Malawi]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] | region = | speakers = 7 miliyoni | date = 2022 | ref = | familycolor = Niger-Congo | fam2 = [[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]] | fam3 = [[Volta-Congo]] | fam4 = [[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]] | fam5 = [[Bantoid languages|Bantoid]] | fam6 = [[Southern Bantoid]] | fam7 = [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] ([[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages#Zone N|Zone N]]) | fam8 = [[Nyasa languages|Nyasa]] | iso2 = tum | iso3 = tum | glotto = tumb1250 | glottorefname = Tumbuka | script = {{Plainlist}} * [[Latin script]] ([[Roman alphabet]]) * [[Mwangwego script]] {{endplainlist}} | minority = {{plainlist}} * {{flag|Malawi}} * {{flag|Zambia}} * {{flag|Tanzania}} {{endplainlist}} | image = The Gonapamuhanya festival 2025.jpg | imagecaption = Msonkhano wa chikhalidwe cha ChiTumbuka cha chikondwerero cha Gonapamuhanya cha ŵanthu ŵa ChiTumbuka | guthrie = N.21 | lingua = [http://linguasphere.info/?page=linguascale&linguacode=99-AUS-wc 99-AUS-wc] (+ chi-Kamanga) <br>incl. varieties 99-AUS-wca...-wcl }} '''ChiTumbuka''' ntchiyowoyero cha [[ŴaTumbuka|ŵanthu]] ŵa mtundu wachi [[Bantu]] icho chikuyowoyeka mu [[Malaŵi]], [[Zambia]], na [[Tanzania]].<ref name="Michigan">[https://web.archive.org/web/20151123103050/http://africa.isp.msu.edu/afrlang/Tumbuka_root.html Michigan State University African Studies Center information page].</ref> Lizgu ili likumanyikwaso kuti Chitumbuka panji Citumbuka. Chi- icho chili kunthazi kwa Tumbuka chikung'anamura "mu nthowa ya", ndipo apa likung'anamura "chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka". ChiTumbuka chili mu chiyowoyero chimoza na [[ChiCheŵa|ChiCheŵa]] na [[ChiSena|Sena]].<ref>Kiso (2012), pp.21ff.</ref> Buku linyake ([[The World Almanac]]) likuti mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 2,080,000. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ChiTumbuka, nangauli ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵalipo ŵachoko chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya ChiTumbuka ŵakukhala mu Malaŵi.<ref name="Michigan" /> ChiTumbuka ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene kumpoto kwa Malawi, chomenechomene mu vigaŵa vya [[Rumphi]], [[Mzuzu]], na [[Mzimba]].<ref>University of Malawi (2006) Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi.</ref> Pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa ciyowoyero ca ChiTumbuka ico cikuyowoyeka mu misumba ya ku Malawi (ico cili na mazgu ghanyake kufuma ku [[Chiswahili|Ciswahili]] na ChiCheŵa) na ciyowoyero ca ChiTumbuka ico cikuyowoyeka mu mizi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti chiyowoyero cha Rumphi ndicho ntchakutowa chomene.<ref>Kamwendo (2004), p.282.</ref> Chiyowoyero cha ku Mzimba chikakhwaskika chomene na chiNgoni ([[ChiZulu|Zulu]]). Kwamba kale, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ChiTumbuka na ChiCheŵa. Ndipouli, ciyowoyero ca Tumbuka cikasuzgika comene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Pulezidenti [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]], cifukwa mu 1968 cifukwa ca fundo yake yakuti paŵe mtundu umoza na ciyowoyero cimoza, ciyowoyero ici cikaleka kuŵa ca boma mu Malawi. Ntheura, mu masukulu, pa wayilesi, na mu manyuzipepara ŵakafumiskamo ciyowoyero ici.<ref>Kamwendo (2004), p.278.</ref> Mu 1994, apo boma la Tumbuka likamba kulamulira na vipani vinandi, ŵakambaso kutegherezga maungano gha pa wayilesi. Kweni mabuku na mabuku ghanyake ghakaŵa ghanandi yayi.<ref>See Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi (2006), pp.38-40 for a list of publications.</ref> == Malembelo == [[File:WIKITONGUES-Temwa_Speaking_Tumbuka_-_free_to_use_file_under_Wikipedia_policies.webm|thumb|326x326px|Temwa wakuyowoya ChiTumbuka.]] Pali nthowa ziŵiri zakulembera ChiTumbuka izo zikugwiliskirika nchito: kalembero ka kaluso (kakulembeka mu [[Baibolo]] la ChiTumbuka la [[Wikipediya|Wikipedia]] na mu [[nyuzipepara y]]<nowiki/>a Fuko), umo mazgu gha banthu 'ŵanthu' na chaka 'chaka' ghakulembeka na 'b' na 'ch', na kalembero ka kaluso (kakulembeka mu dikishonare ya Citumbuka iyo yikufumiskika pa [[Intaneti]] na Centre for Language Studies na mu Baibolo la pa Intaneti), umo mazgu ghakulembeka na 'ŵ' na 'c', nga ŵanthu na caka. (Sumu ya 'ŵ' ni [w] yakuzingilizgika makora iyo yikuzunulika na lulimi pafupi na i).<ref>Atkins, Guy (1950) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156786 "Suggestions for an Amended Spelling and Word Division of Nyanja"] ''Africa: Journal of the International African Institute'', Vol. 20, No. 3, p.205.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakumanya yayi apo ŵakwenera kulemba 'r' na 'l', nga ni cakulya ([[Dikishonare]]) panji cakurya (Baibolo) 'chakurya.' (Nadi, [l] na [r] ni mazgu ghakupambanapambana gha chiyowoyero chimoza.) Kweniso pali kukayikira pakati pa mazgu ghakuti'sk' na'sy' (miskombe na misyombe ('bamboo') ghali mu dikishonare ya Citumbuka).<ref>See entries {{lang|tum|citatanga}}, {{lang|tum|cidunga}}, {{lang|tum|cihengo}}.</ref> == Kuyowoya mazgu == === Mavowele === Mu chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka muli mazgu ghakuyana waka nga ni /a/, /ɛ/, /i/, /ɔ/, /u/ na /m̩/ aghoso ghali mu [[ChiCheŵa]].<ref>Vail (1972), p. 1.</ref> [[File:Monile.ogg|thumb|Kutauzgana mu ChiTumbuka.]] === Makonsonanti === Malizga gha chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka ghakuyana waka na gha ChiCheŵa, kweni ghakupambana. Mu chiyowoyero cha ChiCheŵa mulije mazgu ghakuti /ɣ/, /β/, na /h/. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kupulika mazgu agho ghakufuma mu mulomo {{IPA|/vʲ/}}, {{IPA|/fʲ/}}, {{IPA|/bʲ/}}, {{IPA|/pʲ/}}, {{IPA|/skʲ/}}, {{IPA|/zgʲ/}}, and {{IPA|/ɽʲ/}}. Mu ChiTumbuka mulije vilembo vya ChiCheŵa nga ni /psj/, /bzj/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/. Mazgu gha /s/ na /z/ ghakusangika yayi mu ChiTumbuka, ntheura Chewa nsómba ('somba') = Tumbuka somba. Lizgu lakuti /ʃ/ likusangika mu mazgu gha ku vyaru vinyake pera nga ni shati ('shati') na shuga ('shuga'). ChiTumbuka /?? / nyengo zinyake chikuyana na ChiCheŵa /d/, ChiCheŵa kudwala 'kuŵa mulwari' = Tumbuka kulwala, ChiCheŵa kudya 'kurya' = Tumbuka kulya. Kuyowoya kwa lizgu lakuti "sk" na lizgu lakuti "zg" vikupambana kuyana na chiyowoyero. Makonsonanti gha Tumbuka kanandi ghakusangika mu viyowoyero vinyake. Vinyake vingalembeka pambere chindindindi chindambe kufuma. Pa chithuzithuzi ichi, pali mazgu agho ghangaŵa pa chilembo ichi: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Malembo gha Tumbuka<ref>Chavula (2016), pp. 11–13.</ref><ref>Vail (1972), pp. 4–19.</ref> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="3" |[[Labial consonant|labial]] ! colspan="3" |[[Dental consonant|dental]] ! colspan="2" |[[Palatal consonant|palatal]] ! colspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|velar]] ! rowspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|glottal]] |- !<small>plain</small> !<small>lab.</small> !<small>pal.</small> !<small>plain</small> !<small>lab.</small> !<small>pal.</small> !<small>plain</small> !<small>lab.</small> !<small>plain</small> !<small>lab.</small> |- ! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|nasal]] |ma<br />{{IPAslink|m}} |mwa<br />{{IPAslink|mʷ}} |mya<br />{{IPAslink|mʲ}} |na<br />{{IPAslink|n}} |nwa<br />{{IPAslink|nʷ}} |nya<br />{{IPAslink|nʲ}} | | |ng'a<br />{{IPAslink|ŋ}} |ng'wa<br />{{IPAslink|ŋʷ}} | |- ! rowspan="5" |[[plosive]]/<br />[[affricate]] !<small>unvoiced</small> |pa<br />{{IPAslink|p}} |pwa<br />{{IPAslink|pʷ}} |pya<br />{{IPAslink|pʲ}} |ta<br />{{IPAslink|t}} |twa<br />{{IPAslink|tʷ}} |tya<br />{{IPAslink|tʲ}} |ca<br />{{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} |cwa<br />{{IPAslink|t͡ʃʷ}} |ka<br />{{IPAslink|k}} |kwa<br />{{IPAslink|kʷ}} | |- !<small>voiced</small> |ba<br />{{IPAslink|ɓ}} |bwa<br />{{IPAslink|ɓʷ}} |bya<br />{{IPAslink|bʲ}} |da<br />{{IPAslink|ɗ}} |dwa<br />{{IPAslink|ɗʷ}} |dya<br />{{IPAslink|ɗʲ}} |ja<br />{{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}} |jwa<br />{{IPAslink|d͡ʒʷ}} |ga<br />{{IPAslink|g}} |gwa<br />{{IPAslink|gʷ}} | |- !<small>aspirated</small> |pha<br />{{IPAslink|pʰ}} |phwa<br />{{IPAslink|pʷʰ}} |phya<br />{{IPAslink|pʲʰ}} |tha<br />{{IPAslink|tʰ}} |thwa<br />{{IPAslink|tʷʰ}} |thya<br />{{IPAslink|tʲʰ}} |cha<br />{{IPAslink|t͡ʃʰ}} | |kha<br />{{IPAslink|kʰ}} |khwa<br />{{IPAslink|kʷʰ}} | |- !<small>nasalised</small> |mba<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐb}} |mbwa<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐbʷ}} |mbya<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐbʲ}} |nda<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿd}} |ndwa<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿdʷ}} |(ndya){{efn|Only in the word {{lang|tum|ndyali}}.}}<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿdʲ}} |nja<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿd͡ʒ}} | |nga<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑg}} |ngwa<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑgʷ}} | |- !<small>nasalised<br />aspirated</small> |mpha<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐpʰ}} |mphwa<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐpʷʰ}} |mphya<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐpʲʰ}} |ntha<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿtʰ}} |nthwa<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿtʷʰ}} |(nthya)<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿtʲʰ}} |ncha<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿt͡ʃʰ}} | |nkha<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑkʰ}} |nkhwa<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑkʷʰ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" |[[fricative]] !<small>unvoiced</small> |fa<br />{{IPAslink|f}} |fwa<br />{{IPAslink|fʷ}} |fya<br />{{IPAslink|fʲ}} |sa<br />{{IPAslink|s}} |swa<br />{{IPAslink|sʷ}} |ska (sya)<br />{{IPAslink|sʲ}} |(sha)<br />{{IPAslink|ʃ}} | | | |ha<br />{{IPAslink|h}} |- !<small>voiced</small> |va<br />{{IPAslink|v}} |vwa<br />{{IPAslink|vʷ}} |vya<br />{{IPAslink|vʲ}} |za<br />{{IPAslink|z}} |zwa<br />{{IPAslink|zʷ}} |zga<br />{{IPAslink|zʲ}} | | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[semivowel]]/ [[Liquid consonant|liquid]] |ŵa<br />{{IPAslink|β}} |wa<br />{{IPAslink|w}} | |la/ra<br />{{IPAslink|ɽ}} |lwa/rwa<br />{{IPAslink|ɽʷ}} |lya/rya<br />{{IPAslink|ɽʲ}} |ya<br />{{IPAslink|j}} | |gha<br />{{IPAslink|ɣ}} | | |} {{notelist}} === Kapulikikilo === Kupambana kukuru pakati pa ChiCheŵa na ChiTumbuka nkhwa kuti ChiCheŵa ni chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoya mazgu ghakupambanapambana. ChiTumbuka chili na mazgu ghakupambanapambana, chifukwa lizgu lililose ilo likuyowoyeka payekha likuyana waka na lizgu lakwamba ilo likufuma pa lizgu laumaliro.<ref>Downing (2008, 2012).</ref> Ntheura, mu Citumbuka nchambura macitiko kupambaniska mazgu ghaŵiri ghakupambanapambana, nga umo vikuŵira mu ChiCheŵa na viyowoyero vinyake vya Bantu. Ndipouli, lizgu laumaliro yayi ndilo likuŵa pa lizgu lililose, kweni lizgu laumaliro pera:<ref>Downing (2012), p.123.</ref> * {{lang|tum|ti-ku-phika sî:ma}} 'tikuphika sima' A greater variety of tonal patterns is found in the [[Ideophone|ideophones]] (expressive words) of Tumbuka; for example Low ({{lang|tum|yoyoyo}} 'disintegrating into small pieces'), High ({{lang|tum|fyá:}} 'swooping low (of birds)'), High-Low ({{lang|tum|phúli}} 'sound of thing bursting'), and Low-High ({{lang|tum|yií}} 'sudden disappearance'), etc.<ref>Moto (1999), pp.112-120.</ref> Intonational tones are also used in Tumbuka; for example, in yes-no questions there is often a High-Low fall on the final syllable of the question:<ref>Downing (2008), p.55.</ref> * {{lang|tum|ku-limirâ-so ngô:mâ?}} 'are you also weeding the maize?' There does not seem to be any consistent, direct correlation between tone in Tumbuka and [[Focus (linguistics)|focus]].<ref>Downing (2012), p.129.</ref> == Mazina == === Makilasi gha manoun === Nga umo vikuŵira na viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu, mazina gha ChiTumbuka ghakupangika mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana kuyana na vigaŵa vya mazina. Lizgu lililose lili na lizgu lake lakwimira, lizgu lakwimira, na lizgu la chiyowoyero. Para pali mphindano pakati pa mazgu agha na mazgu ghakwambilira, mazgu agha ndigho ghakuŵa pakwamba pakusankha zina. Mwaciyelezgero, lizgu lakuti katundu 'vinthu,' nangauli lili na lizgu lakuti ka-, lili mu gulu 1, cifukwa munthu wakuyowoya katundu uyu 'vinthu ivi' na lizgu lakuti uyu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi (nga umo viliri mu dikishonare ya Citumbuka ya pa Yunivesite ya Malawi) ŵakuzunura mazina gha viŵaro mu viyowoyero vinyake nga ni "Mu-Ŵa-"; kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu ŵakuzunura viŵaro mu manambara (1/2 etc.) agho ghakuyana na viŵaro vya viŵaro mu viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Bantu. Nyengo zinyake mazina ghakukolerana yayi na magulu ghakulondezgapo agha, nga ni fumu'mukuru' (kalasi 9) uyo wali na mazina ghanandi mu kilasi 6. '''Class 1/2 (Mu-Ŵa-)''' Some nouns in this class lack the prefix Mu-: * {{lang|tum|Munthu}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵanthu (banthu)}} = person * {{lang|tum|Muzungu}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵazungu (bazungu)}} = foreigner, white man * {{lang|tum|Mwana}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵana (bana)}} = child * {{lang|tum|Bulu}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵabulu}} = donkey * {{lang|tum|Sibweni}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵasibweni}} = maternal uncle * {{lang|tum|Katundu}} (no pl.) = goods, possessions '''Class 3/4 (Mu-Mi-)''' * {{lang|tum|Mutu}} pl. {{lang|tum|mitu}} = head * {{lang|tum|Mkuyu}} pl. {{lang|tum|mikuyu}} = fig-tree * {{lang|tum|Moyo}} pl. {{lang|tum|miyoyo}} = life * {{lang|tum|Mtima}} pl. {{lang|tum|mitima}} = heart '''Class 5/6 (Li-Ma-)''' * {{lang|tum|Bele (bhele}} pl. {{lang|tum|mabele (mabhele)}} = breast * {{lang|tum|Boma (bhoma)}} pl. {{lang|tum|maboma (mabhoma)}} = government, district * {{lang|tum|Botolo (bhotolo)}} pl. {{lang|tum|mabotolo (mabhotolo)}} = bottle * {{lang|tum|Fuko}} pl. {{lang|tum|mafuko}} = tribe, nation * {{lang|tum|Jiso}} pl. {{lang|tum|maso}} = eye * {{lang|tum|Maji}} (no singular) = water * {{lang|tum|Phiri}} pl. {{lang|tum|mapiri}} = hill * {{lang|tum|Suzgo}} pl. {{lang|tum|masuzgo}} = problem, trouble * {{lang|tum|Woko}} pl. {{lang|tum|mawoko}} = hand '''Class 7/8 (Ci-Vi-)''' * {{lang|tum|Caka (chaka)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vyaka}} = year * {{lang|tum|Caro (charo)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vyaro}} = country, land * {{lang|tum|Ciŵeto (chibeto)}} pl. {{lang|tum|viŵeto (vibeto)}} = farm animal * {{lang|tum|Cidakwa (chidakwa)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vidakwa}} = drunkard * {{lang|tum|Cikoti (chikoti)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vikoti}} = whip '''Class 9/10 (Yi-Zi-)''' * {{lang|tum|Mbale}} pl. {{lang|tum|mbale (mambale)}} = plate * {{lang|tum|Ndalama}} pl. {{lang|tum|ndalama}} = money * {{lang|tum|Njelwa}} pl. {{lang|tum|njelwa}} = brick * {{lang|tum|Nkhuku}} pl. {{lang|tum|nkhuku}} = chicken * {{lang|tum|Somba}} pl. {{lang|tum|somba}} = fish '''Class 11 (Lu-)''' Some speakers treat words in this class as if they were in class 5/6.<ref>Shiozaki (2004).</ref> * {{lang|tum|Lwande}} = side * {{lang|tum|Lumbiri}} = fame * {{lang|tum|Lulimi}} = tongue '''Class 12/13 (Ka-Tu-)''' * {{lang|tum|Kanthu (kantu)}} pl. {{lang|tum|tunthu (tuntu)}} = small thing * {{lang|tum|Kamwana}} pl. {{lang|tum|tuŵana (tubana)}} = baby * {{lang|tum|Kayuni}} pl. {{lang|tum|tuyuni}} = bird * {{lang|tum|Tulo}} (no singular) = sleep '''Class 14/6 (U-Ma-)''' These nouns are frequently abstract and have no plural. * {{lang|tum|Usiku}} = night * {{lang|tum|Ulimi}} = farming * {{lang|tum|Ulalo}} pl. {{lang|tum|maulalo}} = bridge * {{lang|tum|Uta}} pl. {{lang|tum|mauta}} = bow '''Class 15 (Ku-) Infinitive''' * {{lang|tum|Kugula}} = to buy, buying * {{lang|tum|Kwiba (kwibha)}} = to steal, stealing '''Classes 16, 17, 18 (Pa-, Ku-, Mu-) Locative''' * {{lang|tum|Pasi}} = underneath * {{lang|tum|Kunthazi (kuntazi)}} = in front, before * {{lang|tum|Mukati}} = inside === Concords === Viyezgo, vimanyikwiro, manambara, mazgu ghakupambanapambana, na vimanyikwiro mu ChiTumbuka vikwenera kukolerana na lizgu ilo likuyowoyeka. Ŵakuchita nthena na vilembo vyakwambilira, vyakunthazi, panji vyakunthazi ivyo vikuchemeka 'concords.' Mtundu 1 uli na viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, nga ni mazina ghakwimira vinthu, mazgu ghakwamba, mazgu ghaumaliro, manambara, vimanyikwiro, na mazgu ghaumaliro:<ref>Chase (2004).</ref><ref>Shiozaki (2004)</ref><ref>Vail (1971).</ref> * {{lang|tum|Mwana u'''yu'''}} = this child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''yu'''moza}} = one child * {{lang|tum|Mwana u'''yo'''}} = that child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''yo'''se}} = the whole child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''li'''yo'''se}} = every child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''ka'''mu'''wona}} = the child saw him * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''mu'''choko (coko)}} = the small child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa''' Khumbo}} = Khumbo's child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''ne}} = my child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''wona}} = the child has seen Makilasi ghanyake gha manoun ghali na mitundu yichoko ya vimanyikwiro vyakukolerana, nga umo tingawonera pa thebulu ilo lili musi umu: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px; height: 200px;" |+Table of Tumbuka concords ! !noun !English !this !num !that !all !subj !object !adj !of !perf |- !1 |{{lang|tum|mwana}} |child |{{lang|tum|uyu}} |''yu-'' |{{lang|tum|uyo}} |{{lang|tum|yose}} |''wa-'' |''-mu-'' |''mu-'' |{{lang|tum|wa}} |''wa-'' |- !2 |{{lang|tum|ŵana}} |children |{{lang|tum|aŵa}} |''ŵa-'' |{{lang|tum|awo}} |{{lang|tum|wose}} |''ŵa-'' |''-ŵa-'' |''ŵa-'' |{{lang|tum|ŵa}} |''ŵa-'' |- !3 |{{lang|tum|mutu}} |head |{{lang|tum|uwu}} |''wu-'' |{{lang|tum|uwo}} |{{lang|tum|wose}} |''wu-'' | -''wu-'' |''wu-'' |{{lang|tum|wa}} |''wa-'' |- !4 |{{lang|tum|mitu}} |heads |{{lang|tum|iyi}} |''yi-'' |{{lang|tum|iyo}} |{{lang|tum|yose}} |''yi-'' |''-yi-'' |''yi-'' |{{lang|tum|ya}} |''ya-'' |- !5 |{{lang|tum|jiso}} |eye |{{lang|tum|ili}} |''li-'' |{{lang|tum|ilo}} |{{lang|tum|lose}} |''li-'' |''-li-'' |''li-'' |{{lang|tum|la}} |''la-'' |- !6 |{{lang|tum|maso}} |eyes |{{lang|tum|agha}} |''gha-'' |{{lang|tum|agho}} |{{lang|tum|ghose}} |''gha-'' |''-gha-'' |''gha-'' |{{lang|tum|gha}} |''gha-'' |- !7 |{{lang|tum|caka}} |year |{{lang|tum|ici}} |''ci-'' |{{lang|tum|ico}} |{{lang|tum|cose}} |''ci-'' |''-ci-'' |''ci-'' |{{lang|tum|ca}} |''ca-'' |- !8 |{{lang|tum|vyaka}} |years |{{lang|tum|ivi}} |''vi-'' |{{lang|tum|ivyo}} |{{lang|tum|vyose}} |''vi-'' |''-vi-'' |''vi-'' |{{lang|tum|vya}} |''vya-'' |- !9 |{{lang|tum|nyumba}} |house |{{lang|tum|iyi}} |''yi-'' |{{lang|tum|iyo}} |{{lang|tum|yose}} |''yi-'' |''-yi-'' |''yi-'' |{{lang|tum|ya}} |''ya-'' |- !10 |{{lang|tum|nyumba}} |houses |{{lang|tum|izi}} |''zi-'' |{{lang|tum|izo}} |{{lang|tum|zose}} |''zi-'' |''-zi-'' |''zi-'' |{{lang|tum|za}} |''za-'' |- !11 |{{lang|tum|lwande}} |side |{{lang|tum|ulu}} |''lu-'' |{{lang|tum|ulo}} |{{lang|tum|lose}} |''lu-'' |''-lu-'' |''lu-'' |{{lang|tum|lwa}} |''lwa-'' |- ! | |(or: |{{lang|tum|ili}} |''li-'' |{{lang|tum|ilo}} |{{lang|tum|lose}} |''li-'' |''-li-'' |''li-'' |{{lang|tum|la}} |''la-'') |- !12 |{{lang|tum|kayuni}} |bird |{{lang|tum|aka}} |''ka-'' |{{lang|tum|ako}} |{{lang|tum|kose}} |''ka-'' |''-ka-'' |''ka-'' |{{lang|tum|ka}} |''ka-'' |- !13 |{{lang|tum|tuyuni}} |birds |{{lang|tum|utu}} |''tu-'' |{{lang|tum|uto}} |{{lang|tum|tose}} |''tu-'' |''-tu-'' |''tu-'' |{{lang|tum|twa}} |''twa-'' |- !14 |{{lang|tum|uta}} |bow |{{lang|tum|uwu}} |''wu''- |{{lang|tum|uwo}} |{{lang|tum|wose}} |''wu-'' |''-wu-'' |''wu-'' |{{lang|tum|wa}} |''wa-'' |- !15 |{{lang|tum|kugula}} |buying |{{lang|tum|uku}} |''ku-'' |{{lang|tum|uko}} |{{lang|tum|kose}} |''ku-'' |''-ku-'' |''ku-'' |{{lang|tum|kwa}} |''kwa-'' |- !16 |{{lang|tum|pasi}} |underneath |{{lang|tum|apa}} |''pa-'' |{{lang|tum|apo}} |{{lang|tum|pose}} |''pa-'' |''-pa-'' |''pa-'' |{{lang|tum|pa}} |''pa-'' |- !17 |{{lang|tum|kunthazi}} |in front |{{lang|tum|uku}} |''ku-'' |{{lang|tum|uko}} |{{lang|tum|kose}} |''ku-'' |''-ku-'' |''ku-'' |{{lang|tum|kwa}} |''kwa-'' |- !18 |{{lang|tum|mukati}} |inside |{{lang|tum|umu}} |''mu-'' |{{lang|tum|umo}} |{{lang|tum|mose}} |''mu-'' |''-mu-'' |''mu-'' |{{lang|tum|mwa}} |''mwa-'' |- |} == Viyelezgero vya mazgu na malemba == Mazgu agha ndigho munthu wangayowoya para wakuluta ku chigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ChiTumbuka: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tumbuka !Chizungu |- |Moni |Hello |- |Monile |hello, to a group of people |- |Muli makola? Mwaŵa uli? |how are you? |- |Muli makola? Mwaŵa uli? |How are you?, to a group of people |- |Nili makola |I'm okay |- |Tili makola |We're okay |- |Naonga (chomene) |Thank you (a lot) |- |Yewo (chomene) |Thanks (a lot) |- |Ndiwe njani zina lako? |What is your name? |- |Zina lane ndine.... |My name is.... |- |Nyengo ili uli? |What is the time? |- |Ningakuvwila? |Can I help you? |- |Uyende makola |Goodbye/go well/safe travels |- |Mwende makola |Goodbye/go well/safe travels (said to a group of people) |- |Enya/ Eh |Yes |- |Yayi/Chala |No |- |Kwali |I don't know |- |Mukumanya kuyowoya Chizungu? |Can you speak English? |- |Nayambapo kusambilila ChiTumbuka |I've just started learning Tumbuka |- |Mukung'anamula vichi? |What do you mean? |- |Chonde, ningaluta kubafa? |May I please go to the bathroom? |- |Nakutemwa/Nkhukutemwa |"I love you" |- |Phepa |Sorry |- |Phepani |Sorry (to agroup of people) |- |Banja |Family |- |Yowoya |Talk/speak |} == Verbs == === Subject prefix === Viyezgo vyose vikwenera kuŵa na lizgu lakunjilira ilo likuyana na lizgu lakunjilira. Mwaciyerezgero, lizgu lakuti ciŵinda'muthondo' lili mu gulu la 7, ntheura usange ni munthu, verebu ili lili na c-: : {{lang|tum|ciŵinda '''ci'''-ka-koma nkhalamu}} = 'the hunter killed a lion'<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 42.</ref> It is also possible for the subject to be a locative noun (classes 16, 17, 18), in which case the verb has a locative prefix:<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 23.</ref> : {{lang|tum|pamphasa '''pa'''-ka-khala mwana}} = 'on the mat there sat down a child' The locative prefix ''ku-'' (class 17) is also used impersonally when discussing the weather:<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 24.</ref> : {{lang|tum|'''ku'''kuzizima madazi ghano}} = 'it's cold these days' When the subject is a personal pronoun, the subject prefixes are as follows (the pronoun itself may be omitted, but not the subject prefix): : {{lang|tum|(ine) '''n'''-kha-gula}} = 'I bought' (''nkha-'' stands for ''ni-ka-'') : {{lang|tum|(iwe) '''u'''-ka-gula}} = 'you bought' (informal, singular) : {{lang|tum|(iyo)<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 23. But Kishindo et al. (2018), s.v. {{lang|tum|iye}}, have {{lang|tum|iye}}.</ref> '''wa'''-ka-gula}} = 'he, she bought' : {{lang|tum|(ise) '''ti'''-ka-gula}} = 'we bought' : {{lang|tum|(imwe) '''mu'''-ka-gula}} = 'you bought' (plural or respectful) : {{lang|tum|(iwo) '''ŵa'''-ka-gula}} = 'they bought', 'he/she bought' (plural or respectful) In the perfect tense, these are shortened to {{lang|tum|n-a-, w-a-, w-a-, t-a-, mw-a-, ŵ-a-}}, e.g. {{lang|tum|t-a-gula}} 'we have bought'. In [[Karonga]] dialect, in the 3rd person singular ''a-'' is found instead of ''wa-'', and the 3rd plural is ''wa-'' instead of ''ŵa-'', except in the perfect tense, when ''wa-'' and ''ŵa-'' are used.<ref>McNicholl (2010), pp. 7–8.</ref> === Object-marker === To indicate the object, an infix can be added to the verb immediately before the verb root. Generally speaking, the object-marker is optional:<ref>Chavula (2016), pp. 51–64.</ref> : {{lang|tum|Pokani wa('''yi''')gula galimoto}} = 'Pokani has bought a car' (class 9) : {{lang|tum|Changa waka('''mu''')nyamula katundu}} = 'Changa carried the luggage' (class 1) The object-marker agrees with the class of the object, as shown on the table of concords above. The object-marker can also be a locative (classes 16, 17, or 18):<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 56.</ref> : {{lang|tum|Kondwani wa('''pa''')kwera pa nyumba}} = 'Kondwani has climbed on top of the house' The locative markers for personal pronouns are as follows:<ref>Chavula (2016), pp. 53–4.</ref> : {{lang|tum|wa'''ni'''ona (ine)}} = 'he has seen me' : {{lang|tum|wa'''ku'''ona (iwe)}} = 'he has seen you' : {{lang|tum|wa'''mu'''ona}} = 'he has seen him/her' : {{lang|tum|wa'''ti'''ona}} = 'he has seen us' : {{lang|tum|wa'''mu'''ona'''ni'''}} = 'he has seen you' (plural or respectful) : {{lang|tum|wa'''ŵa'''ona}} = 'he has seen them' === Tenses === Tenses in Tumbuka are made partly by adding infixes, and partly by suffixes. Unlike ChiCheŵa, tones do not form any part of the distinction between one tense and another. In the past a distinction is made between hodiernal tenses (referring to events of today) and remote tenses (referring to events of yesterday or some time ago). However, the boundary between recent and remote is not exact.<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 176.</ref> Pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa nyengo iyo yajumpha na nyengo iyo yajumpha. Para munthu wakuyowoya mu nyengo yakufikapo, wakuyowoya kuti vinthu vicali makora, nga ni para wakuti: 'Vikondamoyo vyatandazgika mu munda.' Para munthu wakuyowoya lizgu lakuti ndakhala, wakung'anamura kuti "Nkhukhala" panji ndakondwa. Chizindikiro cha kutali chikugwiliskirika nchito pa vinthu ivyo vikacitika kale comene kweni ivyo vikucitika mazuŵa ghano, nga ni libwe lilikuwa 'libwe lawira' panji walikutayika 'wali kufwa.'<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 171, 178.</ref><ref>Kiso (2012), p. 171, quoting Vail (1972).</ref> Nyengo zakunthazi nazo zikupambaniska pakati pa vyakuchitika vyapafupi na vyakutali. Vinyake vikulongora kuti cakucitika ici cizamucitikira kunyake, nga ni ndamukuchezga 'Nizamuluta kukacezga.'<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 184, quoting Vail (1972).</ref> Compound tenses are also found in Tumbuka, such as {{lang|tum|wati wagona}} 'he had slept', {{lang|tum|wakaŵa kuti wafumapo}} 'he had just left' and {{lang|tum|wazamukuŵa waguliska}} 'he will have sold'.<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 172, 182, 184, quoting Vail (1972).</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |+Some Tumbuka tenses<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 163–192.</ref> !Tense !Tense marker !Example !Translation |- !Present infinitive |ku- |{{lang|tum|'''ku'''-luta}} |‘to go' |- ! |- !Present simple | -ku- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ku'''-luta}} |‘he/she goes/is going’ |- !Present habitual | -ku-...-anga |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ku'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she goes’ (some speakers only) |- ! |- !Present perfect | -a- |{{lang|tum|w-'''a'''-luta}} |‘he/she has gone’ |- !Present perfect continuous | -a-...-anga |{{lang|tum|w-'''a'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she has been going' |- !Remote perfect | -liku- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''liku'''-luta}} |‘he/she has gone’ |- ! |- !Recent past simple | -angu- |{{lang|tum|w-'''angu'''-luta}} |‘he/she went’ (today) |- !Recent past continuous | -angu-...-anga |{{lang|tum|w-'''angu'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she was going' (today) |- !Remote past simple | -ka- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ka'''-luta}} |‘he/she went’ |- !Remote past continuous | -ka-...-anga |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ka'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she was going/used to go' |- ! |- ![[Near future (grammar)|Near future]] |...-enge |{{lang|tum|wa-lut-'''enge'''}} |'he will go' (now or today) |- !Emphatic future<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 183, quoting Vail (1972).</ref> | -ti-...-enge |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ti'''-lut-'''enge'''}} |'he will certainly go' |- !Distal future<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 184, 185, quoting Vail (1972). For the term 'distal', see Botne (1999).</ref> | -amu-(ku)- |{{lang|tum|w-'''amuku'''-gula}} |‘he/she will buy’ (elsewhere) |- !Remote future | -zamu-(ku)- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''zamu'''-luta}} |‘he/she will go’ (tomorrow or later) |- !Remote future continuous | -zamu-...-anga |{{lang|tum|wa-'''zamu'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she will be going' (tomorrow or later) |- ! |- !Present subjunctive | -e |{{lang|tum|ti-lut-'''e'''}} |‘let's go' |- !Distal subjunctive | -ka-...-e |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ka'''-gul-'''e'''}} |‘so that he can buy (elsewhere)' |- !Potential | -nga- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''nga'''-luta}} |'he can go'<ref>McNicholl (2010), p. 8.</ref> |} Other future tenses are given by Vail (1972) and others.<ref>See Kiso (2012) pp. 182–188.</ref> In the 1st person singular, ''ni-ku-'' and ''ni-ka-'' are shortened to ''nkhu-'' and ''nkha-'': {{lang|tum|nkhuluta}} 'I am going', 'I go', {{lang|tum|nkhalutanga}} 'I used to go'.<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 163, 173.</ref> === Negative verbs === To make the negative of a verb in Tumbuka, the word {{lang|tum|yayi}} or {{lang|tum|cha(ra)}} is added at or near the end of the clause. It seems that {{lang|tum|yayi}} is preferred by younger speakers:<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 190.</ref> : {{lang|tum|wakulemba kalata '''yayi'''}} : 'he is not writing a letter' : {{lang|tum|tizamugwira ntchito '''cha''' machero}} : 'we will not work tomorrow' With the present perfect tense, however, a separate form exists, adding ''-nda-'' and ending in ''-e'':<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 191.</ref> : {{lang|tum|enya, n'''a'''kumana nawo}} : 'yes, I have met him' : {{lang|tum|yayi, ni'''nda'''kuman'''e''' nawo}} : 'no, I haven't met him' == The Ngoni influence on Tumbuka == '''Words of Ngoni (Zulu/Ndwandwe) origin found in Tumbuka:''' Viyowoyero vyose vya ChiTumbuka vikakhwaskika na chiyowoyero cha Chigoni, chomenechomene mu chigaŵa cha Mzimba ku Malawi. Chiyowoyero cha Ngoni chikamba na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ndwandwe awo ŵakaŵa ŵazengezgani ŵa fuko la Zulu pambere Ŵazulu ŵandaŵathereske. Ntheura chiyowoyero icho Ŵandwandwe ŵakayowoyanga chikaŵa chakuyana waka na cha Ŵazulu. Apa pali viyelezgero vinyake vya mazgu gha ChiTumbuka agho ghali kufuma ku chiZulu/Ndwandwe, nangauli ghanandi ghali na mazgu ghakwambilira gha ChiTumbuka agho ghakung'anamulika mu chiyowoyero ichi. {| class="wikitable" !English !Tumbuka !Tumbuka-Ngoni dialect |- |See |Wona |Bheka |- |Smoke |Khweŵa |Bhema |- |Man |Mwanalume |Doda |- |Virgin |Mwali |Nthombi |} == An example of Tumbuka == '''Months in Tumbuka:''' {| class="wikitable" !English !Tumbuka |- |January |Mathipa |- |February |Muswela |- |March |Nyakanyaka |- |April |Masika |- |May |Vuna |- |June |Zizima |- |July |Mphepo |- |August |Mpupulu |- |September |Lupya |- |October |Zimya |- |November |Thukila |- |December |Vula |} Chiyelezgero cha nkhani ya ŵanthu iyo yikang'anamulika mu ChiTumbuka na viyowoyero vinyake vya kumpoto kwa Malawi chili mu buku la Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi, ilo likalembeka na Center for Language Studies of the University of Malawi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225347/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf Language Mapping Survey], p. 60-64.</ref> Buku la ChiTumbuka ilo lili na nkhani iyi likuti: : {{lang|tum|KALULU NA FULU (Citumbuka)|italics=no}} : {{lang|tum|Fulu wakaluta kukapemphiska vyakulya ku ŵanthu. Pakuyeya thumba lake wakacita kukaka ku cingwe citali na kuvwara mu singo, ndipo pakwenda thumba lake likizanga kunyuma kwakhe.|italics=no}} : {{lang|tum|Wali mu nthowa, kalulu wakiza kunyuma kwakhe ndipo wakati “bowo, thumba lane!” Fulu wakati, "Thumba ndane iwe, wona cingwe ici ndakaka sono nkhuguza pakwenda.” Kalulu wakakana nipera, ndipo wakati “Tilute ku Mphala yikateruzge.” Mphala yikadumula mlandu na kuceketa cingwe ico Fulu wakakakira thumba. Ŵakatola thumba lira ndipo ŵakapa kalulu.|italics=no}} : {{lang|tum|Pa zuŵa linyakhe Kalulu wakendanga, Fulu wakamsanga ndipo wakati, "Bowo, mcira wane!" Kalulu wakati, “Ake! Fulu iwe m'cira ngwane." Fulu wakakana, ndipo wakati, "Ndasola ngwane." Ŵakaluta ku mphala, kuti yikaŵeruzge. Ku Mphala kula mlandu ukatowera Fulu. Ŵakadumula m'cira wa Kalulu nakupa Fulu.|italics=no}} : (Translation) : THE TORTOISE AND THE HARE : Tortoise went to beg food from people. To carry his bag, he tied it to a long string and wore it round his neck. As he walked along, the bag was coming behind him. : As he was on his way, Hare came up behind him and said, "There it is, my bag!" Tortoise said "The bag is mine, see this string I've tied now I'm pulling it as I go." Hare refused to accept this and said "Let's go the Court, so that it can judge us." The Court examined the case and cut Tortoise's string which he'd tied the bag with. They took that bag and gave it to Hare. : Another day when Hare was walking along, Tortoise found him and said, "There it is, my tail!" Hare said, "Nonsense, this is my tail, Tortoise." Tortoise refused to accept this and said, "What I've got is mine." They went to the Court so that it could make a judgement. In that Court, the case went in Tortoise's favour. They cut off Hare's tail and gave it to Tortoise. == Some vocabulary == === Helpful phrases === * {{lang|tum|Enya}} = Yes * {{lang|tum|Yayi}} = No * {{lang|tum|Yebo (yeŵo)}} = Thank you * {{lang|tum|Taonga}} = We are thankful * {{lang|tum|Nkhukhumba chakurya!}} = I want some food ! * {{lang|tum|Munganipako chakurya?}} = could you give me some food? * {{lang|tum|Ine nkhuyowoya ChiTumbuka yayi!}} = I do not speak ChiTumbuka! * {{lang|tum|Yendani makola}} = Travel well. * {{lang|tum|Nkukhumba maji yakumwa}} = I would like water to drink. === Greetings === * {{lang|tum|Mwawuka uli?}} = Good morning. (How did you wake up?) * {{lang|tum|Tawuka makola. Kwali imwe?}} = Fine. And you? (I woke up well. I don't know about you?) * {{lang|tum|Muli uli?}} = How are you? * {{lang|tum|Nili makola, kwali imwe?}} = I am fine, how are you? * {{lang|tum|Mwatandala uli?}} = Good afternoon. (How did you spend the day?) * {{lang|tum|Natandala makola. Kwali imwe?}} = Good afternoon. How are you? (I spent the day well. I don't know about you?) * {{lang|tum|Monile}} = somewhat more formal than "Hi". Perhaps best translated as "Greetings". * {{lang|tum|Tionanenge}} = We shall meet again. === People === The plural ba- (ŵa-) is often used for politeness when referring to elders: * {{lang|tum|Munyamata}} = boy * {{lang|tum|Banyamata (ŵanyamata)}} = boys * {{lang|tum|Musungwana}} = girl * {{lang|tum|Basungwana (ŵasungwana)}} = girls * {{lang|tum|Bamwali (ŵamwali)}} = young ladies * {{lang|tum|Banchembere (ŵancembele)}} = a woman with babies * {{lang|tum|Bamama (ŵamama)}} = mother * {{lang|tum|Badada(ŵadhadha)}} = dad * {{lang|tum|Bagogo (ŵagogo)}} = grandmother * {{lang|tum|Babuya (ŵabhuya)}} = grandmother, also used when addressing old female persons * {{lang|tum|Basekulu (ŵasekulu)}} = grandfather * {{lang|tum|Bankhazi (ŵankhazi)}} = paternal aunt * {{lang|tum|ŵa/Bamama ŵa/bachoko / ŵa/bakulu}} = maternal aunt usually your mother's younger/older sister * {{lang|tum|Basibweni (ŵasibweni)}} = maternal uncle * {{lang|tum|Badada(ŵadhadha) bachoko / bakulu}} = paternal uncle usually your father's younger/older brother * {{lang|tum|Mudumbu(mudhumbu) wane}} = my brother/ sister (for addressing a sibling of the opposite sex) * {{lang|tum|Muchoko wane / muzuna wane/ munung'una wane}} = my young brother / sister (for addressing a sibling of the same sex) * {{lang|tum|Mukuru wane / mulala wane}} = my elder brother / sister (for addressing a sibling of the same sex) === Verbs === * {{lang|tum|Kusebela (Kuseŵera)}} = to play * {{lang|tum|Kuseka}} = to laugh * {{lang|tum|Kurya}} = to eat * {{lang|tum|Kugona}} = to sleep * {{lang|tum|Kwenda}} = to walk * {{lang|tum|Kuchimbila}} = to run * {{lang|tum|Kulemba}} = to write * {{lang|tum|Kuchapa}} = to do laundry * {{lang|tum|Kugeza}} = to bath * {{lang|tum|Kuphika}} = to cook * {{lang|tum|Kulima}} = to dig / cultivate * {{lang|tum|Kupanda}} = to plant * {{lang|tum|Kuvina}} = to dance * {{lang|tum|Kwimba}} = to sing === Animals === * {{lang|tum|Fulu}} = tortoise * {{lang|tum|Kalulu}} = hare * {{lang|tum|Gwere}} = hippo * {{lang|tum|Chimbwi}} = hyena * {{lang|tum|Njoka}} = snake * {{lang|tum|Nkhumba}} = pig * {{lang|tum|Ng'ombe}} = cow * {{lang|tum|Nchebe (Ncheŵe)}} = dog * {{lang|tum|Chona/pusi/kiti}} = cat * {{lang|tum|Mbelele}} = sheep * {{lang|tum|Nkalamu}} = lion * {{lang|tum|Mbuzi}} = goat * {{lang|tum|Nkhuku}} = chicken == Wonaniso == * [[Tumbuka people]] * [[Tumbuka mythology]] == Notable Tumbuka People == * [[Shepherd Bushiri|Sheperd Bushiri]] (Christian preacher) * [[Mwai Kumwenda]] (netball player) * [[Bridget Kumwenda|Briddget Kumwenda]] (netball player) * [[Chakufwa Chihana]] ( human rights activist and politician) * [[Enoch Chihana]] (member of parliament) == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == {{refbegin}} * Botne, Robert (1999). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225148/https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/3356/botne%20book%20chapter.pdf?sequence=1 "Future and distal -ka-'s: Proto-Bantu or nascent form(s)?"]. In: Jean-Marie Hombert and Larry M. Hyman (eds.), ''Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives''. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information, pp.&nbsp;473–515. * Chase, Robert (2004). "A Comparison of Demonstratives in the Karonga and Henga Dialects of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts. * Chavula, Jean Josephine (2016). [https://www.lotpublications.nl/Documents/423_fulltext.pdf "Verbal derivation and valency in ChiTumbuka"]. Leiden University doctoral thesis. * Downing, Laura J. (2006). "The Prosody and Syntax of Focus in ChiTumbuka". ''ZAS Papers in Linguistics'' 43, 55-79. * Downing, Laura J. (2008). "Focus and prominence in ChiCheŵa, ChiTumbuka and Durban Zulu". ''ZAS Papers in Linguistics'' 49, 47-65. * Downing, Laura J. (2012). [http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/42/paper2764.pdf "On the (Non-)congruence of Focus and Prominence in Tumbuka"]. ''Selected Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics'', ed. Michael R. Marlo et al., 122-133. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. * Downing, Laura J. (2017). "Tone and intonation in ChiCheŵa and Tumbuka". In Laura J. Downing & Annie Rialland (eds) ''Intonation in African Tone Languages''. de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, pp.&nbsp;365–392. * Downing, Laura J. (2019). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Laura_Downing/publication/335175896_Tumbuka_prosody_Between_tone_and_stress/links/5d55398645851545af43be4d/Tumbuka-prosody-Between-tone-and-stress.pdf "Tumbuka prosody: Between tone and stress"]. In: Emily Clem et al (eds). ''Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics'', 75-94. Also available online at: [https://books.google.com/books?id=fPSrDwAAQBAJ&dq=Tumbuka+prosody%3A+Between+tone+and+stress&pg=PA75] * Elmslie, Walter Angus (1923): ''Introductory Grammar of the Tumbuka Language''. Livingstonia Mission Press. * Kamwendo, Gregory H. (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200929073334/http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol13num3/kamwendo.pdf Kamwendo "Your ChiTumbuka is Shallow. It's not the Real ChiTumbuka: Linguistic Purism Among ChiTumbuka Speakers in Malawi"], ''Nordic Journal of African Studies'' 13(3): 275–288. * Kishindo, Pascal J. et Allan L. Lipenga (2006). ''Parlons citumbuka : langue et culture du Malawi et de la Zambie'', L'Harmattan, Paris, Budapest, Kinshasa, 138 pages. {{ISBN|2-296-00470-9}} * Kishindo, Pascal J. (ed), Jean J. Chavula and others (2018). {{lang|tum|Mung'anamulira mazgo wa Citumbuka}} (Citumbuka dictionary). Centre for Language Studies, University of Malawi. {{ISBN|978-99960-9-610-5}} * Kiso, Andrea (2012). [http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:546594/FULLTEXT01.pdf "Tense and Aspect in ChiCheŵa, Citumbuka, and Cisena"]. Ph.D. Thesis. Stockholm University. * McNicholl, Duncan (2010). [http://malawinetwork.org/guide-to-ChiTumbuka.pdf "The No-Nonsense Guide to Learning ChiTumbuka: Volume 1"]. * Moto, Francis (1999). "The Tonal Phonology of Bantu Ideophones". ''Malilime: Malawian Journal of Linguistics'' no.1, 100-120. (pp.&nbsp;112–119 deals with tone in ChiTumbuka ideophones). * Mphande, L. (1989). "A Phonological Analysis of the Ideophone in ChiTumbuka". Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of Texas, Austin. * Shiozaki, Lisa (2004). "Concordial agreement in the Karonga dialect of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts. * Turner, W.M. (1952). ''Tumbuka–Tonga–English Dictionary'' The Hetherwick Press, Blantyre, Nyasaland (now Malawi). * University of Malawi Centre for Language Studies (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225347/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf "Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi"]. * Vail, Hazen Leroy (1971). "The noun classes of Tumbuka". ''African studies'', v. 30, 1, p.&nbsp;35-59. * Vail, Hazen Leroy (1972). "Aspects of the Tumbuka Verb". Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin. {{refend}} == External links == {{InterWiki|code=tum}} {{Wikivoyage|Tumbuka phrasebook|Tumbuka|a phrasebook}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151123103050/http://africa.isp.msu.edu/afrlang/Tumbuka_root.html Very brief report on Tumbuka language.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225347/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi]. University of Malawi Centre for Language Studies, 2006. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225407/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/mw-north-a4.jpg Language Map of Northern Malawi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051222115610/http://embangweni.com/chitumbu.htm Some more ChiTumbuka vocabulary.] * [http://www.bisharat.net/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Tumbuka PanAfrican L10n page on Tumbuka] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210308020136/http://www.unima-cls.org/ Citumbuka monolingual dictionary] {{Languages of Malawi}} {{Languages of Zambia}} {{Narrow Bantu languages|N-S}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tumbuka Language}} [[Category:Tumbuka language| ]] [[Category:Nyasa languages]] [[Category:Languages of Malawi]] [[Category:Languages of Zambia]] [[Category:Tumbuka people]] [[Category:Non-tonal languages in tonal families]] [[Category:Click languages|Tumbuka language (Mzimba dialect)]] 75mrx08an00iyzy6j5tnnj1sd6xamf7 122089 122088 2026-09-16T01:12:14Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Niger-Congo language originating in parts of Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania}} {{good article}} {{Infobox language | name = ChiTumbuka | nativename = ''tumbuka'' | states = [[Malawi]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] | region = | speakers = 7 miliyoni | date = 2022 | ref = | familycolor = Niger-Congo | fam2 = [[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]] | fam3 = [[Volta-Congo]] | fam4 = [[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]] | fam5 = [[Bantoid languages|Bantoid]] | fam6 = [[Southern Bantoid]] | fam7 = [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] ([[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages#Zone N|Zone N]]) | fam8 = [[Nyasa languages|Nyasa]] | iso2 = tum | iso3 = tum | glotto = tumb1250 | glottorefname = Tumbuka | script = {{Plainlist}} * [[Latin script]] ([[Roman alphabet]]) * [[Mwangwego script]] {{endplainlist}} | minority = {{plainlist}} * {{flag|Malawi}} * {{flag|Zambia}} * {{flag|Tanzania}} {{endplainlist}} | image = The Gonapamuhanya festival 2025.jpg | imagecaption = Msonkhano wa chikhalidwe cha ChiTumbuka cha chikondwerero cha Gonapamuhanya cha ŵanthu ŵa ChiTumbuka | guthrie = N.21 | lingua = [http://linguasphere.info/?page=linguascale&linguacode=99-AUS-wc 99-AUS-wc] (+ chi-Kamanga) <br>incl. varieties 99-AUS-wca...-wcl }} '''ChiTumbuka''' ntchiyowoyero cha [[ŴaTumbuka|ŵanthu]] ŵa mtundu wachi [[Bantu]] icho chikuyowoyeka mu [[Malaŵi]], [[Zambia]], na [[Tanzania]].<ref name="Michigan">[https://web.archive.org/web/20151123103050/http://africa.isp.msu.edu/afrlang/Tumbuka_root.html Michigan State University African Studies Center information page].</ref> Lizgu ili likumanyikwaso kuti Chitumbuka panji Citumbuka. Chi- icho chili kunthazi kwa Tumbuka chikung'anamura "mu nthowa ya", ndipo apa likung'anamura "chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka". ChiTumbuka chili mu chiyowoyero chimoza na [[ChiCheŵa|ChiCheŵa]] na [[ChiSena|Sena]].<ref>Kiso (2012), pp.21ff.</ref> Buku linyake ([[The World Almanac]]) likuti mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 2,080,000. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ChiTumbuka, nangauli ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵalipo ŵachoko chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya ChiTumbuka ŵakukhala mu Malaŵi.<ref name="Michigan" /> ChiTumbuka ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene kumpoto kwa Malawi, chomenechomene mu vigaŵa vya [[Rumphi]], [[Mzuzu]], na [[Mzimba]].<ref>University of Malawi (2006) Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi.</ref> Pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa ciyowoyero ca ChiTumbuka ico cikuyowoyeka mu misumba ya ku Malawi (ico cili na mazgu ghanyake kufuma ku [[Chiswahili|Ciswahili]] na ChiCheŵa) na ciyowoyero ca ChiTumbuka ico cikuyowoyeka mu mizi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti chiyowoyero cha Rumphi ndicho ntchakutowa chomene.<ref>Kamwendo (2004), p.282.</ref> Chiyowoyero cha ku Mzimba chikakhwaskika chomene na chiNgoni ([[ChiZulu|Zulu]]). Kwamba kale, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ChiTumbuka na ChiCheŵa. Ndipouli, ciyowoyero ca Tumbuka cikasuzgika comene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Pulezidenti [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]], cifukwa mu 1968 cifukwa ca fundo yake yakuti paŵe mtundu umoza na ciyowoyero cimoza, ciyowoyero ici cikaleka kuŵa ca boma mu Malawi. Ntheura, mu masukulu, pa wayilesi, na mu manyuzipepara ŵakafumiskamo ciyowoyero ici.<ref>Kamwendo (2004), p.278.</ref> Mu 1994, apo boma la Tumbuka likamba kulamulira na vipani vinandi, ŵakambaso kutegherezga maungano gha pa wayilesi. Kweni mabuku na mabuku ghanyake ghakaŵa ghanandi yayi.<ref>See Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi (2006), pp.38-40 for a list of publications.</ref> == Malembelo == [[File:WIKITONGUES-Temwa_Speaking_Tumbuka_-_free_to_use_file_under_Wikipedia_policies.webm|thumb|326x326px|Temwa wakuyowoya ChiTumbuka.]] Pali nthowa ziŵiri zakulembera ChiTumbuka izo zikugwiliskirika nchito: kalembero ka kaluso (kakulembeka mu [[Baibolo]] la ChiTumbuka la [[Wikipediya|Wikipedia]] na mu [[nyuzipepara y]]<nowiki/>a Fuko), umo mazgu gha banthu 'ŵanthu' na chaka 'chaka' ghakulembeka na 'b' na 'ch', na kalembero ka kaluso (kakulembeka mu dikishonare ya ChiTumbuka iyo yikufumiskika pa [[Intaneti]] na Centre for Language Studies na mu Baibolo la pa Intaneti), umo mazgu ghakulembeka na 'ŵ' na 'c', nga ŵanthu na caka. (Sumu ya 'ŵ' ni [w] yakuzingilizgika makora iyo yikuzunulika na lulimi pafupi na i).<ref>Atkins, Guy (1950) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156786 "Suggestions for an Amended Spelling and Word Division of Nyanja"] ''Africa: Journal of the International African Institute'', Vol. 20, No. 3, p.205.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakumanya yayi apo ŵakwenera kulemba 'r' na 'l', nga ni cakulya ([[Dikishonare]]) panji cakurya (Baibolo) 'chakurya.' (Nadi, [l] na [r] ni mazgu ghakupambanapambana gha chiyowoyero chimoza.) Kweniso pali kukayikira pakati pa mazgu ghakuti'sk' na'sy' (miskombe na misyombe ('bamboo') ghali mu dikishonare ya ChiTumbuka).<ref>See entries {{lang|tum|citatanga}}, {{lang|tum|cidunga}}, {{lang|tum|cihengo}}.</ref> == Kuyowoya mazgu == === Mavowele === Mu chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka muli mazgu ghakuyana waka nga ni /a/, /ɛ/, /i/, /ɔ/, /u/ na /m̩/ aghoso ghali mu [[ChiCheŵa]].<ref>Vail (1972), p. 1.</ref> [[File:Monile.ogg|thumb|Kutauzgana mu ChiTumbuka.]] === Makonsonanti === Malizga gha chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka ghakuyana waka na gha ChiCheŵa, kweni ghakupambana. Mu chiyowoyero cha ChiCheŵa mulije mazgu ghakuti /ɣ/, /β/, na /h/. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kupulika mazgu agho ghakufuma mu mulomo {{IPA|/vʲ/}}, {{IPA|/fʲ/}}, {{IPA|/bʲ/}}, {{IPA|/pʲ/}}, {{IPA|/skʲ/}}, {{IPA|/zgʲ/}}, and {{IPA|/ɽʲ/}}. Mu ChiTumbuka mulije vilembo vya ChiCheŵa nga ni /psj/, /bzj/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/. Mazgu gha /s/ na /z/ ghakusangika yayi mu ChiTumbuka, ntheura Chewa nsómba ('somba') = Tumbuka somba. Lizgu lakuti /ʃ/ likusangika mu mazgu gha ku vyaru vinyake pera nga ni shati ('shati') na shuga ('shuga'). ChiTumbuka /?? / nyengo zinyake chikuyana na ChiCheŵa /d/, ChiCheŵa kudwala 'kuŵa mulwari' = Tumbuka kulwala, ChiCheŵa kudya 'kurya' = Tumbuka kulya. Kuyowoya kwa lizgu lakuti "sk" na lizgu lakuti "zg" vikupambana kuyana na chiyowoyero. Makonsonanti gha Tumbuka kanandi ghakusangika mu viyowoyero vinyake. Vinyake vingalembeka pambere chindindindi chindambe kufuma. Pa chithuzithuzi ichi, pali mazgu agho ghangaŵa pa chilembo ichi: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Malembo gha Tumbuka<ref>Chavula (2016), pp. 11–13.</ref><ref>Vail (1972), pp. 4–19.</ref> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="3" |[[Labial consonant|labial]] ! colspan="3" |[[Dental consonant|dental]] ! colspan="2" |[[Palatal consonant|palatal]] ! colspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|velar]] ! rowspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|glottal]] |- !<small>plain</small> !<small>lab.</small> !<small>pal.</small> !<small>plain</small> !<small>lab.</small> !<small>pal.</small> !<small>plain</small> !<small>lab.</small> !<small>plain</small> !<small>lab.</small> |- ! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|nasal]] |ma<br />{{IPAslink|m}} |mwa<br />{{IPAslink|mʷ}} |mya<br />{{IPAslink|mʲ}} |na<br />{{IPAslink|n}} |nwa<br />{{IPAslink|nʷ}} |nya<br />{{IPAslink|nʲ}} | | |ng'a<br />{{IPAslink|ŋ}} |ng'wa<br />{{IPAslink|ŋʷ}} | |- ! rowspan="5" |[[plosive]]/<br />[[affricate]] !<small>unvoiced</small> |pa<br />{{IPAslink|p}} |pwa<br />{{IPAslink|pʷ}} |pya<br />{{IPAslink|pʲ}} |ta<br />{{IPAslink|t}} |twa<br />{{IPAslink|tʷ}} |tya<br />{{IPAslink|tʲ}} |ca<br />{{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} |cwa<br />{{IPAslink|t͡ʃʷ}} |ka<br />{{IPAslink|k}} |kwa<br />{{IPAslink|kʷ}} | |- !<small>voiced</small> |ba<br />{{IPAslink|ɓ}} |bwa<br />{{IPAslink|ɓʷ}} |bya<br />{{IPAslink|bʲ}} |da<br />{{IPAslink|ɗ}} |dwa<br />{{IPAslink|ɗʷ}} |dya<br />{{IPAslink|ɗʲ}} |ja<br />{{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}} |jwa<br />{{IPAslink|d͡ʒʷ}} |ga<br />{{IPAslink|g}} |gwa<br />{{IPAslink|gʷ}} | |- !<small>aspirated</small> |pha<br />{{IPAslink|pʰ}} |phwa<br />{{IPAslink|pʷʰ}} |phya<br />{{IPAslink|pʲʰ}} |tha<br />{{IPAslink|tʰ}} |thwa<br />{{IPAslink|tʷʰ}} |thya<br />{{IPAslink|tʲʰ}} |cha<br />{{IPAslink|t͡ʃʰ}} | |kha<br />{{IPAslink|kʰ}} |khwa<br />{{IPAslink|kʷʰ}} | |- !<small>nasalised</small> |mba<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐb}} |mbwa<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐbʷ}} |mbya<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐbʲ}} |nda<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿd}} |ndwa<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿdʷ}} |(ndya){{efn|Only in the word {{lang|tum|ndyali}}.}}<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿdʲ}} |nja<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿd͡ʒ}} | |nga<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑg}} |ngwa<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑgʷ}} | |- !<small>nasalised<br />aspirated</small> |mpha<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐpʰ}} |mphwa<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐpʷʰ}} |mphya<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐpʲʰ}} |ntha<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿtʰ}} |nthwa<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿtʷʰ}} |(nthya)<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿtʲʰ}} |ncha<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿt͡ʃʰ}} | |nkha<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑkʰ}} |nkhwa<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑkʷʰ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" |[[fricative]] !<small>unvoiced</small> |fa<br />{{IPAslink|f}} |fwa<br />{{IPAslink|fʷ}} |fya<br />{{IPAslink|fʲ}} |sa<br />{{IPAslink|s}} |swa<br />{{IPAslink|sʷ}} |ska (sya)<br />{{IPAslink|sʲ}} |(sha)<br />{{IPAslink|ʃ}} | | | |ha<br />{{IPAslink|h}} |- !<small>voiced</small> |va<br />{{IPAslink|v}} |vwa<br />{{IPAslink|vʷ}} |vya<br />{{IPAslink|vʲ}} |za<br />{{IPAslink|z}} |zwa<br />{{IPAslink|zʷ}} |zga<br />{{IPAslink|zʲ}} | | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[semivowel]]/ [[Liquid consonant|liquid]] |ŵa<br />{{IPAslink|β}} |wa<br />{{IPAslink|w}} | |la/ra<br />{{IPAslink|ɽ}} |lwa/rwa<br />{{IPAslink|ɽʷ}} |lya/rya<br />{{IPAslink|ɽʲ}} |ya<br />{{IPAslink|j}} | |gha<br />{{IPAslink|ɣ}} | | |} {{notelist}} === Kapulikikilo === Kupambana kukuru pakati pa ChiCheŵa na ChiTumbuka nkhwa kuti ChiCheŵa ni chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoya mazgu ghakupambanapambana. ChiTumbuka chili na mazgu ghakupambanapambana, chifukwa lizgu lililose ilo likuyowoyeka payekha likuyana waka na lizgu lakwamba ilo likufuma pa lizgu laumaliro.<ref>Downing (2008, 2012).</ref> Ntheura, mu ChiTumbuka nchambura macitiko kupambaniska mazgu ghaŵiri ghakupambanapambana, nga umo vikuŵira mu ChiCheŵa na viyowoyero vinyake vya Bantu. Ndipouli, lizgu laumaliro yayi ndilo likuŵa pa lizgu lililose, kweni lizgu laumaliro pera:<ref>Downing (2012), p.123.</ref> * {{lang|tum|ti-ku-phika sî:ma}} 'tikuphika sima' A greater variety of tonal patterns is found in the [[Ideophone|ideophones]] (expressive words) of Tumbuka; for example Low ({{lang|tum|yoyoyo}} 'disintegrating into small pieces'), High ({{lang|tum|fyá:}} 'swooping low (of birds)'), High-Low ({{lang|tum|phúli}} 'sound of thing bursting'), and Low-High ({{lang|tum|yií}} 'sudden disappearance'), etc.<ref>Moto (1999), pp.112-120.</ref> Intonational tones are also used in Tumbuka; for example, in yes-no questions there is often a High-Low fall on the final syllable of the question:<ref>Downing (2008), p.55.</ref> * {{lang|tum|ku-limirâ-so ngô:mâ?}} 'are you also weeding the maize?' There does not seem to be any consistent, direct correlation between tone in Tumbuka and [[Focus (linguistics)|focus]].<ref>Downing (2012), p.129.</ref> == Mazina == === Makilasi gha manoun === Nga umo vikuŵira na viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu, mazina gha ChiTumbuka ghakupangika mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana kuyana na vigaŵa vya mazina. Lizgu lililose lili na lizgu lake lakwimira, lizgu lakwimira, na lizgu la chiyowoyero. Para pali mphindano pakati pa mazgu agha na mazgu ghakwambilira, mazgu agha ndigho ghakuŵa pakwamba pakusankha zina. Mwaciyelezgero, lizgu lakuti katundu 'vinthu,' nangauli lili na lizgu lakuti ka-, lili mu gulu 1, cifukwa munthu wakuyowoya katundu uyu 'vinthu ivi' na lizgu lakuti uyu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi (nga umo viliri mu dikishonare ya ChiTumbuka ya pa Yunivesite ya Malawi) ŵakuzunura mazina gha viŵaro mu viyowoyero vinyake nga ni "Mu-Ŵa-"; kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu ŵakuzunura viŵaro mu manambara (1/2 etc.) agho ghakuyana na viŵaro vya viŵaro mu viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Bantu. Nyengo zinyake mazina ghakukolerana yayi na magulu ghakulondezgapo agha, nga ni fumu'mukuru' (kalasi 9) uyo wali na mazina ghanandi mu kilasi 6. '''Class 1/2 (Mu-Ŵa-)''' Some nouns in this class lack the prefix Mu-: * {{lang|tum|Munthu}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵanthu (banthu)}} = person * {{lang|tum|Muzungu}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵazungu (bazungu)}} = foreigner, white man * {{lang|tum|Mwana}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵana (bana)}} = child * {{lang|tum|Bulu}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵabulu}} = donkey * {{lang|tum|Sibweni}} pl. {{lang|tum|ŵasibweni}} = maternal uncle * {{lang|tum|Katundu}} (no pl.) = goods, possessions '''Class 3/4 (Mu-Mi-)''' * {{lang|tum|Mutu}} pl. {{lang|tum|mitu}} = head * {{lang|tum|Mkuyu}} pl. {{lang|tum|mikuyu}} = fig-tree * {{lang|tum|Moyo}} pl. {{lang|tum|miyoyo}} = life * {{lang|tum|Mtima}} pl. {{lang|tum|mitima}} = heart '''Class 5/6 (Li-Ma-)''' * {{lang|tum|Bele (bhele}} pl. {{lang|tum|mabele (mabhele)}} = breast * {{lang|tum|Boma (bhoma)}} pl. {{lang|tum|maboma (mabhoma)}} = government, district * {{lang|tum|Botolo (bhotolo)}} pl. {{lang|tum|mabotolo (mabhotolo)}} = bottle * {{lang|tum|Fuko}} pl. {{lang|tum|mafuko}} = tribe, nation * {{lang|tum|Jiso}} pl. {{lang|tum|maso}} = eye * {{lang|tum|Maji}} (no singular) = water * {{lang|tum|Phiri}} pl. {{lang|tum|mapiri}} = hill * {{lang|tum|Suzgo}} pl. {{lang|tum|masuzgo}} = problem, trouble * {{lang|tum|Woko}} pl. {{lang|tum|mawoko}} = hand '''Class 7/8 (Ci-Vi-)''' * {{lang|tum|Caka (chaka)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vyaka}} = year * {{lang|tum|Caro (charo)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vyaro}} = country, land * {{lang|tum|Ciŵeto (chibeto)}} pl. {{lang|tum|viŵeto (vibeto)}} = farm animal * {{lang|tum|Cidakwa (chidakwa)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vidakwa}} = drunkard * {{lang|tum|Cikoti (chikoti)}} pl. {{lang|tum|vikoti}} = whip '''Class 9/10 (Yi-Zi-)''' * {{lang|tum|Mbale}} pl. {{lang|tum|mbale (mambale)}} = plate * {{lang|tum|Ndalama}} pl. {{lang|tum|ndalama}} = money * {{lang|tum|Njelwa}} pl. {{lang|tum|njelwa}} = brick * {{lang|tum|Nkhuku}} pl. {{lang|tum|nkhuku}} = chicken * {{lang|tum|Somba}} pl. {{lang|tum|somba}} = fish '''Class 11 (Lu-)''' Some speakers treat words in this class as if they were in class 5/6.<ref>Shiozaki (2004).</ref> * {{lang|tum|Lwande}} = side * {{lang|tum|Lumbiri}} = fame * {{lang|tum|Lulimi}} = tongue '''Class 12/13 (Ka-Tu-)''' * {{lang|tum|Kanthu (kantu)}} pl. {{lang|tum|tunthu (tuntu)}} = small thing * {{lang|tum|Kamwana}} pl. {{lang|tum|tuŵana (tubana)}} = baby * {{lang|tum|Kayuni}} pl. {{lang|tum|tuyuni}} = bird * {{lang|tum|Tulo}} (no singular) = sleep '''Class 14/6 (U-Ma-)''' These nouns are frequently abstract and have no plural. * {{lang|tum|Usiku}} = night * {{lang|tum|Ulimi}} = farming * {{lang|tum|Ulalo}} pl. {{lang|tum|maulalo}} = bridge * {{lang|tum|Uta}} pl. {{lang|tum|mauta}} = bow '''Class 15 (Ku-) Infinitive''' * {{lang|tum|Kugula}} = to buy, buying * {{lang|tum|Kwiba (kwibha)}} = to steal, stealing '''Classes 16, 17, 18 (Pa-, Ku-, Mu-) Locative''' * {{lang|tum|Pasi}} = underneath * {{lang|tum|Kunthazi (kuntazi)}} = in front, before * {{lang|tum|Mukati}} = inside === Concords === Viyezgo, vimanyikwiro, manambara, mazgu ghakupambanapambana, na vimanyikwiro mu ChiTumbuka vikwenera kukolerana na lizgu ilo likuyowoyeka. Ŵakuchita nthena na vilembo vyakwambilira, vyakunthazi, panji vyakunthazi ivyo vikuchemeka 'concords.' Mtundu 1 uli na viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, nga ni mazina ghakwimira vinthu, mazgu ghakwamba, mazgu ghaumaliro, manambara, vimanyikwiro, na mazgu ghaumaliro:<ref>Chase (2004).</ref><ref>Shiozaki (2004)</ref><ref>Vail (1971).</ref> * {{lang|tum|Mwana u'''yu'''}} = this child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''yu'''moza}} = one child * {{lang|tum|Mwana u'''yo'''}} = that child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''yo'''se}} = the whole child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''li'''yo'''se}} = every child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''ka'''mu'''wona}} = the child saw him * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''mu'''choko (coko)}} = the small child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa''' Khumbo}} = Khumbo's child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''ne}} = my child * {{lang|tum|Mwana '''wa'''wona}} = the child has seen Makilasi ghanyake gha manoun ghali na mitundu yichoko ya vimanyikwiro vyakukolerana, nga umo tingawonera pa thebulu ilo lili musi umu: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px; height: 200px;" |+Table of Tumbuka concords ! !noun !English !this !num !that !all !subj !object !adj !of !perf |- !1 |{{lang|tum|mwana}} |child |{{lang|tum|uyu}} |''yu-'' |{{lang|tum|uyo}} |{{lang|tum|yose}} |''wa-'' |''-mu-'' |''mu-'' |{{lang|tum|wa}} |''wa-'' |- !2 |{{lang|tum|ŵana}} |children |{{lang|tum|aŵa}} |''ŵa-'' |{{lang|tum|awo}} |{{lang|tum|wose}} |''ŵa-'' |''-ŵa-'' |''ŵa-'' |{{lang|tum|ŵa}} |''ŵa-'' |- !3 |{{lang|tum|mutu}} |head |{{lang|tum|uwu}} |''wu-'' |{{lang|tum|uwo}} |{{lang|tum|wose}} |''wu-'' | -''wu-'' |''wu-'' |{{lang|tum|wa}} |''wa-'' |- !4 |{{lang|tum|mitu}} |heads |{{lang|tum|iyi}} |''yi-'' |{{lang|tum|iyo}} |{{lang|tum|yose}} |''yi-'' |''-yi-'' |''yi-'' |{{lang|tum|ya}} |''ya-'' |- !5 |{{lang|tum|jiso}} |eye |{{lang|tum|ili}} |''li-'' |{{lang|tum|ilo}} |{{lang|tum|lose}} |''li-'' |''-li-'' |''li-'' |{{lang|tum|la}} |''la-'' |- !6 |{{lang|tum|maso}} |eyes |{{lang|tum|agha}} |''gha-'' |{{lang|tum|agho}} |{{lang|tum|ghose}} |''gha-'' |''-gha-'' |''gha-'' |{{lang|tum|gha}} |''gha-'' |- !7 |{{lang|tum|caka}} |year |{{lang|tum|ici}} |''ci-'' |{{lang|tum|ico}} |{{lang|tum|cose}} |''ci-'' |''-ci-'' |''ci-'' |{{lang|tum|ca}} |''ca-'' |- !8 |{{lang|tum|vyaka}} |years |{{lang|tum|ivi}} |''vi-'' |{{lang|tum|ivyo}} |{{lang|tum|vyose}} |''vi-'' |''-vi-'' |''vi-'' |{{lang|tum|vya}} |''vya-'' |- !9 |{{lang|tum|nyumba}} |house |{{lang|tum|iyi}} |''yi-'' |{{lang|tum|iyo}} |{{lang|tum|yose}} |''yi-'' |''-yi-'' |''yi-'' |{{lang|tum|ya}} |''ya-'' |- !10 |{{lang|tum|nyumba}} |houses |{{lang|tum|izi}} |''zi-'' |{{lang|tum|izo}} |{{lang|tum|zose}} |''zi-'' |''-zi-'' |''zi-'' |{{lang|tum|za}} |''za-'' |- !11 |{{lang|tum|lwande}} |side |{{lang|tum|ulu}} |''lu-'' |{{lang|tum|ulo}} |{{lang|tum|lose}} |''lu-'' |''-lu-'' |''lu-'' |{{lang|tum|lwa}} |''lwa-'' |- ! | |(or: |{{lang|tum|ili}} |''li-'' |{{lang|tum|ilo}} |{{lang|tum|lose}} |''li-'' |''-li-'' |''li-'' |{{lang|tum|la}} |''la-'') |- !12 |{{lang|tum|kayuni}} |bird |{{lang|tum|aka}} |''ka-'' |{{lang|tum|ako}} |{{lang|tum|kose}} |''ka-'' |''-ka-'' |''ka-'' |{{lang|tum|ka}} |''ka-'' |- !13 |{{lang|tum|tuyuni}} |birds |{{lang|tum|utu}} |''tu-'' |{{lang|tum|uto}} |{{lang|tum|tose}} |''tu-'' |''-tu-'' |''tu-'' |{{lang|tum|twa}} |''twa-'' |- !14 |{{lang|tum|uta}} |bow |{{lang|tum|uwu}} |''wu''- |{{lang|tum|uwo}} |{{lang|tum|wose}} |''wu-'' |''-wu-'' |''wu-'' |{{lang|tum|wa}} |''wa-'' |- !15 |{{lang|tum|kugula}} |buying |{{lang|tum|uku}} |''ku-'' |{{lang|tum|uko}} |{{lang|tum|kose}} |''ku-'' |''-ku-'' |''ku-'' |{{lang|tum|kwa}} |''kwa-'' |- !16 |{{lang|tum|pasi}} |underneath |{{lang|tum|apa}} |''pa-'' |{{lang|tum|apo}} |{{lang|tum|pose}} |''pa-'' |''-pa-'' |''pa-'' |{{lang|tum|pa}} |''pa-'' |- !17 |{{lang|tum|kunthazi}} |in front |{{lang|tum|uku}} |''ku-'' |{{lang|tum|uko}} |{{lang|tum|kose}} |''ku-'' |''-ku-'' |''ku-'' |{{lang|tum|kwa}} |''kwa-'' |- !18 |{{lang|tum|mukati}} |inside |{{lang|tum|umu}} |''mu-'' |{{lang|tum|umo}} |{{lang|tum|mose}} |''mu-'' |''-mu-'' |''mu-'' |{{lang|tum|mwa}} |''mwa-'' |- |} == Viyelezgero vya mazgu na malemba == Mazgu agha ndigho munthu wangayowoya para wakuluta ku chigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ChiTumbuka: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tumbuka !Chizungu |- |Moni |Hello |- |Monile |hello, to a group of people |- |Muli makola? Mwaŵa uli? |how are you? |- |Muli makola? Mwaŵa uli? |How are you?, to a group of people |- |Nili makola |I'm okay |- |Tili makola |We're okay |- |Naonga (chomene) |Thank you (a lot) |- |Yewo (chomene) |Thanks (a lot) |- |Ndiwe njani zina lako? |What is your name? |- |Zina lane ndine.... |My name is.... |- |Nyengo ili uli? |What is the time? |- |Ningakuvwila? |Can I help you? |- |Uyende makola |Goodbye/go well/safe travels |- |Mwende makola |Goodbye/go well/safe travels (said to a group of people) |- |Enya/ Eh |Yes |- |Yayi/Chala |No |- |Kwali |I don't know |- |Mukumanya kuyowoya Chizungu? |Can you speak English? |- |Nayambapo kusambilila ChiTumbuka |I've just started learning Tumbuka |- |Mukung'anamula vichi? |What do you mean? |- |Chonde, ningaluta kubafa? |May I please go to the bathroom? |- |Nakutemwa/Nkhukutemwa |"I love you" |- |Phepa |Sorry |- |Phepani |Sorry (to agroup of people) |- |Banja |Family |- |Yowoya |Talk/speak |} == Verbs == === Subject prefix === Viyezgo vyose vikwenera kuŵa na lizgu lakunjilira ilo likuyana na lizgu lakunjilira. Mwaciyerezgero, lizgu lakuti ciŵinda'muthondo' lili mu gulu la 7, ntheura usange ni munthu, verebu ili lili na c-: : {{lang|tum|ciŵinda '''ci'''-ka-koma nkhalamu}} = 'the hunter killed a lion'<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 42.</ref> It is also possible for the subject to be a locative noun (classes 16, 17, 18), in which case the verb has a locative prefix:<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 23.</ref> : {{lang|tum|pamphasa '''pa'''-ka-khala mwana}} = 'on the mat there sat down a child' The locative prefix ''ku-'' (class 17) is also used impersonally when discussing the weather:<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 24.</ref> : {{lang|tum|'''ku'''kuzizima madazi ghano}} = 'it's cold these days' When the subject is a personal pronoun, the subject prefixes are as follows (the pronoun itself may be omitted, but not the subject prefix): : {{lang|tum|(ine) '''n'''-kha-gula}} = 'I bought' (''nkha-'' stands for ''ni-ka-'') : {{lang|tum|(iwe) '''u'''-ka-gula}} = 'you bought' (informal, singular) : {{lang|tum|(iyo)<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 23. But Kishindo et al. (2018), s.v. {{lang|tum|iye}}, have {{lang|tum|iye}}.</ref> '''wa'''-ka-gula}} = 'he, she bought' : {{lang|tum|(ise) '''ti'''-ka-gula}} = 'we bought' : {{lang|tum|(imwe) '''mu'''-ka-gula}} = 'you bought' (plural or respectful) : {{lang|tum|(iwo) '''ŵa'''-ka-gula}} = 'they bought', 'he/she bought' (plural or respectful) In the perfect tense, these are shortened to {{lang|tum|n-a-, w-a-, w-a-, t-a-, mw-a-, ŵ-a-}}, e.g. {{lang|tum|t-a-gula}} 'we have bought'. In [[Karonga]] dialect, in the 3rd person singular ''a-'' is found instead of ''wa-'', and the 3rd plural is ''wa-'' instead of ''ŵa-'', except in the perfect tense, when ''wa-'' and ''ŵa-'' are used.<ref>McNicholl (2010), pp. 7–8.</ref> === Object-marker === To indicate the object, an infix can be added to the verb immediately before the verb root. Generally speaking, the object-marker is optional:<ref>Chavula (2016), pp. 51–64.</ref> : {{lang|tum|Pokani wa('''yi''')gula galimoto}} = 'Pokani has bought a car' (class 9) : {{lang|tum|Changa waka('''mu''')nyamula katundu}} = 'Changa carried the luggage' (class 1) The object-marker agrees with the class of the object, as shown on the table of concords above. The object-marker can also be a locative (classes 16, 17, or 18):<ref>Chavula (2016), p. 56.</ref> : {{lang|tum|Kondwani wa('''pa''')kwera pa nyumba}} = 'Kondwani has climbed on top of the house' The locative markers for personal pronouns are as follows:<ref>Chavula (2016), pp. 53–4.</ref> : {{lang|tum|wa'''ni'''ona (ine)}} = 'he has seen me' : {{lang|tum|wa'''ku'''ona (iwe)}} = 'he has seen you' : {{lang|tum|wa'''mu'''ona}} = 'he has seen him/her' : {{lang|tum|wa'''ti'''ona}} = 'he has seen us' : {{lang|tum|wa'''mu'''ona'''ni'''}} = 'he has seen you' (plural or respectful) : {{lang|tum|wa'''ŵa'''ona}} = 'he has seen them' === Tenses === Tenses in Tumbuka are made partly by adding infixes, and partly by suffixes. Unlike ChiCheŵa, tones do not form any part of the distinction between one tense and another. In the past a distinction is made between hodiernal tenses (referring to events of today) and remote tenses (referring to events of yesterday or some time ago). However, the boundary between recent and remote is not exact.<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 176.</ref> Pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa nyengo iyo yajumpha na nyengo iyo yajumpha. Para munthu wakuyowoya mu nyengo yakufikapo, wakuyowoya kuti vinthu vicali makora, nga ni para wakuti: 'Vikondamoyo vyatandazgika mu munda.' Para munthu wakuyowoya lizgu lakuti ndakhala, wakung'anamura kuti "Nkhukhala" panji ndakondwa. Chizindikiro cha kutali chikugwiliskirika nchito pa vinthu ivyo vikacitika kale comene kweni ivyo vikucitika mazuŵa ghano, nga ni libwe lilikuwa 'libwe lawira' panji walikutayika 'wali kufwa.'<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 171, 178.</ref><ref>Kiso (2012), p. 171, quoting Vail (1972).</ref> Nyengo zakunthazi nazo zikupambaniska pakati pa vyakuchitika vyapafupi na vyakutali. Vinyake vikulongora kuti cakucitika ici cizamucitikira kunyake, nga ni ndamukuchezga 'Nizamuluta kukacezga.'<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 184, quoting Vail (1972).</ref> Compound tenses are also found in Tumbuka, such as {{lang|tum|wati wagona}} 'he had slept', {{lang|tum|wakaŵa kuti wafumapo}} 'he had just left' and {{lang|tum|wazamukuŵa waguliska}} 'he will have sold'.<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 172, 182, 184, quoting Vail (1972).</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |+Some Tumbuka tenses<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 163–192.</ref> !Tense !Tense marker !Example !Translation |- !Present infinitive |ku- |{{lang|tum|'''ku'''-luta}} |‘to go' |- ! |- !Present simple | -ku- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ku'''-luta}} |‘he/she goes/is going’ |- !Present habitual | -ku-...-anga |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ku'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she goes’ (some speakers only) |- ! |- !Present perfect | -a- |{{lang|tum|w-'''a'''-luta}} |‘he/she has gone’ |- !Present perfect continuous | -a-...-anga |{{lang|tum|w-'''a'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she has been going' |- !Remote perfect | -liku- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''liku'''-luta}} |‘he/she has gone’ |- ! |- !Recent past simple | -angu- |{{lang|tum|w-'''angu'''-luta}} |‘he/she went’ (today) |- !Recent past continuous | -angu-...-anga |{{lang|tum|w-'''angu'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she was going' (today) |- !Remote past simple | -ka- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ka'''-luta}} |‘he/she went’ |- !Remote past continuous | -ka-...-anga |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ka'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she was going/used to go' |- ! |- ![[Near future (grammar)|Near future]] |...-enge |{{lang|tum|wa-lut-'''enge'''}} |'he will go' (now or today) |- !Emphatic future<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 183, quoting Vail (1972).</ref> | -ti-...-enge |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ti'''-lut-'''enge'''}} |'he will certainly go' |- !Distal future<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 184, 185, quoting Vail (1972). For the term 'distal', see Botne (1999).</ref> | -amu-(ku)- |{{lang|tum|w-'''amuku'''-gula}} |‘he/she will buy’ (elsewhere) |- !Remote future | -zamu-(ku)- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''zamu'''-luta}} |‘he/she will go’ (tomorrow or later) |- !Remote future continuous | -zamu-...-anga |{{lang|tum|wa-'''zamu'''-lut-'''anga'''}} |‘he/she will be going' (tomorrow or later) |- ! |- !Present subjunctive | -e |{{lang|tum|ti-lut-'''e'''}} |‘let's go' |- !Distal subjunctive | -ka-...-e |{{lang|tum|wa-'''ka'''-gul-'''e'''}} |‘so that he can buy (elsewhere)' |- !Potential | -nga- |{{lang|tum|wa-'''nga'''-luta}} |'he can go'<ref>McNicholl (2010), p. 8.</ref> |} Other future tenses are given by Vail (1972) and others.<ref>See Kiso (2012) pp. 182–188.</ref> In the 1st person singular, ''ni-ku-'' and ''ni-ka-'' are shortened to ''nkhu-'' and ''nkha-'': {{lang|tum|nkhuluta}} 'I am going', 'I go', {{lang|tum|nkhalutanga}} 'I used to go'.<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 163, 173.</ref> === Negative verbs === To make the negative of a verb in Tumbuka, the word {{lang|tum|yayi}} or {{lang|tum|cha(ra)}} is added at or near the end of the clause. It seems that {{lang|tum|yayi}} is preferred by younger speakers:<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 190.</ref> : {{lang|tum|wakulemba kalata '''yayi'''}} : 'he is not writing a letter' : {{lang|tum|tizamugwira ntchito '''cha''' machero}} : 'we will not work tomorrow' With the present perfect tense, however, a separate form exists, adding ''-nda-'' and ending in ''-e'':<ref>Kiso (2012), p. 191.</ref> : {{lang|tum|enya, n'''a'''kumana nawo}} : 'yes, I have met him' : {{lang|tum|yayi, ni'''nda'''kuman'''e''' nawo}} : 'no, I haven't met him' == The Ngoni influence on Tumbuka == '''Words of Ngoni (Zulu/Ndwandwe) origin found in Tumbuka:''' Viyowoyero vyose vya ChiTumbuka vikakhwaskika na chiyowoyero cha Chigoni, chomenechomene mu chigaŵa cha Mzimba ku Malawi. Chiyowoyero cha Ngoni chikamba na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ndwandwe awo ŵakaŵa ŵazengezgani ŵa fuko la Zulu pambere Ŵazulu ŵandaŵathereske. Ntheura chiyowoyero icho Ŵandwandwe ŵakayowoyanga chikaŵa chakuyana waka na cha Ŵazulu. Apa pali viyelezgero vinyake vya mazgu gha ChiTumbuka agho ghali kufuma ku chiZulu/Ndwandwe, nangauli ghanandi ghali na mazgu ghakwambilira gha ChiTumbuka agho ghakung'anamulika mu chiyowoyero ichi. {| class="wikitable" !English !Tumbuka !Tumbuka-Ngoni dialect |- |See |Wona |Bheka |- |Smoke |Khweŵa |Bhema |- |Man |Mwanalume |Doda |- |Virgin |Mwali |Nthombi |} == An example of Tumbuka == '''Months in Tumbuka:''' {| class="wikitable" !English !Tumbuka |- |January |Mathipa |- |February |Muswela |- |March |Nyakanyaka |- |April |Masika |- |May |Vuna |- |June |Zizima |- |July |Mphepo |- |August |Mpupulu |- |September |Lupya |- |October |Zimya |- |November |Thukila |- |December |Vula |} Chiyelezgero cha nkhani ya ŵanthu iyo yikang'anamulika mu ChiTumbuka na viyowoyero vinyake vya kumpoto kwa Malawi chili mu buku la Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi, ilo likalembeka na Center for Language Studies of the University of Malawi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225347/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf Language Mapping Survey], p. 60-64.</ref> Buku la ChiTumbuka ilo lili na nkhani iyi likuti: : {{lang|tum|KALULU NA FULU (ChiTumbuka)|italics=no}} : {{lang|tum|Fulu wakaluta kukapemphiska vyakulya ku ŵanthu. Pakuyeya thumba lake wakacita kukaka ku cingwe citali na kuvwara mu singo, ndipo pakwenda thumba lake likizanga kunyuma kwakhe.|italics=no}} : {{lang|tum|Wali mu nthowa, kalulu wakiza kunyuma kwakhe ndipo wakati “bowo, thumba lane!” Fulu wakati, "Thumba ndane iwe, wona cingwe ici ndakaka sono nkhuguza pakwenda.” Kalulu wakakana nipera, ndipo wakati “Tilute ku Mphala yikateruzge.” Mphala yikadumula mlandu na kuceketa cingwe ico Fulu wakakakira thumba. Ŵakatola thumba lira ndipo ŵakapa kalulu.|italics=no}} : {{lang|tum|Pa zuŵa linyakhe Kalulu wakendanga, Fulu wakamsanga ndipo wakati, "Bowo, mcira wane!" Kalulu wakati, “Ake! Fulu iwe m'cira ngwane." Fulu wakakana, ndipo wakati, "Ndasola ngwane." Ŵakaluta ku mphala, kuti yikaŵeruzge. Ku Mphala kula mlandu ukatowera Fulu. Ŵakadumula m'cira wa Kalulu nakupa Fulu.|italics=no}} : (Translation) : THE TORTOISE AND THE HARE : Tortoise went to beg food from people. To carry his bag, he tied it to a long string and wore it round his neck. As he walked along, the bag was coming behind him. : As he was on his way, Hare came up behind him and said, "There it is, my bag!" Tortoise said "The bag is mine, see this string I've tied now I'm pulling it as I go." Hare refused to accept this and said "Let's go the Court, so that it can judge us." The Court examined the case and cut Tortoise's string which he'd tied the bag with. They took that bag and gave it to Hare. : Another day when Hare was walking along, Tortoise found him and said, "There it is, my tail!" Hare said, "Nonsense, this is my tail, Tortoise." Tortoise refused to accept this and said, "What I've got is mine." They went to the Court so that it could make a judgement. In that Court, the case went in Tortoise's favour. They cut off Hare's tail and gave it to Tortoise. == Some vocabulary == === Helpful phrases === * {{lang|tum|Enya}} = Yes * {{lang|tum|Yayi}} = No * {{lang|tum|Yebo (yeŵo)}} = Thank you * {{lang|tum|Taonga}} = We are thankful * {{lang|tum|Nkhukhumba chakurya!}} = I want some food ! * {{lang|tum|Munganipako chakurya?}} = could you give me some food? * {{lang|tum|Ine nkhuyowoya ChiTumbuka yayi!}} = I do not speak ChiTumbuka! * {{lang|tum|Yendani makola}} = Travel well. * {{lang|tum|Nkukhumba maji yakumwa}} = I would like water to drink. === Greetings === * {{lang|tum|Mwawuka uli?}} = Good morning. (How did you wake up?) * {{lang|tum|Tawuka makola. Kwali imwe?}} = Fine. And you? (I woke up well. I don't know about you?) * {{lang|tum|Muli uli?}} = How are you? * {{lang|tum|Nili makola, kwali imwe?}} = I am fine, how are you? * {{lang|tum|Mwatandala uli?}} = Good afternoon. (How did you spend the day?) * {{lang|tum|Natandala makola. Kwali imwe?}} = Good afternoon. How are you? (I spent the day well. I don't know about you?) * {{lang|tum|Monile}} = somewhat more formal than "Hi". Perhaps best translated as "Greetings". * {{lang|tum|Tionanenge}} = We shall meet again. === People === The plural ba- (ŵa-) is often used for politeness when referring to elders: * {{lang|tum|Munyamata}} = boy * {{lang|tum|Banyamata (ŵanyamata)}} = boys * {{lang|tum|Musungwana}} = girl * {{lang|tum|Basungwana (ŵasungwana)}} = girls * {{lang|tum|Bamwali (ŵamwali)}} = young ladies * {{lang|tum|Banchembere (ŵancembele)}} = a woman with babies * {{lang|tum|Bamama (ŵamama)}} = mother * {{lang|tum|Badada(ŵadhadha)}} = dad * {{lang|tum|Bagogo (ŵagogo)}} = grandmother * {{lang|tum|Babuya (ŵabhuya)}} = grandmother, also used when addressing old female persons * {{lang|tum|Basekulu (ŵasekulu)}} = grandfather * {{lang|tum|Bankhazi (ŵankhazi)}} = paternal aunt * {{lang|tum|ŵa/Bamama ŵa/bachoko / ŵa/bakulu}} = maternal aunt usually your mother's younger/older sister * {{lang|tum|Basibweni (ŵasibweni)}} = maternal uncle * {{lang|tum|Badada(ŵadhadha) bachoko / bakulu}} = paternal uncle usually your father's younger/older brother * {{lang|tum|Mudumbu(mudhumbu) wane}} = my brother/ sister (for addressing a sibling of the opposite sex) * {{lang|tum|Muchoko wane / muzuna wane/ munung'una wane}} = my young brother / sister (for addressing a sibling of the same sex) * {{lang|tum|Mukuru wane / mulala wane}} = my elder brother / sister (for addressing a sibling of the same sex) === Verbs === * {{lang|tum|Kusebela (Kuseŵera)}} = to play * {{lang|tum|Kuseka}} = to laugh * {{lang|tum|Kurya}} = to eat * {{lang|tum|Kugona}} = to sleep * {{lang|tum|Kwenda}} = to walk * {{lang|tum|Kuchimbila}} = to run * {{lang|tum|Kulemba}} = to write * {{lang|tum|Kuchapa}} = to do laundry * {{lang|tum|Kugeza}} = to bath * {{lang|tum|Kuphika}} = to cook * {{lang|tum|Kulima}} = to dig / cultivate * {{lang|tum|Kupanda}} = to plant * {{lang|tum|Kuvina}} = to dance * {{lang|tum|Kwimba}} = to sing === Animals === * {{lang|tum|Fulu}} = tortoise * {{lang|tum|Kalulu}} = hare * {{lang|tum|Gwere}} = hippo * {{lang|tum|Chimbwi}} = hyena * {{lang|tum|Njoka}} = snake * {{lang|tum|Nkhumba}} = pig * {{lang|tum|Ng'ombe}} = cow * {{lang|tum|Nchebe (Ncheŵe)}} = dog * {{lang|tum|Chona/pusi/kiti}} = cat * {{lang|tum|Mbelele}} = sheep * {{lang|tum|Nkalamu}} = lion * {{lang|tum|Mbuzi}} = goat * {{lang|tum|Nkhuku}} = chicken == Wonaniso == * [[Tumbuka people]] * [[Tumbuka mythology]] == Notable Tumbuka People == * [[Shepherd Bushiri|Sheperd Bushiri]] (Christian preacher) * [[Mwai Kumwenda]] (netball player) * [[Bridget Kumwenda|Briddget Kumwenda]] (netball player) * [[Chakufwa Chihana]] ( human rights activist and politician) * [[Enoch Chihana]] (member of parliament) == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == {{refbegin}} * Botne, Robert (1999). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225148/https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/3356/botne%20book%20chapter.pdf?sequence=1 "Future and distal -ka-'s: Proto-Bantu or nascent form(s)?"]. In: Jean-Marie Hombert and Larry M. Hyman (eds.), ''Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives''. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information, pp.&nbsp;473–515. * Chase, Robert (2004). "A Comparison of Demonstratives in the Karonga and Henga Dialects of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts. * Chavula, Jean Josephine (2016). [https://www.lotpublications.nl/Documents/423_fulltext.pdf "Verbal derivation and valency in ChiTumbuka"]. Leiden University doctoral thesis. * Downing, Laura J. (2006). "The Prosody and Syntax of Focus in ChiTumbuka". ''ZAS Papers in Linguistics'' 43, 55-79. * Downing, Laura J. (2008). "Focus and prominence in ChiCheŵa, ChiTumbuka and Durban Zulu". ''ZAS Papers in Linguistics'' 49, 47-65. * Downing, Laura J. (2012). [http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/42/paper2764.pdf "On the (Non-)congruence of Focus and Prominence in Tumbuka"]. ''Selected Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics'', ed. Michael R. Marlo et al., 122-133. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. * Downing, Laura J. (2017). "Tone and intonation in ChiCheŵa and Tumbuka". In Laura J. Downing & Annie Rialland (eds) ''Intonation in African Tone Languages''. de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, pp.&nbsp;365–392. * Downing, Laura J. (2019). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Laura_Downing/publication/335175896_Tumbuka_prosody_Between_tone_and_stress/links/5d55398645851545af43be4d/Tumbuka-prosody-Between-tone-and-stress.pdf "Tumbuka prosody: Between tone and stress"]. In: Emily Clem et al (eds). ''Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics'', 75-94. Also available online at: [https://books.google.com/books?id=fPSrDwAAQBAJ&dq=Tumbuka+prosody%3A+Between+tone+and+stress&pg=PA75] * Elmslie, Walter Angus (1923): ''Introductory Grammar of the Tumbuka Language''. Livingstonia Mission Press. * Kamwendo, Gregory H. (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200929073334/http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol13num3/kamwendo.pdf Kamwendo "Your ChiTumbuka is Shallow. It's not the Real ChiTumbuka: Linguistic Purism Among ChiTumbuka Speakers in Malawi"], ''Nordic Journal of African Studies'' 13(3): 275–288. * Kishindo, Pascal J. et Allan L. Lipenga (2006). ''Parlons ChiTumbuka : langue et culture du Malawi et de la Zambie'', L'Harmattan, Paris, Budapest, Kinshasa, 138 pages. {{ISBN|2-296-00470-9}} * Kishindo, Pascal J. (ed), Jean J. Chavula and others (2018). {{lang|tum|Mung'anamulira mazgo wa ChiTumbuka}} (ChiTumbuka dictionary). Centre for Language Studies, University of Malawi. {{ISBN|978-99960-9-610-5}} * Kiso, Andrea (2012). [http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:546594/FULLTEXT01.pdf "Tense and Aspect in ChiCheŵa, ChiTumbuka, and Cisena"]. Ph.D. Thesis. Stockholm University. * McNicholl, Duncan (2010). [http://malawinetwork.org/guide-to-ChiTumbuka.pdf "The No-Nonsense Guide to Learning ChiTumbuka: Volume 1"]. * Moto, Francis (1999). "The Tonal Phonology of Bantu Ideophones". ''Malilime: Malawian Journal of Linguistics'' no.1, 100-120. (pp.&nbsp;112–119 deals with tone in ChiTumbuka ideophones). * Mphande, L. (1989). "A Phonological Analysis of the Ideophone in ChiTumbuka". Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of Texas, Austin. * Shiozaki, Lisa (2004). "Concordial agreement in the Karonga dialect of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts. * Turner, W.M. (1952). ''Tumbuka–Tonga–English Dictionary'' The Hetherwick Press, Blantyre, Nyasaland (now Malawi). * University of Malawi Centre for Language Studies (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225347/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf "Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi"]. * Vail, Hazen Leroy (1971). "The noun classes of Tumbuka". ''African studies'', v. 30, 1, p.&nbsp;35-59. * Vail, Hazen Leroy (1972). "Aspects of the Tumbuka Verb". Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin. {{refend}} == External links == {{InterWiki|code=tum}} {{Wikivoyage|Tumbuka phrasebook|Tumbuka|a phrasebook}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151123103050/http://africa.isp.msu.edu/afrlang/Tumbuka_root.html Very brief report on Tumbuka language.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225347/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi]. University of Malawi Centre for Language Studies, 2006. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225407/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/mw-north-a4.jpg Language Map of Northern Malawi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051222115610/http://embangweni.com/chitumbu.htm Some more ChiTumbuka vocabulary.] * [http://www.bisharat.net/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Tumbuka PanAfrican L10n page on Tumbuka] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210308020136/http://www.unima-cls.org/ ChiTumbuka monolingual dictionary] {{Languages of Malawi}} {{Languages of Zambia}} {{Narrow Bantu languages|N-S}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tumbuka Language}} [[Category:Tumbuka language| ]] [[Category:Nyasa languages]] [[Category:Languages of Malawi]] [[Category:Languages of Zambia]] [[Category:Tumbuka people]] [[Category:Non-tonal languages in tonal families]] [[Category:Click languages|Tumbuka language (Mzimba dialect)]] q90n40nwdybqmf20ietnyo4jeilf1uo 0 30246 122091 113530 2026-09-16T01:16:55Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Bantu language of Southern and East Africa}} {{Nkhani iwemi}} {{Infobox language|name=ChiCheŵa|nativename=''Chichewa, Chinyanja''|altname=Chinyanja|states=[[Malawi]]|region=[[Southeast Africa]]|ethnicity=[[Chewa people|Chewa]]|speakers=2 million|date=2020<ref name="Thambalwam">{{cite journal |last1=Thambalwam |first1=lwam |title=Chewa language |journal=Document Analysis System |doi=10.1177/09719458211003380 |s2cid=253239262 |language=Chewa |issn=0971-9458}}</ref>|ref=ne2007|familycolor=Niger-Congo|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]|fam3=[[Volta-Congo]]|fam4=[[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]]|fam5=[[Bantoid]]|fam6=[[Southern Bantoid languages|Southern Bantoid]]|fam7=[[Bantu languages|Bantu]]|fam8=[[Nyasa languages|Nyasa]]|nation={{MWI}}|minority={{Plainlist| * {{flag|Mozambique}} * {{flag|Zambia}} }}|script=[[Latin script|Latin]] (Chewa alphabet)<br>[[Mwangwego alphabet|Mwangwego]]<br>[[Chewa Braille]]|iso1=ny|iso2=nya|iso3=nya|glotto=nyan1308|glottorefname=Nyanja|guthrie=N.30 (N.31, N.121)|lingua=99-AUS-xaa&nbsp;– xag|notice=IPA|map=Chewa_map.svg|imagecaption=Vigaŵa ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ChiCheŵa.|mapcaption=Vigaŵa ivyo chiyowoyero cha ChiCheŵa ndicho chikayowoyeka chomene. Chizungu chikulongora kuti chiyowoyero cha ChiCheŵa ndicho ntchilankhulo cha boma.}} {{Infobox ethnonym|Mchewa|[[Achewa]]|ChiCheŵa|}} [[File:WIKITONGUES-_Chabota_speaking_Nyanja.webm|thumb|Munthu uyo wakuyowoya Cinyanja, kufupi na Lusaka, uyo wakajambulika mu [[South Africa]]]] '''ChiCheŵa''' (panjiso kuti '''Chinyanja''') chiyowoyero cha Bantu icho chikuyowoyeka mu [[Malaŵi]] na chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵachoko waka mu [[Zambia]] na [[Mozambique]]. Chilembo chakwamba chi- chikugwiliskirika ntchito pa viyowoyero, ntheura chiyowoyero ichi chikuchemeka ChiCheŵa na Chinyanja. Mu 1968, pulezidenti Hastings Kamuzu Banda (uyo nayo wakaŵa wa mtundu wa Chewa) wakakhumbanga kuti mu Malaŵi, zina la ChiCheŵa lisinthe kufuma ku Chinyanja.<ref>Kishindo (2001), p.265.</ref> Mu Zambia, chiyowoyero ichi chikuchemeka Nyanja panji Cinyanja/Chinyanja'((chilankhulo) cha nyanja' (kuyowoya za Nyanja ya Malawi).<ref>For spelling Chinyanja cf. Lehmann (1977). Both spellings are used in Zambia Daily Mail articles.</ref> ChiCheŵa chili mu gulu limoza la viyowoyero (Guthrie Zone N) na [[chiTumbuka]], Sena na Nsenga. Kwamba kale, ŵanthu ŵa mu Malawi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ChiCheŵa na ChiTumbuka. Ndipouli, ciyowoyero ca Tumbuka cikasuzgika comene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Pulezidenti Hastings Kamuzu Banda, cifukwa mu 1968 cifukwa ca fundo yake yakuti paŵe mtundu umoza na ciyowoyero cimoza, ciyowoyero ici cikaleka kuŵa ca boma mu Malawi. Ntheura, chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka chikafumiskika mu masukulu, pa wayilesi, na mu manyuzipepara.<ref>Kamwendo (2004), p.278.</ref> Mu 1994, apo boma la Tumbuka likamba kulamulira na vipani vinandi, ŵakambaso kutegherezga maungano gha pa wayilesi, kweni mabuku na mabuku ghanyake ghakaŵa ghachoko.<ref>See Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi (2006), pp.38–40 for a list of publications.</ref>{{TOC limit}} == Makhalilo == ChiCheŵa ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene mu Malaŵi. Kweniso likuyowoyeka mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia, kweniso ku Mozambique, chomenechomene mu vigaŵa vya Tete na Niassa. Chikaŵa chiyowoyero chimoza mwa viyowoyero 55 ivyo vikaŵa mu ndege ya Voyager.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voyager Greetings |url=http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/greetings.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025195849/http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/greetings.html |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=2016-01-02}}</ref> == Mbiri == Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chewa ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko la Maravi, awo ŵakakhalanga ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia na kumpoto kwa Mozambique m'paka kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Zambezi kwambira m'ma 1500 panji kumasinda. Zina lakuti "Chewa" (mu chiyowoyero cha Chévas) likalembeka kakwamba na António Gamitto, uyo mu 1831, apo wakaŵa na vyaka 26, wakasankhika kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa mulara wa gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakaluta ku nkhondo kufuma ku Tete kuluta ku nyumba ya themba Kazembe ku Zambia. Wakenda mu caru ca Themba Undi kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha Dzalanyama, kujumpha mu malo agho sono ni Malawi na kunjira mu Zambia. Pamanyuma, wakalemba nkhani yinyake iyo yikaŵa na nkhani za ŵanthu na viyowoyero. Gamitto wakati ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi panji Maravi (Maraves) ŵakaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Themba Undi kumwera kwa mlonga wa Chambwe (pafupi na mphaka ya pakati pa Mozambique na Zambia). Mulendo munyake wa ku Germany zina lake Sigismund Koelle, uyo wakacitanga mulimo wake mu Sierra Leone, ku West Africa, wakafumba ŵanthu 160 awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga ndipo wakalemba mazgu gha mu viyowoyero vyawo. Mu 1854, wakalemba buku la Polyglotta Africana. Pakati pa ŵazga ŵanyake pakaŵa Mateke, uyo wakayowoyanga chiyowoyero icho wakuchichema kuti "Maravi". Chiyowoyero cha Mateke ntchiyowoyero chakwambilira cha Chiyanja, kweni chikuyowoyeka kumwera. Mwaciyerezgero, mazgu ghakuti zaka ziwiri "vyaka viŵiri" ghakaŵa dzaka dziŵiri mu kayowoyero ka Mateke, apo kwa Salimini, uyo wakaŵa muphaci wa Johannes Rebmann, uyo wakafuma ku Lilongwe, ghakaŵa bzaka bziŵiri. Mazuŵa ghano napo mazgu agha ghakusangika mu chiyowoyero chinyake. Padera pa mazgu ghachoko waka agho ghakalembeka na Gamitto na Koelle, mazgu ghakwambilira gha ChiCheŵa ghakalembeka na Johannes Rebmann mu buku lake la Dictionary of the Kiniassa Language, ilo likalembeka mu 1853. Rebmann wakaŵa mishonale ndipo wakakhalanga kufupi na Mombasa, mu caru ca Kenya. Wakasanga fundo iyi kwa muzga wa ku Malawi, uyo wakamanyikwanga na zina la Ciswahili lakuti Salimini. Salimini, uyo wakafuma ku Mphande, mu chigaŵa cha Lilongwe, nayo wakawona mphambano pakati pa chiyowoyero chake, icho wakachichemanga Kikamtunda, "chiyowoyero cha ku mapiri", na chiyowoyero cha Kimaravi icho ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga kumwera.<ref>Rebmann (1877) s.v. M'ombo.</ref> Buku lakwamba lakuti A Grammar of the Chinyanja language as spoken at Lake Nyasa, ilo lili na mazgu gha Chingelezi na Chingelezi, likalembeka na Alexander Riddel mu 1880. Mu viyowoyero vinyake vyakwambilira muli mazgu gha Chichinyanja agho George Henry (1891) na M.E. Woodward's A vocabulary of English?? Chinyanja and Chinyanja?? English: as spoken at Likoma, Lake Nyasa (1895). William Percival Johnson ndiyo wakang'anamura Baibolo lose mu chiyowoyero cha Nyanja cha pa Likoma Island, ndipo wakalilemba mu 1912. Baibolo linyake la Buku Lopatulika ndilo Mau a Mulungu likalembeka mu chiyowoyero cha ku Central Region cha m'ma 1900-1922 na ŵamishonale ŵa Dutch Reformed Mission na Church of Scotland. Mu 2016, buku ili likang'anamulika na kunozgaso. Chiyowoyero chinyake chakwambilira icho ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha Kasungu. Buku ili ndilo likaŵa lakwamba kulembeka na munthu wa ku America, ndipo likalembeka pamoza na Hastings Kamuzu Banda, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wakwamba wa charu cha Malawi. Ciyowoyero ici nchakuzirwa comene cifukwa ndico cikaŵa cakwamba kulongora umo mazgu ghakupambanirana. Mabuku gha mazuŵa ghano ghakulongosora umo ChiCheŵa chikugwilira ntchito nga ni Mtenje (1986), Kanerva (1990), Mchombo (2004) na Downing & Mtenje (2017). Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, chiyowoyero ichi chasintha chomene, ndipo chiyowoyero cha ChiCheŵa icho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya mu mizi na chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni vikupambana.<ref>Batteen (2005).</ref> == Kuyowoya mazgu == === Ma vawelo === ChiCheŵa chili na mazgu ghankhondi: a, ɛ, i, ɔ, u. Nyengo zinyake tikuwona mavowel ghatali panji ghaŵiri, nga ni áákúlu 'likuru' (class 2), kufúula 'kuchemerezga.' Para lizgu lafika kuumaliro wa sentesi, lizgu lakwamba lakwamba likuŵa litali, kupaturako mazina na mazgu gha Cchewa yayi, nga ni Muthárika panji ófesi, apo lizgu lakwamba lakwamba likuŵa lifupi. Mazgu ghakuti "u" panji "i" agho ghazunulika mu mazgu nga ni láputopu 'laptop' panji íntaneti 'internet' ghakuŵa ghambura kuzunulika.<ref>Downing & Mtenje (2017), p. 95: "A high vowel is very short and not very vowel-like, so inserting one leads to minimal deviation from the pronunciation of the word in the source language."</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Chewa Vowels ! ![[Front vowel|Front]] ![[Central vowel|Central]] ![[Back vowel|Back]] |- ![[Close vowel|Close]] |{{IPA link|i}} | |{{IPA link|u}} |- ![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] |{{IPA link|ɛ}} | |{{IPA link|ɔ}} |- ![[Open vowel|Open]] | |{{IPA link|a}} | |} === Consonants === Vilembo vya Chewa vingaŵa vyakupambanapambana (pakuti vikwendera pamanyuma pa vowel), labialised (pakuti vikwendera pamanyuma pa w), panji palatalised (pakuti vikwendera pamanyuma pa y): * ''ba'', ''kha'', ''ga'', ''fa'', ''ma'', ''sa'' etc. * ''bwa'', ''khwa'', ''gwa'', ''fwa'', ''mwa'', ''swa'' etc. * ''bza'', ''tcha'', ''ja'', ''fya'', ''nya'', ''sha'' etc. Mu chiyowoyero ichi, pa malo gha bya pakaŵa bza, pa malo gha gya pakaŵa ja, ndipo pa sya pakaŵa sha. Nthowa yinyake iyo tikuyowoyera mazgu agha njakuti: * ''ba'', ''da'', ''ga'' * ''pa'', ''ta'', ''ka'' * ''pha'', ''tha'', ''kha'' * ''ma'', ''na'', ''ng'a'' * ''wa'', ''la'', ''ya'' Para munthu wakuyowoya mazgu ghakupambanapambana, mazgu agha ghakung'anamulika kuti [f] na [s]. * ''mba'', ''ngwa'', ''nja'', ''mva'', ''nza'' etc. * ''mpha'', {{transliteration|ny|nkhwa}}, {{transliteration|ny|ntcha}}, ''mfa'', ''nsa'' etc. Ntheura, mazgu agho ghangaŵa pa tabuleti ghangaŵa nga ni agha: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Vilembo vya ChiCheŵa ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="3" |[[Labial consonant|Labial]] ! colspan="3" |[[Dental consonant|Dental]] ! colspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]/[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ! rowspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- !{{small|plain}} !{{small|[[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalised]]}} !{{small|[[Labialization|labialised]]}} !{{small|plain}} !{{small|[[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalised]]}} !{{small|[[Labialization|labialised]]}} !{{small|plain}} !{{small|[[Labialization|labialised]]}} |- ! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |''ma''<br />{{IPAslink|m}} |''mya''<br />{{IPAslink|mʲ}} |''mwa''<br />{{IPAslink|mʷ}} |''na''<br />{{IPAslink|n}} |''nya''<br />{{IPAslink|nʲ}} | |''ng'a''<br />{{IPAslink|ŋ}} |''ng'wa'' <br />{{IPAslink|ŋʷ}} | |- ! rowspan="5" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]] !<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small> |''pa''<br />{{IPAslink|p}} |''pya''<br />{{IPAslink|pʲ}} |''pwa''<br />{{IPAslink|pʷ}} |''ta''<br />{{IPAslink|t}} |''tya''<br />{{IPAslink|tʲ}} |''twa''<br />{{IPAslink|tʷ}} |''ka''<br />{{IPAslink|k}} |''kwa''<br />{{IPAslink|kʷ}} | |- !<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small> |''pha''<br />{{IPAslink|pʰ}} | |''phwa''<br />{{IPAslink|pʷʰ}} |'' tha''<br />{{IPAslink|tʰ}} |''thya''<br />{{IPAslink|tʲʰ}} |''thwa''<br />{{IPAslink|tʷʰ}} |''kha''<br />{{IPAslink|kʰ}} |''khwa''<br />{{IPAslink|kʷʰ}} | |- !<small>[[Prenasalized consonant|Pre-nasalized]] [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small> |''mpha''<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐpʰ}} | |''mphwa''<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐpʷʰ}} |''ntha''<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿtʰ}} |''nthya''<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿtʲʰ}} |''nthwa''<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿtʷʰ}} |''nkha''<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑkʰ}} |''nkhwa''<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑkʷʰ}} | |- !<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> |''ba''<br />{{IPAslink|ɓ}} | |''bwa''<br />{{IPAslink|ɓʷ}} |''da''<br />{{IPAslink|ɗ}} |''dya''<br />{{IPAslink|ɗʲ}} |''dwa''<br />{{IPAslink|ɗʷ}} |''ga''<br />{{IPAslink|ɡ}} |''gwa''<br />{{IPAslink|ɡʷ}} | |- !<small>[[Prenasalized consonant|Pre-nasalized]] [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> |''mba''<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐb}} | |''mbwa''<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐbʷ}} |''nda''<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿd}} |''ndya''<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿdʲ}} |''ndwa''<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿdʷ}} |''nga''<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑɡ}} |''ngwa''<br />{{IPAslink|ᵑɡʷ}} | |- ! rowspan="5" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]] !<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small> | |''psa''<br />{{IPAslink|pʃʲ}} | |''tsa''<br />{{IPAslink|t͡s}} | |''tswa''<br />{{IPAslink|t͡sʷ}} |''cha''<br />{{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} | | |- !<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small> | | | | | | |''tcha''<br />{{IPAslink|t͡ʃʰ}} | | |- !<small>[[Prenasalized consonant|Pre-nasalized]] [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small> | |''mpsa''<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐpsʲ}} | | | | |''ntcha''<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿt͡ʃʰ}} | | |- !<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> | |''bza''<br />{{IPAslink|bʒʲ}} | |''dza''<br />{{IPAslink|d͡z}} | |''(dzwe)''<br />{{IPAslink|d͡zʷ}} |''ja''<br />{{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}} | | |- !<small>[[Prenasalized consonant|Pre-nasalized]] [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> | |''mbza''<br />{{IPAslink|ᵐbzʲ}} | |''(ndza)''<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿd͡z}} | | |''nja''<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿd͡ʒ}} | | |- ! rowspan="4" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] !<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small> |''fa''<br />{{IPAslink|f}} |''(fya)''<br />{{IPAslink|fʲ}} |''fwa''<br />{{IPAslink|fʷ}} |''sa''<br />{{IPAslink|s}} |''sha''<br />{{IPAslink|ʃ}} |''swa''<br />{{IPAslink|sʷ}} | | |(''ha'')<br />{{IPAslink|h}} |- !<small>[[Prenasalized consonant|Pre-nasalized]]</small> |''mfa''<br />{{IPAslink|ᶬf}} | | |''nsa''<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿs}} | |''nswa''<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿsʷ}} | | | |- !<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> |''va''<br />{{IPAslink|v}} |''(vya)''<br />{{IPAslink|vʲ}} |''vwa''<br />{{IPAslink|vʷ}} |''za''<br />{{IPAslink|z}} |''(zya)''<br />{{IPAslink|zʲ~ʒ}} |''zwa''<br />{{IPAslink|zʷ}} | | | |- !<small>[[Prenasalized consonant|Pre-nasalized]] [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> |''mva''<br />{{IPAslink|ᶬv}} | | |''nza''<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿz}} | |''nzwa''<br />{{IPAslink|ⁿzʷ}} | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] |(''ŵa'')<br />{{IPAslink|β}} | |''wa''<br />{{IPAslink|w}} |''la/ra''<br />{{IPAslink|ɽ}} | |''lwa/rwa''<br />{{IPAslink|ɽʷ}} |''ya''<br />{{IPAslink|j}} | | |} Kulemba uko ŵakugwiliskira nchito apa nkhwa mu 1973 ndipo ndiko ŵakugwiliskira nchito comene mu Malaŵi mazuŵa ghano.<ref>Atkins (1950), p.200.</ref> '''Notes on the consonants''' * Mu viyowoyero vinandi, mazgu gha Chewa b na d (para ghandang'anamulike) ghakuzunulika mwakubisika. Kweni pali mazgu gha b na d, agho ghakusangika chomene mu mazgu gha ku vyaru vinyake, nga ni bála 'bar', yôdúla 'expensive' (kufuma ku Afrikaans duur) (mwakupambana na mazgu gha b na d agho ghakusangika mu mazgu gha ku vyaru vinyake nga ni bála 'wound' na yôdúla 'which cuts'). Lizgu lakuti d likusangikaso mu kudínda 'kusindamira (chikalata)'na mdidi 'kukhwima mtima.' * Kale ŵanthu ŵakatemwanga kupulika mazgu ghakuti bv na pf, kweni sono ghakusinthika na v na f. Mu dikishonare la Mtanthauziramawu wa Chinyanja ilo likapangika na Yunivesite ya Malawi, mazgu ghakuti bv na pf ghakusangikamo yayi, kweni ghaŵiri panji ghatatu. * Atkins wakulongosora kuti mzere wa bz ni "muvi wa alveolar-labilized fricative". Mazgu agha ghakuyana waka na [bʒ] panji [bʒj]. Mwakuyana waka, lizgu lakuti ps likuyowoyeka nga ni [pʃ] panji [pʃj]. * Mazgu agho ghakulembeka ch, k, p, na t ghakuyowoyeka mwakupepuka kuluska gha Cingelezi. Stevick wakalongosora kuti para munthu wakuyowoya mwakufwatuka, mazgu ghatatu ghakwamba ghakusinthika na mazgu ghakuti [ʒ], [ɣ] na [β]. Mu chigaŵa cha -ti (nga ni angáti? "Vinga"), t yingapupulika. * ''h'' is also used in Chewa but mostly only in loanwords such as {{lang|ny|hotéra}} 'hotel', {{lang|ny|hátchi}} 'horse', {{lang|ny|mswahála}} 'monthly allowance given to chiefs'. * ''j'' is described by Scotton and Orr as being pronounced "somewhat more forward in the mouth" than in English and as sounding "somewhere between an English ''d'' and ''j''".<ref>Scotton & Orr (1980), p.18.</ref> * ''l'' and ''r'' are the same phoneme,<ref>Atkins (1950), p.207; Stevick et al. (1965), p.xii; Downing & Mtenje (2018), p. 43, quoting Price (1946).</ref> representing a retroflex tap {{IPA|[ɽ]}}, approximately between {{IPA|[l]}} and {{IPA|[r]}}. According to the official spelling rules, the sound is written as 'r' after 'i' or 'e', otherwise 'l'. It is also written with 'l' after a prefix containing 'i', as in {{lang|ny|lilíme}} 'tongue'.<ref>Kishindo (2001), p.268.</ref><ref>See also Chirwa (2008).</ref> * m ni syllabic [m̩] mu mazgu agho ghali kufuma ku mu, e.g. m'balé'mubwezi' (3 syllable), mphunzitsi'musambizgi' (4 syllable), anáḿpatsa 'wakamupa' (5 syllable). Ndipouli, mu mazgu gha kilasi 9, nga mphátso 'chawanangwa,' mbale 'chiŵiya,' panji mfíti'muthemba,' kweniso mu mazgu gha kilasi 1, mphaká'mphaka,' m wakuzunulika mwakudumura ndipo wakuŵa kuti ni syllable yayi. Mu viyowoyelo vya ku Southern Region mu Malaŵi, syllabic m mu mazgu nga mkángo 'nkhalamu' yikuyowoyeka mwakuyana waka, i.e. [ŋ̍.ká.ŋɡo] (na vilembo vitatu), kweni mu Central Region, yikuyowoyeka nga umo yikulembeka, i.e. [m̩.ká.ŋɡo].<ref>Atkins (1950), p.209.</ref> * n, mu umoza nga nj, ntch, nkh etc., wakuyana na lizgu lakunjilira lakulondezgapo ili, ndiko kuti, likuzunulika [ɲ] panji [ŋ] mwakuyana na umo viliri. Mu mazgu gha kilasi 9, nga njóka 'njoka' panji nduná'mupharazgi' lizgu ili likuyowoyeka mwakudumura chomene, nga ni chigaŵa cha syllable yakulondezgapo. Ndipouli, [n] nayo wangaŵa wa syllabic, para wafuma mu ndi 'ndi' panji ndí 'ndipo', nga ni ń'kúpíta 'ndipo kwenda'; kweniso mu nyengo iyo yajumpha, nga ni ankápítá 'wakendanga.' Mu mazgu ghanyake nga ni bánki panji íntaneti, mazgu agha ghakusangika mu viyowoyero vinyake. * ng wakuzunulika [ŋɡ] nga ni'munwe' ndipo ng?? wakuzunulika [ŋ] nga ni 'wakwimba.' Vilembo viŵiri ivi vingaŵa pakwamba pa lizgu: ngoma 'kudu', ng'ombe 'ng'ombe panji ng'ombe.' * w mu vimanyikwiro vya awu, ewu, iwu, owa, uwa (mwachitsanzo mawú'mawu', msewu'msewu', liwú 'kulira', lowa 'kunjira', duwa'maluŵa') nangauli kanandi yikulembeka kweni kanandi yikuyowoyeka yayi. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana nga ni gwo panji mwo vikusangika yayi; ntheura ngwábwino (cipepara ca ndi wábwino) 'ndi muwemi' kweni ngóípa (cipepara ca ndi wóípa) 'ndi muheni'; mwalá 'libwe' kweni móto'moto.' * Ŵ, "ŵakuzingilizgika na milomo na lulimi luli pafupi na i", kale ŵakayowoyanga mu viyowoyero vya ku Central Region kweni sono ŵakulizga viŵi yayi. ("Nkhukayika usange ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya [β] ŵali na mazgu agha". Chizindikiro chakuti 'ŵ' kanandi chikuŵavya mu mabuku gha mazuŵa ghano nga ni manyuzipepara. Mu viyowoyero vinyake, lizgu ili likuzunulika pambere a, i, na e vindanjire. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakumanya malulimi (nga ni (Watkins) vikuyana waka na [β] mu Cisipanishi.<ref name="Watkins13">Watkins (1937), p.13.</ref> * zy (nga ni mu zyoliká 'kuzgokera pasi nga ni mbunda') lingazunulika [ʒ].<ref>Mchombo (2004), p.10.</ref> === Kapulikikilo === {{Main|ChiCheŵa tones}} Nga umo viliri na viyowoyero vinyake vinandi vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu, chiyowoyero cha ChiCheŵa nacho chili na mazgu ghakupambanapambana. Mu chiyowoyero ichi, mazgu ghakugwiliskira nchito nthowa zakupambanapambana. Cakwamba, lizgu lililose lili na mazgu ghake.<ref>Mtanthauziramawu wa Chinyanja (2002).</ref> * {{lang|ny|munthu}} {{IPA|[mu.ⁿtʰu]}} 'person' (Low, Low) * {{lang|ny|gal'''ú'''}} {{IPA|[ɡă.ɽú]}} 'dog' (Rising, High) * {{lang|ny|mb'''ú'''zi}} {{IPA|[ᵐbû.zi]}} 'goat' (Falling, Low) * {{lang|ny|ch'''í'''manga}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃí.ma.ᵑɡa]}} 'maize' (High, Low, Low) Kanandi lizgu likuŵa na lizgu limoza pera la mazgu ghapachanya (kanandi pa lizgu limoza pa mazina ghatatu ghaumaliro), panji palije lizgu nanga ndimoza. Ndipouli, mazgu ghakupambanapambana ghangaŵa na mazgu ghakupambanapambana, nga ni: * {{lang|ny|ch'''á'''kúdy'''á'''}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃá.kú.ɗʲá]}} 'food' (High, High, High; derived from {{lang|ny|chá}} + {{lang|ny|kudyá}}, 'a thing of eating') Cinthu caciŵiri cakuzirwa ico mazgu agha ghakung'anamura ni lizgu lakuyowoya. Nyengo yiliyose ya lizgu ili yili na mazgu ghake. Mwaciyelezgero, lizgu lakuti sono (present habitual) lili na mazgu ghapachanya pa lizgu lakwamba na laumaliro, apo lizgu linyake lili na mazgu ghachoko. * {{lang|ny|nd'''í'''-ma-thand'''í'''za}} 'I (usually) help' * {{lang|ny|nd'''í'''-ma-p'''í'''ta}} 'I (usually) go' Kweni mazgu ghakuti recent past continuous na present continuous, ghakuŵa na mazgu gha pa syllable yacitatu: * {{lang|ny|ndi-ma-th'''á'''ndiza}} 'I was helping' * {{lang|ny|ndi-ma-p'''í'''ta}} 'I was going' * {{lang|ny|ndi-ku-th'''á'''ndiza}} 'I am helping' * {{lang|ny|ndi-ku-p'''í'''ta}} 'I am going' Kweniso mazgu ghangavumbura usange lizgu likugwira ntchito mu chigaŵa chikuru panji mu chigaŵa chakulondezgapo.<ref name="Stevick et al. 1965, p.147">Stevick et al. (1965), p.147.</ref><ref>Mchombo (2004), pp.17–18.</ref> * {{lang|ny|sabatá yatha}} 'the week has ended' * {{lang|ny|sabatá y'''á'''tha}} 'the week which has ended (i.e. last week)' Cinthu cacitatu ico ŵanthu ŵakucita na mazgu gha Chewa nkhusambizga mazgu. Mwaciyelezgero, para mazgu ghafuma pakati pa sentesi, mazgu gha uyo wakuyowoya ghakukwera. Nyengo zinyake tikupulika mazgu ghanyake, nga ni mazgu agho ghakwera panji kukhira paumaliro wa fumbo lakuti enya panji yayi.<ref>Hullquist (1988), p.145.</ref><ref>Downing & Mtenje (2017), p. 263.</ref> == Kalembelo == === Ma kilasi gha Mazina === Vizunuli vya ChiCheŵa vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vinandi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakuvizunura kuti "Mu-A-", kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu ŵakuvizunura kuti "1/2". Kanandi mazgu agha ghakupangika mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Ndipouli, mazgu ghakupambanapambana nagho ghangaŵapo, comenecomene na mazgu agho ŵali kuwombora. Mwaciyelezgero, lizgu lakuti bánki 'banki,' ilo likung'anamura mazgu ghakupambanapambana gha kilasi 9, lili na mabánki (kalasi 6). Para tikupeleka mazina ku chigaŵa chinyake, pakwamba tikugwiliskira ntchito chigaŵa chakwamba. Para palije lizgu lakwamba, panji para lizgu lakwamba ndakubudika, mazgu agho ghali mu lizgu lakwamba (onani pasi apa) ghakovwira kuti munthu wamanye zina la lizgu. Mwaciyelezgero, mazgu ghakuti katúndu 'vinthu' ghali mu gulu la 1, cifukwa ghali na lizgu lakuti uyu 'ici.' Zina mwa mazina agha ghali mu gulu limoza pera, nga ni tomáto 'tomato(es)'(class 1), mowa 'beer' (class 3), malayá'shirt(s)'(class 6), udzudzú'mosquito(es)'(class 14), ndipo ghakusintha yayi pakati pa umoza na unandi. Nangauli vili nthena, kweni mazgu agha ghangaŵapo: tomáto muwíri 'thomato ziŵiri', mowa uwíri 'biyere ziŵiri', malayá amódzi'shati limoza', udzudzú umódzi 'nyerere yimoza.' Chigaŵa cha 11 (Lu-) chilipo yayi mu ChiCheŵa. Mazgu nga ni lumo 'nkhwazi' na lusó 'nkhongono' ghakuwoneka kuti ghali mu gulu la 5/6 (Li-Ma-) ndipo ghakukolerana na gulu ili.<ref>''Mtanthauziramawu wa Chinyanja''.</ref> * Mu-A- (1/2): {{lang|ny|munthu}} pl. {{lang|ny|anthu}} 'person'; {{lang|ny|mphunzitsi}} pl. {{lang|ny|aphunzitsi}} 'teacher'; {{lang|ny|mwaná}} pl. {{lang|ny|aná}} 'child'<br />{{space}}{{space}}(1a/2): {{lang|ny|galú}} pl. {{lang|ny|agalú}} 'dog'. Class 1a refers to nouns which have no {{lang|ny|m-}} prefix.<br />{{space}}{{space}}The plural {{lang|ny|a-}} is used only for humans and animals. It can also be used for respect, e.g. {{lang|ny|aphunzitsi áthu}} 'our teacher'<br />{{space}}{{space}}(1a/6): {{lang|ny|kíyi}} pl. {{lang|ny|makíyi}} 'key'; {{lang|ny|gúle}} pl. {{lang|ny|magúle}} 'dance'<br />{{space}}{{space}}(1a): {{lang|ny|tomáto}} '{{Not a typo|tomato(es)}}'; {{lang|ny|katúndu}} 'luggage, furniture'; {{lang|ny|feteréza}} 'fertilizer' (no pl.) * Mu-Mi- (3/4): {{lang|ny|mudzi}} pl. {{lang|ny|midzi}} 'village'; {{lang|ny|mténgo}} pl. {{lang|ny|miténgo}} 'tree'; {{lang|ny|moyo}} pl. {{lang|ny|miyoyo}} 'life'; {{lang|ny|msika}} pl. {{lang|ny|misika}} 'village'<br />{{space}}{{space}}(3): {{lang|ny|mowa}} 'beer'; {{lang|ny|móto}} 'fire'; {{lang|ny|bowa}} '{{Not a typo|mushroom(s)}}' (no pl.) * Li-Ma- (5/6): {{lang|ny|dzína}} pl. {{lang|ny|maína}} 'name'; {{lang|ny|vúto}} pl. {{lang|ny|mavúto}} 'problem'; {{lang|ny|khásu}} pl. {{lang|ny|makásu}} 'hoe'; {{lang|ny|díso}} pl. {{lang|ny|masó}} 'eye'<br />{{space}}{{space}}Often the first consonant is softened or omitted in the plural in this class.<br />{{space}}{{space}}(6): {{lang|ny|madzí}} 'water', {{lang|ny|mankhwála}} 'medicine', {{lang|ny|maló}} 'place' (no sg.) * Chi-Zi- (7/8): {{lang|ny|chinthu}} pl. {{lang|ny|zinthu}} 'thing'; {{lang|ny|chaká}} pl. {{lang|ny|zaká}} 'year'<br />{{space}}{{space}}(7): {{lang|ny|chímanga}} 'maize'; {{lang|ny|chikóndi}} 'love' (no pl.) * I-Zi- (9/10): {{lang|ny|nyumbá}} pl. {{lang|ny|nyumbá}} 'house'; {{lang|ny|mbúzi}} pl. {{lang|ny|mbúzi}} 'goat'<br />{{space}}{{space}}(10): {{lang|ny|ndevu}} 'beard'; {{lang|ny|ndíwo}} 'relish'; {{lang|ny|nzerú}} 'intelligence' (no sg.)<br />{{space}}{{space}}(9/6): {{lang|ny|bánki}} pl. {{lang|ny|mabánki}} 'bank' * Ka-Ti- (12/13): {{lang|ny|kamwaná}} pl. {{lang|ny|tianá}} 'baby'; {{lang|ny|kanthu}} pl. {{lang|ny|tinthu}} 'small thing'<br />{{space}}{{space}}(12): {{lang|ny|kasamalidwe}} 'method of taking care'; {{lang|ny|kavinidwe}} 'way of dancing' (no pl.)<br />{{space}}{{space}}(13): {{lang|ny|tuló}} 'sleep' (no sg.) * U-Ma- (14): {{lang|ny|usíku}} 'night time'; {{lang|ny|ulimi}} 'farming'; {{lang|ny|udzudzú}} '{{Not a typo|mosquito(es)}}' (no pl.)<br />{{space}}{{space}}(14/6): {{lang|ny|utá}} pl. {{lang|ny|mautá}} 'bow' Infinitive class: * Ku- (15): {{lang|ny|kuóna}} 'to see, seeing' Locative classes: * Pa- (16): {{lang|ny|pakamwa}} 'mouth' * Ku- (17): {{lang|ny|kukhosi}} 'neck' * Mu- (18): {{lang|ny|mkamwa}} 'inside the mouth' === Concords === Vizunuli, vimanyikwiro, na viyowoyero vinyake vikwenera kukolerana na mazina gha ChiCheŵa. Ivi vikucitika na vilembo vyakwambilira, nga ni: * {{lang|ny|Uyu ndi mwaná wángá}} 'this is my child' (class 1) * {{lang|ny|Awa ndi aná ángá}} 'these are my children' (class 2) * {{lang|ny|Ichi ndi chímanga chánga}} 'this is my maize' (class 7) * {{lang|ny|Iyi ndi nyumbá yángá}} 'this is my house' (class 9) Nyengo zinandi pakuyowoya za ŵalara, ŵakuyowoya za gulu laciŵiri. Kuyana na Corbett na Mtenje, lizgu lakuti bambo 'baba,' nangauli ndakuyana waka na lizgu linyake, kweni likuyana waka na lizgu linyake.<ref>Corbett & Mtenje (1987), p. 10.</ref> Vilembo vyakupambanapambana ivi vili pa tabuleti iyi: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Mndandanda wa mazgo gha ChiCheŵa ! !noun !English !this !that !pron !subj !object !num !rem !of !of+vb !other !adj |- !1 |{{lang|ny|mwaná}} |''child'' |{{lang|ny|uyu}} |{{lang|ny|uyo}} |{{lang|ny|yé-}} |{{lang|ny|a-}} |{{lang|ny|mú/ḿ-}} |{{lang|ny|m/(mu)-}} |{{lang|ny|uja}} |{{lang|ny|wá}} |{{lang|ny|wó-}} |{{lang|ny|wína}} |{{lang|ny|wám-}} |- !2 |{{lang|ny|aná}} |''children'' |{{lang|ny|awa}} |{{lang|ny|awo}} |{{lang|ny|ó-}} |{{lang|ny|a-}} |{{lang|ny|-á/wá-}} |{{lang|ny|a-}} |{{lang|ny|aja}} |{{lang|ny|á}} |{{lang|ny|ó-}} |{{lang|ny|éna}} |{{lang|ny|áa-}} |- !3 |{{lang|ny|mutú}} |''head'' |{{lang|ny|uwu}} |{{lang|ny|uwo}} |{{lang|ny|wó-}} |{{lang|ny|u-}} |{{lang|ny|-ú-}} |{{lang|ny|u-}} |{{lang|ny|uja}} |{{lang|ny|wá}} |{{lang|ny|wó-}} |{{lang|ny|wína}} |{{lang|ny|wau-}} |- !4 |{{lang|ny|mitú}} |''heads'' |{{lang|ny|iyi}} |{{lang|ny|iyo}} |{{lang|ny|yó-}} |{{lang|ny|i-}} |{{lang|ny|-í/yí-}} |{{lang|ny|i-}} |{{lang|ny|ija}} |{{lang|ny|yá}} |{{lang|ny|yó-}} |{{lang|ny|ína}} |{{lang|ny|yái-}} |- !5 |{{lang|ny|díso}} |''eye'' |{{lang|ny|ili}} |{{lang|ny|ilo}} |{{lang|ny|ló-}} |{{lang|ny|li-}} |{{lang|ny|-lí-}} |{{lang|ny|li-}} |{{lang|ny|lija}} |{{lang|ny|lá}} |{{lang|ny|ló-}} |{{lang|ny|lína}} |{{lang|ny|láli-}} |- !6 |{{lang|ny|masó}} |''eyes'' |{{lang|ny|awa}} |{{lang|ny|awo}} |{{lang|ny|ó-}} |{{lang|ny|a-}} |{{lang|ny|-wá-}} |{{lang|ny|a-}} |{{lang|ny|aja}} |{{lang|ny|á}} |{{lang|ny|ó-}} |{{lang|ny|éna}} |{{lang|ny|áa-}} |- !7 |{{lang|ny|chaká}} |''year'' |{{lang|ny|ichi}} |{{lang|ny|icho}} |{{lang|ny|chó-}} |{{lang|ny|chi-}} |{{lang|ny|-chí-}} |{{lang|ny|chi-}} |{{lang|ny|chija}} |{{lang|ny|chá}} |{{lang|ny|chó-}} |{{lang|ny|chína}} |{{lang|ny|cháchi-}} |- !8 |{{lang|ny|zaká}} |''years'' |{{lang|ny|izi}} |{{lang|ny|izo}} |z{{lang|ny|ó-}} |{{lang|ny|zi-}} |{{lang|ny|-zí-}} |{{lang|ny|zi-}} |{{lang|ny|zija}} |{{lang|ny|zá}} |{{lang|ny|zó-}} |{{lang|ny|zína}} |{{lang|ny|zázi-}} |- !9 |{{lang|ny|nyumbá}} |''house'' |{{lang|ny|iyi}} |{{lang|ny|iyo}} |{{lang|ny|yó-}} |{{lang|ny|i-}} |{{lang|ny|-í/yí-}} |{{lang|ny|i-}} |{{lang|ny|ija}} |{{lang|ny|yá}} |{{lang|ny|yó-}} |{{lang|ny|ína}} |{{lang|ny|yái-}} |- !10 |{{lang|ny|nyumbá}} |''houses'' |{{lang|ny|izi}} |{{lang|ny|izo}} |{{lang|ny|zó-}} |{{lang|ny|zi-}} |{{lang|ny|-zí-}} |{{lang|ny|zi-}} |{{lang|ny|zija}} |{{lang|ny|zá}} |{{lang|ny|zó-}} |{{lang|ny|zína}} |{{lang|ny|zázi-}} |- !12 |{{lang|ny|kamwaná}} |''baby'' |{{lang|ny|aka}} |{{lang|ny|ako}} |{{lang|ny|kó-}} |{{lang|ny|ka-}} |{{lang|ny|-ká-}} |{{lang|ny|ka-}} |{{lang|ny|kaja}} |{{lang|ny|ká}} |{{lang|ny|kó-}} |{{lang|ny|kéna}} |{{lang|ny|káka-}} |- !13 |{{lang|ny|tianá}} |''babies'' |{{lang|ny|iti}} |{{lang|ny|ito}} |{{lang|ny|tó-}} |{{lang|ny|ti-}} |{{lang|ny|-tí-}} |{{lang|ny|ti-}} |{{lang|ny|tija}} |{{lang|ny|tá}} |{{lang|ny|tó-}} |{{lang|ny|tína}} |{{lang|ny|táti-}} |- !14 |{{lang|ny|utá}} |''bow'' |{{lang|ny|uwu}} |{{lang|ny|uwo}} |{{lang|ny|wó-}} |{{lang|ny|u-}} |{{lang|ny|-ú-}} |{{lang|ny|u-}} |{{lang|ny|uja}} |{{lang|ny|wá}} |{{lang|ny|wó-}} |{{lang|ny|wína}} |{{lang|ny|wáu-}} |- !15 |{{lang|ny|kugúla}} |''buying'' |{{lang|ny|uku}} |{{lang|ny|uko}} |{{lang|ny|kó-}} |{{lang|ny|ku-}} |{{lang|ny|-kú-}} |{{lang|ny|ku-}} |{{lang|ny|kuja}} |{{lang|ny|kwá}} |{{lang|ny|kó-}} |{{lang|ny|kwína}} |{{lang|ny|kwáku-}} |- !16 |{{lang|ny|pansí}} |''underneath'' |{{lang|ny|apa}} |{{lang|ny|apo}} |{{lang|ny|pó-}} |{{lang|ny|pa-}} |{{lang|ny|-po}} |{{lang|ny|pa-}} |{{lang|ny|paja}} |{{lang|ny|pá}} |{{lang|ny|pó-}} |{{lang|ny|péna}} |{{lang|ny|pápa-}} |- !17 |{{lang|ny|kutsogoló}} |''in front'' |{{lang|ny|uku}} |{{lang|ny|uko}} |{{lang|ny|kó-}} |{{lang|ny|ku-}} |{{lang|ny|-ko}} |{{lang|ny|ku-}} |{{lang|ny|kuja}} |{{lang|ny|kwá}} |{{lang|ny|kó-}} |{{lang|ny|kwína}} |{{lang|ny|kwáku-}} |- !18 |{{lang|ny|mkatí}} |''inside'' |{{lang|ny|umu}} |{{lang|ny|umo}} |{{lang|ny|mó-}} |{{lang|ny|m/mu-}} |{{lang|ny|-mo}} |{{lang|ny|m/mu-}} |{{lang|ny|muja}} |{{lang|ny|mwá}} |{{lang|ny|mó-}} |{{lang|ny|mwína}} |{{lang|ny|mwám'-}} |} Pali mazina 17 ghakupambanapambana, kweni pakuti ghanyake ghali na mazina ghakupambanapambana, pali mazina 12 pera. === Examples of the use of concords === Mu viyelezgero ivyo vili pasi apa, mazgu gha viyowoyero ivi ghakulongosoreka na mazina gha viyowoyero vya mu kilasi 1 na 2. ==== Demonstratives 'this' and 'that' ==== * {{lang|ny|uyu ndaní?}} 'who is this?'; {{lang|ny|awa ndaní?}} 'who are these?' (or: 'who is this gentleman?' (respectful)) * {{lang|ny|mwaná uyu}} ({{lang|ny|mwanáyu}}) 'this child'; {{lang|ny|aná awa}} ({{lang|ny|anáwa}}) 'these children' * {{lang|ny|mwaná uyo}} ({{lang|ny|mwanáyo}}) 'that child'; {{lang|ny|aná awo}} ({{lang|ny|anáwo}}) 'those children' Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vilembo ivi. ==== Pronominal {{lang|ny|yé}}, {{lang|ny|(w)ó}} etc. ==== Para mazgu agha ghalembeka pambere mazgu ghanyake ghandalembeke, panji para ghalembeka pambere mazgu ghanyake ghandambe kulembeka, ghakuŵa nga ni mazgu ghakuti "iyo" na "iwo". * {{lang|ny|iyé}} 'he/she'; {{lang|ny|iwó}} 'they' (or 'he/she' (respectful)) * {{lang|ny|náye}} 'with him/her'; {{lang|ny|náwo}} 'with them' (or 'with him/her' (respectful)) * {{lang|ny|ndiyé}} 'it is he/she'; {{lang|ny|ndiwó}} 'it is they' Pa visambizgo vinyake padera pa visambizgo 1 na 2, mazgu ghakulongosora ghakugwiliskirika nchito m'malo mwa zina la munthu, nga ni ichi panji icho. Kweni pali viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vili na lizgu lakuti ná- na ndi- nga ni nácho na ndichó. ==== {{lang|ny|yénse}}, {{lang|ny|yékha}}, {{lang|ny|yémwe}} ==== Viyelezgelo vitatu vya zina lakuti yénse 'wose', yékha 'yekha', yémwe 'iyo mweneyuyo' (panji 'uyo') vili na viyelezgelo vyakuyana waka vyakuti yé- na (w) ó-, pa nyengo iyi ni viyelezgelo: * {{lang|ny|Maláwi yénse}} 'the whole of Malawi' * {{lang|ny|aná ónse}} 'all the children' * {{lang|ny|yékha}} 'on his/her own' * {{lang|ny|ókha}} 'on their own' * {{lang|ny|mwaná yemwéyo}} 'that same child' * {{lang|ny|aná omwéwo}} 'those same children' Mu magulu ghaŵiri na ghankhondi na limoza, ó- kanandi yikuzgoka wó- (nga ni wónse kwa ónse na vinyake). Lizgu lakuti álíyensé 'wose' lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti áli 'uyo waliko' na lakuti yénse 'wose.' Vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vya lizgu ili vili na mazgu ghakuyana: * {{lang|ny|mwaná álíyensé}} 'every child' * {{lang|ny|aná awíri álíonsé}} 'every two children' * {{lang|ny|nyumbá ílíyonsé}} 'every house' (class 4) * {{lang|ny|chaká chílíchonsé}} 'every year' (class 7) ==== Subject prefix ==== Nga umo vikuŵira na viyowoyero vinyake vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu, viyowoyero vyose vya ChiCheŵa vili na mazgu ghakwamba agho ghakukolerana na chiŵaro cha chiŵaro. Mu ChiCheŵa cha mazuŵa ghano, chiŵiya chakwamba cha chiŵiya 2 (kale ŵa-) chazgoka a-, icho chikuyana waka na chiŵiya chakwamba cha chiŵiya 1: * {{lang|ny|mwaná ápita}} 'the child will go'; {{lang|ny|aná ápita}} 'the children will go' Nyengo yakufikapo (wapita 'wakaluta', apita 'ŵaluta') yili na vigaŵa vyakupambana na nyengo zinyake (wonani pasi apa). ==== {{lang|ny|améne}} 'who' ==== Lizgu lakuti améne 'uyo' na lizgu lakuti demonstrative améneyo ghakugwiliskira ntchito mazgu ghakuyana waka nga ni verebu: * {{lang|ny|mwaná améne}} 'the child who' * {{lang|ny|aná améne}} 'the children who' * {{lang|ny|mwaná améneyo}} 'that child' * {{lang|ny|aná aménewo}} 'those children' * {{lang|ny|nyumbá iméneyo}} 'that house' * {{lang|ny|nyumbá ziménezo}} 'those houses' ==== Object prefix ==== Mu ChiCheŵa, ntchakukhumbikwa yayi kugwiliskira ntchito chigaŵa chakwamba. Para lizgu ili lalembeka, likuŵa panthazi pa lizgu la chiyowoyero, ndipo likuyana na lizgu ilo likuyowoyeka: * {{lang|ny|ndamúona}} 'I have seen him/her'; {{lang|ny|ndawáona}} 'I have seen them' (sometimes shortened to {{lang|ny|ndaáona}}). The object prefix of classes 16, 17, and 18 is usually replaced by a suffix: {{lang|ny|ndaonámo}} 'I have seen inside it'. The same prefix with verbs with the applicative suffix {{lang|ny|-ira}} represents the indirect object, e.g. {{lang|ny|ndamúlembera}} 'I have written to him'. ==== Numeral concords ==== Numeral concords are used with numbers {{lang|ny|-módzi}} 'one', {{lang|ny|-wíri}} 'two', {{lang|ny|-tátu}} 'three', {{lang|ny|-náyi}} 'four', {{lang|ny|-sanu}} 'five', and the words {{lang|ny|-ngáti?}} 'how many', {{lang|ny|-ngápo}} 'several': * {{lang|ny|mwaná mmódzi}} 'one child'; {{lang|ny|aná awíri}} 'two children'; {{lang|ny|aná angáti?}} 'how many children?' Chiŵiya chakwamba m- chikuzgoka mu- pambere -wiri: tomáto muwíri'matamati ghaŵiri.' Nambara ya khúmi 'kumi' yikukolerana yayi. ==== Demonstratives {{lang|ny|uja}} and {{lang|ny|uno}} ==== Viyezgo vya kujilongora vya uja 'uyo mukumumanya' na uno 'uyo tili mu' vikuyana waka na viyezgo vya u- na a- mu kilasi 1 na 2. Pa vifukwa vinyake, cigaŵa ca 1 uno nchacilendo: * {{lang|ny|mwaná uja}} 'that child (the one you know)'; {{lang|ny|aná aja}} 'those children' (those ones you know) * {{lang|ny|mwezí uno}} 'this month (we are in)' (class 3); {{lang|ny|masíkú ano}} 'these days'; {{lang|ny|ku Maláwí kuno}} 'here in Malawi (where we are now)' (class 17). ==== Perfect tense subject prefix ==== Mazgu gheneagha w- (ghakufuma ku u-) na a-, pamoza na vowel a, ghakupangiska kuti chiŵiya icho chikwimira chiŵiya chinyake chiŵe mu nyengo yakufikapo. Mu lizgu la unandi, vilembo viŵiri ivi vikusazgikana na kuzgoka lizgu limoza: * {{lang|ny|mwaná wapita}} 'the child has gone; {{lang|ny|aná apita}} 'the children have gone' ==== Possessive concord ==== The concords {{lang|ny|w-}} (derived from {{lang|ny|u-}}) and {{lang|ny|a-}} are also found in the word {{lang|ny|á}} 'of': * {{lang|ny|mwaná wá Mphátso}} 'Mphatso's child'; {{lang|ny|aná á Mphátso}} 'Mphatso's children' The same concords are used in possessive adjectives {{lang|ny|-ánga}} 'my', {{lang|ny|-áko}} 'your', {{lang|ny|-áke}} 'his/her/its/their', {{lang|ny|-áthu}} 'our', {{lang|ny|-ánu}} 'your (plural or respectful singular), {{lang|ny|-áwo}} 'their'/'his/her' (respectful): * {{lang|ny|mwaná wángá}} 'my child'; {{lang|ny|aná ángá}} 'my children' {{lang|ny|-áwo}} 'their' is used only of people ({{lang|ny|-áke}} is used for things). {{lang|ny|Wá}} 'of' can be combined with nouns or adverbs to make adjectives: * {{lang|ny|mwaná wánzérú}} 'an intelligent child'; {{lang|ny|aná ánzérú}} 'intelligent children' * {{lang|ny|mwaná ábwino}} a good child'; {{lang|ny|aná ábwino}} 'good children' In the same way {{lang|ny|wá}} 'of' combines with the {{lang|ny|ku-}} of the infinitive to make verbal adjectives. {{lang|ny|Wá}} + {{lang|ny|ku-}} usually shortens to {{lang|ny|wó-}}, except where the verb root is monosyllabic: * {{lang|ny|mwaná wókóngola}} 'a beautiful child'; {{lang|ny|aná ókóngola}} 'beautiful children' * {{lang|ny|mwaná wákúbá}} 'a thieving child'; {{lang|ny|aná ákúbá}} 'thieving children' ==== {{lang|ny|-ína}} 'other' and {{lang|ny|-ení-éní}} 'real' ==== The same {{lang|ny|w-}} and {{lang|ny|a-}} concords are found with the words {{lang|ny|-ína}} 'other' and {{lang|ny|-ení-éní}} 'real'. In combination with these words the plural concord {{lang|ny|a-}} is converted to {{lang|ny|e-}}: * {{lang|ny|mwaná wína}} 'a certain child, another child'; {{lang|ny|aná éna}} 'certain children, other children' * {{lang|ny|mwaná weníwéní}} 'a real child'; {{lang|ny|aná eníéní}} 'real children' ==== Double-prefix adjectives ==== Certain adjectives ({{lang|ny|-kúlu}} 'big', {{lang|ny|-ng'óno}} 'small'; {{lang|ny|-(a)múna}} 'male', {{lang|ny|-kázi}} 'female'; {{lang|ny|-táli}} 'long', 'tall', {{lang|ny|-fúpi}} 'short'; {{lang|ny|-wisi}} 'fresh') have a double prefix, combining the possessive concord ({{lang|ny|wá-}}) and the number concord ({{lang|ny|m-}} or {{lang|ny|mw-}}): * {{lang|ny|mwaná wáḿkúlu}} 'a big child'; {{lang|ny|aná áákúlu}} 'big children' * {{lang|ny|mwaná wáḿng'óno}} 'a small child'; {{lang|ny|aná ááng'óno}} 'little children' * {{lang|ny|mwaná wámwámúna}} 'a male child'; {{lang|ny|aná áámúna}} 'male children' * {{lang|ny|mwaná wáḿkázi}} 'a female child'; {{lang|ny|aná áákázi}} 'female children' === Historic changes === Early dictionaries, such as those of [[Johannes Rebmann|Rebmann]], and of Scott and Hetherwick, show that formerly the number of concords was greater. The following changes have taken place: * Class 2 formerly had the concord {{lang|ny|ŵa-}} (e.g. {{lang|ny|ŵanthu aŵa}} 'these people'), but this has now become {{lang|ny|a-}} for most speakers. * Class 8, formerly using {{lang|ny|dzi-}} (Southern Region) or {{lang|ny|bzi/bvi/vi-}} (Central Region) (e.g. {{lang|ny|bzaká bziŵíri}} 'two years'),<ref>Scott & Hetherwick (1929), s.v. Ibsi; Rebmann (1877) s.v. Chiko, Psiwili/Pfiwili; Watkins (1937), p. 37.</ref> has now adopted the concords of class 10. * Class 6, formerly with {{lang|ny|ya-}} concords (e.g. {{lang|ny|mazira aya}} 'these eggs'),<ref>Rebmann (1877) s.v. Aya, Mame, Mano, Yonse; cf Goodson (2011).</ref> now has the concords of class 2. * Class 11 ({{lang|ny|lu-}}) had already been assimilated to class 5 even in the 19th century, although it still exists in some dialects of the neighbouring language [[Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]]. * Class 14, formerly with {{lang|ny|bu-}} concords (e.g. {{lang|ny|ufá bwángá}} 'my flour'),<ref>Rebmann (1877), s.v. Ufa; Watkins (1937), pp. 33–4.</ref> now has the same concords as class 3. * Class 13 ({{lang|ny|ti-}}) had {{lang|ny|tu-}} in Rebmann's time (e.g. {{lang|ny|tumpeni utu}} 'these small knives'). This prefix still survives in words like {{lang|ny|tuló}} 'sleep'. In addition, classes 4 and 9, and classes 15 and 17 have identical concords, so the total number of concord sets (singular and plural) is now twelve. == Ntchito == {{see|ChiCheŵa tenses}} === Formation of tenses === Mu ChiCheŵa, mazgu gha nyengo ghakupambana mu nthowa ziŵiri. Nyengo zinyake mazgu ghaŵiri ghakuyana waka ndipo ghakupambana waka na mazgu ghanyake. Mu viyelezgero vyakulondezgapo, chikhwangwani cha nyengo chili pasi:<ref>Maxson (2011), pp.39ff, 77ff.</ref><ref>For tones, Mtenje (1986).</ref> * {{lang|ny|ndi-<u>ku</u>-gúla}} 'I am buying' * {{lang|ny|ndí-<u>ma</u>-gúla}} 'I usually buy' * {{lang|ny|ndi-<u>ma</u>-gúla}} 'I was buying', 'I used to buy' * {{lang|ny|ndí-<u>dzá</u>-gula}} 'I will buy (tomorrow or in future)' * {{lang|ny|ndí-<u>ká</u>-gula}} 'I will buy (when I get there)' One tense has no tense-marker: * {{lang|ny|ndí-gula}} 'I will buy (soon)' Para munthu wakuyowoya mazgu gha nyengo, wangasazgirako mazgu ghanyake agho ghakumanyikwa na zina lakuti 'aspect-markers.' Ni -má- 'nyengozose, kanandi' -ká- 'kwenda na', -dzá 'kwiza na' panji 'kunthazi,' na -ngo- 'yekha,' 'pamoza pera.' Viŵikilo ivi vingagwiliskikaso nchito pavyekha, nga ni vilembo vya nyengo (yaniskani -ma- na -dza- mu ndondomeko ya nyengo iyo yili pacanya apa). Mwaciyelezgero: * {{lang|ny|ndi-ku-má-gúlá}} 'I am always buying'<ref>Maxson (2011), p.126.</ref> * {{lang|ny|ndi-ná-ká-gula}} 'I went and bought'<ref>Maxson (2011), p.115.</ref> * {{lang|ny|ndí-má-ngo-gúla}} 'I just usually buy'<ref>Salaun, p.49.</ref> Compound tenses, such as the following, are also found in ChiCheŵa:<ref>Kiso (2012), p.107.</ref> * {{lang|ny|nd-a-khala ndí-kú-gúla}} 'I have been buying' === Subject-marker === Viyezgo vya ChiCheŵa (kupaturako mazgu ghakuchiska na mazgu ghambura kumara) vikwamba na lizgu ilo likuyana na lizgu ilo likuyowoyeka. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakumanya maluso gha vilembo ŵakuchema chilembo ichi kuti'subject-marker'.<ref>Hyman & Mtenje (1999a).</ref> * {{lang|ny|(ife) <u>ti</u>-ku-píta}} 'we are going' * {{lang|ny|mténgo <u>w</u>-a-gwa}} (for *{{lang|ny|<u>u</u>-a-gwa}}) 'the tree has fallen'<ref>Maxson (2011), p.52.</ref> The subject-marker can be: * Personal: {{lang|ny|ndi-}} 'I', {{lang|ny|u-}} 'you (singular)', {{lang|ny|a-}} 'he, she', {{lang|ny|ti-}} 'we', {{lang|ny|mu-}} 'you (plural or polite)', {{lang|ny|a-}} 'they'; 'he/she (respectful or polite). (In the perfect tense, the subject-marker for 'he, she' is {{lang|ny|w-}}: {{lang|ny|w-a-pita}} 'he has gone'.)<ref>Maxson (2011), p.36.</ref> * Impersonal: {{lang|ny|a-}} (class 1, 2 or 6), {{lang|ny|u-}} (class 3 or 14), {{lang|ny|i-}} (class 4 or 9), {{lang|ny|li-}} (class 5), etc. * Locative: {{lang|ny|ku-}}, {{lang|ny|pa-}}, {{lang|ny|mu-}} An example of a locative subject-marker is: * {{lang|ny|m'madzí <u>mu</u>li nsómba}} 'in the water there are fish'<ref>Salaun, p.16.</ref> Both the 2nd and the 3rd person plural pronouns and subject-markers are used respectfully to refer to a single person:<ref>Maxson (2011), pp. 21, 23.</ref> * {{lang|ny|mukupíta}} 'you are going' (plural or respectful) * {{lang|ny|apita}} 'they have gone' or 'he/she has gone' (respectful) Except in the perfect tense, the 3rd person subject marker when used of people is the same whether singular or plural. So in the present tense the 3rd person subject-marker is ''a-'': * {{lang|ny|akupíta}} 'he/she is going' * {{lang|ny|akupíta}} 'they are going', 'he/she is going' (respectful) But in the perfect tense ''wa-'' (singular) contrasts with ''a-'' (plural or respectful): * {{lang|ny|wapita}} 'he/she has gone' * {{lang|ny|apita}} 'they have gone', 'he/she has gone' (respectful) When the subject is a noun not in class 1, the appropriate class prefix is used even if referring to a person: * {{lang|la|mfúmu <u>i</u>kupíta}} 'the chief is going' (class 9) * {{lang|ny|tianá <u>ti</u>kupíta}} 'the babies are going' (class 13) === Object-marker === An object-marker can also optionally be added to the verb; if one is added it goes immediately before the verb-stem.<ref>Maxson (2011), pp.26ff.</ref> The 2nd person plural adds {{lang|ny|-ni}} after the verb: * {{lang|ny|ndí-ma-<u>ku</u>-kónda}} 'I love you' ({{lang|ny|ndi}} = 'I', {{lang|ny|ku}} = 'you') * {{lang|ny|ndí-ma-<u>ku</u>-kónda-<u>ni</u>}} 'I love you' (plural or formal) The object-marker can be: * Personal: {{lang|ny|-ndi-}} 'me', {{lang|ny|-ku-}} 'you', {{lang|ny|-mu-}} or {{lang|ny|-m'-}} 'him, her', {{lang|ny|-ti-}} 'us', {{lang|ny|-wa-}} or {{lang|ny|-a-}} 'them', 'him/her (polite)'. * Impersonal: {{lang|ny|-mu-}} (class 1), {{lang|ny|-wa-}} (class 2), {{lang|ny|-u-}} (class 3 or 14), etc. * Locative: e.g. {{lang|ny|m'nyumbá mu-ku-<u>mú</u>-dzíwa}} 'you know the inside of the house';<ref>Maxson (2011), p.64.</ref> but usually a locative suffix is used instead: {{lang|ny|nd-a-oná-<u>mo</u>}} 'I have seen inside it' * Reflexive: {{lang|ny|-dzi-}} 'himself', 'herself', 'themselves', 'myself', etc. When used with a toneless verb tense such as the perfect, the object-marker has a high tone, but in some tenses such as the present habitual, the tone is lost:<ref>Downing & Mtenje (2017), pp. 143, 162.</ref> * {{lang|ny|nd-a-<u>m'''ú'''</u>-ona}} 'I have seen him' * {{lang|ny|ndí-ma-<u>mu</u>-óna}} 'I usually see him' With the imperative or subjunctive, the tone of the object-marker goes on the syllable following it, and the imperative ending changes to ''-e'':<ref>Downing & Mtenje (2017), pp. 142, 145.</ref> * {{lang|ny|<u>ndi</u>-p'''á'''tse-ni mpungá}} 'could you give me some rice?' * {{lang|ny|<u>ndi</u>-th'''á'''ndízé-ni!}} 'help me!' * {{lang|ny|mu-<u>mu</u>-th'''á'''ndízé}} 'you should help him' === Variety of tenses === {{main|ChiCheŵa tenses}} ChiCheŵa chili na viyowoyero vinandi, ndipo vinyake vikupambana na viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Europe. Para munthu wakuyowoya lizgu la ciyowoyero cinyake, wakuŵa na vilembo vyakwambilira nga ni -na- na -ku-, ndipo para wakuyowoya lizgu linyake wakuŵa na vilembo vyakwambilira. ==== Near vs. remote ==== Pali nyengo zinkhondi (zamunthazi, zamunthazi, zamunthazi, zamunthazi, na zamunthazi). Mphambano pakati pa nyengo zakufupi na zakutali njakwenelera yayi. Nyengo zakutali zikugwiliskirika nchito yayi pa vinthu ivyo vikacitika muhanya uno panji usiku wamara, kweni nyengo zakufupi zingagwiriskirika nchito pa vinthu ivyo vikacitika kumasinda panji kunthazi: * {{lang|ny|ndi-ná-gula}} 'I bought (yesterday or some days ago)' (''remote perfect'') * {{lang|ny|nd-a-gula}} 'I have bought (today)' (''perfect'') * {{lang|ny|ndi-ku-gúla}} 'I am buying (now)' (''present'') * {{lang|ny|ndí-gula}} 'I'll buy (today)' (''near future'') * {{lang|ny|ndi-dzá-gula}} 'I'll buy (tomorrow or later)' (''remote future'') ==== Perfect vs. past ==== Pali mphambano yinyake pakati pa vinthu viwemi na viheni. Vinthu viŵiri ivi vikulongora kuti ivyo vikacitika vikaŵa na umaliro uwo ulipo. Nyengo ziŵiri izo zajumpha zikulongora kuti cigaŵa ico cacitika cazgoka: Recent time (today): * {{lang|ny|nd-a-gula}} 'I have bought it' (and still have it) (''Perfect'') * {{lang|ny|ndi-na-gúla}} 'I bought it (but no longer have it)' (''Recent Past'') Remote time (yesterday or earlier): * {{lang|ny|ndi-ná-gula}} or {{lang|ny|ndi-dá-gula}} 'I bought it' (and still have it) (''Remote Perfect'') * {{lang|ny|ndí-ná-a-gúla}} or {{lang|ny|ndí-dá-a-gúla}} 'I bought it (but no longer have it)' (''Remote Past'') When used in narrating a series of events, however, these implications are somewhat relaxed: the Remote Perfect is used for narrating earlier events, and the Recent Past for narrating events of today.<ref>Kiso (2012), pp. 110–111.</ref> ==== Perfective vs. imperfective ==== Another important distinction in Chewa is between perfective and imperfective aspect. Imperfective tenses are used for situations, events which occur regularly, or events which are temporarily in progress: * {{lang|ny|ndi-nká-gúlá}} 'I used to buy', 'I was buying (a long time ago)' * {{lang|ny|ndi-ma-gúla}} 'I was buying (today)', 'I used to buy (a long time ago)' * {{lang|ny|ndí-zi-dza-gúla}} 'I will be buying (regularly)' In the present tense only, there is a further distinction between habitual and progressive: * {{lang|ny|ndí-ma-gúla}} 'I buy (regularly)' * {{lang|ny|ndi-ku-gúla}} 'I am buying (currently)' ==== Other tenses ==== One future tense not found in European languages is the {{lang|ny|-ká-}} future, which 'might presuppose an unspoken conditional clause':<ref>Maxson (2011), p. 116.</ref> * {{lang|ny|ndí-ká-gula}} 'I will buy' (if I go there, or when I get there) There are also various [[subjunctive]] and potential mood tenses, such as: * {{lang|ny|ndi-gulé}} 'I should buy' * {{lang|ny|ndi-<u>zí</u>-gúlá}} 'I should be buying' * {{lang|ny|ndi-<u>dzá</u>-gúlé}} 'I should buy (in future)' * {{lang|ny|ndi-<u>nga</u>-gule}} 'I can buy' * {{lang|ny|ndi-<u>kadá</u>-gula}} 'I would have bought' === Negative tenses === Negative tenses, if they are main verbs, are made with the prefix {{lang|ny|sí-}}. They differ in intonation from the positive tenses.<ref>Mtenje (1986), p. 244ff.</ref> The negative of the {{lang|ny|-ná-}} tense has the ending {{lang|ny|-e}} instead of {{lang|ny|-a}}: * {{lang|ny|sí-ndí-gula}} 'I don't buy' * {{lang|ny|sí-ndi-na-gúle}} 'I didn't buy' Tenses which mean 'will not' or 'have not yet' have a single tone on the penultimate syllable: * {{lang|ny|si-ndi-dza-gúla}} 'I won't buy' * {{lang|ny|si-ndi-na-gúle}} 'I haven't bought (it) yet' Infinitives, participial verbs, and the subjunctive make their negative with {{lang|ny|-sa-}}, which is added after the subject-prefix instead of before it. They similarly have a single tone on the penultimate syllable: * {{lang|ny|ndi-sa-gúle}} 'I should not buy'<ref>Stevick et al. (1965), p.222.</ref> * {{lang|ny|ku-sa-gúla}} 'not to buy' === Dependent clause tenses === The tenses used in certain kinds of dependent clauses (such as relative clauses and some types of temporal clauses) differ from those used in main clauses. Dependent verbs often have a tone on the first syllable. Sometimes this change of tone alone is sufficient to show that the verb is being used in a dependent clause.<ref>Mchombo (2004), pp. 17–18.</ref><ref name="Stevick et al. 1965, p.147" /> Compare for example: * {{lang|ny|a-ku-gúla}} 'he is buying' * {{lang|ny|á-kú-gúla}} 'when he is buying' or 'who is buying' Other commonly used dependent tenses are the following: * {{lang|ny|ndí-tá-gúla}} 'after I bought/buy' * {{lang|ny|ndí-sa-na-gúle}} 'before I bought/buy' There is also a series of tenses using a toneless {{lang|ny|-ka-}} meaning 'when' of 'if', for example:<ref>Salaun, p.70</ref><ref>Kanerva (1990), p.24.</ref> * {{lang|ny|ndi-ka-gula}} 'when/if I buy' * {{lang|ny|ndi-ka-dzá-gula}} 'if in future I buy' * {{lang|ny|ndi-ka-má-gúlá}} 'whenever I buy' * {{lang|ny|ndí-ka-da-gúla}} 'if I had bought' === Verb extensions === After the verb stem one or more extensions may be added. The extensions modify the meaning of the verb, for example: * {{lang|ny|gul-a}} 'buy' * {{lang|ny|gul-'''ir'''-a}} 'buy for' or 'buy with' (''applicative'') * {{lang|ny|gul-'''ir'''-'''an'''-a}} 'buy for one another' (''applicative + reciprocal'') * {{lang|ny|gul-'''ik'''-á}} 'get bought', 'be for sale' (''stative'') * {{lang|ny|gul-'''its'''-a}} 'cause to get bought, i.e. sell' (''causative'') * {{lang|ny|gul-'''its'''-'''idw'''-a}} 'be sold (by someone)' (''causative + passive'') The extensions {{lang|ny|-ul-/-ol-}} and its intransitive form {{lang|ny|-uk-/-ok-}} are called 'reversive'. They give meanings such as 'open', 'undo', 'unstick', 'uncover': * {{lang|ny|tseg-'''ul'''-a}} 'open (something)' * {{lang|ny|tseg-'''uk'''-á}} 'become open' * {{lang|ny|thy-'''ol'''-a}} 'break something off' * {{lang|ny|thy-'''ok'''-á}} 'get broken off' * {{lang|ny|mas-'''ul'''-a}} 'undo, loosen' * {{lang|ny|mas-'''uk'''-á}} 'become loose, relaxed' Most extensions, apart from the reciprocal {{lang|ny|-an-}} 'one another', have two possible forms, e.g. {{lang|ny|-ir-/-er-}}, {{lang|ny|-idw-/-edw-}}, {{lang|ny|-its-/-ets-}}, {{lang|ny|-iz-/-ez-}}, {{lang|ny|-ul-/-ol-}}, {{lang|ny|-uk-/-ok-}}. The forms with {{lang|ny|i}} and {{lang|ny|u}} are used when the verb stem has {{lang|ny|a}}, {{lang|ny|i}}, or {{lang|ny|u}}. ''u'' can also follow ''e'': * {{lang|ny|k'''a'''n-'''ik'''-á}} 'fail to happen' * {{lang|ny|ph'''i'''k-'''ir'''-a}} 'cook for someone' * {{lang|ny|g'''u'''l-'''its'''-a}} 'sell' * {{lang|ny|s'''u'''ngun-'''ul'''-a}} 'melt (transitive)' * {{lang|ny|ts'''e'''g-'''ul'''-a}} 'open' The forms with {{lang|ny|e}} are used if the verb stem is monosyllabic or has an {{lang|ny|e}} or {{lang|ny|o}} in it:<ref>Salaun, p.78.</ref> * {{lang|ny|dy-'''er'''-a}} 'eat with' * {{lang|ny|bw'''e'''r-'''ez'''-a}} 'repeat' * {{lang|ny|ch'''o'''k-'''er'''-a}} 'come from' Extensions with ''o'' are used only with a monosyllabic stem or one with ''o'': * {{lang|ny|thy-'''ok'''-á}} 'get broken off' * {{lang|ny|t'''o'''n-'''ol'''-a}} 'remove grains of corn from the cob' The extension {{lang|ny|-its-, -ets-}} with a low tone is causative, but when it has a high tone it is intensive. The high tone is heard on the final syllable of the verb: * {{lang|ny|yang'an-'''its'''-'''its'''-á}} 'look carefully' * {{lang|ny|yes-'''ets'''-á}} 'try hard' The applicative {{lang|ny|-ir-, -er-}} can also sometimes be intensive, in which case it has a high tone: * {{lang|ny|pit-'''ir'''-'''ir'''-á}} 'carry on, keep going' Verbs with {{lang|ny|-ik-, -ek-, -uk-, -ok-}} when they have a stative or intransitive meaning also usually have a high tone: * {{lang|ny|chit-'''ik'''-á}} 'happen' * {{lang|ny|sungun-'''uk'''-á}} 'melt (intransitive), get melted' However, there are some low-toned exceptions such as {{lang|ny|on-'''ek'''-a}} 'seem' or {{lang|ny|nyam-'''uk'''-a}} 'set off'.<ref>Hyman & Mtenje (1999b).</ref> == Literature == {{main|List of ChiCheŵa-language authors}} === Story-writers and playwrights === The following have written published stories, novels, or plays in the Chewa language: * [[William Chafulumira]]<ref>[https://dacb.org/stories/malawi/chafulumira-william/ "Chafulumira, William"]. ''Dictionary of African Christian Biography''.</ref> * [[Samuel Josia Ntara]] or Nthala<ref>[http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no96061711/ WorldCat list of Ntara's publications]</ref> * [[John Gwengwe]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180731125433/https://mwnation.com/whither-vernacular-fiction/ "Whither Vernacular Fiction?"]. The Nation newspaper May 26, 2017.</ref> * [[E.J. Chadza]] * [[Steve Chimombo]] * [[Whyghtone Kamthunzi]] * [[Francis Moto]] * [[Bonwell Kadyankena Rodgers]] * [[Willie Zingani]] * [[Barnaba Zingani]] * [[Jolly Maxwell Ntaba]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180731124018/https://mwnation.com/jolly-maxwell-ntaba/ "Jolly Maxwell Ntaba"]. The Nation newspaper April 4, 2014</ref> === Poets === * [[Jack Mapanje]] * [[E.J. Chadza]] * [[Benedicto Wokomaatani Malunga]] * [[Innocent Masina Nkhonyo]] == Town Nyanja (Zambia) == {{Infobox language|name=Town Nyanja|states=Zambia|region=[[Lusaka]]|speakers=?|date=|ref=|familycolor=Creole|family=[[Nyanja language|Nyanja]]-based|iso3=none|glotto=none|guthrie=none}} An urban variety of Nyanja, sometimes called Town Nyanja, is the lingua franca of the Zambian capital [[Lusaka]] and is widely spoken as a second language throughout Zambia. This is a distinctive Nyanja dialect with some features of [[Nsenga language|Nsenga]], although the language also incorporates large numbers of English-derived words, as well as showing influence from other Zambian languages such as [[Bemba language|Bemba]]. Town Nyanja has no official status, and the presence of large numbers of loanwords and colloquial expressions has given rise to the misconception that it is an unstructured mixture of languages or a form of slang. [[File:WIKITONGUES-_Chabota_speaking_Nyanja.webm|right|thumb|Zambian Town Nyanja.]] The fact that the standard Nyanja used in schools differs dramatically from the variety actually spoken in Lusaka has been identified as a barrier to the acquisition of literacy among Zambian children.<ref>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=E|title=Investigating bilingual literacy: Evidence from Malawi and Zambia (Education Research Paper No. 24)|year=1998|publisher=Department for International Development}}</ref> The concords in Town Nyanja differ from those in ChiCheŵa described above. For example, classes 5 and 6 both have the concord ''ya-'' instead of ''la-'' and ''a-''; class 8 has ''va-'' instead of ''za-''; and 13 has ''twa-'' instead of ''ta-''.<ref>Gray, Lubasi, & Bwalya (2013), p. 11</ref> In addition, the subject and object marker for "I" is ''ni-'' rather than ''ndi-'', and that for "they" is ''βa-'' (spelled "ba-") rather than ''a-''.<ref>Gray, Lubasi & Bwalya (2013) p. 16.</ref> == Sample phrases == {| class="wikitable" !English !Chewa (Malawi)<ref>Paas (2016).</ref> !Town Nyanja (Lusaka)<ref>Phrases from Gray et al. (2013).</ref> |- |How are you? |{{lang|ny|Muli bwanji?}} |{{lang|ny|Muli bwanji?}} |- |I'm fine |{{lang|ny|Ndili bwino}} |{{lang|ny|Nili bwino}} / {{lang|ny|Nili mushe}} |- |Thank you |{{lang|ny|Zikomo}} |{{lang|ny|Zikomo}} |- |Yes |{{lang|ny|Inde}} |{{lang|ny|Ee}} |- |No |{{lang|ny|Iyayi/Ayi}} |{{lang|ny|Iyayi}} |- |What's your name? |{{lang|ny|Dzina lanu ndani?}}<ref>Maxson (2011), p. 112.</ref> |{{lang|ny|Zina yanu ndimwe bandani?}} |- |My name is... |{{lang|ny|Dzina langa ndine...}} |{{lang|ny|Zina yanga ndine...}} |- |How many children do you have? |{{lang|ny|Muli ndi ana angati?}} |{{lang|ny|Muli na bana bangati?}} ('b' = [ŵ]) |- |I have two children |{{lang|ny|Ndili ndi ana awiri}} |{{lang|ny|Nili na bana babili}} |- |I want... |{{lang|ny|Ndikufuna...}} |{{lang|ny|Nifuna...}} |- |Food |{{lang|ny|Chakudya}} |{{lang|ny|Vakudya}} |- |Water |{{lang|ny|Madzi}} |{{lang|ny|Manzi}} |- |How much is it? |{{lang|ny|Ndi zingati?}} |{{lang|ny|Ni zingati?}} |- |See you tomorrow |{{lang|ny|Tionana mawa}} |{{lang|ny|Tizaonana mailo}} |- |I love you |{{lang|ny|Ndimakukonda}} |{{lang|ny|Nikukonda}} |} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Mabuku == {{refbegin}} *Atkins, Guy (1950) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156786 "Suggestions for an Amended Spelling and Word Division of Nyanja"] ''Africa: Journal of the International African Institute'', Vol. 20, No. 3 *Batteen, C. (2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090819/http://vanhise.lss.wisc.edu/ling/files/ling_old_web/lso/wpl/6/batteen.pdf "Syntactic Constraints in Chichewa/English code-switching."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090819/http://vanhise.lss.wisc.edu/ling/files/ling_old_web/lso/wpl/6/batteen.pdf|date=2016-03-04}} *Bickmore, Lee (2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220401024322/https://lin.ufl.edu/files/ACAL-51-52-ho-Nyanja-Bickmore.pdf "Town Nyanja Verbal Tonology"]. *Chirwa, Marion N. (2008). [https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/10191/thesis_hum_2008_chirwa_m.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y ''Trill Maintenance and Replacement in Chichewa''] (M.A. thesis, University of Cape Town) *Corbett, G.G.; Al D. Mtenje (1987) [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Greville_Corbett/publication/277806727_Gender_agreement_in_Chichewa/links/57feb09008aeaf819a5c3349.pdf "Gender Agreement in Chichewa"]. ''Studies in African Linguistics'' Vol 18, No. 1. *Downing, Laura J.; Al D. Mtenje (2017). ''The Phonology of Chichewa''. Oxford University Press. *Goodson, Andrew, (2011). [http://www.chichewadictionary.org/media/Goodson-Saliminis_Chichewa_2011-05-11.pdf ''Salimini's Chichewa''] In Paas, Steven (2011). ''Johannes Rebmann: A Servant of God in Africa before the Rise of Western Colonialism'', pp.&nbsp;239–50. *{{cite book|last1=Gray|first1=Andrew|last2=Lubasi|first2=Brighton|last3=Bwalya|first3=Phallen|title=Town Nyanja: a learner's guide to Zambia's emerging national language|year=2013}} *{{cite book|last1=Hetherwick|first1=Alexander|title=A Practical Manual of the Nyanja Language ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mWsVAAAAYAAJ|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1907|publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge}} *Henry, George, (1904). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xjY-AAAAYAAJ A grammar of Chinyanja, a language spoken in British Central Africa, on and near the shores of Lake Nyasa].'' *Hullquist, C.G. (1988). ''Simply Chichewa''. *Hyman, Larry M. & Sam Mchombo (1992). [http://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/BLS/article/viewFile/1579/1354 "Morphotactic Constraints in the Chichewa Verb Stem"]. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Place of Morphology in a Grammar (1992), pp.&nbsp;350–364. *Hyman, Larry M. & Al D. Mtenje (1999a). "Prosodic Morphology and tone: the case of Chichewa" in René Kager, [[Harry van der Hulst]] and Wim Zonneveld (eds.) ''The Prosody-Morphology Interface''. Cambridge University Press, 90–133. *Hyman, Larry M. & Al D. Mtenje (1999b). "Non-Etymological High Tones in the Chichewa Verb", ''Malilime: The Malawian Journal of Linguistics'' no.1. *Katsonga-Woodward, Heather (2012). ''Chichewa 101''. {{ISBN|978-1480112056}}. *Kanerva, Jonni M. (1990). ''Focus and Phrasing in Chichewa Phonology''. New York, Garland. *Kishindo, Pascal, (2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173730/http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/20144/1/jaas062009.pdf "Authority in Language"]: The Role of the Chichewa Board (1972–1995) in Prescription and Standardization of Chichewa. ''Journal of Asian and African Studies'', No. 62. *Kiso, Andrea (2012). [http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:546594/FULLTEXT01.pdf "Tense and Aspect in Chichewa, Citumbuka, and Cisena"]. Ph.D. Thesis. Stockholm University. *Kunkeyani, Thokozani (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170809032355/https://www.soas.ac.uk/linguistics/research/workingpapers/volume-15/file37805.pdf "Semantic Classification and Chichewa Derived Nouns"]. SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics Vol.15 (2007): 151–157. *{{cite book|last1=Laws|first1=Robert|title=An English–Nyanja dictionary of the Nyanja language spoken in British Central Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/anenglishnyanja00lawsgoog|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1894|publisher=J. Thin|pages=[https://archive.org/details/anenglishnyanja00lawsgoog/page/n1 1]–}} *Lehmann, Dorothea (1977) ''An outline of Cinyanja Grammar''. Zambia {{ISBN|9789982240154}} *[[Jack Mapanje|Mapanje]], John Alfred Clement (1983). [http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1381825/1/388806.pdf "On the Interpretation of Aspect and Tense in Chiyao, Chichewa, and English"]. University College London PhD Thesis. *Marwick, M.G., (1963). "History and Tradition in East Central Africa Through the Eyes of the Northern Rhodesian Cheŵa", ''Journal of African History'', 4, 3, pp.&nbsp;375–390. *Marwick, M.G., (1964). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1157361 "An Ethnographic Classic Brought to Light"] ''Africa: Journal of the International African Institute'', Vol. 34, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;46–56. *Maxson, Nathaniel (2011). ''Chicheŵa for English Speakers: A New and Simplifed Approach''. {{ISBN|978-99908-979-0-6}}. * {{Citation|last=Mchombo|first=Sam A.|year=2004|title=The Syntax of Chichewa|series=Cambridge Syntax Guides|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=[[Cambridge]]|page=XV + 149|isbn=0-521-57378-5|url=http://www.cambridge.org/core/books/syntax-of-chichewa/64CFE90909DC0CF66FA27F1640A6303A|access-date=June 11, 2019}} *Mchombo, S. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&dq=Mchombo+nyanja&pg=PA791 "Nyanja"]. In ''The Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World'' (Elsevier). *Missionários da Companhia de Jesus, (1963). ''Dicionário Cinyanja–Português''. Junta de Investigaçôes do Ultramar. *{{lang|ny|Mtanthauziramawu wa Chinyanja/Chichewa}}: The first Chinyanja/Chichewa monolingual dictionary (c.2000). Blantyre (Malawi): Dzuka Pub. Co. (Also published online at the website of the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210308020136/http://www.unima-cls.org/ "Centre for Language Studies of the University of Malawi"].) *Mtenje, Al D. (1986). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083351/http://www.caldi.uct.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Mtenje_thesis_web_p1-184.pdf ''Issues in the Non-Linear Phonology of Chichewa'' part 1]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092107/http://www.caldi.uct.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Mtenje_thesis_web_p184-end.pdf ''Issues in the Non-Linear Phonology of Chichewa'' part 2]. PhD Thesis, University College, London. *Mtenje, Al D. (1987). "Tone Shift Principles in the Chichewa Verb: A Case for a Tone Lexicon", ''Lingua'' 72, 169–207. *Newitt, M.D.D. (1982) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/182054 "The Early History of the Maravi"]. ''The Journal of African History'', vol 23, no. 2, pp.&nbsp;145–162. *Paas, Steven, (2016). ''Oxford Chichewa–English, English–Chichewa Dictionary''. Oxford University Press. *Rebman, John (= Johannes Rebmann), (1877). [https://archive.org/details/dictionarykinia02socigoog ''A Dictionary of the Kiniassa Language'']. Church Missionary Society (reprinted Gregg, 1968). *{{cite book|last1=Riddel|first1=Alexander|title=A Grammar of the Chinyanja Language as Spoken at Lake Nyassa: With Chinyanja–English and English–Chinyanja Vocabularies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8ExAQAAMAAJ|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1880|publisher=J. Maclaren & Son}} *Salaun, N. (1993) [1978]. ''Chicheŵa Intensive Course''. Likuni Press, Lilongwe. *Scott, David Clement & Alexander Hetherwick (1929). ''Dictionary of the Nyanja Language''. *Scotton, Carol Myers & Gregory John Orr, (1980). [http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED206157.pdf ''Learning Chichewa'', Bk 1]. [http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED206158.pdf ''Learning Chichewa'', Bk 2]. Peace Corps Language Handbook Series. Peace Corps, Washington, D.C. (For recordings, see External links below.) *Simango, Silvester Ron (2000). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080910035724/http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/021/0487/jmmd0210487.pdf "'My Madam is Fine': The Adaptation of English loanwords in Chichewa"]. ''Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development'', vol 12, no. 6. *[[:simple:Earl Stevick|Stevick, Earl]] et al. (1965). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160307012900/https://fsi-languages.yojik.eu/languages/Chinyanja/Fsi-ChinyanjaBasicCourse-StudentText.pdf ''Chinyanja Basic Course'']. Foreign Service Institute, Washington, D.C. (Recordings of this are available on the internet.) *Wade-Lewis, Margaret (2005). [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/haa/summary/v001/1.wade-lewis.html "Mark Hanna Watkins"]. ''Histories of Anthropology Annual'', vol 1, pp.&nbsp;181–218. *Watkins, Mark Hanna (1937). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/522167 ''A Grammar of Chichewa: A Bantu Language of British Central Africa''], ''Language'', Vol. 13, No. 2, Language Dissertation No. 24 (Apr.-Jun., 1937), pp.&nbsp;5–158. *Woodward, M.E., (1895). ''[https://archive.org/details/avocabularyengl00rgoog A vocabulary of English–Chinyanja and Chinyanja–English as spoken at Likoma, Lake Nyasa].'' Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{InterWiki|code=ny}} {{Wikivoyage|Nyanja phrasebook|Nyanja|a phrasebook}} * Omotola Akindipe, George Kondowe, [http://chichewa.mofeko.com/ Learn Chichewa on Mofeko] * [http://translate.chichewadictionary.org/ Online English–Chichewa Dictionary] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230529143712/https://ny.kasahorow.org/app/d My First Chewa Dictionary] kasahorow * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/chichewa.php Chichewa at Omniglot] * [http://sasrc.com/chichewa/ English / Chichewa (Nyanja) Online Dictionary] * [[iarchive:bukulopatulikand00murr|{{lang|ny|Buku Lopatulika}} Bible, 1922 version digitalized]] * [https://www.bible.com/bible/1068/gen.1.bl92 Complete Bible ({{lang|ny|Buku Lopatulika}}, 1922, revised 1936) in Nyanja, chapter by chapter] * [https://www.bible.com/versions/1708-blpb2014-chichewa-buku-lopatulika-bible-2014 Buku Lopatulika Bible, 2014 version] * [[iarchive:rosettaproject_nya_gen-3|Johnson's 1912 translation of Genesis 1–3 into the Likoma dialect, in various formats]] * [http://mammana.org/bcp/chinyanja/ Johnson's translation of the Book of Common Prayer in the Likoma dialect (1909)]. * [http://islamhouse.com/ar/books/727529/ Holy Quran in Chichewa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171011142213/http://www.iu.edu/~celtie/chichewa_archive.html Recordings of pages of Scotton & Orr's ''Learning Chichewa''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011142213/http://www.iu.edu/~celtie/chichewa_archive.html|date=2017-10-11}} * Willie T. Zingani, [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/557edb36e4b0c3993dee95d1/t/5730f244c2ea515cf2bfdb9b/1462825565916/Zingane,+Idzani+Muone+.pdf {{lang|ny|Idzani muone}} "Come and see"] Chichewa book in pdf form. * Bonwell Kadyankena Rodgers, [https://archive.org/details/agoloso-presents-nkhokwe-ya-zininga-za-m-chichewa]. Agoloso Presents – Nkhokwe ya Zining'a za m'Chichewa.pdf. * Bonwell Kadyankena Rodgers, [https://archive.org/details/agoloso-presents-mikuluwiko-ya-patsokwe]. Agoloso Presents – Mikuluwiko ya Patsokwe.pdf. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230309190519/http://www.language-archives.org/language/nya OLAC resources in and about the Nyanja language] * [http://liveonlineradio.net/zodiak-radio Zodiak Radio live radio in English and Chichewa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220505195537/https://www.academia.edu/36910998/Chichewa-Chinyanja_Notebook M.V.B. Mangoche ''A Visitor's Notebook of Chichewa''] Elementary phrasebook. * [http://listen.bible.is/NYJBLV/Matt/1/N Complete recording of {{lang|ny|Buku Loyera}} New Testament] (without text) {{Languages of Malawi}} {{Languages of Zambia}} {{Languages of Mozambique}} {{Languages of Zimbabwe}} {{Narrow Bantu languages|N-S}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chichewa Language}} [[Category:Chewa language| ]] [[Category:Chewa| ]] [[Category:Nyasa languages]] [[Category:Languages of Malawi]] [[Category:Languages of Mozambique]] [[Category:Languages of Zambia]] [[Category:Languages of Zimbabwe]] ir4h60lbwx0x1n5yw39t5kskpijp5ru 0 45929 122073 119843 2026-09-15T13:14:44Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Improve 122073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Naganohara''' ni msumba mu charu cha [[Japan]]. Charu cha Japan ntcharu chakuzingilizgika na maji ku [[East Asia]]. Charu ichi chili kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Nyanja ya Pacific]], ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi kwake kuli [[Nyanja ya Japan]]. [[File:Japan_(orthographic_projection).svg|thumb|[[Japan]] pa mapu gha charu chose]] [[Category:Misumba yaku Japan]] [[Category:Japan]] [[Category:Malo ghakusangika mu Japan]] [[Category:Misumba yaku Asia]] [[Category:Asia]] atroilj3ijtnnld968keu32htbqhcnt 3 48310 122085 119220 2026-09-16T00:58:29Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Rm messages by blocked user 122085 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome == Hello, welcome! I see the page you created, [[2026 nkhani ya mphaka ya Morocco na Spain]], and I thank you for your contribution. A few tips: *Add categories to your pages *Link your pages to Wikidata Thanks, '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 07:51, 3 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Hello @[[User:Chanda Vavilaya|Chanda Vavilaya]], '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka, English and Chewa Wikipedias, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and other Wikimedia projects to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community User Group_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_ User Group Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Thank you. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:42, 3 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :Good work @[[User:Chanda Vavilaya|Chanda Vavilaya]]! :Can you please add your name on the link above. Whether you are from Zambia, Malawi, Americas,Asia, it doesn't matter. The user project group that @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] dropped here is about language, not nationality. So the name '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' is not for Malawians only, but open to anyone, not nationality. Please note that after you add your name there, you won't be prompted to do anything/task, we would just be happy that you are one of us, recognizing your hard work. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 22:14, 10 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) 99p9jputguumzm3fy70jt9dh7ajbh51 122086 122085 2026-09-16T00:58:58Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] 119220 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome == Hello, welcome! I see the page you created, [[2026 nkhani ya mphaka ya Morocco na Spain]], and I thank you for your contribution. A few tips: *Add categories to your pages *Link your pages to Wikidata Thanks, '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 07:51, 3 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :thanks Viyowoyero, when I make more atricle I"ll use this. [[User:Chanda Vavilaya|Chanda Vavilaya]] ([[User talk:Chanda Vavilaya|pakuchezgela]]) 08:40, 3 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Hello @[[User:Chanda Vavilaya|Chanda Vavilaya]], '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka, English and Chewa Wikipedias, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and other Wikimedia projects to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community User Group_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_ User Group Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Thank you. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:42, 3 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :Good work @[[User:Chanda Vavilaya|Chanda Vavilaya]]! :Can you please add your name on the link above. Whether you are from Zambia, Malawi, Americas,Asia, it doesn't matter. The user project group that @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] dropped here is about language, not nationality. So the name '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' is not for Malawians only, but open to anyone, not nationality. Please note that after you add your name there, you won't be prompted to do anything/task, we would just be happy that you are one of us, recognizing your hard work. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 22:14, 10 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) 1jvc57b9u3ch3a2sulx1qfwv7wq7rvv 0 48658 122105 119726 2026-09-16T05:11:09Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ChiEmiliyan-Romagnol | nativename = ''Emiliàn e rumagnòl'' | states = [[Italy]], [[San Marino]] | region = [[Emiliya-Romagna]] | speakers = 4,400,000 | date = | ref = <ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/language/eml/</ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italic]] | fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]] | fam4 = [[Romance languages|Romance]] | fam5 = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]] | fam6 = [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]] | fam7 = [[Gallo-Italic languages|Gallo-Italic]] | script = [[Latin script|Latin]] | iso3 = eml | glotto = emil1243 | map = Emiliano-Romagnolo_area.jpg | mapcaption = }} '''ChiEmiliyan–Romagnol''' ni [[chiyowoyero]] icho chili mu viyowoyero vya ku Gallo-Italic ivyo vikuyowoyeka ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa [[Italy]] cha [[Emiliya-Romagna]]. Iwo ukugaŵika mu mitundu yiŵiri yikuru, Emiliyan na Romagnol. == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=eml}} [[Category:Endangered languages of Europe]] [[Category:Definitely endangered languages]] [[Category:Emilian-Romagnol language]] [[Category:Viyowoyelo vyamu Italy]] ice9lg60p8hidnch30kxsj77lmy6uth 3 48899 122084 120370 2026-09-16T00:57:28Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Rm messages by blocked users 122084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talkarchive}} == Translation request 21 August 2026 == Hello viyowoyero-vya-Malawi, Can you please translate the page [[:en:Confine]] and [[:en:Poggio Chiesanuova]] into tumbuka? I look forward to the translation. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-45617-66|&#126;2026-45617-66]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-45617-66|pakuchezgela]]) 01:50, 21 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:~2026-45617-66|~2026-45617-66]], I will do the translations later. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 02:13, 21 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[Special:CreateAccount|Special:CreateAccount]] page has been simplified as part of ongoing work to modernize the account creation experience. The panel showing project statistics no longer appears next to the form on desktop and mobile web. Multiple account creation experiments show that a simpler form helps newcomers complete registration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433783] * In order to improve page performance, images now load when they are viewed. This means images lower down an article will not load if a reader never scrolls to that part of the page, which may affect some image-related metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148047] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where image thumbnails in Abstract Wikipedia could fail to display after the corresponding file was moved on Wikimedia Commons, has now been fixed. Thumbnails will now update correctly when files are moved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433448] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * User Info card is a feature that helps patrollers see information about user accounts. So far, it has been available only in places such as page history, logs and recent changes. Now, it's possible to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CheckUser#User_Info_card_in_page_content|place it in the page content]] as well, using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{#uic:}}</nowiki></code></bdi> parser function. It can be particularly useful in templates like [[:en:Template:Userlinks|<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{Userlinks}}</nowiki></code></bdi>]] (or their specialized variants), as it will make it easier to see the context about a user on various noticeboard pages. The card will be displayed only to users who have it enabled in their [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpcheckuser-userinfocard-enable|preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424466] * Due to user security and privacy risks, we have disabled access to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MyPage</nowiki></code></bdi> URLs when specifically using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. If you are impacted by this, consider whether you can use an alternative approach. <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MyPage</nowiki></code></bdi> URLs can still be accessed and used without <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. Specified user page URLs (e.g. <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>User:Myusername</nowiki></code></bdi>) can still be used with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120386] * Due to an update, the thumbnailing software has been improved. This includes upgrading <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>librsvg</nowiki></code></bdi> to 2.60 and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ImageMagick</nowiki></code></bdi> to 7, as well as resolving a number of long-standing thumbnailing bugs like rendering errors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419815#12222841] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:46, 24 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30961208 --> == HOME PAGE == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Hi, how is the main page? Better, good, best or not good? I also saw your fix on main page about ''ChiTumbuka ''from '''''Chitumbuka''''', great! And good work! Can you give feedback on new home page interface. Yewo chomene. Pawemi (Best regards/All the best)- [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 19:19, 26 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :I also added hover effects if you hover on some articles on main page [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 19:20, 26 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) ::Looks a lot better, wow! And yeah, I believe ''ChiTumbuka ''with a capital is better than ''Chitumbuka''. Yewo chomene! '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 01:23, 27 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) == Are you ljxa? == Please leave people alone, you're basically stalking cheesewhisk3rs and your excessive messages to my talk page are kinda creepy. Can you leave me alone? [[User:Jq|Jq]] ([[User talk:Jq|pakuchezgela]]) 19:25, 26 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) :I'm sorry @[[User:Jq|Jq]], I don't understand what you are saying. Your talk page isn't yet created yet either. If you have a translation request, please leave it [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Mala%C5%B5i/TranslateCentral|here]]. Yewo chomene! '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 01:24, 27 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) t236lmrgaw7rtomgculy3nbgnsuoytx 0 49632 122083 122001 2026-09-16T00:56:50Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 122083 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rub al Khali 002.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|Mapiri gha mchenga mu [[Rub 'al Khali]] ("Kotala yambura kanthu") ya ku Arabia]] [[File:Groupe de dromadaire avec son chamelier dans le sud tunisien.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|alt=A human with a group of camels in a desert|Muliska wa ngamila kumwera kwa [[Tunisia]]]] '''Mapopa''' ni malo agho vula yikuwira vichoko ndipo chifukwa cha ichi, umoyo ukupangiska kuti paŵe vyamoyo vyapadera na vyamoyo. Kusoŵa kwa vyakumera kukupangiska kuti malo ghambura kuvikilirika ghaŵe ghakuvunda. Pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza mwa vigaŵa vitatu vya charu chapasi nchakuwomira panji chakuwomira hafu. Ichi chikusazgapo vigaŵa vinandi vya ku mpoto, uko vula yikuŵa yichoko waka, ndipo nyengo zinyake vikuchemeka kuti mapopa gha ku mpoto panji "mapopa ghakuzizima". Mapopa ghangagaŵika na unandi wa vula iyo yikuwira, na kutentha uko kukuchitika, na ivyo vikupangiska kuti [[mapopa ghaŵe mapopa]] panji na malo agho ghali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=desert {{!}} National Geographic Society |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== <references /> == Malinki gha kuwaro == {{Wikibooks|Historical Geology|Deserts}}{{Commons category|Deserts}}{{Wikivoyage|Deserts}} * {{cite web |year=2006 |title=Global Deserts Outlook |url=http://www.unep.org/geo/gdoutlook/ |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060616224837/http://www.unep.org/geo/gdoutlook/ |archive-date=2006-06-16 |publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP)}}, lipoti mu mndandanda wa [[Global Environment Outlook]] (GEO). ** {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060616224837/http://www.unep.org/geo/news_centre/|date=June 16, 2006|title=Global Deserts Outlook in PDF}} ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20180714193223/http://old.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/relative-biodiversity-scenarios-for-deserts-2000-2050_ed3c Map with biodiversity scenarios for desert areas, from the Global Deserts Outlook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714193223/http://old.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/relative-biodiversity-scenarios-for-deserts-2000-2050_ed3c|date=2018-07-14}}. {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mapopa]] k0epqb632ccjkr7wcu21jm8la5zmhph 0 49645 122102 122047 2026-09-16T05:09:53Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ChiLombard | nativename = ''{{lang|lmo|lombard}}, {{lang|lmo|lumbard}}, {{lang|lmo|lumbart}}, {{lang|lmo|lombart}}'' | states = {{plainlist| *[[Italy]] *[[Switzerland]] }} | region = Italy<ref name=JMI>{{cite book |title=One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups |first=James |last=Minahan |year=2000 |place=Westport}}</ref><ref name=CMO>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages |first=Christopher |last=Moseley |year=2007 |place=New York}}</ref><ref name=AFI>{{cite book |title=Minority language planning and micronationalism in Italy |first=Paolo |last=Coluzzi |year=2007 |place=Berne}}</ref> *[[Lombardia]] *[[Piedmont]] *[[South Tyrol]] *[[Trentino]] Switzerland<ref name=JMI/><ref name=CMO/><ref name=AFI/> *[[Grisons]] *[[Ticino]] Brazil<ref name="auto">Spoken in [[Botuverá]], in [[Brazil]], municipality established by Italian migrants coming from the valley between [[Treviglio]] and [[Crema, Lombardy|Crema]]. A thesis of [[Leiden University]] about ''Brazilian Bergamasque'': [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/52581/Thesis.pdf?sequence=1].</ref> *[[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] | speakers = 3.8 miliyoni | date = 2002 | ref = e18 | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italic]] | fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]] | fam4 = [[Latin]] | fam5 = [[Romance languages|Romance]] | fam6 = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]] | fam7 = [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]] | fam8 = Gallo-Iberian | fam9 = [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]] | fam10 = [[Gallo-Italic languages|Gallo-Italic]] | fam11 = Lombard–[[ChiPiedmont|Piedmontese]]?<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/piem1239 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Piemontese-Lombard |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029130658/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/piem1239 |archive-date=2023-10-29 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=[[Leipzig]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7398962 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free}}</ref> | dia1 = [[Western Lombard dialect|Western Lombard]] | dia2 = [[Eastern Lombard dialect|Eastern Lombard]] | iso3 = lmo | glotto = lomb1257 | glottorefname = Lombard | lingua = 51-AAA-oc & 51-AAA-od | notice = IPA | map = File:Lombard_Language_distribution.png | mapcaption = '''ChiLombard distribution in northern Italy and Switzerland:''' {{legend|#01987c|Areas where ChiLombard is spoken}} {{legend|#01f0c4|Areas where ChiLombard is spoken alongside other languages ([[ChiAlemannic|ChiAlemannic]], [[ChiLadin|ChiLadin]] and [[ChiRomansh|ChiRomansh]]) and areas of linguistic transition (with [[ChiPiedmont|ChiPiedmont]], with [[ChiEmiliyan-Romagnol|ChiEmiliyan]] and with [[ChiVenetia|ChiVenetia]])}} {{legend|#a6feee|Areas of influence of ChiLombard ([[Trento|Tridentine]] dialect)}} '''?''' Areas of uncertain diffusion of ChiLadin | script = Latin | ancestor = [[Old Latin]] | ancestor2 = [[Vulgar Latin]] | ancestor3 = [[Proto-Romance language|Proto-Romance]] | ancestor4 = [[Old Gallo-Italic language|Old Gallo-Italic]] | ancestor5 = [[Old Lombard]] }} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Lombardia]], chigaŵa chinyake cha ku [[Italy]]. ==Wonaniso== *[[Wikipediya ya {{PAGENAME}}]] ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=lmo}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] [[Category:ChiLombard| ]] [[Category:Viyowoyelo vyamu Italy]] kpr0v574tkn71xek8z7tklegqn0igyg 14 49648 122106 122045 2026-09-16T05:12:20Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122106 wikitext text/x-wiki [[{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Viyowoyelo vyamu Italy]] c8tvfd91zdf17d8uev6lbs8kf9uk259 0 49668 122074 2026-09-16T00:22:59Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Google Translate''' ni [[webusayiti]] yakung'anamura makina kufuma ku [[Google]] iyo yingang'anamura mazgu pakati pa viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Iwo ungamasulira mazgu, sentensi, mabuku na masamba gha pa webusayiti pakati pa viyowoyero 249 ivyo vikovwira kufuma mu Novembala 2025.<ref>https://translate.google.com/intl/en/about/</ref> Likayambiskika pa Epulero 28, 2006 ndipo nyengo zose ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mwawanangwa.<ref>https://research.go..." 122074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Google Translate''' ni [[webusayiti]] yakung'anamura makina kufuma ku [[Google]] iyo yingang'anamura mazgu pakati pa viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Iwo ungamasulira mazgu, sentensi, mabuku na masamba gha pa webusayiti pakati pa viyowoyero 249 ivyo vikovwira kufuma mu Novembala 2025.<ref>https://translate.google.com/intl/en/about/</ref> Likayambiskika pa Epulero 28, 2006 ndipo nyengo zose ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mwawanangwa.<ref>https://research.googleblog.com/2006/04/statistical-machine-translation-live.html</ref> Google Translate yingachita vinandi kuluska kulongora waka umo mazgu ghakung’anamulikira. Lingalongoraso umo lizgu lingayowoyekera mwakugwiliskira nchito text-to-speech, na kulongora ng’anamuro nga ni dikishonale. Sonosono apa, yikuzomerezgaso kuti ŵanthu ŵasinthe panji kupeleka maghanoghano, mwachiyelezgero, usange kompyuta yikang’anamura mwakubudika. Ici cili nga ni umo munthu wangapelekera vyawanangwa ku mawebusayiti nga ni [[Google Maps]] na [[Wikipediya]]. ==Viyowoyero ivyo vikovwira== Kufuma mu Seputembala 2026, pali viyowoyero 249 ivyo vikovwirika na Google Translate.<ref>https://translate.google.com/intl/en/about/languages/</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{Official website}} * [https://blog.google/products/translate/ Google Translate Blog] * [https://translate.google.com/community Translate Community] * [https://support.google.com/translate/ Google Translate Help] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GdSC1Z1Kzs Inside Google Translate] pa nthowa yakuzomerezgeka ya Google pa [[YouTube]] * [http://teachyoubackwards.com Teach You Backwards: An In-Depth Study of Google Translate for 172 Languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224074515/https://www.teachyoubackwards.com/ | date=2019-12-24}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Google]] [[Category:Google Translate]] o39xtws066vogywj19fo00e74ixlot6 122076 122074 2026-09-16T00:26:40Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Google Translate''' ni [[webusayiti]] yakung'anamura makina kufuma ku [[Google]] iyo yingang'anamura mazgu pakati pa viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Iwo ungamasulira mazgu, sentensi, mabuku na masamba gha pa webusayiti pakati pa viyowoyero 249 ivyo vikovwira kufuma mu Novembala 2025.<ref>https://translate.google.com/intl/en/about/</ref> Likayambiskika pa Epulero 28, 2006 ndipo nyengo zose ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mwawanangwa.<ref>https://research.googleblog.com/2006/04/statistical-machine-translation-live.html</ref> Google Translate yingachita vinandi kuluska kulongora waka umo mazgu ghakung’anamulikira. Lingalongoraso umo lizgu lingayowoyekera mwakugwiliskira nchito text-to-speech, na kulongora ng’anamuro nga ni dikishonale. Sonosono apa, yikuzomerezgaso kuti ŵanthu ŵasinthe panji kupeleka maghanoghano, mwachiyelezgero, usange kompyuta yikang’anamura mwakubudika. Ichi chili nga ni umo munthu wangapelekera vyawanangwa ku mawebusayiti nga ni [[Google Maps]] na [[Wikipediya]]. ==Viyowoyero ivyo vikovwira== Kufuma mu Seputembala 2026, pali viyowoyero 249 ivyo vikovwirika na Google Translate.<ref>https://translate.google.com/intl/en/about/languages/</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{Official website}} * [https://blog.google/products/translate/ Google Translate Blog] * [https://translate.google.com/community Translate Community] * [https://support.google.com/translate/ Google Translate Help] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GdSC1Z1Kzs Inside Google Translate] pa nthowa yakuzomerezgeka ya Google pa [[YouTube]] * [http://teachyoubackwards.com Teach You Backwards: An In-Depth Study of Google Translate for 172 Languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224074515/https://www.teachyoubackwards.com/ | date=2019-12-24}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Google]] [[Category:Google Translate]] 72t4bdox0wz29eymslbp3blbqqiermy 1 49669 122075 2026-09-16T00:23:14Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 122075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 0 49670 122092 2026-09-16T01:36:03Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''DeepL''' ni ntchito yakung’anamura makina iyo yikayamba pa Ogasiti 28, 2017 ndipo yikapangika na DeepL GmbH (Linguee), iyo yili ku [[Cologne]], [[Germany]]. Iwo ŵapokera ndemanga ziwemi chomene, nyengo zinyake ŵakuŵa ŵakukwana kuluska mulongozgi wa [[Google Translate]]. DeepL yikamba kupereka vyakung’anamura pakati pa viyowoyero 7 vya ku [[Europe]], ivyo vikasazgikira pachokopachoko kufika pa viyowoyero 31 na viyowoyero viŵiriviŵiri 552. Kusazga..." 122092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''DeepL''' ni ntchito yakung’anamura makina iyo yikayamba pa Ogasiti 28, 2017 ndipo yikapangika na DeepL GmbH (Linguee), iyo yili ku [[Cologne]], [[Germany]]. Iwo ŵapokera ndemanga ziwemi chomene, nyengo zinyake ŵakuŵa ŵakukwana kuluska mulongozgi wa [[Google Translate]]. DeepL yikamba kupereka vyakung’anamura pakati pa viyowoyero 7 vya ku [[Europe]], ivyo vikasazgikira pachokopachoko kufika pa viyowoyero 31 na viyowoyero viŵiriviŵiri 552. Kusazga apo, pafupifupi viyowoyero vyakuyana vikupelekeka pakati pa viyowoyero vyose ivi, mwakugwiliskira nchito nthowa yakung’anamulira ya vigaŵa viŵiri ndipo [[ChiNgelezi]] nchiyowoyero chakurongosora. Kampani iyi yikupereka malipiro ghakulembeska ndipo yikupeleka malayisensi gha [[API]] yake yakung’anamura. Uteŵeti uwu ukupelekekaso ndalama kufuma ku malonda pa webusayiti ya mudumbu linguee.com. Kufuma mu Seputembala 2022, DeepL yingang’anamura mu [[ChiUkraine]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=DeepL learns Ukrainian|url=https://www.deepl.com/en/blog/deepl-learns-ukrainian|access-date=2024-11-24|archive-date=2022-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914141640/https://www.deepl.com/en/blog/deepl-learns-ukrainian|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Онлайн-перекладач DeepL отримав підтримку української мови|url=https://ain.ua/2022/09/07/deepl-otrymav-pidtrymku-ukrayinskoyi-movy/|publisher=[[AIN.UA]]}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{Official website|https://www.deepl.com/en/translator}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:DeepL]] brrkmeu9um9i1bjberkiy0nlww32i6k 1 49671 122093 2026-09-16T01:36:19Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 122093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 0 49672 122096 2026-09-16T04:57:46Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Creating stub; infobox to be fixed 122096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ChiPiedmont | nativename = {{lang|pms|piemontèis}} | state = [[Italy]] | region = [[Kumpoto Chakumadzulo kwa Italy]] *[[Piedmont]] *[[Liguria]] *[[Lombardia]] *[[Aosta Valley]] | speakers = 2 miliyoni | date = 2012 | ref = <ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pms ChiPiedmont] on ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (19th ed., 2016)</ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italic]] | fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]] | fam4 = [[Latin]] | fam5 = [[Romance languages|Romance]] | fam6 = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]] | fam7 = [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]] | fam8 = Gallo-Iberian | fam9 = [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]] | fam10 = [[Gallo-Italic languages|Gallo-Italic]] | fam11 = [[ChiLombard|Lombard]]–Piedmontese?<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/piem1239 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Piemontese-Lombard |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029130658/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/piem1239 |archive-date=2023-10-29 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=[[Leipzig]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7398962 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free}}</ref> | dia1 = [[Judaeo-Piedmontese]] ({{Extinct}}) | minority = {{flag|Italy}}<br><ul><li>{{flag|Piedmont}}</li></ul> | iso3 = pms | glotto = piem1238 | glottorefname = Piedmontese | lingua = 51-AAA-of | notice = IPA | map = Piedmontese Language distribution.png | mapcaption = '''ChiPiedmont language distribution in [[Europe]]''': {{legend|#d5001d|Areas where ChiPiedmont is spoken (municipalities where [[ChiOccitan]] and [[ChiArpitan]] presence is only de jure are included)}} {{legend|#ff203e|Areas where ChiPiedmont is spoken alongside other languages (ChiOccitan, ChiArpitan and [[ChiAlemannic]]) and areas of linguistic transition (with [[ChiLiguria]] and with [[ChiLombard]])}} | map2 = Lang Status 60-DE.svg | mapcaption2 = {{center|ChiPiedmont was classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]'' in 2010.}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|[pjemʊŋˈtɛjz]}} |script=[[Latin alphabet|Latin]] }} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Piedmont]], chigaŵa chinyake cha ku [[Italy]]. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=pms}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] 252fbjhas1sk4usipninmrapt3peywo 122098 122096 2026-09-16T04:58:39Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ChiPiedmont | nativename = ''{{lang|pms|piemontèis}}'' | state = [[Italy]] | region = [[Kumpoto Chakumadzulo kwa Italy]] *[[Piedmont]] *[[Liguria]] *[[Lombardia]] *[[Aosta Valley]] | speakers = 2 miliyoni | date = 2012 | ref = <ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pms ChiPiedmont] on ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (19th ed., 2016)</ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italic]] | fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]] | fam4 = [[Latin]] | fam5 = [[Romance languages|Romance]] | fam6 = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]] | fam7 = [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]] | fam8 = Gallo-Iberian | fam9 = [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]] | fam10 = [[Gallo-Italic languages|Gallo-Italic]] | fam11 = [[ChiLombard|Lombard]]–Piedmontese?<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/piem1239 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Piemontese-Lombard |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029130658/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/piem1239 |archive-date=2023-10-29 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=[[Leipzig]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7398962 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free}}</ref> | dia1 = [[Judaeo-Piedmontese]] ({{Extinct}}) | minority = {{flag|Italy}}<br><ul><li>{{flag|Piedmont}}</li></ul> | iso3 = pms | glotto = piem1238 | glottorefname = Piedmontese | lingua = 51-AAA-of | notice = IPA | map = Piedmontese Language distribution.png | mapcaption = '''ChiPiedmont language distribution in [[Europe]]''': {{legend|#d5001d|Areas where ChiPiedmont is spoken (municipalities where [[ChiOccitan]] and [[ChiArpitan]] presence is only de jure are included)}} {{legend|#ff203e|Areas where ChiPiedmont is spoken alongside other languages (ChiOccitan, ChiArpitan and [[ChiAlemannic]]) and areas of linguistic transition (with [[ChiLiguria]] and with [[ChiLombard]])}} | map2 = Lang Status 60-DE.svg | mapcaption2 = {{center|ChiPiedmont was classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]'' in 2010.}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|[pjemʊŋˈtɛjz]}} |script=[[Latin alphabet|Latin]] }} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Piedmont]], chigaŵa chinyake cha ku [[Italy]]. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=pms}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] b9krwxz766fuj9arltqs0t2cnl6hwio 122104 122098 2026-09-16T05:10:39Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ChiPiedmont | nativename = ''{{lang|pms|piemontèis}}'' | state = [[Italy]] | region = [[Kumpoto Chakumadzulo kwa Italy]] *[[Piedmont]] *[[Liguria]] *[[Lombardia]] *[[Aosta Valley]] | speakers = 2 miliyoni | date = 2012 | ref = <ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pms ChiPiedmont] on ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (19th ed., 2016)</ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italic]] | fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]] | fam4 = [[Latin]] | fam5 = [[Romance languages|Romance]] | fam6 = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]] | fam7 = [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]] | fam8 = Gallo-Iberian | fam9 = [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]] | fam10 = [[Gallo-Italic languages|Gallo-Italic]] | fam11 = [[ChiLombard|Lombard]]–Piedmontese?<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/piem1239 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Piemontese-Lombard |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029130658/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/piem1239 |archive-date=2023-10-29 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=[[Leipzig]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7398962 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free}}</ref> | dia1 = [[Judaeo-Piedmontese]] ({{Extinct}}) | minority = {{flag|Italy}}<br><ul><li>{{flag|Piedmont}}</li></ul> | iso3 = pms | glotto = piem1238 | glottorefname = Piedmontese | lingua = 51-AAA-of | notice = IPA | map = Piedmontese Language distribution.png | mapcaption = '''ChiPiedmont language distribution in [[Europe]]''': {{legend|#d5001d|Areas where ChiPiedmont is spoken (municipalities where [[ChiOccitan]] and [[ChiArpitan]] presence is only de jure are included)}} {{legend|#ff203e|Areas where ChiPiedmont is spoken alongside other languages (ChiOccitan, ChiArpitan and [[ChiAlemannic]]) and areas of linguistic transition (with [[ChiLiguria]] and with [[ChiLombard]])}} | map2 = Lang Status 60-DE.svg | mapcaption2 = {{center|ChiPiedmont was classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]'' in 2010.}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|[pjemʊŋˈtɛjz]}} |script=[[Latin alphabet|Latin]] }} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Piedmont]], chigaŵa chinyake cha ku [[Italy]]. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=pms}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] [[Category:Viyowoyelo vyamu Italy]] jggaogw6zba9gzp5b06gec2ol4qtmht 122119 122104 2026-09-16T08:29:04Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ChiPiedmont | nativename = ''{{lang|pms|piemontèis}}'' | state = [[Italy]] | region = [[Kumpoto Chakumadzulo kwa Italy]] *[[Piedmont]] *[[Liguria]] *[[Lombardia]] *[[Aosta Valley]] | speakers = 2 miliyoni | date = 2012 | ref = <ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pms ChiPiedmont] on ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (19th ed., 2016)</ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italic]] | fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]] | fam4 = [[Latin]] | fam5 = [[Romance languages|Romance]] | fam6 = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]] | fam7 = [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]] | fam8 = Gallo-Iberian | fam9 = [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]] | fam10 = [[Gallo-Italic languages|Gallo-Italic]] | fam11 = [[ChiLombard|Lombard]]–Piedmontese?<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/piem1239 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Piemontese-Lombard |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029130658/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/piem1239 |archive-date=2023-10-29 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=[[Leipzig]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7398962 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free}}</ref> | dia1 = [[Judaeo-Piedmontese]] ({{Extinct}}) | minority = {{flag|Italy}}<br><ul><li>{{flag|Piedmont}}</li></ul> | iso3 = pms | glotto = piem1238 | glottorefname = Piedmontese | lingua = 51-AAA-of | notice = IPA | map = Piedmontese Language distribution.png | mapcaption = '''ChiPiedmont language distribution in [[Europe]]''': {{legend|#d5001d|Areas where ChiPiedmont is spoken (municipalities where [[ChiOccitan]] and [[ChiArpitan]] presence is only de jure are included)}} {{legend|#ff203e|Areas where ChiPiedmont is spoken alongside other languages (ChiOccitan, ChiArpitan and [[ChiAlemannic]]) and areas of linguistic transition (with [[ChiLiguria]] and with [[ChiLombard]])}} | map2 = Lang Status 60-DE.svg | mapcaption2 = {{center|ChiPiedmont was classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]'' in 2010.}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|[pjemʊŋˈtɛjz]}} |script=[[Latin alphabet|Latin]] }} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Piedmont]], chigaŵa chinyake cha ku [[Italy]]. ==Wonaniso== *[[Wikipediya ya {{PAGENAME}}]] ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=pms}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] [[Category:Viyowoyelo vyamu Italy]] 5l73i3xgro7cgd3kl8gcjjdvxox30pg 1 49673 122097 2026-09-16T04:58:04Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 122097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 0 49674 122099 2026-09-16T05:09:05Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[File:Linguistic_map_of_Italy.png|right|250px]] Iyi ni mndandanda wa '''viyowoyero vya ku Italy'''. ==Viyowoyero== {{Incomplete list|date=Sekutembala 2026}} *[[ChiItaliya]] *[[ChiLombard]] *[[ChiLadin]] *[[ChiArpitan]] *[[ChiOccitan]] *[[ChiSicily]] *[[ChiPiedmont]] *[[ChiVenetia]] *[[ChiSardinia]] *[[ChiFriuliyan]] *[[ChiPiedmont]] *[[ChiSardinia]] *[[ChiFriuliyan]] *[[ChiEmiliyan-Romagnol]] *[[ChiLiguria]] *[[ChiNeapolitan]] [[Category:Viyowoyelo vyamu Italy| ]]" 122099 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Linguistic_map_of_Italy.png|right|250px]] Iyi ni mndandanda wa '''viyowoyero vya ku Italy'''. ==Viyowoyero== {{Incomplete list|date=Sekutembala 2026}} *[[ChiItaliya]] *[[ChiLombard]] *[[ChiLadin]] *[[ChiArpitan]] *[[ChiOccitan]] *[[ChiSicily]] *[[ChiPiedmont]] *[[ChiVenetia]] *[[ChiSardinia]] *[[ChiFriuliyan]] *[[ChiPiedmont]] *[[ChiSardinia]] *[[ChiFriuliyan]] *[[ChiEmiliyan-Romagnol]] *[[ChiLiguria]] *[[ChiNeapolitan]] [[Category:Viyowoyelo vyamu Italy| ]] e7vfuwl2oapywycrpv03brvjo5ws6i7 122101 122099 2026-09-16T05:09:39Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122101 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Linguistic_map_of_Italy.png|right|250px]] Iyi ni mndandanda wa '''viyowoyero vya ku [[Italy]]'''. ==Viyowoyero== {{Incomplete list|date=Sekutembala 2026}} *[[ChiItaliya]] *[[ChiLombard]] *[[ChiLadin]] *[[ChiArpitan]] *[[ChiOccitan]] *[[ChiSicily]] *[[ChiPiedmont]] *[[ChiVenetia]] *[[ChiSardinia]] *[[ChiFriuliyan]] *[[ChiPiedmont]] *[[ChiSardinia]] *[[ChiFriuliyan]] *[[ChiEmiliyan-Romagnol]] *[[ChiLiguria]] *[[ChiNeapolitan]] [[Category:Viyowoyelo vyamu Italy| ]] dg6s9hz20wf2rs2fsi9g69dtwi8m696 122107 122101 2026-09-16T05:12:45Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122107 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Linguistic_map_of_Italy.png|right|250px]] Iyi ni mndandanda wa '''viyowoyero vya ku [[Italy]]'''. ==Viyowoyero== {{Incomplete list|date=Sekutembala 2026}} *[[ChiItaliya]] *[[ChiLombard]] *[[ChiLadin]] *[[ChiArpitan]] *[[ChiOccitan]] *[[ChiSicily]] *[[ChiPiedmont]] *[[ChiVenetia]] *[[ChiSardinia]] *[[ChiFriuliyan]] *[[ChiEmiliyan-Romagnol]] *[[ChiLiguria]] *[[ChiNeapolitan]] [[Category:Viyowoyelo vyamu Italy| ]] d9uv9eiop9ha6qjn8yrxt9or705tjx1 1 49675 122100 2026-09-16T05:09:25Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 122100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 14 49676 122103 2026-09-16T05:10:16Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{PAGENAME}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]]" 122103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{PAGENAME}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] 1kx8yxa4bsa1m5ycep3aqpa1t9lqt4u 0 49677 122109 2026-09-16T05:16:23Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-pms.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiPiedmont''' nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiPiedmont]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 70,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title={{PAGENAME}} |url=https://pms.wikipedia.org |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiPiedmont chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|pms|N}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|pms|N}}..." 122109 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-pms.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiPiedmont''' nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiPiedmont]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 70,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title={{PAGENAME}} |url=https://pms.wikipedia.org |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiPiedmont chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|pms|N}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|pms|N}} awo ŵakuchitako ntchito iyi. == Ukaboni == [[Category:Wikipediya]] fy7bms0xdnbedzrwghs98c30ifgzrii 1 49678 122110 2026-09-16T05:16:44Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 122110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 0 49679 122111 2026-09-16T05:17:47Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-it.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiItaliya''' nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiItaliya]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 1,900,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title={{PAGENAME}} |url=https://it.wikipedia.org |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiItaliya chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|it|N}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|it|N}} awo..." 122111 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-it.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiItaliya''' nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiItaliya]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 1,900,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title={{PAGENAME}} |url=https://it.wikipedia.org |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiItaliya chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|it|N}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|it|N}} awo ŵakuchitako ntchito iyi. == Ukaboni == [[Category:Wikipediya]] 76ta1kg2gblm0c3mix7hd3ozcc6vcba 1 49680 122112 2026-09-16T05:18:05Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 122112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 0 49681 122114 2026-09-16T08:05:21Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Revision}} [[File:Google Street View timelapse additions.gif|thumb|right|475px|Kusazgirapo kwa nyengo kufuma pakwamba kwa uteŵeti mpaka Seputembala 2023, kusazgapo vyaru ivyo vili na street view gha ŵanthu wose]] '''Google Street View''' yikawonekera pakwamba ku [[United States]] pa Meyi 25, 2007, ndipo yikakhwaska misumba yinkhondi na yimoza: [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]], [[Las Vegas]], [[Denver]], [[Miami]], na [[New York City]]. Kuumaliro wa 2008, S..." 122114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} [[File:Google Street View timelapse additions.gif|thumb|right|475px|Kusazgirapo kwa nyengo kufuma pakwamba kwa uteŵeti mpaka Seputembala 2023, kusazgapo vyaru ivyo vili na street view gha ŵanthu wose]] '''Google Street View''' yikawonekera pakwamba ku [[United States]] pa Meyi 25, 2007, ndipo yikakhwaska misumba yinkhondi na yimoza: [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]], [[Las Vegas]], [[Denver]], [[Miami]], na [[New York City]]. Kuumaliro wa 2008, Street View yikaŵa na malo ghose ghakusangika mu misumba yose yikuru na yichoko mu United States ndipo yikasazgirako malo ghake kuti yiŵe na malo ghanyake ghakusungirako vinyama gha mu charu ichi, kweniso misumba yinyake pa charu chose. Kwa chaka chakwamba na hafu cha kuŵapo kwake, Street View yikaŵa na vimanyikwiro vya vithuzithuzi vya kamera, ndipo chilichose chikayimiliranga msumba panji malo ghakuru ghamoza (nga ni paki). Pakati pajumpha vyaka 10 kufuma apo yikapangikira, Street View yikaŵa kuti yapereka vithuzithuzi vya misewu yakujumpha makilomita 10 miliyoni mu vyaru 83 pa charu chose.<ref>https://www.cnet.com/news/google-maps-street-view-celebrates-its-10th-birthday/</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Google]] [[Category:Google Street View]] [[Category:Google Maps]] 9m1n8t2dkn5g82wslp6ck47igz1n8fi 122116 122114 2026-09-16T08:06:30Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} [[File:Google Street View timelapse additions.gif|thumb|right|475px|Kusazgirapo kwa nyengo kufuma pakwamba kwa uteŵeti mpaka Seputembala 2023, kusazgapo vyaru ivyo vili na street view gha ŵanthu wose]] [[Google Street View]] yikawonekera pakwamba ku [[United States]] pa Meyi 25, 2007, ndipo yikakhwaska misumba yinkhondi na yimoza: [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]], [[Las Vegas]], [[Denver]], [[Miami]], na [[New York City]]. Kuumaliro wa 2008, Street View yikaŵa na malo ghose ghakusangika mu misumba yose yikuru na yichoko mu United States ndipo yikasazgirako malo ghake kuti yiŵe na malo ghanyake ghakusungirako vinyama gha mu charu ichi, kweniso misumba yinyake pa charu chose. Kwa chaka chakwamba na hafu cha kuŵapo kwake, Street View yikaŵa na vimanyikwiro vya vithuzithuzi vya kamera, ndipo chilichose chikayimiliranga msumba panji malo ghakuru ghamoza (nga ni paki). Pakati pajumpha vyaka 10 kufuma apo yikapangikira, Street View yikaŵa kuti yapereka vithuzithuzi vya misewu yakujumpha makilomita 10 miliyoni mu vyaru 83 pa charu chose.<ref>https://www.cnet.com/news/google-maps-street-view-celebrates-its-10th-birthday/</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Google]] [[Category:Google Street View]] [[Category:Google Maps]] hyzl0tjfd019f3u8bju7ocju0jlm8c6 1 49682 122115 2026-09-16T08:05:42Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 122115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 0 49683 122117 2026-09-16T08:27:16Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Creating stub; infobox to be fixed 122117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ChiLadin | nativename = ''lingaz ladin'', ''ladin'' | states = [[Italy]] | region = [[Ladinia]] ([[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]]<br />[[Veneto]]) | speakers = {{sigfig|41,129|3}} | date = 2006<ref name=veneto2006>{{citation |last1=Dell'Aquila |first1=Vittorio |last2=Iannàccaro |first2=Gabriele |title=Survey Ladins: Usi linguistici nelle valli ladine |language=it |trans-title=Survey Ladins: Linguistic uses in the Ladin valleys |date=2006 |publisher=Regione autonoma Trentino-Alto Adige |isbn=88-86053-69-X |page=196 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1635334}}</ref>–2011<ref name=altoadige2011>{{cite web |title=South Tyrol in Figures |work=Declaration of language group affiliation – Population Census 2011 |url=http://www.provinz.bz.it/astat/de/bevoelkerung/458.asp?aktuelles_action=300&aktuelles_image_id=563169 |format=PDF |access-date=2012-10-07 |archive-date=28 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728113109/http://www.provinz.bz.it/astat/de/bevoelkerung/458.asp?aktuelles_action=300&aktuelles_image_id=563169 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=trentino2011>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistica.provincia.tn.it/binary/pat_statistica/demografia/15CensGenPopolazione.1340956277.pdf |title=15° Censimento della popolazione e delle abitazioni. Rilevazione sulla consistenza e la dislocazione territoriale degli appartenenti alle popolazioni di lingua ladina, mòchena e cimbra (dati provvisori) |trans-title=15th Population and Housing Census. Survey on the consistency and territorial dislocation of the members of the Ladin, Mòchena and Cimbrian speaking populations (provisional data) |year=2012 |publisher=Autonomous Province of Trento |language=it |access-date=2012-10-07}}</ref> | ethnicity = [[ŴaLadin]] | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italic]] | fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]] | fam4 = [[Latin]]ic | fam5 = [[Romance languages|Romance]] | fam6 = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]] | fam7 = [[Western Romance languages|Western]] | fam8 = [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo]]-[[Iberian Romance languages|Iberian]]? | fam9 = [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]] | fam10 = Gallo-Rhaetian? | fam11 = [[Rhaeto-Romance languages|Rhaeto-Romance]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ladi1250 |title=Ladin |date=2022-05-24 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007144616/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ladi1250 |archive-date=2022-10-07 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian}}</ref> | dia1 = [[Cadorino dialect|Cadorino]] | dia2 = [[Nones dialect|Nones]] | dia3 = [[Fornes dialects|Fornes]] | dia4 = etc. | script = [[Latin script]] | stand1 = [[Ladin Dolomitan]] | agency = [http://www.spell-termles.ladinia.net/en.html The office for Ladin language planning]<br />[http://www.istladin.net/eng/indexeng.html Ladin Cultural Centre Majon di Fascegn]<br />[[Istitut Ladin Micurà de Rü]]<br />[[Istituto Ladin de la Dolomites]] | iso3 = lld | glotto = ladi1250 | glottorefname = Ladin | lingua = 51-AAA-l | notice = IPA | map = Idioma ladino.PNG | mapcaption = Distribution of ChiLadin }} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Ladinia]], chigaŵa chinyake cha ku [[Italy]]. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=lld}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] [[Category:Viyowoyelo vyamu Italy]] ny31goyliv45y6oqk1pgxxnp5slrw24 1 49684 122118 2026-09-16T08:27:32Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 122118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 0 49685 122120 2026-09-16T09:25:44Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-lld.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiLadin''' nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiLadin]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 180,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title={{PAGENAME}} |url=https://lld.wikipedia.org |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiLadin chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|lld|N}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|lld|N}} awo ŵa..." 122120 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-lld.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiLadin''' nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiLadin]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 180,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title={{PAGENAME}} |url=https://lld.wikipedia.org |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiLadin chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|lld|N}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|lld|N}} awo ŵakuchitako ntchito iyi. == Ukaboni == [[Category:Wikipediya]] b01tze3kigq9ahzrzr042t8xdrk4mf8 1 49686 122121 2026-09-16T09:26:07Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 122121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 0 49687 122123 2026-09-16T09:38:36Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Creating stub; infobox to be fixed 122123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ChiItaliya | nativename = ''{{hlist|{{lang|it|italiano}}, {{lang|it|lingua italiana}}}}'' | pronunciation = {{IPA|it|itaˈljaːno||It-italiano.ogg|}} | ethnicity = [[ŴaItaliya]] | states = [[Italy]], [[San Marino]], [[Vatican City]], [[Switzerland]], [[Slovenia]] ([[Istria]]), [[Croatia]] ([[Istria County|Istria]]) | region = [[Italy (geographical region)|Italian peninsula]] | speakers = [[L1 speakers|L1]]: {{sigfig|64.821530|2}} miliyoni | date = 2022 | ref = e25 | speakers2 = [[Second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|3.080100|2}}-21 million<ref name=e25/><ref name="Italian language">{{cite web |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/italian |title=Italian — University of Leicester |publisher=.le.ac.uk |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502004444/http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/italian |url-status=dead }}</ref><br>Total: {{sigfig|85.000000|2}} million<ref name=e25/> | speakers_label = Speakers | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italic]] | fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan]] | fam4 = [[Latin]] | fam5 = [[Romance languages|Romance]] | fam6 = [[Italo-Western]] | fam7 = [[Italo-Dalmatian]] | fam8 = [[Italo-Romance]] | fam9 = [[Tuscan dialects|Tuscan]] | fam10 = [[Tuscan dialects#Subdialects|Northern Tuscan]] | fam11 = [[Florentine dialect|Florentine]] | ancestor = [[Old Latin]] | ancestor2 = [[Vulgar Latin]] | ancestor3 = [[Tuscan dialect|Tuscan]] | ancestor4 = [[Florentine dialect|Florentine]] | dia1 = [[Maltese ChiItaliya]] | dia2 = [[Swiss ChiItaliya]] | dia3 = Various forms of [[regional ChiItaliya]] | script = [[Latin script]] ([[Italian alphabet]])<br />[[Italian Braille]] | nation = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left; | title=4 countries |[[Italy]] |[[San Marino]] |[[Switzerland]] |[[Vatican City]] }}<br /> {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left; | title=2 regions |[[Slovene Istria]] <small>([[Slovenia]])</small> |[[Istria County]] <small>([[Croatia]])</small> }}<br /> {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left; | title=Various organisations and orders | [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ansa.it/english/news/2016/06/21/pope-to-receive-knights-of-malta-grand-master-thursday_a9e72a37-ec6c-421d-a632-92f2dfe81dd7.html|title=Pope Francis to receive Knights of Malta grand master Thursday – English|date=21 June 2016|website=ANSA.it|access-date=16 October 2019|archive-date=13 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813173147/https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2016/06/21/pope-to-receive-knights-of-malta-grand-master-thursday_a9e72a37-ec6c-421d-a632-92f2dfe81dd7.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |[[European Union]] |[[FAO]] |[[Holy See]] |[[OSCE]] | [[IDLO]] | [[International Institute of Humanitarian Law|IIHL]] |[[Mediterranean Universities Union]] |[[UNICRI]] |[[UNIDROIT]] |''and others'' }} | minority = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left; | title=6 countries |[[Argentina]] |[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]{{efn|name=EUChart|Recognised as a minority language by the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]].<ref name=coe>{{cite web|url=https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/AboutCharter/LanguagesCovered.pdf|title=Languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213191817/https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/AboutCharter/LanguagesCovered.pdf|url-status=live}} (PDF)</ref>}} |[[Brazil]] <small>([[Languages of Brazil#Language co-officialization|6 municipalities]])</small> |[[Croatia]] |[[Romania]]{{efn|name=EUChart}} |[[Slovenia]]}} | agency = {{lang|it|[[Accademia della Crusca]]|italics=no}} ({{lang|it|de facto}}) | iso1 = it | iso2 = ita | iso3 = ita | lingua = 51-AAA-q | map = Map Italophone World - updated.png | mapscale = | mapcaption = Geographical distribution of ChiItaliya in the world: {{legend|#1E90FF|Areas where it is the majority language}} {{legend|#87CEEB|Areas where it is a minority language or where it was a former colonial language}} {{legend|#00FF00|Areas where notable ChiItaliya-speaking communities are present}} | notice = IPA | sign = {{lang|it|[[Italiano segnato]]}} "(Signed ChiItaliya)"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object/detail&p=_system_cms_node/_a_ID/_v_33 |title=Centro documentazione per l'integrazione |publisher=Cdila.it |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101035439/http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object%2Fdetail&p=_system_cms_node%2F_a_ID%2F_v_33 |url-status=live }}</ref> <br />{{lang|it|[[italiano segnato esatto]]}} "(Signed Exact ChiItaliya)"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object/detail&p=_system_cms_node/_a_ID/_v_37 |title=Centro documentazione per l'integrazione |publisher=Cdila.it |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201303/http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object%2Fdetail&p=_system_cms_node%2F_a_ID%2F_v_37 |url-status=live }}</ref> | glotto = ital1282 | glottorefname = Italian }} '''ChiItaliya ''' (''Italiano'') ni chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Europe]], chomenechomene ku [[Italy]]. Kupenda kwa sono kukulongora kuti ŵanthu pakati pa 68 na 85 miliyoni ŵakuyowoya ChiItaliya, kusazgapo pafupifupi 64 miliyoni awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi kufuma mu 2024.<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/ita</ref> ==Wonaniso== *[[Wikipediya ya {{PAGENAME}}]] ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=it}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] [[Category:Viyowoyelo vyamu Italy]] khdjuqfz7h554o1m97o2z2jqg4irgpl 122125 122123 2026-09-16T09:39:17Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ChiItaliya | nativename = ''{{hlist|{{lang|it|italiano}}, {{lang|it|lingua italiana}}}}'' | ethnicity = [[ŴaItaliya]] | states = [[Italy]], [[San Marino]], [[Vatican City]], [[Switzerland]], [[Slovenia]] ([[Istria]]), [[Croatia]] ([[Istria County|Istria]]) | region = [[Italy (geographical region)|Italian peninsula]] | speakers = [[L1 speakers|L1]]: {{sigfig|64.821530|2}} miliyoni | date = 2022 | ref = e25 | speakers2 = [[Second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|3.080100|2}}-21 million<ref name=e25/><ref name="Italian language">{{cite web |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/italian |title=Italian — University of Leicester |publisher=.le.ac.uk |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502004444/http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/italian |url-status=dead }}</ref><br>Total: {{sigfig|85.000000|2}} million<ref name=e25/> | speakers_label = Speakers | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italic]] | fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan]] | fam4 = [[Latin]] | fam5 = [[Romance languages|Romance]] | fam6 = [[Italo-Western]] | fam7 = [[Italo-Dalmatian]] | fam8 = [[Italo-Romance]] | fam9 = [[Tuscan dialects|Tuscan]] | fam10 = [[Tuscan dialects#Subdialects|Northern Tuscan]] | fam11 = [[Florentine dialect|Florentine]] | ancestor = [[Old Latin]] | ancestor2 = [[Vulgar Latin]] | ancestor3 = [[Tuscan dialect|Tuscan]] | ancestor4 = [[Florentine dialect|Florentine]] | dia1 = [[Maltese ChiItaliya]] | dia2 = [[Swiss ChiItaliya]] | dia3 = Various forms of [[regional ChiItaliya]] | script = [[Latin script]] ([[Italian alphabet]])<br />[[Italian Braille]] | nation = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left; | title=4 countries |[[Italy]] |[[San Marino]] |[[Switzerland]] |[[Vatican City]] }}<br /> {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left; | title=2 regions |[[Slovene Istria]] <small>([[Slovenia]])</small> |[[Istria County]] <small>([[Croatia]])</small> }}<br /> {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left; | title=Various organisations and orders | [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ansa.it/english/news/2016/06/21/pope-to-receive-knights-of-malta-grand-master-thursday_a9e72a37-ec6c-421d-a632-92f2dfe81dd7.html|title=Pope Francis to receive Knights of Malta grand master Thursday – English|date=21 June 2016|website=ANSA.it|access-date=16 October 2019|archive-date=13 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813173147/https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2016/06/21/pope-to-receive-knights-of-malta-grand-master-thursday_a9e72a37-ec6c-421d-a632-92f2dfe81dd7.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |[[European Union]] |[[FAO]] |[[Holy See]] |[[OSCE]] | [[IDLO]] | [[International Institute of Humanitarian Law|IIHL]] |[[Mediterranean Universities Union]] |[[UNICRI]] |[[UNIDROIT]] |''and others'' }} | minority = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left; | title=6 countries |[[Argentina]] |[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]{{efn|name=EUChart|Recognised as a minority language by the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]].<ref name=coe>{{cite web|url=https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/AboutCharter/LanguagesCovered.pdf|title=Languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213191817/https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/AboutCharter/LanguagesCovered.pdf|url-status=live}} (PDF)</ref>}} |[[Brazil]] <small>([[Languages of Brazil#Language co-officialization|6 municipalities]])</small> |[[Croatia]] |[[Romania]]{{efn|name=EUChart}} |[[Slovenia]]}} | agency = {{lang|it|[[Accademia della Crusca]]|italics=no}} ({{lang|it|de facto}}) | iso1 = it | iso2 = ita | iso3 = ita | lingua = 51-AAA-q | map = Map Italophone World - updated.png | mapscale = | mapcaption = Geographical distribution of ChiItaliya in the world: {{legend|#1E90FF|Areas where it is the majority language}} {{legend|#87CEEB|Areas where it is a minority language or where it was a former colonial language}} {{legend|#00FF00|Areas where notable ChiItaliya-speaking communities are present}} | notice = IPA | sign = {{lang|it|[[Italiano segnato]]}} "(Signed ChiItaliya)"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object/detail&p=_system_cms_node/_a_ID/_v_33 |title=Centro documentazione per l'integrazione |publisher=Cdila.it |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101035439/http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object%2Fdetail&p=_system_cms_node%2F_a_ID%2F_v_33 |url-status=live }}</ref> <br />{{lang|it|[[italiano segnato esatto]]}} "(Signed Exact ChiItaliya)"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object/detail&p=_system_cms_node/_a_ID/_v_37 |title=Centro documentazione per l'integrazione |publisher=Cdila.it |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201303/http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object%2Fdetail&p=_system_cms_node%2F_a_ID%2F_v_37 |url-status=live }}</ref> | glotto = ital1282 | glottorefname = Italian }} '''ChiItaliya ''' (''Italiano'') ni chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Europe]], chomenechomene ku [[Italy]]. Kupenda kwa sono kukulongora kuti ŵanthu pakati pa 68 na 85 miliyoni ŵakuyowoya ChiItaliya, kusazgapo pafupifupi 64 miliyoni awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi kufuma mu 2024.<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/ita</ref> ==Wonaniso== *[[Wikipediya ya {{PAGENAME}}]] ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=it}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] [[Category:Viyowoyelo vyamu Italy]] 59o18gwyycshqycy17xk98n2ab5iwnx 122126 122125 2026-09-16T09:39:44Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ChiItaliya | nativename = ''{{hlist|{{lang|it|italiano}}, {{lang|it|lingua italiana}}}}'' | ethnicity = [[ŴaItaliya]] | states = [[Italy]], [[San Marino]], [[Vatican City]], [[Switzerland]], [[Slovenia]] ([[Istria]]), [[Croatia]] ([[Istria County|Istria]]) | region = [[Italy (geographical region)|Italian peninsula]] | speakers = [[L1 speakers|L1]]: {{sigfig|64.821530|2}} miliyoni | date = 2022 | ref = e25 | speakers2 = [[Second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|3.080100|2}}-21 miliyoni<ref name=e25/><ref name="Italian language">{{cite web |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/italian |title=Italian — University of Leicester |publisher=.le.ac.uk |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502004444/http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/italian |url-status=dead }}</ref><br>Total: {{sigfig|85.000000|2}} miliyoni<ref name=e25/> | speakers_label = Speakers | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italic]] | fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan]] | fam4 = [[Latin]] | fam5 = [[Romance languages|Romance]] | fam6 = [[Italo-Western]] | fam7 = [[Italo-Dalmatian]] | fam8 = [[Italo-Romance]] | fam9 = [[Tuscan dialects|Tuscan]] | fam10 = [[Tuscan dialects#Subdialects|Northern Tuscan]] | fam11 = [[Florentine dialect|Florentine]] | ancestor = [[Old Latin]] | ancestor2 = [[Vulgar Latin]] | ancestor3 = [[Tuscan dialect|Tuscan]] | ancestor4 = [[Florentine dialect|Florentine]] | dia1 = [[Maltese ChiItaliya]] | dia2 = [[Swiss ChiItaliya]] | dia3 = Various forms of [[regional ChiItaliya]] | script = [[Latin script]] ([[Italian alphabet]])<br />[[Italian Braille]] | nation = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left; | title=4 countries |[[Italy]] |[[San Marino]] |[[Switzerland]] |[[Vatican City]] }}<br /> {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left; | title=2 regions |[[Slovene Istria]] <small>([[Slovenia]])</small> |[[Istria County]] <small>([[Croatia]])</small> }}<br /> {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left; | title=Various organisations and orders | [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ansa.it/english/news/2016/06/21/pope-to-receive-knights-of-malta-grand-master-thursday_a9e72a37-ec6c-421d-a632-92f2dfe81dd7.html|title=Pope Francis to receive Knights of Malta grand master Thursday – English|date=21 June 2016|website=ANSA.it|access-date=16 October 2019|archive-date=13 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813173147/https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2016/06/21/pope-to-receive-knights-of-malta-grand-master-thursday_a9e72a37-ec6c-421d-a632-92f2dfe81dd7.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |[[European Union]] |[[FAO]] |[[Holy See]] |[[OSCE]] | [[IDLO]] | [[International Institute of Humanitarian Law|IIHL]] |[[Mediterranean Universities Union]] |[[UNICRI]] |[[UNIDROIT]] |''and others'' }} | minority = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left; | title=6 countries |[[Argentina]] |[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]{{efn|name=EUChart|Recognised as a minority language by the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]].<ref name=coe>{{cite web|url=https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/AboutCharter/LanguagesCovered.pdf|title=Languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213191817/https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/AboutCharter/LanguagesCovered.pdf|url-status=live}} (PDF)</ref>}} |[[Brazil]] <small>([[Languages of Brazil#Language co-officialization|6 municipalities]])</small> |[[Croatia]] |[[Romania]]{{efn|name=EUChart}} |[[Slovenia]]}} | agency = {{lang|it|[[Accademia della Crusca]]|italics=no}} ({{lang|it|de facto}}) | iso1 = it | iso2 = ita | iso3 = ita | lingua = 51-AAA-q | map = Map Italophone World - updated.png | mapscale = | mapcaption = Geographical distribution of ChiItaliya in the world: {{legend|#1E90FF|Areas where it is the majority language}} {{legend|#87CEEB|Areas where it is a minority language or where it was a former colonial language}} {{legend|#00FF00|Areas where notable ChiItaliya-speaking communities are present}} | notice = IPA | sign = {{lang|it|[[Italiano segnato]]}} "(Signed ChiItaliya)"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object/detail&p=_system_cms_node/_a_ID/_v_33 |title=Centro documentazione per l'integrazione |publisher=Cdila.it |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101035439/http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object%2Fdetail&p=_system_cms_node%2F_a_ID%2F_v_33 |url-status=live }}</ref> <br />{{lang|it|[[italiano segnato esatto]]}} "(Signed Exact ChiItaliya)"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object/detail&p=_system_cms_node/_a_ID/_v_37 |title=Centro documentazione per l'integrazione |publisher=Cdila.it |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201303/http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object%2Fdetail&p=_system_cms_node%2F_a_ID%2F_v_37 |url-status=live }}</ref> | glotto = ital1282 | glottorefname = Italian }} '''ChiItaliya ''' (''Italiano'') ni chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Europe]], chomenechomene ku [[Italy]]. Kupenda kwa sono kukulongora kuti ŵanthu pakati pa 68 na 85 miliyoni ŵakuyowoya ChiItaliya, kusazgapo pafupifupi 64 miliyoni awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi kufuma mu 2024.<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/ita</ref> ==Wonaniso== *[[Wikipediya ya {{PAGENAME}}]] ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=it}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] [[Category:Viyowoyelo vyamu Italy]] s3a4hpw7a048igqt0vc81bwu01lxily 122127 122126 2026-09-16T09:42:25Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ChiItaliya | nativename = ''{{hlist|{{lang|it|italiano}}, {{lang|it|lingua italiana}}}}'' | ethnicity = [[ŴaItaliya]] | states = [[Italy]], [[San Marino]], [[Vatican City]], [[Switzerland]], [[Slovenia]] ([[Istria]]), [[Croatia]] ([[Istria County|Istria]]) | region = [[Italy (geographical region)|Italian peninsula]] | speakers = [[L1 speakers|L1]]: {{sigfig|64.821530|2}} miliyoni | date = 2022 | ref = e25 | speakers2 = [[Second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|3.080100|2}}-21 miliyoni<ref name=e25/><ref name="Italian language">{{cite web |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/italian |title=Italian — University of Leicester |publisher=.le.ac.uk |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502004444/http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/italian |url-status=dead }}</ref><br>Total: {{sigfig|85.000000|2}} miliyoni<ref name=e25/> | speakers_label = Speakers | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italic]] | fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan]] | fam4 = [[Latin]] | fam5 = [[Romance languages|Romance]] | fam6 = [[Italo-Western]] | fam7 = [[Italo-Dalmatian]] | fam8 = [[Italo-Romance]] | fam9 = [[Tuscan dialects|Tuscan]] | fam10 = [[Tuscan dialects#Subdialects|Northern Tuscan]] | fam11 = [[Florentine dialect|Florentine]] | ancestor = [[Old Latin]] | ancestor2 = [[Vulgar Latin]] | ancestor3 = [[Tuscan dialect|Tuscan]] | ancestor4 = [[Florentine dialect|Florentine]] | dia1 = [[Maltese ChiItaliya]] | dia2 = [[Swiss ChiItaliya]] | dia3 = Various forms of [[regional ChiItaliya]] | script = [[Latin script]] ([[Italian alphabet]])<br />[[Italian Braille]] | nation = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left; | title=4 countries |[[Italy]] |[[San Marino]] |[[Switzerland]] |[[Vatican City]] }}<br /> {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left; | title=2 regions |[[Slovene Istria]] <small>([[Slovenia]])</small> |[[Istria County]] <small>([[Croatia]])</small> }}<br /> {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left; | title=Various organisations and orders | [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ansa.it/english/news/2016/06/21/pope-to-receive-knights-of-malta-grand-master-thursday_a9e72a37-ec6c-421d-a632-92f2dfe81dd7.html|title=Pope Francis to receive Knights of Malta grand master Thursday – English|date=21 June 2016|website=ANSA.it|access-date=16 October 2019|archive-date=13 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813173147/https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2016/06/21/pope-to-receive-knights-of-malta-grand-master-thursday_a9e72a37-ec6c-421d-a632-92f2dfe81dd7.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |[[European Union]] |[[FAO]] |[[Holy See]] |[[OSCE]] | [[IDLO]] | [[International Institute of Humanitarian Law|IIHL]] |[[Mediterranean Universities Union]] |[[UNICRI]] |[[UNIDROIT]] |''and others'' }} | minority = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left; | title=6 countries |[[Argentina]] |[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]{{efn|name=EUChart|Recognised as a minority language by the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]].<ref name=coe>{{cite web|url=https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/AboutCharter/LanguagesCovered.pdf|title=Languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213191817/https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/AboutCharter/LanguagesCovered.pdf|url-status=live}} (PDF)</ref>}} |[[Brazil]] <small>([[Languages of Brazil#Language co-officialization|6 municipalities]])</small> |[[Croatia]] |[[Romania]]{{efn|name=EUChart}} |[[Slovenia]]}} | agency = {{lang|it|[[Accademia della Crusca]]|italics=no}} ({{lang|it|de facto}}) | iso1 = it | iso2 = ita | iso3 = ita | lingua = 51-AAA-q | map = Map Italophone World - updated.png | mapscale = | mapcaption = Geographical distribution of ChiItaliya in the world: {{legend|#1E90FF|Areas where it is the majority language}} {{legend|#87CEEB|Areas where it is a minority language or where it was a former colonial language}} {{legend|#00FF00|Areas where notable ChiItaliya-speaking communities are present}} | notice = IPA | sign = {{lang|it|[[Italiano segnato]]}} "(Signed ChiItaliya)"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object/detail&p=_system_cms_node/_a_ID/_v_33 |title=Centro documentazione per l'integrazione |publisher=Cdila.it |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101035439/http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object%2Fdetail&p=_system_cms_node%2F_a_ID%2F_v_33 |url-status=live }}</ref> <br />{{lang|it|[[italiano segnato esatto]]}} "(Signed Exact ChiItaliya)"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object/detail&p=_system_cms_node/_a_ID/_v_37 |title=Centro documentazione per l'integrazione |publisher=Cdila.it |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201303/http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object%2Fdetail&p=_system_cms_node%2F_a_ID%2F_v_37 |url-status=live }}</ref> | glotto = ital1282 | glottorefname = Italian }} '''ChiItaliya ''' (''Italiano'') ni chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Europe]], chomenechomene ku [[Italy]]. Kupenda kwa sono kukulongora kuti ŵanthu pakati pa 68 na 85 miliyoni ŵakuyowoya ChiItaliya, kusazgapo pafupifupi 64 miliyoni awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi kufuma mu 2024. ==Wonaniso== *[[Wikipediya ya {{PAGENAME}}]] ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=it}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] [[Category:Viyowoyelo vyamu Italy]] l6oj49jut31wpj6s1glxsn8o8lss6r3 122128 122127 2026-09-16T09:45:53Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ChiItaliya | nativename = ''{{hlist|{{lang|it|italiano}}, {{lang|it|lingua italiana}}}}'' | ethnicity = [[ŴaItaliya]] | states = [[Italy]], [[San Marino]], [[Vatican City]], [[Switzerland]], [[Slovenia]] ([[Istria]]), [[Croatia]] ([[Istria County|Istria]]) | region = [[Italy (geographical region)|Italian peninsula]] | speakers = [[L1 speakers|L1]]: {{sigfig|64.821530|2}} miliyoni | date = 2022 | ref = e25 | speakers2 = [[Second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|3.080100|2}}-21 miliyoni<ref name=e25/><ref name="Italian language">{{cite web |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/italian |title=Italian — University of Leicester |publisher=.le.ac.uk |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502004444/http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/italian |url-status=dead }}</ref><br>Total: {{sigfig|85.000000|2}} miliyoni<ref name=e25/> | speakers_label = Speakers | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italic]] | fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan]] | fam4 = [[Latin]] | fam5 = [[Romance languages|Romance]] | fam6 = [[Italo-Western]] | fam7 = [[Italo-Dalmatian]] | fam8 = [[Italo-Romance]] | fam9 = [[Tuscan dialects|Tuscan]] | fam10 = [[Tuscan dialects#Subdialects|Northern Tuscan]] | fam11 = [[Florentine dialect|Florentine]] | ancestor = [[Old Latin]] | ancestor2 = [[Vulgar Latin]] | ancestor3 = [[Tuscan dialect|Tuscan]] | ancestor4 = [[Florentine dialect|Florentine]] | dia1 = [[Maltese ChiItaliya]] | dia2 = [[Swiss ChiItaliya]] | dia3 = Various forms of [[regional ChiItaliya]] | script = [[Latin script]] ([[Italian alphabet]])<br />[[Italian Braille]] | nation = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left; | title=4 countries |[[Italy]] |[[San Marino]] |[[Switzerland]] |[[Vatican City]] }}<br /> {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left; | title=2 regions |[[Slovene Istria]] <small>([[Slovenia]])</small> |[[Istria County]] <small>([[Croatia]])</small> }}<br /> {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left; | title=Various organisations and orders | [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ansa.it/english/news/2016/06/21/pope-to-receive-knights-of-malta-grand-master-thursday_a9e72a37-ec6c-421d-a632-92f2dfe81dd7.html|title=Pope Francis to receive Knights of Malta grand master Thursday – English|date=21 June 2016|website=ANSA.it|access-date=16 October 2019|archive-date=13 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813173147/https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2016/06/21/pope-to-receive-knights-of-malta-grand-master-thursday_a9e72a37-ec6c-421d-a632-92f2dfe81dd7.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |[[European Union]] |[[FAO]] |[[Holy See]] |[[OSCE]] | [[IDLO]] | [[International Institute of Humanitarian Law|IIHL]] |[[Mediterranean Universities Union]] |[[UNICRI]] |[[UNIDROIT]] |''and others'' }} | minority = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left; | title=6 countries |[[Argentina]] |[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]{{efn|name=EUChart|Recognised as a minority language by the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]].<ref name=coe>{{cite web|url=https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/AboutCharter/LanguagesCovered.pdf|title=Languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213191817/https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/AboutCharter/LanguagesCovered.pdf|url-status=live}} (PDF)</ref>}} |[[Brazil]] <small>([[Languages of Brazil#Language co-officialization|6 municipalities]])</small> |[[Croatia]] |[[Romania]]{{efn|name=EUChart}} |[[Slovenia]]}} | agency = {{lang|it|[[Accademia della Crusca]]|italics=no}} ({{lang|it|de facto}}) | iso1 = it | iso2 = ita | iso3 = ita | lingua = 51-AAA-q | map = Map Italophone World - updated.png | mapscale = | mapcaption = Geographical distribution of ChiItaliya in the world: {{legend|#1E90FF|Areas where it is the majority language}} {{legend|#87CEEB|Areas where it is a minority language or where it was a former colonial language}} {{legend|#00FF00|Areas where notable ChiItaliya-speaking communities are present}} | notice = IPA | sign = {{lang|it|[[Italiano segnato]]}} "(Signed ChiItaliya)"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object/detail&p=_system_cms_node/_a_ID/_v_33 |title=Centro documentazione per l'integrazione |publisher=Cdila.it |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101035439/http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object%2Fdetail&p=_system_cms_node%2F_a_ID%2F_v_33 |url-status=live }}</ref> <br />{{lang|it|[[italiano segnato esatto]]}} "(Signed Exact ChiItaliya)"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object/detail&p=_system_cms_node/_a_ID/_v_37 |title=Centro documentazione per l'integrazione |publisher=Cdila.it |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201303/http://www.cdila.it/cds/Index?q=object%2Fdetail&p=_system_cms_node%2F_a_ID%2F_v_37 |url-status=live }}</ref> | glotto = ital1282 | glottorefname = Italian }} '''ChiItaliya ''' (''Italiano'') ni chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Europe]], chomenechomene ku [[Italy]]. Kupenda kwa sono kukulongora kuti ŵanthu pakati pa 68 na 85 miliyoni ŵakuyowoya ChiItaliya, kusazgapo pafupifupi 64 miliyoni awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi kufuma mu 2024. ==Wonaniso== *[[Wikipediya ya {{PAGENAME}}]] ==Manotisi== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=it}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] [[Category:Viyowoyelo vyamu Italy]] kl072z0mo9odnafjyav95vca78zgzg2 1 49688 122124 2026-09-16T09:38:53Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 122124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 0 49689 122131 2026-09-16T09:58:16Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-zh.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiChayinizi''' (中文維基百科) nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiChayinizi]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 1,500,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title={{PAGENAME}} |url=https://zh.wikipedia.org |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiChayinizi chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|zh|N}} ndipo pali ŵanthu..." 122131 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-zh.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiChayinizi''' (中文維基百科) nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiChayinizi]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 1,500,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title={{PAGENAME}} |url=https://zh.wikipedia.org |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiChayinizi chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|zh|N}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|zh|N}} awo ŵakuchitako ntchito iyi. == Ukaboni == [[Category:Wikipediya]] jju0dq6f8mn188zd5omlg8ckg21huy0 0 49690 122132 2026-09-16T09:58:17Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ru.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiRussia''' (中文維基百科) nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiRussia]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 2,100,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title={{PAGENAME}} |url=https://ru.wikipedia.org |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiRussia chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ru|N}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBERO..." 122132 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ru.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiRussia''' (中文維基百科) nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiRussia]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 2,100,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title={{PAGENAME}} |url=https://ru.wikipedia.org |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiRussia chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ru|N}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|ru|N}} awo ŵakuchitako ntchito iyi. == Ukaboni == [[Category:Wikipediya]] d6bpgh9ddn0jbryyi88kuq2979d5988 122133 122132 2026-09-16T09:58:44Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Error 122133 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ru.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiRussia''' (Русская Википедия) nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiRussia]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 2,100,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title={{PAGENAME}} |url=https://ru.wikipedia.org |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiRussia chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ru|N}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|ru|N}} awo ŵakuchitako ntchito iyi. == Ukaboni == [[Category:Wikipediya]] gl4ppbn937v4tvazm2e7hoi1vv8vnf3 1 49691 122134 2026-09-16T09:58:55Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 122134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 1 49692 122135 2026-09-16T09:59:04Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 122135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 0 49693 122136 2026-09-16T10:01:37Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ja.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiJapanizi''' (ウィキペディア日本語版) nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiJapanizi]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 1,500,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title={{PAGENAME}} |url=https://ja.wikipedia.org |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiJapanizi chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ja|N}} ndipo p..." 122136 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ja.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiJapanizi''' (ウィキペディア日本語版) nthamba la umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiJapanizi]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 1,500,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title={{PAGENAME}} |url=https://ja.wikipedia.org |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiJapanizi chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ja|N}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|ja|N}} awo ŵakuchitako ntchito iyi. == Ukaboni == [[Category:Wikipediya]] bh5qn1h38zvgupu8m7mv0et0vo65vld 1 49694 122137 2026-09-16T10:01:52Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 122137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 0 49695 122138 2026-09-16T10:51:41Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Italic title}} {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P123}}. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]]" 122138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P123}}. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]] ah5sw8rl8uq6u9l28thyezboudfhbxj 1 49696 122139 2026-09-16T10:52:31Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 122139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li