Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 3 6916 122233 122227 2026-09-22T12:10:50Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 /* Broken home */ Zgolo 122233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 250K |counter = 16 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Anthonymunthali44/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{Archives}} == Article on Earth == Hello, I’m messaging you today to ask if [[Tera (Charu cha pasi)]] should be changed into [[Tera]], with [[Charu cha pasi]] being a redirect to the page, instead of it having both in the name. Thanks! [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px]] [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px]] 19:53, 22 Julayi 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] Hello. I adapted Tera from from the Latin Word for earth since the native "Charu cha pasi" can be used in other contexts to just refer to the ground. But from context people can figure out that Tera is referring to Earth so you can remove [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 20:12, 22 Julayi 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, I see, since Charu cha pasi can refer to other contexts, shouldn't the page be named "Charu cha pasi (Tera)", Charu cha pasi as the name of Earth, and (Tera) as the disambiguation? [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 20:14, 22 Julayi 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] That's true. Please do that, or I can [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 05:54, 23 Julayi 2025 (UTC) ::::Done ✔️, thanks for helping me with this! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 06:31, 23 Julayi 2025 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. 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More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472541 --> == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Administrators) will expire on 2026-06-08 06:12:03. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|pakuchezgela]]) 19:42, 1 Juni 2026 (UTC)</div> == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Muli makola akulu? '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka Wikipedia to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Yewo chomene, [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 14:21, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Let's wake up Tumbuka Wiktionary == @[[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] Can we please wake this project up? It has been almost 4 years now and it is not yet ready. It only needs few entries to get going. 10 entries from you, me and the lest of other editors then it will be published. We already requested it [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wiktionary_Tumbuka here], the main page is [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Jani_likulu here]. This how its articles [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Malawi look like here], and others are on main page. If it has some entries, I will then post on Meta. See last time I posted there and what the response [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language_committee/2024#Request_for_Approval_of_Tumbuka_Wiktionary was this]. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:36, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] alright will do so [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 17:38, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::taonga akulu wane [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:40, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Broken home == @[[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] akulu, did you do any translations on translatewiki? Like changing what is already translated? If you did or anyone did, and if not you, then the whole main page is broken as you [[Chikaya chikulu 9 demo|can see]]. There is no content on main page. Anything done there reflects here in 3-7 days. It is VERY tiresome and time consuming fixing home templates to be showing new contents each day as it was. Then, it was using the standardized Tumbuka which says '''Sekutembala''', instead of '''old Tumbuka''' which uses '''Lupya'''. While the standardized Tumbuka is largedly supported and known by most morden natives, it is a fake and wrong one as it is just an English word written in Tumbuka (not translated). The Old Tumbuka that says "Lupya" is old but true and accurate. However, on translatewiki, we need to stick to one form, such as morden Tumbuka for new genZ and genAlpha people to pick it up easily. Naonga chomene akulu. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 09:40, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) :Nthena apa pakukhumbika kuti ine na @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] tinozge ivyo vyanangika, nangauli tipangenge padoko padoko chifukwa ni ntchito ikulu. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 09:43, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) ::Nkhanangiska akulu. Mphanyi nkhafumba danga. Let me know how I can help [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 09:49, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) ::I have checked, I have a record of all things I changed and can rolled it back within 1 hour or so. Should I do so? [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 09:58, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) :Hello akulu. Nayezganga using an automated way to translate as many things that were not translated as possible but if it is now broken can you find a way to revert or should I do that? Sorry for the trouble akulu. Yewo. [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 09:48, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) :Here is the complete list of my changes. I can automate all these being reverted just say the word: :<nowiki><pre></nowiki> :COMPLETE LIST OF TERMINOLOGY CHANGES — tum (Tumbuka) MediaWiki translations MediaWiki (most important messages) group, translatewiki.net Prepared for review with Tumbuka Arch :Total changes: 108 (107 in the main batch + 1 additional fix) Each entry shows: message page, English source, ORIGINAL Tumbuka text (before), NEW Tumbuka text (after). : ====== ================================================================== ====== :1. MediaWiki:Monday/tum : English: Monday ORIGINAL: Mande NEW: Lakwamba :2. MediaWiki:Tuesday/tum : English: Tuesday ORIGINAL: Chibili NEW: Chiŵili :3. MediaWiki:Mon/tum : English: Mon ORIGINAL: Mande NEW: Lakwamba :4. MediaWiki:Tue/tum : English: Tue ORIGINAL: Chibili NEW: Chiŵili :5. MediaWiki:January-gen/tum : English: January ORIGINAL: Janyuwale NEW: Matika :6. MediaWiki:February-gen/tum : English: February ORIGINAL: Febuluwale NEW: Muswela :7. MediaWiki:March-gen/tum : English: March ORIGINAL: Malichi NEW: Nyakanyaka :8. MediaWiki:April-gen/tum : English: April ORIGINAL: Epulelo NEW: Masika :9. MediaWiki:May-gen/tum : English: May ORIGINAL: Meyi NEW: Vuna :10. MediaWiki:June-gen/tum : English: June ORIGINAL: Juni NEW: Mphepo :11. MediaWiki:August-gen/tum : English: August ORIGINAL: Ogasiti NEW: Mpupulu :12. MediaWiki:September-gen/tum : English: September ORIGINAL: Sekutembala NEW: Lupya :13. MediaWiki:October-gen/tum : English: October ORIGINAL: Okutobala NEW: Zimya :14. MediaWiki:November-gen/tum : English: November ORIGINAL: Novembala NEW: Thukila :15. MediaWiki:December-gen/tum : English: December ORIGINAL: Disembala NEW: Vula :16. MediaWiki:Jan/tum : English: Jan ORIGINAL: Janyuwale NEW: Mati :17. MediaWiki:Feb/tum : English: Feb ORIGINAL: Febuluwale NEW: Muswe :18. MediaWiki:Mar/tum : English: Mar ORIGINAL: Malichi NEW: Nyaka :19. MediaWiki:Apr/tum : English: Apr ORIGINAL: Epulelo NEW: Masi :20. MediaWiki:Jun/tum : English: Jun ORIGINAL: Juni NEW: Mphepo :21. MediaWiki:Aug/tum : English: Aug ORIGINAL: Ogasiti NEW: Mpupu :22. MediaWiki:Sep/tum : English: Sep ORIGINAL: Sekutembala NEW: Lupya :23. MediaWiki:Oct/tum : English: Oct ORIGINAL: Okutobala NEW: Zimya :24. MediaWiki:Nov/tum : English: Nov ORIGINAL: Novembala NEW: Thuki :25. MediaWiki:Dec/tum : English: Dec ORIGINAL: Disembala NEW: Vula :26. MediaWiki:Htmlform-submit/tum : English: Submit ORIGINAL: Zomelezga NEW: Ipa :27. MediaWiki:Nstab-template/tum : English: Template ORIGINAL: Nkhwaska NEW: Cikomboli :28. MediaWiki:Discussiontools-replywidget-cancel/tum : English: Cancel ORIGINAL: Kuleka NEW: Koma :29. MediaWiki:Wikibase-edit/tum : English: edit ORIGINAL: lemba NEW: lembaso :30. MediaWiki:Red-link-title/tum : English: $1 (page does not exist) ORIGINAL: $1 (jani likusangika yayi) NEW: $1 (hamba ili kulije) :31. MediaWiki:Aboutsite/tum : English: About {{SITENAME}} ORIGINAL: Vokhuzana {{SITENAME}} NEW: Vyokhwaska {{SITENAME}} :32. MediaWiki:Disclaimers/tum : English: Disclaimers ORIGINAL: Chizomelezgo NEW: Vyakuchiska :33. MediaWiki:Contribslink/tum : English: contribs ORIGINAL: Volemba NEW: vyakupelekeka :34. MediaWiki:Printableversion/tum : English: Printable version ORIGINAL: Mtundu wakuprintika NEW: Kaŵiro koti kangasindikizgika :35. MediaWiki:Searchbutton/tum : English: Search ORIGINAL: Kufufuza NEW: Penja :36. MediaWiki:Disclaimerpage/tum : English: Project:General disclaimer ORIGINAL: Project:Chilolezo NEW: Project:Vyakuchiska mwausani :37. MediaWiki:Wikimedia-developers/tum : English: Developers ORIGINAL: Ŵalembi NEW: Ŵanozgi :38. MediaWiki:Wikimedia-cookiestatement/tum : English: Cookie statement ORIGINAL: Chilolelezo chinu NEW: Chiphara cha vikondamoyo :39. MediaWiki:Mobile-frontend-home-button/tum : English: Home ORIGINAL: Menyu NEW: Pakaya :40. MediaWiki:Mobile-frontend-random-button/tum : English: Random ORIGINAL: Chisawawa NEW: Bwekabweka :41. MediaWiki:Mobile-frontend-history/tum : English: View edit history of this page. ORIGINAL: Kuona mbili ya jani lino NEW: Bekani mbiri ya kalembelo ka hamba lino :42. MediaWiki:Mobile-frontend-view/tum : English: Mobile view ORIGINAL: Kuona mwafoni NEW: Kaŵiro ka pa lamya :43. MediaWiki:Mobile-frontend-terms-text/tum : English: Terms of Use ORIGINAL: Magwiliskilo NEW: Malango gha kagwiliskiro :44. MediaWiki:Searchsuggest-search/tum : English: Search {{SITENAME}} ORIGINAL: Fufuza {{SITENAME}} NEW: Fufuza mu {{SITENAME}} :45. MediaWiki:Skin-view-edit/tum : English: Edit ORIGINAL: Kulemba NEW: Lembaso :46. MediaWiki:Talk/tum : English: Discussion ORIGINAL: Kudumbizgana NEW: Kudumba :47. MediaWiki:Searcharticle/tum : English: Go ORIGINAL: Kuluta NEW: Luta :48. MediaWiki:Views/tum : English: Views ORIGINAL: Vyakuona NEW: Mawonekero :49. MediaWiki:Jumptosearch/tum : English: search ORIGINAL: kufufuza NEW: penja :50. MediaWiki:Searchbutton/tum : English: Search ORIGINAL: Fufuza NEW: Penja :51. MediaWiki:Skin-view-edit/tum : English: Edit ORIGINAL: Lemba NEW: Lembaso :52. MediaWiki:Discussiontools-replywidget-cancel/tum : English: Cancel ORIGINAL: Leka NEW: Koma :53. MediaWiki:Privacy/tum : English: Privacy policy ORIGINAL: Ndondomeko ya webusaiti NEW: Ndondomeko ya visisi :54. MediaWiki:Privacypage/tum : English: Project:Privacy policy ORIGINAL: Project:Ndondomeko ya webusaiti NEW: Project:Ndondomeko ya visisi :55. MediaWiki:Nstab-media/tum : English: Media page ORIGINAL: Jani la vinthu NEW: Hamba la vinthu :56. MediaWiki:Nstab-special/tum : English: Special page ORIGINAL: Jani lopatulika NEW: Hamba lopatulika :57. MediaWiki:Nstab-user/tum : English: {{GENDER:$1|User page}} ORIGINAL: {{GENDER:$1|Jani la mgwiliski}} NEW: {{GENDER:$1|Hamba la mgwiliski}} :58. MediaWiki:Nstab-project/tum : English: Project page ORIGINAL: Zina la jani NEW: Zina la hamba :59. MediaWiki:Nstab-help/tum : English: Help page ORIGINAL: Jani la wovwili NEW: Hamba la wovwili :60. MediaWiki:Nstab-main/tum : English: Page ORIGINAL: Jani NEW: Hamba :61. MediaWiki:Mainpage/tum : English: Main Page ORIGINAL: Jani likulu NEW: Hamba likulu :62. MediaWiki:Mainpage-description/tum : English: Main page ORIGINAL: Jani likulu NEW: Hamba likulu :63. MediaWiki:Searchsuggest-containing/tum : English: Search for pages containing ORIGINAL: Fufuza ma jani agho muli NEW: Fufuza ma hamba agho muli :64. MediaWiki:Pageinfo-toolboxlink/tum : English: Page information ORIGINAL: Va jani lino NEW: Va hamba lino :65. MediaWiki:Randompage/tum : English: Random page ORIGINAL: Jani lililose NEW: Hamba lililose :66. MediaWiki:Lastmodifiedat/tum : English: This page was last edited on $1, at $2. ORIGINAL: Jani ili ulendo waumalilo uwo likasinthikila pakaŵa pa $1, pa $2. NEW: Hamba ili ulendo waumalilo uwo likasinthikila pakaŵa pa $1, pa $2. :67. MediaWiki:Wikibase-linkitem-linkpage/tum : English: Link with page ORIGINAL: Lumikiza na jani NEW: Lumikiza na hamba :68. MediaWiki:Wikibase-linkitem-selectlink/tum : English: Please select a site and a page that you want to link to this page. ORIGINAL: Chonde sankhani saiti na jani ilo mukukhumba kulumikiza ku jani ili. NEW: Chonde sankhani saiti na hamba ilo mukukhumba kulumikiza ku hamba ili. :69. MediaWiki:Wikibase-linkitem-input-page/tum : English: Page: ORIGINAL: Jani: NEW: Hamba: :70. MediaWiki:Vector-feature-custom-font-size-exclusion-notice/tum : English: This page always uses small font size ORIGINAL: Jani ili likugwiliska ntchito malemba ghachoko ghachoko nyengo zose NEW: Hamba ili likugwiliska ntchito malemba ghachoko ghachoko nyengo zose :71. MediaWiki:Skin-theme-exclusion-notice/tum : English: This page is always in light mode. ORIGINAL: Pa jani ili pali ungweru nyengo zose. NEW: Pa hamba ili pali ungweru nyengo zose. :72. MediaWiki:Citethispage-link/tum : English: Cite this page ORIGINAL: Ikilani umboni jani ili NEW: Ikilani umboni hamba ili :73. MediaWiki:Contactpage/tum : English: Contact page ORIGINAL: Jani la kukhwaskilanapo NEW: Hamba la kukhwaskilanapo :74. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: Show $1 {{PLURAL:$1|result|results}} per page ORIGINAL: Kuoneska $1 {{PLURAL:$1|chiulusko|viulusko}} pakwendela jani NEW: Kuoneska $1 {{PLURAL:$1|chiulusko|viulusko}} pakwendela hamba :75. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: {{PLURAL:$2|This category contains only the following page.|The following {{PLURAL:$1|page is|$1 pages are}} in this category, out of $2 total.}} ORIGINAL: {{PLURAL:$2|Mtundu uwu una majani gha ni agha ghali panthazi.|Panthazi apa pali {{PLURAL:$1|jani mu|$1majani mu}} mu mtundu uwu, kufuma mu unandi wa $2.}} NEW: {{PLURAL:$2|Mtundu uwu una majani gha ni agha ghali panthazi.|Panthazi apa pali {{PLURAL:$1|hamba mu|$1majani mu}} mu mtundu uwu, kufuma mu unandi wa $2.}} :76. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: Page history ORIGINAL: Mbili ya jani NEW: Mbili ya hamba :77. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: The page size changed by this number of bytes ORIGINAL: Ukulu wa jani wasintha na nambala iyi ya ma baiti NEW: Ukulu wa hamba wasintha na nambala iyi ya ma baiti :78. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: Save page ORIGINAL: Sunga jani NEW: Sunga hamba :79. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: Publish page ORIGINAL: Chapiska jani NEW: Chapiska hamba :80. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: Publish page… ORIGINAL: Chapiska jani... NEW: Chapiska hamba... :81. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: Pages in category "$1" ORIGINAL: Ma jani mu mtundu "$1" NEW: Ma hamba mu mtundu "$1" :82. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: Watch this page ORIGINAL: Wonelela jani ili NEW: Wonelela hamba ili :83. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: Page name: ORIGINAL: Zina la jani: NEW: Zina la hamba: :84. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: There is currently no text in this page. You can [[Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}|search for this page title]] in other pages, or <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:{{#Special:Log}}|page={{urlencode:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}} search the related logs]</span>, but you do not have permission to create this page. ORIGINAL: Pasono palije dankha mazgo ghalighose pa jani lino. Munga [[Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}|penja mutu uwo]] mu majani ghanyake, panji <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:{{#Special:Log}}|page={{urlencode:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}} mungapenja mu mathala ghanyake]</span>, kwene mulije chilolezo chakuyata jani lino. NEW: Pasono palije dankha mazgo ghalighose pa hamba lino. Munga [[Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}|penja mutu uwo]] mu majani ghanyake, panji <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:{{#Special:Log}}|page={{urlencode:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}} mungapenja mu mathala ghanyake]</span>, kwene mulije chilolezo chakuyata hamba lino. :85. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: Track the most recent changes to the wiki on this page. ORIGINAL: Londola vinthu ivyo vyasintha mwasono pa wiki pa jani lino. NEW: Londola vinthu ivyo vyasintha mwasono pa wiki pa hamba lino. :86. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: Create the page "[[$1]]" on this wiki! {{PLURAL:$2|0=|See also the page found with your search.|See also the search results found.}} ORIGINAL: Yatani jani la "[[$1]]" pa wiki yino! {{PLURAL:$2|0=|Wonaniso jani ilo lasangika mu kufufuza kwinu.|Wonaniso vyakulondezga vya kufufuza ivyo vyasangika.}}{{PLURAL:$2|}} NEW: Yatani hamba la "[[$1]]" pa wiki yino! {{PLURAL:$2|0=|Wonaniso hamba ilo lasangika mu kufufuza kwinu.|Wonaniso vyakulondezga vya kufufuza ivyo vyasangika.}}{{PLURAL:$2|}} :87. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: New page ORIGINAL: Jani lanyuwani NEW: Hamba lanyuwani :88. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: redirect page ORIGINAL: zombeska jani NEW: zombeska hamba :89. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: This page is a member of {{PLURAL:$1|a hidden category|$1 hidden categories}}: ORIGINAL: Jani ili ni ndimoza mwa majani {{PLURAL:$1|mtundu wakubisika|$1 mitundu yakubisika}}: NEW: Hamba ili ni ndimoza mwa majani {{PLURAL:$1|mtundu wakubisika|$1 mitundu yakubisika}}: :90. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: View logs for this page ORIGINAL: Kuona vochitika va jani ili NEW: Kuona vochitika va hamba ili :91. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: This page does not exist. The deletion, protection, and move log for the page are provided below for reference. ORIGINAL: Jani ili likusangika yayi. Kufufutika, kutchinjilizika, na kuthyeka kwa jani ili kuli pasi apa. NEW: Hamba ili likusangika yayi. Kufufutika, kutchinjilizika, na kuthyeka kwa hamba ili kuli pasi apa. :92. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: edit this page ORIGINAL: Sinthani jani ili NEW: Sinthani hamba ili :93. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: No such special page ORIGINAL: Kulije jani lapadela lanthena NEW: Kulije hamba lapadela lanthena :94. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: '''You have requested an invalid special page.''' A list of valid special pages can be found at [[Special:SpecialPages|{{int:specialpages}}]]. ORIGINAL: '''Mwapempha jani lapadera ilo likugwira ntchito yayi.''' Mndandanda wa majani ghapadera ghakuzomerezgeka ungasangika pa [[Special:SpecialPages|{{int:majani ghapadera}}]]. NEW: '''Mwapempha hamba lapadera ilo likugwira ntchito yayi.''' Mndandanda wa majani ghapadera ghakuzomerezgeka ungasangika pa [[Special:SpecialPages|{{int:majani ghapadera}}]]. :95. 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(page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: '''Warning: You are recreating a page that was previously deleted.''' You should consider whether it is appropriate to continue editing this page. The deletion and move log for this page are provided here for convenience: ORIGINAL: '''Chenjezgo: Mukupangaso jani ilo lilikufufutika.''' Mukwenera kughanaghanirapo usange ntchakwenelera kulutilira kulemba jani ili. Mbili ya kusisimwika na kusamuskika kwa jani ili vyapelekeka pano kuti viŵe vyambura kusuzga kulondezga: NEW: '''Chenjezgo: Mukupangaso hamba ilo lilikufufutika.''' Mukwenera kughanaghanirapo usange ntchakwenelera kulutilira kulemba hamba ili. Mbili ya kusisimwika na kusamuskika kwa hamba ili vyapelekeka pano kuti viŵe vyambura kusuzga kulondezga: :99. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: Redirect page ORIGINAL: Kulutiska jani kunyake NEW: Kulutiska hamba kunyake :100. 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(page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: $1 × $2, $3 {{PLURAL:$3|page|pages}} ORIGINAL: $1 × $2, $3 {{PLURAL:$3|jani|majani}} NEW: $1 × $2, $3 {{PLURAL:$3|hamba|majani}} :103. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: {{PLURAL:$1|$1 page is|$1 pages are}} on your watchlist (plus talk pages). ORIGINAL: {{PLURAL:$1| $1 jani ili mukulilondezga| $1 majani agha mukughalondezga}} (pamoza na majani ghakuchezgelapo). NEW: {{PLURAL:$1| $1 hamba ili mukulilondezga| $1 majani agha mukughalondezga}} (pamoza na majani ghakuchezgelapo). :104. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: ← previous page ORIGINAL: ← jani lakumasinda NEW: ← hamba lakumasinda :105. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: next page → ORIGINAL: jani lapanthazi → NEW: hamba lapanthazi → :106. (page name not confirmed — search by English/old text below) : English: Go to page $1 ORIGINAL: Luta pa jani $1 NEW: Luta pa hamba $1 :107. MediaWiki:Discussiontools-replywidget-watchthis/tum : English: Add this page to your [[Special:Watchlist|watchlist]] ORIGINAL: Sazga jani ili pa [[Special:Watchlist|kuonelela]] kwane NEW: Sazga hamba ili pa [[Special:Watchlist|kuonelela]] kwane :108. MediaWiki:Noarticletext/tum : English: There is currently no text in this page. You can [[Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}|search for this page title]] in other pages, <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:{{#Special:Log}}|page={{urlencode:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}} search the related logs], or [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} create this page]</span>. ORIGINAL: Palije dankha mazgo pa jani lino. Munga [[Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}|penja jani lino]] mu viyowoyelo vinyake, <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:{{#Special:Log}}|page={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}}} penja mu ma log nghakupokelelapo], panji[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} yatani jani lino]</span>. NEW: Palije dankha mazgo pa hamba lino. Munga [[Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}|penja hamba lino]] mu viyowoyelo vinyake, <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:{{#Special:Log}}|page={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}}} penja mu ma log nghakupokelelapo], panji[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} yatani hamba lino]</span>. : ====== ================================================================== ====== :NOTE: 3 messages were part of the intended correction but could NOT be published (blocked by translatewiki.net site permissions on this account) and remain unchanged: : - MediaWiki:Mainpage/tum ("Main Page" -> still "Jani likulu") - MediaWiki:Nstab-mainpage/tum ("Main Page" -> still "Jani likulu") - MediaWiki:Mainpage-nstab/tum ("Main page" -> still "Jani likulu") :These three were never touched, so they cannot be the cause of anything broken. :Total published live: 108 :<nowiki></pre></nowiki> [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 10:24, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] akulu, yayi, kupanga revert yayi. Ninozgenge waka mazina gha mwezi ghekha, vyose vikhale nthena nthena. Mwanangiska chala, kuti waka ine miyezi nkhailemba mu Chitumbuka chiphya, apo imwe mwapanga mu Chitumbuka cheneko kweneso chakale. Vyose vili kale makola, ninozgenge waka mazina gha miyezi mu Chitumbuka, ndiho ghananga home page lithu. Naonga akulu, yewo. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:58, 22 Lupya 2026 (UTC) :::Okay naplika [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 12:10, 22 Lupya 2026 (UTC) lm9wxki0l0w6xf9rpex7eg37xytqmem 0 46522 122236 111302 2026-09-22T19:37:23Z ~2026-50973-90 12231 Kulembanso na kuzomerezga chigaŵa chose, kufuma pa kung'anamura Wikipedia ya Chingelezi "Neck" mu Chitumbuka (translated/expanded from English Wikipedia "Neck") 122236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Chigaŵa cha thupi icho chikukolezgana mutu na thupi}} {{Other uses}} {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Singo |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Neck.png|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Singo la munthu</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyiko |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Latin|Chilatini]] | class="infobox-data" |''cervix; collum'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Medical Subject Headings|MeSH]] | class="infobox-data" |[https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D009333 D009333] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Terminologia Anatomica|TA98]] | class="infobox-data" |[https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/01.1.00.012%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm A01.1.00.012] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Terminologia Anatomica|TA2]] | class="infobox-data" |[https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=123 123] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Foundational Model of Anatomy|FMA]] | class="infobox-data" |[https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma7155 7155] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |[[Anatomical terminology|Mazgu gha kuyowoyera viŵalo vya thupi]] |} '''Singo''' ni chigaŵa cha thupi, mu vinyama vinandi ivyo vili na muwongo (vertebrates), icho chikukolezgana [[mutu (anatomy)|mutu]] na thupi lose. Singo yikuchindikizga uzito wa mutu, ndipo yikuvikilira misipa iyo yikupeleka mphangano pakati pa [[wongo]] na vigaŵa vinyake vyose vya thupi. Kuwonjezgapo, singo njakuthambalira chomene, ndipo yikovwira mutu kuti uzgoke na kuwoleka mu vigaŵa vyose. Mwakuyana na anatomy, singo ya munthu yikugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vinayi: chigaŵa ca viwangwa (vertebral), chigaŵa ca viŵalo vya mukati (visceral), na vigaŵa viŵiri vya misimbo (vascular).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Gray's Anatomy for Students|last1=Drake|first1=Richard L.|last2=Vogl|first2=Wayne|last3=Mitchell|first3=Adam W. M.|last4=Gray|first4=Henry|date=15 November 2015|isbn=978-0-7020-5131-9|edition=3rd|location=Philadelphia|oclc=881508489}}</ref> Mu vigaŵa ivi, mu singo mukusangika [[viwangwa vya singo]], chigaŵa ca [[muwongo]] icho chikuŵa mu singo, magaŵa gha kuchanya gha [[mzia wakuthuta mvuchi|mzia wakuthuta mvuchi]] na [[mzia wakugaya chakurya|mzia wakugaya chakurya]], viŵaya, misipa, misimbo yakufuma na misimbo yakuwelera. Minofu ya singo, iyo njakupatuka na vigaŵa ivi, njakupanga malire gha vigongo vya singo.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice|isbn=978-0-7020-5230-9|edition=41st|location=Philadelphia|oclc=920806541|last1=Standring|first1=Susan|year=2016}}</ref> Mu anatomy, singo yikuchemekaso kuti ''[[Latin|cervix]]'' panji ''collum''. Kweni apo lizgu ''cervix'' likugwiliskikira ntchito lyekha, kanandi likung'anamura khosi la [[cervix|nthumbo (uterine cervix)]]. Ntheura, lizgu ''cervical'' lingang'anamura panji singo (nga umo likugwiliskikira mu ''viwangwa vya singo'' panji ''tulundu twa maji gha m'thupi twa m'singo''), panji khosi la nthumbo (nga umo likugwiliskikira mu ''cervical cap'' panji ''khansa ya khosi la nthumbo'').<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Whitmore|first=Ian|date=1999|title=Terminologia Anatomica: New terminology for the new anatomist|journal=The Anatomical Record|language=en|volume=257|issue=2|pages=50–53|doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(19990415)257:2<50::aid-ar4>3.0.co;2-w|pmid=10321431|issn=1097-0185|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Muundo== [[File:Musculi coli base.svg|thumbnail|[[Minofu]] mu singo la munthu]] ===Vigaŵa=== Vinthu vya mu singo vikugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vinayi:<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/neck-anatomy|title=Neck anatomy|website=Kenhub|language=en|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref> * '''Chigaŵa ca viwangwa''' chili na [[viwangwa vya singo]], na [[chiwangwa chipepu|viwangwa vipepu]] pakati pa chiwangwa chilichose. Umo viwangwa ivi vyanozgeka ndiwo wukupanga umoyo wa singo.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Frietson|last1=Galis|year=1999|title=Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae? Developmental constraints, Hox genes and Cancer|url=http://wwworm.biology.uh.edu/evodevo/lecture11/galis99.pdf|journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology|volume=285|issue=1|pages=19–26|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19990415)285:1<19::AID-JEZ3>3.0.CO;2-Z|pmid=10327647|bibcode=1999JEZ...285...19G|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041110200159/http://wwworm.biology.uh.edu/evodevo/lecture11/galis99.pdf|archive-date=2004-11-10}}</ref> Chifukwa viwangwa ivi vikuzingilira mzia wa muwongo, chigaŵa ca muwongo icho chikuŵa mu singo nayo chikusangika mwenemumo. * '''Chigaŵa ca viŵalo vya mukati''' chili na [[chigoromiro cha mvuchi]], [[chiŵiya cha mazgu]], [[chigoromiro]], [[chiŵaya cha pa singo]], na viŵaya vichoko vya pafupi navyo (parathyroid). * '''Chigaŵa ca misimbo''' chili chiŵiri, ndipo chili na masakosi ghaŵiri gha musimbo (carotid sheaths) agho ghakusangika mbali zoseŵiri za chigoromiro cha mvuchi. Sakosi lililose lili na musipa wa [[Vagus]], musimbo wakufuma ukuru wa carotid, na musimbo wakuwelera wa mukati wa jugular. Kupatulira pa vinthu ivi, mu singo mukusangikaso [[tulundu twa maji gha m'thupi]] twa m'singo ivyo vikuzingilira misimbo.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Clinically Oriented Anatomy|last1=Moore|first1=Keith L.|last2=Dalley|first2=Arthur F.|last3=Agur|first3=A. M. R.|isbn=978-1-4511-1945-9|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=813301028|date=2013-02-13}}</ref> ===Minofu na vigongo=== '''Minofu ya singo''' yikukolelezgeka ku [[chigaza]], ku [[chiwangwa cha Hyoid|chiwangwa cha hyoid]], ku [[viwangwa vya chiŵegha]], na ku [[chiwangwa cha chifuwa]]. Njakupanga vigongo viŵiri vikuru vya singo: cha kunthazi na cha kunyuma.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kikuta|first1=Shogo|last2=Iwanaga|first2=Joe|last3=Kusukawa|first3=Jingo|last4=Tubbs|first4=R. Shane|date=30 June 2019|title=Triangles of the neck: a review with clinical/surgical applications|journal=Anatomy & Cell Biology|volume=52|issue=2|pages=120–127|doi=10.5115/acb.2019.52.2.120|issn=2093-3665|pmc=6624334|pmid=31338227}}</ref> '''Chigongo cha kunthazi''' chikupimikika na mphapo ya kunthazi ya [[Minofu ya sternocleidomastoid|mnofu wa sternocleidomastoid]], mphapo ya pasi ya mhlati, na mzere wa pakati pa singo. Muli minofu iyi: stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid na sternothyroid. Minofu iyi yikupatulikana mu viŵiri: minofu ya pachanya pa hyoid (suprahyoid: stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid) na minofu ya pasi pa hyoid (infrahyoid: omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid), kuyana na usange yili pachanya panji pasi pa chiwangwa ca hyoid. Minofu ya pachanya pa hyoid yikukweza chiwangwa ca hyoid, apo minofu ya pasi pa hyoid yikuchiseleska. Zikagwira ntchito pamoza, minofu izi zikovwira munthu kuyowoya na kumira chakurya.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> '''Chigongo cha kunyuma''' chikupimikika na mphapo ya kunyuma ya mnofu wa sternocleidomastoid, mphapo ya kunthazi ya [[mnofu wa pachanya pa msana|mnofu wa pachanya pa msana]] (trapezius), na mphapo ya pachanya ya chigaŵa cha pakati ca chiwangwa ca chiŵegha. Mu chigongo ichi muli minofu iyi: sternocleidomastoid, mnofu wa pachanya pa msana, splenius capitis, levator scapulae, omohyoid, na minofu ya scalene ya kunthazi, ya pakati, na ya kunyuma.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> ===Kupeleka misipa=== Kupulika kwa vigaŵa vya kunthazi kwa singo kukufuma ku misinjizi ya misipa ya C2 mpaka C4, ndipo ku chigaŵa ca kunyuma kwa singo kukufuma ku misinjizi ya C4 mpaka C5.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Clinical Examination|last=Talley|first=Nicholas|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|year=2014|isbn=978-0-7295-4198-5|page=416}}</ref> Kuwonjezgapo pa misipa iyo yikufuma na kusangika mu muwongo, musipa wakovwira (accessory nerve) na musipa wa Vagus vikwendaso pasi mu singo.<ref name=":0" /> ===Kwenda kwa ndopo na misimbo yikuru=== Misimbo yikuru iyo yikwenda mu singo ndiyo nthowa yikuru yakupeleka ndopo zakuŵa na okosijeni ku mutu, na kuwezga ndopo za mu mutu.<br> Misimbo yikuru iyo yikupeleka ndopo zakuŵa na okosijeni ku mutu na singo ndi musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo, musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa mukati, misimbo yakufuma ya Vertebral, na misimbo ya Thyrocervical.<br> Misimbo ya carotid na Vertebral yikupeleka comene ndopo ku mutu, apo misimbo yichoko yinandi ya Thyrocervical yikupeleka ndopo ku vinthu vya mu singo.<ref name="kenhub1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/neurovasculature-of-head-neck|title=Neurovasculature of the head and neck|first=Adrian Rad|last=Dimitrios Mytilinaios|publisher=Kenhub|access-date=30 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Saladin|first1=Kenneth S.|title=Human anatomy|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=9780071222075|page=576|edition=3rd}}</ref> Musimbo wakufuma wa Subclavian ndiwo ukupambika musimbo wakufuma wa Vertebral na Thyrocervical, iwo wakupeleka ndopo ku cerebrum, cerebellum, chigaŵa ca kunyuma ca singo, mawoko, na chifuŵa ca kunthazi na kuchanya. Musimbo wa Thyrocervical ukupeleka comene ndopo ku vinthu vya kunthazi kwa singo, ku chiŵaya cha pa singo, na ku minofu ya mwenemumo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/subclavian-artery?lang=us|title=Subclavian artery|publisher=Radiopedia|access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref> '''Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo''' ukupambika ku musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa pakati, umoza wa misimbo yiŵiri yikuru, iyo yikufuma ku aortic arch mumphepete mwakumazgoji na ku brachiocephalic trunk mumphepete mwakumalyerero.<br> Kupatulikana kwa Carotid kukuchitika pa chigaŵa ca thyroid cartilage mu chiŵiya ca mazgu. Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo ndiwo wekha, pakati pa vigaŵa vya musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa pakati, uwo ukupeleka mphapo ku singo na kupeleka ndopo ku viŵalo vyakuwalo vya mutu na chisko.<br> Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo uli na mphapo zinkhonde: superior thyroid, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, maxillary na superficial temporal, izi ziŵiri zaumaliro ndizo mphapo zaumaliro za Carotid wa kuwalo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-external-carotid-artery-and-its-branches|title=External carotid artery and its branches|first=Alexandra Sieroslawska|last=Sophie Stewart|publisher=Kenhub|access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="GRAYS1">{{Cite book|first1=Robert Howden|last1=Henry Gray|last2=Arthur John Jex-Blake|last3=W. Fedde Fedden|title=Anatomy of the Human Body|issue=XX|date=1918|publisher=Lea & Febiger|page=500–518}}</ref> [[File:External carotid artery.png|280px|thumb|centre|Mphapo zinkhonde za musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo]] [[File:Blausen 0170 CarotidArteries.png|260px|thumb|right|Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa pakati na mphapo zake, izo zikupeleka ndopo ku mutu na ku chisko]] '''Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa mukati''' ndiwo mphapo yaciŵiri ya Carotid wa pakati, ukupeleka comene ndopo ku chigaŵa ca kunthazi ca wongo, ku jiso na viŵalo vyake.<ref name="pmid21452447">{{cite journal|author=Kiel JW|title=The Ocular Circulation|journal=Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function to Disease|year=2010|volume=3|pages=1–81|pmid=21452447|doi=10.4199/C00024ED1V01Y201012ISP012|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53329/}}</ref> Ukwamba pa kupatukana kwa Carotid wa pakati (kanandi pa mphapo ya kuchanya ya thyroid cartilage, pafupi na viwangwa vya singo C3–C4) ndipo ukukwera mpaka pasi pa chigaza.<ref name="pubmed">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556061/|title=Anatomy, Head and Neck: Internal Carotid Arteries|author=Matthew Charlick; Joe M. Das.|publisher=StatPearls; (NIH)|access-date=July 24, 2023}}</ref> Nthowa ya musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa mukati yingapatulikana mu vigaŵa vinayi:<ref name="GRAYS1"/> I. ''Chigaŵa ca m'singo (Pars cervicalis)''; Nthowa: Yikufuma ku kupatukana kwa Carotid mpaka pa mulyango wa mzia wa carotid mu chiwangwa ca petrous. Uku ukusangika mu sakosi la musimbo pamoza na musimbo wakuwelera wa mukati wa jugular na musipa wa Vagus. Chigaŵa ici mchibula mphapo.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> II. ''Chigaŵa ca petrous (Pars petrosa)''; Nthowa: Ukunjira mu mzia wa carotid mu chiwangwa ca temporal, ukukwera pacoko, kwenekuko ukuzingilira kwakunthazi na kwapakati. Ukufuma mu mzia pafupi na foramen lacerum kunjira mu mutu. Mphapo: caroticotympanic, na mphapo ya mzia wa pterygoid (Vidian artery), iyo yikusangika waka pa nyengo zinyake.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> III. ''Chigaŵa ca cavernous (Pars cavernosa)''; Nthowa: Ukwenda kunthazi mukati mwa cavernous sinus mumphepete mwa chiwangwa ca sphenoid, ukupanga cizungezi ca S (carotid siphon). Mphapo: mphapo za cavernous zikupeleka ndopo ku trigeminal ganglion na malire gha sinus; mphapo za hypophyseal zikupeleka ndopo ku chiŵaya ca pituitary; mphapo ya anterior meningeal yikupeleka ndopo ku dura mater ya chigaŵa ca kunthazi ca chigaza.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> IV. ''Chigaŵa ca cerebral (Pars cerebralis)''; Nthowa: Ukufuma mu cavernous sinus, ukujumphamo pakati pa misipa ya optic na oculomotor, ndipo ukunjira mu malo agho wongo ukusangika. Mphapo zikuru: musimbo wa Ophthalmic; musimbo wa Posterior communicating, uwo ukukumana na musimbo wa cerebral wa kunyuma kupanga Circle of Willis; musimbo wa Anterior choroidal; na misimbo ya Anterior cerebral na Middle cerebral, iyo ndiyo mphapo zaumaliro zikuru izo zikupeleka ndopo ku hemispheres za wongo.<ref name="pubmed"/><ref name="GRAYS1"/> [[File:Vertebral artery.png|260px|thumb|right|Misimbo ya singo, uwo wa Vertebral ukufuma ku misimbo wa Subclavian na kukumana kupanga musimbo wa Basilar]] '''Misimbo yakufuma ya Vertebral''' ndiyo misimbo yikuru iyo yikufuma ku musimbo wakufuma wa Subclavian. Pamoza na musimbo wa Basilar (nga mphapo yikuru), misimbo yiŵiri ya Vertebral yikupanga vertebrobasilar system, iyo yikupeleka ndopo ku mzia wa muwongo wa kuchanya, brainstem, cerebellum, na chigaŵa ca kunyuma ca wongo.<ref name="GRAYS2">{{cite book|title=Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice|first1=Susan|last1=Standing|first2=Neil R.|last2=Borely|first3=Patricia|last3=Collins|first4=Alan R.|last4=Crossman|first5=Michael A.|last5=Gatzoulis|display-authors=5|date=2008|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|isbn=978-0-8089-2371-8|edition=40th|location=London}}</ref> Musimbo wa Vertebral ungapatulikana mu vigaŵa vinayi: * Chigaŵa cakwamba (preforaminal) chikukwera pakati pa mnofu wa scalene wa kunthazi na mnofu wa longus colli. Kunthazi kwake muli musimbo wakuwelera wa jugular wa mukati na musimbo wakuwelera wa Vertebral. Kunyuma kwake muli phapa la kuchanya la chiwangwa ca 7 ca singo pamoza na sympathetic trunk.<ref name="GRAYS1"/><ref name="ippolito">Nunziante Ippolito: Anatomical Studies on the Root of the Neck</ref> * Chigaŵa caciŵiri (foraminal) chikukwera mukati mwa maenje gha viwangwa vya singo kufuma pa C6 mpaka C2. Chili pakuzingilizgeka na mphapo za sympathetic ganglion na misimbo yakuwelera iyo yikukolerana kupanga musimbo wakuwelera wa Vertebral pasi pa singo.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> * Chigaŵa cacitatu (extradural panji atlantic) chikufuma pa foramen ya C2, chikupatulikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: cakukwera kwakunyanya, na cakuzingilira icho chikujumphira kunyuma kwa mphapo ya kuchanya ya atlas kunjira mu mzia wa muwongo pasi pa membrane ya atlanto-occipital ya kunyuma.<ref name="GRAYS1"/><ref name="GRAYS2"/> * Chigaŵa cacinayi (intradural panji intracranial) chikujumpha mu dura mater na kwenda kunthazi kwa medulla oblongata. Pa mzere wapakati, chikukolerana na musimbo wa mphepete linyake kupanga musimbo wa Basilar.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> [[File:Thyrocervical trunk.png|250px|thumb|right|Misimbo ya Vertebral, ya Carotid na ya Subclavian, pamoza na musimbo wa Thyrocervical]] '''Misimbo ya Thyrocervical''' ni misimbo yichoko yinandi ya singo, iyo yikufuma ku misimbo wakufuma wa Subclavian, mumphepete mwa misimbo ya Vertebral. Musimbo uwu ukupatulikanaso mu: musimbo wa Inferior thyroid, musimbo wa Suprascapular, na musimbo wa Transverse cervical, izo zikupeleka ndopo ku vinthu vya kunthazi kwa singo, ku minofu ya m'singo na ya phampa, na ku chiŵaya ca pa singo.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Saladin|first1=Kenneth S.|title=Human anatomy|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=9780071222075|page=576|edition=3rd}}</ref><ref name="GRAYS1"/> Musimbo wa Transverse cervical ukusangika pa vibalo viŵiri pa vitatu vyakuwerengeka. Pa cimoza pa vitatu, musimbo wa Superficial cervical na musimbo wa Dorsal scapular ndivyo vikufuma pa musimbo wa Transverse cervical.<ref name="Standring3">{{cite book|last1=Standring|first1=Susan|title=Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. Digital version|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=9780702052309|page=877|edition=41st.}}</ref> Musimbo wa Suprascapular na wa Transverse cervical vyose vikwenda kummbali na kujumphira kunthazi kwa mnofu wa scalene wa kunthazi na musipa wa phrenic. Musimbo wa Inferior thyroid ukukwera kufuma ku Thyrocervical mpaka pasi pa chiŵaya ca pa singo. Muli kusiyana kukuru mu umo misimbo iyi yikufumira.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Haas|first1=Franz|title=Flaps and Reconstructive Surgery – Section Two|last2=Weiglein|first2=Andreas|publisher=Saunders|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7216-0519-7|pages=249–269|chapter=21 – Trapezius flap}}</ref> ===Kalembelo ka pachanya=== [[File:Ahhhhhhh.jpg|thumb|Kapiri ka pa singo, kakuwoneka pa mphepete]] [[File:Neck - Tiger.jpg|thumb|right|Kusuka kwa nkhungu ya singo chifukwa cha dazi, uzito ukuru, panji ukalamba]] Thyroid cartilage ya chiŵiya ca mazgu njakupanga vundwe pa mzere wapakati wa singo, ilo likuchemeka '''kapiri ka pa singo'''. Kanandi kapiri aka nkakuwoneka comene kwa ŵanarumi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324146.php|title=Adam's apple: What it is, what it does, and removal|website=Medical News Today|date=10 January 2019|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/advancedanatomy1sted/chapter/surface-anatomy/|title=Surface Anatomy – Advanced Anatomy 2nd. Ed.|website=pressbooks.bccampus.ca|date=May 2018|access-date=2019-09-26|first1=Phed 301|last1=Students}}</ref> Pasi pa kapiri aka pali cricoid cartilage. Chigoromiro cha mvuchi chikuwoneka pa mzere wapakati, kufuma pa cricoid cartilage mpaka pa suprasternal notch. Kufuma mumphepete, mnofu wa sternomastoid ndiwo ukujumbikizga kuwoneka comene. Ukupatula chigongo cha kunthazi na cha kunyuma. Chigaŵa cakuchanya ca chigongo cha kunthazi chili na viŵaya vya submandibular, izo zili pasi pa cigaŵa ca kunyuma ca mhlati. Mzere wa musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid ukumanyikwa na kukolezga malo agho chiwangwa ca chiŵegha chikukumana na chiwangwa ca chifuwa mpaka pa nkhomo ya mhlati. Nkhungu za singo zingawoneka pa nyengo yiliyose ya uzengwa, mwaciyelezgero chifukwa ca dazi panji ca ukalamba, apo nkhungu yikutaya luŵiro lwake na kusuka. Musipa wa 11 wa mutu, panji musipa wa spinal accessory, ukwenda pa mzere wakufuma pakati pa nkhomo ya mhlati na mastoid process mpaka pakati pa mphapo ya kunyuma ya mnofu wa sternomastoid, ndipo kufuma apo ukujumphira mu chigongo ca kunyuma mpaka mkati mwa mnofu wa pachanya pa msana. Musimbo wakuwelera wa jugular wa kuwalo ukuwoneka pachanya pa nkhungu; ukwenda mu mzere kufuma pa nkhomo ya mhlati mpaka pakati pa chiwangwa ca chiŵegha, ndipo pafupi nawo pali tulundu tuchoko twa maji gha m'thupi. Musimbo wakuwelera wa jugular wa kunthazi ni ncoko, ukwenda pasi pafupi na cizoŵezi ca inchi imoza kufuma pa mzere wapakati wa singo. Chiwangwa ca chiŵegha ndico chikupimikira malire gha pasi gha singo, ndipo mumphepete, kuselera kwa singo kuya ku phampa nkovwira na mnofu wa pachanya pa msana. ==Kupwetekwa== {{main|Kupwetekwa kwa singo}} Vilwelo vya singo ndivyo nkhongono yikuru ya kupwetekwa. Singo yili na ntchito zinandi kweni yikuvikilirikaso na masuzgo ghanandi. Vinthu ivyo vikuwoneka comene kuti vikupangiska kupwetekwa kwa singo (na masuzgo ghakolerana nagho, nga umo kupwetekwa kukwenda pasi mu woko) ni:<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Genebra|first1=Caio Vitor Dos Santos|last2=Maciel|first2=Nicoly Machado|last3=Bento|first3=Thiago Paulo Frascareli|last4=Simeão|first4=Sandra Fiorelli Almeida Penteado|last5=Vitta|first5=Alberto De|date=2017|title=Prevalence and factors associated with neck pain: a population-based study|journal=Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy|volume=21|issue=4|pages=274–280|doi=10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.05.005|issn=1413-3555|pmc=5537482|pmid=28602744}}</ref> * Whiplash (kulemazgika kwa singo chifukwa ca kuzunguzika mwaluŵiro), kununkha kwa mnofu, panji kulemara kunyake kwa nyama yakupepuka * Kusuka pa malo pake kwa chiwangwa chipepu chapakati pa viwangwa vya singo * Kufinyirika kwa mzia wa muwongo mu singo * Nthenda ya nkhumano na viwangwa iyo yikwiza na ukalamba (osteoarthritis) * Vyakupangiska kupwetekwa vyakolerana na misimbo, nga umo kupasuka kwa musimbo wakufuma panji kukhoma kwa ndopo mu musimbo wakuwelera wa jugular wa mukati * Kutupa kwa viŵaya vya pa singo ==Uzghali wa singo== Uzghali ukuru wa singo wakolerana na masuzgo gha mtima na ndopo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ataie-Jafari|first1=Asal|last2=Namazi|first2=Nazli|last3=Djalalinia|first3=Shirin|display-authors=3|date=2018|title=Neck circumference and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome|volume=10|article-number=72|doi=10.1186/s13098-018-0373-y|issn=1758-5996|pmc=6162928|pmid=30288175|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kukola mafuta comene kuchanya kwa thupi nkwakofya comene kuluska kukola mafuta kupasi kwa thupi, ku nthenda nga umo ni shuga (type 2) panji ntenda ya mtima yakolerana na misimbo yakupwetekwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Karpe|first1=Fredrik|last2=Pinnick|first2=Katherine E.|date=February 2015|title=Biology of upper-body and lower-body adipose tissue|journal=Nature Reviews Endocrinology|volume=11|issue=2|pages=90–100|doi=10.1038/nrendo.2014.185|pmid=25365922|issn=1759-5029}}</ref> Uzghali wa singo wakolerananso na kovwirika kupumula na cakovwira kupumula mu ŵalwari ŵa COVID-19, iwo ŵakuŵa na ntchindi yakwenderera na 26% kwa santimita yiliyose iyo singo yikukurapo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Di Bella|first1=Stefano|last2=Cesareo|first2=Roberto|last3=De Cristofaro|first3=Paolo|display-authors=3|date=January 2021|title=Neck circumference as reliable predictor of mechanical ventilation support in adult inpatients with COVID-19|journal=Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews|volume=37|issue=1|article-number=e3354|doi=10.1002/dmrr.3354|issn=1520-7560|pmc=7300447|pmid=32484298}}</ref> Kuwonjezgapo, ŵalwari ŵa COVID-19 awo ŵakaŵa na singo yikuru comene pakunjira ku cipatala ŵakaŵa na ntchindi yakwenderera kwakuŵirapo kuwiri kufwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Di Bella|first1=Stefano|last2=Zerbato|first2=Verena|last3=Sanson|first3=Gianfranco|display-authors=3|date=December 2021|title=Neck Circumference Predicts Mortality in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients|journal=Infectious Disease Reports|volume=13|issue=4|pages=1053–1060|doi=10.3390/idr13040096|pmid=34940406|pmc=8700782|doi-access=free}}</ref> Uzghali wa singo ukupambanamo pakati pa ŵanarumi na ŵanakazi chifukwa ca kusiyana kwa umo thupi lanozgeka, unandi wa minofu, na ma hormone. Kwa wanthu ŵanandi, ŵanarumi ŵali na singo yikuru kuluska ŵanakazi, apo ŵanarumi ŵali na uzghali wa mainchi 15.2 (masentimita 38.7) ndipo ŵanakazi ŵali na mainchi 13.1 (masentimita 33.3). Kusiyana uku nkwakolerana comene na umo thupi lanozgeka, pakuti ŵanarumi ŵali na unandi wa minofu na body mass index yikuru kuluska ŵanakazi. Hormone zakusiyana nazo zilikoso na nkongono, pakuti testosterone, iyo yili yinandi comene mwa ŵanarumi, yikovwira kukura kwa minofu, kwenderako na kwa singo. ==Vinyama== [[File:Giraffe Mikumi National Park.jpg|thumb|Singo litali ndilo cimanyikwiro cikuru ca [[thutuwa]].]] Singo likuwoneka pakati pa vibenene vyakwamba comene vya tetrapod, ndipo ntchito iyo likupeleka njiyo yayambiska kuti likhalirepo mu vinyama vyose vyakuthaka, kweniso mu tetrapod izo zanozgeka kukhala mu nyanja nga ni ma kamba, ma seal, na ma penguin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Qvarnström|first1=Martin|last2=Szrek|first2=Piotr|last3=Ahlberg|first3=Per E.|last4=Niedźwiedzki|first4=Grzegorz|date=2018-01-18|title=Non-marine palaeoenvironment associated to the earliest tetrapod tracks|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=8|issue=1|page=1074|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-19220-5|doi-access=free|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5773519|pmid=29348562}}</ref> Kuthambalira kunyake kukukhalirapo nanga umoyo wakuwoneka pachanya wataika luŵiro, nga umo viliri mwa ma whale na ma porpoise.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mikkelsson|first1=L O|last2=Nupponen|first2=H|last3=Kaprio|first3=J|display-authors=3|date=January 23, 2006|title=Adolescent flexibility, endurance strength, and physical activity as predictors of adult tension neck, low back pain, and knee injury|journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine|volume=40|issue=2|pages=107–113|doi=10.1136/bjsm.2004.017350|issn=0306-3674|pmc=2492014|pmid=16431995}}</ref> Singo lakugwira ntchito mwakwenderera likusangikaso mu tuyuni twa vibawo (insects). Kusoŵeka kwake mu somba na mu vibawo vyakunyanja (aquatic arthropods) nkwakukumaska maso, pakuti vinandi mwa iyo vili na umoyo wakuyana na wa vinyama vyakuthaka panji tetrapod, panji vingakhumbikwira na kuthambalira uku.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mathison|first1=Blaine A.|last2=Pritt|first2=Bobbi S.|date=January 1, 2014|title=Laboratory Identification of Arthropod Ectoparasites|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=27|issue=1|pages=48–67|doi=10.1128/CMR.00008-13|issn=0893-8512|pmc=3910909|pmid=24396136}}</ref> Lizgu "singo" nyengo zinyake likugwiliskikira kuyowoyera chigaŵa ico chili kunyuma kwa mutu mwa ma nkhonono ghanyake (snails) na tuŵangwa tinyake twa gastropod, nangauli kulije kupambanamo pakuwonekera pakati pa cigaŵa ici, cigaŵa ca mutu, na chigaŵa cinyake cha thupi.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Roesch|first1=Zachary K.|last2=Tadi|first2=Prasanna|title=Anatomy, Head and Neck, Neck|date=2022|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542313/|work=StatPearls|place=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pmid=31194453|access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== * [[Nyuma ya singo]] * [[Vyakuvwara pa singo]] * [[Chigoromiro]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{reflist}} ==Viwoto vyakwenda navyo== * [http://www.ahns.info/ American Head and Neck Society] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070709115040/http://www.anatomywiz.com/ The Anatomy Wiz] – Buku la anatomy lakuwoneka pa intaneti, lakupatulikana mwakuyana na vigaŵa vya thupi [[Category:Anatomy]] [[Category:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] cfdtijyf00jst3ht36nhoetu0z2cd6c 122237 122236 2026-09-22T19:44:51Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kulembanso na kuzomerezga chigaŵa chose, kufuma pa kung'anamura Wikipedia ya Chingelezi "Neck" mu Chitumbuka; kufwatura display-authors 122237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Chigaŵa cha thupi icho chikukolezgana mutu na thupi}} {{Other uses}} {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Singo |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Neck.png|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Singo la munthu</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyiko |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Latin|Chilatini]] | class="infobox-data" |''cervix; collum'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Medical Subject Headings|MeSH]] | class="infobox-data" |[https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D009333 D009333] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Terminologia Anatomica|TA98]] | class="infobox-data" |[https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/01.1.00.012%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm A01.1.00.012] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Terminologia Anatomica|TA2]] | class="infobox-data" |[https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=123 123] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Foundational Model of Anatomy|FMA]] | class="infobox-data" |[https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma7155 7155] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |[[Anatomical terminology|Mazgu gha kuyowoyera viŵalo vya thupi]] |} '''Singo''' ni chigaŵa cha thupi, mu vinyama vinandi ivyo vili na muwongo (vertebrates), icho chikukolezgana [[mutu (anatomy)|mutu]] na thupi lose. Singo yikuchindikizga uzito wa mutu, ndipo yikuvikilira misipa iyo yikupeleka mphangano pakati pa [[wongo]] na vigaŵa vinyake vyose vya thupi. Kuwonjezgapo, singo njakuthambalira chomene, ndipo yikovwira mutu kuti uzgoke na kuwoleka mu vigaŵa vyose. Mwakuyana na anatomy, singo ya munthu yikugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vinayi: chigaŵa ca viwangwa (vertebral), chigaŵa ca viŵalo vya mukati (visceral), na vigaŵa viŵiri vya misimbo (vascular).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Gray's Anatomy for Students|last1=Drake|first1=Richard L.|last2=Vogl|first2=Wayne|last3=Mitchell|first3=Adam W. M.|last4=Gray|first4=Henry|date=15 November 2015|isbn=978-0-7020-5131-9|edition=3rd|location=Philadelphia|oclc=881508489}}</ref> Mu vigaŵa ivi, mu singo mukusangika [[viwangwa vya singo]], chigaŵa ca [[muwongo]] icho chikuŵa mu singo, magaŵa gha kuchanya gha [[mzia wakuthuta mvuchi|mzia wakuthuta mvuchi]] na [[mzia wakugaya chakurya|mzia wakugaya chakurya]], viŵaya, misipa, misimbo yakufuma na misimbo yakuwelera. Minofu ya singo, iyo njakupatuka na vigaŵa ivi, njakupanga malire gha vigongo vya singo.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice|isbn=978-0-7020-5230-9|edition=41st|location=Philadelphia|oclc=920806541|last1=Standring|first1=Susan|year=2016}}</ref> Mu anatomy, singo yikuchemekaso kuti ''[[Latin|cervix]]'' panji ''collum''. Kweni apo lizgu ''cervix'' likugwiliskikira ntchito lyekha, kanandi likung'anamura khosi la [[cervix|nthumbo (uterine cervix)]]. Ntheura, lizgu ''cervical'' lingang'anamura panji singo (nga umo likugwiliskikira mu ''viwangwa vya singo'' panji ''tulundu twa maji gha m'thupi twa m'singo''), panji khosi la nthumbo (nga umo likugwiliskikira mu ''cervical cap'' panji ''khansa ya khosi la nthumbo'').<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Whitmore|first=Ian|date=1999|title=Terminologia Anatomica: New terminology for the new anatomist|journal=The Anatomical Record|language=en|volume=257|issue=2|pages=50–53|doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(19990415)257:2<50::aid-ar4>3.0.co;2-w|pmid=10321431|issn=1097-0185|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Muundo== [[File:Musculi coli base.svg|thumbnail|[[Minofu]] mu singo la munthu]] ===Vigaŵa=== Vinthu vya mu singo vikugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vinayi:<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/neck-anatomy|title=Neck anatomy|website=Kenhub|language=en|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref> * '''Chigaŵa ca viwangwa''' chili na [[viwangwa vya singo]], na [[chiwangwa chipepu|viwangwa vipepu]] pakati pa chiwangwa chilichose. Umo viwangwa ivi vyanozgeka ndiwo wukupanga umoyo wa singo.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Frietson|last1=Galis|year=1999|title=Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae? Developmental constraints, Hox genes and Cancer|url=http://wwworm.biology.uh.edu/evodevo/lecture11/galis99.pdf|journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology|volume=285|issue=1|pages=19–26|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19990415)285:1<19::AID-JEZ3>3.0.CO;2-Z|pmid=10327647|bibcode=1999JEZ...285...19G|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041110200159/http://wwworm.biology.uh.edu/evodevo/lecture11/galis99.pdf|archive-date=2004-11-10}}</ref> Chifukwa viwangwa ivi vikuzingilira mzia wa muwongo, chigaŵa ca muwongo icho chikuŵa mu singo nayo chikusangika mwenemumo. * '''Chigaŵa ca viŵalo vya mukati''' chili na [[chigoromiro cha mvuchi]], [[chiŵiya cha mazgu]], [[chigoromiro]], [[chiŵaya cha pa singo]], na viŵaya vichoko vya pafupi navyo (parathyroid). * '''Chigaŵa ca misimbo''' chili chiŵiri, ndipo chili na masakosi ghaŵiri gha musimbo (carotid sheaths) agho ghakusangika mbali zoseŵiri za chigoromiro cha mvuchi. Sakosi lililose lili na musipa wa [[Vagus]], musimbo wakufuma ukuru wa carotid, na musimbo wakuwelera wa mukati wa jugular. Kupatulira pa vinthu ivi, mu singo mukusangikaso [[tulundu twa maji gha m'thupi]] twa m'singo ivyo vikuzingilira misimbo.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Clinically Oriented Anatomy|last1=Moore|first1=Keith L.|last2=Dalley|first2=Arthur F.|last3=Agur|first3=A. M. R.|isbn=978-1-4511-1945-9|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=813301028|date=2013-02-13}}</ref> ===Minofu na vigongo=== '''Minofu ya singo''' yikukolelezgeka ku [[chigaza]], ku [[chiwangwa cha Hyoid|chiwangwa cha hyoid]], ku [[viwangwa vya chiŵegha]], na ku [[chiwangwa cha chifuwa]]. Njakupanga vigongo viŵiri vikuru vya singo: cha kunthazi na cha kunyuma.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kikuta|first1=Shogo|last2=Iwanaga|first2=Joe|last3=Kusukawa|first3=Jingo|last4=Tubbs|first4=R. Shane|date=30 June 2019|title=Triangles of the neck: a review with clinical/surgical applications|journal=Anatomy & Cell Biology|volume=52|issue=2|pages=120–127|doi=10.5115/acb.2019.52.2.120|issn=2093-3665|pmc=6624334|pmid=31338227}}</ref> '''Chigongo cha kunthazi''' chikupimikika na mphapo ya kunthazi ya [[Minofu ya sternocleidomastoid|mnofu wa sternocleidomastoid]], mphapo ya pasi ya mhlati, na mzere wa pakati pa singo. Muli minofu iyi: stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid na sternothyroid. Minofu iyi yikupatulikana mu viŵiri: minofu ya pachanya pa hyoid (suprahyoid: stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid) na minofu ya pasi pa hyoid (infrahyoid: omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid), kuyana na usange yili pachanya panji pasi pa chiwangwa ca hyoid. Minofu ya pachanya pa hyoid yikukweza chiwangwa ca hyoid, apo minofu ya pasi pa hyoid yikuchiseleska. Zikagwira ntchito pamoza, minofu izi zikovwira munthu kuyowoya na kumira chakurya.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> '''Chigongo cha kunyuma''' chikupimikika na mphapo ya kunyuma ya mnofu wa sternocleidomastoid, mphapo ya kunthazi ya [[mnofu wa pachanya pa msana|mnofu wa pachanya pa msana]] (trapezius), na mphapo ya pachanya ya chigaŵa cha pakati ca chiwangwa ca chiŵegha. Mu chigongo ichi muli minofu iyi: sternocleidomastoid, mnofu wa pachanya pa msana, splenius capitis, levator scapulae, omohyoid, na minofu ya scalene ya kunthazi, ya pakati, na ya kunyuma.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> ===Kupeleka misipa=== Kupulika kwa vigaŵa vya kunthazi kwa singo kukufuma ku misinjizi ya misipa ya C2 mpaka C4, ndipo ku chigaŵa ca kunyuma kwa singo kukufuma ku misinjizi ya C4 mpaka C5.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Clinical Examination|last=Talley|first=Nicholas|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|year=2014|isbn=978-0-7295-4198-5|page=416}}</ref> Kuwonjezgapo pa misipa iyo yikufuma na kusangika mu muwongo, musipa wakovwira (accessory nerve) na musipa wa Vagus vikwendaso pasi mu singo.<ref name=":0" /> ===Kwenda kwa ndopo na misimbo yikuru=== Misimbo yikuru iyo yikwenda mu singo ndiyo nthowa yikuru yakupeleka ndopo zakuŵa na okosijeni ku mutu, na kuwezga ndopo za mu mutu.<br> Misimbo yikuru iyo yikupeleka ndopo zakuŵa na okosijeni ku mutu na singo ndi musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo, musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa mukati, misimbo yakufuma ya Vertebral, na misimbo ya Thyrocervical.<br> Misimbo ya carotid na Vertebral yikupeleka comene ndopo ku mutu, apo misimbo yichoko yinandi ya Thyrocervical yikupeleka ndopo ku vinthu vya mu singo.<ref name="kenhub1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/neurovasculature-of-head-neck|title=Neurovasculature of the head and neck|first=Adrian Rad|last=Dimitrios Mytilinaios|publisher=Kenhub|access-date=30 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Saladin|first1=Kenneth S.|title=Human anatomy|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=9780071222075|page=576|edition=3rd}}</ref> Musimbo wakufuma wa Subclavian ndiwo ukupambika musimbo wakufuma wa Vertebral na Thyrocervical, iwo wakupeleka ndopo ku cerebrum, cerebellum, chigaŵa ca kunyuma ca singo, mawoko, na chifuŵa ca kunthazi na kuchanya. Musimbo wa Thyrocervical ukupeleka comene ndopo ku vinthu vya kunthazi kwa singo, ku chiŵaya cha pa singo, na ku minofu ya mwenemumo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/subclavian-artery?lang=us|title=Subclavian artery|publisher=Radiopedia|access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref> '''Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo''' ukupambika ku musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa pakati, umoza wa misimbo yiŵiri yikuru, iyo yikufuma ku aortic arch mumphepete mwakumazgoji na ku brachiocephalic trunk mumphepete mwakumalyerero.<br> Kupatulikana kwa Carotid kukuchitika pa chigaŵa ca thyroid cartilage mu chiŵiya ca mazgu. Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo ndiwo wekha, pakati pa vigaŵa vya musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa pakati, uwo ukupeleka mphapo ku singo na kupeleka ndopo ku viŵalo vyakuwalo vya mutu na chisko.<br> Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo uli na mphapo zinkhonde: superior thyroid, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, maxillary na superficial temporal, izi ziŵiri zaumaliro ndizo mphapo zaumaliro za Carotid wa kuwalo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-external-carotid-artery-and-its-branches|title=External carotid artery and its branches|first=Alexandra Sieroslawska|last=Sophie Stewart|publisher=Kenhub|access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="GRAYS1">{{Cite book|first1=Robert Howden|last1=Henry Gray|last2=Arthur John Jex-Blake|last3=W. Fedde Fedden|title=Anatomy of the Human Body|issue=XX|date=1918|publisher=Lea & Febiger|page=500–518}}</ref> [[File:External carotid artery.png|280px|thumb|centre|Mphapo zinkhonde za musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo]] [[File:Blausen 0170 CarotidArteries.png|260px|thumb|right|Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa pakati na mphapo zake, izo zikupeleka ndopo ku mutu na ku chisko]] '''Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa mukati''' ndiwo mphapo yaciŵiri ya Carotid wa pakati, ukupeleka comene ndopo ku chigaŵa ca kunthazi ca wongo, ku jiso na viŵalo vyake.<ref name="pmid21452447">{{cite journal|author=Kiel JW|title=The Ocular Circulation|journal=Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function to Disease|year=2010|volume=3|pages=1–81|pmid=21452447|doi=10.4199/C00024ED1V01Y201012ISP012|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53329/}}</ref> Ukwamba pa kupatukana kwa Carotid wa pakati (kanandi pa mphapo ya kuchanya ya thyroid cartilage, pafupi na viwangwa vya singo C3–C4) ndipo ukukwera mpaka pasi pa chigaza.<ref name="pubmed">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556061/|title=Anatomy, Head and Neck: Internal Carotid Arteries|author=Matthew Charlick; Joe M. Das.|publisher=StatPearls; (NIH)|access-date=July 24, 2023}}</ref> Nthowa ya musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa mukati yingapatulikana mu vigaŵa vinayi:<ref name="GRAYS1"/> I. ''Chigaŵa ca m'singo (Pars cervicalis)''; Nthowa: Yikufuma ku kupatukana kwa Carotid mpaka pa mulyango wa mzia wa carotid mu chiwangwa ca petrous. Uku ukusangika mu sakosi la musimbo pamoza na musimbo wakuwelera wa mukati wa jugular na musipa wa Vagus. Chigaŵa ici mchibula mphapo.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> II. ''Chigaŵa ca petrous (Pars petrosa)''; Nthowa: Ukunjira mu mzia wa carotid mu chiwangwa ca temporal, ukukwera pacoko, kwenekuko ukuzingilira kwakunthazi na kwapakati. Ukufuma mu mzia pafupi na foramen lacerum kunjira mu mutu. Mphapo: caroticotympanic, na mphapo ya mzia wa pterygoid (Vidian artery), iyo yikusangika waka pa nyengo zinyake.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> III. ''Chigaŵa ca cavernous (Pars cavernosa)''; Nthowa: Ukwenda kunthazi mukati mwa cavernous sinus mumphepete mwa chiwangwa ca sphenoid, ukupanga cizungezi ca S (carotid siphon). Mphapo: mphapo za cavernous zikupeleka ndopo ku trigeminal ganglion na malire gha sinus; mphapo za hypophyseal zikupeleka ndopo ku chiŵaya ca pituitary; mphapo ya anterior meningeal yikupeleka ndopo ku dura mater ya chigaŵa ca kunthazi ca chigaza.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> IV. ''Chigaŵa ca cerebral (Pars cerebralis)''; Nthowa: Ukufuma mu cavernous sinus, ukujumphamo pakati pa misipa ya optic na oculomotor, ndipo ukunjira mu malo agho wongo ukusangika. Mphapo zikuru: musimbo wa Ophthalmic; musimbo wa Posterior communicating, uwo ukukumana na musimbo wa cerebral wa kunyuma kupanga Circle of Willis; musimbo wa Anterior choroidal; na misimbo ya Anterior cerebral na Middle cerebral, iyo ndiyo mphapo zaumaliro zikuru izo zikupeleka ndopo ku hemispheres za wongo.<ref name="pubmed"/><ref name="GRAYS1"/> [[File:Vertebral artery.png|260px|thumb|right|Misimbo ya singo, uwo wa Vertebral ukufuma ku misimbo wa Subclavian na kukumana kupanga musimbo wa Basilar]] '''Misimbo yakufuma ya Vertebral''' ndiyo misimbo yikuru iyo yikufuma ku musimbo wakufuma wa Subclavian. Pamoza na musimbo wa Basilar (nga mphapo yikuru), misimbo yiŵiri ya Vertebral yikupanga vertebrobasilar system, iyo yikupeleka ndopo ku mzia wa muwongo wa kuchanya, brainstem, cerebellum, na chigaŵa ca kunyuma ca wongo.<ref name="GRAYS2">{{cite book|title=Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice|first1=Susan|last1=Standing|first2=Neil R.|last2=Borely|first3=Patricia|last3=Collins|first4=Alan R.|last4=Crossman|first5=Michael A.|last5=Gatzoulis|display-authors=etal|date=2008|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|isbn=978-0-8089-2371-8|edition=40th|location=London}}</ref> Musimbo wa Vertebral ungapatulikana mu vigaŵa vinayi: * Chigaŵa cakwamba (preforaminal) chikukwera pakati pa mnofu wa scalene wa kunthazi na mnofu wa longus colli. Kunthazi kwake muli musimbo wakuwelera wa jugular wa mukati na musimbo wakuwelera wa Vertebral. Kunyuma kwake muli phapa la kuchanya la chiwangwa ca 7 ca singo pamoza na sympathetic trunk.<ref name="GRAYS1"/><ref name="ippolito">Nunziante Ippolito: Anatomical Studies on the Root of the Neck</ref> * Chigaŵa caciŵiri (foraminal) chikukwera mukati mwa maenje gha viwangwa vya singo kufuma pa C6 mpaka C2. Chili pakuzingilizgeka na mphapo za sympathetic ganglion na misimbo yakuwelera iyo yikukolerana kupanga musimbo wakuwelera wa Vertebral pasi pa singo.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> * Chigaŵa cacitatu (extradural panji atlantic) chikufuma pa foramen ya C2, chikupatulikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: cakukwera kwakunyanya, na cakuzingilira icho chikujumphira kunyuma kwa mphapo ya kuchanya ya atlas kunjira mu mzia wa muwongo pasi pa membrane ya atlanto-occipital ya kunyuma.<ref name="GRAYS1"/><ref name="GRAYS2"/> * Chigaŵa cacinayi (intradural panji intracranial) chikujumpha mu dura mater na kwenda kunthazi kwa medulla oblongata. Pa mzere wapakati, chikukolerana na musimbo wa mphepete linyake kupanga musimbo wa Basilar.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> [[File:Thyrocervical trunk.png|250px|thumb|right|Misimbo ya Vertebral, ya Carotid na ya Subclavian, pamoza na musimbo wa Thyrocervical]] '''Misimbo ya Thyrocervical''' ni misimbo yichoko yinandi ya singo, iyo yikufuma ku misimbo wakufuma wa Subclavian, mumphepete mwa misimbo ya Vertebral. Musimbo uwu ukupatulikanaso mu: musimbo wa Inferior thyroid, musimbo wa Suprascapular, na musimbo wa Transverse cervical, izo zikupeleka ndopo ku vinthu vya kunthazi kwa singo, ku minofu ya m'singo na ya phampa, na ku chiŵaya ca pa singo.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Saladin|first1=Kenneth S.|title=Human anatomy|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=9780071222075|page=576|edition=3rd}}</ref><ref name="GRAYS1"/> Musimbo wa Transverse cervical ukusangika pa vibalo viŵiri pa vitatu vyakuwerengeka. Pa cimoza pa vitatu, musimbo wa Superficial cervical na musimbo wa Dorsal scapular ndivyo vikufuma pa musimbo wa Transverse cervical.<ref name="Standring3">{{cite book|last1=Standring|first1=Susan|title=Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. Digital version|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=9780702052309|page=877|edition=41st.}}</ref> Musimbo wa Suprascapular na wa Transverse cervical vyose vikwenda kummbali na kujumphira kunthazi kwa mnofu wa scalene wa kunthazi na musipa wa phrenic. Musimbo wa Inferior thyroid ukukwera kufuma ku Thyrocervical mpaka pasi pa chiŵaya ca pa singo. Muli kusiyana kukuru mu umo misimbo iyi yikufumira.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Haas|first1=Franz|title=Flaps and Reconstructive Surgery – Section Two|last2=Weiglein|first2=Andreas|publisher=Saunders|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7216-0519-7|pages=249–269|chapter=21 – Trapezius flap}}</ref> ===Kalembelo ka pachanya=== [[File:Ahhhhhhh.jpg|thumb|Kapiri ka pa singo, kakuwoneka pa mphepete]] [[File:Neck - Tiger.jpg|thumb|right|Kusuka kwa nkhungu ya singo chifukwa cha dazi, uzito ukuru, panji ukalamba]] Thyroid cartilage ya chiŵiya ca mazgu njakupanga vundwe pa mzere wapakati wa singo, ilo likuchemeka '''kapiri ka pa singo'''. Kanandi kapiri aka nkakuwoneka comene kwa ŵanarumi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324146.php|title=Adam's apple: What it is, what it does, and removal|website=Medical News Today|date=10 January 2019|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/advancedanatomy1sted/chapter/surface-anatomy/|title=Surface Anatomy – Advanced Anatomy 2nd. Ed.|website=pressbooks.bccampus.ca|date=May 2018|access-date=2019-09-26|first1=Phed 301|last1=Students}}</ref> Pasi pa kapiri aka pali cricoid cartilage. Chigoromiro cha mvuchi chikuwoneka pa mzere wapakati, kufuma pa cricoid cartilage mpaka pa suprasternal notch. Kufuma mumphepete, mnofu wa sternomastoid ndiwo ukujumbikizga kuwoneka comene. Ukupatula chigongo cha kunthazi na cha kunyuma. Chigaŵa cakuchanya ca chigongo cha kunthazi chili na viŵaya vya submandibular, izo zili pasi pa cigaŵa ca kunyuma ca mhlati. Mzere wa musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid ukumanyikwa na kukolezga malo agho chiwangwa ca chiŵegha chikukumana na chiwangwa ca chifuwa mpaka pa nkhomo ya mhlati. Nkhungu za singo zingawoneka pa nyengo yiliyose ya uzengwa, mwaciyelezgero chifukwa ca dazi panji ca ukalamba, apo nkhungu yikutaya luŵiro lwake na kusuka. Musipa wa 11 wa mutu, panji musipa wa spinal accessory, ukwenda pa mzere wakufuma pakati pa nkhomo ya mhlati na mastoid process mpaka pakati pa mphapo ya kunyuma ya mnofu wa sternomastoid, ndipo kufuma apo ukujumphira mu chigongo ca kunyuma mpaka mkati mwa mnofu wa pachanya pa msana. Musimbo wakuwelera wa jugular wa kuwalo ukuwoneka pachanya pa nkhungu; ukwenda mu mzere kufuma pa nkhomo ya mhlati mpaka pakati pa chiwangwa ca chiŵegha, ndipo pafupi nawo pali tulundu tuchoko twa maji gha m'thupi. Musimbo wakuwelera wa jugular wa kunthazi ni ncoko, ukwenda pasi pafupi na cizoŵezi ca inchi imoza kufuma pa mzere wapakati wa singo. Chiwangwa ca chiŵegha ndico chikupimikira malire gha pasi gha singo, ndipo mumphepete, kuselera kwa singo kuya ku phampa nkovwira na mnofu wa pachanya pa msana. ==Kupwetekwa== {{main|Kupwetekwa kwa singo}} Vilwelo vya singo ndivyo nkhongono yikuru ya kupwetekwa. Singo yili na ntchito zinandi kweni yikuvikilirikaso na masuzgo ghanandi. Vinthu ivyo vikuwoneka comene kuti vikupangiska kupwetekwa kwa singo (na masuzgo ghakolerana nagho, nga umo kupwetekwa kukwenda pasi mu woko) ni:<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Genebra|first1=Caio Vitor Dos Santos|last2=Maciel|first2=Nicoly Machado|last3=Bento|first3=Thiago Paulo Frascareli|last4=Simeão|first4=Sandra Fiorelli Almeida Penteado|last5=Vitta|first5=Alberto De|date=2017|title=Prevalence and factors associated with neck pain: a population-based study|journal=Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy|volume=21|issue=4|pages=274–280|doi=10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.05.005|issn=1413-3555|pmc=5537482|pmid=28602744}}</ref> * Whiplash (kulemazgika kwa singo chifukwa ca kuzunguzika mwaluŵiro), kununkha kwa mnofu, panji kulemara kunyake kwa nyama yakupepuka * Kusuka pa malo pake kwa chiwangwa chipepu chapakati pa viwangwa vya singo * Kufinyirika kwa mzia wa muwongo mu singo * Nthenda ya nkhumano na viwangwa iyo yikwiza na ukalamba (osteoarthritis) * Vyakupangiska kupwetekwa vyakolerana na misimbo, nga umo kupasuka kwa musimbo wakufuma panji kukhoma kwa ndopo mu musimbo wakuwelera wa jugular wa mukati * Kutupa kwa viŵaya vya pa singo ==Uzghali wa singo== Uzghali ukuru wa singo wakolerana na masuzgo gha mtima na ndopo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ataie-Jafari|first1=Asal|last2=Namazi|first2=Nazli|last3=Djalalinia|first3=Shirin|display-authors=etal|date=2018|title=Neck circumference and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome|volume=10|article-number=72|doi=10.1186/s13098-018-0373-y|issn=1758-5996|pmc=6162928|pmid=30288175|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kukola mafuta comene kuchanya kwa thupi nkwakofya comene kuluska kukola mafuta kupasi kwa thupi, ku nthenda nga umo ni shuga (type 2) panji ntenda ya mtima yakolerana na misimbo yakupwetekwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Karpe|first1=Fredrik|last2=Pinnick|first2=Katherine E.|date=February 2015|title=Biology of upper-body and lower-body adipose tissue|journal=Nature Reviews Endocrinology|volume=11|issue=2|pages=90–100|doi=10.1038/nrendo.2014.185|pmid=25365922|issn=1759-5029}}</ref> Uzghali wa singo wakolerananso na kovwirika kupumula na cakovwira kupumula mu ŵalwari ŵa COVID-19, iwo ŵakuŵa na ntchindi yakwenderera na 26% kwa santimita yiliyose iyo singo yikukurapo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Di Bella|first1=Stefano|last2=Cesareo|first2=Roberto|last3=De Cristofaro|first3=Paolo|display-authors=etal|date=January 2021|title=Neck circumference as reliable predictor of mechanical ventilation support in adult inpatients with COVID-19|journal=Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews|volume=37|issue=1|article-number=e3354|doi=10.1002/dmrr.3354|issn=1520-7560|pmc=7300447|pmid=32484298}}</ref> Kuwonjezgapo, ŵalwari ŵa COVID-19 awo ŵakaŵa na singo yikuru comene pakunjira ku cipatala ŵakaŵa na ntchindi yakwenderera kwakuŵirapo kuwiri kufwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Di Bella|first1=Stefano|last2=Zerbato|first2=Verena|last3=Sanson|first3=Gianfranco|display-authors=etal|date=December 2021|title=Neck Circumference Predicts Mortality in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients|journal=Infectious Disease Reports|volume=13|issue=4|pages=1053–1060|doi=10.3390/idr13040096|pmid=34940406|pmc=8700782|doi-access=free}}</ref> Uzghali wa singo ukupambanamo pakati pa ŵanarumi na ŵanakazi chifukwa ca kusiyana kwa umo thupi lanozgeka, unandi wa minofu, na ma hormone. Kwa wanthu ŵanandi, ŵanarumi ŵali na singo yikuru kuluska ŵanakazi, apo ŵanarumi ŵali na uzghali wa mainchi 15.2 (masentimita 38.7) ndipo ŵanakazi ŵali na mainchi 13.1 (masentimita 33.3). Kusiyana uku nkwakolerana comene na umo thupi lanozgeka, pakuti ŵanarumi ŵali na unandi wa minofu na body mass index yikuru kuluska ŵanakazi. Hormone zakusiyana nazo zilikoso na nkongono, pakuti testosterone, iyo yili yinandi comene mwa ŵanarumi, yikovwira kukura kwa minofu, kwenderako na kwa singo. ==Vinyama== [[File:Giraffe Mikumi National Park.jpg|thumb|Singo litali ndilo cimanyikwiro cikuru ca [[thutuwa]].]] Singo likuwoneka pakati pa vibenene vyakwamba comene vya tetrapod, ndipo ntchito iyo likupeleka njiyo yayambiska kuti likhalirepo mu vinyama vyose vyakuthaka, kweniso mu tetrapod izo zanozgeka kukhala mu nyanja nga ni ma kamba, ma seal, na ma penguin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Qvarnström|first1=Martin|last2=Szrek|first2=Piotr|last3=Ahlberg|first3=Per E.|last4=Niedźwiedzki|first4=Grzegorz|date=2018-01-18|title=Non-marine palaeoenvironment associated to the earliest tetrapod tracks|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=8|issue=1|page=1074|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-19220-5|doi-access=free|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5773519|pmid=29348562}}</ref> Kuthambalira kunyake kukukhalirapo nanga umoyo wakuwoneka pachanya wataika luŵiro, nga umo viliri mwa ma whale na ma porpoise.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mikkelsson|first1=L O|last2=Nupponen|first2=H|last3=Kaprio|first3=J|display-authors=etal|date=January 23, 2006|title=Adolescent flexibility, endurance strength, and physical activity as predictors of adult tension neck, low back pain, and knee injury|journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine|volume=40|issue=2|pages=107–113|doi=10.1136/bjsm.2004.017350|issn=0306-3674|pmc=2492014|pmid=16431995}}</ref> Singo lakugwira ntchito mwakwenderera likusangikaso mu tuyuni twa vibawo (insects). Kusoŵeka kwake mu somba na mu vibawo vyakunyanja (aquatic arthropods) nkwakukumaska maso, pakuti vinandi mwa iyo vili na umoyo wakuyana na wa vinyama vyakuthaka panji tetrapod, panji vingakhumbikwira na kuthambalira uku.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mathison|first1=Blaine A.|last2=Pritt|first2=Bobbi S.|date=January 1, 2014|title=Laboratory Identification of Arthropod Ectoparasites|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=27|issue=1|pages=48–67|doi=10.1128/CMR.00008-13|issn=0893-8512|pmc=3910909|pmid=24396136}}</ref> Lizgu "singo" nyengo zinyake likugwiliskikira kuyowoyera chigaŵa ico chili kunyuma kwa mutu mwa ma nkhonono ghanyake (snails) na tuŵangwa tinyake twa gastropod, nangauli kulije kupambanamo pakuwonekera pakati pa cigaŵa ici, cigaŵa ca mutu, na chigaŵa cinyake cha thupi.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Roesch|first1=Zachary K.|last2=Tadi|first2=Prasanna|title=Anatomy, Head and Neck, Neck|date=2022|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542313/|work=StatPearls|place=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pmid=31194453|access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== * [[Nyuma ya singo]] * [[Vyakuvwara pa singo]] * [[Chigoromiro]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{reflist}} ==Viwoto vyakwenda navyo== * [http://www.ahns.info/ American Head and Neck Society] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070709115040/http://www.anatomywiz.com/ The Anatomy Wiz] – Buku la anatomy lakuwoneka pa intaneti, lakupatulikana mwakuyana na vigaŵa vya thupi [[Category:Anatomy]] [[Category:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] au0fa343ztgj7fsflsox3qguxfboc4a 122238 122237 2026-09-22T20:12:34Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kunozga mazgu: kufumiskapo Chingelezi icho chikaŵa chisunda mkati (mwaciyelezgero "Whiplash", "body mass index", "(type 2)", "(snails)"), kunyoloska "ndopa" (kufuma "ndopo"), na kusintha lizgu lakupanga ("chigongo/vigongo") kuŵa "chigaŵa/vigaŵa vya makona ghatatu" pa mzere wose wa nkhani. 122238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Chigaŵa cha thupi icho chikukolezgana mutu na thupi}} {{Other uses}} {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Singo |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Neck.png|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Singo la munthu</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyiko |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Latin|Chilatini]] | class="infobox-data" |''cervix; collum'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Medical Subject Headings|MeSH]] | class="infobox-data" |[https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D009333 D009333] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Terminologia Anatomica|TA98]] | class="infobox-data" |[https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/01.1.00.012%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm A01.1.00.012] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Terminologia Anatomica|TA2]] | class="infobox-data" |[https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=123 123] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Foundational Model of Anatomy|FMA]] | class="infobox-data" |[https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma7155 7155] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |[[Anatomical terminology|Mazgu gha kuyowoyera viŵalo vya thupi]] |} '''Singo''' ni chigaŵa cha thupi, mu vinyama vinandi ivyo vili na muwongo, icho chikukolezgana [[mutu (anatomy)|mutu]] na thupi lose. Singo yikuchindikizga uzito wa mutu, ndipo yikuvikilira misipa iyo yikupeleka mphangano pakati pa [[wongo]] na vigaŵa vinyake vyose vya thupi. Kuwonjezgapo, singo njakuthambalira chomene, ndipo yikovwira mutu kuti uzgoke na kuwoleka mu vigaŵa vyose. Mwakuyana na anatomy, singo ya munthu yikugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vinayi: chigaŵa ca viwangwa, chigaŵa ca viŵalo vya mukati, na vigaŵa viŵiri vya misimbo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Gray's Anatomy for Students|last1=Drake|first1=Richard L.|last2=Vogl|first2=Wayne|last3=Mitchell|first3=Adam W. M.|last4=Gray|first4=Henry|date=15 November 2015|isbn=978-0-7020-5131-9|edition=3rd|location=Philadelphia|oclc=881508489}}</ref> Mu vigaŵa ivi, mu singo mukusangika [[viwangwa vya singo]], chigaŵa ca [[muwongo]] icho chikuŵa mu singo, magaŵa gha kuchanya gha [[mzia wakuthuta mvuchi|mzia wakuthuta mvuchi]] na [[mzia wakugaya chakurya|mzia wakugaya chakurya]], viŵaya, misipa, misimbo yakufuma na misimbo yakuwelera. Minofu ya singo, iyo njakupatuka na vigaŵa ivi, njakupanga malire gha vigaŵa vya makona ghatatu vya singo.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice|isbn=978-0-7020-5230-9|edition=41st|location=Philadelphia|oclc=920806541|last1=Standring|first1=Susan|year=2016}}</ref> Mu anatomy, singo yikuchemekaso kuti ''[[Latin|cervix]]'' panji ''collum''. Kweni apo lizgu ''cervix'' likugwiliskikira ntchito lyekha, kanandi likung'anamura khosi la [[cervix|nthumbo]]. Ntheura, lizgu ''cervical'' lingang'anamura panji singo (nga umo likugwiliskikira mu ''viwangwa vya singo'' panji ''tulundu twa maji gha m'thupi twa m'singo''), panji khosi la nthumbo (nga umo likugwiliskikira mu ''chipewa ca khosi la nthumbo'' panji ''khansa ya khosi la nthumbo'').<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Whitmore|first=Ian|date=1999|title=Terminologia Anatomica: New terminology for the new anatomist|journal=The Anatomical Record|language=en|volume=257|issue=2|pages=50–53|doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(19990415)257:2<50::aid-ar4>3.0.co;2-w|pmid=10321431|issn=1097-0185|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Muundo== [[File:Musculi coli base.svg|thumbnail|[[Minofu]] mu singo la munthu]] ===Vigaŵa=== Vinthu vya mu singo vikugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vinayi:<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/neck-anatomy|title=Neck anatomy|website=Kenhub|language=en|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref> * '''Chigaŵa ca viwangwa''' chili na [[viwangwa vya singo]], na [[chiwangwa chipepu|viwangwa vipepu]] pakati pa chiwangwa chilichose. Umo viwangwa ivi vyanozgeka ndiwo wukupanga umoyo wa singo.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Frietson|last1=Galis|year=1999|title=Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae? Developmental constraints, Hox genes and Cancer|url=http://wwworm.biology.uh.edu/evodevo/lecture11/galis99.pdf|journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology|volume=285|issue=1|pages=19–26|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19990415)285:1<19::AID-JEZ3>3.0.CO;2-Z|pmid=10327647|bibcode=1999JEZ...285...19G|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041110200159/http://wwworm.biology.uh.edu/evodevo/lecture11/galis99.pdf|archive-date=2004-11-10}}</ref> Chifukwa viwangwa ivi vikuzingilira mzia wa muwongo, chigaŵa ca muwongo icho chikuŵa mu singo nayo chikusangika mwenemumo. * '''Chigaŵa ca viŵalo vya mukati''' chili na [[chigoromiro cha mvuchi]], [[chiŵiya cha mazgu]], [[chigoromiro]], [[chiŵaya cha pa singo]], na viŵaya vichoko vya pafupi navyo. * '''Chigaŵa ca misimbo''' chili chiŵiri, ndipo chili na masakosi ghaŵiri gha musimbo agho ghakusangika mbali zoseŵiri za chigoromiro cha mvuchi. Sakosi lililose lili na musipa wa [[Vagus]], musimbo wakufuma ukuru wa carotid, na musimbo wakuwelera wa mukati wa jugular. Kupatulira pa vinthu ivi, mu singo mukusangikaso [[tulundu twa maji gha m'thupi]] twa m'singo ivyo vikuzingilira misimbo.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Clinically Oriented Anatomy|last1=Moore|first1=Keith L.|last2=Dalley|first2=Arthur F.|last3=Agur|first3=A. M. R.|isbn=978-1-4511-1945-9|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=813301028|date=2013-02-13}}</ref> ===Minofu na vigaŵa vya makona ghatatu=== '''Minofu ya singo''' yikukolelezgeka ku [[chigaza]], ku [[chiwangwa cha Hyoid|chiwangwa cha hyoid]], ku [[viwangwa vya chiŵegha]], na ku [[chiwangwa cha chifuwa]]. Njakupanga vigaŵa viŵiri vikuru vya makona ghatatu vya singo: ca kunthazi na ca kunyuma.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kikuta|first1=Shogo|last2=Iwanaga|first2=Joe|last3=Kusukawa|first3=Jingo|last4=Tubbs|first4=R. Shane|date=30 June 2019|title=Triangles of the neck: a review with clinical/surgical applications|journal=Anatomy & Cell Biology|volume=52|issue=2|pages=120–127|doi=10.5115/acb.2019.52.2.120|issn=2093-3665|pmc=6624334|pmid=31338227}}</ref> '''Chigaŵa ca kunthazi ca makona ghatatu''' chikupimikika na mphapo ya kunthazi ya [[Minofu ya sternocleidomastoid|mnofu wa sternocleidomastoid]], mphapo ya pasi ya mhlati, na mzere wa pakati pa singo. Muli minofu iyi: stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid na sternothyroid. Minofu iyi yikupatulikana mu viŵiri: minofu ya pachanya pa hyoid (suprahyoid: stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid) na minofu ya pasi pa hyoid (infrahyoid: omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid), kuyana na usange yili pachanya panji pasi pa chiwangwa ca hyoid. Minofu ya pachanya pa hyoid yikukweza chiwangwa ca hyoid, apo minofu ya pasi pa hyoid yikuchiseleska. Zikagwira ntchito pamoza, minofu izi zikovwira munthu kuyowoya na kumira chakurya.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> '''Chigaŵa ca kunyuma ca makona ghatatu''' chikupimikika na mphapo ya kunyuma ya mnofu wa sternocleidomastoid, mphapo ya kunthazi ya [[mnofu wa pachanya pa msana|mnofu wa pachanya pa msana]], na mphapo ya pachanya ya chigaŵa cha pakati ca chiwangwa ca chiŵegha. Mu chigaŵa ici muli minofu iyi: sternocleidomastoid, mnofu wa pachanya pa msana, splenius capitis, levator scapulae, omohyoid, na minofu ya scalene ya kunthazi, ya pakati, na ya kunyuma.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> ===Kupeleka misipa=== Kupulika kwa vigaŵa vya kunthazi kwa singo kukufuma ku misinjizi ya misipa ya C2 mpaka C4, ndipo ku chigaŵa ca kunyuma kwa singo kukufuma ku misinjizi ya C4 mpaka C5.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Clinical Examination|last=Talley|first=Nicholas|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|year=2014|isbn=978-0-7295-4198-5|page=416}}</ref> Kuwonjezgapo pa misipa iyo yikufuma na kusangika mu muwongo, musipa wakovwira na musipa wa Vagus vikwendaso pasi mu singo.<ref name=":0" /> ===Kwenda kwa ndopa na misimbo yikuru=== Misimbo yikuru iyo yikwenda mu singo ndiyo nthowa yikuru yakupeleka ndopa zakuŵa na okosijeni ku mutu, na kuwezga ndopa za mu mutu.<br> Misimbo yikuru iyo yikupeleka ndopa zakuŵa na okosijeni ku mutu na singo ndi musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo, musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa mukati, misimbo yakufuma ya Vertebral, na misimbo ya Thyrocervical.<br> Misimbo ya carotid na Vertebral yikupeleka comene ndopa ku mutu, apo misimbo yichoko yinandi ya Thyrocervical yikupeleka ndopa ku vinthu vya mu singo.<ref name="kenhub1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/neurovasculature-of-head-neck|title=Neurovasculature of the head and neck|first=Adrian Rad|last=Dimitrios Mytilinaios|publisher=Kenhub|access-date=30 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Saladin|first1=Kenneth S.|title=Human anatomy|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=9780071222075|page=576|edition=3rd}}</ref> Musimbo wakufuma wa Subclavian ndiwo ukupambika musimbo wakufuma wa Vertebral na Thyrocervical, iwo wakupeleka ndopa ku cerebrum, cerebellum, chigaŵa ca kunyuma ca singo, mawoko, na chifuŵa ca kunthazi na kuchanya. Musimbo wa Thyrocervical ukupeleka comene ndopa ku vinthu vya kunthazi kwa singo, ku chiŵaya cha pa singo, na ku minofu ya mwenemumo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/subclavian-artery?lang=us|title=Subclavian artery|publisher=Radiopedia|access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref> '''Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo''' ukupambika ku musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa pakati, umoza wa misimbo yiŵiri yikuru, iyo yikufuma ku aortic arch mumphepete mwakumazgoji na ku brachiocephalic trunk mumphepete mwakumalyerero.<br> Kupatulikana kwa Carotid kukuchitika pa chigaŵa ca thyroid cartilage mu chiŵiya ca mazgu. Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo ndiwo wekha, pakati pa vigaŵa vya musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa pakati, uwo ukupeleka mphapo ku singo na kupeleka ndopa ku viŵalo vyakuwalo vya mutu na chisko.<br> Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo uli na mphapo zinkhonde: superior thyroid, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, maxillary na superficial temporal, izi ziŵiri zaumaliro ndizo mphapo zaumaliro za Carotid wa kuwalo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-external-carotid-artery-and-its-branches|title=External carotid artery and its branches|first=Alexandra Sieroslawska|last=Sophie Stewart|publisher=Kenhub|access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="GRAYS1">{{Cite book|first1=Robert Howden|last1=Henry Gray|last2=Arthur John Jex-Blake|last3=W. Fedde Fedden|title=Anatomy of the Human Body|issue=XX|date=1918|publisher=Lea & Febiger|page=500–518}}</ref> [[File:External carotid artery.png|280px|thumb|centre|Mphapo zinkhonde za musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo]] [[File:Blausen 0170 CarotidArteries.png|260px|thumb|right|Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa pakati na mphapo zake, izo zikupeleka ndopa ku mutu na ku chisko]] '''Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa mukati''' ndiwo mphapo yaciŵiri ya Carotid wa pakati, ukupeleka comene ndopa ku chigaŵa ca kunthazi ca wongo, ku jiso na viŵalo vyake.<ref name="pmid21452447">{{cite journal|author=Kiel JW|title=The Ocular Circulation|journal=Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function to Disease|year=2010|volume=3|pages=1–81|pmid=21452447|doi=10.4199/C00024ED1V01Y201012ISP012|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53329/}}</ref> Ukwamba pa kupatukana kwa Carotid wa pakati (kanandi pa mphapo ya kuchanya ya thyroid cartilage, pafupi na viwangwa vya singo C3–C4) ndipo ukukwera mpaka pasi pa chigaza.<ref name="pubmed">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556061/|title=Anatomy, Head and Neck: Internal Carotid Arteries|author=Matthew Charlick; Joe M. Das.|publisher=StatPearls; (NIH)|access-date=July 24, 2023}}</ref> Nthowa ya musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa mukati yingapatulikana mu vigaŵa vinayi:<ref name="GRAYS1"/> I. ''Chigaŵa ca m'singo (Pars cervicalis)''; Nthowa: Yikufuma ku kupatukana kwa Carotid mpaka pa mulyango wa mzia wa carotid mu chiwangwa ca petrous. Uku ukusangika mu sakosi la musimbo pamoza na musimbo wakuwelera wa mukati wa jugular na musipa wa Vagus. Chigaŵa ici mchibula mphapo.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> II. ''Chigaŵa ca petrous (Pars petrosa)''; Nthowa: Ukunjira mu mzia wa carotid mu chiwangwa ca temporal, ukukwera pacoko, kwenekuko ukuzingilira kwakunthazi na kwapakati. Ukufuma mu mzia pafupi na foramen lacerum kunjira mu mutu. Mphapo: caroticotympanic, na mphapo ya mzia wa pterygoid (Vidian artery), iyo yikusangika waka pa nyengo zinyake.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> III. ''Chigaŵa ca cavernous (Pars cavernosa)''; Nthowa: Ukwenda kunthazi mukati mwa cavernous sinus mumphepete mwa chiwangwa ca sphenoid, ukupanga cizungezi ca S (carotid siphon). Mphapo: mphapo za cavernous zikupeleka ndopa ku trigeminal ganglion na malire gha sinus; mphapo za hypophyseal zikupeleka ndopa ku chiŵaya ca pituitary; mphapo ya anterior meningeal yikupeleka ndopa ku dura mater ya chigaŵa ca kunthazi ca chigaza.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> IV. ''Chigaŵa ca cerebral (Pars cerebralis)''; Nthowa: Ukufuma mu cavernous sinus, ukujumphamo pakati pa misipa ya optic na oculomotor, ndipo ukunjira mu malo agho wongo ukusangika. Mphapo zikuru: musimbo wa Ophthalmic; musimbo wa Posterior communicating, uwo ukukumana na musimbo wa cerebral wa kunyuma kupanga Circle of Willis; musimbo wa Anterior choroidal; na misimbo ya Anterior cerebral na Middle cerebral, iyo ndiyo mphapo zaumaliro zikuru izo zikupeleka ndopa ku hemispheres za wongo.<ref name="pubmed"/><ref name="GRAYS1"/> [[File:Vertebral artery.png|260px|thumb|right|Misimbo ya singo, uwo wa Vertebral ukufuma ku misimbo wa Subclavian na kukumana kupanga musimbo wa Basilar]] '''Misimbo yakufuma ya Vertebral''' ndiyo misimbo yikuru iyo yikufuma ku musimbo wakufuma wa Subclavian. Pamoza na musimbo wa Basilar (nga mphapo yikuru), misimbo yiŵiri ya Vertebral yikupanga vertebrobasilar system, iyo yikupeleka ndopa ku mzia wa muwongo wa kuchanya, brainstem, cerebellum, na chigaŵa ca kunyuma ca wongo.<ref name="GRAYS2">{{cite book|title=Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice|first1=Susan|last1=Standing|first2=Neil R.|last2=Borely|first3=Patricia|last3=Collins|first4=Alan R.|last4=Crossman|first5=Michael A.|last5=Gatzoulis|display-authors=etal|date=2008|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|isbn=978-0-8089-2371-8|edition=40th|location=London}}</ref> Musimbo wa Vertebral ungapatulikana mu vigaŵa vinayi: * Chigaŵa cakwamba (preforaminal) chikukwera pakati pa mnofu wa scalene wa kunthazi na mnofu wa longus colli. Kunthazi kwake muli musimbo wakuwelera wa jugular wa mukati na musimbo wakuwelera wa Vertebral. Kunyuma kwake muli phapa la kuchanya la chiwangwa ca 7 ca singo pamoza na sympathetic trunk.<ref name="GRAYS1"/><ref name="ippolito">Nunziante Ippolito: Anatomical Studies on the Root of the Neck</ref> * Chigaŵa caciŵiri (foraminal) chikukwera mukati mwa maenje gha viwangwa vya singo kufuma pa C6 mpaka C2. Chili pakuzingilizgeka na mphapo za sympathetic ganglion na misimbo yakuwelera iyo yikukolerana kupanga musimbo wakuwelera wa Vertebral pasi pa singo.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> * Chigaŵa cacitatu (extradural panji atlantic) chikufuma pa foramen ya C2, chikupatulikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: cakukwera kwakunyanya, na cakuzingilira icho chikujumphira kunyuma kwa mphapo ya kuchanya ya atlas kunjira mu mzia wa muwongo pasi pa membrane ya atlanto-occipital ya kunyuma.<ref name="GRAYS1"/><ref name="GRAYS2"/> * Chigaŵa cacinayi (intradural panji intracranial) chikujumpha mu dura mater na kwenda kunthazi kwa medulla oblongata. Pa mzere wapakati, chikukolerana na musimbo wa mphepete linyake kupanga musimbo wa Basilar.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> [[File:Thyrocervical trunk.png|250px|thumb|right|Misimbo ya Vertebral, ya Carotid na ya Subclavian, pamoza na musimbo wa Thyrocervical]] '''Misimbo ya Thyrocervical''' ni misimbo yichoko yinandi ya singo, iyo yikufuma ku misimbo wakufuma wa Subclavian, mumphepete mwa misimbo ya Vertebral. Musimbo uwu ukupatulikanaso mu: musimbo wa Inferior thyroid, musimbo wa Suprascapular, na musimbo wa Transverse cervical, izo zikupeleka ndopa ku vinthu vya kunthazi kwa singo, ku minofu ya m'singo na ya phampa, na ku chiŵaya ca pa singo.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Saladin|first1=Kenneth S.|title=Human anatomy|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=9780071222075|page=576|edition=3rd}}</ref><ref name="GRAYS1"/> Musimbo wa Transverse cervical ukusangika pa vibalo viŵiri pa vitatu vyakuwerengeka. Pa cimoza pa vitatu, musimbo wa Superficial cervical na musimbo wa Dorsal scapular ndivyo vikufuma pa musimbo wa Transverse cervical.<ref name="Standring3">{{cite book|last1=Standring|first1=Susan|title=Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. Digital version|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=9780702052309|page=877|edition=41st.}}</ref> Musimbo wa Suprascapular na wa Transverse cervical vyose vikwenda kummbali na kujumphira kunthazi kwa mnofu wa scalene wa kunthazi na musipa wa phrenic. Musimbo wa Inferior thyroid ukukwera kufuma ku Thyrocervical mpaka pasi pa chiŵaya ca pa singo. Muli kusiyana kukuru mu umo misimbo iyi yikufumira.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Haas|first1=Franz|title=Flaps and Reconstructive Surgery – Section Two|last2=Weiglein|first2=Andreas|publisher=Saunders|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7216-0519-7|pages=249–269|chapter=21 – Trapezius flap}}</ref> ===Kalembelo ka pachanya=== [[File:Ahhhhhhh.jpg|thumb|Kapiri ka pa singo, kakuwoneka pa mphepete]] [[File:Neck - Tiger.jpg|thumb|right|Kusuka kwa nkhungu ya singo chifukwa cha dazi, uzito ukuru, panji ukalamba]] Thyroid cartilage ya chiŵiya ca mazgu njakupanga vundwe pa mzere wapakati wa singo, ilo likuchemeka '''kapiri ka pa singo'''. Kanandi kapiri aka nkakuwoneka comene kwa ŵanarumi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324146.php|title=Adam's apple: What it is, what it does, and removal|website=Medical News Today|date=10 January 2019|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/advancedanatomy1sted/chapter/surface-anatomy/|title=Surface Anatomy – Advanced Anatomy 2nd. Ed.|website=pressbooks.bccampus.ca|date=May 2018|access-date=2019-09-26|first1=Phed 301|last1=Students}}</ref> Pasi pa kapiri aka pali cricoid cartilage. Chigoromiro cha mvuchi chikuwoneka pa mzere wapakati, kufuma pa cricoid cartilage mpaka pa suprasternal notch. Kufuma mumphepete, mnofu wa sternomastoid ndiwo ukujumbikizga kuwoneka comene. Ukupatula chigaŵa ca kunthazi na ca kunyuma ca makona ghatatu. Chigaŵa cakuchanya ca chigaŵa ca kunthazi ca makona ghatatu chili na viŵaya vya submandibular, izo zili pasi pa cigaŵa ca kunyuma ca mhlati. Mzere wa musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid ukumanyikwa na kukolezga malo agho chiwangwa ca chiŵegha chikukumana na chiwangwa ca chifuwa mpaka pa nkhomo ya mhlati. Nkhungu za singo zingawoneka pa nyengo yiliyose ya uzengwa, mwaciyelezgero chifukwa ca dazi panji ca ukalamba, apo nkhungu yikutaya luŵiro lwake na kusuka. Musipa wa 11 wa mutu, panji musipa wa spinal accessory, ukwenda pa mzere wakufuma pakati pa nkhomo ya mhlati na mastoid process mpaka pakati pa mphapo ya kunyuma ya mnofu wa sternomastoid, ndipo kufuma apo ukujumphira mu chigaŵa ca kunyuma ca makona ghatatu mpaka mkati mwa mnofu wa pachanya pa msana. Musimbo wakuwelera wa jugular wa kuwalo ukuwoneka pachanya pa nkhungu; ukwenda mu mzere kufuma pa nkhomo ya mhlati mpaka pakati pa chiwangwa ca chiŵegha, ndipo pafupi nawo pali tulundu tuchoko twa maji gha m'thupi. Musimbo wakuwelera wa jugular wa kunthazi ni ncoko, ukwenda pasi pafupi na cizoŵezi ca inchi imoza kufuma pa mzere wapakati wa singo. Chiwangwa ca chiŵegha ndico chikupimikira malire gha pasi gha singo, ndipo mumphepete, kuselera kwa singo kuya ku phampa nkovwira na mnofu wa pachanya pa msana. ==Kupwetekwa== {{main|Kupwetekwa kwa singo}} Vilwelo vya singo ndivyo nkhongono yikuru ya kupwetekwa. Singo yili na ntchito zinandi kweni yikuvikilirikaso na masuzgo ghanandi. Vinthu ivyo vikuwoneka comene kuti vikupangiska kupwetekwa kwa singo (na masuzgo ghakolerana nagho, nga umo kupwetekwa kukwenda pasi mu woko) ni:<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Genebra|first1=Caio Vitor Dos Santos|last2=Maciel|first2=Nicoly Machado|last3=Bento|first3=Thiago Paulo Frascareli|last4=Simeão|first4=Sandra Fiorelli Almeida Penteado|last5=Vitta|first5=Alberto De|date=2017|title=Prevalence and factors associated with neck pain: a population-based study|journal=Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy|volume=21|issue=4|pages=274–280|doi=10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.05.005|issn=1413-3555|pmc=5537482|pmid=28602744}}</ref> * Kulemazgika kwa singo chifukwa ca kuzunguzika mwaluŵiro, kununkha kwa mnofu, panji kulemara kunyake kwa nyama yakupepuka * Kusuka pa malo pake kwa chiwangwa chipepu chapakati pa viwangwa vya singo * Kufinyirika kwa mzia wa muwongo mu singo * Nthenda ya nkhumano na viwangwa iyo yikwiza na ukalamba * Vyakupangiska kupwetekwa vyakolerana na misimbo, nga umo kupasuka kwa musimbo wakufuma panji kukhoma kwa ndopa mu musimbo wakuwelera wa jugular wa mukati * Kutupa kwa viŵaya vya pa singo ==Uzghali wa singo== Uzghali ukuru wa singo wakolerana na masuzgo gha mtima na ndopa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ataie-Jafari|first1=Asal|last2=Namazi|first2=Nazli|last3=Djalalinia|first3=Shirin|display-authors=etal|date=2018|title=Neck circumference and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome|volume=10|article-number=72|doi=10.1186/s13098-018-0373-y|issn=1758-5996|pmc=6162928|pmid=30288175|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kukola mafuta comene kuchanya kwa thupi nkwakofya comene kuluska kukola mafuta kupasi kwa thupi, ku nthenda nga umo ni shuga wa mtundu wachiŵiri panji ntenda ya mtima yakolerana na misimbo yakupwetekwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Karpe|first1=Fredrik|last2=Pinnick|first2=Katherine E.|date=February 2015|title=Biology of upper-body and lower-body adipose tissue|journal=Nature Reviews Endocrinology|volume=11|issue=2|pages=90–100|doi=10.1038/nrendo.2014.185|pmid=25365922|issn=1759-5029}}</ref> Uzghali wa singo wakolerananso na kovwirika kupumula na cakovwira kupumula mu ŵalwari ŵa COVID-19, iwo ŵakuŵa na ntchindi yakwenderera na 26% kwa santimita yiliyose iyo singo yikukurapo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Di Bella|first1=Stefano|last2=Cesareo|first2=Roberto|last3=De Cristofaro|first3=Paolo|display-authors=etal|date=January 2021|title=Neck circumference as reliable predictor of mechanical ventilation support in adult inpatients with COVID-19|journal=Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews|volume=37|issue=1|article-number=e3354|doi=10.1002/dmrr.3354|issn=1520-7560|pmc=7300447|pmid=32484298}}</ref> Kuwonjezgapo, ŵalwari ŵa COVID-19 awo ŵakaŵa na singo yikuru comene pakunjira ku cipatala ŵakaŵa na ntchindi yakwenderera kwakuŵirapo kuwiri kufwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Di Bella|first1=Stefano|last2=Zerbato|first2=Verena|last3=Sanson|first3=Gianfranco|display-authors=etal|date=December 2021|title=Neck Circumference Predicts Mortality in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients|journal=Infectious Disease Reports|volume=13|issue=4|pages=1053–1060|doi=10.3390/idr13040096|pmid=34940406|pmc=8700782|doi-access=free}}</ref> Uzghali wa singo ukupambanamo pakati pa ŵanarumi na ŵanakazi chifukwa ca kusiyana kwa umo thupi lanozgeka, unandi wa minofu, na ma hormone. Kwa wanthu ŵanandi, ŵanarumi ŵali na singo yikuru kuluska ŵanakazi, apo ŵanarumi ŵali na uzghali wa mainchi 15.2 (masentimita 38.7) ndipo ŵanakazi ŵali na mainchi 13.1 (masentimita 33.3). Kusiyana uku nkwakolerana comene na umo thupi lanozgeka, pakuti ŵanarumi ŵali na unandi wa minofu na muyeso wa kulemera kwa thupi ukuru kuluska ŵanakazi. Hormone zakusiyana nazo zilikoso na nkongono, pakuti testosterone, iyo yili yinandi comene mwa ŵanarumi, yikovwira kukura kwa minofu, kwenderako na kwa singo. ==Vinyama== [[File:Giraffe Mikumi National Park.jpg|thumb|Singo litali ndilo cimanyikwiro cikuru ca [[thutuwa]].]] Singo likuwoneka pakati pa vibenene vyakwamba comene vya tetrapod, ndipo ntchito iyo likupeleka njiyo yayambiska kuti likhalirepo mu vinyama vyose vyakuthaka, kweniso mu tetrapod izo zanozgeka kukhala mu nyanja nga ni kamba, seal, na penguin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Qvarnström|first1=Martin|last2=Szrek|first2=Piotr|last3=Ahlberg|first3=Per E.|last4=Niedźwiedzki|first4=Grzegorz|date=2018-01-18|title=Non-marine palaeoenvironment associated to the earliest tetrapod tracks|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=8|issue=1|page=1074|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-19220-5|doi-access=free|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5773519|pmid=29348562}}</ref> Kuthambalira kunyake kukukhalirapo nanga umoyo wakuwoneka pachanya wataika luŵiro, nga umo viliri mwa whale na porpoise.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mikkelsson|first1=L O|last2=Nupponen|first2=H|last3=Kaprio|first3=J|display-authors=etal|date=January 23, 2006|title=Adolescent flexibility, endurance strength, and physical activity as predictors of adult tension neck, low back pain, and knee injury|journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine|volume=40|issue=2|pages=107–113|doi=10.1136/bjsm.2004.017350|issn=0306-3674|pmc=2492014|pmid=16431995}}</ref> Singo lakugwira ntchito mwakwenderera likusangikaso mu tuyuni twa vibawo. Kusoŵeka kwake mu somba na mu vibawo vyakunyanja nkwakukumaska maso, pakuti vinandi mwa iyo vili na umoyo wakuyana na wa vinyama vyakuthaka panji tetrapod, panji vingakhumbikwira na kuthambalira uku.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mathison|first1=Blaine A.|last2=Pritt|first2=Bobbi S.|date=January 1, 2014|title=Laboratory Identification of Arthropod Ectoparasites|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=27|issue=1|pages=48–67|doi=10.1128/CMR.00008-13|issn=0893-8512|pmc=3910909|pmid=24396136}}</ref> Lizgu "singo" nyengo zinyake likugwiliskikira kuyowoyera chigaŵa ico chili kunyuma kwa mutu mwa nkhono zinyake na tuŵangwa tinyake twa gastropod, nangauli kulije kupambanamo pakuwonekera pakati pa cigaŵa ici, cigaŵa ca mutu, na chigaŵa cinyake cha thupi.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Roesch|first1=Zachary K.|last2=Tadi|first2=Prasanna|title=Anatomy, Head and Neck, Neck|date=2022|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542313/|work=StatPearls|place=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pmid=31194453|access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== * [[Nyuma ya singo]] * [[Vyakuvwara pa singo]] * [[Chigoromiro]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{reflist}} ==Viwoto vyakwenda navyo== * [http://www.ahns.info/ American Head and Neck Society] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070709115040/http://www.anatomywiz.com/ The Anatomy Wiz] – Buku la anatomy lakuwoneka pa intaneti, lakupatulikana mwakuyana na vigaŵa vya thupi [[Category:Anatomy]] [[Category:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] a6d7oyk1qp0ohmp8nuwen2vumie649w 122241 122238 2026-09-22T20:45:02Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kunozgeka na Google Translate na vidikishonale: "khosi la nthumbo" kusinthika kuŵa "mlomo wa nthumbo" (cervix) na "chivikiliro cha nthumbo" (cervical cap), kuyana na mazgu gha mu Chitumbuka-English Visual Dictionary. 122241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Chigaŵa cha thupi icho chikukolezgana mutu na thupi}} {{Other uses}} {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Singo |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Neck.png|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Singo la munthu</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyiko |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Latin|Chilatini]] | class="infobox-data" |''cervix; collum'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Medical Subject Headings|MeSH]] | class="infobox-data" |[https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D009333 D009333] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Terminologia Anatomica|TA98]] | class="infobox-data" |[https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/01.1.00.012%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm A01.1.00.012] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Terminologia Anatomica|TA2]] | class="infobox-data" |[https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=123 123] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Foundational Model of Anatomy|FMA]] | class="infobox-data" |[https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma7155 7155] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |[[Anatomical terminology|Mazgu gha kuyowoyera viŵalo vya thupi]] |} '''Singo''' ni chigaŵa cha thupi, mu vinyama vinandi ivyo vili na muwongo, icho chikukolezgana [[mutu (anatomy)|mutu]] na thupi lose. Singo yikuchindikizga uzito wa mutu, ndipo yikuvikilira misipa iyo yikupeleka mphangano pakati pa [[wongo]] na vigaŵa vinyake vyose vya thupi. Kuwonjezgapo, singo njakuthambalira chomene, ndipo yikovwira mutu kuti uzgoke na kuwoleka mu vigaŵa vyose. Mwakuyana na anatomy, singo ya munthu yikugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vinayi: chigaŵa ca viwangwa, chigaŵa ca viŵalo vya mukati, na vigaŵa viŵiri vya misimbo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Gray's Anatomy for Students|last1=Drake|first1=Richard L.|last2=Vogl|first2=Wayne|last3=Mitchell|first3=Adam W. M.|last4=Gray|first4=Henry|date=15 November 2015|isbn=978-0-7020-5131-9|edition=3rd|location=Philadelphia|oclc=881508489}}</ref> Mu vigaŵa ivi, mu singo mukusangika [[viwangwa vya singo]], chigaŵa ca [[muwongo]] icho chikuŵa mu singo, magaŵa gha kuchanya gha [[mzia wakuthuta mvuchi|mzia wakuthuta mvuchi]] na [[mzia wakugaya chakurya|mzia wakugaya chakurya]], viŵaya, misipa, misimbo yakufuma na misimbo yakuwelera. Minofu ya singo, iyo njakupatuka na vigaŵa ivi, njakupanga malire gha vigaŵa vya makona ghatatu vya singo.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice|isbn=978-0-7020-5230-9|edition=41st|location=Philadelphia|oclc=920806541|last1=Standring|first1=Susan|year=2016}}</ref> Mu anatomy, singo yikuchemekaso kuti ''[[Latin|cervix]]'' panji ''collum''. Kweni apo lizgu ''cervix'' likugwiliskikira ntchito lyekha, kanandi likung'anamura [[cervix|mlomo wa nthumbo]]. Ntheura, lizgu ''cervical'' lingang'anamura panji singo (nga umo likugwiliskikira mu ''viwangwa vya singo'' panji ''tulundu twa maji gha m'thupi twa m'singo''), panji mlomo wa nthumbo (nga umo likugwiliskikira mu ''chivikiliro cha nthumbo'' panji ''khansa ya mlomo wa nthumbo'').<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Whitmore|first=Ian|date=1999|title=Terminologia Anatomica: New terminology for the new anatomist|journal=The Anatomical Record|language=en|volume=257|issue=2|pages=50–53|doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(19990415)257:2<50::aid-ar4>3.0.co;2-w|pmid=10321431|issn=1097-0185|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Muundo== [[File:Musculi coli base.svg|thumbnail|[[Minofu]] mu singo la munthu]] ===Vigaŵa=== Vinthu vya mu singo vikugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vinayi:<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/neck-anatomy|title=Neck anatomy|website=Kenhub|language=en|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref> * '''Chigaŵa ca viwangwa''' chili na [[viwangwa vya singo]], na [[chiwangwa chipepu|viwangwa vipepu]] pakati pa chiwangwa chilichose. Umo viwangwa ivi vyanozgeka ndiwo wukupanga umoyo wa singo.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Frietson|last1=Galis|year=1999|title=Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae? Developmental constraints, Hox genes and Cancer|url=http://wwworm.biology.uh.edu/evodevo/lecture11/galis99.pdf|journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology|volume=285|issue=1|pages=19–26|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19990415)285:1<19::AID-JEZ3>3.0.CO;2-Z|pmid=10327647|bibcode=1999JEZ...285...19G|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041110200159/http://wwworm.biology.uh.edu/evodevo/lecture11/galis99.pdf|archive-date=2004-11-10}}</ref> Chifukwa viwangwa ivi vikuzingilira mzia wa muwongo, chigaŵa ca muwongo icho chikuŵa mu singo nayo chikusangika mwenemumo. * '''Chigaŵa ca viŵalo vya mukati''' chili na [[chigoromiro cha mvuchi]], [[chiŵiya cha mazgu]], [[chigoromiro]], [[chiŵaya cha pa singo]], na viŵaya vichoko vya pafupi navyo. * '''Chigaŵa ca misimbo''' chili chiŵiri, ndipo chili na masakosi ghaŵiri gha musimbo agho ghakusangika mbali zoseŵiri za chigoromiro cha mvuchi. Sakosi lililose lili na musipa wa [[Vagus]], musimbo wakufuma ukuru wa carotid, na musimbo wakuwelera wa mukati wa jugular. Kupatulira pa vinthu ivi, mu singo mukusangikaso [[tulundu twa maji gha m'thupi]] twa m'singo ivyo vikuzingilira misimbo.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Clinically Oriented Anatomy|last1=Moore|first1=Keith L.|last2=Dalley|first2=Arthur F.|last3=Agur|first3=A. M. R.|isbn=978-1-4511-1945-9|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=813301028|date=2013-02-13}}</ref> ===Minofu na vigaŵa vya makona ghatatu=== '''Minofu ya singo''' yikukolelezgeka ku [[chigaza]], ku [[chiwangwa cha Hyoid|chiwangwa cha hyoid]], ku [[viwangwa vya chiŵegha]], na ku [[chiwangwa cha chifuwa]]. Njakupanga vigaŵa viŵiri vikuru vya makona ghatatu vya singo: ca kunthazi na ca kunyuma.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kikuta|first1=Shogo|last2=Iwanaga|first2=Joe|last3=Kusukawa|first3=Jingo|last4=Tubbs|first4=R. Shane|date=30 June 2019|title=Triangles of the neck: a review with clinical/surgical applications|journal=Anatomy & Cell Biology|volume=52|issue=2|pages=120–127|doi=10.5115/acb.2019.52.2.120|issn=2093-3665|pmc=6624334|pmid=31338227}}</ref> '''Chigaŵa ca kunthazi ca makona ghatatu''' chikupimikika na mphapo ya kunthazi ya [[Minofu ya sternocleidomastoid|mnofu wa sternocleidomastoid]], mphapo ya pasi ya mhlati, na mzere wa pakati pa singo. Muli minofu iyi: stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid na sternothyroid. Minofu iyi yikupatulikana mu viŵiri: minofu ya pachanya pa hyoid (suprahyoid: stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid) na minofu ya pasi pa hyoid (infrahyoid: omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid), kuyana na usange yili pachanya panji pasi pa chiwangwa ca hyoid. Minofu ya pachanya pa hyoid yikukweza chiwangwa ca hyoid, apo minofu ya pasi pa hyoid yikuchiseleska. Zikagwira ntchito pamoza, minofu izi zikovwira munthu kuyowoya na kumira chakurya.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> '''Chigaŵa ca kunyuma ca makona ghatatu''' chikupimikika na mphapo ya kunyuma ya mnofu wa sternocleidomastoid, mphapo ya kunthazi ya [[mnofu wa pachanya pa msana|mnofu wa pachanya pa msana]], na mphapo ya pachanya ya chigaŵa cha pakati ca chiwangwa ca chiŵegha. Mu chigaŵa ici muli minofu iyi: sternocleidomastoid, mnofu wa pachanya pa msana, splenius capitis, levator scapulae, omohyoid, na minofu ya scalene ya kunthazi, ya pakati, na ya kunyuma.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> ===Kupeleka misipa=== Kupulika kwa vigaŵa vya kunthazi kwa singo kukufuma ku misinjizi ya misipa ya C2 mpaka C4, ndipo ku chigaŵa ca kunyuma kwa singo kukufuma ku misinjizi ya C4 mpaka C5.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Clinical Examination|last=Talley|first=Nicholas|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|year=2014|isbn=978-0-7295-4198-5|page=416}}</ref> Kuwonjezgapo pa misipa iyo yikufuma na kusangika mu muwongo, musipa wakovwira na musipa wa Vagus vikwendaso pasi mu singo.<ref name=":0" /> ===Kwenda kwa ndopa na misimbo yikuru=== Misimbo yikuru iyo yikwenda mu singo ndiyo nthowa yikuru yakupeleka ndopa zakuŵa na okosijeni ku mutu, na kuwezga ndopa za mu mutu.<br> Misimbo yikuru iyo yikupeleka ndopa zakuŵa na okosijeni ku mutu na singo ndi musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo, musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa mukati, misimbo yakufuma ya Vertebral, na misimbo ya Thyrocervical.<br> Misimbo ya carotid na Vertebral yikupeleka comene ndopa ku mutu, apo misimbo yichoko yinandi ya Thyrocervical yikupeleka ndopa ku vinthu vya mu singo.<ref name="kenhub1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/neurovasculature-of-head-neck|title=Neurovasculature of the head and neck|first=Adrian Rad|last=Dimitrios Mytilinaios|publisher=Kenhub|access-date=30 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Saladin|first1=Kenneth S.|title=Human anatomy|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=9780071222075|page=576|edition=3rd}}</ref> Musimbo wakufuma wa Subclavian ndiwo ukupambika musimbo wakufuma wa Vertebral na Thyrocervical, iwo wakupeleka ndopa ku cerebrum, cerebellum, chigaŵa ca kunyuma ca singo, mawoko, na chifuŵa ca kunthazi na kuchanya. Musimbo wa Thyrocervical ukupeleka comene ndopa ku vinthu vya kunthazi kwa singo, ku chiŵaya cha pa singo, na ku minofu ya mwenemumo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/subclavian-artery?lang=us|title=Subclavian artery|publisher=Radiopedia|access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref> '''Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo''' ukupambika ku musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa pakati, umoza wa misimbo yiŵiri yikuru, iyo yikufuma ku aortic arch mumphepete mwakumazgoji na ku brachiocephalic trunk mumphepete mwakumalyerero.<br> Kupatulikana kwa Carotid kukuchitika pa chigaŵa ca thyroid cartilage mu chiŵiya ca mazgu. Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo ndiwo wekha, pakati pa vigaŵa vya musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa pakati, uwo ukupeleka mphapo ku singo na kupeleka ndopa ku viŵalo vyakuwalo vya mutu na chisko.<br> Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo uli na mphapo zinkhonde: superior thyroid, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, maxillary na superficial temporal, izi ziŵiri zaumaliro ndizo mphapo zaumaliro za Carotid wa kuwalo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-external-carotid-artery-and-its-branches|title=External carotid artery and its branches|first=Alexandra Sieroslawska|last=Sophie Stewart|publisher=Kenhub|access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="GRAYS1">{{Cite book|first1=Robert Howden|last1=Henry Gray|last2=Arthur John Jex-Blake|last3=W. Fedde Fedden|title=Anatomy of the Human Body|issue=XX|date=1918|publisher=Lea & Febiger|page=500–518}}</ref> [[File:External carotid artery.png|280px|thumb|centre|Mphapo zinkhonde za musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo]] [[File:Blausen 0170 CarotidArteries.png|260px|thumb|right|Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa pakati na mphapo zake, izo zikupeleka ndopa ku mutu na ku chisko]] '''Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa mukati''' ndiwo mphapo yaciŵiri ya Carotid wa pakati, ukupeleka comene ndopa ku chigaŵa ca kunthazi ca wongo, ku jiso na viŵalo vyake.<ref name="pmid21452447">{{cite journal|author=Kiel JW|title=The Ocular Circulation|journal=Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function to Disease|year=2010|volume=3|pages=1–81|pmid=21452447|doi=10.4199/C00024ED1V01Y201012ISP012|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53329/}}</ref> Ukwamba pa kupatukana kwa Carotid wa pakati (kanandi pa mphapo ya kuchanya ya thyroid cartilage, pafupi na viwangwa vya singo C3–C4) ndipo ukukwera mpaka pasi pa chigaza.<ref name="pubmed">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556061/|title=Anatomy, Head and Neck: Internal Carotid Arteries|author=Matthew Charlick; Joe M. Das.|publisher=StatPearls; (NIH)|access-date=July 24, 2023}}</ref> Nthowa ya musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa mukati yingapatulikana mu vigaŵa vinayi:<ref name="GRAYS1"/> I. ''Chigaŵa ca m'singo (Pars cervicalis)''; Nthowa: Yikufuma ku kupatukana kwa Carotid mpaka pa mulyango wa mzia wa carotid mu chiwangwa ca petrous. Uku ukusangika mu sakosi la musimbo pamoza na musimbo wakuwelera wa mukati wa jugular na musipa wa Vagus. Chigaŵa ici mchibula mphapo.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> II. ''Chigaŵa ca petrous (Pars petrosa)''; Nthowa: Ukunjira mu mzia wa carotid mu chiwangwa ca temporal, ukukwera pacoko, kwenekuko ukuzingilira kwakunthazi na kwapakati. Ukufuma mu mzia pafupi na foramen lacerum kunjira mu mutu. Mphapo: caroticotympanic, na mphapo ya mzia wa pterygoid (Vidian artery), iyo yikusangika waka pa nyengo zinyake.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> III. ''Chigaŵa ca cavernous (Pars cavernosa)''; Nthowa: Ukwenda kunthazi mukati mwa cavernous sinus mumphepete mwa chiwangwa ca sphenoid, ukupanga cizungezi ca S (carotid siphon). Mphapo: mphapo za cavernous zikupeleka ndopa ku trigeminal ganglion na malire gha sinus; mphapo za hypophyseal zikupeleka ndopa ku chiŵaya ca pituitary; mphapo ya anterior meningeal yikupeleka ndopa ku dura mater ya chigaŵa ca kunthazi ca chigaza.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> IV. ''Chigaŵa ca cerebral (Pars cerebralis)''; Nthowa: Ukufuma mu cavernous sinus, ukujumphamo pakati pa misipa ya optic na oculomotor, ndipo ukunjira mu malo agho wongo ukusangika. Mphapo zikuru: musimbo wa Ophthalmic; musimbo wa Posterior communicating, uwo ukukumana na musimbo wa cerebral wa kunyuma kupanga Circle of Willis; musimbo wa Anterior choroidal; na misimbo ya Anterior cerebral na Middle cerebral, iyo ndiyo mphapo zaumaliro zikuru izo zikupeleka ndopa ku hemispheres za wongo.<ref name="pubmed"/><ref name="GRAYS1"/> [[File:Vertebral artery.png|260px|thumb|right|Misimbo ya singo, uwo wa Vertebral ukufuma ku misimbo wa Subclavian na kukumana kupanga musimbo wa Basilar]] '''Misimbo yakufuma ya Vertebral''' ndiyo misimbo yikuru iyo yikufuma ku musimbo wakufuma wa Subclavian. Pamoza na musimbo wa Basilar (nga mphapo yikuru), misimbo yiŵiri ya Vertebral yikupanga vertebrobasilar system, iyo yikupeleka ndopa ku mzia wa muwongo wa kuchanya, brainstem, cerebellum, na chigaŵa ca kunyuma ca wongo.<ref name="GRAYS2">{{cite book|title=Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice|first1=Susan|last1=Standing|first2=Neil R.|last2=Borely|first3=Patricia|last3=Collins|first4=Alan R.|last4=Crossman|first5=Michael A.|last5=Gatzoulis|display-authors=etal|date=2008|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|isbn=978-0-8089-2371-8|edition=40th|location=London}}</ref> Musimbo wa Vertebral ungapatulikana mu vigaŵa vinayi: * Chigaŵa cakwamba (preforaminal) chikukwera pakati pa mnofu wa scalene wa kunthazi na mnofu wa longus colli. Kunthazi kwake muli musimbo wakuwelera wa jugular wa mukati na musimbo wakuwelera wa Vertebral. Kunyuma kwake muli phapa la kuchanya la chiwangwa ca 7 ca singo pamoza na sympathetic trunk.<ref name="GRAYS1"/><ref name="ippolito">Nunziante Ippolito: Anatomical Studies on the Root of the Neck</ref> * Chigaŵa caciŵiri (foraminal) chikukwera mukati mwa maenje gha viwangwa vya singo kufuma pa C6 mpaka C2. Chili pakuzingilizgeka na mphapo za sympathetic ganglion na misimbo yakuwelera iyo yikukolerana kupanga musimbo wakuwelera wa Vertebral pasi pa singo.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> * Chigaŵa cacitatu (extradural panji atlantic) chikufuma pa foramen ya C2, chikupatulikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: cakukwera kwakunyanya, na cakuzingilira icho chikujumphira kunyuma kwa mphapo ya kuchanya ya atlas kunjira mu mzia wa muwongo pasi pa membrane ya atlanto-occipital ya kunyuma.<ref name="GRAYS1"/><ref name="GRAYS2"/> * Chigaŵa cacinayi (intradural panji intracranial) chikujumpha mu dura mater na kwenda kunthazi kwa medulla oblongata. Pa mzere wapakati, chikukolerana na musimbo wa mphepete linyake kupanga musimbo wa Basilar.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> [[File:Thyrocervical trunk.png|250px|thumb|right|Misimbo ya Vertebral, ya Carotid na ya Subclavian, pamoza na musimbo wa Thyrocervical]] '''Misimbo ya Thyrocervical''' ni misimbo yichoko yinandi ya singo, iyo yikufuma ku misimbo wakufuma wa Subclavian, mumphepete mwa misimbo ya Vertebral. Musimbo uwu ukupatulikanaso mu: musimbo wa Inferior thyroid, musimbo wa Suprascapular, na musimbo wa Transverse cervical, izo zikupeleka ndopa ku vinthu vya kunthazi kwa singo, ku minofu ya m'singo na ya phampa, na ku chiŵaya ca pa singo.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Saladin|first1=Kenneth S.|title=Human anatomy|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=9780071222075|page=576|edition=3rd}}</ref><ref name="GRAYS1"/> Musimbo wa Transverse cervical ukusangika pa vibalo viŵiri pa vitatu vyakuwerengeka. Pa cimoza pa vitatu, musimbo wa Superficial cervical na musimbo wa Dorsal scapular ndivyo vikufuma pa musimbo wa Transverse cervical.<ref name="Standring3">{{cite book|last1=Standring|first1=Susan|title=Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. Digital version|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=9780702052309|page=877|edition=41st.}}</ref> Musimbo wa Suprascapular na wa Transverse cervical vyose vikwenda kummbali na kujumphira kunthazi kwa mnofu wa scalene wa kunthazi na musipa wa phrenic. Musimbo wa Inferior thyroid ukukwera kufuma ku Thyrocervical mpaka pasi pa chiŵaya ca pa singo. Muli kusiyana kukuru mu umo misimbo iyi yikufumira.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Haas|first1=Franz|title=Flaps and Reconstructive Surgery – Section Two|last2=Weiglein|first2=Andreas|publisher=Saunders|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7216-0519-7|pages=249–269|chapter=21 – Trapezius flap}}</ref> ===Kalembelo ka pachanya=== [[File:Ahhhhhhh.jpg|thumb|Kapiri ka pa singo, kakuwoneka pa mphepete]] [[File:Neck - Tiger.jpg|thumb|right|Kusuka kwa nkhungu ya singo chifukwa cha dazi, uzito ukuru, panji ukalamba]] Thyroid cartilage ya chiŵiya ca mazgu njakupanga vundwe pa mzere wapakati wa singo, ilo likuchemeka '''kapiri ka pa singo'''. Kanandi kapiri aka nkakuwoneka comene kwa ŵanarumi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324146.php|title=Adam's apple: What it is, what it does, and removal|website=Medical News Today|date=10 January 2019|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/advancedanatomy1sted/chapter/surface-anatomy/|title=Surface Anatomy – Advanced Anatomy 2nd. Ed.|website=pressbooks.bccampus.ca|date=May 2018|access-date=2019-09-26|first1=Phed 301|last1=Students}}</ref> Pasi pa kapiri aka pali cricoid cartilage. Chigoromiro cha mvuchi chikuwoneka pa mzere wapakati, kufuma pa cricoid cartilage mpaka pa suprasternal notch. Kufuma mumphepete, mnofu wa sternomastoid ndiwo ukujumbikizga kuwoneka comene. Ukupatula chigaŵa ca kunthazi na ca kunyuma ca makona ghatatu. Chigaŵa cakuchanya ca chigaŵa ca kunthazi ca makona ghatatu chili na viŵaya vya submandibular, izo zili pasi pa cigaŵa ca kunyuma ca mhlati. Mzere wa musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid ukumanyikwa na kukolezga malo agho chiwangwa ca chiŵegha chikukumana na chiwangwa ca chifuwa mpaka pa nkhomo ya mhlati. Nkhungu za singo zingawoneka pa nyengo yiliyose ya uzengwa, mwaciyelezgero chifukwa ca dazi panji ca ukalamba, apo nkhungu yikutaya luŵiro lwake na kusuka. Musipa wa 11 wa mutu, panji musipa wa spinal accessory, ukwenda pa mzere wakufuma pakati pa nkhomo ya mhlati na mastoid process mpaka pakati pa mphapo ya kunyuma ya mnofu wa sternomastoid, ndipo kufuma apo ukujumphira mu chigaŵa ca kunyuma ca makona ghatatu mpaka mkati mwa mnofu wa pachanya pa msana. Musimbo wakuwelera wa jugular wa kuwalo ukuwoneka pachanya pa nkhungu; ukwenda mu mzere kufuma pa nkhomo ya mhlati mpaka pakati pa chiwangwa ca chiŵegha, ndipo pafupi nawo pali tulundu tuchoko twa maji gha m'thupi. Musimbo wakuwelera wa jugular wa kunthazi ni ncoko, ukwenda pasi pafupi na cizoŵezi ca inchi imoza kufuma pa mzere wapakati wa singo. Chiwangwa ca chiŵegha ndico chikupimikira malire gha pasi gha singo, ndipo mumphepete, kuselera kwa singo kuya ku phampa nkovwira na mnofu wa pachanya pa msana. ==Kupwetekwa== {{main|Kupwetekwa kwa singo}} Vilwelo vya singo ndivyo nkhongono yikuru ya kupwetekwa. Singo yili na ntchito zinandi kweni yikuvikilirikaso na masuzgo ghanandi. Vinthu ivyo vikuwoneka comene kuti vikupangiska kupwetekwa kwa singo (na masuzgo ghakolerana nagho, nga umo kupwetekwa kukwenda pasi mu woko) ni:<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Genebra|first1=Caio Vitor Dos Santos|last2=Maciel|first2=Nicoly Machado|last3=Bento|first3=Thiago Paulo Frascareli|last4=Simeão|first4=Sandra Fiorelli Almeida Penteado|last5=Vitta|first5=Alberto De|date=2017|title=Prevalence and factors associated with neck pain: a population-based study|journal=Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy|volume=21|issue=4|pages=274–280|doi=10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.05.005|issn=1413-3555|pmc=5537482|pmid=28602744}}</ref> * Kulemazgika kwa singo chifukwa ca kuzunguzika mwaluŵiro, kununkha kwa mnofu, panji kulemara kunyake kwa nyama yakupepuka * Kusuka pa malo pake kwa chiwangwa chipepu chapakati pa viwangwa vya singo * Kufinyirika kwa mzia wa muwongo mu singo * Nthenda ya nkhumano na viwangwa iyo yikwiza na ukalamba * Vyakupangiska kupwetekwa vyakolerana na misimbo, nga umo kupasuka kwa musimbo wakufuma panji kukhoma kwa ndopa mu musimbo wakuwelera wa jugular wa mukati * Kutupa kwa viŵaya vya pa singo ==Uzghali wa singo== Uzghali ukuru wa singo wakolerana na masuzgo gha mtima na ndopa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ataie-Jafari|first1=Asal|last2=Namazi|first2=Nazli|last3=Djalalinia|first3=Shirin|display-authors=etal|date=2018|title=Neck circumference and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome|volume=10|article-number=72|doi=10.1186/s13098-018-0373-y|issn=1758-5996|pmc=6162928|pmid=30288175|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kukola mafuta comene kuchanya kwa thupi nkwakofya comene kuluska kukola mafuta kupasi kwa thupi, ku nthenda nga umo ni shuga wa mtundu wachiŵiri panji ntenda ya mtima yakolerana na misimbo yakupwetekwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Karpe|first1=Fredrik|last2=Pinnick|first2=Katherine E.|date=February 2015|title=Biology of upper-body and lower-body adipose tissue|journal=Nature Reviews Endocrinology|volume=11|issue=2|pages=90–100|doi=10.1038/nrendo.2014.185|pmid=25365922|issn=1759-5029}}</ref> Uzghali wa singo wakolerananso na kovwirika kupumula na cakovwira kupumula mu ŵalwari ŵa COVID-19, iwo ŵakuŵa na ntchindi yakwenderera na 26% kwa santimita yiliyose iyo singo yikukurapo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Di Bella|first1=Stefano|last2=Cesareo|first2=Roberto|last3=De Cristofaro|first3=Paolo|display-authors=etal|date=January 2021|title=Neck circumference as reliable predictor of mechanical ventilation support in adult inpatients with COVID-19|journal=Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews|volume=37|issue=1|article-number=e3354|doi=10.1002/dmrr.3354|issn=1520-7560|pmc=7300447|pmid=32484298}}</ref> Kuwonjezgapo, ŵalwari ŵa COVID-19 awo ŵakaŵa na singo yikuru comene pakunjira ku cipatala ŵakaŵa na ntchindi yakwenderera kwakuŵirapo kuwiri kufwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Di Bella|first1=Stefano|last2=Zerbato|first2=Verena|last3=Sanson|first3=Gianfranco|display-authors=etal|date=December 2021|title=Neck Circumference Predicts Mortality in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients|journal=Infectious Disease Reports|volume=13|issue=4|pages=1053–1060|doi=10.3390/idr13040096|pmid=34940406|pmc=8700782|doi-access=free}}</ref> Uzghali wa singo ukupambanamo pakati pa ŵanarumi na ŵanakazi chifukwa ca kusiyana kwa umo thupi lanozgeka, unandi wa minofu, na ma hormone. Kwa wanthu ŵanandi, ŵanarumi ŵali na singo yikuru kuluska ŵanakazi, apo ŵanarumi ŵali na uzghali wa mainchi 15.2 (masentimita 38.7) ndipo ŵanakazi ŵali na mainchi 13.1 (masentimita 33.3). Kusiyana uku nkwakolerana comene na umo thupi lanozgeka, pakuti ŵanarumi ŵali na unandi wa minofu na muyeso wa kulemera kwa thupi ukuru kuluska ŵanakazi. Hormone zakusiyana nazo zilikoso na nkongono, pakuti testosterone, iyo yili yinandi comene mwa ŵanarumi, yikovwira kukura kwa minofu, kwenderako na kwa singo. ==Vinyama== [[File:Giraffe Mikumi National Park.jpg|thumb|Singo litali ndilo cimanyikwiro cikuru ca [[thutuwa]].]] Singo likuwoneka pakati pa vibenene vyakwamba comene vya tetrapod, ndipo ntchito iyo likupeleka njiyo yayambiska kuti likhalirepo mu vinyama vyose vyakuthaka, kweniso mu tetrapod izo zanozgeka kukhala mu nyanja nga ni kamba, seal, na penguin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Qvarnström|first1=Martin|last2=Szrek|first2=Piotr|last3=Ahlberg|first3=Per E.|last4=Niedźwiedzki|first4=Grzegorz|date=2018-01-18|title=Non-marine palaeoenvironment associated to the earliest tetrapod tracks|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=8|issue=1|page=1074|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-19220-5|doi-access=free|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5773519|pmid=29348562}}</ref> Kuthambalira kunyake kukukhalirapo nanga umoyo wakuwoneka pachanya wataika luŵiro, nga umo viliri mwa whale na porpoise.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mikkelsson|first1=L O|last2=Nupponen|first2=H|last3=Kaprio|first3=J|display-authors=etal|date=January 23, 2006|title=Adolescent flexibility, endurance strength, and physical activity as predictors of adult tension neck, low back pain, and knee injury|journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine|volume=40|issue=2|pages=107–113|doi=10.1136/bjsm.2004.017350|issn=0306-3674|pmc=2492014|pmid=16431995}}</ref> Singo lakugwira ntchito mwakwenderera likusangikaso mu tuyuni twa vibawo. Kusoŵeka kwake mu somba na mu vibawo vyakunyanja nkwakukumaska maso, pakuti vinandi mwa iyo vili na umoyo wakuyana na wa vinyama vyakuthaka panji tetrapod, panji vingakhumbikwira na kuthambalira uku.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mathison|first1=Blaine A.|last2=Pritt|first2=Bobbi S.|date=January 1, 2014|title=Laboratory Identification of Arthropod Ectoparasites|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=27|issue=1|pages=48–67|doi=10.1128/CMR.00008-13|issn=0893-8512|pmc=3910909|pmid=24396136}}</ref> Lizgu "singo" nyengo zinyake likugwiliskikira kuyowoyera chigaŵa ico chili kunyuma kwa mutu mwa nkhono zinyake na tuŵangwa tinyake twa gastropod, nangauli kulije kupambanamo pakuwonekera pakati pa cigaŵa ici, cigaŵa ca mutu, na chigaŵa cinyake cha thupi.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Roesch|first1=Zachary K.|last2=Tadi|first2=Prasanna|title=Anatomy, Head and Neck, Neck|date=2022|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542313/|work=StatPearls|place=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pmid=31194453|access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== * [[Nyuma ya singo]] * [[Vyakuvwara pa singo]] * [[Chigoromiro]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{reflist}} ==Viwoto vyakwenda navyo== * [http://www.ahns.info/ American Head and Neck Society] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070709115040/http://www.anatomywiz.com/ The Anatomy Wiz] – Buku la anatomy lakuwoneka pa intaneti, lakupatulikana mwakuyana na vigaŵa vya thupi [[Category:Anatomy]] [[Category:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] 8uqyeivyb572yt2hpoq4yxfmy5ihqz4 0 46523 122239 111303 2026-09-22T20:17:52Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kupanga peji likuru la Mutu, kufuma pa peji la Chingelezi la "Head", na kufumiskapo mazgu gha Chingelezi agho ghakasunda mkati (nga "grid", "offal", "heraldry", "idiom", "identism") kwiza na mazgu ghakupangika mu Chitumbuka. 122239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Chigaŵa ca mutu wa chamoyo}} {{About|mitu mwakuyana ni chomene|mutu wa munthu|Mutu wa munthu|kagwiliskiro kanyake}} {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Mutu | Latin = caput | Greek = κεφαλή (kephalḗ) | Image = Portrait of a Meerkat.jpg | Caption = Mutu wa [[meerkat]] }} '''Mutu''' ni chigaŵa ca [[chamoyo]] ico kanandi cikuŵa na [[khutu|makutu]], [[wongo]], [[chene]], [[thama]], [[kalezu]], [[jiso|maso]], [[mphuno]], na [[mlomo]], ndipo chilichose mwa ivi chikovwira pa nchito za kupulikiska nga umo ni [[kuwona]], [[kupulika]], [[kununkha]], na [[kucheta]]. Vinyama vinyake vichoko sono vingaŵa na mutu yayi, kweni vinyama vinandi ivyo vili na [[bilateria|umoyo wakuyana-uku-na-uku]] vikuŵa na mutu, kwambura kutolela ukulu wake. Mutu ukukura mu vinyama kwizira mu citukuko ca chibenene icho chikuchemeka [[cephalization]]. Mu vinyama ivyo vili na umoyo wakuyana-uku-na-uku, nyama ya [[misipa]] yikukolerana comene mu chigaŵa ca kunthazi, ndipo yikupanga viŵalo ivyo vikugwira ntchito yakupokelera na kusanda vinthu. Kwizira mu citukuko ca chibenene, viŵalo vyakupulikiska na viŵalo vyakuryera navyo nayo vikukolerananso mu chigaŵa ici ca kunthazi; vyose ivi pamoza ndivyo vikupanga mutu. [[File:Beethovendeathmask.jpg|thumb|Mutu wa [[death mask|chikwakwa ca kufwa]]]] ==Mutu wa munthu== {{main|Mutu wa munthu|Anatomy ya mutu na singo}} [[Mutu wa munthu]] ni chigaŵa ca thupi ico chili na [[chigaza]], [[chiwangwa cha hyoid|chiwangwa ca hyoid]] na [[viwangwa vya singo]]. Chigaza chili na chigaŵa ico chikukhalamo wongo, ndipo chilichose mwa viwangwa vya chisko, comwe muli [[mhlati]]. Muli viwangwa vinkhonde mu chigaŵa ico chikukhalamo wongo, na viwangwa vikumi na vinayi mu viwangwa vya chisko.<ref name="Halim2008">{{cite book|first=A.|last=Halim|title=Human Anatomy:Volume Iii: Head, Neck And Brain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nx0a1AIiBKQC|date=30 December 2008|publisher=I. K. International|isbn=978-81-906566-4-1|page=3}}</ref> Vithuzi vyakuŵazika vya mitu ya ŵanthu kanandi vikunozgeka kwambira pa muundo wa viwangwa uwo uli na chigaza, chiwangwa ca mhlati, na chiwangwa ca thama. Nangauli unandi wa minofu iyo yikupanga chisko ukuŵa wakuyana pa vithuzi vinandi, umo minofu yanozgeka wukupambanapambana comene kuyana na nchito, kukura, na masikizga agho ghakulongoreka pa vyisko vya awo ŵali kuŵazika.<ref name="Slobodkin1973">{{cite book|first=Louis|last=Slobodkin|title=Sculpture: Principles and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugsSRVCgkicC&pg=PA31|year=1973|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=978-0-486-22960-7|page=31}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakukhulupilira kuti mahara na wongo nchintu chimoza, ntheura mahara ni ghamoza waka na wongo. Muvinjeru [[John Searle]] wakukhozga cigomezgo cake ici, wakuti "wongo ndico chintu chekha ico chili mu mutu wa munthu". Munjila yiyakuyana, DkThera [[Henry Bennet-Clark]] nayo wakuyowoya kuti mutu uli na viŵalo vyakuwerengeka vyakwendeska thupi "kwambura Mkulu Uyo Wakulongozga Vyose".<ref name="Cobb2008">{{cite book|first=John B.|last=Cobb|title=Back To Darwin: A Richer Account of Evolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuhxgMlqjbwC&pg=PA375|date=4 February 2008|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-4837-6|pages=371–375}}</ref> <gallery> File:View of a Skull III.jpg|Chigaŵa ca [[Sagittal plane|mid-sagittal]] ca [[chigaza cha munthu]], cakuŵazika na [[Leonardo da Vinci]], {{Circa|1489}} File:Bartholin head transect.jpg|Kudumulika kwa mutu wa munthu, cakuŵazika na [[Thomas Bartholin]], 1673 </gallery> ==Vinyama vinyake== Citukuko ca mutu chikukolerana na [[cephalization]] iyo yikachitika mu [[Bilateria]] vyaka mamiliyoni 555 kumasinda. ===Vibawo=== {{Main|Cephalon (arthropod head)}} Mu vibawo vinyake, comene mu [[trilobite|ma trilobite]], [[Cephalon (arthropod head)|cephalon]], panji cigaŵa ca cephalic, ni cigaŵa ca mutu ico ni muunganiko wa "vigaŵa vyakukolerana pamoza".<ref name="Stevenson2010">{{cite book|first=Angus|last=Stevenson|title=Oxford Dictionary of English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA283|date=19 August 2010|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-957112-3|pages=283–}}</ref> ====Tuyuni twa vibawo==== [[File:Nomada krugii, F, face, Dominican Republic, La Ve jarabacoa 2012-12-05-14.31.04 ZS PMax (8258588812).jpg|thumbnail|Mutu wa njuci ya mtundu wa [[Nomada]]]] Mutu wa kayuni ka mtundu wa vibawo kanandi kali na maso, [[antenna (biology)|maantenna]], na vigaŵa vya mlomo. Pakuti vinthu ivi vikupambanapambana comene kufuma ku kayuni kamoza mpaka kanyake, vikovwira comene pa kumanya mtundu wa kayuni. Maso mu mutu, mu mitundu yinandi ya tuyuni twa vibawo, ghakusangika nga vibaya viŵiri vya "maso ghakukolerana" ghakuŵa na vikope vinandi. Mu mitundu yinyake yinandi, maso agha ghakusangika nga "cikope cimoza panji muunganiko wa vikope vimoza". Mu vibalo vinyake, maso ghangawoneka nga vibaya vyapachanya pa mutu, vya viŵiri panji vitatu vya [[ocelli]] (viŵalo vyamaso vikope vimoza).<ref name="McCafferty1983">{{cite book|first=W. Patrick|last=McCafferty|title=Aquatic Entomology: The Fishermen's and Ecologists' Illustrated Guide to Insects and Their Relatives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiTq7x-fI_0C&pg=PA20|date=1 January 1983|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-0-86720-017-1|pages=20–}}</ref> Maantenna pa mutu wa kayuni ka vibawo ghakusangika nga vibaya vyakupatukana, vya viŵiliŵiri, ivyo kanandi vikuŵa pakati pa maso. Ivi vikuŵa na vithuzi na ukuru wakupambanapambana, nga ndodoli panji vyakufumphuka pa mphelo.<ref name="McCafferty1983"/> Vibawo vili na vigaŵa vya mlomo vyakupambanapambana kuyana na umo vikuryera. [[Labrum (arthropod mouthpart)|Labrum]] ni "mulomo wakuchanya" uwo uli mu chigaŵa ca kunthazi ca mutu ndipo ndico chigaŵa cakuwalo comene. Vibaya viŵiri vya mhlati vikusangika kunyuma kwa labrum, kuzingilira mbali za mulomo, kwenekuko kukulondezgapo vibaya viŵiri vya [[Maxilla (arthropod mouthpart)|maxilla]], cilicose comwe cikuchemeka [[maxilliary palp]]. Kunyuma kwa mulomo muli [[labium (arthropod mouthpart)|labium]] panji "mulomo wakupasi". Muliso cigaŵa cinyake ca mlomo mu vibawo vinyake ico chikuchemeka [[hypopharynx]], ico kanandi chikusangika pakati pa [[maxillac]].<ref name="McCafferty1983"/> ===Viŵanga na "kayowoyero ka mutu muphya"=== Nangauli vyamoyo vya [[invertebrate|kwambura muwongo]] vya mtundu wa [[chordate]] — nga ni vibulusi vya [[tunicate]] panji [[lancelet]] — vili na mitu, kwaŵako kufumba kwa umo mutu wa viŵanga, uwo ukumanyikwa na chigaza cakupatuka comene ku thupi, ungaŵa wakafuma mu muundo wa mutu wa vyamoyo ivi.<ref name="jandzik2014" /> Kwakuyana na Hyman (1979), citukuko ca mutu mu [[viŵanga]] chikachitika kwizira mu kukolerana kwa unandi wakukhazikika wa vigaŵa vya kunthazi, munjila yiyakuyana na mu vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vili na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Mu vibalo vinyake, vigaŵa panji chigaŵa cinyake ca vigaŵa ivi vikuzgeŵeka. Vigaŵa vya mutu navyo vikutayaso ndondomeko zake zinandi, kupatulako ndondomeko ya misipa. Pakuti citukuko ca [[cephalization]] chikulutilira, "mutu ukuwonjezgapo comene vigaŵa ivyo vili pafupi navyo mu muundo wake, ntheura mwakuyowoya waka, umo cephalization yikuŵira yikuru, ndimo unandi wa vigaŵa ivyo vikupanga mutu ukuŵiraso ukuru".<ref name="Hyman1992">{{cite book|first=Libbie Henrietta|last=Hyman|title=Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKlWjdOkiMwC&pg=PA4|date=1979|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-87013-7|edition=3rd|page=4}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya 1980, ŵakapeleka "kayowoyero ka mutu muphya", kakulongosora kuti mutu wa viŵanga ni chinthu chiphya mu citukuko, icho chikafuma pakati pa kufumira kwa [[neural crest]] na [[placode]] za mu chigaza.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gans|first1=Carl|last2=Northcutt|first2=R. Glenn|date=1983-04-15|title=Neural Crest and the Origin of Vertebrates: A New Head|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.220.4594.268|journal=Science|volume=220|issue=4594|pages=268–273|doi=10.1126/science.220.4594.268|pmid=17732898|issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Diogo|first1=Rui|last2=Kelly|first2=Robert G.|last3=Christiaen|first3=Lionel|display-authors=etal|date=2015-04-23|title=A new heart for a new head in vertebrate cardiopharyngeal evolution|journal=Nature|volume=520|issue=7548|pages=466–473|doi=10.1038/nature14435|issn=0028-0836|pmc=4851342|pmid=25903628}}</ref> Mu 2014, nyama ya munyengo yichoko ya [[larva]] ya lancelet yikasangika kuti njakuyana comene na [[cartilage]] iyo yikufuma mu neural crest iyo yikupanga chigaza ca viŵanga, ico chikulongora kuti kukhalirapo kwa nyama iyi na kuzomera kwake mu mutu wose kungaŵa nthowa yakukwana yakuti chigaza ca viŵanga chifume mwenemumo.<ref name="jandzik2014" /> ==Mu chikhalidwe na miko== ===Luso lakujana=== {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Leonardo da vinci, Study on the proportions of head and eyes.jpg | caption1 = Kusanda umo mutu na maso vyayana, na Leonardo da Vinci | width1 = 200 | image2 = Domenico Beccafumi - Tête de jeune homme.jpg | caption2 = "Mutu wa msepuka" – Domenico Beccafumi | width2 = 192 }} Imoza mwa nthowa zakujana vithuzi vya mitu — umo [[Jack Hamm]] wakupendekezgera — ni kucitukuska mu masitepe ghakukhazikika ghankhonde, kwamba na muwoneskero wa mutu uwo uli nga jiji. Mutu wa mwanakazi, comene, ukujanika mu vibaya viŵiri vyakuzingilira, uko ukuyana wakuŵa mwakwenelera kwa mutu wa mwanakazi. Mu cibaya cakwamba, kukupatulikana mu vigaŵa vinkhonde pa mzere wakati-na-kati, cigaŵa cilicose cikuŵa cakufinya nga maso ghankhonde. Kufuma apo yikucitukuka mu masitepe ghakhumi, uko cibaya cichoko chikwikika pacoko pachanya pa cibaya cikuru pa gawo lacinayi. Maso na kalezu vikuŵikika mu vithuzi vyakupambanapambana kuti vipange mutu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Drawing the Head and Figure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qI91-vhOm8wC|date=January 1983|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-399-50791-5}}</ref> Leonardo da Vinci, uyo wakuŵikika pakati pa vinjeru vikuru vya luso pa charu chapasi, wakajana vithuzi vya anatomy ya munthu wakugwiliskira ntchito muundo wa mizere yakukwaskana. Cithuzi cake ca chisko, cakujanika pa fundo ya mizere yakukwaskana, chili mu muyeso wakwenelera comene.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/sites/default/files/Learning_davinci.swf|title=Leonardo da Vinci Face facts|publisher=royalcollection.org|access-date=17 September 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061724/http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/sites/default/files/Learning_davinci.swf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu mtundu uwu wa luso, wakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa ya cikalamu na inki, Leonardo wakapanga cithuzi cakuchemeka "Kusanda umo mutu na maso vyayana" (icho chikulongoreka). ===Kunozga chakurya=== {{Main|Fish heads}} Mitu ya vinyama ivyo vyakomeka njakati-kati ka nyama ya viŵalo vya mukati. Mutu nga nyama ya viŵalo vya mukati ungapatulikana mu wongo, makutu, maso, nyama ya chisko (kwenderako pa vigaŵa vyakusankhika vya pasi pa nsagwada), na lulimi.<ref name=Sietsama>{{Citation|title=The Offal-Eater's Handbook: Untangling the Myths of Organ Meats|last=Sietsama|first=Robert|date=2016-06-16|url=https://www.eater.com/2015/6/16/8786663/offal-organ-meat-handbook-cuts-sweetbreads-tripe-gizzard|publisher=Eater}}</ref> Mitu ya vinyama kanandi njakukhumbikwa mu kunozga "nyama yose ya cinyama", nga umo viliri mu kuwocha nkumba yose panji ''barbacoa''. Kunozga nyama yose ya chinyama nkovyanaviyana comene mu vyakurya vya mu nyanja.<ref name=Thrillist/> Mitu yakuwocheka njakugaŵika mu vyakurya vyakutowa mu miko yinandi: * ''Cabeza'' ni mtundu wa barbacoa ya ku Mexico uwo ukukhozgeka na mitu ya viŵeto yakuwochekera mu longwe.<ref>{{Citation|title=BBQ Anatomy 101: Beef Head|last=Vaughn|first=Daniel|date=2015-07-08|url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/bbq/bbq-anatomy-101-beef-head/|publisher=Texas Monthly}}</ref> * ''Tête de veau'' ni cakurya ca ku Ulaya wa Kumazgoji cakunozgeka na mutu wa mwana wa ng'ombe. * Mitu ya mberere yikuryeka yose mu miko yinandi: mu Scandinavia, nga ''smalahove'' panji ''svið''; mu Afrika Yakumwera, nga ''intkoko yemvu'' panji "vyakuseka" ([[Smiley (food)|smileys]]); na mu Kazakhstan, nga cakurya cakupikika mu maji.<ref>{{Citation|title=Smileys & Oysters: Having a ball at the kitchen table|last=Jackman|first=Tony|date=2019-05-10|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-05-10-smileys-oysters-having-a-ball-at-the-kitchen-table/|publisher=Daily Maverick}}</ref> * Mitu ya somba yakuwochekera njakugwiliskikira ntchito comene pakunozga sopo la somba, kweniso ni cakurya cakutowa: ciyelezgero cikuru ni ''fish head curry'' ku Asia ya Kumwera-Kwazuŵa.<ref name=Thrillist>{{Citation|title=What Makes Fish Heads so Damn Delicious?|last=Ved|first=Sonal|date=2022-08-30|url=https://www.thrillist.com/eat/nation/how-to-use-fish-heads|publisher=Thrillist}}</ref> * Nyama zakusankhika kufuma mu mutu zikugwiliskikira ntchito kunozga ''head cheese'' panji ''brawn''.<ref name=Sietsama/> ===Viŵoni vya mbumba=== [[File:Flag of Corsica.svg|thumb|Bendera ya [[Corsica]] njakulongora mutu ukuwoneka pa mphepete]] {{Main|Heads in heraldry}} Mitu ya ŵanthu na ya vinyama vinyake njakuwoneka kanandi pa [[viŵoni vya mbumba]].<ref name=Herald>{{Cite web|url=http://www.heraldsnet.org/saitou/parker/Jpglossh.htm|title=H|work=Head|publisher=heraldsnet.org}}</ref> Mitu ya ŵanthu nyengo zinyake njakulongoseka waka nga "mutu wa mwanarumi", kweni kanandi njakulongoseka mwakwenderapo, panji kuyana na mtundu wa ŵanthu (nga umo ni mitu ya Amoor, mitu ya Ŵasaxon, mitu ya Ŵaegypt panji mitu ya Ŵaturk), panji njakumanyikwa comene (nga mutu wa Mose mu chiŵoni ca Hilton, panji mutu wa Yohane Mubatizi mu chiŵoni ca London Company of Tallowchandlers).<ref name=Herald/><ref name="Fox-Davies2007">{{cite book|first=Arthur Charles|last=Fox-Davies|title=A Complete Guide to Heraldry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSeEWjQCTIAC|year=2007|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Inc.|isbn=978-1-60239-001-0}}</ref> Mitundu yinandi ya mitu ya ŵanakazi nayo njakuwoneka, kwenderapo mitu ya vinyamata (kanandi yakudumulika pasi pa cifuŵa, na sisi lakupwitikana), mitu ya ŵasungwana ŵakuru, mitu ya ŵasista ŵa mu nyumba za Mulungu (kanandi yakubenekelerapo), na nyengo zinyake mitu ya ŵafumukazi.<ref name=Herald/> ===Mazgu ghakukhozgeka=== Mazgu ghakukhozgeka ni mazgu panji vipulikizgo ivyo vili na ng'anamuro ilo kanandi lili lakuyelezgera, kweni nyengo zinyake lili lakunenekera. Vyelezgero kufuma mu Cingelezi: * "To be big-headed" – kujitemwa comene panji kujiwona kuti ngwakuru kuluska ŵanyake * "To come to a head" – kufika pa gawo lakofya ilo likukhumbikwira kucitapo kanthu luŵiro<ref name="Dolgopolov 2004 p. 104"/> * "To bite someone's head off" – kudinginya munthu mwaukali<ref name="Palmatier 2000 p. 24"/> * "Can't make head or tail of something" – kutondeka kupulikiska cinthu<ref name="Curtis 2015 p. 84"/> * "A head start" – kwamba dankha na kuti wasange citeleko pa ŵanyake<ref name="Ammer 2013 p. 206"/> * "Head and shoulders above someone or something" – kuŵa muwemi comene kuluska munthu panji cinthu cinyake<ref name="Brenner 2011 p. 234"/> * "To want someone's head on a platter" – kukhumba kuti munthu wapokere ciwundo cikuru<ref>{{cite dictionary|title=head on a platter|url=http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/head+on+a+platter|via=TheFreeDictionary.com|dictionary=Cambridge Idioms Dictionary|edition=2nd|access-date=17 September 2015|year=2006}}</ref> * "To bang your head against a brick wall" – kulutilira kuyezgayezga kufiska cinthu kwambura kufiskapo<ref name="Ayto 2010 p. 45"/> * "To have one's head in the clouds" – kuleka kuŵikapo mahara pa vinthu ivyo vikucitika mumphepete cifukwa wanjililika comene mu maghanoghano ghake<ref name="Kirkpatrick Schwarz 1993"/> ==Vithuzi== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Head nerves.gif|Misipa ya mutu wa munthu, kufuma mu ''Gray's Anatomy'', 1858 File:Andrea Vaccaro, Tête de Saint-Jean Baptiste.jpg|Mutu wa Yohane Mubatizi, na Andrea Vaccaro, mafuta pa nsalu, zaka 100 za 17 File:Statue de Saint Solange.JPG|Chikozgo ca Solange Wakupatulika, uyo mutu wake ukadumulika, ndipo ni mtetezgi wakupatulika wa cigaŵa ca Berry ku France File:Zürcher Stadtheilige.jpg|Ŵapatulika ŵakuvikilira Zürich, cithuzi ca pa lupanda, {{Circa|1400–1425}} File:POL powiat kaliski COA (1999-2024).svg|Chiŵoni ca mbumba ca mutu wa [[bison]] </gallery> ==Wonaniso== * [[Masuzgo gha mutu (cephalic disorder)|Masuzgo gha mutu]] * [[Cephalic index]] * [[Cynocephaly]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="jandzik2014">{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/nature14000|title=Evolution of the new vertebrate head by co-option of an ancient chordate skeletal tissue|journal=Nature|year=2014|last1=Jandzik|first1=D.|last2=Garnett|first2=A. T.|last3=Square|first3=T. A.|display-authors=etal|volume=518|issue=7540|pages=534–537|pmid=25487155}}</ref> <ref name="Dolgopolov 2004 p. 104">{{cite book|last=Dolgopolov|first=Y.|title=A Collection of Confusible Phrases|publisher=Llumina Press|year=2004|isbn=978-1-59526-334-6|page=104}}</ref> <ref name="Palmatier 2000 p. 24">{{cite book|last=Palmatier|first=R.A.|title=Food: A Dictionary of Literal and Nonliteral Terms|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-313-31436-0|page=24}}</ref> <ref name="Curtis 2015 p. 84">{{cite book|last=Curtis|first=S.|title=Connect: Stories Behind Idioms 1|publisher=Acel Learning (S) Pte Limited|year=2015|isbn=978-981-09-5822-0|page=84}}</ref> <ref name="Ammer 2013 p. 206">{{cite book|last=Ammer|first=C.|title=The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms|edition=2nd|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2013|isbn=978-0-547-67753-8|page=206}}</ref> <ref name="Brenner 2011 p. 234">{{cite book|last=Brenner|first=G.|title=Webster's New World American Idioms Handbook|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2011|isbn=978-0-544-18890-7|page=234}}</ref> <ref name="Ayto 2010 p. 45">{{cite book|last=Ayto|first=J.|title=Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms|publisher=OUP Oxford|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-954378-6|page=45}}</ref> <ref name="Kirkpatrick Schwarz 1993">{{cite book|last1=Kirkpatrick|first1=E.M.L.|last2=Schwarz|first2=C.M.|title=The Wordsworth Dictionary of Idioms|publisher=Wordsworth|year=1993|isbn=978-1-85326-309-5|page=156}}</ref> }} ==Vyakuŵerengelera vinyake== *{{cite book|last=Lieberman|first=Daniel E.|title=Evolution of the Human Head|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KvIDVlSExS8C&pg=PA207|date=3 May 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05944-3}} [[Category:Anatomy]] [[Category:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] a065q5y9hfo20yeeoi1cifcprm7yj3b 122240 122239 2026-09-22T20:22:19Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kunozga infobox (template la Infobox anatomy likaŵavya pa wiki iyi, ntheura nagwiliskira ntchito infobox yakuzenga payekha). 122240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Chigaŵa ca mutu wa chamoyo}} {{About|mitu mwakuyana ni chomene|mutu wa munthu|Mutu wa munthu|kagwiliskiro kanyake}} {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Mutu |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Portrait of a Meerkat.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Mutu wa [[meerkat]]</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyiko |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Latin|Chilatini]] | class="infobox-data" |''caput'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Greek language|Chigiriki]] | class="infobox-data" |κεφαλή (kephalḗ) |} '''Mutu''' ni chigaŵa ca [[chamoyo]] ico kanandi cikuŵa na [[khutu|makutu]], [[wongo]], [[chene]], [[thama]], [[kalezu]], [[jiso|maso]], [[mphuno]], na [[mlomo]], ndipo chilichose mwa ivi chikovwira pa nchito za kupulikiska nga umo ni [[kuwona]], [[kupulika]], [[kununkha]], na [[kucheta]]. Vinyama vinyake vichoko sono vingaŵa na mutu yayi, kweni vinyama vinandi ivyo vili na [[bilateria|umoyo wakuyana-uku-na-uku]] vikuŵa na mutu, kwambura kutolela ukulu wake. Mutu ukukura mu vinyama kwizira mu citukuko ca chibenene icho chikuchemeka [[cephalization]]. Mu vinyama ivyo vili na umoyo wakuyana-uku-na-uku, nyama ya [[misipa]] yikukolerana comene mu chigaŵa ca kunthazi, ndipo yikupanga viŵalo ivyo vikugwira ntchito yakupokelera na kusanda vinthu. Kwizira mu citukuko ca chibenene, viŵalo vyakupulikiska na viŵalo vyakuryera navyo nayo vikukolerananso mu chigaŵa ici ca kunthazi; vyose ivi pamoza ndivyo vikupanga mutu. [[File:Beethovendeathmask.jpg|thumb|Mutu wa [[death mask|chikwakwa ca kufwa]]]] ==Mutu wa munthu== {{main|Mutu wa munthu|Anatomy ya mutu na singo}} [[Mutu wa munthu]] ni chigaŵa ca thupi ico chili na [[chigaza]], [[chiwangwa cha hyoid|chiwangwa ca hyoid]] na [[viwangwa vya singo]]. Chigaza chili na chigaŵa ico chikukhalamo wongo, ndipo chilichose mwa viwangwa vya chisko, comwe muli [[mhlati]]. Muli viwangwa vinkhonde mu chigaŵa ico chikukhalamo wongo, na viwangwa vikumi na vinayi mu viwangwa vya chisko.<ref name="Halim2008">{{cite book|first=A.|last=Halim|title=Human Anatomy:Volume Iii: Head, Neck And Brain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nx0a1AIiBKQC|date=30 December 2008|publisher=I. K. International|isbn=978-81-906566-4-1|page=3}}</ref> Vithuzi vyakuŵazika vya mitu ya ŵanthu kanandi vikunozgeka kwambira pa muundo wa viwangwa uwo uli na chigaza, chiwangwa ca mhlati, na chiwangwa ca thama. Nangauli unandi wa minofu iyo yikupanga chisko ukuŵa wakuyana pa vithuzi vinandi, umo minofu yanozgeka wukupambanapambana comene kuyana na nchito, kukura, na masikizga agho ghakulongoreka pa vyisko vya awo ŵali kuŵazika.<ref name="Slobodkin1973">{{cite book|first=Louis|last=Slobodkin|title=Sculpture: Principles and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugsSRVCgkicC&pg=PA31|year=1973|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=978-0-486-22960-7|page=31}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakukhulupilira kuti mahara na wongo nchintu chimoza, ntheura mahara ni ghamoza waka na wongo. Muvinjeru [[John Searle]] wakukhozga cigomezgo cake ici, wakuti "wongo ndico chintu chekha ico chili mu mutu wa munthu". Munjila yiyakuyana, DkThera [[Henry Bennet-Clark]] nayo wakuyowoya kuti mutu uli na viŵalo vyakuwerengeka vyakwendeska thupi "kwambura Mkulu Uyo Wakulongozga Vyose".<ref name="Cobb2008">{{cite book|first=John B.|last=Cobb|title=Back To Darwin: A Richer Account of Evolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuhxgMlqjbwC&pg=PA375|date=4 February 2008|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-4837-6|pages=371–375}}</ref> <gallery> File:View of a Skull III.jpg|Chigaŵa ca [[Sagittal plane|mid-sagittal]] ca [[chigaza cha munthu]], cakuŵazika na [[Leonardo da Vinci]], {{Circa|1489}} File:Bartholin head transect.jpg|Kudumulika kwa mutu wa munthu, cakuŵazika na [[Thomas Bartholin]], 1673 </gallery> ==Vinyama vinyake== Citukuko ca mutu chikukolerana na [[cephalization]] iyo yikachitika mu [[Bilateria]] vyaka mamiliyoni 555 kumasinda. ===Vibawo=== {{Main|Cephalon (arthropod head)}} Mu vibawo vinyake, comene mu [[trilobite|ma trilobite]], [[Cephalon (arthropod head)|cephalon]], panji cigaŵa ca cephalic, ni cigaŵa ca mutu ico ni muunganiko wa "vigaŵa vyakukolerana pamoza".<ref name="Stevenson2010">{{cite book|first=Angus|last=Stevenson|title=Oxford Dictionary of English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA283|date=19 August 2010|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-957112-3|pages=283–}}</ref> ====Tuyuni twa vibawo==== [[File:Nomada krugii, F, face, Dominican Republic, La Ve jarabacoa 2012-12-05-14.31.04 ZS PMax (8258588812).jpg|thumbnail|Mutu wa njuci ya mtundu wa [[Nomada]]]] Mutu wa kayuni ka mtundu wa vibawo kanandi kali na maso, [[antenna (biology)|maantenna]], na vigaŵa vya mlomo. Pakuti vinthu ivi vikupambanapambana comene kufuma ku kayuni kamoza mpaka kanyake, vikovwira comene pa kumanya mtundu wa kayuni. Maso mu mutu, mu mitundu yinandi ya tuyuni twa vibawo, ghakusangika nga vibaya viŵiri vya "maso ghakukolerana" ghakuŵa na vikope vinandi. Mu mitundu yinyake yinandi, maso agha ghakusangika nga "cikope cimoza panji muunganiko wa vikope vimoza". Mu vibalo vinyake, maso ghangawoneka nga vibaya vyapachanya pa mutu, vya viŵiri panji vitatu vya [[ocelli]] (viŵalo vyamaso vikope vimoza).<ref name="McCafferty1983">{{cite book|first=W. Patrick|last=McCafferty|title=Aquatic Entomology: The Fishermen's and Ecologists' Illustrated Guide to Insects and Their Relatives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiTq7x-fI_0C&pg=PA20|date=1 January 1983|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-0-86720-017-1|pages=20–}}</ref> Maantenna pa mutu wa kayuni ka vibawo ghakusangika nga vibaya vyakupatukana, vya viŵiliŵiri, ivyo kanandi vikuŵa pakati pa maso. Ivi vikuŵa na vithuzi na ukuru wakupambanapambana, nga ndodoli panji vyakufumphuka pa mphelo.<ref name="McCafferty1983"/> Vibawo vili na vigaŵa vya mlomo vyakupambanapambana kuyana na umo vikuryera. [[Labrum (arthropod mouthpart)|Labrum]] ni "mulomo wakuchanya" uwo uli mu chigaŵa ca kunthazi ca mutu ndipo ndico chigaŵa cakuwalo comene. Vibaya viŵiri vya mhlati vikusangika kunyuma kwa labrum, kuzingilira mbali za mulomo, kwenekuko kukulondezgapo vibaya viŵiri vya [[Maxilla (arthropod mouthpart)|maxilla]], cilicose comwe cikuchemeka [[maxilliary palp]]. Kunyuma kwa mulomo muli [[labium (arthropod mouthpart)|labium]] panji "mulomo wakupasi". Muliso cigaŵa cinyake ca mlomo mu vibawo vinyake ico chikuchemeka [[hypopharynx]], ico kanandi chikusangika pakati pa [[maxillac]].<ref name="McCafferty1983"/> ===Viŵanga na "kayowoyero ka mutu muphya"=== Nangauli vyamoyo vya [[invertebrate|kwambura muwongo]] vya mtundu wa [[chordate]] — nga ni vibulusi vya [[tunicate]] panji [[lancelet]] — vili na mitu, kwaŵako kufumba kwa umo mutu wa viŵanga, uwo ukumanyikwa na chigaza cakupatuka comene ku thupi, ungaŵa wakafuma mu muundo wa mutu wa vyamoyo ivi.<ref name="jandzik2014" /> Kwakuyana na Hyman (1979), citukuko ca mutu mu [[viŵanga]] chikachitika kwizira mu kukolerana kwa unandi wakukhazikika wa vigaŵa vya kunthazi, munjila yiyakuyana na mu vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vili na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Mu vibalo vinyake, vigaŵa panji chigaŵa cinyake ca vigaŵa ivi vikuzgeŵeka. Vigaŵa vya mutu navyo vikutayaso ndondomeko zake zinandi, kupatulako ndondomeko ya misipa. Pakuti citukuko ca [[cephalization]] chikulutilira, "mutu ukuwonjezgapo comene vigaŵa ivyo vili pafupi navyo mu muundo wake, ntheura mwakuyowoya waka, umo cephalization yikuŵira yikuru, ndimo unandi wa vigaŵa ivyo vikupanga mutu ukuŵiraso ukuru".<ref name="Hyman1992">{{cite book|first=Libbie Henrietta|last=Hyman|title=Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKlWjdOkiMwC&pg=PA4|date=1979|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-87013-7|edition=3rd|page=4}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya 1980, ŵakapeleka "kayowoyero ka mutu muphya", kakulongosora kuti mutu wa viŵanga ni chinthu chiphya mu citukuko, icho chikafuma pakati pa kufumira kwa [[neural crest]] na [[placode]] za mu chigaza.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gans|first1=Carl|last2=Northcutt|first2=R. Glenn|date=1983-04-15|title=Neural Crest and the Origin of Vertebrates: A New Head|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.220.4594.268|journal=Science|volume=220|issue=4594|pages=268–273|doi=10.1126/science.220.4594.268|pmid=17732898|issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Diogo|first1=Rui|last2=Kelly|first2=Robert G.|last3=Christiaen|first3=Lionel|display-authors=etal|date=2015-04-23|title=A new heart for a new head in vertebrate cardiopharyngeal evolution|journal=Nature|volume=520|issue=7548|pages=466–473|doi=10.1038/nature14435|issn=0028-0836|pmc=4851342|pmid=25903628}}</ref> Mu 2014, nyama ya munyengo yichoko ya [[larva]] ya lancelet yikasangika kuti njakuyana comene na [[cartilage]] iyo yikufuma mu neural crest iyo yikupanga chigaza ca viŵanga, ico chikulongora kuti kukhalirapo kwa nyama iyi na kuzomera kwake mu mutu wose kungaŵa nthowa yakukwana yakuti chigaza ca viŵanga chifume mwenemumo.<ref name="jandzik2014" /> ==Mu chikhalidwe na miko== ===Luso lakujana=== {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Leonardo da vinci, Study on the proportions of head and eyes.jpg | caption1 = Kusanda umo mutu na maso vyayana, na Leonardo da Vinci | width1 = 200 | image2 = Domenico Beccafumi - Tête de jeune homme.jpg | caption2 = "Mutu wa msepuka" – Domenico Beccafumi | width2 = 192 }} Imoza mwa nthowa zakujana vithuzi vya mitu — umo [[Jack Hamm]] wakupendekezgera — ni kucitukuska mu masitepe ghakukhazikika ghankhonde, kwamba na muwoneskero wa mutu uwo uli nga jiji. Mutu wa mwanakazi, comene, ukujanika mu vibaya viŵiri vyakuzingilira, uko ukuyana wakuŵa mwakwenelera kwa mutu wa mwanakazi. Mu cibaya cakwamba, kukupatulikana mu vigaŵa vinkhonde pa mzere wakati-na-kati, cigaŵa cilicose cikuŵa cakufinya nga maso ghankhonde. Kufuma apo yikucitukuka mu masitepe ghakhumi, uko cibaya cichoko chikwikika pacoko pachanya pa cibaya cikuru pa gawo lacinayi. Maso na kalezu vikuŵikika mu vithuzi vyakupambanapambana kuti vipange mutu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Drawing the Head and Figure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qI91-vhOm8wC|date=January 1983|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-399-50791-5}}</ref> Leonardo da Vinci, uyo wakuŵikika pakati pa vinjeru vikuru vya luso pa charu chapasi, wakajana vithuzi vya anatomy ya munthu wakugwiliskira ntchito muundo wa mizere yakukwaskana. Cithuzi cake ca chisko, cakujanika pa fundo ya mizere yakukwaskana, chili mu muyeso wakwenelera comene.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/sites/default/files/Learning_davinci.swf|title=Leonardo da Vinci Face facts|publisher=royalcollection.org|access-date=17 September 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061724/http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/sites/default/files/Learning_davinci.swf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu mtundu uwu wa luso, wakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa ya cikalamu na inki, Leonardo wakapanga cithuzi cakuchemeka "Kusanda umo mutu na maso vyayana" (icho chikulongoreka). ===Kunozga chakurya=== {{Main|Fish heads}} Mitu ya vinyama ivyo vyakomeka njakati-kati ka nyama ya viŵalo vya mukati. Mutu nga nyama ya viŵalo vya mukati ungapatulikana mu wongo, makutu, maso, nyama ya chisko (kwenderako pa vigaŵa vyakusankhika vya pasi pa nsagwada), na lulimi.<ref name=Sietsama>{{Citation|title=The Offal-Eater's Handbook: Untangling the Myths of Organ Meats|last=Sietsama|first=Robert|date=2016-06-16|url=https://www.eater.com/2015/6/16/8786663/offal-organ-meat-handbook-cuts-sweetbreads-tripe-gizzard|publisher=Eater}}</ref> Mitu ya vinyama kanandi njakukhumbikwa mu kunozga "nyama yose ya cinyama", nga umo viliri mu kuwocha nkumba yose panji ''barbacoa''. Kunozga nyama yose ya chinyama nkovyanaviyana comene mu vyakurya vya mu nyanja.<ref name=Thrillist/> Mitu yakuwocheka njakugaŵika mu vyakurya vyakutowa mu miko yinandi: * ''Cabeza'' ni mtundu wa barbacoa ya ku Mexico uwo ukukhozgeka na mitu ya viŵeto yakuwochekera mu longwe.<ref>{{Citation|title=BBQ Anatomy 101: Beef Head|last=Vaughn|first=Daniel|date=2015-07-08|url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/bbq/bbq-anatomy-101-beef-head/|publisher=Texas Monthly}}</ref> * ''Tête de veau'' ni cakurya ca ku Ulaya wa Kumazgoji cakunozgeka na mutu wa mwana wa ng'ombe. * Mitu ya mberere yikuryeka yose mu miko yinandi: mu Scandinavia, nga ''smalahove'' panji ''svið''; mu Afrika Yakumwera, nga ''intkoko yemvu'' panji "vyakuseka" ([[Smiley (food)|smileys]]); na mu Kazakhstan, nga cakurya cakupikika mu maji.<ref>{{Citation|title=Smileys & Oysters: Having a ball at the kitchen table|last=Jackman|first=Tony|date=2019-05-10|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-05-10-smileys-oysters-having-a-ball-at-the-kitchen-table/|publisher=Daily Maverick}}</ref> * Mitu ya somba yakuwochekera njakugwiliskikira ntchito comene pakunozga sopo la somba, kweniso ni cakurya cakutowa: ciyelezgero cikuru ni ''fish head curry'' ku Asia ya Kumwera-Kwazuŵa.<ref name=Thrillist>{{Citation|title=What Makes Fish Heads so Damn Delicious?|last=Ved|first=Sonal|date=2022-08-30|url=https://www.thrillist.com/eat/nation/how-to-use-fish-heads|publisher=Thrillist}}</ref> * Nyama zakusankhika kufuma mu mutu zikugwiliskikira ntchito kunozga ''head cheese'' panji ''brawn''.<ref name=Sietsama/> ===Viŵoni vya mbumba=== [[File:Flag of Corsica.svg|thumb|Bendera ya [[Corsica]] njakulongora mutu ukuwoneka pa mphepete]] {{Main|Heads in heraldry}} Mitu ya ŵanthu na ya vinyama vinyake njakuwoneka kanandi pa [[viŵoni vya mbumba]].<ref name=Herald>{{Cite web|url=http://www.heraldsnet.org/saitou/parker/Jpglossh.htm|title=H|work=Head|publisher=heraldsnet.org}}</ref> Mitu ya ŵanthu nyengo zinyake njakulongoseka waka nga "mutu wa mwanarumi", kweni kanandi njakulongoseka mwakwenderapo, panji kuyana na mtundu wa ŵanthu (nga umo ni mitu ya Amoor, mitu ya Ŵasaxon, mitu ya Ŵaegypt panji mitu ya Ŵaturk), panji njakumanyikwa comene (nga mutu wa Mose mu chiŵoni ca Hilton, panji mutu wa Yohane Mubatizi mu chiŵoni ca London Company of Tallowchandlers).<ref name=Herald/><ref name="Fox-Davies2007">{{cite book|first=Arthur Charles|last=Fox-Davies|title=A Complete Guide to Heraldry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSeEWjQCTIAC|year=2007|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Inc.|isbn=978-1-60239-001-0}}</ref> Mitundu yinandi ya mitu ya ŵanakazi nayo njakuwoneka, kwenderapo mitu ya vinyamata (kanandi yakudumulika pasi pa cifuŵa, na sisi lakupwitikana), mitu ya ŵasungwana ŵakuru, mitu ya ŵasista ŵa mu nyumba za Mulungu (kanandi yakubenekelerapo), na nyengo zinyake mitu ya ŵafumukazi.<ref name=Herald/> ===Mazgu ghakukhozgeka=== Mazgu ghakukhozgeka ni mazgu panji vipulikizgo ivyo vili na ng'anamuro ilo kanandi lili lakuyelezgera, kweni nyengo zinyake lili lakunenekera. Vyelezgero kufuma mu Cingelezi: * "To be big-headed" – kujitemwa comene panji kujiwona kuti ngwakuru kuluska ŵanyake * "To come to a head" – kufika pa gawo lakofya ilo likukhumbikwira kucitapo kanthu luŵiro<ref name="Dolgopolov 2004 p. 104"/> * "To bite someone's head off" – kudinginya munthu mwaukali<ref name="Palmatier 2000 p. 24"/> * "Can't make head or tail of something" – kutondeka kupulikiska cinthu<ref name="Curtis 2015 p. 84"/> * "A head start" – kwamba dankha na kuti wasange citeleko pa ŵanyake<ref name="Ammer 2013 p. 206"/> * "Head and shoulders above someone or something" – kuŵa muwemi comene kuluska munthu panji cinthu cinyake<ref name="Brenner 2011 p. 234"/> * "To want someone's head on a platter" – kukhumba kuti munthu wapokere ciwundo cikuru<ref>{{cite dictionary|title=head on a platter|url=http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/head+on+a+platter|via=TheFreeDictionary.com|dictionary=Cambridge Idioms Dictionary|edition=2nd|access-date=17 September 2015|year=2006}}</ref> * "To bang your head against a brick wall" – kulutilira kuyezgayezga kufiska cinthu kwambura kufiskapo<ref name="Ayto 2010 p. 45"/> * "To have one's head in the clouds" – kuleka kuŵikapo mahara pa vinthu ivyo vikucitika mumphepete cifukwa wanjililika comene mu maghanoghano ghake<ref name="Kirkpatrick Schwarz 1993"/> ==Vithuzi== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Head nerves.gif|Misipa ya mutu wa munthu, kufuma mu ''Gray's Anatomy'', 1858 File:Andrea Vaccaro, Tête de Saint-Jean Baptiste.jpg|Mutu wa Yohane Mubatizi, na Andrea Vaccaro, mafuta pa nsalu, zaka 100 za 17 File:Statue de Saint Solange.JPG|Chikozgo ca Solange Wakupatulika, uyo mutu wake ukadumulika, ndipo ni mtetezgi wakupatulika wa cigaŵa ca Berry ku France File:Zürcher Stadtheilige.jpg|Ŵapatulika ŵakuvikilira Zürich, cithuzi ca pa lupanda, {{Circa|1400–1425}} File:POL powiat kaliski COA (1999-2024).svg|Chiŵoni ca mbumba ca mutu wa [[bison]] </gallery> ==Wonaniso== * [[Masuzgo gha mutu (cephalic disorder)|Masuzgo gha mutu]] * [[Cephalic index]] * [[Cynocephaly]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="jandzik2014">{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/nature14000|title=Evolution of the new vertebrate head by co-option of an ancient chordate skeletal tissue|journal=Nature|year=2014|last1=Jandzik|first1=D.|last2=Garnett|first2=A. T.|last3=Square|first3=T. A.|display-authors=etal|volume=518|issue=7540|pages=534–537|pmid=25487155}}</ref> <ref name="Dolgopolov 2004 p. 104">{{cite book|last=Dolgopolov|first=Y.|title=A Collection of Confusible Phrases|publisher=Llumina Press|year=2004|isbn=978-1-59526-334-6|page=104}}</ref> <ref name="Palmatier 2000 p. 24">{{cite book|last=Palmatier|first=R.A.|title=Food: A Dictionary of Literal and Nonliteral Terms|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-313-31436-0|page=24}}</ref> <ref name="Curtis 2015 p. 84">{{cite book|last=Curtis|first=S.|title=Connect: Stories Behind Idioms 1|publisher=Acel Learning (S) Pte Limited|year=2015|isbn=978-981-09-5822-0|page=84}}</ref> <ref name="Ammer 2013 p. 206">{{cite book|last=Ammer|first=C.|title=The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms|edition=2nd|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2013|isbn=978-0-547-67753-8|page=206}}</ref> <ref name="Brenner 2011 p. 234">{{cite book|last=Brenner|first=G.|title=Webster's New World American Idioms Handbook|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2011|isbn=978-0-544-18890-7|page=234}}</ref> <ref name="Ayto 2010 p. 45">{{cite book|last=Ayto|first=J.|title=Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms|publisher=OUP Oxford|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-954378-6|page=45}}</ref> <ref name="Kirkpatrick Schwarz 1993">{{cite book|last1=Kirkpatrick|first1=E.M.L.|last2=Schwarz|first2=C.M.|title=The Wordsworth Dictionary of Idioms|publisher=Wordsworth|year=1993|isbn=978-1-85326-309-5|page=156}}</ref> }} ==Vyakuŵerengelera vinyake== *{{cite book|last=Lieberman|first=Daniel E.|title=Evolution of the Human Head|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KvIDVlSExS8C&pg=PA207|date=3 May 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05944-3}} [[Category:Anatomy]] [[Category:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] far4iqy1czgq7ue4ioo7oa4usnjbyqf 122242 122240 2026-09-22T20:52:17Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kunozgeka na Google Translate na vidikishonale: "Ŵaegypt" kusinthika kuŵa "Ŵaeguputo" (kuyana na vyakupulikana kufuma Google Translate na chizenge chakukhozgeka mu Chitumbuka). 122242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Chigaŵa ca mutu wa chamoyo}} {{About|mitu mwakuyana ni chomene|mutu wa munthu|Mutu wa munthu|kagwiliskiro kanyake}} {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Mutu |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Portrait of a Meerkat.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Mutu wa [[meerkat]]</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyiko |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Latin|Chilatini]] | class="infobox-data" |''caput'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Greek language|Chigiriki]] | class="infobox-data" |κεφαλή (kephalḗ) |} '''Mutu''' ni chigaŵa ca [[chamoyo]] ico kanandi cikuŵa na [[khutu|makutu]], [[wongo]], [[chene]], [[thama]], [[kalezu]], [[jiso|maso]], [[mphuno]], na [[mlomo]], ndipo chilichose mwa ivi chikovwira pa nchito za kupulikiska nga umo ni [[kuwona]], [[kupulika]], [[kununkha]], na [[kucheta]]. Vinyama vinyake vichoko sono vingaŵa na mutu yayi, kweni vinyama vinandi ivyo vili na [[bilateria|umoyo wakuyana-uku-na-uku]] vikuŵa na mutu, kwambura kutolela ukulu wake. Mutu ukukura mu vinyama kwizira mu citukuko ca chibenene icho chikuchemeka [[cephalization]]. Mu vinyama ivyo vili na umoyo wakuyana-uku-na-uku, nyama ya [[misipa]] yikukolerana comene mu chigaŵa ca kunthazi, ndipo yikupanga viŵalo ivyo vikugwira ntchito yakupokelera na kusanda vinthu. Kwizira mu citukuko ca chibenene, viŵalo vyakupulikiska na viŵalo vyakuryera navyo nayo vikukolerananso mu chigaŵa ici ca kunthazi; vyose ivi pamoza ndivyo vikupanga mutu. [[File:Beethovendeathmask.jpg|thumb|Mutu wa [[death mask|chikwakwa ca kufwa]]]] ==Mutu wa munthu== {{main|Mutu wa munthu|Anatomy ya mutu na singo}} [[Mutu wa munthu]] ni chigaŵa ca thupi ico chili na [[chigaza]], [[chiwangwa cha hyoid|chiwangwa ca hyoid]] na [[viwangwa vya singo]]. Chigaza chili na chigaŵa ico chikukhalamo wongo, ndipo chilichose mwa viwangwa vya chisko, comwe muli [[mhlati]]. Muli viwangwa vinkhonde mu chigaŵa ico chikukhalamo wongo, na viwangwa vikumi na vinayi mu viwangwa vya chisko.<ref name="Halim2008">{{cite book|first=A.|last=Halim|title=Human Anatomy:Volume Iii: Head, Neck And Brain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nx0a1AIiBKQC|date=30 December 2008|publisher=I. K. International|isbn=978-81-906566-4-1|page=3}}</ref> Vithuzi vyakuŵazika vya mitu ya ŵanthu kanandi vikunozgeka kwambira pa muundo wa viwangwa uwo uli na chigaza, chiwangwa ca mhlati, na chiwangwa ca thama. Nangauli unandi wa minofu iyo yikupanga chisko ukuŵa wakuyana pa vithuzi vinandi, umo minofu yanozgeka wukupambanapambana comene kuyana na nchito, kukura, na masikizga agho ghakulongoreka pa vyisko vya awo ŵali kuŵazika.<ref name="Slobodkin1973">{{cite book|first=Louis|last=Slobodkin|title=Sculpture: Principles and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugsSRVCgkicC&pg=PA31|year=1973|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=978-0-486-22960-7|page=31}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakukhulupilira kuti mahara na wongo nchintu chimoza, ntheura mahara ni ghamoza waka na wongo. Muvinjeru [[John Searle]] wakukhozga cigomezgo cake ici, wakuti "wongo ndico chintu chekha ico chili mu mutu wa munthu". Munjila yiyakuyana, DkThera [[Henry Bennet-Clark]] nayo wakuyowoya kuti mutu uli na viŵalo vyakuwerengeka vyakwendeska thupi "kwambura Mkulu Uyo Wakulongozga Vyose".<ref name="Cobb2008">{{cite book|first=John B.|last=Cobb|title=Back To Darwin: A Richer Account of Evolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuhxgMlqjbwC&pg=PA375|date=4 February 2008|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-4837-6|pages=371–375}}</ref> <gallery> File:View of a Skull III.jpg|Chigaŵa ca [[Sagittal plane|mid-sagittal]] ca [[chigaza cha munthu]], cakuŵazika na [[Leonardo da Vinci]], {{Circa|1489}} File:Bartholin head transect.jpg|Kudumulika kwa mutu wa munthu, cakuŵazika na [[Thomas Bartholin]], 1673 </gallery> ==Vinyama vinyake== Citukuko ca mutu chikukolerana na [[cephalization]] iyo yikachitika mu [[Bilateria]] vyaka mamiliyoni 555 kumasinda. ===Vibawo=== {{Main|Cephalon (arthropod head)}} Mu vibawo vinyake, comene mu [[trilobite|ma trilobite]], [[Cephalon (arthropod head)|cephalon]], panji cigaŵa ca cephalic, ni cigaŵa ca mutu ico ni muunganiko wa "vigaŵa vyakukolerana pamoza".<ref name="Stevenson2010">{{cite book|first=Angus|last=Stevenson|title=Oxford Dictionary of English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA283|date=19 August 2010|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-957112-3|pages=283–}}</ref> ====Tuyuni twa vibawo==== [[File:Nomada krugii, F, face, Dominican Republic, La Ve jarabacoa 2012-12-05-14.31.04 ZS PMax (8258588812).jpg|thumbnail|Mutu wa njuci ya mtundu wa [[Nomada]]]] Mutu wa kayuni ka mtundu wa vibawo kanandi kali na maso, [[antenna (biology)|maantenna]], na vigaŵa vya mlomo. Pakuti vinthu ivi vikupambanapambana comene kufuma ku kayuni kamoza mpaka kanyake, vikovwira comene pa kumanya mtundu wa kayuni. Maso mu mutu, mu mitundu yinandi ya tuyuni twa vibawo, ghakusangika nga vibaya viŵiri vya "maso ghakukolerana" ghakuŵa na vikope vinandi. Mu mitundu yinyake yinandi, maso agha ghakusangika nga "cikope cimoza panji muunganiko wa vikope vimoza". Mu vibalo vinyake, maso ghangawoneka nga vibaya vyapachanya pa mutu, vya viŵiri panji vitatu vya [[ocelli]] (viŵalo vyamaso vikope vimoza).<ref name="McCafferty1983">{{cite book|first=W. Patrick|last=McCafferty|title=Aquatic Entomology: The Fishermen's and Ecologists' Illustrated Guide to Insects and Their Relatives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiTq7x-fI_0C&pg=PA20|date=1 January 1983|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-0-86720-017-1|pages=20–}}</ref> Maantenna pa mutu wa kayuni ka vibawo ghakusangika nga vibaya vyakupatukana, vya viŵiliŵiri, ivyo kanandi vikuŵa pakati pa maso. Ivi vikuŵa na vithuzi na ukuru wakupambanapambana, nga ndodoli panji vyakufumphuka pa mphelo.<ref name="McCafferty1983"/> Vibawo vili na vigaŵa vya mlomo vyakupambanapambana kuyana na umo vikuryera. [[Labrum (arthropod mouthpart)|Labrum]] ni "mulomo wakuchanya" uwo uli mu chigaŵa ca kunthazi ca mutu ndipo ndico chigaŵa cakuwalo comene. Vibaya viŵiri vya mhlati vikusangika kunyuma kwa labrum, kuzingilira mbali za mulomo, kwenekuko kukulondezgapo vibaya viŵiri vya [[Maxilla (arthropod mouthpart)|maxilla]], cilicose comwe cikuchemeka [[maxilliary palp]]. Kunyuma kwa mulomo muli [[labium (arthropod mouthpart)|labium]] panji "mulomo wakupasi". Muliso cigaŵa cinyake ca mlomo mu vibawo vinyake ico chikuchemeka [[hypopharynx]], ico kanandi chikusangika pakati pa [[maxillac]].<ref name="McCafferty1983"/> ===Viŵanga na "kayowoyero ka mutu muphya"=== Nangauli vyamoyo vya [[invertebrate|kwambura muwongo]] vya mtundu wa [[chordate]] — nga ni vibulusi vya [[tunicate]] panji [[lancelet]] — vili na mitu, kwaŵako kufumba kwa umo mutu wa viŵanga, uwo ukumanyikwa na chigaza cakupatuka comene ku thupi, ungaŵa wakafuma mu muundo wa mutu wa vyamoyo ivi.<ref name="jandzik2014" /> Kwakuyana na Hyman (1979), citukuko ca mutu mu [[viŵanga]] chikachitika kwizira mu kukolerana kwa unandi wakukhazikika wa vigaŵa vya kunthazi, munjila yiyakuyana na mu vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vili na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Mu vibalo vinyake, vigaŵa panji chigaŵa cinyake ca vigaŵa ivi vikuzgeŵeka. Vigaŵa vya mutu navyo vikutayaso ndondomeko zake zinandi, kupatulako ndondomeko ya misipa. Pakuti citukuko ca [[cephalization]] chikulutilira, "mutu ukuwonjezgapo comene vigaŵa ivyo vili pafupi navyo mu muundo wake, ntheura mwakuyowoya waka, umo cephalization yikuŵira yikuru, ndimo unandi wa vigaŵa ivyo vikupanga mutu ukuŵiraso ukuru".<ref name="Hyman1992">{{cite book|first=Libbie Henrietta|last=Hyman|title=Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKlWjdOkiMwC&pg=PA4|date=1979|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-87013-7|edition=3rd|page=4}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya 1980, ŵakapeleka "kayowoyero ka mutu muphya", kakulongosora kuti mutu wa viŵanga ni chinthu chiphya mu citukuko, icho chikafuma pakati pa kufumira kwa [[neural crest]] na [[placode]] za mu chigaza.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gans|first1=Carl|last2=Northcutt|first2=R. Glenn|date=1983-04-15|title=Neural Crest and the Origin of Vertebrates: A New Head|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.220.4594.268|journal=Science|volume=220|issue=4594|pages=268–273|doi=10.1126/science.220.4594.268|pmid=17732898|issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Diogo|first1=Rui|last2=Kelly|first2=Robert G.|last3=Christiaen|first3=Lionel|display-authors=etal|date=2015-04-23|title=A new heart for a new head in vertebrate cardiopharyngeal evolution|journal=Nature|volume=520|issue=7548|pages=466–473|doi=10.1038/nature14435|issn=0028-0836|pmc=4851342|pmid=25903628}}</ref> Mu 2014, nyama ya munyengo yichoko ya [[larva]] ya lancelet yikasangika kuti njakuyana comene na [[cartilage]] iyo yikufuma mu neural crest iyo yikupanga chigaza ca viŵanga, ico chikulongora kuti kukhalirapo kwa nyama iyi na kuzomera kwake mu mutu wose kungaŵa nthowa yakukwana yakuti chigaza ca viŵanga chifume mwenemumo.<ref name="jandzik2014" /> ==Mu chikhalidwe na miko== ===Luso lakujana=== {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Leonardo da vinci, Study on the proportions of head and eyes.jpg | caption1 = Kusanda umo mutu na maso vyayana, na Leonardo da Vinci | width1 = 200 | image2 = Domenico Beccafumi - Tête de jeune homme.jpg | caption2 = "Mutu wa msepuka" – Domenico Beccafumi | width2 = 192 }} Imoza mwa nthowa zakujana vithuzi vya mitu — umo [[Jack Hamm]] wakupendekezgera — ni kucitukuska mu masitepe ghakukhazikika ghankhonde, kwamba na muwoneskero wa mutu uwo uli nga jiji. Mutu wa mwanakazi, comene, ukujanika mu vibaya viŵiri vyakuzingilira, uko ukuyana wakuŵa mwakwenelera kwa mutu wa mwanakazi. Mu cibaya cakwamba, kukupatulikana mu vigaŵa vinkhonde pa mzere wakati-na-kati, cigaŵa cilicose cikuŵa cakufinya nga maso ghankhonde. Kufuma apo yikucitukuka mu masitepe ghakhumi, uko cibaya cichoko chikwikika pacoko pachanya pa cibaya cikuru pa gawo lacinayi. Maso na kalezu vikuŵikika mu vithuzi vyakupambanapambana kuti vipange mutu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Drawing the Head and Figure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qI91-vhOm8wC|date=January 1983|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-399-50791-5}}</ref> Leonardo da Vinci, uyo wakuŵikika pakati pa vinjeru vikuru vya luso pa charu chapasi, wakajana vithuzi vya anatomy ya munthu wakugwiliskira ntchito muundo wa mizere yakukwaskana. Cithuzi cake ca chisko, cakujanika pa fundo ya mizere yakukwaskana, chili mu muyeso wakwenelera comene.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/sites/default/files/Learning_davinci.swf|title=Leonardo da Vinci Face facts|publisher=royalcollection.org|access-date=17 September 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061724/http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/sites/default/files/Learning_davinci.swf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu mtundu uwu wa luso, wakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa ya cikalamu na inki, Leonardo wakapanga cithuzi cakuchemeka "Kusanda umo mutu na maso vyayana" (icho chikulongoreka). ===Kunozga chakurya=== {{Main|Fish heads}} Mitu ya vinyama ivyo vyakomeka njakati-kati ka nyama ya viŵalo vya mukati. Mutu nga nyama ya viŵalo vya mukati ungapatulikana mu wongo, makutu, maso, nyama ya chisko (kwenderako pa vigaŵa vyakusankhika vya pasi pa nsagwada), na lulimi.<ref name=Sietsama>{{Citation|title=The Offal-Eater's Handbook: Untangling the Myths of Organ Meats|last=Sietsama|first=Robert|date=2016-06-16|url=https://www.eater.com/2015/6/16/8786663/offal-organ-meat-handbook-cuts-sweetbreads-tripe-gizzard|publisher=Eater}}</ref> Mitu ya vinyama kanandi njakukhumbikwa mu kunozga "nyama yose ya cinyama", nga umo viliri mu kuwocha nkumba yose panji ''barbacoa''. Kunozga nyama yose ya chinyama nkovyanaviyana comene mu vyakurya vya mu nyanja.<ref name=Thrillist/> Mitu yakuwocheka njakugaŵika mu vyakurya vyakutowa mu miko yinandi: * ''Cabeza'' ni mtundu wa barbacoa ya ku Mexico uwo ukukhozgeka na mitu ya viŵeto yakuwochekera mu longwe.<ref>{{Citation|title=BBQ Anatomy 101: Beef Head|last=Vaughn|first=Daniel|date=2015-07-08|url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/bbq/bbq-anatomy-101-beef-head/|publisher=Texas Monthly}}</ref> * ''Tête de veau'' ni cakurya ca ku Ulaya wa Kumazgoji cakunozgeka na mutu wa mwana wa ng'ombe. * Mitu ya mberere yikuryeka yose mu miko yinandi: mu Scandinavia, nga ''smalahove'' panji ''svið''; mu Afrika Yakumwera, nga ''intkoko yemvu'' panji "vyakuseka" ([[Smiley (food)|smileys]]); na mu Kazakhstan, nga cakurya cakupikika mu maji.<ref>{{Citation|title=Smileys & Oysters: Having a ball at the kitchen table|last=Jackman|first=Tony|date=2019-05-10|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-05-10-smileys-oysters-having-a-ball-at-the-kitchen-table/|publisher=Daily Maverick}}</ref> * Mitu ya somba yakuwochekera njakugwiliskikira ntchito comene pakunozga sopo la somba, kweniso ni cakurya cakutowa: ciyelezgero cikuru ni ''fish head curry'' ku Asia ya Kumwera-Kwazuŵa.<ref name=Thrillist>{{Citation|title=What Makes Fish Heads so Damn Delicious?|last=Ved|first=Sonal|date=2022-08-30|url=https://www.thrillist.com/eat/nation/how-to-use-fish-heads|publisher=Thrillist}}</ref> * Nyama zakusankhika kufuma mu mutu zikugwiliskikira ntchito kunozga ''head cheese'' panji ''brawn''.<ref name=Sietsama/> ===Viŵoni vya mbumba=== [[File:Flag of Corsica.svg|thumb|Bendera ya [[Corsica]] njakulongora mutu ukuwoneka pa mphepete]] {{Main|Heads in heraldry}} Mitu ya ŵanthu na ya vinyama vinyake njakuwoneka kanandi pa [[viŵoni vya mbumba]].<ref name=Herald>{{Cite web|url=http://www.heraldsnet.org/saitou/parker/Jpglossh.htm|title=H|work=Head|publisher=heraldsnet.org}}</ref> Mitu ya ŵanthu nyengo zinyake njakulongoseka waka nga "mutu wa mwanarumi", kweni kanandi njakulongoseka mwakwenderapo, panji kuyana na mtundu wa ŵanthu (nga umo ni mitu ya Amoor, mitu ya Ŵasaxon, mitu ya Ŵaeguputo panji mitu ya Ŵaturk), panji njakumanyikwa comene (nga mutu wa Mose mu chiŵoni ca Hilton, panji mutu wa Yohane Mubatizi mu chiŵoni ca London Company of Tallowchandlers).<ref name=Herald/><ref name="Fox-Davies2007">{{cite book|first=Arthur Charles|last=Fox-Davies|title=A Complete Guide to Heraldry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSeEWjQCTIAC|year=2007|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Inc.|isbn=978-1-60239-001-0}}</ref> Mitundu yinandi ya mitu ya ŵanakazi nayo njakuwoneka, kwenderapo mitu ya vinyamata (kanandi yakudumulika pasi pa cifuŵa, na sisi lakupwitikana), mitu ya ŵasungwana ŵakuru, mitu ya ŵasista ŵa mu nyumba za Mulungu (kanandi yakubenekelerapo), na nyengo zinyake mitu ya ŵafumukazi.<ref name=Herald/> ===Mazgu ghakukhozgeka=== Mazgu ghakukhozgeka ni mazgu panji vipulikizgo ivyo vili na ng'anamuro ilo kanandi lili lakuyelezgera, kweni nyengo zinyake lili lakunenekera. Vyelezgero kufuma mu Cingelezi: * "To be big-headed" – kujitemwa comene panji kujiwona kuti ngwakuru kuluska ŵanyake * "To come to a head" – kufika pa gawo lakofya ilo likukhumbikwira kucitapo kanthu luŵiro<ref name="Dolgopolov 2004 p. 104"/> * "To bite someone's head off" – kudinginya munthu mwaukali<ref name="Palmatier 2000 p. 24"/> * "Can't make head or tail of something" – kutondeka kupulikiska cinthu<ref name="Curtis 2015 p. 84"/> * "A head start" – kwamba dankha na kuti wasange citeleko pa ŵanyake<ref name="Ammer 2013 p. 206"/> * "Head and shoulders above someone or something" – kuŵa muwemi comene kuluska munthu panji cinthu cinyake<ref name="Brenner 2011 p. 234"/> * "To want someone's head on a platter" – kukhumba kuti munthu wapokere ciwundo cikuru<ref>{{cite dictionary|title=head on a platter|url=http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/head+on+a+platter|via=TheFreeDictionary.com|dictionary=Cambridge Idioms Dictionary|edition=2nd|access-date=17 September 2015|year=2006}}</ref> * "To bang your head against a brick wall" – kulutilira kuyezgayezga kufiska cinthu kwambura kufiskapo<ref name="Ayto 2010 p. 45"/> * "To have one's head in the clouds" – kuleka kuŵikapo mahara pa vinthu ivyo vikucitika mumphepete cifukwa wanjililika comene mu maghanoghano ghake<ref name="Kirkpatrick Schwarz 1993"/> ==Vithuzi== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Head nerves.gif|Misipa ya mutu wa munthu, kufuma mu ''Gray's Anatomy'', 1858 File:Andrea Vaccaro, Tête de Saint-Jean Baptiste.jpg|Mutu wa Yohane Mubatizi, na Andrea Vaccaro, mafuta pa nsalu, zaka 100 za 17 File:Statue de Saint Solange.JPG|Chikozgo ca Solange Wakupatulika, uyo mutu wake ukadumulika, ndipo ni mtetezgi wakupatulika wa cigaŵa ca Berry ku France File:Zürcher Stadtheilige.jpg|Ŵapatulika ŵakuvikilira Zürich, cithuzi ca pa lupanda, {{Circa|1400–1425}} File:POL powiat kaliski COA (1999-2024).svg|Chiŵoni ca mbumba ca mutu wa [[bison]] </gallery> ==Wonaniso== * [[Masuzgo gha mutu (cephalic disorder)|Masuzgo gha mutu]] * [[Cephalic index]] * [[Cynocephaly]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="jandzik2014">{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/nature14000|title=Evolution of the new vertebrate head by co-option of an ancient chordate skeletal tissue|journal=Nature|year=2014|last1=Jandzik|first1=D.|last2=Garnett|first2=A. T.|last3=Square|first3=T. A.|display-authors=etal|volume=518|issue=7540|pages=534–537|pmid=25487155}}</ref> <ref name="Dolgopolov 2004 p. 104">{{cite book|last=Dolgopolov|first=Y.|title=A Collection of Confusible Phrases|publisher=Llumina Press|year=2004|isbn=978-1-59526-334-6|page=104}}</ref> <ref name="Palmatier 2000 p. 24">{{cite book|last=Palmatier|first=R.A.|title=Food: A Dictionary of Literal and Nonliteral Terms|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-313-31436-0|page=24}}</ref> <ref name="Curtis 2015 p. 84">{{cite book|last=Curtis|first=S.|title=Connect: Stories Behind Idioms 1|publisher=Acel Learning (S) Pte Limited|year=2015|isbn=978-981-09-5822-0|page=84}}</ref> <ref name="Ammer 2013 p. 206">{{cite book|last=Ammer|first=C.|title=The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms|edition=2nd|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2013|isbn=978-0-547-67753-8|page=206}}</ref> <ref name="Brenner 2011 p. 234">{{cite book|last=Brenner|first=G.|title=Webster's New World American Idioms Handbook|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2011|isbn=978-0-544-18890-7|page=234}}</ref> <ref name="Ayto 2010 p. 45">{{cite book|last=Ayto|first=J.|title=Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms|publisher=OUP Oxford|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-954378-6|page=45}}</ref> <ref name="Kirkpatrick Schwarz 1993">{{cite book|last1=Kirkpatrick|first1=E.M.L.|last2=Schwarz|first2=C.M.|title=The Wordsworth Dictionary of Idioms|publisher=Wordsworth|year=1993|isbn=978-1-85326-309-5|page=156}}</ref> }} ==Vyakuŵerengelera vinyake== *{{cite book|last=Lieberman|first=Daniel E.|title=Evolution of the Human Head|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KvIDVlSExS8C&pg=PA207|date=3 May 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05944-3}} [[Category:Anatomy]] [[Category:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] qo3mhfn7wy8934v9x6ev75rsd6afy1v 122250 122242 2026-09-22T22:49:22Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kunozga nkhani kuti pakuŵe vipongozi vichoko vyakuŵazgikira makora, kwakugaŵa vipongozi vitali kuŵa vichoko, kunozga "Vimanyiko"→"Vimanyikwiro" na kufuma pa mazgu ghambura kumanyikwa. 122250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Chigaŵa ca mutu wa chamoyo}} {{About|mitu mwakuyana ni chomene|mutu wa munthu|Mutu wa munthu|kagwiliskiro kanyake}} {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Mutu |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Portrait of a Meerkat.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Mutu wa [[meerkat]]</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyikwiro |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Latin|Chilatini]] | class="infobox-data" |''caput'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Greek language|Chigiriki]] | class="infobox-data" |κεφαλή (kephalḗ) |} '''Mutu''' ni chigaŵa ca [[chamoyo]]. Kanandi chikuŵa na [[khutu|makutu]], [[wongo]], [[chene]], [[thama]], [[kalezu]], [[jiso|maso]], [[mphuno]], na [[mlomo]]. Chilichose mwa ivi chikovwira pa nchito za kupulikiska. Nchito izi nkhuwoneska nga umo ni [[kuwona]], [[kupulika]], [[kununkha]], na [[kucheta]]. Vinyama vinyake vichoko sono vingaŵa na mutu yayi. Kweni vinyama vinandi ivyo vili na [[bilateria|umoyo wakuyana-uku-na-uku]] vikuŵa na mutu, kwambura kutolela ukulu wake. Mutu ukukura mu vinyama kwizira mu citukuko ca chibenene icho chikuchemeka [[cephalization]]. Mu vinyama ivyo vili na umoyo wakuyana-uku-na-uku, nyama ya [[misipa]] yikukolerana comene mu chigaŵa ca kunthazi. Ndipo yikupanga viŵalo ivyo vikugwira ntchito yakupokelera na kusanda vinthu. Kwizira mu citukuko ca chibenene, viŵalo vyakupulikiska na viŵalo vyakuryera navyo vikukolerananso mu chigaŵa ici ca kunthazi. Vyose ivi pamoza ndivyo vikupanga mutu. [[File:Beethovendeathmask.jpg|thumb|Mutu wa [[death mask|chikwakwa ca kufwa]]]] ==Mutu wa munthu== {{main|Mutu wa munthu|Anatomy ya mutu na singo}} [[Mutu wa munthu]] ni chigaŵa ca thupi ico chili na [[chigaza]], [[chiwangwa cha hyoid|chiwangwa ca hyoid]] na [[viwangwa vya singo]]. Chigaza chili na chigaŵa ico chikukhalamo wongo. Chilinso na viwangwa vya chisko, comwe muli [[mhlati]]. Muli viwangwa vinkhonde mu chigaŵa ico chikukhalamo wongo. Muli viwangwa vikumi na vinayi mu viwangwa vya chisko.<ref name="Halim2008">{{cite book|first=A.|last=Halim|title=Human Anatomy:Volume Iii: Head, Neck And Brain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nx0a1AIiBKQC|date=30 December 2008|publisher=I. K. International|isbn=978-81-906566-4-1|page=3}}</ref> Vithuzi vyakuŵazika vya mitu ya ŵanthu kanandi vikunozgeka kwambira pa muundo wa viwangwa. Muundo uwu uli na chigaza, chiwangwa ca mhlati, na chiwangwa ca thama. Unandi wa minofu iyo yikupanga chisko ukuŵa wakuyana pa vithuzi vinandi. Kweni umo minofu yanozgeka wukupambanapambana comene. Kupambana uku nkhwakuyana na nchito, kukura, na masikizga agho ghakulongoreka pa vyisko vya awo ŵali kuŵazika.<ref name="Slobodkin1973">{{cite book|first=Louis|last=Slobodkin|title=Sculpture: Principles and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugsSRVCgkicC&pg=PA31|year=1973|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=978-0-486-22960-7|page=31}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakukhulupilira kuti mahara na wongo nchintu chimoza. Ntheura, ŵakuti mahara ni ghamoza waka na wongo. Muvinjeru [[John Searle]] wakukhozga cigomezgo cake ici. Wakuti "wongo ndico chintu chekha ico chili mu mutu wa munthu". Munjila yiyakuyana, Msayansi [[Henry Bennet-Clark]] nayo wakuyowoya kuti mutu uli na viŵalo vyakuwerengeka vyakwendeska thupi. Wakati ivi vikucitika "kwambura Mkulu Uyo Wakulongozga Vyose".<ref name="Cobb2008">{{cite book|first=John B.|last=Cobb|title=Back To Darwin: A Richer Account of Evolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuhxgMlqjbwC&pg=PA375|date=4 February 2008|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-4837-6|pages=371–375}}</ref> <gallery> File:View of a Skull III.jpg|Chigaŵa ca [[Sagittal plane|mid-sagittal]] ca [[chigaza cha munthu]], cakuŵazika na [[Leonardo da Vinci]], {{Circa|1489}} File:Bartholin head transect.jpg|Kudumulika kwa mutu wa munthu, cakuŵazika na [[Thomas Bartholin]], 1673 </gallery> ==Vinyama vinyake== Citukuko ca mutu chikukolerana na [[cephalization]] iyo yikachitika mu [[Bilateria]] vyaka mamiliyoni 555 kumasinda. ===Vibawo=== {{Main|Cephalon (arthropod head)}} Mu vibawo vinyake, comene mu [[trilobite|ma trilobite]], [[Cephalon (arthropod head)|cephalon]] panji cigaŵa ca cephalic ni cigaŵa ca mutu. Ni muunganiko wa "vigaŵa vyakukolerana pamoza".<ref name="Stevenson2010">{{cite book|first=Angus|last=Stevenson|title=Oxford Dictionary of English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA283|date=19 August 2010|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-957112-3|pages=283–}}</ref> ====Tuyuni twa vibawo==== [[File:Nomada krugii, F, face, Dominican Republic, La Ve jarabacoa 2012-12-05-14.31.04 ZS PMax (8258588812).jpg|thumbnail|Mutu wa njuci ya mtundu wa [[Nomada]]]] Mutu wa kayuni ka mtundu wa vibawo kanandi kali na maso, [[antenna (biology)|maantenna]], na vigaŵa vya mlomo. Vinthu ivi vikupambanapambana comene kufuma ku kayuni kamoza mpaka kanyake. Ntheura vikovwira comene pa kumanya mtundu wa kayuni. Mu mitundu yinandi ya tuyuni twa vibawo, maso mu mutu ghakusangika nga vibaya viŵiri vya "maso ghakukolerana". Maso agha ghakuŵa na vikope vinandi. Mu mitundu yinyake yinandi, maso agha ghakusangika nga "cikope cimoza panji muunganiko wa vikope vimoza". Mu vibalo vinyake, maso ghangawoneka nga vibaya vyapachanya pa mutu. Vingaŵa vya viŵiri panji vitatu vya [[ocelli]] (viŵalo vyamaso vikope vimoza).<ref name="McCafferty1983">{{cite book|first=W. Patrick|last=McCafferty|title=Aquatic Entomology: The Fishermen's and Ecologists' Illustrated Guide to Insects and Their Relatives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiTq7x-fI_0C&pg=PA20|date=1 January 1983|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-0-86720-017-1|pages=20–}}</ref> Maantenna pa mutu wa kayuni ka vibawo ghakusangika nga vibaya vyakupatukana, vya viŵiliŵiri. Kanandi vikuŵa pakati pa maso. Ivi vikuŵa na vithuzi na ukuru wakupambanapambana. Ciyelezgero, nga ndodoli panji vyakufumphuka pa mphelo.<ref name="McCafferty1983"/> Vibawo vili na vigaŵa vya mlomo vyakupambanapambana kuyana na umo vikuryera. [[Labrum (arthropod mouthpart)|Labrum]] ni "mulomo wakuchanya". Uli mu chigaŵa ca kunthazi ca mutu ndipo ndico chigaŵa cakuwalo comene. Vibaya viŵiri vya mhlati vikusangika kunyuma kwa labrum, kuzingilira mbali za mulomo. Kwenekuko kukulondezgapo vibaya viŵiri vya [[Maxilla (arthropod mouthpart)|maxilla]]. Cilicose comwe cikuchemeka [[maxilliary palp]]. Kunyuma kwa mulomo muli [[labium (arthropod mouthpart)|labium]] panji "mulomo wakupasi". Muliso cigaŵa cinyake ca mlomo mu vibawo vinyake ico chikuchemeka [[hypopharynx]]. Kanandi chikusangika pakati pa [[maxillac]].<ref name="McCafferty1983"/> ===Viŵanga na "kayowoyero ka mutu muphya"=== Vyamoyo vya [[invertebrate|kwambura muwongo]] vya mtundu wa [[chordate]] — nga ni vibulusi vya [[tunicate]] panji [[lancelet]] — navyo vili na mitu. Kweni kwaŵako kufumba kwa umo mutu wa viŵanga ungaŵa wakafuma mu muundo wa mutu wa vyamoyo ivi. Mutu wa viŵanga ukumanyikwa na chigaza cakupatuka comene ku thupi.<ref name="jandzik2014" /> Kwakuyana na Hyman (1979), citukuko ca mutu mu [[viŵanga]] chikachitika kwizira mu kukolerana kwa unandi wakukhazikika wa vigaŵa vya kunthazi. Ici nkhwakuyana na umo vikuchitikira mu vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vili na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Mu vibalo vinyake, vigaŵa panji chigaŵa cinyake ca vigaŵa ivi vikuzgeŵeka. Vigaŵa vya mutu navyo vikutayaso ndondomeko zake zinandi, kupatulako ndondomeko ya misipa. Pakuti citukuko ca [[cephalization]] chikulutilira, mutu ukuwonjezgapo comene vigaŵa ivyo vili pafupi navyo mu muundo wake. Ntheura mwakuyowoya waka, umo cephalization yikuŵira yikuru, ndimo unandi wa vigaŵa ivyo vikupanga mutu ukuŵiraso ukuru.<ref name="Hyman1992">{{cite book|first=Libbie Henrietta|last=Hyman|title=Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKlWjdOkiMwC&pg=PA4|date=1979|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-87013-7|edition=3rd|page=4}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya 1980, ŵakapeleka "kayowoyero ka mutu muphya". Kakulongosora kuti mutu wa viŵanga ni chinthu chiphya mu citukuko. Chikafuma pakati pa kufumira kwa [[neural crest]] na [[placode]] za mu chigaza.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gans|first1=Carl|last2=Northcutt|first2=R. Glenn|date=1983-04-15|title=Neural Crest and the Origin of Vertebrates: A New Head|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.220.4594.268|journal=Science|volume=220|issue=4594|pages=268–273|doi=10.1126/science.220.4594.268|pmid=17732898|issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Diogo|first1=Rui|last2=Kelly|first2=Robert G.|last3=Christiaen|first3=Lionel|display-authors=etal|date=2015-04-23|title=A new heart for a new head in vertebrate cardiopharyngeal evolution|journal=Nature|volume=520|issue=7548|pages=466–473|doi=10.1038/nature14435|issn=0028-0836|pmc=4851342|pmid=25903628}}</ref> Mu 2014, nyama ya munyengo yichoko ya [[larva]] ya lancelet yikasangika kuti njakuyana comene na [[cartilage]] iyo yikufuma mu neural crest. Cartilage iyi ndiyo yikupanga chigaza ca viŵanga. Ici chikulongora kuti kukhalirapo kwa nyama iyi na kuzomera kwake mu mutu wose kungaŵa nthowa yakukwana. Nthowa iyi njakuti chigaza ca viŵanga chifume mwenemumo.<ref name="jandzik2014" /> ==Mu chikhalidwe na miko== ===Luso lakujana=== {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Leonardo da vinci, Study on the proportions of head and eyes.jpg | caption1 = Kusanda umo mutu na maso vyayana, na Leonardo da Vinci | width1 = 200 | image2 = Domenico Beccafumi - Tête de jeune homme.jpg | caption2 = "Mutu wa msepuka" – Domenico Beccafumi | width2 = 192 }} Imoza mwa nthowa zakujana vithuzi vya mitu — umo [[Jack Hamm]] wakupendekezgera — ni kucitukuska mu masitepe ghakukhazikika ghankhonde. Nthowa iyi yikwamba na muwoneskero wa mutu uwo uli nga jiji. Mutu wa mwanakazi, comene, ukujanika mu vibaya viŵiri vyakuzingilira. Muwoneskero uwu ukuyana wakuŵa mwakwenelera kwa mutu wa mwanakazi. Mu cibaya cakwamba, kukupatulikana mu vigaŵa vinkhonde pa mzere wakati-na-kati. Cigaŵa cilicose cikuŵa cakufinya nga maso ghankhonde. Kufuma apo yikucitukuka mu masitepe ghakhumi. Apo cibaya cichoko chikwikika pacoko pachanya pa cibaya cikuru pa gawo lacinayi. Maso na kalezu vikuŵikika mu vithuzi vyakupambanapambana kuti vipange mutu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Drawing the Head and Figure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qI91-vhOm8wC|date=January 1983|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-399-50791-5}}</ref> Leonardo da Vinci wakuŵikika pakati pa vinjeru vikuru vya luso pa charu chapasi. Wakajana vithuzi vya anatomy ya munthu wakugwiliskira ntchito muundo wa mizere yakukwaskana. Cithuzi cake ca chisko, cakujanika pa fundo ya mizere yakukwaskana, chili mu muyeso wakwenelera comene.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/sites/default/files/Learning_davinci.swf|title=Leonardo da Vinci Face facts|publisher=royalcollection.org|access-date=17 September 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061724/http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/sites/default/files/Learning_davinci.swf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu mtundu uwu wa luso, Leonardo wakagwiliskira ntchito nthowa ya cikalamu na inki. Wakapanga cithuzi cakuchemeka "Kusanda umo mutu na maso vyayana" (icho chikulongoreka). ===Kunozga chakurya=== {{Main|Fish heads}} Mitu ya vinyama ivyo vyakomeka njakati-kati ka nyama ya viŵalo vya mukati. Ngati nyama ya viŵalo vya mukati, mutu ungapatulikana mu wongo, makutu, maso, nyama ya chisko, na lulimi. Nyama ya chisko yingasazgapo vigaŵa vyakusankhika vya pasi pa nsagwada.<ref name=Sietsama>{{Citation|title=The Offal-Eater's Handbook: Untangling the Myths of Organ Meats|last=Sietsama|first=Robert|date=2016-06-16|url=https://www.eater.com/2015/6/16/8786663/offal-organ-meat-handbook-cuts-sweetbreads-tripe-gizzard|publisher=Eater}}</ref> Mitu ya vinyama kanandi njakukhumbikwa mu kunozga "nyama yose ya cinyama", nga umo viliri mu kuwocha nkumba yose panji ''barbacoa''. Kunozga nyama yose ya chinyama nkovyanaviyana comene mu vyakurya vya mu nyanja.<ref name=Thrillist/> Mitu yakuwocheka njakugaŵika mu vyakurya vyakutowa mu miko yinandi: * ''Cabeza'' ni mtundu wa barbacoa ya ku Mexico uwo ukukhozgeka na mitu ya viŵeto yakuwochekera mu longwe.<ref>{{Citation|title=BBQ Anatomy 101: Beef Head|last=Vaughn|first=Daniel|date=2015-07-08|url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/bbq/bbq-anatomy-101-beef-head/|publisher=Texas Monthly}}</ref> * ''Tête de veau'' ni cakurya ca ku Ulaya wa Kumazgoji cakunozgeka na mutu wa mwana wa ng'ombe. * Mitu ya mberere yikuryeka yose mu miko yinandi: mu Scandinavia, nga ''smalahove'' panji ''svið''; mu Afrika Yakumwera, nga ''intkoko yemvu'' panji "vyakuseka" ([[Smiley (food)|smileys]]); na mu Kazakhstan, nga cakurya cakupikika mu maji.<ref>{{Citation|title=Smileys & Oysters: Having a ball at the kitchen table|last=Jackman|first=Tony|date=2019-05-10|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-05-10-smileys-oysters-having-a-ball-at-the-kitchen-table/|publisher=Daily Maverick}}</ref> * Mitu ya somba yakuwochekera njakugwiliskikira ntchito comene pakunozga sopo la somba, kweniso ni cakurya cakutowa: ciyelezgero cikuru ni ''fish head curry'' ku Asia ya Kumwera-Kwazuŵa.<ref name=Thrillist>{{Citation|title=What Makes Fish Heads so Damn Delicious?|last=Ved|first=Sonal|date=2022-08-30|url=https://www.thrillist.com/eat/nation/how-to-use-fish-heads|publisher=Thrillist}}</ref> * Nyama zakusankhika kufuma mu mutu zikugwiliskikira ntchito kunozga ''head cheese'' panji ''brawn''.<ref name=Sietsama/> ===Viŵoni vya mbumba=== [[File:Flag of Corsica.svg|thumb|Bendera ya [[Corsica]] njakulongora mutu ukuwoneka pa mphepete]] {{Main|Heads in heraldry}} Mitu ya ŵanthu na ya vinyama vinyake njakuwoneka kanandi pa [[viŵoni vya mbumba]].<ref name=Herald>{{Cite web|url=http://www.heraldsnet.org/saitou/parker/Jpglossh.htm|title=H|work=Head|publisher=heraldsnet.org}}</ref> Mitu ya ŵanthu nyengo zinyake njakulongoseka waka nga "mutu wa mwanarumi". Kweni kanandi njakulongoseka mwakwenderapo, panji kuyana na mtundu wa ŵanthu. Ciyelezgero, mitu ya Amoor, mitu ya Ŵasaxon, mitu ya Ŵaeguputo panji mitu ya Ŵaturk. Panji njakumanyikwa comene, nga mutu wa Mose mu chiŵoni ca Hilton, panji mutu wa Yohane Mubatizi mu chiŵoni ca London Company of Tallowchandlers.<ref name=Herald/><ref name="Fox-Davies2007">{{cite book|first=Arthur Charles|last=Fox-Davies|title=A Complete Guide to Heraldry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSeEWjQCTIAC|year=2007|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Inc.|isbn=978-1-60239-001-0}}</ref> Mitundu yinandi ya mitu ya ŵanakazi nayo njakuwoneka. Ciyelezgero, mitu ya vinyamata (kanandi yakudumulika pasi pa cifuŵa, na sisi lakupwitikana), mitu ya ŵasungwana ŵakuru, mitu ya ŵasista ŵa mu nyumba za Mulungu (kanandi yakubenekelerapo), na nyengo zinyake mitu ya ŵafumukazi.<ref name=Herald/> ===Mazgu ghakukhozgeka=== Mazgu ghakukhozgeka ni mazgu panji vipulikizgo. Ng'anamuro lake kanandi lili lakuyelezgera. Kweni nyengo zinyake lili lakunenekera. Vyelezgero kufuma mu Cingelezi: * "To be big-headed" – kujitemwa comene panji kujiwona kuti ngwakuru kuluska ŵanyake * "To come to a head" – kufika pa gawo lakofya ilo likukhumbikwira kucitapo kanthu luŵiro<ref name="Dolgopolov 2004 p. 104"/> * "To bite someone's head off" – kudinginya munthu mwaukali<ref name="Palmatier 2000 p. 24"/> * "Can't make head or tail of something" – kutondeka kupulikiska cinthu<ref name="Curtis 2015 p. 84"/> * "A head start" – kwamba dankha na kuti wasange citeleko pa ŵanyake<ref name="Ammer 2013 p. 206"/> * "Head and shoulders above someone or something" – kuŵa muwemi comene kuluska munthu panji cinthu cinyake<ref name="Brenner 2011 p. 234"/> * "To want someone's head on a platter" – kukhumba kuti munthu wapokere ciwundo cikuru<ref>{{cite dictionary|title=head on a platter|url=http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/head+on+a+platter|via=TheFreeDictionary.com|dictionary=Cambridge Idioms Dictionary|edition=2nd|access-date=17 September 2015|year=2006}}</ref> * "To bang your head against a brick wall" – kulutilira kuyezgayezga kufiska cinthu kwambura kufiskapo<ref name="Ayto 2010 p. 45"/> * "To have one's head in the clouds" – kuleka kuŵikapo mahara pa vinthu ivyo vikucitika mumphepete cifukwa wanjililika comene mu maghanoghano ghake<ref name="Kirkpatrick Schwarz 1993"/> ==Vithuzi== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Head nerves.gif|Misipa ya mutu wa munthu, kufuma mu ''Gray's Anatomy'', 1858 File:Andrea Vaccaro, Tête de Saint-Jean Baptiste.jpg|Mutu wa Yohane Mubatizi, na Andrea Vaccaro, mafuta pa nsalu, zaka 100 za 17 File:Statue de Saint Solange.JPG|Chikozgo ca Solange Wakupatulika, uyo mutu wake ukadumulika, ndipo ni mtetezgi wakupatulika wa cigaŵa ca Berry ku France File:Zürcher Stadtheilige.jpg|Ŵapatulika ŵakuvikilira Zürich, cithuzi ca pa lupanda, {{Circa|1400–1425}} File:POL powiat kaliski COA (1999-2024).svg|Chiŵoni ca mbumba ca mutu wa [[bison]] </gallery> ==Wonaniso== * [[Masuzgo gha mutu (cephalic disorder)|Masuzgo gha mutu]] * [[Cephalic index]] * [[Cynocephaly]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="jandzik2014">{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/nature14000|title=Evolution of the new vertebrate head by co-option of an ancient chordate skeletal tissue|journal=Nature|year=2014|last1=Jandzik|first1=D.|last2=Garnett|first2=A. T.|last3=Square|first3=T. A.|display-authors=etal|volume=518|issue=7540|pages=534–537|pmid=25487155}}</ref> <ref name="Dolgopolov 2004 p. 104">{{cite book|last=Dolgopolov|first=Y.|title=A Collection of Confusible Phrases|publisher=Llumina Press|year=2004|isbn=978-1-59526-334-6|page=104}}</ref> <ref name="Palmatier 2000 p. 24">{{cite book|last=Palmatier|first=R.A.|title=Food: A Dictionary of Literal and Nonliteral Terms|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-313-31436-0|page=24}}</ref> <ref name="Curtis 2015 p. 84">{{cite book|last=Curtis|first=S.|title=Connect: Stories Behind Idioms 1|publisher=Acel Learning (S) Pte Limited|year=2015|isbn=978-981-09-5822-0|page=84}}</ref> <ref name="Ammer 2013 p. 206">{{cite book|last=Ammer|first=C.|title=The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms|edition=2nd|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2013|isbn=978-0-547-67753-8|page=206}}</ref> <ref name="Brenner 2011 p. 234">{{cite book|last=Brenner|first=G.|title=Webster's New World American Idioms Handbook|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2011|isbn=978-0-544-18890-7|page=234}}</ref> <ref name="Ayto 2010 p. 45">{{cite book|last=Ayto|first=J.|title=Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms|publisher=OUP Oxford|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-954378-6|page=45}}</ref> <ref name="Kirkpatrick Schwarz 1993">{{cite book|last1=Kirkpatrick|first1=E.M.L.|last2=Schwarz|first2=C.M.|title=The Wordsworth Dictionary of Idioms|publisher=Wordsworth|year=1993|isbn=978-1-85326-309-5|page=156}}</ref> }} ==Vyakuŵerengelera vinyake== *{{cite book|last=Lieberman|first=Daniel E.|title=Evolution of the Human Head|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KvIDVlSExS8C&pg=PA207|date=3 May 2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05944-3}} [[Mtundu:Anatomy]] [[Mtundu:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] ngoksj8om9cnj8zcbqib2kc2t2fsc9h 0 46525 122245 111305 2026-09-22T21:35:10Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kunozgeka kuŵa chiŵelezga chakulongozgera ku "Chifuwa" (nkhani yiphya, yakuzura, ndipo yakuŵazgika makola), kuti pawaŵe nkhani yimoza pa mutu uwu, yayi ziŵiri zakupambana. 122245 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Chifuwa]] n6w9xqld81b0m7h4wc67eewu9ok24gk 0 49709 122251 122228 2026-09-23T03:28:23Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122251 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Various_scalpels.png|thumb|Ma mpeni wa opaleshoni ghakupambanapambana. Wakwamba (kufuma ku mazere), wachiŵiri, na wachinayi ghali na vingwe ivyo vingasinthika. Yachisanu ni lancet.]] '''Mpeni wa opaleshoni''' ([[ChiNgelezi]]: ''Scalpel'') ni chipangizo chichoko ndiposo chakuthwa chomene icho chikugwiriskirika nchito pa opareshoni, kugaŵa thupi, kupanga malundi na kupanga vinthu vyakupambanapambana vyachipatala. [[Lancet]] ni mpeni wa opaleshoni ya mizere yiŵiri. Kanandi vingwe vya mpeni wa opaleshoni vikupangika na visulo vyakukhozga na vyakukhozga, visulo vyambura zimbiri, panji visulo vya carbon yinandi; kusazgirapo apa, titanium, ceramic, dayamondi nanga ni vipeni vya obsidian ni vyambura kumanyikwa. Mwaciyelezgero, para ŵakucita opareshoni mwakulongozgeka na MRI, vingwe vya visulo vikugwiliskirika nchito yayi (vingwe ivi vingakoleka ku maginito ndiposo vingapangiska kuti vithuzithuzi viŵe vyakupangika). Kuyana na mdauko, chinthu icho ŵakatemwanga chomene kupanga vingwe vya opareshoni chikaŵa siliva. Mabala gha mpeni wa opaleshoni ghakupelekekaso na ŵakupanga ŵanyake awo ŵali na zirconium nitride–coated mphonje kuti ŵaŵe ŵakuthwa na kusunga mphonje. Ŵanyake ŵakupanga vingwe ivyo vikupangika na polymer kuti viŵe na mafuta ghanandi para ŵakudumura. Mpeni wa opaleshoni zingaŵa zakugwiriskira ncito kamoza panji zakugwiriskira ncitoso. Ma mpeni wa opaleshoni agho ghakugwiriskira ncitoso ghangaŵa na vingwe vyakuŵikikapo nyengo zose ivyo vingaŵa vyakuthwa panji, kanandi, vingwe ivyo vingafumiskikapo vyakugwiriskira ncito kamoza. Kanandi mpeni wa opaleshoni zakuponyeka zikuŵa na chakukolera cha pulasitiki icho chili na chingwe chakutambasuka (nga ni mpeni wakugwiliskira ntchito) ndipo zikugwiriskirika nchito kamoza, ndipo pamanyuma pake chida chose chikutayika. Kanandi vingwe vya mpeni wa opaleshoni vikuŵikika paŵekha mu matumba ghambura kuŵa na nthenda kweni vikupelekekaso vyambura nthenda. Nthowa zinyake izo zingagwiliskirika nchito na mpeni wa opaleshoni ni electrocautery na laser. [[Category:Mipeni yachipatala]] qrd3iux1tjdnqbqfoq4g37fnq741aqs 0 49716 122234 2026-09-22T12:22:33Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[File:Community_Notes_logo.svg|right|200px]] '''Community Notes''' (kale yikamanyikwanga kuti '''Birdwatch''') ni chinthu pa [[Twitter|X (kale Twitter)]] apo awo ŵakupeleka ŵangasazgapo nkhani nga ni kuwoneseska unenesko pasi pa ivyo ŵalemba, chithuzithuzi panji vidiyo.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2024-05-22/elon-musk-s-community-notes-feature-on-x-is-working</ref> Ni ndondomeko yakulongozgeka na ŵanthu, iyo yikukhumba kupereka fundo zakovwira na..." 122234 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Community_Notes_logo.svg|right|200px]] '''Community Notes''' (kale yikamanyikwanga kuti '''Birdwatch''') ni chinthu pa [[Twitter|X (kale Twitter)]] apo awo ŵakupeleka ŵangasazgapo nkhani nga ni kuwoneseska unenesko pasi pa ivyo ŵalemba, chithuzithuzi panji vidiyo.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2024-05-22/elon-musk-s-community-notes-feature-on-x-is-working</ref> Ni ndondomeko yakulongozgeka na ŵanthu, iyo yikukhumba kupereka fundo zakovwira na zakusambizga, zakuthemba pa ndondomeko ya ŵanthu ŵanandi. Manotisi ghakugwiriskirika nchito pa ivyo vingaŵa vyakupusika na ndondomeko yakukhazikika pa bridging iyo yikukhazikika pa dango la ŵanandi yayi, kweni m’malo mwake kuzomerezgana kufuma ku awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya ndyali. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:X (webusayiti)]] ixbzd631hvx9ww05z8w7n6z0ancij78 1 49717 122235 2026-09-22T12:23:36Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 122235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 0 49718 122243 2026-09-22T21:07:03Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kupanga nkhani: kung'anamura kufuma mu nkhani ya Chingelezi "Nipple", kugwiliskira ntchito Google Translate nga muyambiro na kunozgeka na Chitumbuka-English Visual Dictionary kuti mazgu ghaŵe gha Chitumbuka ghakukhozgeka, kwambura Chingelezi cakusunda mkati. 122243 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Nkhani iyi njakukhwaskana na chiŵalo cha thupi. Kuti mumanye kagwiliskiro kanyake, wonani Ndomo (disambiguation).'' {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Ndomo |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyiko |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |Chigaŵa ca | class="infobox-data" |[[Bere]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Latin|Chilatini]] | class="infobox-data" |''papilla mammaria'' |} '''Ndomo''' ni chigaŵa cakukwezgeka pa mtundira wa [[bere]], umo, mwa ŵanakazi awo ŵakuyamwiska, [[mkaka]] wakufuma mu chiŵaya ca mabere ukufumira mu thupi kwizira mu nthowa za mkaka kuti wayamwiske mwana.<ref>Hansen 2010, p. 80.</ref> Mkaka ungatuluka waka kwizira mu ndomo, panji ungatuliskika na kukolerana kwa minofu yakuzingilira nthowa za mkaka. Ndomo yikuzingilirika na mphepete wa ndomo, uwo kanandi uli na wuzi wakusuzgika kuluska thako lakuzingilira.<ref>"nipple". Taber's Online.</ref> Mu Cingelezi, ndomo ya vinyama yikuŵa na lizgu linyake kuluska ndomo ya munthu, ndipo lizgu ili lingagwiliskikiraso kulongosora pakamwa pa cupa ca kunyamwiskira mwana wanchoko. Vinyama vyanalume navyo vili na ndomo, kweni kwambura nchito panji ukuru wakuyana na ŵa vinyama vyanakazi. Mwa ŵanthu, ndomo za ŵanakazi na ŵanalume vyose vingatolekera na kukwezgeka kwa mahara pa nkhani za tenda. Mu vikhalidwe vinandi, ndomo za ŵanakazi zikuwoneka nga ni chinthu cakukhwaskana na tenda,<ref>Beer, Todd (2015). "Social Construction of the Body: The Nipple".</ref> panji zikuwoneka nga chinthu cakupendekezgeka na kupendeka kwaso.<ref>Dewar, Gwen (2012). "The sexualization of girls".</ref> Ntheura, mu vyalo vinandi mwakhala vinthu vyakubenekelera vyakuvikilira. == Muwiro wa lizgu == Mu Cingelezi, lizgu ilo likung'anamura ndomo likafuma ku lizgu la Old English ilo kwambiravo likang'anamuranga "mulomo wa kayuni" panji "mphuno".<ref>Harper, Douglas. "nipple". Online Etymological Dictionary.</ref> == Muundo == Mu vinyama, ndomo (yikuchemekaso mammary papilla) ni chibaya cichoko ca thako ico chili na milyango 15–20 ya nthowa za mkaka, ivyo vili mu muzere uzingilira nsonga ya ndomo. Vinyama vya mtundu wa marsupial na eutherian kanandi vili na ndomo zakwenelana, kwambira ziŵiri mpaka zikhumi na zinkhonde na zinayi.<ref>Ramel, Gordon. "Mammalian Milk".</ref> Thako la ndomo lili na misipa yakusanda iyo yikupulika vinthu vinyake comene: iyi ni ya mtundu wakuzomerezga luŵiro na yakuzomerezga pacoko-pacoko. Musimbo wa maghanoghano ukuru ukwiza ku ndomo ukufuma mu songo za kunthazi za musipa wa mzere ghwakhumi na chinayi wa mbaru. Ndomo yikugwiliskikiraso ntchito kuŵa fundo ya kupima pa thupi, chifukwa yikulongora dermatome ya T4 (chiwangwa cha mbaru cha chinayi) ndipo yikuŵa pafupi na muyeso wa diaphragm.<ref>Grabb & Smith's Plastic Surgery, ch. 59.</ref> Musimbo wakufuma na musimbo wakuwelera ivyo vikwenda ku ndomo na bere vikufuma mu songo za kunthazi za musimbo ukuru wa mkati wa mbaru; musimbo wakufuma wa mbali; na musimbo wakufuma wa msana. Nthowa za lymph izo zikutuzga ndomo ni zizo zikutuzganso bere. 75% ya lymph yikutuzgika kwizira mu viŵaya vya lymph vya pa nkhwapa. Vinandi vyakukhalira vikufuma mu ndomo na bere kwizira mu viŵaya vinyake vyakupafupi. Chifukwa ndomo zikusintha pakati pa nyengo ya umoyo wa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi, muundo wa ndomo ungasintha, ndipo kusintha uku kungaŵa kwakwenelera na kwakuzomerezgeka. == Mwa vinyama vyanalume == Vinyama vinandi vili na ndomo. Cifukwa nchi cake ŵanalume ŵali na ndomo cikaŵa nkhani ya kafukufuku wa sayansi. Kupambana pakati pa mahanya (kukuchemeka sexual dimorphism) mu chiŵalo chimoza chikuwoneka na ŵasayansi ŵa evolution kuti nkhwakufuma comene mu kusankha kwa tenda (sexual selection), kwambura kunanga panji kwambura kukwaskana. Pali cizomerezgo cakuti ndomo ya mwanalume yikukhalapo chifukwa kulije candamizo lakupambuka pa ŵanalume kutaya nkhawa iyi. Ntheura, ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakuti ndomo ya mwanalume njakuwoneka waka pa thupi, kwambura nchito yeneko, nga umo cikuŵira na vinyake ivyo vikwiza pamoza na kukura kwa vinthu vinyake ku evolution.<ref>Lawrence, Eleanor (1999). "Why do men have nipples?". Nature News.</ref> Mwa ŵanthu, ndomo zikuzingilirikaso kanandi na sisi la thupi. == Nchito == Nchito ya thupi ya ndomo njakupeleka mkaka, uwo ukupangika mu chiŵaya ca mabere gha ŵanakazi mu nyengo ya kuyamwiska, kuti mwana wanchoko wayamwe. Pakuyamwiska, kukwaskika kwa ndomo na mwana kukukwezga kutuluka kwa oxytocin kufuma mu hypothalamus. Oxytocin ni hormone iyo yikwenjerezgeka mu nyengo ya nthumbo ndipo yikugwira ntchito pa bere kovwira kupanga kang'anamuro ka kutuluska mkaka. Kutuluska kwa oxytocin chifukwa ca kukwaskika kwa ndomo kukukwezga [[nthumbo]] kukolerana napo pamanyuma pakubabika kwa mwana.<ref>Henry 2016, p. 117.</ref> Kukolerana kwankhongono uku kwa nthumbo, uko kukwiza chifukwa ca kukwaskika kwa ndomo za ŵamama, kukovwira nthumbo kukolerana kuti kukoke musimbo wakufuma wa nthumbo. Kukolerana uku nkhwakukhumbikwa kuti kwambe kutuluka mwazi kwakuzirwa panyuma pakubabika.<ref>Abedi et al. (2016). "Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation".</ref> Para mwana wakuyamwa panji kukwaska ndomo, muyeso wa oxytocin ukukwera, ndipo minofu yichoko mu bere yikukolerana, kutuzga mkaka kwizira mu nthowa za mkaka. Kukolerana uku kukuchemeka kang'anamuro ka "kutuluska mkaka". Kuti mwana wakolerane makola pa ndomo nkhwakuti chigaŵa cakusi ca mphepete wa ndomo chiŵe mkati mwa kanwa ka mwana, ndipo ndomo yikolekeke mkati mwa kanwa kake. Kukolerana kwambura kwenelera kukupangiska ndomo kuleka kukwaskika makola, ico cikupangiska kang'anamuro ka kutuluska mkaka kuleka kukwaniriska. Kukolerana uku kwambura kwenelera kungapangiska ndomo kuŵinyika na kupasuka, ndipo mama wangaleka kukhumba kuyamwiskaso.<ref>WomensHealth.gov guide.</ref> Pamanyuma pakubabika, mkaka ukwenjerezgeka kuyana na umo mwana wakukwaskira ndomo mwakukhorwa na mwakwenjelezgeka. Usange mwana wakwenjezga nyengo ya kuyamwa pa ndomo, chiŵaya ca mabere chikwankha ku kukwaskika uku na kwenjezgeka mkaka. == Umoza na masuzgo == === Kuŵinyika === Kuŵinyika kwa ndomo kungaŵa candamizo la kuleka kuyamwiska.<ref>Santos et al. (2016). "Prevalence and factors associated with cracked nipples".</ref> Ndomo iyo yikuŵinya na kwamba kupasuka njakukhwaskana chomene, chifukwa ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakuleka kuyamwiska chifukwa ca kuŵinyika uku. Nyengo zinyake, chironda chingapanga pa ndomo.<ref>"nipple". Retrieved 4 August 2017.</ref> Chifukwa chimoza ca kupasuka na kuŵinyika kwa ndomo ni kukolerana kwambura kwenelera kwa mwana pa ndomo. Usange ndomo yikuwoneka nga ni ya cizuŵa, yeya, ndipo yakupatalala, ici cingalongora kuti kukolerana kwa mwana nkhwambura kwenelera ndipo pali candamizo la kupanga vipasuko. Nthenda ya herpes pa ndomo njakuŵinya chomene. Kuŵinyika kwa ndomo kungawakaso na kukwaskana chomene kwa vyakuvwara pa ndomo, ico cikupangiska kupasuka. === Kutuluska vinthu === Kutuluska vinthu mu ndomo nkhukhwaskana na cinyake cakutuluka mu ndomo ya bere. Kutuluska uku nkhukuŵako yayi mu ŵanakazi awo ŵakuyamwiska. Kutuluska mu ŵanakazi awo ŵali na nthumbo yayi panji ŵambura kuyamwiska kungaŵa kwambura kukhwaskana. Ŵanalume awo ŵakutuluska vinthu mu ndomo nkhwakukhwaskana yayi mwakumanyikwa. Kutuluska mu ndomo za ŵanalume panji ŵasepuka kungalongora suzgo linyake. Kutuluska kungaŵapo kwambura kukamiskika panji kungawoneka waka usange ndomo yikamiskika. Ndomo yimoza yingaŵa na kutuluska apo yinyake yikuŵavya. Kutuluska kungaŵa kwakuŵalala, kwakuwiskirira, kwa mwazi, kwakubvunda panji kwacilundu. Kunona kwake kungaŵa kwakukola, kwakhweta, kwakunyamatira panji kwakwiskirira.<ref>MedlinePlus. "Nipple discharge".</ref> Vinyake vya kutuluska uku vikumalira paviri kwambura kunozgeka. Kutuluska mu ndomo mu vinthu vinandi njayayi khansa (mbwenu vitowa), kweni pacoko, kungaŵa cimanyikwiro ca khansa ya bere. Nchakukhumbikwa kumanya icho cikupangiska kutuluska na kupoka mankhwala. Vifukwa vya kutuluska mu ndomo vikusazgapo: * Nthumbo * Kuyamwiska kwaposachedu * Kukwaskana kwa cigaŵa ici na vyakuvwara vyapasi pa shati * Kupwetekeka kwa bere * Kwananga * Kufura na kujalika kwa nthowa za bere * Vinthu vyakukura vyambura kuŵa khansa mu chiŵaya ca pituitary * Kukura kucoko mu bere (kanandi njayayi khansa) * Chiŵaya ca pa singo cakuleka kugwira nchito mwakwenelera (hypothyroidism) * Bere lakukoreka (kukolela kwakwenelera mu bere) * Kugwiliskira ntchito mankhwala ghanyake * Kugwiliskira ntchito vyakukura vinyake, nga ni anise na fennel * Kupharazgika kwa nthowa za mkaka<ref>MedlinePlus. "Nipple discharge".</ref> Nyengo zinyake, ŵana ŵanchoko ŵangaŵa na kutuluska mu ndomo. Ici nchakuchitiskika na hormone kufuma kwa mama pambere kubabika. Kanandi kukumala mu masabata ghaŵiri. Khansa nga Paget's disease (mtundu wa khansa uwo ukukhwaskana na thako la ndomo) nagho ungapangiska kutuluska mu ndomo.<ref>MedlinePlus. "Nipple discharge".</ref> Kutuluska mu ndomo uko nkhwambura kwenelera nkhwa mwazi, kukufuma waka mu ndomo yimoza, panji kukutuluka pambura kukamiskika panji kukwaskika. Kutuluska mu ndomo nkhukwenelera comene usange kukufuma mu ndomo zose ziŵiri panji kukucitika para ndomo zikamiskika. Kukamiska ndomo kuti muwone usange muli kutuluska kungapangiska kuti vikuriske. Kuleka kukwaska ndomo kungapangiska kutuluska kumara.<ref>MedlinePlus. "Nipple discharge".</ref> Kutuluska mu ndomo mwa mwanalume nkhukukhwaskana chomene comene. Kanandi mammogram na kusanda mazi wakutuluska vikucitika. Biopsy kanandi yikucitika. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy yingaŵa yaluŵiro na yambura kupweteka chomene. Sindano yichoko, yakuvunduka yikugwiliskikira ntchito na kukoka kucoko kuti vitolekepo cakusanda pasi pa ndomo. Ŵanalume ŵanyake ŵakusangika na nthenda yakuchemeka gynecomastia, umo nyama ya bere pasi pa ndomo yikukura na kukwezgeka. Kutuluska mu ndomo kungachitika. Ndomo yingafura mu ŵanalume ŵanyake panji chifukwa ca kukwera kwa muyeso wa estrogen.<ref>Cuhaci et al. (2014). "Gynecomastia".</ref> === Muwoneskero === Pambere za msinkhu wakukura, ndomo za ŵasungwana zikuyana chomene na za ŵasepuka. Kusintha kwa muwoneskero kungaŵa kwakwenelera panji kwakukhwaskana na nthenda. * '''Ndomo yakugwazgamira mkati''' – Ici nchakwenelera usange ndomo yili nga umo yili nyengo zose kufuma pamwambo, ndipo yingafumapo luŵiro para yikwaskika. Usange ndomo zikuŵa kunthazi kwambura kufumirapo, ndipo ici nchiphya, ici nchakuzizwiska. * '''Kufinyana kwa thako la ndomo''' – Ici cingachitiskika na chironda cakusazgika chifukwa ca opaleshoni panji kwananga. Kanandi, chironda cakusazgika chikupanga kwambura fundo yakumanyikwa. Kanandi suzgo ili nkhukhumbikwa mankhwala yayi. Ici nchiphya. Kusintha uku kungaŵa kwakukhwaskana chomene chifukwa kufinyana panji kukoka kwa ndomo kungalongora kusintha mu nyama ya bere kwakukhwaskana na khansa. * '''Ndomo yikuŵa yakupya para yikwaskika, yakufiira panji yakupweteka''' – Ici cingaŵa kwananga. Nkhusoŵa comene kufuma ku khansa ya bere. * '''Ndomo yakugwaduka, yakupatuka panji yakupapa''' – Ici nkhwacomene kufuma ku eczema panji kwananga kwa bacteria panji fungus. Kusintha uku nkhuphya. Kugwaduka, kupatuka panji kupapa kwa ndomo kungaŵa cimanyikwiro ca Paget's disease. * '''Thako lakuzunda na milyango yikuru''' – Ici chikuchemeka peau d'orange chifukwa thako likuwoneka nga mphapa ya cungwa. Kwananga mu bere panji khansa ya bere ya kufura yingapangiska suzgo ili. Ici nchiphya. * '''Ndomo yakugwazgamira mkati''' – Ndomo yikaŵa yakukwezgeka kuluska thako, kweni yasintha, yamba kugwazgamira mkati, ndipo yikufumapo yayi para yikwaskika.<ref>Walker 2011, p. 533.</ref> Muyeso wakwenelera wa kukwezgeka na ukuru wa ndomo za ŵanakazi ni pafupifupi mamilimita 9.5.<ref>Hansen 2010, p. 83.</ref> === Khansa ya bere === Vimanyikwiro vya khansa ya bere kanandi vikuwoneka pakwamba na kusintha kwa ndomo na mphepete wake, nangauli ŵanakazi wose ŵakusangika yayi na vimanyikwiro vyakuyana, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakusangika yayi na cimanyikwiro cilicose. Munthu wangamanya kuti wali na khansa ya bere pamanyuma pa kusanda kwakukhazikika kwa mammogram. Vimanyikwiro vyakucenjezga vikusazgapo: * Cifula ciphya mu ndomo, panji bere panji nkhwapa * Kufula panji kuzunda kwa cigaŵa cinyake ca bere, mphepete wa ndomo, panji ndomo * Kupwetekeka panji kubvunganyika kwa thako la bere * Kufiira panji kugwaduka kwa thako mu cigaŵa ca ndomo panji bere * Kukoka kwa ndomo panji kupweteka mu cigaŵa ca ndomo * Kutuluska mu ndomo kwambura kuŵa mkaka wa bere, kusazgapo mwazi * Kusintha kulikose mu ukuru panji muwoneskero wa bere panji ndomo * Kupweteka mu cigaŵa cilicose ca bere<ref>CDC. "Bring Your Brave Campaign".</ref> Kusintha mu ndomo nkhwakwenelera yayi kuŵa vimanyikwiro panji cizindikiro ca khansa ya bere. Masuzgo ghanyake gha ndomo ghangayana na vimanyikwiro vya khansa ya bere. === Kufuma kwa nthenda kwa mama kupeleka mwana === Nthenda zinyake zikupelekeka kwizira mu ndomo, comenecomene usange kwananga panji kupasuka kwa ndomo kwacitika. Mu vyakwenelera ivi, ndomo yayekha yingasangika na Candida iyo yili mu kanwa ka mwana wakuyamwiska. Mwana wakupeleka nthenda kwa mama. Kanandi, nthenda iyi yikukhalira waka pa cigaŵa ca ndomo. Nyengo zinyake, nthenda yingakura na kuŵa mastitis panji kwananga kwa bere.<ref>MedlinePlus. "Breastfeeding vs. Formula Feeding".</ref> Nyengo zinyake, usange mama wali na nthenda kwambura kupasuka panji vironda pa ndomo, njakwenelera kuyamwiskabe mwana. Nthenda ya herpes pa ndomo yingaleka kumanyikwa chifukwa vironda ni vichoko, kweni kanandi vikupweteka chomene. Herpes mu mwana wanchoko ni nthenda yakukhwaskana chomene ndipo nyengo zinyake yingakomora. Kupelekeka kwa Hepatitis C na B kwa mwana kungachitika usange ndomo zapasuka. Vinthu vinyake vyakuchitiska nthenda vingapelekeka kwizira mu vipasuko vya thako la ndomo ndipo vingapatiska mwana. === Masuzgo ghanyake === * Cizuŵa cichoko pa ndomo * Kufuma kwa Candida pa ndomo * Eczema ya ndomo * Ndomo yakugwazgamira mkati * Kufuma kwa Staphylococcus pa ndomo * Mphepete wa ndomo wakufura * Kufuma kwa herpes pa ndomo * Reynaud phenomenon pa ndomo * Ndomo yakupatalala == Opaleshoni == Opaleshoni yakukoserako bere kwambura kudumura ndomo (nipple-sparing/subcutaneous mastectomy) ni nthowa ya opaleshoni umo nyama ya bere yikufumiskika, kweni ndomo na mphepete wake vikukhalilira. Kwakale, opaleshoni iyi yikacitikanga waka kuti vithinkhe nthenda yambura kupwelelera panji pamoza na mastectomy ya nthenda yambura kunanga chifukwa ca wofi wa kuti khansa ingakura mu nyama ya nthowa za mkaka iyo yakhalilira. Kafukufuku waposachedu wakulongora kuti opaleshoni iyi yingaŵa yiwemi pa nkhani ya khansa ku vinthu vyakukura ivyo vili yayi pa cigaŵa ca subareolar.<ref>Gerber et al. (2003).</ref> == Mu chikhalidwe na mikoko == === Kulongoreka pakuwaro === Nkhani ikulu: [[Toplessness|Kuŵa wambura shati]] Chikhalidwe ca kubisa ndomo ya mwanakazi pasi pa vyakuvwara chili kukhalapo mu chikhalidwe ca Kumadzulo kufuma mu vyaka vya 1800. Pakuti ndomo za ŵanakazi kanandi zikuwoneka nga chigaŵa cakukhwaskana chomene, kuvikilira kwake kungaŵa kwakamba pasi pa masindiro gha Victorian, nga umo viliri na kukwera kavalo mu mbali yimoza. Kufumiska bere lose na ndomo ni njira yimoza yakukanizga kwa ŵanyake ndipo ni ulongozgi kwa ŵanyake. Kufumiska ndomo kanandi kukuwoneka kuti nkhwambura mchindo ndipo nyengo zinyake kukuwoneka kuti nkhwakuipa panji kwakusuzga. Nkhani yinyake mu Erie, Pennsylvania, yakukhwaskana na kufumiska mabere na ndomo yikafika ku khoti likuru la United States. Ndondomeko ya Erie yikakhazikiska kuti ndomo pa waro ni cinthu ico munthu wangananga malango usange wawonekera pa waro wambura kuvwara ("appears in a state of nudity commits Public Indecency", umo ndondomeko yeneyiyo yikuyowoyera). Munyuma mu ndondomeko iyi, kuŵa wambura kuvwara kukalongoseka kwambiraso kuti ni ndomo ya mwanakazi yambura kuvikilirika. Kweni kufumiska ndomo ya mwanalume nkhukakhazikiskika yayi. Ndondomeko za pa kufumiska kwa ndomo nkhukupambanapambana comene mu United States. Vyalo vinyake vikukanizga kuwoneka kwa cigaŵa cilicose ca bere. Vyalo vinyake vikukanizga muundo wa chisko cha ŵanakazi kwa kukanizga vithupa ivyo vili pasi pa mphepete wakuchanya wa ndomo panji ndomo yeneyo. Webusayiti yakuchemeka Instagram yili na ndondomeko yakuti vithuzi vya ndomo vikanizgike, kweni na visankho vinyake: vithuzi vya vironda pamanyuma pa mastectomy na vya ŵanakazi awo ŵakuyamwiska mwakwenelera vikuzomerezgeka, ndipo vithuzi vya ndomo mu vikozgo panji vithuzi vyakujaka nako nkhwakwenelera. Kwambiraku, Instagram yikafumiskangako vithuzi vya ŵamama awo ŵakuyamwiska. Instagram yikafumiskako vithuzi vya nyimbi Rihanna ndipo yikadumura akaunti yake mu 2014 apo wakapeleka mavithuzi na ndomo zakuwoneka. Ici ntchakwambiska mulimo uwo ukachemeka #FreeTheNipple. === Tenda === Nkhani ikulu: [[Nipple stimulation|Kukwaskika kwa ndomo]] Ndomo zingaŵa zakusanda kwa kukwaskika, ndipo kukwaskika kwa ndomo kungakwezga mahara gha tenda. Ŵanakazi ŵachoko waka ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵakusanga orgasm chifukwa ca kukwaskika kwa ndomo. Pambere pa kafukufuku wa Komisaruk na ŵanyake wa fMRI pa kukwaskika kwa ndomo mu 2011, malipoti gha ŵanakazi awo ŵakufiska orgasm chifukwa ca kukwaskika kwa ndomo ghakagomezganga waka nkhani zakuyowoyeka. Kafukufuku wa Komisaruk ukaŵa wakwamba kulongora umo viŵalo vyakubabira vya ŵanakazi vikukolerana na cigaŵa ca wongo ico chikupulika; ukulongora kuti kupulika kufuma ku ndomo kukuluta ku cigaŵa cimoza ca wongo nga umo kukuluta kupulika kufuma ku vagina, clitoris na mlomo wa nthumbo, ndipo malipoti gha orgasm agha ni orgasm za viŵalo vyakubabira ivyo vikuchitiskika na kukwaskika kwa ndomo, ndipo vingaŵa vyakukolerana comene na cigaŵa ca wongo ico chikupulika viŵalo vyakubabira. === Kubowola === Nkhani ikulu: [[Nipple piercing|Kubowola ndomo]] Kubowola ndomo ni mtundu wa kubowola thupi, ukucitikira comenecomene ku musinjiro wa ndomo. Vingabowoleka mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya ndomo, kweni kanandi vikucitika mwakuyanjana napo panji, kanandi comene, mwakwimilira. Nkhwakuthekekaso kubowola pafupifupi kanandi pa fundo yimoza. === Mu bizinesi === Makhampani ghanyake na mabungwe ghambura khumbo la ndalama ghakugwiliskira ntchito lizgu la ndomo panji vithuzi vya ndomo kuti ghakwezge chisisi ku vinthu vyawo panji cifukwa cawo. == Wonanisoso == * [[Mkaka wa bere]] * [[Fleischer's syndrome]] * [[Nipple prosthesis|Ndomo yakupangika]] kwa awo ŵasanga khansa ya bere * [[Pasties|Vyakuvwara vichoko vyakubisa ndomo]] * [[Udder|Bere la vinyama]] * [[Supernumerary nipple|Ndomo yakusazgikirapo (yacitatu)]] == Vyakuwelenga == {{Reflist}} === Vitabu === * Davidson, Michele (2014). ''Fast facts for the antepartum and postpartum nurse''. Springer Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8261-6887-0. * Durham, Roberta (2014). ''Maternal-newborn nursing: the critical components of nursing care''. F.A. Davis Company. ISBN 978-0-8036-3704-7. * Hansen, John (2010). ''Netter's clinical anatomy''. Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4377-0272-9. * Henry, Norma (2016). ''RN maternal newborn nursing: review module''. Assessment Technologies Institute. ISBN 978-1-56533-569-1. * Walker, Marsha (2011). ''Breastfeeding management for the clinician''. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7637-6651-1. [[Mtundu:Anatomy]] [[Mtundu:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] hdnjbxyzb1wly5n1aci559e3ldacnng 122249 122243 2026-09-22T22:42:20Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kunozga nkhani kuti pakuŵe vipongozi vichoko vyakuŵazgikira makora, kwakugaŵa vipongozi vitali kuŵa vichoko, na kunozga mazgu gha "hormone"→"homoni". 122249 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Ndomo |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyikwiro |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |Chigaŵa ca | class="infobox-data" |[[Bere]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Latin|Chilatini]] | class="infobox-data" |''papilla mammaria'' |} '''Ndomo''' ni chigaŵa cakukwezgeka pa mtundira wa [[bere]].<ref>Hansen 2010, p. 80.</ref> Mwa ŵanakazi awo ŵakuyamwiska, [[mkaka]] ukupangika mu chiŵaya ca mabere. Mkaka ukufumira mu thupi kwizira mu nthowa za mkaka, kuti mwana wayamwe. Mkaka ungatuluka waka kwizira mu ndomo. Panji ungatuliskika na kukolerana kwa minofu yakuzingilira nthowa za mkaka. Ndomo yikuzingilirika na mphepete wa ndomo. Mphepete uwu kanandi uli na khungu lakusuzgika kuluska khungu lakuzingilira.<ref>"nipple". Taber's Online.</ref> Mu Cingelezi, ndomo ya vinyama yikuŵa na lizgu linyake kuluska ndomo ya munthu. Lizgu ili lingagwiliskikiraso kulongosora pakamwa pa cupa ca kunyamwiskira mwana wanchoko. Vinyama vyanalume navyo vili na ndomo. Kweni ndomo yawo njambura nchito panji ukuru wakuyana na wa vinyama vyanakazi. Mwa ŵanthu, ndomo za ŵanakazi na ŵanalume vyose vingatolekera. Vingakwezga mahara pa nkhani za tenda. Mu vikhalidwe vinandi, ndomo za ŵanakazi zikuwoneka nga ni chinthu cakukhwaskana na tenda.<ref>Beer, Todd (2015). "Social Construction of the Body: The Nipple".</ref> Panji zikuwoneka nga chinthu cakupendekezgeka na kupendeka kwaso.<ref>Dewar, Gwen (2012). "The sexualization of girls".</ref> Ntheura, mu vyalo vinandi mwakhala vinthu vyakubenekelera vyakuvikilira ndomo. == Muwiro wa lizgu == Mu Cingelezi, lizgu ilo likung'anamura ndomo likafuma ku lizgu la Old English ilo kwambiravo likang'anamuranga "mulomo wa kayuni" panji "mphuno".<ref>Harper, Douglas. "nipple". Online Etymological Dictionary.</ref> == Muundo == Mu vinyama, ndomo (yikuchemekaso mammary papilla) ni chibaya cichoko ca khungu. Chili na milyango 15–20 ya nthowa za mkaka. Milyango iyi yili mu muzere uzingilira nsonga ya ndomo. Vinyama vya mtundu wa marsupial na eutherian kanandi vili na ndomo zakwenelana. Zingaŵa kwambira ziŵiri mpaka zikhumi na zinkhonde na zinayi.<ref>Ramel, Gordon. "Mammalian Milk".</ref> Khungu la ndomo lili na misipa yakusanda. Misipa iyi yikupulika vinthu vinyake comene. Yinyake ni ya mtundu wakuzomerezga luŵiro. Yinyake ni yakuzomerezga pacoko-pacoko. Musimbo wa maghanoghano ukuru ukwiza ku ndomo. Ukufuma mu songo za kunthazi za musipa wa mzere ghwakhumi na chinayi wa mbaru. Ndomo yikugwiliskikiraso ntchito kuŵa fundo ya kupima pa thupi. Chifukwa yikulongora dermatome ya T4 (chiwangwa cha mbaru cha chinayi). Ndipo yikuŵa pafupi na muyeso wa diaphragm.<ref>Grabb & Smith's Plastic Surgery, ch. 59.</ref> Musimbo wakufuma na musimbo wakuwelera vikwenda ku ndomo na bere. Vikufuma mu songo za kunthazi za musimbo ukuru wa mkati wa mbaru. Vikufumaso ku musimbo wakufuma wa mbali, na ku musimbo wakufuma wa msana. Nthowa za lymph izo zikutuzga ndomo ni zizo zikutuzganso bere. 75% ya lymph yikutuzgika kwizira mu viŵaya vya lymph vya pa nkhwapa. Vinandi vyakukhalira vikufuma mu ndomo na bere kwizira mu viŵaya vinyake vyakupafupi. Ndomo zikusintha pakati pa nyengo ya umoyo wa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi. Ntheura muundo wa ndomo ungasintha. Kusintha uku kungaŵa kwakwenelera na kwakuzomerezgeka. == Mwa vinyama vyanalume == Vinyama vinandi vili na ndomo. Cifukwa nchi cake ŵanalume ŵali na ndomo cikaŵa nkhani ya kafukufuku wa sayansi. Kupambana pakati pa mahanya (kukuchemeka sexual dimorphism) kungawoneka mu chiŵalo chimoza. Ŵasayansi ŵa evolution ŵakuti kupambana uku nkhwakufuma comene mu kusankha kwa tenda (sexual selection). Ici nkhwambura kunanga panji kwambura kukwaskana. Pali cizomerezgo cakuti ndomo ya mwanalume yikukhalapo chifukwa kulije candamizo lakupambuka pa ŵanalume kutaya nkhawa iyi. Ntheura, ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakuti ndomo ya mwanalume njakuwoneka waka pa thupi, kwambura nchito yeneko. Nga umo cikuŵira na vinyake ivyo vikwiza pamoza na kukura kwa vinthu vinyake ku evolution.<ref>Lawrence, Eleanor (1999). "Why do men have nipples?". Nature News.</ref> Mwa ŵanthu, ndomo zikuzingilirikaso kanandi na sisi la thupi. == Nchito == Nchito ya thupi ya ndomo njakupeleka mkaka. Mkaka ukupangika mu chiŵaya ca mabere gha ŵanakazi mu nyengo ya kuyamwiska, kuti mwana wanchoko wayamwe. Pakuyamwiska, kukwaskika kwa ndomo na mwana kukukwezga kutuluka kwa oxytocin kufuma mu hypothalamus. Oxytocin ni homoni iyo yikwenjerezgeka mu nyengo ya nthumbo. Yikugwira ntchito pa bere kovwira kupanga kang'anamuro ka kutuluska mkaka. Kutuluska kwa oxytocin chifukwa ca kukwaskika kwa ndomo kukukwezgaso [[nthumbo]] kukolerana napo pamanyuma pakubabika kwa mwana.<ref>Henry 2016, p. 117.</ref> Kukolerana kwankhongono uku kwa nthumbo kukwiza chifukwa ca kukwaskika kwa ndomo za ŵamama. Kukovwira nthumbo kukolerana kuti kukoke musimbo wakufuma wa nthumbo. Kukolerana uku nkhwakukhumbikwa kuti kwambe kutuluka mwazi kwakuzirwa panyuma pakubabika.<ref>Abedi et al. (2016). "Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation".</ref> Para mwana wakuyamwa panji kukwaska ndomo, muyeso wa oxytocin ukukwera. Minofu yichoko mu bere yikukolerana, kutuzga mkaka kwizira mu nthowa za mkaka. Kukolerana uku kukuchemeka kang'anamuro ka "kutuluska mkaka". Kuti mwana wakolerane makola pa ndomo, chigaŵa cakusi ca mphepete wa ndomo chikwenera kuŵa mkati mwa kanwa ka mwana. Ndomo yikwenera kukolekeka mkati mwa kanwa kake. Kukolerana kwambura kwenelera kukupangiska ndomo kuleka kukwaskika makola. Ici cikupangiska kang'anamuro ka kutuluska mkaka kuleka kukwaniriska. Kukolerana uku kwambura kwenelera kungapangiska ndomo kuŵinyika na kupasuka. Mama wangaleka kukhumba kuyamwiskaso chifukwa ca ici.<ref>WomensHealth.gov guide.</ref> Pamanyuma pakubabika, mkaka ukwenjerezgeka kuyana na umo mwana wakukwaskira ndomo. Usange mwana wakukwaskira ndomo mwakukhorwa na mwakwenjelezgeka, mkaka ukwenjerezgekaso. Usange mwana wakwenjezga nyengo ya kuyamwa pa ndomo, chiŵaya ca mabere chikwankha ku kukwaskika uku na kwenjezgeka mkaka. == Umoza na masuzgo == === Kuŵinyika === Kuŵinyika kwa ndomo kungaŵa candamizo la kuleka kuyamwiska.<ref>Santos et al. (2016). "Prevalence and factors associated with cracked nipples".</ref> Ndomo iyo yikuŵinya na kwamba kupasuka njakukhwaskana chomene. Ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakuleka kuyamwiska chifukwa ca kuŵinyika uku. Nyengo zinyake, chironda chingapanga pa ndomo.<ref>"nipple". Retrieved 4 August 2017.</ref> Chifukwa chimoza ca kupasuka na kuŵinyika kwa ndomo ni kukolerana kwambura kwenelera kwa mwana pa ndomo. Usange ndomo yikuwoneka nga ni ya cizuŵa, yeya, ndipo yakupatalala, ici cingalongora kuti kukolerana kwa mwana nkhwambura kwenelera. Pali candamizo la kupanga vipasuko pa nyengo iyi. Nthenda ya herpes pa ndomo njakuŵinya chomene. Kuŵinyika kwa ndomo kungawakaso na kukwaskana chomene kwa vyakuvwara pa ndomo. Ici cikupangiska kupasuka. === Kutuluska vinthu === Kutuluska vinthu mu ndomo nkhukhwaskana na cinyake cakutuluka mu ndomo ya bere. Kutuluska uku nkhukuŵako yayi mu ŵanakazi awo ŵakuyamwiska. Kutuluska mu ŵanakazi awo ŵali na nthumbo yayi panji ŵambura kuyamwiska kungaŵa kwambura kukhwaskana. Ŵanalume awo ŵakutuluska vinthu mu ndomo nkhwakukhwaskana yayi mwakumanyikwa. Kutuluska mu ndomo za ŵanalume panji ŵasepuka kungalongora suzgo linyake. Kutuluska kungaŵapo kwambura kukamiskika. Panji kungawoneka waka usange ndomo yikamiskika. Ndomo yimoza yingaŵa na kutuluska apo yinyake yikuŵavya. Kutuluska kungaŵa kwakuŵalala, kwakuwiskirira, kwa mwazi, kwakubvunda panji kwacilundu. Kunona kwake kungaŵa kwakukola, kwakhweta, kwakunyamatira panji kwakwiskirira.<ref>MedlinePlus. "Nipple discharge".</ref> Vinyake vya kutuluska uku vikumalira paviri kwambura kunozgeka. Kutuluska mu ndomo mu vinthu vinandi njayayi khansa (mbwenu vitowa). Kweni pacoko, kungaŵa cimanyikwiro ca khansa ya bere. Nchakukhumbikwa kumanya icho cikupangiska kutuluska na kupoka mankhwala. Vifukwa vya kutuluska mu ndomo vikusazgapo: * Nthumbo * Kuyamwiska kwaposachedu * Kukwaskana kwa cigaŵa ici na vyakuvwara vyapasi pa shati * Kupwetekeka kwa bere * Kwananga * Kufura na kujalika kwa nthowa za bere * Vinthu vyakukura vyambura kuŵa khansa mu chiŵaya ca pituitary * Kukura kucoko mu bere (kanandi njayayi khansa) * Chiŵaya ca pa singo cakuleka kugwira nchito mwakwenelera (hypothyroidism) * Bere lakukoreka (kukolela kwakwenelera mu bere) * Kugwiliskira ntchito mankhwala ghanyake * Kugwiliskira ntchito vyakukura vinyake, nga ni anise na fennel * Kupharazgika kwa nthowa za mkaka<ref>MedlinePlus. "Nipple discharge".</ref> Nyengo zinyake, ŵana ŵanchoko ŵangaŵa na kutuluska mu ndomo. Ici nchakuchitiskika na homoni kufuma kwa mama pambere kubabika. Kanandi kukumala mu masabata ghaŵiri. Khansa nga Paget's disease (mtundu wa khansa uwo ukukhwaskana na khungu la ndomo) nagho ungapangiska kutuluska mu ndomo.<ref>MedlinePlus. "Nipple discharge".</ref> Kutuluska mu ndomo uko nkhwambura kwenelera nkhwa mwazi. Kukufuma waka mu ndomo yimoza. Panji kukutuluka pambura kukamiskika panji kukwaskika. Kutuluska mu ndomo nkhukwenelera comene usange kukufuma mu ndomo zose ziŵiri. Panji usange kukucitika para ndomo zikamiskika. Kukamiska ndomo kuti muwone usange muli kutuluska kungapangiska kuti vikuriske. Kuleka kukwaska ndomo kungapangiska kutuluska kumara.<ref>MedlinePlus. "Nipple discharge".</ref> Kutuluska mu ndomo mwa mwanalume nkhukukhwaskana chomene comene. Kanandi mammogram na kusanda mazi wakutuluska vikucitika. Biopsy kanandi yikucitika. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy yingaŵa yaluŵiro na yambura kupweteka chomene. Sindano yichoko, yakuvunduka yikugwiliskikira ntchito na kukoka kucoko kuti vitolekepo cakusanda pasi pa ndomo. Ŵanalume ŵanyake ŵakusangika na nthenda yakuchemeka gynecomastia. Mu nthenda iyi, nyama ya bere pasi pa ndomo yikukura na kukwezgeka. Kutuluska mu ndomo kungachitika. Ndomo yingafura mu ŵanalume ŵanyake panji chifukwa ca kukwera kwa muyeso wa estrogen.<ref>Cuhaci et al. (2014). "Gynecomastia".</ref> === Muwoneskero === Pambere za msinkhu wakukura, ndomo za ŵasungwana zikuyana chomene na za ŵasepuka. Kusintha kwa muwoneskero kungaŵa kwakwenelera panji kwakukhwaskana na nthenda. * '''Ndomo yakugwazgamira mkati''' – Ici nchakwenelera usange ndomo yili nga umo yili nyengo zose kufuma pamwambo, ndipo yingafumapo luŵiro para yikwaskika. Usange ndomo zikuŵa kunthazi kwambura kufumirapo, ndipo ici nchiphya, ici nchakuzizwiska. * '''Kufinyana kwa khungu la ndomo''' – Ici cingachitiskika na chironda cakusazgika chifukwa ca opaleshoni panji kwananga. Kanandi, chironda cakusazgika chikupanga kwambura fundo yakumanyikwa. Kanandi suzgo ili nkhukhumbikwa mankhwala yayi. Ici nchiphya. Kusintha uku kungaŵa kwakukhwaskana chomene chifukwa kufinyana panji kukoka kwa ndomo kungalongora kusintha mu nyama ya bere kwakukhwaskana na khansa. * '''Ndomo yikuŵa yakupya para yikwaskika, yakufiira panji yakupweteka''' – Ici cingaŵa kwananga. Nkhusoŵa comene kufuma ku khansa ya bere. * '''Ndomo yakugwaduka, yakupatuka panji yakupapa''' – Ici nkhwacomene kufuma ku eczema panji kwananga kwa bacteria panji fungus. Kusintha uku nkhuphya. Kugwaduka, kupatuka panji kupapa kwa ndomo kungaŵa cimanyikwiro ca Paget's disease. * '''Khungu lakuzunda na milyango yikuru''' – Ici chikuchemeka peau d'orange chifukwa khungu likuwoneka nga mphapa ya cungwa. Kwananga mu bere panji khansa ya bere ya kufura yingapangiska suzgo ili. Ici nchiphya. * '''Ndomo yakugwazgamira mkati''' – Ndomo yikaŵa yakukwezgeka kuluska khungu, kweni yasintha, yamba kugwazgamira mkati, ndipo yikufumapo yayi para yikwaskika.<ref>Walker 2011, p. 533.</ref> Muyeso wakwenelera wa kukwezgeka na ukuru wa ndomo za ŵanakazi ni pafupifupi mamilimita 9.5.<ref>Hansen 2010, p. 83.</ref> === Khansa ya bere === Vimanyikwiro vya khansa ya bere kanandi vikuwoneka pakwamba na kusintha kwa ndomo na mphepete wake. Nangauli ŵanakazi wose ŵakusangika yayi na vimanyikwiro vyakuyana, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakusangika yayi na cimanyikwiro cilicose. Munthu wangamanya kuti wali na khansa ya bere pamanyuma pa kusanda kwakukhazikika kwa mammogram. Vimanyikwiro vyakucenjezga vikusazgapo: * Cifula ciphya mu ndomo, panji bere panji nkhwapa * Kufula panji kuzunda kwa cigaŵa cinyake ca bere, mphepete wa ndomo, panji ndomo * Kupwetekeka panji kubvunganyika kwa khungu la bere * Kufiira panji kugwaduka kwa khungu mu cigaŵa ca ndomo panji bere * Kukoka kwa ndomo panji kupweteka mu cigaŵa ca ndomo * Kutuluska mu ndomo kwambura kuŵa mkaka wa bere, kusazgapo mwazi * Kusintha kulikose mu ukuru panji muwoneskero wa bere panji ndomo * Kupweteka mu cigaŵa cilicose ca bere<ref>CDC. "Bring Your Brave Campaign".</ref> Kusintha mu ndomo nkhwakwenelera yayi kuŵa vimanyikwiro panji cizindikiro ca khansa ya bere. Masuzgo ghanyake gha ndomo ghangayana na vimanyikwiro vya khansa ya bere. === Kufuma kwa nthenda kwa mama kupeleka mwana === Nthenda zinyake zikupelekeka kwizira mu ndomo. Ici nkhwakuchitika comenecomene usange kwananga panji kupasuka kwa ndomo kwacitika. Mu vyakwenelera ivi, ndomo yayekha yingasangika na Candida iyo yili mu kanwa ka mwana wakuyamwiska. Mwana wakupeleka nthenda kwa mama. Kanandi, nthenda iyi yikukhalira waka pa cigaŵa ca ndomo. Nyengo zinyake, nthenda yingakura na kuŵa mastitis panji kwananga kwa bere.<ref>MedlinePlus. "Breastfeeding vs. Formula Feeding".</ref> Nyengo zinyake, usange mama wali na nthenda kwambura kupasuka panji vironda pa ndomo, njakwenelera kuyamwiskabe mwana. Nthenda ya herpes pa ndomo yingaleka kumanyikwa chifukwa vironda ni vichoko. Kweni kanandi vikupweteka chomene. Herpes mu mwana wanchoko ni nthenda yakukhwaskana chomene. Nyengo zinyake yingakomora mwana. Kupelekeka kwa Hepatitis C na B kwa mwana kungachitika usange ndomo zapasuka. Vinthu vinyake vyakuchitiska nthenda vingapelekeka kwizira mu vipasuko vya khungu la ndomo ndipo vingapatiska mwana. === Masuzgo ghanyake === * Cizuŵa cichoko pa ndomo * Kufuma kwa Candida pa ndomo * Eczema ya ndomo * Ndomo yakugwazgamira mkati * Kufuma kwa Staphylococcus pa ndomo * Mphepete wa ndomo wakufura * Kufuma kwa herpes pa ndomo * Reynaud phenomenon pa ndomo * Ndomo yakupatalala == Opaleshoni == Opaleshoni yakukoserako bere kwambura kudumura ndomo (nipple-sparing/subcutaneous mastectomy) ni nthowa ya opaleshoni imoza. Mu nthowa iyi, nyama ya bere yikufumiskika, kweni ndomo na mphepete wake vikukhalilira. Kwakale, opaleshoni iyi yikacitikanga waka kuti vithinkhe nthenda yambura kupwelelera. Panji yikacitikanga pamoza na mastectomy ya nthenda yambura kunanga. Ici chikaŵa chifukwa ca wofi wa kuti khansa ingakura mu nyama ya nthowa za mkaka iyo yakhalilira. Kafukufuku waposachedu wakulongora kuti opaleshoni iyi yingaŵa yiwemi pa nkhani ya khansa ku vinthu vyakukura ivyo vili yayi pa cigaŵa ca subareolar.<ref>Gerber et al. (2003).</ref> == Mu chikhalidwe na mikoko == === Kulongoreka pakuwaro === Nkhani ikulu: [[Toplessness|Kuŵa wambura shati]] Chikhalidwe ca kubisa ndomo ya mwanakazi pasi pa vyakuvwara chili kukhalapo mu chikhalidwe ca Kumadzulo kufuma mu vyaka vya 1800. Ndomo za ŵanakazi kanandi zikuwoneka nga chigaŵa cakukhwaskana chomene. Ntheura kuvikilira kwake kungaŵa kwakamba pasi pa masindiro gha Victorian. Nga umo viliri na kukwera kavalo mu mbali yimoza. Kufumiska bere lose na ndomo ni njira yimoza yakukanizga kwa ŵanyake. Nayo ni ulongozgi kwa ŵanyake. Kufumiska ndomo kanandi kukuwoneka kuti nkhwambura mchindo. Nyengo zinyake kukuwoneka kuti nkhwakuipa panji kwakusuzga. Nkhani yinyake mu Erie, Pennsylvania, yakukhwaskana na kufumiska mabere na ndomo yikafika ku khoti likuru la United States. Ndondomeko ya Erie yikakhazikiska kuti ndomo pa waro ni cinthu ico munthu wangananga malango. Ici nkhwakuŵa usange wawonekera pa waro wambura kuvwara ("appears in a state of nudity commits Public Indecency", umo ndondomeko yeneyiyo yikuyowoyera). Munyuma mu ndondomeko iyi, kuŵa wambura kuvwara kukalongoseka kwambiraso kuti ni ndomo ya mwanakazi yambura kuvikilirika. Kweni kufumiska ndomo ya mwanalume nkhukakhazikiskika yayi. Ndondomeko za pa kufumiska kwa ndomo nkhukupambanapambana comene mu United States. Vyalo vinyake vikukanizga kuwoneka kwa cigaŵa cilicose ca bere. Vyalo vinyake vikukanizga muundo wa chisko cha ŵanakazi kwa kukanizga vithupa ivyo vili pasi pa mphepete wakuchanya wa ndomo panji ndomo yeneyo. Webusayiti yakuchemeka Instagram yili na ndondomeko yakuti vithuzi vya ndomo vikanizgike. Kweni pali visankho vinyake. Vithuzi vya vironda pamanyuma pa mastectomy vikuzomerezgeka. Vithuzi vya ŵanakazi awo ŵakuyamwiska mwakwenelera navyo vikuzomerezgeka. Vithuzi vya ndomo mu vikozgo panji vithuzi vyakujaka nako nkhwakwenelera. Kwambiraku, Instagram yikafumiskangako vithuzi vya ŵamama awo ŵakuyamwiska. Instagram yikafumiskako vithuzi vya nyimbi Rihanna. Yikadumura akaunti yake mu 2014 apo wakapeleka mavithuzi na ndomo zakuwoneka. Ici ntchakwambiska mulimo uwo ukachemeka #FreeTheNipple. === Tenda === Nkhani ikulu: [[Nipple stimulation|Kukwaskika kwa ndomo]] Ndomo zingaŵa zakusanda kwa kukwaskika. Kukwaskika kwa ndomo kungakwezga mahara gha tenda. Ŵanakazi ŵachoko waka ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵakusanga orgasm chifukwa ca kukwaskika kwa ndomo. Pambere pa kafukufuku wa Komisaruk na ŵanyake wa fMRI pa kukwaskika kwa ndomo mu 2011, malipoti gha ŵanakazi awo ŵakufiska orgasm chifukwa ca kukwaskika kwa ndomo ghakagomezganga waka nkhani zakuyowoyeka. Kafukufuku wa Komisaruk ukaŵa wakwamba kulongora umo viŵalo vyakubabira vya ŵanakazi vikukolerana na cigaŵa ca wongo ico chikupulika. Ukulongora kuti kupulika kufuma ku ndomo kukuluta ku cigaŵa cimoza ca wongo. Ni cigaŵa cikuyana na ico kukuluta kupulika kufuma ku vagina, clitoris na mlomo wa nthumbo. Ntheura, malipoti gha orgasm agha ni orgasm za viŵalo vyakubabira ivyo vikuchitiskika na kukwaskika kwa ndomo. Vingaŵa vyakukolerana comene na cigaŵa ca wongo ico chikupulika viŵalo vyakubabira. === Kubowola === Nkhani ikulu: [[Nipple piercing|Kubowola ndomo]] Kubowola ndomo ni mtundu wa kubowola thupi, ukucitikira comenecomene ku musinjiro wa ndomo. Vingabowoleka mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya ndomo, kweni kanandi vikucitika mwakuyanjana napo panji, kanandi comene, mwakwimilira. Nkhwakuthekekaso kubowola pafupifupi kanandi pa fundo yimoza. === Mu bizinesi === Makhampani ghanyake na mabungwe ghambura khumbo la ndalama ghakugwiliskira ntchito lizgu la ndomo panji vithuzi vya ndomo kuti ghakwezge chisisi ku vinthu vyawo panji cifukwa cawo. == Wonanisoso == * [[Mkaka wa bere]] * [[Fleischer's syndrome]] * [[Nipple prosthesis|Ndomo yakupangika]] kwa awo ŵasanga khansa ya bere * [[Pasties|Vyakuvwara vichoko vyakubisa ndomo]] * [[Udder|Bere la vinyama]] * [[Supernumerary nipple|Ndomo yakusazgikirapo (yacitatu)]] == Vyakuwelenga == {{Reflist}} === Vitabu === * Davidson, Michele (2014). ''Fast facts for the antepartum and postpartum nurse''. Springer Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8261-6887-0. * Durham, Roberta (2014). ''Maternal-newborn nursing: the critical components of nursing care''. F.A. Davis Company. ISBN 978-0-8036-3704-7. * Hansen, John (2010). ''Netter's clinical anatomy''. Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4377-0272-9. * Henry, Norma (2016). ''RN maternal newborn nursing: review module''. Assessment Technologies Institute. ISBN 978-1-56533-569-1. * Walker, Marsha (2011). ''Breastfeeding management for the clinician''. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7637-6651-1. [[Mtundu:Anatomy]] [[Mtundu:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] okg1vhd27bcoty5oayv8nd5x5rv5xl7 0 49719 122244 2026-09-22T21:14:47Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kupanga nkhani: kung'anamura kufuma mu nkhani ya Chingelezi "Thorax"/"Chest", kugwiliskira ntchito Google Translate nga muyambiro na kunozgeka na Chitumbuka-English Visual Dictionary. 122244 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Nkhani iyi njakukhwaskana na sayansi ya thupi. Kuti mumanye kagwiliskiro kanyake, wonani Chifuwa (disambiguation).'' {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Chifuwa |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyiko |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Latin|Chilatini]] | class="infobox-data" |''thorax'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Greek language|Chigiriki]] | class="infobox-data" |θώραξ |} '''Chifuwa''' ni chigaŵa ca thupi la vinyama vyakuyamwiska ŵana na vinyama vinyake vya mtundu wa tetrapod, ico chili pakati pa [[singo]] na [[nthumbo]] (mbali ya thupi).<ref>Oxford Learner's Dictionaries.</ref> Mwa vibawo, ma crustacean, na ma trilobite ghakufwa, chifuwa ni chimoza mwa vigaŵa vitatu vikuru vya thupi, ndipo chilichose mwa ivi chili na vigaŵa vinandi vichoko. Chifuwa ca munthu chili na mphako wa mkati na thako lakuzingilira mphako uwo. Muli viŵalo nga mtima, mapapu, na chiŵaya ca thymus, kweniso minofu na vinthu vinyake vinandi vya mkati. Chifuwa chingaŵa na nthenda zinandi, ndipo cimanyikwiro cakuwoneka comene ni kupweteka kwa chifuwa. == Muwiro wa lizgu == Lizgu la mu Chigiriki ilo likung'anamura chifuwa likang'anamuranga kwambiravo "chakuvwara cakuvikilira pachifuwa mu nkhondo".<ref>θώραξ, Liddell & Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon.</ref> == Kwa ŵanthu == === Muundo === Kwa ŵanthu na vinyama vinyake vyakuyana navyo, chifuwa ni cigaŵa ca thupi ico chili pakati pa singo na nthumbo, pamoza na viŵalo vyake vya mkati na vinyake ivyo vilimo. Chikuvikilirika na kukhozgeka comene na muzere wa mbaru, msana, na viwangwa vya chiŵegha. === Ivyo vilimo === Nkhani ikulu: [[Thoracic cavity|Mphako wa mu chifuwa]] Ivyo vilimo mu chifuwa vikusazgapo mtima na mapapu (na chiŵaya ca thymus); minofu yikuru na yichoko ya pachifuwa, minofu ya trapezius, na minofu ya singo; na vinthu vya mkati nga umo ni diaphragm, nthowa ya cakurya, chigoromiro ca mvuchi, na cigaŵa ca chiwangwa cha chifuwa ico chikuchemeka xiphoid process. Musimbo wakufuma na musimbo wakuwelera navyo vilimo – (aorta, vena cava yakuchanya, vena cava yapasi na musimbo wakufuma wa mapapu); na viwangwa (fundo ya chiŵegha iyo yili na cigaŵa cakuchanya ca humerus, scapula, chiwangwa cha chifuwa, cigaŵa ca msana ca pachifuwa, clavicle, na muzere wa mbaru pamoza na mbaru zakuyendayenda). Vinthu vya kuwaro ni thako na ndomo. === Chifuwa === Mu thupi la munthu, cigaŵa ca chifuwa ico chili pakati pa singo na diaphragm, kunthazi kwa thupi, ndico chikuchemeka chifuwa. Cigaŵa cakuyana mu nyama nayo chingachemekaso chifuwa. Muwoneskero wa chifuwa ukuyana yayi na cigaŵa ca viwangwa vya chifuwa ico chikuzingilira mtima na mapapu. Utali wose wa chiŵegha ukufuma ku viwangwa vya chiŵegha, ndipo umu ndimo muli nkhwapa na mitu ya viwangwa vya humerus. Pakati-na-kati pa chifuwa pali mphuvya yakuwoneka pamwamba, ndipo pasi pake pacoko pali fundo yakwenda yakwendayika iyo yikumanyikwa kuti sternal angle, iyo yikulongora apo chiwangwa ca chifuwa chikukolerana na cigaŵa cake cakuchanya. Pa fundo iyi mbaru zachiŵiri zikukolerana na chiwangwa ca chifuwa, ndipo mbaru zapasi zingaŵerengeka kufuma apo. Kupasi kwa chiwangwa ca chifuwa, apo mbaru za mzere ghwacinkhonde panji ghakumaliro zikukolerana nacho, pali cartilage yakuchemeka ensiform, ndipo pamwamba pake nyengo zinandi pali phako lakumanyikwa kuti phako la nthumbo. === Viwangwa === Viwangwa vya chifuwa, ivyo vikuchemeka "chiwangwa cha thoracic", ni cigaŵa ca chiwangwa cakukolerana ca thupi lose (axial skeleton). Vikusazgapo mbaru na chiwangwa cha chifuwa. Mbaru za chifuwa zikuwerengeka kwambira 1 mpaka 12. Mbaru za 11 na 12 zikuchemeka mbaru zakuyendayenda chifukwa zilije fundo yakukolerana kunthazi na chiwangwa ca chifuwa, nga umo ziliri mbaru za 1 mpaka 7. Mbaru za 8 mpaka 10 zikuchemeka mbaru zambura unenesko chifukwa cartilage yake yikukolerana na cartilage ya mbaru yakuchanya yake. Viwangwa vya chifuwa navyo vili na nchito yikuru yakuvikilira mtima, mapapu, na musimbo ukuru wa ndopa mu chifuwa, nga umo ni aorta. === Fundo zakumanyikwira === Muundo wa chifuwa ungalongosekaso kwizira mu fundo zakumanyikwira pa thupi. Ndomo ya mwanalume yili panthazi pa mbaru yacinayi panji pacoko pasi pake; mu mzere wakwima, yili pacoko kunja kwa mzere wakufuma pakati-na-kati pa clavicle. Mu mwanakazi, fundo iyi njakukhozgeka yayi comene. Pacoko pasi pa ndomo pali fundo yapasi ya minofu yikuru ya pachifuwa iyo yikuluta kuchanya na kuwaro kuja ku nkhwapa; mu mwanakazi fundo iyi njakubisika na bere, ilo likufuma ku mbaru yaciŵiri mpaka ku mbaru yacinkhonde mu mzere wakwima, na kufuma ku mphepete wa chiwangwa cha chifuwa mpaka ku mzere wa pakati pa nkhwapa mu mzere wakupinduka. Ndomo ya mwanakazi yikuzingilirika na mphepete wa ndomo. Nsonga ya mtima wakwenelera yili mu cigaŵa ca zinayi na chinkhonde ca mbali yamawoko ghakumazgero, ku mtali wakupambana na mzere wapakati-na-kati. == Umoza na masuzgo == Nthenda zakupambanapambana zingakhwaskana na chifuwa, nga umo ni pleurisy, kuphulika kwa mbaru zinandi pamoza (flail chest), atelectasis, na icho cikuchitika comene, kupweteka kwa chifuwa. Masuzgo ghanyake gha chifuwa ghangaŵa gha kupokelerana, panji ghakuchitika chifukwa ca kubabika mwambura kwenelera panji kwananga. Suzgo lililose ilo likuponyeska nkhongono ya kupumira mwakunjilira panji kukolowora likuwoneka kuti ni nthenda ya chifuwa. === Kwananga === Kwananga kwa chifuwa (kukuchemekaso chifuwa cakupwetekeka mwakukhwaskana, panji thoracic injury) kukupangiska pafupifupi cigaŵa cimoza mwa vinayi vya nyifwa zose izo zikwiza chifukwa ca kwananga mu United States.<ref>Shahani, Rohit (2005). Penetrating Chest Trauma. eMedicine.</ref> Masuzgo ghakuru comene agho ghakusangika mu kwananga kwa chifuwa kwakukhwaskana na kunanga kwa mwazi kukusazgapo kubvunganyika mu kwenda kwa mvuchi, ndopa, panji vyose viŵiri pamoza. Kufuma kwa nthenda chifukwa ca kutulukira kwa vinthu vya mu nthumbo, nga umo viliri mu vipasuko vya nthowa ya cakurya, navyo nkhwakukhumbikwa kughanaghaniwa. Kwananga kwa kutimbana kanandi kukupangiska vironda vya thako la chifuwa (nga ni kuphuka kwa mbaru). Kupweteka uko kukwiza na vironda ivi kungapangiska kupumira kusuzga, ndipo ici cingaponyeska kwenda kwa mvuchi mu mapapu. Kwananga kwa mapapu mwenemura, nga ni kupwetekeka kwa nyama ya mapapu, kanandi kukusangika pamoza na kwananga kukuru kwa chifuwa ndipo kungaponyeska kwenda kwa mvuchi munjila yiyakuyana. === Kupweteka === Kupweteka kwa chifuwa kungafuma ku masuzgo ghanandi, kusazgapo masuzgo gha kupumira, gha m'mimba, na gha viwangwa na minofu. Kupweteka uku kungakwezga masuzgo gha mtima nagho. Kupweteka kwose ico munthu wakupulika nkhwakukhwaskana na mtima yayi, kweni nchambura kwenelera kukuwuskapo waka. Vimanyikwiro vingapambana kuyana na icho cikupangiska kupweteka.<ref>Chest Diseases.</ref> Apo masuzgo gha mtima ghakupangiska kupulika kwa kudinginyika mwaluŵiro mu chifuwa panji kupweteka kwakukoma mu msana, singo, na mawoko, kupweteka uko kukwiza chifukwa ca masuzgo ghambura kukhwaskana na mtima kukupeleka kupya nga umo mvuchi yikupya mu nthowa ya cakurya panji kupweteka para munthu wayezga kupumira mwakunjilira. Ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana ŵakupulika kupweteka mwakupambana chifukwa ca suzgo limoza lira. Ni mulwari yekha uyo wangamanya usange vimanyikwiro nkhwakofya panji yayi. Kupweteka kwa chifuwa kungaŵa cimanyikwiro ca kufwa kwa nyama ya mtima chifukwa ca kutimbanizgika kwa musimbo wakufuma (myocardial infarction, panji "kudinginyika kwa mtima"). Usange suzgo ili lili mu thupi, kupweteka mu chifuwa kungapulikika nga umo cinthu cakulemera cikuŵikika pa thupi. Kutuwa thukuta, kupumira mwakusuzga, kuzizwa mutu, na mtima kupwapwa mwambura kwenelera navyo vingapulikika. Usange nthenda iyi yayambika, unandi wa kononga ukuchitika mu maora ghakwamba ghatandatu, ntheura kupoka mankhwala mwaluŵiro nkhwakukhumbikwa. Ŵanthu ŵanyake, comenecomene ŵalara panji awo ŵali na shuga, ŵangaŵavya kupweteka kwa chifuwa kwakuyana na ŵanyake, kweni ŵangaŵa na vimanyikwiro vinyake vinandi vya nthenda iyi. Nkhwakukhumbikwa kuti ŵalwari aŵa na ŵakuŵapwelelera ŵamanye makola vimanyikwiro vya nthenda iyi. ==== Vinthu ivyo navyo nkhwambura mtima ==== Nga umo viliri na nthenda ya mtima, kupweteka kwose kwa chifuwa nkhwambura kufuma ku masuzgo gha mtima yayi. Kupweteka kwa thako la chifuwa kungapulikika pamanyuma pa kwenjezgeka kwa nchito za thupi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakwamba kusazgapo nchito za thupi mu vyakucita vyawo vya zuŵa na zuŵa kanandi ŵakupulika mtundu uwu wa kupweteka pakwamba. Nkhwakukhumbikwa kulaŵiska kupweteka uku kuti muwone usange nchambura kuŵa cimanyikwiro ca suzgo linyake likuru. Kupweteka kungapulikikaso mu ŵanthu awo ŵali na nthenda ya kupumira kwakuchanya, iyo yikwiza pamoza na kupya kwa thupi na kucekula. Shingles nayo ni nthenda yinyake ya virus iyo yingapeleka vimanyikwiro vya kupweteka kwa chifuwa panji mbaru pambere thako lindanjilepo kupapa. Kwananga ku muzere wa mbaru panji chiwangwa ca chifuwa nakoso nkhwakukhwaskana comene na kupweteka kwa chifuwa. Kanandi kukupulikika para munthu wapumira mwakunjilira panji wakolowora. ==== Atelectasis ==== Cinyake icho nchambura kufuma ku mtima kweni cikupangiska kupweteka kwa chifuwa ni atelectasis. Ili ni suzgo ilo likucitika para cigaŵa ca papu likuvunda chifukwa ca kusoŵa mvuchi. Para nthowa za mvuchi zajalika, suzgo ili likukura ndipo likupangiska mulwari kupulika kupumira kusuzga. Cifukwa cakuwanda comene ca atelectasis ni para bronchus, iyo yikufuma ku chigoromiro ca mvuchi, yajalika na kukoleka mvuchi mkati. Kujalika uku kungachitiskika na cinthu cakuŵa mkati mwa bronchus, nga ni ndulo ya nthenda, cinthu cakukura, panji cinthu ico munthu wamezga mwangaŵi nga ndalama, cakurya, panji cakusevyera. Nkhwakuthekaso kuti cinthu icho chili kuwaro kwa bronchus ndico cikupangiska kujalika. ==== Pneumothorax ==== Pneumothorax ni suzgo umo mvuchi panji gesi vikwenjerezgeka mu mphambano wa pleura. Vingachitika kwambura cifukwa cakumanyikwa panji chifukwa ca nthenda ya mapapu panji kwananga kwaluŵiro kwa mapapu. Ukuru wa pneumothorax ukusintha umo mvuchi panji gesi vikwenjerezgeka, ntheura ndondomeko ya uzengezgeni yingagwiliskikira ntchito sindano kuti yifumiskepo mvuchi uwo wakwenjerezgeka. Usange yayamba kunozgeka, kwenda kwa ndopa kungadinginyika na kupangiska muyeso wa ndopa kutsikira pasi, uko kukuchemeka tension pneumothorax. Vyakwenelera vichoko vingamalira paviri vyokha. Vimanyikwiro vya suzgo ili kanandi vikupulikika mu mbali yimoza ya papu waka panji nga kupumira kusuzga. == Mwa vinyama vya mtundu wa tetrapod == Mu vinyama vyakuyamwiska ŵana, chifuwa ni cigaŵa ca thupi cakupangika na chiwangwa cha chifuwa, viwangwa vya msana pachifuwa, na mbaru. Chikufuma ku singo mpaka ku diaphragm, ndipo chilije mawoko ghakuchanya. Mtima na mapapu vili mu mphako wa mu chifuwa, pamoza na musimbo unandi wa ndopa. Viŵalo vya mkati vikuvikilirika na muzere wa mbaru na chiwangwa cha chifuwa. Viwangwa vya msana pachifuwa navyo vikupambanikapo mu tuyuni, kweni yayi mu vinyama vyakukwaŵa. == Mwa vibawo == Nkhani ikulu: [[Thorax (insect anatomy)|Chifuwa ca vibawo]] Thupi la trilobite likagaŵikanga mu vigaŵa vitatu vikuru: cephalon ico chili na maso, vigaŵa vya mlomo, na viŵalo vyakusanda nga maantenna; chifuwa ico chili na vigaŵa vinandi vyakuyana (ivyo mu mitundu yinyake vikaŵavya kujigongeka nga ntolo); na pygidium, panji cigaŵa ca mciira. Mwa vibawo, ma crustacean, na ma trilobite ghakufwa, chifuwa ndico cigaŵa ca pakati-na-kati mwa vigaŵa vitatu vikuru vya thupi la chinyama, ndipo chilichose chili na vigaŵa vinandi vichoko. Ndico cigaŵa umo mapapindo na malundi ghakukolerana mu vibawo, panji cigaŵa ca vibaya vinandi ivyo vikukolerana mu ma trilobite. Mu vibawo vinandi, chifuwa chilicho chili na vigaŵa vitatu: prothorax, mesothorax, na metathorax. == Wonanisoso == * [[Pectus carinatum]] * [[Pectus excavatum]] * [[Thoracic cavity|Mphako wa mu chifuwa]] * [[Cardiothoracic surgery|Opaleshoni ya mtima na chifuwa]] == Vyakuwelenga == {{Reflist}} [[Mtundu:Anatomy]] [[Mtundu:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] auuoqfzcq43chfbck8cym26bacdhv06 122248 122244 2026-09-22T22:33:55Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kunozga nkhani kuti pakuŵe vipongozi vichoko vyakuŵazgikira makora, kwakugaŵa vipongozi vitali kuŵa vichoko. 122248 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Chifuwa |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyikwiro |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Latin|Chilatini]] | class="infobox-data" |''thorax'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Greek language|Chigiriki]] | class="infobox-data" |θώραξ |} '''Chifuwa''' ni chigaŵa ca thupi la vinyama vyakuyamwiska ŵana na vinyama vinyake vya mtundu wa tetrapod. Chili pakati pa [[singo]] na [[nthumbo]] (mbali ya thupi).<ref>Oxford Learner's Dictionaries.</ref> Mwa vibawo, ma crustacean, na ma trilobite ghakufwa, chifuwa ni chimoza mwa vigaŵa vitatu vikuru vya thupi. Chilichose mwa ivi chili na vigaŵa vinandi vichoko. Chifuwa ca munthu chili na mphako wa mkati na thako lakuzingilira mphako uwo. Muli viŵalo nga mtima, mapapu, na chiŵaya ca thymus. Muli so minofu na vinthu vinyake vinandi vya mkati. Chifuwa chingaŵa na nthenda zinandi. Cimanyikwiro cakuwoneka comene ni kupweteka kwa chifuwa. == Muwiro wa lizgu == Lizgu la mu Chigiriki ilo likung'anamura chifuwa likang'anamuranga kwambiravo "chakuvwara cakuvikilira pachifuwa mu nkhondo".<ref>θώραξ, Liddell & Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon.</ref> == Kwa ŵanthu == === Muundo === Kwa ŵanthu na vinyama vinyake vyakuyana navyo, chifuwa ni cigaŵa ca thupi ico chili pakati pa singo na nthumbo. Muli viŵalo vyake vya mkati na vinyake ivyo vilimo. Chikuvikilirika na kukhozgeka comene na muzere wa mbaru, msana, na viwangwa vya chiŵegha. === Ivyo vilimo === Nkhani ikulu: [[Thoracic cavity|Mphako wa mu chifuwa]] Ivyo vilimo mu chifuwa vikusazgapo mtima na mapapu (na chiŵaya ca thymus). Vikusazgamoso minofu yikuru na yichoko ya pachifuwa, minofu ya trapezius, na minofu ya singo. Vikusazgamoso vinthu vya mkati nga umo ni diaphragm, nthowa ya cakurya, chigoromiro ca mvuchi, na cigaŵa ca chiwangwa cha chifuwa ico chikuchemeka xiphoid process. Musimbo wakufuma na musimbo wakuwelera navyo vilimo: aorta, vena cava yakuchanya, vena cava yapasi, na musimbo wakufuma wa mapapu. Viwangwa navyo vilimo: fundo ya chiŵegha iyo yili na cigaŵa cakuchanya ca humerus, scapula, chiwangwa cha chifuwa, cigaŵa ca msana ca pachifuwa, clavicle, na muzere wa mbaru pamoza na mbaru zakuyendayenda. Vinthu vya kuwaro ni khungu na ndomo. === Chifuwa === Mu thupi la munthu, cigaŵa ca chifuwa ico chili pakati pa singo na diaphragm, kunthazi kwa thupi, ndico chikuchemeka chifuwa. Cigaŵa cakuyana mu nyama nayo chingachemekaso chifuwa. Muwoneskero wa chifuwa ukuyana yayi na cigaŵa ca viwangwa vya chifuwa ico chikuzingilira mtima na mapapu. Utali wose wa chiŵegha ukufuma ku viwangwa vya chiŵegha. Umu ndimo muli nkhwapa na mitu ya viwangwa vya humerus. Pakati-na-kati pa chifuwa pali mphuvya yakuwoneka pamwamba. Pasi pake pacoko pali fundo yakwenda yakwendayika iyo yikumanyikwa kuti sternal angle. Fundo iyi yikulongora apo chiwangwa ca chifuwa chikukolerana na cigaŵa cake cakuchanya. Pa fundo iyi mbaru zachiŵiri zikukolerana na chiwangwa ca chifuwa. Mbaru zapasi zingaŵerengeka kufuma apo. Kupasi kwa chiwangwa ca chifuwa, apo mbaru za mzere ghwacinkhonde panji ghakumaliro zikukolerana nacho, pali cartilage yakuchemeka ensiform. Pamwamba pake, nyengo zinandi, pali phako lakumanyikwa kuti phako la nthumbo. === Viwangwa === Viwangwa vya chifuwa, ivyo vikuchemeka "chiwangwa cha thoracic", ni cigaŵa ca chiwangwa cakukolerana ca thupi lose (axial skeleton). Vikusazgapo mbaru na chiwangwa cha chifuwa. Mbaru za chifuwa zikuwerengeka kwambira 1 mpaka 12. Mbaru za 11 na 12 zikuchemeka mbaru zakuyendayenda. Nchifukwa zilije fundo yakukolerana kunthazi na chiwangwa ca chifuwa, nga umo ziliri mbaru za 1 mpaka 7. Mbaru za 8 mpaka 10 zikuchemeka mbaru zambura unenesko. Nchifukwa cartilage yake yikukolerana na cartilage ya mbaru yakuchanya yake. Viwangwa vya chifuwa navyo vili na nchito yikuru: kuvikilira mtima, mapapu, na musimbo ukuru wa ndopa mu chifuwa, nga umo ni aorta. === Fundo zakumanyikwira === Muundo wa chifuwa ungalongosekaso kwizira mu fundo zakumanyikwira pa thupi. Ndomo ya mwanalume yili panthazi pa mbaru yacinayi panji pacoko pasi pake. Mu mzere wakwima, yili pacoko kunja kwa mzere wakufuma pakati-na-kati pa clavicle. Mu mwanakazi, fundo iyi njakukhozgeka yayi comene. Pacoko pasi pa ndomo pali fundo yapasi ya minofu yikuru ya pachifuwa. Fundo iyi yikuluta kuchanya na kuwaro kuja ku nkhwapa. Mu mwanakazi fundo iyi njakubisika na bere. Bere likufuma ku mbaru yaciŵiri mpaka ku mbaru yacinkhonde mu mzere wakwima. Likufumaso ku mphepete wa chiwangwa cha chifuwa mpaka ku mzere wa pakati pa nkhwapa mu mzere wakupinduka. Ndomo ya mwanakazi yikuzingilirika na mphepete wa ndomo. Nsonga ya mtima wakwenelera yili mu cigaŵa ca zinayi na chinkhonde ca mbali yamawoko ghakumazgero. Yili ku mtali wakupambana na mzere wapakati-na-kati. == Umoza na masuzgo == Nthenda zakupambanapambana zingakhwaskana na chifuwa. Ciyelezgero ni pleurisy, kuphulika kwa mbaru zinandi pamoza (flail chest), na atelectasis. Icho cikuchitika comene ni kupweteka kwa chifuwa. Masuzgo ghanyake gha chifuwa ghangaŵa gha kupokelerana. Ghanyake ghangachitika chifukwa ca kubabika mwambura kwenelera panji kwananga. Suzgo lililose ilo likuponyeska nkhongono ya kupumira mwakunjilira panji kukolowora likuwoneka kuti ni nthenda ya chifuwa. === Kwananga === Kwananga kwa chifuwa (kukuchemekaso chifuwa cakupwetekeka mwakukhwaskana, panji thoracic injury) kukupangiska nyifwa zinandi. Pafupifupi cigaŵa cimoza mwa vinayi vya nyifwa zose izo zikwiza chifukwa ca kwananga mu United States, chikwiza chifukwa ca ici.<ref>Shahani, Rohit (2005). Penetrating Chest Trauma. eMedicine.</ref> Masuzgo ghakuru comene agho ghakusangika mu kwananga kwa chifuwa nkhwakukhwaskana na kunanga kwa mwazi. Ghakusazgapo kubvunganyika mu kwenda kwa mvuchi, ndopa, panji vyose viŵiri pamoza. Kufuma kwa nthenda chifukwa ca kutulukira kwa vinthu vya mu nthumbo, nga umo viliri mu vipasuko vya nthowa ya cakurya, nakoso nkhwakukhumbikwa kughanaghaniwa. Kwananga kwa kutimbana kanandi kukupangiska vironda vya khungu la chifuwa, nga ni kuphuka kwa mbaru. Kupweteka uko kukwiza na vironda ivi kungapangiska kupumira kusuzga. Ici cingaponyeska kwenda kwa mvuchi mu mapapu. Kwananga kwa mapapu mwenemura, nga ni kupwetekeka kwa nyama ya mapapu, kanandi kukusangika pamoza na kwananga kukuru kwa chifuwa. Nakoso kungaponyeska kwenda kwa mvuchi munjila yiyakuyana. === Kupweteka === Kupweteka kwa chifuwa kungafuma ku masuzgo ghanandi. Ghanyake ni gha kupumira, gha m'mimba, na gha viwangwa na minofu. Kupweteka uku kungakwezga masuzgo gha mtima nagho. Kupweteka kwose ico munthu wakupulika nkhwakukhwaskana na mtima yayi. Kweni nchambura kwenelera kukuwuskapo waka. Vimanyikwiro vingapambana kuyana na icho cikupangiska kupweteka.<ref>Chest Diseases.</ref> Masuzgo gha mtima ghakupangiska kupulika kwa kudinginyika mwaluŵiro mu chifuwa. Ghangapangiskaso kupweteka kwakukoma mu msana, singo, na mawoko. Kupweteka uko kukwiza chifukwa ca masuzgo ghambura kukhwaskana na mtima nkhwakupambana. Kungapeleka kupya, nga umo mvuchi yikupya mu nthowa ya cakurya. Panji kungapweteka para munthu wayezga kupumira mwakunjilira. Ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana ŵakupulika kupweteka mwakupambana chifukwa ca suzgo limoza lira. Ni mulwari yekha uyo wangamanya usange vimanyikwiro nkhwakofya panji yayi. Kupweteka kwa chifuwa kungaŵa cimanyikwiro ca kufwa kwa nyama ya mtima. Aka nkhaŵa chifukwa ca kutimbanizgika kwa musimbo wakufuma (myocardial infarction, panji "kudinginyika kwa mtima"). Usange suzgo ili lili mu thupi, kupweteka mu chifuwa kungapulikika nga umo cinthu cakulemera cikuŵikika pa thupi. Kutuwa thukuta, kupumira mwakusuzga, kuzizwa mutu, na mtima kupwapwa mwambura kwenelera navyo vingapulikika. Usange nthenda iyi yayambika, unandi wa kononga ukuchitika mu maora ghakwamba ghatandatu. Ntheura kupoka mankhwala mwaluŵiro nkhwakukhumbikwa. Ŵanthu ŵanyake, comenecomene ŵalara panji awo ŵali na shuga, ŵangaŵavya kupweteka kwa chifuwa kwakuyana na ŵanyake. Kweni ŵangaŵa na vimanyikwiro vinyake vinandi vya nthenda iyi. Nkhwakukhumbikwa kuti ŵalwari aŵa na ŵakuŵapwelelera ŵamanye makola vimanyikwiro vya nthenda iyi. ==== Vinthu ivyo navyo nkhwambura mtima ==== Nga umo viliri na nthenda ya mtima, kupweteka kwose kwa chifuwa nkhwambura kufuma ku masuzgo gha mtima yayi. Kupweteka kwa khungu la chifuwa kungapulikika pamanyuma pa kwenjezgeka kwa nchito za thupi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakwamba kusazgapo nchito za thupi mu vyakucita vyawo vya zuŵa na zuŵa kanandi ŵakupulika mtundu uwu wa kupweteka pakwamba. Nkhwakukhumbikwa kulaŵiska kupweteka uku, kuti muwone usange nchambura kuŵa cimanyikwiro ca suzgo linyake likuru. Kupweteka kungapulikikaso mu ŵanthu awo ŵali na nthenda ya kupumira kwakuchanya. Iyi yikwiza pamoza na kupya kwa thupi na kucekula. Shingles nayo ni nthenda yinyake ya virus. Ingapeleka vimanyikwiro vya kupweteka kwa chifuwa panji mbaru, pambere khungu lindanjilepo kupapa. Kwananga ku muzere wa mbaru panji chiwangwa ca chifuwa nakoso nkhwakukhwaskana comene na kupweteka kwa chifuwa. Kanandi kukupulikika para munthu wapumira mwakunjilira panji wakolowora. ==== Atelectasis ==== Cinyake icho nchambura kufuma ku mtima, kweni cikupangiska kupweteka kwa chifuwa, ni atelectasis. Ili ni suzgo ilo likucitika para cigaŵa ca papu likuvunda chifukwa ca kusoŵa mvuchi. Para nthowa za mvuchi zajalika, suzgo ili likukura. Likupangiska mulwari kupulika kupumira kusuzga. Cifukwa cakuwanda comene ca atelectasis ni para bronchus, iyo yikufuma ku chigoromiro ca mvuchi, yajalika na kukoleka mvuchi mkati. Kujalika uku kungachitiskika na cinthu cakuŵa mkati mwa bronchus, nga ni ndulo ya nthenda, cinthu cakukura, panji cinthu ico munthu wamezga mwangaŵi nga ndalama, cakurya, panji cakusevyera. Nkhwakuthekaso kuti cinthu icho chili kuwaro kwa bronchus ndico cikupangiska kujalika. ==== Pneumothorax ==== Pneumothorax ni suzgo umo mvuchi panji gesi vikwenjerezgeka mu mphambano wa pleura. Vingachitika kwambura cifukwa cakumanyikwa. Panji vingachitika chifukwa ca nthenda ya mapapu panji kwananga kwaluŵiro kwa mapapu. Ukuru wa pneumothorax ukusintha umo mvuchi panji gesi vikwenjerezgeka. Ntheura ndondomeko ya uzengezgeni yingagwiliskikira ntchito sindano, kuti yifumiskepo mvuchi uwo wakwenjerezgeka. Usange yayamba kunozgeka, kwenda kwa ndopa kungadinginyika. Kungapangiska muyeso wa ndopa kutsikira pasi, uko kukuchemeka tension pneumothorax. Vyakwenelera vichoko vingamalira paviri vyokha. Vimanyikwiro vya suzgo ili kanandi vikupulikika mu mbali yimoza ya papu waka, panji nga kupumira kusuzga. == Mwa vinyama vya mtundu wa tetrapod == Mu vinyama vyakuyamwiska ŵana, chifuwa ni cigaŵa ca thupi cakupangika na chiwangwa cha chifuwa, viwangwa vya msana pachifuwa, na mbaru. Chikufuma ku singo mpaka ku diaphragm. Chilije mawoko ghakuchanya. Mtima na mapapu vili mu mphako wa mu chifuwa, pamoza na musimbo unandi wa ndopa. Viŵalo vya mkati vikuvikilirika na muzere wa mbaru na chiwangwa cha chifuwa. Viwangwa vya msana pachifuwa navyo vikupambanikapo mu tuyuni. Kweni yayi mu vinyama vyakukwaŵa. == Mwa vibawo == Nkhani ikulu: [[Thorax (insect anatomy)|Chifuwa ca vibawo]] Thupi la trilobite likagaŵikanga mu vigaŵa vitatu vikuru: cephalon ico chili na maso, vigaŵa vya mlomo, na viŵalo vyakusanda nga maantenna; chifuwa ico chili na vigaŵa vinandi vyakuyana (ivyo mu mitundu yinyake vikaŵavya kujigongeka nga ntolo); na pygidium, panji cigaŵa ca mciira. Mwa vibawo, ma crustacean, na ma trilobite ghakufwa, chifuwa ndico cigaŵa ca pakati-na-kati mwa vigaŵa vitatu vikuru vya thupi la chinyama. Chilichose chili na vigaŵa vinandi vichoko. Ndico cigaŵa umo mapapindo na malundi ghakukolerana mu vibawo. Ndicoso cigaŵa ca vibaya vinandi ivyo vikukolerana mu ma trilobite. Mu vibawo vinandi, chifuwa chilicho chili na vigaŵa vitatu: prothorax, mesothorax, na metathorax. == Wonanisoso == * [[Pectus carinatum]] * [[Pectus excavatum]] * [[Thoracic cavity|Mphako wa mu chifuwa]] * [[Cardiothoracic surgery|Opaleshoni ya mtima na chifuwa]] == Vyakuwelenga == {{Reflist}} [[Mtundu:Anatomy]] [[Mtundu:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] 2zgrsvgjoakq0tc1qwuwfl1k2cvstrk 0 49720 122246 2026-09-22T22:03:20Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kulemba nkhani yakuzura ya "Bere" kufuma pa nkhani ya Chingelezi "Breast", kwakumasulira mwakukhazikika, kukoya mazgu ghenevyo pa maghanoghano gha sayansi ghambura kung'anamuzgika. 122246 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Bere |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyikwiro |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |Musimbo wakufuma | class="infobox-data" |Musimbo wakufuma wa mkati wa mbaru |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |Musimbo wakuwelera | class="infobox-data" |Musimbo wakuwelera wa mkati wa mbaru |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Latin|Chilatini]] | class="infobox-data" |''mamma'' |} '''Mabere''' ni vibaya viŵiri ivyo vili pa cigaŵa cakuchanya ca kunthazi ca thupi mwa ŵanthu na ma primate ghanyake. Mahanya ghaŵiri ghakukura mabere kufuma mu nyama yiyeneyiyo ya embryo. Ukuru wakupambana na kukura kwa mabere ndiko kupambana kukuru pakati pa ŵanakazi na ŵanalume. Palinso kupambana kukuru pakati pa munthu na munyake. Kukura kwa mabere ico chikukhalilira mu nyengo ya kukomera kwa thupi chikuchitiskika na estrogen pamoza na growth hormone. Ŵanakazi ŵa mtundu wa munthu ndiwo ŵakekha mwa vinyama vyakuyamwiska ŵana awo ŵakukura mabere mwakukhalilira mu nyengo ya kukomera kwa thupi; vinyama vinyake vyose vikukura nyama ya mabere pera mu nyengo ya kumazgirako kwa nthumbo. Mwa ŵanakazi, mabere ghali na chiŵaya ca mabere, ico chikupanga na kutuluska mkaka wakuyamwiskira ŵana. Nyama ya mafuta yili pasi pa thako yikuzingilira muzere wa nthowa za mkaka izo zikukolerana pa ndomo, ndipo nyama iyi njiyo yikupeleka bere ukuru na muwoneskero wake wa mphini. Ku mphelo za nthowa, muli vigaŵa vichoko, panji viŵungu vya alveoli, umo mkaka ukupangikira na kusungikira para hormone zayowoya. Mu nyengo ya nthumbo, bere likwankha mwakukolerana na hormone zinandi, kusazgapo estrogen, progesterone, na prolactin, izo zikovwira kufiska mkuru wake, comene kukura kwa vigaŵa vya alveoli, pakunozgekera kuyamwiska. Kweniso nchito yake yikuru ya kupeleka cakurya kwa ŵana, mabere ghangaŵaso na mzuzu ukuru mu umo thupi la mwanakazi likuwonekera na kukwezgeka kwa mahara pa nkhani za tenda. Mabere, comenecomene ndomo, ghangaŵa cigaŵa cakukwezga tenda, na chigaŵa ca nchito ya tenda. Vikhalidwe vinyake vikupeleka mzuzu wa mbumba na tenda ku mabere gha ŵanakazi, ndipo vingawona mabere ghakufumiskika pa waro kuti nkhwambura mchindo panji nkhwakuipa. Mabere ghangayimira vinthu nga umoyo wakubaba, uchimwali, panji kusazgika. Mabere ghawoneka mu vithuzi na zisema vyakale na vyamachiku ghano. == Muwiro wa lizgu == Lizgu la Cingelezi ilo likung'anamura bere likafuma ku lizgu la Old English ilo likang'anamuranga "bere, cifuŵa". Kwa ŵanthu, lizgu "mabere" nkhukugwiliskikira comene kung'anamura mabere gha ŵanakazi, nangauli lizgu leneilo la anatomy likung'anamura cigaŵa ceneico ku ŵanalume na ŵanakazi vyose. == Citukuko ca evolution == Ŵanthu ndiwo ŵakekha mwa vinyama vyakuyamwiska ŵana awo mabere ghawo ghakukura mwakukhalilira pamanyuma pa msinkhu wa kukomera kwa thupi. Cifukwa cinesi ca kusintha uku ka evolution nkhukumanyikwa yayi. Maghanoghano ghanandi ghapelekeka: kuti kukura kwa mabere kukukolerana na kupangika kwa hormone zinyake mu nyama ya mafuta, ndipo ici cikovwira citukuko ca wongo; kuti ukuru wa mabere ukulongora umoyo wiwemi na nkhongono ya mwanakazi kovwira kupendekezga ŵanalume; kuti mabere ghakizga mu malo mwa kufula kwa matako pakuŵa cimanyikwiro ca kukhwima kwa tenda; na kuti muwoneskero wakuzingiskika wa bere ukovwira mwana kuti waleke kujalikira mphuno pakuyamwa. == Muundo == Mwa ŵanakazi, mabere ghali pachanya pa minofu yikuru ya pachifuwa ndipo ghakufuma pa mbaru yaciŵiri mpaka ku mbaru yacinkhonde ku kunthazi kwa muzere wa mbaru; ntheura mabere ghakuzingilira comene cigaŵa ca chifuwa. Ku kunthazi kwa chifuwa, nyama ya bere yingafuma ku clavicle mpaka pakati pa chiwangwa cha chifuwa. Ku mbali, nyama ya bere yingajumphira mu nkhwapa, na kukafika pamanyuma nga umo minofu ya latissimus dorsi yiliri. Nga chiŵaya ca mabere, bere lili na masaya ghakupambana gha nyama, comenecomene ghaŵiri: nyama ya mafuta; na nyama ya chiŵaya, iyo yikukhwaskana na nchito za kuyamwiska. Mwakuyana na muundo, bere lili na mathako ghakuzingilirana, waliwose wakupambana na munyake. Thako lakuchanya (superficial fascia) likupatukana na thako la kuwaro na mafuta gha 0.5–2.5 cm. Mikoka ya Cooper njamphangwe zakufuma mu thako lakuchanya kufika ku thako la kuwaro, izo zikukoleska bere. Bere la mwanakazi wakukura lili na vigaŵa 14–18 ivyo vikukolerana pa ndomo. Nthowa za mkaka, izo zili na muyeso wa 2.0–4.5 mm, zikuzingilirika na nyama yakukolerana iyo yikukhozga chiŵaya. Mkaka ukufumira mu bere kwizira mu ndomo, iyo yikuzingilirika na mphepete wa ndomo. Ukuru wa mphepete wa ndomo ukupambana comene pakati pa ŵanakazi. Mphepete wa ndomo uli na viŵaya vichoko vyakuchemeka viŵaya vya Montgomery, ivyo vikutuluska mafuta ghakuzuzga na kuvikilira ndomo pakuyamwiska. Ukuru na kulemera kwa bere kukupambana comene pakati pa ŵanakazi. Bere lichoko-na-lapakati likulemera makilogalamu 0.5 panji kwenaco, apo bere likuru lingalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 0.75 mpaka 1 panji kwenaco. Mu muundo wake, mabere ghali na nyama ya mafuta na yakukolerana pakati pa 80–90%, apo nyama ya chiŵaya njiyo yikupeleka 10–20% ya ukuru wake. Muyelezgero wa nyama izi ghukupambanaso pakati pa ŵanakazi. Vinyake vikukolelana na hormone kufuma ku msinkhu wa kukomera, nyengo ya mwezi, nthumbo, kuyamwiska, na nyengo yakumaliro ya mwezi. === Muundo wa chiŵaya === Nkhani ikulu: [[Mammary gland|Chiŵaya ca mabere]] Bere ni chiŵaya ico chikupanga mkaka wa kuyamwiskira mwana. Ndomo ya bere yikuzingilirika na mphepete wa ndomo. Mphepete uwu uli na viŵaya vinandi, ndipo mtundu wa thako ukupambana kufuma pinki mpaka bulauni yakukoma. Vigaŵa vyakuzgoka vya bere ni terminal duct lobular units (TDLU), ivyo vikupanga mkaka wa mafuta. Ndivyo vikupeleka bere nchito yake ya kuyeghera mwana. Vili pose mu nyama ya bere. Pafupifupi vigaŵa viŵiri kufuma vitatu vya nyama ya nthowa vili mkati mwa mm 30 kufuma pasi pa ndomo. Nthowa zakumazgirako zikutuzga mkaka kufuma mu ma TDLU mpaka ku nthowa 4–18 izo zikuya ku ndomo. Muyelezgero wa chiŵaya na mafuta ni 2:1 mu mwanakazi wakuyamwiska, na 1:1 mu uyo wakuyamwiska yayi. Kupatula viŵaya, bere lilinso na nyama yakukolerana, mafuta ghatuŵa, na mikoka ya Cooper. Kupulika mu bere kukupelekeka na musipa wa maghanoghano kwizira mu songo za kunthazi na za mbali za musipa wa mbaru wacinayi, wacinkhonde, na wacitandatu. Musipa wa T-4, uwo ukupeleka kupulika ku dermatome yake, ndiwo ukupeleka kupulika ku ndomo na mphepete wake. === Kutuzga kwa lymph === Pafupifupi 75% ya lymph ya bere yikuluta ku viŵaya vya lymph vya pa nkhwapa vya mbali yiyeneiyo ya thupi, apo 25% yikuluta ku viŵaya vyakupafupi na chiwangwa cha chifuwa. Kanandi kucoko ka lymph iyo yakhalako kukuluta ku bere linyake na ku viŵaya vya lymph vya m'mimba. Cigaŵa cakupasi pa mphepete wa ndomo cili na muzere wa lymph wakuchemeka "subareolar plexus of Sappey". Viŵaya vya lymph vya pa nkhwapa vikusazgamo viŵaya vya pachifuwa, vya pasi pa scapula, na vya pafupi na humerus, ivyo vikutuzga ku viŵaya vikuru vya pakati na vyakuchanya vya pa nkhwapa. Kutuzga kwa lymph mu mabere nkhwakukhwaskana comene na sayansi ya khansa, chifukwa khansa ya bere njakuwanda mu chiŵaya ca mabere, ndipo tumakola twa khansa tungatuka pa cinthu cakukura na kufumira ku vigaŵa vinyake vya thupi kwizira mu nthowa za lymph. === Muwoneskero === Kupambana kwa ukuru, muwoneskero, ukuru wa nyama, na kwakukolerana kwa bere ndiko kukupanga muwoneskero wake pa chifuwa ca mwanakazi. Ukuru wa bere na vinthu vinyake vikulongosora yayi muyelezgero wa mafuta na chiŵaya, panji nkhongono ya mwanakazi kuyamwiska. Ukuru na muwoneskero wa mabere ghakukhwaskika na kusintha kwa hormone kwakuzgoka (kwamba kwa mabere, nyengo ya mwezi, nthumbo, nyengo yakumaliro ya mwezi) na masuzgo gha thupi. Muwoneskero wa mabere ukukhazikiskika na mikoka ya Cooper, viwangwa na minofu ya mkati ya chifuwa, na thako la kuwaro. Mikoka iyi yikukoleska bere kufuma ku clavicle. Bere likukolelekeka pa cifuwa, ndipo muwoneskero wake ukukhazikiskika na thako la kuwaro. Mu ŵanakazi ŵanandi, bere limoza lili likuru pacoko kuluska linyake. Fundo ya bere lililose yikukoleka pa chifuwa na thako lakunkha (deep fascia) pachanya pa minofu yikuru ya pachifuwa. Pakati pa bere na minofu iyi pali mphako uwo ukupeleka bere kuzuzuka kwake. Fundo umo cigaŵa capasi ca bere cikukwaskana na chifuwa yikuchemeka inframammary fold. === Kukoleska === Nangauli ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti kuyamwiska nkhukupangiska mabere kupendeka pasi, kafukufuku wakulongora kuti kupendeka uku kukwiza chifukwa ca vinthu vinayi: kusuta fodya, unandi wa nthumbo, kukoka kwa charu, na kucepa panji kwenjezgeka kwa kulemera kwa thupi. Ŵanakazi ŵanyake ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vyakukoleska mabere pakugomezga mwambura kwenelera kuti vikuvikilira mabere ku kupendeka pasi apo ŵakukura. Chakuvwara cakukoleska mabere ca masewera cikugwiliskikira ntchito pa nkhani za nchito za thupi izo zikukwezga mtima, kuti mabere ghaleke kuzuzumuka comene mu nchito zakusuzga. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti chakuvwara ico cikukoleska comene chingasuzga nchito ya kupumira. == Kukura == Nkhani ikulu: [[Breast development|Kukura kwa bere]] Mabere ghakupangika comene na nyama ya mafuta, ya chiŵaya, na yakukolerana. Chifukwa nyama izi zili na vipokelero vya hormone, ukuru wake ukusintha kuyana na hormone za nyengo ya kukomera, ya mwezi, ya nthumbo, ya kuyamwiska, na ya kumaliro kwa mwezi. === Kukomera kwa thupi === Muundo wa bere la munthu ngwakuyana pakati pa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi mpaka pa msinkhu wa kukomera kwa thupi. Ku ŵasungwana awo ŵali pa nyengo ya kwamba mabere, hormone za ŵanakazi (comene estrogen) pamoza na growth hormone zikukwezga kwamba, kukura, na kukoleka kwa mabere. Mu nyengo iyi, chiŵaya ca mabere chikukura mu ukuru na kukolela pachanya pa chifuwa. Masitepe agha gha kukura kwa vimanyikwiro vyakuŵiri vya tenda ghakulongoreka mu masitepe ghankhonde gha Tanner. Mu nyengo iyi, mabere ghakukura kanandi ghambura kuyana ukuru, ndipo kanandi bere la kumazgoso likuŵa likuru pacoko. Suzgo ili la kupambana nkhwa kanyengo pera ndipo nkhwakwenelera pa citukuko ca thupi na tenda ca msungwana. Masuzgo ghanyake ghangapangiska mabere kukura comene panji kukura pacoko. Pafupifupi vyaka viŵiri pamanyuma pa kwamba kwa msinkhu wa kukomera (nyengo yakwamba ya mwezi ya msungwana), estrogen na growth hormone vikukwezga kukura kwa nyama ya mafuta na yakukoleska iyo yikupanga bere. Ici cikulutilira kwa vyaka pafupifupi vinayi mpaka muwoneskero wakumaliro wa bere ukhazikike pa msinkhu wa vyaka 21. Kukura kwa bere kukwamba pa msinkhu wa kukomera, kwambura kuyana na vinyama vinyake vyose ivyo bere likukura waka mu nyengo ya kuyamwiska. === Mankhwala ghakuwezgerapo hormone === Mankhwala ghakuwezgerapo hormone, kusazgamo mankhwala ghakusintha hormone kwa awo ŵakusintha hanya yawo, ghakukwezga kukura kwa nyama ya chiŵaya na mafuta kwizira mu kusazgikako estrogen. Mu ŵanakazi awo ŵafiska nyengo yakumaliro ya mwezi, mankhwala agha ghakovwira kuwezgerapo ukuru wa bere na kunyoloka kwa thako uko kukucepa na kucepa kwa estrogen. Mu awo ŵakusintha hanya yawo kufuma mwanalume kuŵa mwanakazi, kukura kwa bere kukwenjerezgeka na mankhwala gha estrogen, kanandi pamoza na mankhwala ghakukanizga testosterone. Kukura kukuru kanandi kukufiskika pamanyuma pa vyaka 2–3. Vinthu nga msinkhu, uzukulu, na muyeso wa mankhwala vikukhwaskana na icho cikufumamo. === Kusintha mu nyengo ya mwezi === Mu nyengo ya mwezi, mabere ghakukurirathu chifukwa ca maji ghakukoleka pambere mwezi ukwiza na kukura kwakanyengo kuyana na kusintha kwa hormone. === Nthumbo na kuyamwiska === Bere likufiska ukuru wake wose waka pa nthumbo yakwamba ya mwanakazi. Kusintha kwa bere nkhukuŵa cimoza mwa vimanyikwiro vyakwamba vya nthumbo. Bere likukura, ndomo na mphepete wake vikukura na kukoma, viŵaya vya Montgomery vikukura, ndipo minyaŵi nyengo zinyake yikuwoneka comene. Kupwetekeka kwa bere mu nyengo ya nthumbo nkhukuŵako comene, comenecomene mu myezi yitatu yakwamba. Pakati pa nthumbo, bere likukwaniska kale kupanga mkaka, ndipo ŵanakazi ŵanyake ŵangatuluska colostrum, mtundu wa mkaka wakwamba. Nthumbo yikwenjezga muyeso wa prolactin, hormone iyo yili na mulimo ukuru pa kupangika kwa mkaka. Ndipouli, kupangika kwa mkaka kukujalikizgika na progesterone na estrogen mpaka pamanyuma pa kubabika, apo muyeso wa hormone izi ukutsikira mwaluŵiro. === Nyengo yakumaliro ya mwezi === Pa nyengo yakumaliro ya mwezi, bere likucepa. Bere lingacepa mu ukuru para muyeso wa estrogen ukutsikira pasi. Nyama ya mafuta na chiŵaya cha mabere navyo vikwamba kucepa. Bere lingakuraso chifukwa ca masuzgo ghakufuma ku mankhwala ghakukanizga nthumbo. Ukuru wa bere ungakweraso panji kutsikira kuyana na kusintha kwa kulemera kwa thupi. Kusintha uku kwa mu thupi kukujalengeka kanandi mu minyaŵi ya pa thako la bere. == Kuyamwiska == Nkhani ikulu: [[Breastfeeding|Kuyamwiska]] Nchito yikuru ya mabere, nga chiŵaya, ni kuyeghera mwana na mkaka wa bere. Mkaka ukupangika mu maselo ghakupanga mkaka mu alveoli. Para bere likukwaskika na mwana wakuyamwa, wongo wa mama ukutuluska oxytocin. Muyeso ukuru wa oxytocin ukukwezga kukolerana kwa minofu iyo yikuzingilira alveoli, kupangiska mkaka kwenda mu nthowa izo zikukolerana alveoli na ndomo. Ŵana ŵanchoko awo ŵababika pa nyengo yeneyiyo ŵali na khumbo lakuyamwa pa ndomo, ndipo ŵana awo ŵakuyamwiska ŵakuyamwa cifukwa ca cakurya na kukhorwa vyose viŵiri. Mkaka wa bere ukupeleka vinthu vyose ivyo vikukhumbikwa mu myezi yitandatu yakwamba ya umoyo, ndipo ukulutilira kuŵa nthowa yikuru ya cakurya, pamoza na cakurya cakukola, mpaka vyaka vimoza panji viŵiri. == Nchito za thupi == Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti, kuyana na nchito na ukuru wa bere la mwanakazi, para wakwenda panji wakucimbira kwambura kuvwara chakuvwara cakukoleska mabere, bere lake lingazuzumuka mtali wa masentimita 4 mpaka 18 panji kwenaco, na kuzuzumukaso ku mbali. Ŵafukufuku ŵasangaso kuti umo ukuru wa bere la mwanakazi ukukurira, ndimo wakuchitiranga pacoko nchito za thupi, comenecomene nchito zankhongono. Ŵanakazi ŵachoko waka awo ŵali na mabere ghakuru chomene ndiwo ŵakucimbiranga. Kuti ŵaleke kupulika kupweteka mu nchito za thupi, ŵasekele ŵakupendekezga kuti ŵanakazi ŵavware chakuvwara cakukoleska mabere ico chikwenelera pa nchito za thupi. == Umoza na masuzgo == Nkhani ikulu: [[Breast disease|Nthenda za bere]] Bere lingasangika na masuzgo ghanandi, ghanyake ghambura khansa na ghanyake gha khansa. Masuzgo ghakuwanda comene ghambura khansa ni mastitis ya ŵamama, kusintha kwa bere kwa fibrocystic, na kupweteka kwa bere. Kutuluska mkaka kwambura kukhwaskana na nthumbo kukuchemeka galactorrhea. Kungachitiskika na mankhwala ghanyake (nga ni mankhwala gha antipsychotic), masuzgo ghankhongono gha thupi, panji masuzgo gha hormone. Kutuluska mkaka mu ŵana ŵanchoko kukuchitiskika na hormone za mama izo zikanjira mu ndopa za mwana pa nyengo ya nthumbo. === Khansa ya bere === Nkhani ikulu: [[Breast cancer|Khansa ya bere]] Khansa ya bere, iyo yikufuma mu nyama ya bere, ndico cifukwa cakuwanda comene ca nyifwa za khansa mwa ŵanakazi na cimoza mwa vifukwa vikuru vya nyifwa mwa ŵanakazi. Vinthu ivyo vikuwoneka kucepeska candamizo ca khansa ya bere vikusazgapo kusanda bere mwakukhazikika na ŵasekele, mammogram zakukhazikika, kujisanda ŵekha, cakurya ciwemi, nchito za thupi kucepeska mafuta ghakujumphizga, na kuyamwiska. Vimanyikwiro vya khansa ya bere vingasazgamo cifula mu bere, kusintha kwa muwoneskero wa bere, kufinyana kwa thako, kukanizga mkaka, kutuluska mazi mu ndomo, ndomo iyo yayamba kugwazgamira mkati mwaphya, panji thako lakugwaduka na lakuzunda. Mwa awo nthenda yajumphira ku vigaŵa vinyake vya thupi, pangaŵa kupweteka kwa viwangwa, kufula kwa viŵaya vya lymph, kusuzga kupumira, panji thako kusanduka na mtundu wa jaundice. Vinthu ivyo vikukwezga candamizo ca khansa ya bere vikusazgapo kulemera kwa thupi kwanadi, kusoŵa nchito za thupi, kumwa waini mwakujumphizga, mankhwala ghakuwezgerapo hormone pa nyengo yakumaliro ya mwezi, kukwaskika kwa ma radiation kanandi, msinkhu wakucoko comene wa mwezi wakwamba, kuŵa na ŵana pamanyuma comene panji kuŵavya nawo, msinkhu wakuru, kale kuŵa na khansa ya bere, na mbumba iyo yili na sono la khansa ya bere. Pafupifupi asenula gha vyakwenelera vikwiza chifukwa ca uzukulu wakupokelerana, kusazgamo vipangiro vya BRCA. Khansa ya bere kanandi yikufuma mu maselo gha mphepete wa nthowa za mkaka na mu vigaŵa vichoko ivyo vikupeleka nthowa izi mkaka. Khansa iyo yikufuma mu nthowa yikuchemeka ductal carcinoma, apo iyo yikufuma mu vigaŵa vichoko yikuchemeka lobular carcinoma. Pali mitundu yinyake yakujumphapo 18 ya khansa ya bere. Kumanyikwa kwa khansa ya bere kukukhozgeka na biopsy ya nyama iyo yikukayikika. == Mabere gha ŵanalume == Ŵanakazi na ŵanalume vyose ŵakukura mabere kufuma mu nyama yiyeneyiyo ya embryo. Mwakwenderako, mabere gha ŵanalume ghalije vigaŵa vichoko na acini ivyo vili mwa ŵanakazi. Mu vyakwenelera vichoko, vigaŵa vichoko vichoko vingaŵako, ico cikupangiska kuti ŵanalume ŵanyake ŵangasangika na khansa ya bere ya lobular. Kwenderathu, ŵanalume ŵakupanga estrogen zichoko na androgen zinandi, comene testosterone, izo zikukanizga estrogen kukura kwa nyama ya bere yakujumphizga. Mu ŵasepuka na ŵanalume, kukura kwambura kwenelera kwa bere kukuchemeka gynecomastia, icho cikwizira chifukwa ca kusoŵa uyelela pakati pa estrogen na testosterone mu thupi la mwanalume. Pafupifupi 70% ya ŵasepuka ŵakukura nyama ya bere kwakanyengo mu nyengo ya kukomera. Suzgo ili likumazgikira lyekha mu vyaka viŵiri. Para mwanalume watuluska mkaka, ici nchimanyikwiro ca suzgo la chiŵaya ca pituitary. == Opaleshoni yakupendeskera == Opaleshoni yakupendeskera yingachitika kukuzga panji kucepeska ukuru wa mabere, panji kuwezgerapo bere pa vyakwenelera vya nthenda, nga khansa ya bere. Opaleshoni ya kukuzga bere na yakunyoloska bere (mastopexy) zikucitika waka chifukwa ca kupendeka, apo opaleshoni ya kucepeska bere nyengo zinyake njakukhumbikwa pa nthenda. Pa vyakwenelera umo mabere gha mwanakazi ghambura kuyana comene, opaleshoni yingachitika kukuzga bere lichoko, kucepeska bere likuru, panji vyose viŵiri. Opaleshoni ya kukuzga bere kanandi njayayi kutimbanizga nkhongono yakuyamwiska panyuma. Opaleshoni ya kucepeska bere kanandi yikupangiska kucepa kwa kupulika mu mphepete wa ndomo, na kucepa kwa mkaka mwa awo ŵakusankha kuyamwiska. == Mu chikhalidwe na mikoko == === Comweco === Mu vithuzi vya Chikhristu, mabuku ghanyake gha luso ghakulongora ŵanakazi na mabere ghawo mu mawoko panji pa mbale, kulongora kuti ŵakafwa nga ŵakapatulika chifukwa ca kudumulika mabere. Ciyelezgero cimoza ni Ŵapatulika Agatha wa Sicily. Femen ni gulu la ŵanakazi ŵakukanizga ivyo vikukwaskana na tenda, ilo likugwiliskira ntchito kufumiska mabere pa waro nga njira ya kukanizga vyakukhwaskana na turisti wa tenda, mabungwe gha chipembedzo, kusankhana kwa mahanya, na kususka ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwana ŵa mahanya ghakuyana. Ŵakhalikiro ŵa Femen ŵakolekanga kanandi na apolisi chifukwa ca vikanizgo vyawo. Pali mdauko utali wa kugwiliskira ntchito mabere gha ŵanakazi nga chinthu ca kuseskana na ŵaseŵezgi. === Mdauko wa luso === Mu vibumba vya kale vya ku Ulaya, zisema za ŵanakazi izo zikulongora mabere ghakukura chomene zikaŵa zakuwanda. Ciyelezgero cakumanyikwa comene ni Venus wa Willendorf. Vinthu nga mabakuli, vithuzi vyakusembeka pa malibwe, na zisema zakupatulika izo zili na mabere vyasangika kufuma 15,000 BC mpaka pamazgiro gha nyengo ya kale, mu Ulaya, Afrika Yakumpoto, na Middle East. Ŵawuchi ŵanandi ŵanakazi ŵakuyimira citemwa na kufuma ŵakakolerananga na mabere na mkaka wa bere. Ŵakakolerana chiŵanda ca Phoenicia Astarte kuyimiligwa nga vikuni ivyo vili na mabere. Isis, chiŵanda ca ku Egypt ico cikayimira uchimwali wiwemi, kanandi cikalongoreka kuti chikuyamwiska ŵafumu, kukhozga uwemi wawo wa uchindami. Nanga viŵanda vinyake vyanalume ivyo vikayimira kuwezgekaso na kufuma nyengo zinyake vikalongoreka na vinthu vyakuyana na mabere, nga chiŵanda ca lwizi Hapy ico cikawoneka kuti nchakupangiska Nile kuzura mwaka uliwose. Mabere gha ŵanakazi ghakawoneka comene mu luso lwa Minoan mu vikozgo vya "Snake Goddess", na mu vinthu vinyake vichoko, nangauli mabere ghanandi ghakabisikanga. Ku Girisi wakale, pakaŵa magulu ghakusopa "Kourotrophos", mama wakuyamwiska, ghakuyimirika na viŵanda nga Gaia, Hera, na Artemis. Kusopa viŵanda ivyo vikuyimirika na bere la mwanakazi ku Girisi kukacepa mu vyaka vyakwamba vya milleniya yakwamba. Pakati pa milleniya yakwamba BC, chikhalidwe ca Girisi chikasintha munjila umo mabere gha ŵanakazi ghakawonekeranga. Ŵanakazi mu luso ŵakavwalikanga kufuma pa singo kuya pasi, kusazgamo viŵanda vyanakazi nga Athena. Kukaŵa vyakupambuka: Aphrodite, chiŵanda ca citemwa, kanandi cikalongoreka kwambura kuvwara, nangauli mu vithuzi ivyo vikayezgekanga kulongora kujivikilira panji nsoni. === Muwoneskero wa thupi === Ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakuwona mabere ghawo kuti nkhwakukhumbikwa pa kupendeka kwawo kwa tenda, nga cimanyikwiro ca uchimwali icho nchakukhumbikwa pa umo ŵakujiwonera. Mwanakazi uyo wali na mabere ghachoko wangawona mabere ghake kuti ngambura kupendeka. === Vyakuvwara === Chifukwa mabere ghakupangika comene na mafuta, muwoneskero wake ungasinthika na vyakuvwara, nga chakuvwara cakukoleska mabere. Ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵa Kumadzulo ŵakuvwara chakuvwara cakukoleska mabere, kanandi kuti chiŵakoleske. Mzimu wa comweco mu vikhalidwe vinandi vya Kumadzulo ni kubisa mabere pa waro, nangauli muyelezgero wa kubisa uku ukupambana kuyana na fundo ya comweco. Vipembedzo vinyake vikupeleka mzuzu wapadera ku bere la mwanakazi, mwakwenderapo panji kwizira mu vimanyikwiro. Chisilamu chikukanizga ŵanakazi kufumiska mabere ghawo pa waro. Vikhalidwe vinandi, kusazgamo vya ku North America, vikukolerana mabere na tenda ndipo vikuwona mabere ghakufumiskika kuti ngambura mchindo panji ngakuipa. Mu vikhalidwe vinyake, nga Ŵahimba ku Namibia yakumpoto, ŵanakazi awo ŵakuŵa wambura kuvikilira mabere ni vyakwenelera vyakuzomerezgeka. Mu vikhalidwe vinyake vya ku Afrika, mwaciyelezgero, chigha nchakuwoneka kuti nchakukhwaskana na tenda comene ndipo nkhukufumiskika pa waro yayi, kweni kufumiska bere nkhukuwoneka kuti nkhwakukanizgika yayi. Mahanya na malango pa nkhani ya kuyamwiska pa waro ghakupambanapambana comene. Mu vyalo vinandi, kuyamwiska pa waro nkhwakuwanda, nkhwakuvikilirika na malango, ndipo nkhukuwoneka kuti ni suzgo yayi. Ndipouli, nangauli nchakuzomerezgeka mwa malango panji mu chikhalidwe, ŵamama ŵanyake ŵangaŵa na wofi wa kufumiska bere pa waro kuti ŵayamwiske, chifukwa ca vikanizgo panji vyowoyeka vyakukanizga kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵanyake. === Vimanyikwiro vya tenda === Mu vikhalidwe vinyake, mabere ghali na mulimo mu nchito za tenda za ŵanthu. Mabere, comenecomene ndomo, ni yimoza mwa vigaŵa vinandi vya thupi la munthu ivyo vikutolekera na tenda. Ni vyakusanda pakukwaskika chifukwa vili na musipa unandi wa maghanoghano; ndipo nchakuwanda kuvikamiska panji kuvipukuta na mawoko panji pakamwa pambere panji pa nyengo ya tenda. Para munthu wakukwezgeka na tenda, ukuru wa bere ukukwezgeka, mizere ya musimbo wakufuma yikuwoneka comene, ndipo ndomo zikukolela. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona mabere gha ŵanakazi ghambura kuvikilirika kuti ngakutowa panji ngakukwezga tenda. Mu buku lakale la ku India la Kama Sutra, kukwaruzga kucoko mabere na minwe na kuluma na meno vikuwoneka kuti nchakukwezga tenda. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakukhumbikwira mabere gha ŵanakazi pera kuluska thupi lose, icho ni khumbo lapadera. === Mahara pa vyalo === Nkhani ikulu: [[Breast-shaped hill|Lupiri lwakuyana na bere]] Pali mapiri ghanandi ghakuchemeka pa comweco ca bere chifukwa ghakuyana nalo mu muwoneskero, ntheura ghakuŵa vinthu vya kusopa kwa tenda na kusopa ŵasekulu, nga cimanyikwiro ca kubaba na umoyo wiwemi. == Muyeso == Nkhani ikulu: [[Breast measurement|Muyeso wa bere]] Kukura na ukuru wa mabere kungapimika mwa njira zakupambanapambana, kusazgamo Tanner staging, muyeso wa ukuru wa chakuvwara cakukoleska mabere, ukuru wa bere, na vipimo vinyake. == Wonanisoso == * [[Udder|Bere la vinyama]] == Vyakuwelenga == {{Reflist}} [[Mtundu:Anatomy]] [[Mtundu:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] rzirbcgt56qjz0kzlg43hz4hwoyizbd 122247 122246 2026-09-22T22:26:33Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kunozga nkhani kuti pakuŵe vipongozi vichoko vyakuŵazgikira makora, kwakugaŵa vipongozi vitali kuŵa vichoko, na kunozga mazgu gha "hormone"→"homoni". 122247 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Bere |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyikwiro |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |Musimbo wakufuma | class="infobox-data" |Musimbo wakufuma wa mkati wa mbaru |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |Musimbo wakuwelera | class="infobox-data" |Musimbo wakuwelera wa mkati wa mbaru |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Latin|Chilatini]] | class="infobox-data" |''mamma'' |} '''Mabere''' ni vigaŵa viŵiri vyakufewa. Vili pa cigaŵa cakuchanya ca kunthazi ca thupi. Ivi vikuchitika ku ŵanthu na ma primate ghanyake. Mu ŵanalume na ŵanakazi wose, mabere ghakukura kufuma mu nyama yiyeneyiyo ya embryo. Mlingo wa kukura kwa mabere ukupambana chomene pakati pa ŵanakazi na ŵanalume. Kweniso vikupambana pakati pa munthu na munthu. Kukura kwa mabere pa nyengo ya kukomera kwa thupi kukupangika na estrogen. Homoni yakukura nayo yikovwira. Ŵanthu ndiwo pera vinyama ivyo mabere ghawo ghakukhalilira kukura pamanyuma pa kukomera kwa thupi. Vinyama vinyake vyose vikukura nyama ya mabere pera pa nyengo ya kumazgirako kwa nthumbo. Mu ŵanakazi, mabere ghali na chiŵaya ca mabere. Chiŵaya ici cikupanga na kufumiska mkaka wakuyamwiskira ŵana. Nyama ya mafuta yili pasi pa khungu. Nyama iyi yikuzingilira nthowa za mkaka izo zikukolerana pa ndomo. Nyama iyi ndiyo yikupeleka bere ukuru na muwoneskero wake wakuzingiskika. Ku mphelo za nthowa muli vigaŵa vichoko, panji viŵungu vya alveoli. Apo ndipo mkaka ukupangikira na kusungikira, para mahomoni ghayowoya. Mu nyengo ya nthumbo, bere likuzgora ku mahomoni ghanandi. Ghakusazgamo estrogen, progesterone, na prolactin. Mahomoni agha ghakovwira bere kufiska ukuru wake wose. Comene ghakukwezga kukura kwa vigaŵa vya alveoli, pakunozgekera kuyamwiska. Kweniso nchito yake yikuru ya kupeleka cakurya kwa ŵana, mabere ghalinso na mzuzu ukuru. Mzuzu uwu ukuwoneka mu umo thupi la mwanakazi likuwonekera. Ukuwonekaso mu kukwezgeka kwa mahara pa nkhani za tenda. Mabere, comenecomene ndomo, ghakukwezga tenda. Ni chigaŵa ca nchito ya tenda. Vikhalidwe vinyake vikupeleka mzuzu wa mbumba na tenda ku mabere gha ŵanakazi. Vinyake vikuwona mabere ghakufumiskika pa waro kuti nkhwambura mchindo panji nkhwakuipa. Mabere ghangayimira vinthu nga umoyo wakubaba, uchimwali, panji kusazgika. Mabere ghawoneka mu vithuzi na zisema vyakale na vyamachiku ghano. == Muwiro wa lizgu == Lizgu la Cingelezi ilo likung'anamura bere likafuma ku lizgu la Old English. Lizgu ili likang'anamuranga "bere, cifuŵa". Kwa ŵanthu, lizgu "mabere" nkhukugwiliskikira comene kung'anamura mabere gha ŵanakazi. Nangauli lizgu la anatomy likung'anamura cigaŵa ceneico ku ŵanalume na ŵanakazi vyose. == Citukuko ca evolution == Ŵanthu ndiwo ŵakekha mwa vinyama vyakuyamwiska ŵana awo mabere ghawo ghakukura mwakukhalilira. Aka nkhukuchitika pamanyuma pa msinkhu wa kukomera kwa thupi. Cifukwa cinesi ca kusintha uku nkhukumanyikwa yayi. Maghanoghano ghanandi ghapelekeka. Ghanyake ghakuti kukura kwa mabere kukukolerana na kupangika kwa mahomoni ghanyake mu nyama ya mafuta. Ici cikovwira citukuko ca wongo. Ghanyake ghakuti ukuru wa mabere ukulongora umoyo wiwemi na nkhongono ya mwanakazi. Ici cikovwira kupendekezga ŵanalume. Ghanyake ghakuti mabere ghakizga mu malo mwa kufula kwa matako. Aka nkhaŵa cimanyikwiro ca kukhwima kwa tenda. Ghanyake ghakuti muwoneskero wakuzingiskika wa bere ukovwira mwana kuti waleke kujalikira mphuno pakuyamwa. == Muundo == Mwa ŵanakazi, mabere ghali pachanya pa minofu yikuru ya pachifuwa. Ghakufuma pa mbaru yaciŵiri mpaka ku mbaru yacinkhonde. Ntheura mabere ghakuzingilira comene cigaŵa ca chifuwa. Ku kunthazi, nyama ya bere yingafuma ku clavicle mpaka pakati pa chiwangwa cha chifuwa. Ku mbali, nyama ya bere yingajumphira mu nkhwapa. Yingakafika pamanyuma nga umo minofu ya latissimus dorsi yiliri. Nga chiŵaya ca mabere, bere lili na masaya ghakupambana gha nyama. Ghaŵiri comenecomene: nyama ya mafuta, na nyama ya chiŵaya. Nyama ya chiŵaya njiyo yikukhwaskana na nchito za kuyamwiska. Mwakuyana na muundo, bere lili na mathako ghakuzingilirana. Waliwose ukupambana na munyake. Thako lakuchanya (superficial fascia) likupatukana na thako la kuwaro na mafuta gha 0.5–2.5 cm. Mikoka ya Cooper ni mphangwe zakufuma mu thako lakuchanya kufika ku thako la kuwaro. Mikoka iyi ndiyo yikukoleska bere. Bere la mwanakazi wakukura lili na vigaŵa 14–18 ivyo vikukolerana pa ndomo. Nthowa za mkaka zili na muyeso wa 2.0–4.5 mm. Zikuzingilirika na nyama yakukolerana iyo yikukhozga chiŵaya. Mkaka ukufumira mu bere kwizira mu ndomo. Ndomo yikuzingilirika na mphepete wa ndomo. Ukuru wa mphepete wa ndomo ukupambana comene pakati pa ŵanakazi. Mphepete wa ndomo uli na viŵaya vichoko vyakuchemeka viŵaya vya Montgomery. Viŵaya ivi vikutuluska mafuta ghakuzuzga na kuvikilira ndomo pakuyamwiska. Ukuru na kulemera kwa bere kukupambana comene pakati pa ŵanakazi. Bere lichoko-na-lapakati likulemera makilogalamu 0.5 panji kwenaco. Bere likuru lingalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 0.75 mpaka 1. Mu muundo wake, mabere ghali na nyama ya mafuta na yakukolerana pakati pa 80–90%. Nyama ya chiŵaya njiyo yikupeleka 10–20% ya ukuru wake. Muyelezgero wa nyama izi ukupambananso pakati pa ŵanakazi. Vinyake vikukolerana na mahomoni kufuma ku msinkhu wa kukomera kwa thupi, nyengo ya mwezi, nthumbo, kuyamwiska, na nyengo yakumaliro ya mwezi. === Muundo wa chiŵaya === Nkhani ikulu: [[Mammary gland|Chiŵaya ca mabere]] Bere ni chiŵaya ico chikupanga mkaka wa kuyamwiskira mwana. Ndomo ya bere yikuzingilirika na mphepete wa ndomo. Mphepete uwu uli na viŵaya vinandi. Mtundu wa khungu wake ukupambana kufuma pinki mpaka bulauni yakukoma. Vigaŵa vyakuzgoka vya bere ni terminal duct lobular units (TDLU). Ivi ndivyo vikupanga mkaka wa mafuta. Ndivyo vikupeleka bere nchito yake ya kuyeghera mwana. Vili pose mu nyama ya bere. Pafupifupi vigaŵa viŵiri kufuma vitatu vya nyama ya nthowa vili mkati mwa mm 30 kufuma pasi pa ndomo. Nthowa zakumazgirako zikutuzga mkaka kufuma mu ma TDLU. Zikuluta ku nthowa 4–18 izo zikuya ku ndomo. Muyelezgero wa chiŵaya na mafuta ni 2:1 mu mwanakazi wakuyamwiska. Ni 1:1 mu uyo wakuyamwiska yayi. Kupatula viŵaya, bere lilinso na nyama yakukolerana, mafuta ghatuŵa, na mikoka ya Cooper. Kupulika mu bere kukupelekeka na musipa wa maghanoghano. Musipa uwu ukwizira mu songo za kunthazi na za mbali za musipa wa mbaru wacinayi, wacinkhonde, na wacitandatu. Musipa wa T-4 ukupeleka kupulika ku dermatome yake. Ndiwo ukupelekaso kupulika ku ndomo na mphepete wake. === Kutuzga kwa lymph === Pafupifupi 75% ya lymph ya bere yikuluta ku viŵaya vya lymph vya pa nkhwapa. Ni vya mbali yiyeneyiyo ya thupi. Apo 25% yikuluta ku viŵaya vyakupafupi na chiwangwa cha chifuwa. Kanandi kucoko ka lymph kukuluta ku bere linyake. Kanyake kukuluta ku viŵaya vya lymph vya m'mimba. Cigaŵa cakupasi pa mphepete wa ndomo cili na muzere wa lymph wakuchemeka "subareolar plexus of Sappey". Viŵaya vya lymph vya pa nkhwapa vikusazgamo viŵaya vya pachifuwa, vya pasi pa scapula, na vya pafupi na humerus. Ivi vikutuzga ku viŵaya vikuru vya pakati na vyakuchanya vya pa nkhwapa. Kutuzga kwa lymph mu mabere nkhwakukhwaskana comene na sayansi ya khansa. Chifukwa khansa ya bere njakuwanda mu chiŵaya ca mabere. Tumakola twa khansa tungatuka pa cinthu cakukura. Tungafumira ku vigaŵa vinyake vya thupi kwizira mu nthowa za lymph. === Muwoneskero === Ukuru, muwoneskero, ukuru wa nyama, na kwakukolerana kwa bere vikupambana. Kupambana uku ndiko kukupanga muwoneskero wa bere pa chifuwa ca mwanakazi. Ukuru wa bere pera ukulongosora yayi muyelezgero wa mafuta na chiŵaya. Ukuru wa bere ukulongosoraso yayi nkhongono ya mwanakazi ya kuyamwiska. Ukuru na muwoneskero wa mabere ghakukhwaskika na kusintha kwa mahomoni kwakuzgoka. Kusintha uku nkhwakuŵa pa kwamba kwa mabere, nyengo ya mwezi, nthumbo, na nyengo yakumaliro ya mwezi. Ghakukhwaskikaso na masuzgo gha thupi. Muwoneskero wa mabere ukukhazikiskika na mikoka ya Cooper, viwangwa na minofu ya mkati ya chifuwa, na khungu la kuwaro. Mikoka iyi yikukoleska bere kufuma ku clavicle. Bere likukolelekeka pa cifuwa. Muwoneskero wake ukukhazikiskikaso na khungu la kuwaro. Mu ŵanakazi ŵanandi, bere limoza lili likuru pacoko kuluska linyake. Fundo ya bere lililose yikukoleka pa chifuwa. Yikukoleka na thako lakunkha (deep fascia) pachanya pa minofu yikuru ya pachifuwa. Pakati pa bere na minofu iyi pali mphako. Mphako uwu ukupeleka bere kuzuzuka kwake. Fundo umo cigaŵa capasi ca bere cikukwaskana na chifuwa yikuchemeka inframammary fold. === Kukoleska === Ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti kuyamwiska nkhukupangiska mabere kupendeka pasi. Kweni kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ni fundo yayi. Kupendeka uku kukwiza chifukwa ca vinthu vinayi: kusuta fodya, unandi wa nthumbo, kukoka kwa charu, na kucepa panji kwenjezgeka kwa kulemera kwa thupi. Ŵanakazi ŵanyake ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vyakukoleska mabere. Ŵakugomezga mwambura kwenelera kuti vikuvikilira mabere ku kupendeka pasi apo ŵakukura. Chakuvwara cakukoleska mabere ca masewera cikugwiliskikira ntchito pa nchito za thupi izo zikukwezga mtima. Cikovwira kuti mabere ghaleke kuzuzumuka comene mu nchito zakusuzga. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti chakuvwara ico cikukoleska comene chingasuzga nchito ya kupumira. == Kukura == Nkhani ikulu: [[Breast development|Kukura kwa bere]] Mabere ghakupangika comene na nyama ya mafuta, ya chiŵaya, na yakukolerana. Nyama izi zili na vipokelero vya mahomoni. Lekani ukuru wa bere ukusintha kuyana na mahomoni. Ghakusintha pa nyengo ya kukomera kwa thupi, ya mwezi, ya nthumbo, ya kuyamwiska, na ya kumaliro kwa mwezi. === Kukomera kwa thupi === Muundo wa bere la munthu ngwakuyana pakati pa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi. Ngwakuyana mpaka pa msinkhu wa kukomera kwa thupi. Ku ŵasungwana awo ŵali pa nyengo ya kwamba mabere, mahomoni gha ŵanakazi (comene estrogen) ghakukwezga kwamba na kukura kwa mabere. Homoni yakukura nayo yikovwira. Mu nyengo iyi, chiŵaya ca mabere chikukura mu ukuru. Chikukolelaso pachanya pa chifuwa. Masitepe gha kukura kwa vimanyikwiro vyakuŵiri vya tenda ghakulongoreka mu masitepe ghankhonde gha Tanner. Mu nyengo iyi, mabere ghakukura kanandi ghambura kuyana ukuru. Kanandi bere la kumazgoso likuŵa likuru pacoko. Kupambana uku nkhwa kanyengo pera. Nkhwakwenelera pa citukuko ca thupi na tenda ca msungwana. Masuzgo ghanyake ghangapangiska mabere kukura comene panji kukura pacoko. Pafupifupi vyaka viŵiri pamanyuma pa kwamba kwa msinkhu wa kukomera (nyengo yakwamba ya mwezi ya msungwana), estrogen na homoni yakukura vikukwezga kukura kwa nyama ya mafuta na yakukoleska. Nyama iyi njiyo yikupanga bere. Ici cikulutilira kwa vyaka pafupifupi vinayi. Muwoneskero wakumaliro wa bere ukhazikika pa msinkhu wa vyaka 21. Kukura kwa bere kukwamba pa msinkhu wa kukomera. Ici nkhwakupambana na vinyama vinyake vyose. Ivyo bere likukura waka mu nyengo ya kuyamwiska. === Mankhwala ghakuwezgerapo mahomoni === Mankhwala ghakuwezgerapo mahomoni ghakusazgamo mankhwala ghakusintha mahomoni kwa awo ŵakusintha hanya yawo. Mankhwala agha ghakukwezga kukura kwa nyama ya chiŵaya na mafuta. Ghakuchita ici kwizira mu kusazgikako estrogen. Mu ŵanakazi awo ŵafiska nyengo yakumaliro ya mwezi, mankhwala agha ghakovwira kuwezgerapo ukuru wa bere. Ghakovwiraso kunyoloka kwa khungu uko kukucepa na kucepa kwa estrogen. Mu awo ŵakusintha hanya yawo kufuma mwanalume kuŵa mwanakazi, kukura kwa bere kukwenjerezgeka na mankhwala gha estrogen. Kanandi ghakusazgikapo mankhwala ghakukanizga testosterone. Kukura kukuru kanandi kukufiskika pamanyuma pa vyaka 2–3. Vinthu nga msinkhu, uzukulu, na muyeso wa mankhwala vikukhwaskana na icho cikufumamo. === Kusintha mu nyengo ya mwezi === Mu nyengo ya mwezi, mabere ghakukurirathu. Ici nkhu chifukwa ca maji ghakukoleka pambere mwezi ukwiza. Nkhwakuŵaso chifukwa ca kukura kwakanyengo kuyana na kusintha kwa mahomoni. === Nthumbo na kuyamwiska === Bere likufiska ukuru wake wose waka pa nthumbo yakwamba ya mwanakazi. Kusintha kwa bere nkhukuŵa cimoza mwa vimanyikwiro vyakwamba vya nthumbo. Bere likukura. Ndomo na mphepete wake nawo vikukura na kukoma. Viŵaya vya Montgomery navyo vikukura. Nyengo zinyake minyaŵi yikuwoneka comene. Kupwetekeka kwa bere mu nyengo ya nthumbo nkhukuŵako comene. Nkhukuŵako comenecomene mu myezi yitatu yakwamba. Pakati pa nthumbo, bere likukwaniska kale kupanga mkaka. Ŵanakazi ŵanyake ŵangatuluska colostrum, mtundu wa mkaka wakwamba. Nthumbo yikwenjezga muyeso wa prolactin. Prolactin ni homoni yeneyiyo yili na mulimo ukuru pa kupangika kwa mkaka. Ndipouli, kupangika kwa mkaka kukujalikizgika na progesterone na estrogen. Ici nkhukuŵa mpaka pamanyuma pa kubabika, apo muyeso wa mahomoni agha ukutsikira mwaluŵiro. === Nyengo yakumaliro ya mwezi === Pa nyengo yakumaliro ya mwezi, bere likucepa. Bere lingacepa mu ukuru para muyeso wa estrogen ukutsikira pasi. Nyama ya mafuta na chiŵaya cha mabere navyo vikwamba kucepa. Bere lingakuraso chifukwa ca masuzgo ghakufuma ku mankhwala ghakukanizga nthumbo. Ukuru wa bere ungakweraso panji kutsikira kuyana na kusintha kwa kulemera kwa thupi. Kusintha uku kwa mu thupi kukujalengeka kanandi mu minyaŵi ya pa khungu la bere. == Kuyamwiska == Nkhani ikulu: [[Breastfeeding|Kuyamwiska]] Nchito yikuru ya mabere, nga chiŵaya, ni kuyeghera mwana na mkaka wa bere. Mkaka ukupangika mu maselo ghakupanga mkaka, mu alveoli. Para bere likukwaskika na mwana wakuyamwa, wongo wa mama ukutuluska oxytocin. Oxytocin yinandi yikukwezga kukolerana kwa minofu iyo yikuzingilira alveoli. Ici nkhukupangiska mkaka kwenda mu nthowa izo zikukolerana alveoli na ndomo. Ŵana ŵanchoko awo ŵababika pa nyengo yeneyiyo ŵali na khumbo lakuyamwa pa ndomo. Ŵana awo ŵakuyamwiska ŵakuyamwa cifukwa ca cakurya na kukhorwa vyose viŵiri. Mkaka wa bere ukupeleka vinthu vyose ivyo vikukhumbikwa mu myezi yitandatu yakwamba ya umoyo. Ukulutilira kuŵa nthowa yikuru ya cakurya, pamoza na cakurya cakukola, mpaka vyaka vimoza panji viŵiri. == Nchito za thupi == Kafukufuku wakulongora fundo yakuzizwiska. Para mwanakazi wakwenda panji wakucimbira kwambura kuvwara chakuvwara cakukoleska mabere, bere lake lingazuzumuka. Lingazuzumuka mtali wa masentimita 4 mpaka 18 panji kwenaco. Lingazuzumukaso ku mbali. Ukuru wa zuzumuko uwu ukukhwaskana na ukuru na nchito ya bere. Ŵafukufuku ŵasangaso fundo yinyake. Umo ukuru wa bere la mwanakazi ukukurira, ndimo wakuchitiranga pacoko nchito za thupi. Comenecomene nchito zankhongono. Ŵanakazi ŵachoko waka awo ŵali na mabere ghakuru chomene ndiwo ŵakucimbiranga. Ŵasekele ŵakupendekezga kuti ŵanakazi ŵavware chakuvwara cakukoleska mabere ico chikwenelera pa nchito za thupi. Ici nchakuti ŵaleke kupulika kupweteka. == Umoza na masuzgo == Nkhani ikulu: [[Breast disease|Nthenda za bere]] Bere lingasangika na masuzgo ghanandi. Ghanyake ghambura khansa, ghanyake gha khansa. Masuzgo ghakuwanda comene ghambura khansa ni mastitis ya ŵamama, kusintha kwa bere kwa fibrocystic, na kupweteka kwa bere. Kutuluska mkaka kwambura kukhwaskana na nthumbo kukuchemeka galactorrhea. Kungachitiskika na mankhwala ghanyake, nga ni mankhwala gha antipsychotic. Kungachitiskikaso na masuzgo ghankhongono gha thupi, panji masuzgo gha mahomoni. Kutuluska mkaka mu ŵana ŵanchoko kukuchitiskika na mahomoni gha mama. Mahomoni agha ghakanjira mu ndopa za mwana pa nyengo ya nthumbo. === Khansa ya bere === Nkhani ikulu: [[Breast cancer|Khansa ya bere]] Khansa ya bere yikufuma mu nyama ya bere. Ndico cifukwa cakuwanda comene ca nyifwa za khansa mwa ŵanakazi. Nkhukuŵaso cimoza mwa vifukwa vikuru vya nyifwa yose mwa ŵanakazi. Vinthu ivyo vikuwoneka kucepeska candamizo ca khansa ya bere ni vinandi. Vikusazgapo kusanda bere mwakukhazikika na ŵasekele, mammogram zakukhazikika, na kujisanda ŵekha. Vikusazgapo so cakurya ciwemi, nchito za thupi kucepeska mafuta ghakujumphizga, na kuyamwiska. Vimanyikwiro vya khansa ya bere vingasazgamo cifula mu bere, kusintha kwa muwoneskero wa bere, na kufinyana kwa khungu. Vingasazgamoso kukanizga mkaka, kutuluska mazi mu ndomo, ndomo iyo yayamba kugwazgamira mkati mwaphya, panji khungu lakugwaduka na lakuzunda. Mwa awo nthenda yajumphira ku vigaŵa vinyake vya thupi, pangaŵa kupweteka kwa viwangwa, kufula kwa viŵaya vya lymph, na kusuzga kupumira. Pangaŵaso khungu kusanduka na mtundu wa jaundice. Vinthu ivyo vikukwezga candamizo ca khansa ya bere ni vinandi. Vikusazgamo kulemera kwa thupi kwanadi, kusoŵa nchito za thupi, na kumwa waini mwakujumphizga. Vikusazgamoso mankhwala ghakuwezgerapo mahomoni pa nyengo yakumaliro ya mwezi, na kukwaskika kwa ma radiation kanandi. Vikusazgamoso msinkhu wakucoko comene wa mwezi wakwamba, kuŵa na ŵana pamanyuma comene panji kuŵavya nawo, na msinkhu wakuru. Vikusazgamoso kale kuŵa na khansa ya bere, na mbumba iyo yili na sono la khansa ya bere. Pafupifupi asenula gha vyakwenelera vikwiza chifukwa ca uzukulu wakupokelerana. Ivi vikusazgamo vipangiro vya BRCA. Khansa ya bere kanandi yikufuma mu maselo gha mphepete wa nthowa za mkaka. Yingafumaso mu vigaŵa vichoko ivyo vikupeleka nthowa izi mkaka. Khansa iyo yikufuma mu nthowa yikuchemeka ductal carcinoma. Iyo yikufuma mu vigaŵa vichoko yikuchemeka lobular carcinoma. Pali mitundu yinyake yakujumphapo 18 ya khansa ya bere. Kumanyikwa kwa khansa ya bere kukukhozgeka na biopsy ya nyama iyo yikukayikika. == Mabere gha ŵanalume == Ŵanakazi na ŵanalume vyose ŵakukura mabere kufuma mu nyama yiyeneyiyo ya embryo. Mwakwenderako, mabere gha ŵanalume ghalije vigaŵa vichoko na acini ivyo vili mwa ŵanakazi. Mu vyakwenelera vichoko, vigaŵa vichoko vingaŵako. Ndipo ici nkhucipangiska kuti ŵanalume ŵanyake ŵangasangika na khansa ya bere ya lobular. Kwenderathu, ŵanalume ŵakupanga estrogen zichoko na androgen zinandi, comenecomene testosterone. Izi zikukanizga estrogen kukura kwa nyama ya bere yakujumphizga. Mu ŵasepuka na ŵanalume, kukura kwambura kwenelera kwa bere kukuchemeka gynecomastia. Ici cikwizira chifukwa ca kusoŵa uyelela pakati pa estrogen na testosterone mu thupi la mwanalume. Pafupifupi 70% ya ŵasepuka ŵakukura nyama ya bere kwakanyengo mu nyengo ya kukomera. Suzgo ili likumazgikira lyekha mu vyaka viŵiri. Para mwanalume watuluska mkaka, ici nchimanyikwiro ca suzgo la chiŵaya ca pituitary. == Opaleshoni yakupendeskera == Opaleshoni yakupendeskera yingachitika kukuzga panji kucepeska ukuru wa mabere. Ingachitikaso kuwezgerapo bere pa vyakwenelera vya nthenda, nga khansa ya bere. Opaleshoni ya kukuzga bere na yakunyoloska bere (mastopexy) zikucitika waka chifukwa ca kupendeka. Opaleshoni ya kucepeska bere nyengo zinyake njakukhumbikwa pa nthenda. Pa vyakwenelera umo mabere gha mwanakazi ghambura kuyana comene, opaleshoni yingachitika. Yingakuzga bere lichoko, kucepeska bere likuru, panji vyose viŵiri. Opaleshoni ya kukuzga bere kanandi njayayi kutimbanizga nkhongono yakuyamwiska panyuma. Opaleshoni ya kucepeska bere kanandi yikupangiska kucepa kwa kupulika mu mphepete wa ndomo. Yikupangiskaso kucepa kwa mkaka mwa awo ŵakusankha kuyamwiska. == Mu chikhalidwe na mikoko == === Comweco === Mu vithuzi vya Chikhristu, mabuku ghanyake gha luso ghakulongora ŵanakazi na mabere ghawo mu mawoko panji pa mbale. Ivi vikulongora kuti ŵakafwa nga ŵakapatulika chifukwa ca kudumulika mabere. Ciyelezgero cimoza ni Ŵapatulika Agatha wa Sicily. Femen ni gulu la ŵanakazi ŵakukanizga ivyo vikukwaskana na tenda. Likugwiliskira ntchito kufumiska mabere pa waro nga njira ya kukanizga. Likukanizga turisti wa tenda, mabungwe gha chipembedzo, na kusankhana kwa mahanya. Likukanizgaso kususka ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwana ŵa mahanya ghakuyana. Ŵakhalikiro ŵa Femen ŵakolekanga kanandi na apolisi chifukwa ca vikanizgo vyawo. Pali mdauko utali wa kugwiliskira ntchito mabere gha ŵanakazi nga chinthu ca kuseskana na ŵaseŵezgi. === Mdauko wa luso === Mu vibumba vya kale vya ku Ulaya, zisema za ŵanakazi zikaŵa zakuwanda. Zisema izi zikulongora mabere ghakukura chomene. Ciyelezgero cakumanyikwa comene ni Venus wa Willendorf. Vinthu nga mabakuli, vithuzi vyakusembeka pa malibwe, na zisema zakupatulika izo zili na mabere vyasangika. Vyasangika kufuma 15,000 BC mpaka pamazgiro gha nyengo ya kale. Vyasangika mu Ulaya, Afrika Yakumpoto, na Middle East. Ŵawuchi ŵanandi ŵa citemwa na kufuma ŵakakolerananga na mabere na mkaka wa bere. Ŵakakolerana chiŵanda ca Phoenicia Astarte kuyimiligwa nga vikuni ivyo vili na mabere. Isis ni chiŵanda ca ku Egypt ico cikayimira uchimwali wiwemi. Kanandi cikalongoreka kuti chikuyamwiska ŵafumu, kukhozga uwemi wawo wa uchindami. Nanga viŵanda vinyake vyanalume, ivyo vikayimira kuwezgekaso na kufuma, vikalongoreka na vinthu vyakuyana na mabere. Ciyelezgero ni chiŵanda ca lwizi Hapy, ico cikawoneka kuti nchakupangiska Nile kuzura mwaka uliwose. Mabere gha ŵanakazi ghakawoneka comene mu luso lwa Minoan. Ghakawoneka mu vikozgo vya "Snake Goddess", na mu vinthu vinyake vichoko. Nangauli mabere ghanandi ghakabisikanga. Ku Girisi wakale, pakaŵa magulu ghakusopa "Kourotrophos", mama wakuyamwiska. Ghakuyimirika na viŵanda nga Gaia, Hera, na Artemis. Kusopa viŵanda ivyo vikuyimirika na bere la mwanakazi ku Girisi kukacepa. Kukacepa mu vyaka vyakwamba vya milleniya yakwamba. Pakati pa milleniya yakwamba BC, chikhalidwe ca Girisi chikasintha. Chikasintha munjila umo mabere gha ŵanakazi ghakawonekeranga mu luso. Ŵanakazi mu luso ŵakavwalikanga kufuma pa singo kuya pasi. Ici cikusazgamo viŵanda vyanakazi nga Athena. Kukaŵa vyakupambuka: Aphrodite, chiŵanda ca citemwa. Kanandi cikalongoreka kwambura kuvwara. Nangauli mu vithuzi ivyo vikayezgekanga kulongora kujivikilira panji nsoni. === Muwoneskero wa thupi === Ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakuwona mabere ghawo kuti nkhwakukhumbikwa pa kupendeka kwawo kwa tenda. Nkhucimanyikwiro ca uchimwali icho nchakukhumbikwa pa umo ŵakujiwonera. Mwanakazi uyo wali na mabere ghachoko wangawona mabere ghake kuti ngambura kupendeka. === Vyakuvwara === Mabere ghakupangika comene na mafuta. Lekani muwoneskero wake ungasinthika na vyakuvwara, nga chakuvwara cakukoleska mabere. Ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵa Kumadzulo ŵakuvwara chakuvwara cakukoleska mabere. Kanandi ŵakucivwara kuti chiŵakoleske. Mzimu wa comweco mu vikhalidwe vinandi vya Kumadzulo ni kubisa mabere pa waro. Nangauli muyelezgero wa kubisa uku ukupambana kuyana na fundo ya comweco. Vipembedzo vinyake vikupeleka mzuzu wapadera ku bere la mwanakazi. Mwakwenderapo panji kwizira mu vimanyikwiro. Chisilamu chikukanizga ŵanakazi kufumiska mabere ghawo pa waro. Vikhalidwe vinandi, kusazgamo vya ku North America, vikukolerana mabere na tenda. Vikuwona mabere ghakufumiskika kuti ngambura mchindo panji ngakuipa. Mu vikhalidwe vinyake, nga Ŵahimba ku Namibia yakumpoto, ŵanakazi kuŵa wambura kuvikilira mabere ni vyakwenelera vyakuzomerezgeka. Mu vikhalidwe vinyake vya ku Afrika, mwaciyelezgero, chigha nchakuwoneka kuti nchakukhwaskana na tenda comene. Chigha nkhukufumiskika pa waro yayi. Kweni kufumiska bere nkhukuwoneka kuti nkhwakukanizgika yayi. Maghanoghano na malango pa nkhani ya kuyamwiska pa waro ghakupambanapambana comene. Mu vyalo vinandi, kuyamwiska pa waro nkhwakuwanda. Nkhwakuvikilirika na malango. Nkhukuwoneka kuti ni suzgo yayi. Ndipouli, nangauli nchakuzomerezgeka mwa malango panji mu chikhalidwe, ŵamama ŵanyake ŵangaŵa na wofi. Wofi wa kufumiska bere pa waro kuti ŵayamwiske. Ici chifukwa ca vikanizgo panji vyowoyeka vyakukanizga kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵanyake. === Vimanyikwiro vya tenda === Mu vikhalidwe vinyake, mabere ghali na mulimo mu nchito za tenda za ŵanthu. Mabere, comenecomene ndomo, ni yimoza mwa vigaŵa vinandi vya thupi ivyo vikutolekera na tenda. Ni vyakusanda pakukwaskika chifukwa vili na musipa unandi wa maghanoghano. Nchakuwanda kuvikamiska panji kuvipukuta na mawoko panji pakamwa, pambere panji pa nyengo ya tenda. Para munthu wakukwezgeka na tenda, ukuru wa bere ukukwezgeka. Mizere ya musimbo wakufuma yikuwoneka comene. Ndomo zikukolelaso. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona mabere gha ŵanakazi ghambura kuvikilirika kuti ngakutowa panji ngakukwezga tenda. Mu buku lakale la ku India la Kama Sutra, kukwaruzga kucoko mabere na minwe vikuwoneka kuti nchakukwezga tenda. Ndiposo kuluma na meno vikuwoneka nthena yiyo. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakukhumbikwira mabere gha ŵanakazi pera kuluska thupi lose. Ici ni khumbo lapadera. === Mahara pa vyalo === Nkhani ikulu: [[Breast-shaped hill|Lupiri lwakuyana na bere]] Pali mapiri ghanandi ghakuchemeka pa comweco ca bere. Ici nkhu chifukwa ghakuyana nalo mu muwoneskero. Ntheura ghakuŵa vinthu vya kusopa kwa tenda na kusopa ŵasekulu, nga cimanyikwiro ca kubaba na umoyo wiwemi. == Muyeso == Nkhani ikulu: [[Breast measurement|Muyeso wa bere]] Kukura na ukuru wa mabere kungapimika mwa njira zakupambanapambana, kusazgamo Tanner staging, muyeso wa ukuru wa chakuvwara cakukoleska mabere, ukuru wa bere, na vipimo vinyake. == Wonanisoso == * [[Udder|Bere la vinyama]] == Vyakuwelenga == {{Reflist}} [[Mtundu:Anatomy]] [[Mtundu:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] miug5n1jqvzl6nmf6ergw9itwxolroo 0 49721 122252 2026-09-23T04:10:52Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Kafukufuku wake wakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye kuti [[tilcayo]] ni mtundu wapadera wa mphaka ya nyalugwe. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]" 122252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Kafukufuku wake wakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye kuti [[tilcayo]] ni mtundu wapadera wa mphaka ya nyalugwe. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] 0752y2ad9o24wi49s4y0mhx8lbyyovv 122253 122252 2026-09-23T04:13:49Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Kafukufuku wake wakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye kuti [[tilcayo]] ni mtundu wapadera wa mphaka ya nyalugwe. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{Wikispecies}} *{{cite web |title=Paola Nogales, la bióloga que le sigue el rastro a los jaguares traficados en Bolivia |url=https://elpais.com/america-futura/2025-02-22/paola-nogales-la-biologa-que-le-sigue-el-rastro-a-los-jaguares-traficados-en-bolivia.html |work=[[El País]] |date=21 February 2025|language=es}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] eg1p80qsz39bkp4flqilebd14h3nqg7 0 49722 122254 2026-09-23T04:16:18Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]" 122254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] 81b9eym7yjt0jy846qupx1cgn0nrcld 122255 122254 2026-09-23T04:16:55Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. 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