Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 8950 122256 40298 2026-09-23T13:11:11Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi moved page [[Fatima,Nsanje]] to [[Fatima, Nsanje]] without leaving a redirect: Misspelled title 40298 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fatima''' ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la [[Nsanje]],[[chigaŵa cha kummwela]],mu charu cha [[Malaŵi]]. [[Category:Chigaŵa cha Kummwela]] [[Category:Boma la Nsanje]] [[Category:Malo ghakusangika mu Nsanje]] 42swp28xszb86fxltql7fwgu3ni0w9l 0 8951 122258 40297 2026-09-23T13:11:52Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi moved page [[Kadabwako,Nsanje]] to [[Kadabwako, Nsanje]] without leaving a redirect 40297 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kadabwako''' ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la [[Nsanje]],[[chigaŵa cha kummwela]],mu charu cha [[Malaŵi]]. [[Category:Chigaŵa cha Kummwela]] [[Category:Boma la Nsanje]] [[Category:Malo ghakusangika mu Nsanje]] ipp1txep1n2ny7ykk06j0cg67d675f3 0 8967 122257 40309 2026-09-23T13:11:35Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi moved page [[Nyamadzere,Nsanje]] to [[Nyamadzere, Nsanje]] without leaving a redirect 40309 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nyamadzere''' ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la [[Nsanje]],[[chigaŵa cha kummwela]],mu charu cha [[Malaŵi]]. [[Category:Chigaŵa cha Kummwela]] [[Category:Boma la Nsanje]] [[Category:Malo ghakusangika mu Nsanje]] ovyc2tymsmq7y4dkj89yjlchy1nfhbd 0 46522 122259 122241 2026-09-23T13:30:41Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kunozga nkhani kuti pakuŵe vipongozi vichoko vyakuŵazgikira makora, kwakugaŵa vipongozi vitali kuŵa vichoko, kunozga "Vimanyiko"→"Vimanyikwiro" na "hormone"→"homoni". 122259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Chigaŵa cha thupi icho chikukolezgana mutu na thupi}} {{Other uses}} {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Singo |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Neck.png|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Singo la munthu</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyikwiro |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Latin|Chilatini]] | class="infobox-data" |''cervix; collum'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Medical Subject Headings|MeSH]] | class="infobox-data" |[https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D009333 D009333] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Terminologia Anatomica|TA98]] | class="infobox-data" |[https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/01.1.00.012%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm A01.1.00.012] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Terminologia Anatomica|TA2]] | class="infobox-data" |[https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=123 123] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Foundational Model of Anatomy|FMA]] | class="infobox-data" |[https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma7155 7155] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |[[Anatomical terminology|Mazgu gha kuyowoyera viŵalo vya thupi]] |} '''Singo''' ni chigaŵa cha thupi icho chikukolezgana [[mutu (anatomy)|mutu]] na thupi lose. Mu vinyama vinandi ivyo vili na muwongo, singo njakusangika. Singo yikuchindikizga uzito wa mutu. Yikuvikiliraso misipa iyo yikupeleka mphangano pakati pa [[wongo]] na vigaŵa vinyake vyose vya thupi. Kuwonjezgapo, singo njakuthambalira chomene. Yikovwira mutu kuti uzgoke na kuwoleka mu vigaŵa vyose. Mwakuyana na anatomy, singo ya munthu yikugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vinayi: chigaŵa ca viwangwa, chigaŵa ca viŵalo vya mukati, na vigaŵa viŵiri vya misimbo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Gray's Anatomy for Students|last1=Drake|first1=Richard L.|last2=Vogl|first2=Wayne|last3=Mitchell|first3=Adam W. M.|last4=Gray|first4=Henry|date=15 November 2015|isbn=978-0-7020-5131-9|edition=3rd|location=Philadelphia|oclc=881508489}}</ref> Mu vigaŵa ivi, mu singo mukusangika [[viwangwa vya singo]], na chigaŵa ca [[muwongo]] icho chikuŵa mu singo. Mukusangikaso magaŵa gha kuchanya gha [[mzia wakuthuta mvuchi|mzia wakuthuta mvuchi]] na [[mzia wakugaya chakurya|mzia wakugaya chakurya]], viŵaya, misipa, misimbo yakufuma na misimbo yakuwelera. Minofu ya singo, iyo njakupatuka na vigaŵa ivi, njakupanga malire gha vigaŵa vya makona ghatatu vya singo.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice|isbn=978-0-7020-5230-9|edition=41st|location=Philadelphia|oclc=920806541|last1=Standring|first1=Susan|year=2016}}</ref> Mu anatomy, singo yikuchemekaso kuti ''[[Latin|cervix]]'' panji ''collum''. Kweni apo lizgu ''cervix'' likugwiliskikira ntchito lyekha, kanandi likung'anamura [[cervix|mlomo wa nthumbo]]. Ntheura, lizgu ''cervical'' lingang'anamura singo. Ciyelezgero, likugwiliskikira mu ''viwangwa vya singo'' panji ''tulundu twa maji gha m'thupi twa m'singo''. Panji lingang'anamura mlomo wa nthumbo, nga umo likugwiliskikira mu ''chivikiliro cha nthumbo'' panji ''khansa ya mlomo wa nthumbo''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Whitmore|first=Ian|date=1999|title=Terminologia Anatomica: New terminology for the new anatomist|journal=The Anatomical Record|language=en|volume=257|issue=2|pages=50–53|doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(19990415)257:2<50::aid-ar4>3.0.co;2-w|pmid=10321431|issn=1097-0185|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Muundo== [[File:Musculi coli base.svg|thumbnail|[[Minofu]] mu singo la munthu]] ===Vigaŵa=== Vinthu vya mu singo vikugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vinayi:<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/neck-anatomy|title=Neck anatomy|website=Kenhub|language=en|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref> * '''Chigaŵa ca viwangwa''' chili na [[viwangwa vya singo]], na [[chiwangwa chipepu|viwangwa vipepu]] pakati pa chiwangwa chilichose. Umo viwangwa ivi vyanozgeka ndiwo wukupanga umoyo wa singo.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Frietson|last1=Galis|year=1999|title=Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae? Developmental constraints, Hox genes and Cancer|url=http://wwworm.biology.uh.edu/evodevo/lecture11/galis99.pdf|journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology|volume=285|issue=1|pages=19–26|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19990415)285:1<19::AID-JEZ3>3.0.CO;2-Z|pmid=10327647|bibcode=1999JEZ...285...19G|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041110200159/http://wwworm.biology.uh.edu/evodevo/lecture11/galis99.pdf|archive-date=2004-11-10}}</ref> Viwangwa ivi vikuzingilira mzia wa muwongo. Ntheura, chigaŵa ca muwongo icho chikuŵa mu singo nacho chikusangika mwenemumo. * '''Chigaŵa ca viŵalo vya mukati''' chili na [[chigoromiro cha mvuchi]], [[chiŵiya cha mazgu]], [[chigoromiro]], [[chiŵaya cha pa singo]], na viŵaya vichoko vya pafupi navyo. * '''Chigaŵa ca misimbo''' chili chiŵiri, ndipo chili na masakosi ghaŵiri gha musimbo agho ghakusangika mbali zoseŵiri za chigoromiro cha mvuchi. Sakosi lililose lili na musipa wa [[Vagus]], musimbo wakufuma ukuru wa carotid, na musimbo wakuwelera wa mukati wa jugular. Kupatulira pa vinthu ivi, mu singo mukusangikaso [[tulundu twa maji gha m'thupi]] twa m'singo ivyo vikuzingilira misimbo.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Clinically Oriented Anatomy|last1=Moore|first1=Keith L.|last2=Dalley|first2=Arthur F.|last3=Agur|first3=A. M. R.|isbn=978-1-4511-1945-9|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=813301028|date=2013-02-13}}</ref> ===Minofu na vigaŵa vya makona ghatatu=== '''Minofu ya singo''' yikukolelezgeka ku [[chigaza]], ku [[chiwangwa cha Hyoid|chiwangwa cha hyoid]], ku [[viwangwa vya chiŵegha]], na ku [[chiwangwa cha chifuwa]]. Njakupanga vigaŵa viŵiri vikuru vya makona ghatatu vya singo. Vigaŵa ivi ni ca kunthazi na ca kunyuma.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kikuta|first1=Shogo|last2=Iwanaga|first2=Joe|last3=Kusukawa|first3=Jingo|last4=Tubbs|first4=R. Shane|date=30 June 2019|title=Triangles of the neck: a review with clinical/surgical applications|journal=Anatomy & Cell Biology|volume=52|issue=2|pages=120–127|doi=10.5115/acb.2019.52.2.120|issn=2093-3665|pmc=6624334|pmid=31338227}}</ref> '''Chigaŵa ca kunthazi ca makona ghatatu''' chikupimikika na mphapo ya kunthazi ya [[Minofu ya sternocleidomastoid|mnofu wa sternocleidomastoid]], mphapo ya pasi ya mhlati, na mzere wa pakati pa singo. Muli minofu iyi: stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid na sternothyroid. Minofu iyi yikupatulikana mu viŵiri: minofu ya pachanya pa hyoid (suprahyoid: stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid) na minofu ya pasi pa hyoid (infrahyoid: omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid). Kupatulikana uku nkhwakuyana na usange yili pachanya panji pasi pa chiwangwa ca hyoid. Minofu ya pachanya pa hyoid yikukweza chiwangwa ca hyoid. Minofu ya pasi pa hyoid yikuchiseleska. Zikagwira ntchito pamoza, minofu izi zikovwira munthu kuyowoya na kumira chakurya.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> '''Chigaŵa ca kunyuma ca makona ghatatu''' chikupimikika na mphapo ya kunyuma ya mnofu wa sternocleidomastoid, mphapo ya kunthazi ya [[mnofu wa pachanya pa msana|mnofu wa pachanya pa msana]], na mphapo ya pachanya ya chigaŵa cha pakati ca chiwangwa ca chiŵegha. Mu chigaŵa ici muli minofu iyi: sternocleidomastoid, mnofu wa pachanya pa msana, splenius capitis, levator scapulae, omohyoid, na minofu ya scalene ya kunthazi, ya pakati, na ya kunyuma.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> ===Kupeleka misipa=== Kupulika kwa vigaŵa vya kunthazi kwa singo kukufuma ku misinjizi ya misipa ya C2 mpaka C4. Kupulika kwa chigaŵa ca kunyuma kwa singo nakho kukufuma ku misinjizi ya C4 mpaka C5.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Clinical Examination|last=Talley|first=Nicholas|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|year=2014|isbn=978-0-7295-4198-5|page=416}}</ref> Kuwonjezgapo pa misipa iyo yikufuma na kusangika mu muwongo, musipa wakovwira na musipa wa Vagus vikwendaso pasi mu singo.<ref name=":0" /> ===Kwenda kwa ndopa na misimbo yikuru=== Misimbo yikuru iyo yikwenda mu singo ndiyo nthowa yikuru yakupeleka ndopa zakuŵa na okosijeni ku mutu, na kuwezga ndopa za mu mutu.<br> Misimbo yikuru iyo yikupeleka ndopa zakuŵa na okosijeni ku mutu na singo ni izi: musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo, musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa mukati, misimbo yakufuma ya Vertebral, na misimbo ya Thyrocervical.<br> Misimbo ya carotid na Vertebral yikupeleka comene ndopa ku mutu. Apo misimbo yichoko yinandi ya Thyrocervical yikupeleka ndopa ku vinthu vya mu singo.<ref name="kenhub1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/neurovasculature-of-head-neck|title=Neurovasculature of the head and neck|first=Adrian Rad|last=Dimitrios Mytilinaios|publisher=Kenhub|access-date=30 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Saladin|first1=Kenneth S.|title=Human anatomy|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=9780071222075|page=576|edition=3rd}}</ref> Musimbo wakufuma wa Subclavian ndiwo ukupambika musimbo wakufuma wa Vertebral na Thyrocervical. Iwo wakupeleka ndopa ku cerebrum, cerebellum, chigaŵa ca kunyuma ca singo, mawoko, na chifuŵa ca kunthazi na kuchanya. Musimbo wa Thyrocervical ukupeleka comene ndopa ku vinthu vya kunthazi kwa singo, ku chiŵaya cha pa singo, na ku minofu ya mwenemumo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/subclavian-artery?lang=us|title=Subclavian artery|publisher=Radiopedia|access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref> '''Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo''' ukupambika ku musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa pakati. Uwu ni umoza wa misimbo yiŵiri yikuru, iyo yikufuma ku aortic arch mumphepete mwakumazgoji na ku brachiocephalic trunk mumphepete mwakumalyerero.<br> Kupatulikana kwa Carotid kukuchitika pa chigaŵa ca thyroid cartilage mu chiŵiya ca mazgu. Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo ndiwo wekha, pakati pa vigaŵa vya musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa pakati, uwo ukupeleka mphapo ku singo. Ukupelekaso ndopa ku viŵalo vyakuwalo vya mutu na chisko.<br> Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo uli na mphapo zinkhonde: superior thyroid, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, maxillary na superficial temporal. Izi ziŵiri zaumaliro ndizo mphapo zaumaliro za Carotid wa kuwalo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-external-carotid-artery-and-its-branches|title=External carotid artery and its branches|first=Alexandra Sieroslawska|last=Sophie Stewart|publisher=Kenhub|access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="GRAYS1">{{Cite book|first1=Robert Howden|last1=Henry Gray|last2=Arthur John Jex-Blake|last3=W. Fedde Fedden|title=Anatomy of the Human Body|issue=XX|date=1918|publisher=Lea & Febiger|page=500–518}}</ref> [[File:External carotid artery.png|280px|thumb|centre|Mphapo zinkhonde za musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa kuwalo]] [[File:Blausen 0170 CarotidArteries.png|260px|thumb|right|Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa pakati na mphapo zake, izo zikupeleka ndopa ku mutu na ku chisko]] '''Musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa mukati''' ndiwo mphapo yaciŵiri ya Carotid wa pakati. Ukupeleka comene ndopa ku chigaŵa ca kunthazi ca wongo, ku jiso na viŵalo vyake.<ref name="pmid21452447">{{cite journal|author=Kiel JW|title=The Ocular Circulation|journal=Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function to Disease|year=2010|volume=3|pages=1–81|pmid=21452447|doi=10.4199/C00024ED1V01Y201012ISP012|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53329/}}</ref> Ukwamba pa kupatukana kwa Carotid wa pakati (kanandi pa mphapo ya kuchanya ya thyroid cartilage, pafupi na viwangwa vya singo C3–C4). Kufuma apo ukukwera mpaka pasi pa chigaza.<ref name="pubmed">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556061/|title=Anatomy, Head and Neck: Internal Carotid Arteries|author=Matthew Charlick; Joe M. Das.|publisher=StatPearls; (NIH)|access-date=July 24, 2023}}</ref> Nthowa ya musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid wa mukati yingapatulikana mu vigaŵa vinayi:<ref name="GRAYS1"/> I. ''Chigaŵa ca m'singo (Pars cervicalis)''; Nthowa: Yikufuma ku kupatukana kwa Carotid mpaka pa mulyango wa mzia wa carotid mu chiwangwa ca petrous. Uku ukusangika mu sakosi la musimbo pamoza na musimbo wakuwelera wa mukati wa jugular na musipa wa Vagus. Chigaŵa ici mchibula mphapo.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> II. ''Chigaŵa ca petrous (Pars petrosa)''; Nthowa: Ukunjira mu mzia wa carotid mu chiwangwa ca temporal. Ukukwera pacoko, kwenekuko ukuzingilira kwakunthazi na kwapakati. Ukufuma mu mzia pafupi na foramen lacerum kunjira mu mutu. Mphapo: caroticotympanic, na mphapo ya mzia wa pterygoid (Vidian artery), iyo yikusangika waka pa nyengo zinyake.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> III. ''Chigaŵa ca cavernous (Pars cavernosa)''; Nthowa: Ukwenda kunthazi mukati mwa cavernous sinus mumphepete mwa chiwangwa ca sphenoid. Ukupanga cizungezi ca S (carotid siphon). Mphapo: mphapo za cavernous zikupeleka ndopa ku trigeminal ganglion na malire gha sinus; mphapo za hypophyseal zikupeleka ndopa ku chiŵaya ca pituitary; mphapo ya anterior meningeal yikupeleka ndopa ku dura mater ya chigaŵa ca kunthazi ca chigaza.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> IV. ''Chigaŵa ca cerebral (Pars cerebralis)''; Nthowa: Ukufuma mu cavernous sinus. Ukujumphamo pakati pa misipa ya optic na oculomotor. Ndipo ukunjira mu malo agho wongo ukusangika. Mphapo zikuru: musimbo wa Ophthalmic; musimbo wa Posterior communicating, uwo ukukumana na musimbo wa cerebral wa kunyuma kupanga Circle of Willis; musimbo wa Anterior choroidal; na misimbo ya Anterior cerebral na Middle cerebral, iyo ndiyo mphapo zaumaliro zikuru izo zikupeleka ndopa ku hemispheres za wongo.<ref name="pubmed"/><ref name="GRAYS1"/> [[File:Vertebral artery.png|260px|thumb|right|Misimbo ya singo, uwo wa Vertebral ukufuma ku misimbo wa Subclavian na kukumana kupanga musimbo wa Basilar]] '''Misimbo yakufuma ya Vertebral''' ndiyo misimbo yikuru iyo yikufuma ku musimbo wakufuma wa Subclavian. Pamoza na musimbo wa Basilar (nga mphapo yikuru), misimbo yiŵiri ya Vertebral yikupanga vertebrobasilar system. Iyi yikupeleka ndopa ku mzia wa muwongo wa kuchanya, brainstem, cerebellum, na chigaŵa ca kunyuma ca wongo.<ref name="GRAYS2">{{cite book|title=Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice|first1=Susan|last1=Standing|first2=Neil R.|last2=Borely|first3=Patricia|last3=Collins|first4=Alan R.|last4=Crossman|first5=Michael A.|last5=Gatzoulis|display-authors=etal|date=2008|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|isbn=978-0-8089-2371-8|edition=40th|location=London}}</ref> Musimbo wa Vertebral ungapatulikana mu vigaŵa vinayi: * Chigaŵa cakwamba (preforaminal) chikukwera pakati pa mnofu wa scalene wa kunthazi na mnofu wa longus colli. Kunthazi kwake muli musimbo wakuwelera wa jugular wa mukati na musimbo wakuwelera wa Vertebral. Kunyuma kwake muli phapa la kuchanya la chiwangwa ca 7 ca singo pamoza na sympathetic trunk.<ref name="GRAYS1"/><ref name="ippolito">Nunziante Ippolito: Anatomical Studies on the Root of the Neck</ref> * Chigaŵa caciŵiri (foraminal) chikukwera mukati mwa maenje gha viwangwa vya singo kufuma pa C6 mpaka C2. Chili pakuzingilizgeka na mphapo za sympathetic ganglion na misimbo yakuwelera iyo yikukolerana kupanga musimbo wakuwelera wa Vertebral pasi pa singo.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> * Chigaŵa cacitatu (extradural panji atlantic) chikufuma pa foramen ya C2. Chikupatulikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: cakukwera kwakunyanya, na cakuzingilira. Cigaŵa cakuzingilira ndico chikujumphira kunyuma kwa mphapo ya kuchanya ya atlas kunjira mu mzia wa muwongo pasi pa membrane ya atlanto-occipital ya kunyuma.<ref name="GRAYS1"/><ref name="GRAYS2"/> * Chigaŵa cacinayi (intradural panji intracranial) chikujumpha mu dura mater na kwenda kunthazi kwa medulla oblongata. Pa mzere wapakati, chikukolerana na musimbo wa mphepete linyake kupanga musimbo wa Basilar.<ref name="GRAYS1"/> [[File:Thyrocervical trunk.png|250px|thumb|right|Misimbo ya Vertebral, ya Carotid na ya Subclavian, pamoza na musimbo wa Thyrocervical]] '''Misimbo ya Thyrocervical''' ni misimbo yichoko yinandi ya singo. Yikufuma ku misimbo wakufuma wa Subclavian, mumphepete mwa misimbo ya Vertebral. Musimbo uwu ukupatulikanaso mu: musimbo wa Inferior thyroid, musimbo wa Suprascapular, na musimbo wa Transverse cervical. Izi zikupeleka ndopa ku vinthu vya kunthazi kwa singo, ku minofu ya m'singo na ya phampa, na ku chiŵaya ca pa singo.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Saladin|first1=Kenneth S.|title=Human anatomy|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=9780071222075|page=576|edition=3rd}}</ref><ref name="GRAYS1"/> Musimbo wa Transverse cervical ukusangika pa vibalo viŵiri pa vitatu vyakuwerengeka. Pa cimoza pa vitatu, musimbo wa Superficial cervical na musimbo wa Dorsal scapular ndivyo vikufuma pa musimbo wa Transverse cervical.<ref name="Standring3">{{cite book|last1=Standring|first1=Susan|title=Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. Digital version|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=9780702052309|page=877|edition=41st.}}</ref> Musimbo wa Suprascapular na wa Transverse cervical vyose vikwenda kummbali na kujumphira kunthazi kwa mnofu wa scalene wa kunthazi na musipa wa phrenic. Musimbo wa Inferior thyroid ukukwera kufuma ku Thyrocervical mpaka pasi pa chiŵaya ca pa singo. Muli kusiyana kukuru mu umo misimbo iyi yikufumira.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Haas|first1=Franz|title=Flaps and Reconstructive Surgery – Section Two|last2=Weiglein|first2=Andreas|publisher=Saunders|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7216-0519-7|pages=249–269|chapter=21 – Trapezius flap}}</ref> ===Kalembelo ka pachanya=== [[File:Ahhhhhhh.jpg|thumb|Kapiri ka pa singo, kakuwoneka pa mphepete]] [[File:Neck - Tiger.jpg|thumb|right|Kusuka kwa nkhungu ya singo chifukwa cha dazi, uzito ukuru, panji ukalamba]] Thyroid cartilage ya chiŵiya ca mazgu njakupanga vundwe pa mzere wapakati wa singo. Vundwe ili likuchemeka '''kapiri ka pa singo'''. Kanandi kapiri aka nkakuwoneka comene kwa ŵanarumi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324146.php|title=Adam's apple: What it is, what it does, and removal|website=Medical News Today|date=10 January 2019|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/advancedanatomy1sted/chapter/surface-anatomy/|title=Surface Anatomy – Advanced Anatomy 2nd. Ed.|website=pressbooks.bccampus.ca|date=May 2018|access-date=2019-09-26|first1=Phed 301|last1=Students}}</ref> Pasi pa kapiri aka pali cricoid cartilage. Chigoromiro cha mvuchi chikuwoneka pa mzere wapakati, kufuma pa cricoid cartilage mpaka pa suprasternal notch. Kufuma mumphepete, mnofu wa sternomastoid ndiwo ukujumbikizga kuwoneka comene. Ukupatula chigaŵa ca kunthazi na ca kunyuma ca makona ghatatu. Chigaŵa cakuchanya ca chigaŵa ca kunthazi ca makona ghatatu chili na viŵaya vya submandibular, izo zili pasi pa cigaŵa ca kunyuma ca mhlati. Mzere wa musimbo wakufuma wa Carotid ukumanyikwa na kukolezga malo agho chiwangwa ca chiŵegha chikukumana na chiwangwa ca chifuwa. Mzere uwu ukuluta mpaka pa nkhomo ya mhlati. Nkhungu za singo zingawoneka pa nyengo yiliyose ya uzengwa. Ciyelezgero, chifukwa ca dazi panji ca ukalamba, apo nkhungu yikutaya luŵiro lwake na kusuka. Musipa wa 11 wa mutu, panji musipa wa spinal accessory, ukwenda pa mzere wakufuma pakati pa nkhomo ya mhlati na mastoid process mpaka pakati pa mphapo ya kunyuma ya mnofu wa sternomastoid. Kufuma apo ukujumphira mu chigaŵa ca kunyuma ca makona ghatatu mpaka mkati mwa mnofu wa pachanya pa msana. Musimbo wakuwelera wa jugular wa kuwalo ukuwoneka pachanya pa nkhungu. Ukwenda mu mzere kufuma pa nkhomo ya mhlati mpaka pakati pa chiwangwa ca chiŵegha. Pafupi nawo pali tulundu tuchoko twa maji gha m'thupi. Musimbo wakuwelera wa jugular wa kunthazi ni ncoko. Ukwenda pasi pafupi na cizoŵezi ca inchi imoza kufuma pa mzere wapakati wa singo. Chiwangwa ca chiŵegha ndico chikupimikira malire gha pasi gha singo. Mumphepete, kuselera kwa singo kuya ku phampa nkovwira na mnofu wa pachanya pa msana. ==Kupwetekwa== {{main|Kupwetekwa kwa singo}} Vilwelo vya singo ndivyo nkhongono yikuru ya kupwetekwa. Singo yili na ntchito zinandi. Kweni yikuvikilirikaso na masuzgo ghanandi. Vinthu ivyo vikuwoneka comene kuti vikupangiska kupwetekwa kwa singo ni ivi. Masuzgo ghanyake ghakolerana nagho, nga umo kupwetekwa kukwenda pasi mu woko.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Genebra|first1=Caio Vitor Dos Santos|last2=Maciel|first2=Nicoly Machado|last3=Bento|first3=Thiago Paulo Frascareli|last4=Simeão|first4=Sandra Fiorelli Almeida Penteado|last5=Vitta|first5=Alberto De|date=2017|title=Prevalence and factors associated with neck pain: a population-based study|journal=Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy|volume=21|issue=4|pages=274–280|doi=10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.05.005|issn=1413-3555|pmc=5537482|pmid=28602744}}</ref> * Kulemazgika kwa singo chifukwa ca kuzunguzika mwaluŵiro, kununkha kwa mnofu, panji kulemara kunyake kwa nyama yakupepuka * Kusuka pa malo pake kwa chiwangwa chipepu chapakati pa viwangwa vya singo * Kufinyirika kwa mzia wa muwongo mu singo * Nthenda ya nkhumano na viwangwa iyo yikwiza na ukalamba * Vyakupangiska kupwetekwa vyakolerana na misimbo, nga umo kupasuka kwa musimbo wakufuma panji kukhoma kwa ndopa mu musimbo wakuwelera wa jugular wa mukati * Kutupa kwa viŵaya vya pa singo ==Uzghali wa singo== Uzghali ukuru wa singo wakolerana na masuzgo gha mtima na ndopa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ataie-Jafari|first1=Asal|last2=Namazi|first2=Nazli|last3=Djalalinia|first3=Shirin|display-authors=etal|date=2018|title=Neck circumference and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome|volume=10|article-number=72|doi=10.1186/s13098-018-0373-y|issn=1758-5996|pmc=6162928|pmid=30288175|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kukola mafuta comene kuchanya kwa thupi nkwakofya comene kuluska kukola mafuta kupasi kwa thupi. Ici nkhwakolerana na nthenda nga umo ni shuga wa mtundu wachiŵiri panji ntenda ya mtima yakolerana na misimbo yakupwetekwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Karpe|first1=Fredrik|last2=Pinnick|first2=Katherine E.|date=February 2015|title=Biology of upper-body and lower-body adipose tissue|journal=Nature Reviews Endocrinology|volume=11|issue=2|pages=90–100|doi=10.1038/nrendo.2014.185|pmid=25365922|issn=1759-5029}}</ref> Uzghali wa singo wakolerananso na kovwirika kupumula na cakovwira kupumula mu ŵalwari ŵa COVID-19. Ŵalwari aŵa ŵakuŵa na ntchindi yakwenderera na 26% kwa santimita yiliyose iyo singo yikukurapo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Di Bella|first1=Stefano|last2=Cesareo|first2=Roberto|last3=De Cristofaro|first3=Paolo|display-authors=etal|date=January 2021|title=Neck circumference as reliable predictor of mechanical ventilation support in adult inpatients with COVID-19|journal=Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews|volume=37|issue=1|article-number=e3354|doi=10.1002/dmrr.3354|issn=1520-7560|pmc=7300447|pmid=32484298}}</ref> Kuwonjezgapo, ŵalwari ŵa COVID-19 awo ŵakaŵa na singo yikuru comene pakunjira ku cipatala ŵakaŵa na ntchindi yakwenderera kwakuŵirapo kuwiri kufwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Di Bella|first1=Stefano|last2=Zerbato|first2=Verena|last3=Sanson|first3=Gianfranco|display-authors=etal|date=December 2021|title=Neck Circumference Predicts Mortality in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients|journal=Infectious Disease Reports|volume=13|issue=4|pages=1053–1060|doi=10.3390/idr13040096|pmid=34940406|pmc=8700782|doi-access=free}}</ref> Uzghali wa singo ukupambanamo pakati pa ŵanarumi na ŵanakazi. Ici nchifukwa ca kusiyana kwa umo thupi lanozgeka, unandi wa minofu, na mahomoni. Kwa ŵanthu ŵanandi, ŵanarumi ŵali na singo yikuru kuluska ŵanakazi. Ŵanarumi ŵali na uzghali wa mainchi 15.2 (masentimita 38.7). Ŵanakazi ŵali na mainchi 13.1 (masentimita 33.3). Kusiyana uku nkwakolerana comene na umo thupi lanozgeka. Pakuti ŵanarumi ŵali na unandi wa minofu na muyeso wa kulemera kwa thupi ukuru kuluska ŵanakazi. Mahomoni ghakusiyana nagho ghalikoso na nkongono. Pakuti testosterone, iyo yili yinandi comene mwa ŵanarumi, yikovwira kukura kwa minofu, kwenderako na kwa singo. ==Vinyama== [[File:Giraffe Mikumi National Park.jpg|thumb|Singo litali ndilo cimanyikwiro cikuru ca [[thutuwa]].]] Singo likuwoneka pakati pa vibenene vyakwamba comene vya tetrapod. Ntchito iyo likupeleka njiyo yayambiska kuti likhalirepo mu vinyama vyose vyakuthaka. Likhaliraposo mu tetrapod izo zanozgeka kukhala mu nyanja nga ni kamba, seal, na penguin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Qvarnström|first1=Martin|last2=Szrek|first2=Piotr|last3=Ahlberg|first3=Per E.|last4=Niedźwiedzki|first4=Grzegorz|date=2018-01-18|title=Non-marine palaeoenvironment associated to the earliest tetrapod tracks|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=8|issue=1|page=1074|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-19220-5|doi-access=free|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5773519|pmid=29348562}}</ref> Kuthambalira kunyake kukukhalirapo nanga umoyo wakuwoneka pachanya wataika luŵiro, nga umo viliri mwa whale na porpoise.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mikkelsson|first1=L O|last2=Nupponen|first2=H|last3=Kaprio|first3=J|display-authors=etal|date=January 23, 2006|title=Adolescent flexibility, endurance strength, and physical activity as predictors of adult tension neck, low back pain, and knee injury|journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine|volume=40|issue=2|pages=107–113|doi=10.1136/bjsm.2004.017350|issn=0306-3674|pmc=2492014|pmid=16431995}}</ref> Singo lakugwira ntchito mwakwenderera likusangikaso mu tuyuni twa vibawo. Kusoŵeka kwake mu somba na mu vibawo vyakunyanya nkwakukumaska maso. Pakuti vinandi mwa iyo vili na umoyo wakuyana na wa vinyama vyakuthaka panji tetrapod. Panji vingakhumbikwira na kuthambalira uku.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mathison|first1=Blaine A.|last2=Pritt|first2=Bobbi S.|date=January 1, 2014|title=Laboratory Identification of Arthropod Ectoparasites|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=27|issue=1|pages=48–67|doi=10.1128/CMR.00008-13|issn=0893-8512|pmc=3910909|pmid=24396136}}</ref> Lizgu "singo" nyengo zinyake likugwiliskikira kuyowoyera chigaŵa ico chili kunyuma kwa mutu mwa nkhono zinyake na tuŵangwa tinyake twa gastropod. Nangauli kulije kupambanamo pakuwonekera pakati pa cigaŵa ici, cigaŵa ca mutu, na chigaŵa cinyake cha thupi.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Roesch|first1=Zachary K.|last2=Tadi|first2=Prasanna|title=Anatomy, Head and Neck, Neck|date=2022|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542313/|work=StatPearls|place=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pmid=31194453|access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== * [[Nyuma ya singo]] * [[Vyakuvwara pa singo]] * [[Chigoromiro]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{reflist}} ==Viwoto vyakwenda navyo== * [http://www.ahns.info/ American Head and Neck Society] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070709115040/http://www.anatomywiz.com/ The Anatomy Wiz] – Buku la anatomy lakuwoneka pa intaneti, lakupatulikana mwakuyana na vigaŵa vya thupi [[Mtundu:Anatomy]] [[Mtundu:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] 1vw3r9dj5434v4e800y8k1mc7zyw8oc 0 49723 122260 2026-09-23T13:50:55Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Nkhani yiphya, yakung'anamulika kufuma ku Wikipedia ya Chingelezi "Abdomen". 122260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Chigaŵa ca thupi ico chili pakati pa chifuwa na chiuno}} '''Nthumbo''' m'nkhani iyi yikung'anamura chigaŵa ca thupi. Lizgu ili lingagwiliskikiraso kuyowoyera kuti mwanakazi watora nthumbo (ali pa nthumbo), kweni ng'anamuro ili nkhwakupambana na icho nkhani iyi yikulongosora. {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Nthumbo |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyikwiro |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Latin|Chilatini]] | class="infobox-data" |''abdomen'' |} Nthumbo ni cigaŵa ca kunthazi ca thupi. Mwa ŵanthu na vinyama vinyake ivyo vili na muwongo, nthumbo yili pakati pa chifuwa na chiuno. Malo agho nthumbo yikuŵapo ghakuchemeka mzia wa nthumbo. Mu vibawo, nthumbo yikuchemekaso kuti metasoma. Ni cigaŵa ca umaliro wa thupi ndipo chikulondezga chifuwa panji cephalothorax.<ref name="dictionary">{{Cite web|title=Abdomen|publisher=Dictionary.com|access-date=2007-10-22}}</ref> Mwa ŵanthu, nthumbo yikufuma ku chifuwa pa diaphragm mpaka ku chiuno pa mphepete wa chiuno. Mphepete wa chiuno ukufuma ku nkhomano ya msana na chiuno (disc yakupakati pa L5 na S1) mpaka ku pubic symphysis. Ndiwo mphepete wa mulyango wa chiuno. Malo agho ghali pachanya pa mulyango uwu na pasi pa diaphragm ghakuchemeka mzia wa nthumbo. Malire gha mzia wa nthumbo ni khoma la nthumbo kunthazi na peritoneum kunyuma. Mu vinyama ivyo vili na muwongo, nthumbo ni mzia ukuru wa m'thupi. Ukuzingilirika na minofu ya nthumbo kunthazi na mumphepete, na chigaŵa ca msana kunyuma. Mbaru zapasi zingazingilirapo khoma la kunthazi na la mumphepete. Mzia wa nthumbo ukukolerana na kuŵa pachanya pa mzia wa chiuno. Ukukolerana na mzia wa chifuwa kwizira mu diaphragm. Vinthu nga aorta, vena cava yapasi, na nthowa ya cakurya vikujumphira mu diaphragm. Mzia wa nthumbo na mzia wa chiuno vyose vikuzingilirika na thako lakuchemeka peritoneum yakumphepete.<ref name="peritoneum">{{Cite book|title=The Veterinary Dictionary|publisher=Elsevier|year=2007}}</ref> Thako ili likukolerana na peritoneum yakuzingilira viŵalo. Nthumbo mu vinyama ivyo vili na muwongo yili na viŵalo vinandi, nga umo ni vya mzia wakugaya chakurya, mzia wakuthuta mvuchi, na mzia wa minofu. ==Ivyo vilimo== Mzia wa nthumbo uli na viŵalo vinandi vya mzia wakugaya chakurya. Muli chiŵaya ca cakurya, mala machoko, na colon pamoza na appendix yake. Viŵalo vinyake vyakugaya chakurya vikuchemeka viŵalo vyakovwira, ndipo vikusazgapo chiwindi, chiŵaya ca nyongo cakukolerana nacho, na pancreas. Ivi vikukolerana na vinyake kwizira mu nthowa zakupambanapambana. Spleen, na viŵalo vya mzia wakuthuta mvuchi nga ni maimpso, na viŵaya vya pachanya pa maimpso, navyo vili mu nthumbo. Muli misimbo yinandi ya ndopa, kusazgapo aorta na vena cava yapasi. Chiŵaya ca mkodzo, nthumbo (chiŵalo ca kutolera nthumbo), nthowa za mazira, na viŵaya vya mazira, vingaŵikika kuŵa viŵalo vya nthumbo panji vya chiuno. Pauumaliro, nthumbo yili na thako likuru lakuchemeka peritoneum. Peritoneum yingazingilira comene viŵalo vinyake. Kweniso yingazingilira mbali yimoza yekha ya viŵalo ivyo vili pafupi na khoma la nthumbo. Ici chikuchemeka retroperitoneum, ndipo maimpso na ureter vikuchemeka viŵalo vya retroperitoneum. ==Minofu ya nthumbo== Mu khoma la nthumbo muli mathako ghatatu gha minofu. Kufuma kuwalo kuya mkati ni: external oblique, internal oblique, na transverse abdominal. Mathako ghatatu agha ghakufuma ku msana, ku mbaru zapasi, ku iliac crest, na ku pubis ya chiuno. Vinjiri vyake vyose vikukolerana pakati na kuzingilira minofu ya rectus abdominis mu thako, kufuma apo vikukolerana mumphepete linyake pa linea alba. Nkhongono yikufuma mu kujintha kwa vinjiri, umo external oblique yikwendera pasi na kunthazi, internal oblique yikwendera pachanya na kunthazi, ndipo transverse abdominal yikwendera cimwaŵi na kunthazi.<ref name="EB">{{Cite book|title=Abdominal cavity|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|volume=I|edition=15th|location=Chicago|year=2010|pages=19–20|isbn=978-1-59339-837-8}}</ref> Mnofu wa transverse abdominal ni wakupapatala na wa makona ghatatu. Vinjiri vyake vikwendera cimwaŵi. Uli pakati pa internal oblique na transverse fascia iyo yili pasi pake. Ukufuma ku inguinal ligament, ku ma cartilage gha mbaru 7–12, ku iliac crest, na ku thoracolumbar fascia. Ukukolerana ku conjoint tendon, ku xiphoid process, ku linea alba, na ku pubic crest. Minofu ya rectus abdominis njitali na yakupapatala. Minofu iyi yikujintika na vinjiri vitatu ivyo vikuchemeka tendinous intersections. Rectus abdominis njakuzingilirika na thako likuzito, ilo lanozgeka kufuma mu vinjiri vya minofu yitatu ya khoma la mumphepete la nthumbo. Yikufuma ku chiwangwa ca pubis, yikukwera nthumbo mumphepete zoseŵiri za linea alba, ndipo yikukolerana ku ma cartilage gha mbaru yacinkhonde, yamphambano, na yankhondi na ziŵiri. Mu chigaŵa ca ntangararo, inguinal canal ni nthowa yakujumphira mu mathako agha. Mu mpherembezi uwu ndimo ma testes ghakusuzgikira kujumphira mu khoma. Ndimoso mzati kufuma ku nthumbo (chiŵalo ca kutolera nthumbo) mu mwanakazi ukwendera. Apa nchakoso apo kupepuka kungapangika, na kuvyusa inguinal hernia.<ref name="EB"/> Mnofu wa pyramidalis ni muchoko na wa makona ghatatu. Uli mu nthumbo yapasi, kunthazi kwa rectus abdominis. Ukufuma ku chiwangwa ca pubis ndipo ukukolerana ku linea alba, pakati pa apo na mbwera. ==Ntchito== Pa nchito yake, nthumbo ya munthu ndimo muli chigaŵa cinandi ca mzia wakugaya chakurya. Ntheura, kutolera na kugaya kwa cakurya kukuchitikira comene apa. Mzia wa cakurya mu nthumbo uli na cigaŵa capasi ca nthowa ya cakurya, chiŵaya ca cakurya, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum na appendix, ma colon ghakukwera, ghapakati, na ghakukhira, sigmoid colon, na rectum. Viŵalo vinyake vyakuzirwa mu nthumbo vikusazgapo chiwindi, maimpso, pancreas, na spleen. Khoma la nthumbo likugaŵikana mu makhoma gha kunyuma, gha mumphepete, na gha kunthazi. Minofu ya nthumbo yili na nchito zakupambanapambana zakuzirwa. Yikovwira pakupumira, comenecomene pakupumira kuwaro mwankhongono. Kuwonjezgapo, minofu iyi yikuvikilira viŵalo vya mkati. Pamoza na minofu ya msana, yikovwiraso kwimilira makola na kukhozgera muwoneskero wa thupi. Apo glottis yijalika ndipo chifuwa na chiuno vikukhazikika, minofu iyi njakukhumbikwa comene pa nchito za kukolowora, kusuzga, kufuma cakurya, kubaba mwana, kukalasika, na kwimba. Para chiuno chikhazikika, minofu iyi yingambiska kwenda kwa thupi kunthazi. Yikuvikiliraso kuti thupi lireke kupinduka comene kunyuma. Para chifuwa chikhazikika, minofu iyi yingakoka chiuno kuchanya. Pamalizgo, yingapinda msana mumphepete na kovwira mu kuzunguluska thupi.<ref name="EB"/> Mnofu wa transverse abdominis ndiwo wa mkati comene. Ntheura, ungakhwaskika yayi kufuma kuwaro. Ungakhwaska comene muwoneskero wa thupi. Minofu ya internal oblique nayo yili mkati, ndipo yikukhwaskaso muwoneskero wa thupi. Yoseŵiri yikovwira pakuzunguluska na kupinda msana mumphepete, ndipo yikugwiliskikira ntchito pakupinda na kukhozgera msana kufuma kunthazi. Minofu ya external oblique yili kuwaro comene, ndipo nayoso yikovwira pakuzunguluska na kupinda msana mumphepete. Yikukhozgeraso msana para munthu wimilira. Mnofu wa rectus abdominis ndiwo wakuwaro yayi comene pa minofu ya nthumbo. Thako lakufuma ku external oblique likuzingilira rectus abdominis. Rectus abdominis ndiwo mnofu uwo ŵanthu ŵakukhwima chomene ŵakuwukuzga kuŵa "six-pack", nangauli muli vigaŵa vinkhonde vyakwima mumphepete zoseŵiri. Vigaŵa viŵiri vyapasi vili pacoko pachanya pa chiwangwa ca pubis, ndipo kanandi vikuwoneka yayi. Nchito ya rectus abdominis ni kupinda msana kunthazi (flexion). Nchito yikuru ya minofu ya nthumbo ni kupinda msana kunthazi para yikukolerana.<ref name="abdominalmusclegroup">{{Cite web|title=The Abdominal Muscle Group|access-date=2010-07-13}}</ref><ref name="hockey">{{Cite book|last1=Terry|first1=Michael|last2=Goodman|first2=Paul|title=Hockey Anatomy|publisher=Human Kinetics|year=2019|pages=74–75|isbn=978-1-4925-3588-1}}</ref> ==Mu chikhalidwe na miko== Maghanoghano gha vikhalidwe pa muwoneskero wa nthumbo ghakupambanapambana pa charu chapasi. Kuyana na mtundu wa chikhalidwe, kunenepa comene kungawoneka kuti nkhwakulongora usambazi na mchindo chifukwa ca cakurya chinandi. Panji kungawoneka kuti nkhwakulongora umoyo uheni chifukwa ca kusoŵa kuzenga thupi. Mu vikhalidwe vinandi, nthumbo yakufumiskika pakuwaro yikuwoneka nga chinthu cakukhwaskana na tenda, munjila yakuyana na umo bere likuwonekera. ==Umoyo makola na kuzenga thupi== Minofu ya nthumbo njakuzirwa comene pakukhozgera msana na kwimilira makola. Ntheura, nchakukhumbikwa kuzenga minofu ya nthumbo makola pamoza na minofu ya msana. Usange minofu iyi njakupepuka panji njakukhinyilira comene, yingasuzgika na kupweteka na kulemazgika. Para minofu ya nthumbo yazengeka makola, yikovwira kukhozgera muwoneskero wa thupi na kwenda makola. Yikucepeskaso kupweteka kwa msana, na kuvikilira ku kulemazgika.<ref name="backpain">{{Cite book|last=Raj|first=Joshua|title=A Guide to the Prevention and Treatment of Back Pain|publisher=Armour|location=Singapore|year=2011|page=23|isbn=978-981-4305-32-7}}</ref><ref name="wellness">{{Cite book|last1=Reger-Nash|first1=Bill|last2=Smith|first2=Meredith|last3=Juckett|first3=Gregory|title=Foundations of Wellness|publisher=Human Kinetics|year=2015|page=96|isbn=978-1-4504-0200-2}}</ref> Yikovwiraso kutaŵiska ma opaleshoni ghanyake gha msana, na kovwira kuzuka kwa masuzgo gha msana panji pamanyuma pa opaleshoni ya msana. Minofu ya nthumbo yikakhozga, yikuŵikaso viwezgero. Minofu ya nthumbo yingazengeka na masuzo gha nkhongono na kuzenga thupi, kwizira mu mizirwe nga ni Pilates,<ref name="pilates">{{Cite book|last=Isacowitz|first=Rael|title=Pilates|edition=2nd|publisher=Human Kinetics|year=2014|page=36|isbn=978-1-4504-3416-4}}</ref> yoga,<ref name="yoga">{{Cite book|last=Swenson|first=Doug|title=Power Yoga for Dummies|publisher=Wiley|year=2001|chapter=Accumulating strong abs}}</ref> tai chi, na kucimbira mwakwenderera. Kunenepa kwa nthumbo ni suzgo umo mafuta gha nthumbo ghakuwungana comene pakati pa viŵalo vya nthumbo. Ici nkhwakolerana na ntchindi yikuru ya nthenda ya mtima, asthma, na shuga wa mtundu wachiŵiri. Kwananga kwa nthumbo ni kulemazgika kwa nthumbo, ndipo kungakhwaskana na kunanga kwa viŵalo vyake. Muli ntchindi ya kutaya ndopa zinandi na kupokelera nthenda.<ref name="trauma">{{Cite journal|last1=Jansen|first1=JO|last2=Yule|first2=SR|last3=Loudon|first3=MA|title=Investigation of blunt abdominal trauma|journal=BMJ|volume=336|issue=7650|pages=938–942|date=April 2008}}</ref> Kwananga kwa chifuwa capasi kungapangiska kunanga kwa spleen na chiwindi.<ref name="emergency">{{Cite book|last=Wyatt|first=Jonathon|title=Oxford Handbook of Emergency Medicine|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|page=346|isbn=978-0-19-920607-0}}</ref> Nthumbo ya scaphoid ni apo nthumbo yikutolekera mkati.<ref name="dorland">{{Cite book|title=Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary|edition=32nd|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|year=2012|page=2|isbn=978-1-4160-6257-8}}</ref> Mwa mwana wakubabika kumaliro, ici chingalongora diaphragmatic hernia.<ref name="newborn">{{Cite book|last1=Durward|first1=Heather|last2=Baston|first2=Helen|title=Examination of the Newborn: A Practical Guide|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=2001|page=134|isbn=978-0-415-19184-5}}</ref> Comenecomene, chikulongora kusoŵa kwa cakurya chakwenelera.<ref name="clinicalmethods">{{Cite book|last=Ferguson|first=Charles|title=Clinical Methods|edition=3rd|chapter=Inspection, Auscultation, Palpation, and Percussion of the Abdomen|publisher=Butterworths|location=Boston|year=1990}}</ref> ==Nthenda== Nthenda zinandi za mzia wakugaya chakurya zikukhwaska viŵalo vya nthumbo. Izi zikusazgapo nthenda za chiŵaya ca cakurya, za chiwindi, za pancreas, na za chiŵaya ca nyongo na nthowa zake. Nthenda za mala zikusazgapo enteritis, coeliac disease, diverticulitis, na irritable bowel syndrome. ==Kusanda na kupima nthenda== Nthowa zakupambanapambana za uganga zingagwiliskikira ntchito kusanda viŵalo vya mzia wakugaya chakurya. Izi zikusazgapo endoscopy, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, enteroscopy, oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, na virtual colonoscopy. Kulipo so nthowa zinandi zakujura vithuzi vya mkati mwa thupi izo zingagwiliskikira ntchito. Fundo zakumanyikwira pachanya pa nthumbo nkhwakukhumbikwa comene pakusanda nthumbo. ==Fundo zakumanyikwira pachanya== Pa mzere wapakati, muli mphuvya yicoko iyo yikufuma ku xiphoid process kuchanya mpaka ku pubic symphysis kupasi. Iyi ndiyo linea alba mu khoma la nthumbo. Pakati-na-kati pake pali mbwera. Mwa ŵanthu ŵakukhwima, rectus abdominis mumphepete zoseŵiri za linea alba yikuwoneka comene. Muwoneskero wa minofu iyi ukudumulikamo na vithukuta vitatu panji kuluska, ivyo vikulongora tendinous intersections. Kanandi pali cimoza pafupi na xiphoid process, cinyake pa mbwera, na cinyake pakati pake. Ni kukolerana kwa linea alba na tendinous intersections ndiko kukupanga "six-pack" iyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhumba. Malire gha kuchanya mumphepete mwa nthumbo ni subcostal margin, iyo yikupangika na ma cartilage gha mbaru zambura unenesko (8, 9, 10) apo zikukolerana. Malire ghapasi mumphepete ni iliac crest ya kunthazi na Poupart's ligament, iyo yikufuma ku iliac spine ya kunthazi mpaka ku pubic spine. Malire agha ghapasi ghakulongoreka na vithukuta ivyo vikuwoneka. Pacoko pachanya pa pubic spines mumphepete zoseŵiri pali external abdominal rings. Agha ni maenje mu khoma la minofu ya nthumbo, agho spermatic cord yikufumira mu mwanalume, na agho inguinal hernia yingapasukira. Nthowa yimoza yakumanyira malo agho vinthu vya mu nthumbo vilimo ni kujora mizere yitatu yakugonda na yiŵiri yakwima: * Mzere wakuchanya comene ni transpyloric line ya C. Addison. Uli pakati-na-kati pa suprasternal notch na pachanya pa pubic symphysis. Kanandi ukujumphira pa phako la pyloric la chiŵaya ca cakurya, inchi yimoza kumalyerero kwa mzere wapakati. Hilum ya impso yiliyose yili pacoko pasi pake. Umaliro wake wa kumazgoji ukukhwaska pafupi na malire ghapasi gha spleen. Kunyuma, ukuyana na chiwangwa cakwamba ca lumbar. * Mzere wachiŵiri ni subcostal line, wakujorwa kufuma pa fundo yapasi comene ya subcostal arch (mbaru yakhumi). Ukuyana na cigaŵa cakuchanya ca chiwangwa cacitatu ca lumbar, ndipo uli pafupifupi inchi yimoza pachanya pa mbwera. Ukulongora pafupifupi transverse colon, maumaliro ghapasi gha maimpso, na malire ghakuchanya gha cigaŵa cacitatu ca duodenum. * Mzere wacitatu ni intertubercular line, wakwenda pakati pa vithuza viŵiri ivyo vikupulikika pa mphepete wakuwaro wa iliac crest, pafupifupi mainchi ghaŵiri na hafu (64 mm) kufuma ku iliac spine ya kunthazi. Mzere uwu ukuyana na thupi la chiwangwa cacinkhonde na cimoza ca lumbar, ndipo ukujumphira pa ileo-caecal valve panji pacoko pachanya pake, apo mala machoko ghakukolerana na mala makuru. Mizere yiŵiri yakwima (mid-Poupart) yikujorwa kufuma pa fundo yapakati-na-kati pa iliac spine ya kunthazi na pubic symphysis, mumphepete zoseŵiri, kuya kuchanya mpaka ku costal margin. * Mzere wakumalyerero ndiwo wakuzirwa comene, chifukwa ileo-caecal valve yili apo ukujumphira intertubercular line. Phako la appendix lili inchi yimoza pasi pake, pa McBurney's point. Kuchanya kwake, mzere uwu ukukumana na transpyloric line pa malire ghapasi gha mbaru, kanandi mbaru yacinkhondi na yimoza, ndipo apa ndimo chiŵaya ca nyongo chilimo. * Mzere wa mid-Poupart wa kumazgoji, mu vigaŵa vitatu vya vinayi vyake vyakuchanya, ukuyana na mphepete wa mkati wa descending colon. Costal margin ya kumalyerero yikuyana na malire ghapasi gha chiwindi. Apo ndomo ya kumalyerero yili pafupifupi hafu ya inchi pachanya pa malire ghake ghakuchanya. ==Magaŵa na vigaŵa== Nthumbo yingagaŵikika mu magaŵa panji vigaŵa kuti vilongosore malo agho chiŵalo panji chinthu chilimo. Kwamba kale, magaŵa ghakulongoseka kuti: kumazgoji kuchanya, kumazgoji kupasi, kumalyerero kuchanya, na kumalyerero kupasi. Magaŵa ghakugwiliskikiraso ntchito pakulongosora malo agho kupweteka kwa nthumbo kulimo.<ref name="saladin">{{Cite book|last=Saladin|first=Kenneth|title=Human Anatomy|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2011|page=14|isbn=9780071222075}}</ref> Nthumbo yingagaŵikikaso mu vigaŵa vinkhonde, ivyo vikunozgeka mu mizere yitatu na maolamu ghatatu: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | hypochondriac (kumalyerero) || epigastric || hypochondriac (kumazgoji) |- | lumbar/flank (kumalyerero) || umbilical || lumbar/flank (kumazgoji) |- | inguinal/iliac (kumalyerero) || hypogastric/suprapubic || inguinal/iliac (kumazgoji) |} Mazgu agha ghakufuma mu Chigiriki: "hypo" kung'anamura "pasi" na "epi" kung'anamura "pachanya". "Chondron" kung'anamura "cartilage" (apa nkhu cartilage ya mbaru), ndipo "gaster" kung'anamura "chiŵaya ca cakurya". Kusinthirapo kwa "kumazgoji" na "kumalyerero" nkhwakwenelera, chifukwa mazina agha ghakulongora kumalyerero na kumazgoji kwa mulwari mwene, ntheura nkhwakupinduka pakuwona kwa uyo wakulaŵiska. "Right iliac fossa" (RIF) ni malo ghakuwanda ghakupwetekera ŵalwari awo ŵali na appendicitis. Fossa iyi yikuchemeka nga umo iliac fossa ya chiwangwa ca chiuno yiliri. Ntheura zina lake nlambura kwenelera comene, chifukwa vinthu vinandi ivyo vikupangiska kupweteka mu cigaŵa ici nkhwambura kuŵa mu mphako wa iliac fossa yeneyo. Ndipouli, lizgu ili nkhwakugwiliskikira ntchito comene. ==Mwa vinyama vinyake== Viŵalo vya nthumbo vingaŵa vyakupambana comene mu vinyama vinyake vyakuyamwiska ŵana. Mwaciyelezgero, chiŵaya ca cakurya ca ruminants (mtundu wa vinyama vyakuyamwiska ŵana uwo ukusazgamo ng'ombe na mberere) chikugaŵikana mu vyipinda vinayi — rumen, reticulum, omasum, na abomasum.<ref name="ruminant">{{Cite book|title=Ruminant|encyclopedia=The Veterinary Dictionary|publisher=Elsevier|year=2007}}</ref> Mu vibawo, nthumbo yikupangika na mbale zakuchanya izo zikuchemeka tergites na mbale zapasi izo zikuchemeka sternites. Vyose vikukolerana na thako likukhora kweni lakuthambalira. Mu tuyuni twa vibawo, nthumbo yili na mzia wakugaya chakurya na viŵalo vyakubabira vya kayuni. Mu tuyuni tunandi, nthumbo yili na vigaŵa likhumi na chimoza. Nangauli mu tuyuni tukuru tunandi tukakura, cigaŵa cakhumi na chimoza chikusoŵa. Unandi wa vigaŵa ivi ukupambana kufuma ku mtundu umoza kuya ku unyake. Mwa njuci yakuwanda, vigaŵa ivyo vikuwoneka ni vinkhonde vyekha. Mu Collembola (tuyuni twakuchemeka springtails), nthumbo yili na vigaŵa vitatandatu pera. Nyengo zinyake, nthumbo njakusintha comene. Mu Apocrita (njuci, masache, na maphiphi), cigaŵa cakwamba ca nthumbo chikukolerana na chifuwa ndipo chikuchemeka propodeum. Mu masache, cigaŵa cachiŵiri chikupanga petiole yakupapa. Masache ghanyake ghali na cigaŵa cinyake cakuchemeka postpetiole, ndipo vigaŵa vyakukhalira vikupanga gaster yakufuluma. Petiole na gaster (vigaŵa vya nthumbo kwamba pa vyaciŵiri) pamoza vikuchemeka metasoma.<ref name="glossary">{{Cite web|title=Glossary of Descriptive Terminology|url=https://desertants.org|access-date=2013-07-08}}</ref> Kupambana na vibawo vinyake, tuyuni twakura tulije malundi pa nthumbo. Nangauli Protura yili na viŵalo vichoko vyakuyana na malundi pa vigaŵa vitatu vyakwamba vya nthumbo. Archaeognatha nayo yili na "styli" zichoko izo nyengo zinyake zikuwoneka kuti ni viŵalo vichoko vyakuyambirira. Tuyuni tunandi tukuchali twa larva, kusazgapo Lepidoptera na Symphyta, tuli na viŵalo vyakupepuka vyakuchemeka prolegs pa vigaŵa vya nthumbo, kuwonjezgapo malundi ghawo ghakumanyikwa comene gha pa chifuwa. Ivi vikuvwira kukolerana na mphepete za masamba pakwenda kwawo. Mu arachnids (nkhwakala, chiŵelu, na vibawo vyakuyana navyo), lizgu "nthumbo" likugwiliskikira ntchito pamoza na "opisthosoma" ("thupi lakumanyuma"). Ici ni cigaŵa ca thupi ico chili kunyuma kwa cigaŵa ico chili na malundi na mutu (prosoma panji cephalothorax). ==Wonaniso== * [[Chifuwa]] * [[Chiuno]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{Reflist}} [[Mtundu:Anatomy]] [[Mtundu:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] 30lqvhsch4xnib9dlys9t9caxvcp7w7 0 49724 122261 2026-09-23T14:03:37Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Nkhani yiphya, yakung'anamulika kufuma ku Wikipedia ya Chingelezi "Waist". 122261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Cigaŵa ca thupi cha pakati pa khoma la mbaru na ntchafu}} {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Chiuno |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyikwiro |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |FMA | class="infobox-data" |228775 |} '''Chiuno''' ni cigaŵa ca thupi icho chili pakati pa khoma la mbaru na ntchafu. Kanandi, ndico cigaŵa cichoko comene pa thupi. Mzere wa chiuno ukung'anamura mzere wakuthambalira apo chiuno chili chichoko comene. Ungang'anamuraso muwoneskero wose wa chiuno. Chifukwa cha ici, na chifukwa chakuti chiuno kanandi chikuyowoyeka pamoza na nthumbo, ŵanthu ŵangasokonezgeka pakumanya nadi malo agho chiuno chilipo. Chinthu cinyake icho chikusokoneska ni kuti mzere wa chiuno ukupambana pa ŵanthu ŵakupambana. Kafukufuku wimoza ukalongora kuti kuyeza kwa munthu mwene, m'malo mwa kuyezgeka na wakusanda, kukupungura ukuru wa chiuno uwo ukumanyikwa, ndipo kupungura uku kukukura para thupi la munthu lili likuru comene. Mu kafukufuku uyu, chiuno chikayezgeka pa mbwera chikaŵa chikuru kuluska apo chikayezgeka pa chiuno chanadi.<ref name="selfreport">{{Cite journal|last1=Bigaard|first1=Janne|last2=Spanggaard|first2=Iben|last3=Thomsen|first3=Birthe Lykke|last4=Overvad|first4=Kim|title=Self-Reported and Technician-Measured Waist Circumferences Differ in Middle-Aged Men and Women|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|volume=135|issue=9|pages=2263–2270|date=2005-09-01|doi=10.1093/jn/135.9.2263|pmid=16140909}}</ref> Kuti muvimanye malo gha chiuno chanadi, imilirani cimira, ndipo mupende thupi mbali yimoza, mwakukhozga malundi na ntchafu kuti viŵe cimira. Malo agho thupi likujintha ndimo ni mzere wa chiuno wanadi. Kwakukho, chiuno chikuyezgeka pa mzere uwo uli pakati na pakati pa mbaru yapasi comene iyo yingakhwaskika na iliac crest. Ndiwo mung'anamuriro uwo World Health Organization yikugwiliskira ntchito.<ref name="who">{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|title=Waist Circumference and Waist–Hip Ratio, Report of a WHO Expert Consultation|date=2008-12-11|access-date=2024-08-06}}</ref> Kwenekwene, chiuno chikuyezgeka pa mzere uwo uli mucoko comene, kanandi pacoko pachanya pa mbwera. Apo chiuno chikuŵa chakutupa m'malo mwa kuŵa chakunjilira mkati, nga umo mwanakazi wali pa nthumbo panji wanenepa comene, chiuno chingayezgeka pa mzere wa inchi yimoza pachanya pa mbwera. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mzere wa mbwera pera, kweni ici chingapangiska kupungura ukuru wa chiuno pakuyezga.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Female Body Characteristics Related to Bra Fit|year=2007|page=20}}</ref> Para wakugwiliskira ntchito makina ghakusanda thupi lose ghakupanga vithuzi vyakugwirizana (point cloud), viwangwa na mbwera vikusuzgika kumanyikwa kufuma mu vithuzi vyene. Mung'anamuriro umoza uwo ukugwiliskikira ntchito comene ni kuyeza pa masentimita 4 pachanya pa malo ghacoko gha kunyuma (SOB). Ici nkhwakwenelera yayi comene ku mung'anamuriro wakwenelera, ndipo masentimita 2 pachanya pa SOB nkhwakwenelera comene, umo vikawoneka mu kafukufuku wa ŵanakazi 106 ŵa vyaka, utali, uzito, na muwoneskero wakupambanapambana.<ref name="scanner1">{{Cite journal|last1=Gill|first1=Simeon|last2=Parker|first2=Christopher J.|last3=Hayes|first3=Steve|last4=Brownbridge|first4=Kathryn|last5=Wren|first5=Paula|last6=Panchenko|first6=Anastasiia|title=The True Height of the Waist: Explorations of Automated Body Scanner Waist Definitions of the TC2 scanner|journal=Proc. of 5th Int. Conf. On 3D Body Scanning Technologies|pages=55–65|date=2014|doi=10.15221/14.055|isbn=978-3-033-04763-1}}</ref> Vinthu nga umo munthu wimilira (posture) vikukhwaska comene kuyeza kwa chiuno. Ntheura, kuyeza kwa gulu la ŵanthu kukukhumbikwira kuti wose ŵimilire munjila yiyeneyiyene.<ref name="scanner2">{{Cite journal|last1=Gill|first1=Simeon|last2=Parker|first2=Christopher J.|title=Scan posture definition and hip girth measurement: the impact on clothing design and body scanning|journal=Ergonomics|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1123–1136|date=2017|doi=10.1080/00140139.2016.1251621|pmid=27764997}}</ref> Chiyelekezgero cha chiuno na ntchafu (waist–hip ratio) nkhu chiyelekezgero cha ukuru wa chiuno na ukuru wa ntchafu. Chikuyezga umo mafuta ghakugaŵikira mu thupi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Han|first1=T.|last2=Van Leer|first2=E.|last3=Seidell|first3=J.|last4=Lean|first4=M.|title=Waist circumference action levels in the identification of cardiovascular risk factors: prevalence study in a random sample|journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=7017|pages=1401–1405|date=1995|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.7017.1401|pmid=8520275}}</ref> Ukuru wa chiuno (waist circumference) ukulongora kunenepa kwa nthumbo, ndipo ni cimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikugwiliskikira ntchito pakusanda "metabolic syndrome". Mafuta ghanandi mu nthumbo ni ntchindi yikuru ya nthenda ya mtima na nthenda zinyake izo zikwiza na kunenepa. Kafukufuku wakupharazgika mu European Heart Journal mu Epulo 2007 ukalongora kuti ukuru wa chiuno na chiyelekezgero cha chiuno na ntchafu vyose ni vakulongolera masuzgo gha mtima.<ref name="ehj">{{Cite journal|last1=de Koning|first1=Lawrence|last2=Merchant|first2=A.T.|last3=Pogue|first3=J.|last4=Anand|first4=S.S.|title=Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular events: meta-regression analysis of prospective studies|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=28|issue=7|pages=850–856|date=2007|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehm026|pmid=17403720}}</ref> The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute yikuŵika ntchindi ya nthenda izi kuŵa yikuru comene usange ŵanalume ŵali na chiuno chakuluska masentimita 102 (mainchi 40) na ŵanakazi ŵali na chiuno chakuluska masentimita 88 (mainchi 35).<ref name="nhlbi">{{Cite web|title=Assessing Your Weight and Health Risk|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|publisher=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute}}</ref> Kuwonjezgapo, ukuru wa chiuno ukuwoneka kuti ni cakulongolera makora comene kuluska BMI (body mass index). Mwaciyelezgero, awo ŵakunyamula vinthu vitopa mu masuzo gha nkhongono ŵangaŵa na BMI yikuru, kweni ŵali na ntchindi yichoko ya masuzgo gha mtima. Kwa ŵanthu nga aŵa, ukuru wa chiuno ungaŵa cakulongolera makora comene umoyo wawo wose.<ref name="canada">{{Cite journal|last1=Dobbelsteyn|first1=C.J.|last2=Joffres|first2=M.R.|last3=MacLean|first3=D.R.|last4=Flowerdew|first4=G.|title=A comparative evaluation of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index as indicators of cardiovascular risk factors. The Canadian Heart Health Surveys|journal=International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders|volume=25|issue=5|pages=652–661|date=2001-05|doi=10.1038/sj.ijo.0801582|pmid=11360147}}</ref> Kafukufuku winyake ukulongora kuti ukuru wa chiuno ungamanyikwa kwizira mu nchito za ubongo, kulongora kukolerana kwa ubongo na kunenepa.<ref name="brain">{{Cite journal|last1=Farruggia|first1=M.C.|last2=Van Kooten|first2=M.J.|last3=Perszyk|first3=E.|last4=Burke|first4=M.V.|last5=Scheinost|first5=D.|last6=Constable|first6=T.C.|last7=Small|first7=D.M.|title=Identification of a brain fingerprint for overweight and obesity|journal=Physiology & Behavior|volume=222|pages=112940|date=2020-08|doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112940|pmid=32417645}}</ref> Ukuru wa chiuno wakuluska comene ungapangiska kumanyikwa kwambura unenesko kwa umoyo wa viwangwa, para wakugwiliskira ntchito mung'anamuriro wakuchemeka "trabecular bone score".<ref name="tbs">{{Cite journal|last1=Stokar|first1=Joshua|last2=Ben-Porat|first2=Tair|last3=Kaluti|first3=Donia|last4=Abu-Gazala|first4=Mahmud|last5=Weiss|first5=Ram|last6=Mintz|first6=Yoav|last7=Elazari|first7=Ram|last8=Szalat|first8=Auryan|title=Trabecular Bone Score Preceding and during a 2-Year Follow-Up after Sleeve Gastrectomy: Pitfalls and New Insights|journal=Nutrients|volume=15|issue=15|pages=3481|date=2023|doi=10.3390/nu15153481|pmid=37571418}}</ref> Mu vyakuvwara vya sono, cigaŵa ico chikuchemeka chiuno nchapasi comene kuluska umo chiuno chikumanyikwira mu sayansi ya thupi. Pamanyuma pa kwiza kwa vyakuvwara vyapasi ivyo vikukhumba yayi kukolelezgeka kufuma pachanya, chiuno mu vyakuvwara chikasamira pasi, apo thupi likwamba kutupa na kupanga ntchafu, apo pali cakukolelezgera. Ndipouli, cigaŵa ca chiuno chikupwelelekabe comene pakuyeza vyakuvwara pakupanga. Vinthu vyakujintha, nga ni unyolo wa nthumbo, vingavwarika pa chiuno cha vyakuvwara panji pa chiuno chanadi cha thupi. Kupungura chiuno panji "kufundiska chiuno" (waist training) nkhwakuvwara corset panji cakuvwara cinyake icho chikukakira thupi kuti chiuno chipunguke panji chisinthe muwoneskero wake. Mbaru zinayi izo zikuyenda-yenda (floating ribs) zingakakika panji kusinthika kwamuyaya na vyakuvwara ivi. Girdle nayo yingagwiliskikira ntchito kusintha muwoneskero wa chiuno. Kupungura chiuno kungagwiliskikira ntchito waka kupungura utali wa chiuno. Kusintha uku kungaŵa kwamuyaya panji kwakanyengo kacoko. Kufundiska chiuno kungagwiliskikira ntchito kuti chiuno chiŵe na muwoneskero wamuyaya wakupambana, nga umo ni chiuno chichoko comene comene. ==Ng'anamuro la lizgu== Mu Chingelezi, lizgu "waist" likung'anamura "cigaŵa capakati pa thupi", panjiso "cigaŵa ca vyakuvwara icho chikukolerana na chiuno". Kwamba kale, lizgu ili likafuma ku Chingelezi Chakale "wæst" ilo likang'anamura "kukura", pakuyowoya kuti ndimo thupi likukurira. Likafuma ku Proto-Germanic "*wahs-tu-", ilo likukolerana na mazgu gha vyaro vinyake nga ni Old Norse "vöxtr", Swedish "växt", na Old High German "wahst", ghose ghakung'anamura "kukura".<ref name="etymonline">{{Cite web|title=waist – Origin and meaning of waist by Online Etymology Dictionary|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/waist|website=www.etymonline.com}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== *[[Nthumbo]] *[[Ntchafu]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{Reflist}} [[Mtundu:Anatomy]] [[Mtundu:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] hez545c34od50n1dxkn3813ar7jg9uy 122262 122261 2026-09-23T14:05:45Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kunozga vipongozi vyakupharazgika (citation errors) - kuwonjezgapo ma URL na kunozga mazuŵa gha vipharazgo. 122262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Cigaŵa ca thupi cha pakati pa khoma la mbaru na ntchafu}} {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Chiuno |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyikwiro |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |FMA | class="infobox-data" |228775 |} '''Chiuno''' ni cigaŵa ca thupi icho chili pakati pa khoma la mbaru na ntchafu. Kanandi, ndico cigaŵa cichoko comene pa thupi. Mzere wa chiuno ukung'anamura mzere wakuthambalira apo chiuno chili chichoko comene. Ungang'anamuraso muwoneskero wose wa chiuno. Chifukwa cha ici, na chifukwa chakuti chiuno kanandi chikuyowoyeka pamoza na nthumbo, ŵanthu ŵangasokonezgeka pakumanya nadi malo agho chiuno chilipo. Chinthu cinyake icho chikusokoneska ni kuti mzere wa chiuno ukupambana pa ŵanthu ŵakupambana. Kafukufuku wimoza ukalongora kuti kuyeza kwa munthu mwene, m'malo mwa kuyezgeka na wakusanda, kukupungura ukuru wa chiuno uwo ukumanyikwa, ndipo kupungura uku kukukura para thupi la munthu lili likuru comene. Mu kafukufuku uyu, chiuno chikayezgeka pa mbwera chikaŵa chikuru kuluska apo chikayezgeka pa chiuno chanadi.<ref name="selfreport">{{Cite journal|last1=Bigaard|first1=Janne|last2=Spanggaard|first2=Iben|last3=Thomsen|first3=Birthe Lykke|last4=Overvad|first4=Kim|title=Self-Reported and Technician-Measured Waist Circumferences Differ in Middle-Aged Men and Women|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|volume=135|issue=9|pages=2263–2270|date=2005-09-01|doi=10.1093/jn/135.9.2263|pmid=16140909}}</ref> Kuti muvimanye malo gha chiuno chanadi, imilirani cimira, ndipo mupende thupi mbali yimoza, mwakukhozga malundi na ntchafu kuti viŵe cimira. Malo agho thupi likujintha ndimo ni mzere wa chiuno wanadi. Kwakukho, chiuno chikuyezgeka pa mzere uwo uli pakati na pakati pa mbaru yapasi comene iyo yingakhwaskika na iliac crest. Ndiwo mung'anamuriro uwo World Health Organization yikugwiliskira ntchito.<ref name="who">{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|title=Waist Circumference and Waist–Hip Ratio, Report of a WHO Expert Consultation|date=2008-12-11|url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/44583/9789241501491_eng.pdf|access-date=2024-08-06}}</ref> Kwenekwene, chiuno chikuyezgeka pa mzere uwo uli mucoko comene, kanandi pacoko pachanya pa mbwera. Apo chiuno chikuŵa chakutupa m'malo mwa kuŵa chakunjilira mkati, nga umo mwanakazi wali pa nthumbo panji wanenepa comene, chiuno chingayezgeka pa mzere wa inchi yimoza pachanya pa mbwera. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mzere wa mbwera pera, kweni ici chingapangiska kupungura ukuru wa chiuno pakuyezga.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Female Body Characteristics Related to Bra Fit|year=2007|page=20}}</ref> Para wakugwiliskira ntchito makina ghakusanda thupi lose ghakupanga vithuzi vyakugwirizana (point cloud), viwangwa na mbwera vikusuzgika kumanyikwa kufuma mu vithuzi vyene. Mung'anamuriro umoza uwo ukugwiliskikira ntchito comene ni kuyeza pa masentimita 4 pachanya pa malo ghacoko gha kunyuma (SOB). Ici nkhwakwenelera yayi comene ku mung'anamuriro wakwenelera, ndipo masentimita 2 pachanya pa SOB nkhwakwenelera comene, umo vikawoneka mu kafukufuku wa ŵanakazi 106 ŵa vyaka, utali, uzito, na muwoneskero wakupambanapambana.<ref name="scanner1">{{Cite journal|last1=Gill|first1=Simeon|last2=Parker|first2=Christopher J.|last3=Hayes|first3=Steve|last4=Brownbridge|first4=Kathryn|last5=Wren|first5=Paula|last6=Panchenko|first6=Anastasiia|title=The True Height of the Waist: Explorations of Automated Body Scanner Waist Definitions of the TC2 scanner|journal=Proc. of 5th Int. Conf. On 3D Body Scanning Technologies|pages=55–65|date=2014|doi=10.15221/14.055|isbn=978-3-033-04763-1}}</ref> Vinthu nga umo munthu wimilira (posture) vikukhwaska comene kuyeza kwa chiuno. Ntheura, kuyeza kwa gulu la ŵanthu kukukhumbikwira kuti wose ŵimilire munjila yiyeneyiyene.<ref name="scanner2">{{Cite journal|last1=Gill|first1=Simeon|last2=Parker|first2=Christopher J.|title=Scan posture definition and hip girth measurement: the impact on clothing design and body scanning|journal=Ergonomics|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1123–1136|date=2017|doi=10.1080/00140139.2016.1251621|pmid=27764997}}</ref> Chiyelekezgero cha chiuno na ntchafu (waist–hip ratio) nkhu chiyelekezgero cha ukuru wa chiuno na ukuru wa ntchafu. Chikuyezga umo mafuta ghakugaŵikira mu thupi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Han|first1=T.|last2=Van Leer|first2=E.|last3=Seidell|first3=J.|last4=Lean|first4=M.|title=Waist circumference action levels in the identification of cardiovascular risk factors: prevalence study in a random sample|journal=BMJ|volume=311|issue=7017|pages=1401–1405|date=1995|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.7017.1401|pmid=8520275}}</ref> Ukuru wa chiuno (waist circumference) ukulongora kunenepa kwa nthumbo, ndipo ni cimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikugwiliskikira ntchito pakusanda "metabolic syndrome". Mafuta ghanandi mu nthumbo ni ntchindi yikuru ya nthenda ya mtima na nthenda zinyake izo zikwiza na kunenepa. Kafukufuku wakupharazgika mu European Heart Journal mu Epulo 2007 ukalongora kuti ukuru wa chiuno na chiyelekezgero cha chiuno na ntchafu vyose ni vakulongolera masuzgo gha mtima.<ref name="ehj">{{Cite journal|last1=de Koning|first1=Lawrence|last2=Merchant|first2=A.T.|last3=Pogue|first3=J.|last4=Anand|first4=S.S.|title=Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular events: meta-regression analysis of prospective studies|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=28|issue=7|pages=850–856|date=2007|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehm026|pmid=17403720}}</ref> The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute yikuŵika ntchindi ya nthenda izi kuŵa yikuru comene usange ŵanalume ŵali na chiuno chakuluska masentimita 102 (mainchi 40) na ŵanakazi ŵali na chiuno chakuluska masentimita 88 (mainchi 35).<ref name="nhlbi">{{Cite web|title=Assessing Your Weight and Health Risk|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/risk.htm|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|publisher=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute}}</ref> Kuwonjezgapo, ukuru wa chiuno ukuwoneka kuti ni cakulongolera makora comene kuluska BMI (body mass index). Mwaciyelezgero, awo ŵakunyamula vinthu vitopa mu masuzo gha nkhongono ŵangaŵa na BMI yikuru, kweni ŵali na ntchindi yichoko ya masuzgo gha mtima. Kwa ŵanthu nga aŵa, ukuru wa chiuno ungaŵa cakulongolera makora comene umoyo wawo wose.<ref name="canada">{{Cite journal|last1=Dobbelsteyn|first1=C.J.|last2=Joffres|first2=M.R.|last3=MacLean|first3=D.R.|last4=Flowerdew|first4=G.|title=A comparative evaluation of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index as indicators of cardiovascular risk factors. The Canadian Heart Health Surveys|journal=International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders|volume=25|issue=5|pages=652–661|date=May 2001|doi=10.1038/sj.ijo.0801582|pmid=11360147}}</ref> Kafukufuku winyake ukulongora kuti ukuru wa chiuno ungamanyikwa kwizira mu nchito za ubongo, kulongora kukolerana kwa ubongo na kunenepa.<ref name="brain">{{Cite journal|last1=Farruggia|first1=M.C.|last2=Van Kooten|first2=M.J.|last3=Perszyk|first3=E.|last4=Burke|first4=M.V.|last5=Scheinost|first5=D.|last6=Constable|first6=T.C.|last7=Small|first7=D.M.|title=Identification of a brain fingerprint for overweight and obesity|journal=Physiology & Behavior|volume=222|pages=112940|date=August 2020|doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112940|pmid=32417645}}</ref> Ukuru wa chiuno wakuluska comene ungapangiska kumanyikwa kwambura unenesko kwa umoyo wa viwangwa, para wakugwiliskira ntchito mung'anamuriro wakuchemeka "trabecular bone score".<ref name="tbs">{{Cite journal|last1=Stokar|first1=Joshua|last2=Ben-Porat|first2=Tair|last3=Kaluti|first3=Donia|last4=Abu-Gazala|first4=Mahmud|last5=Weiss|first5=Ram|last6=Mintz|first6=Yoav|last7=Elazari|first7=Ram|last8=Szalat|first8=Auryan|title=Trabecular Bone Score Preceding and during a 2-Year Follow-Up after Sleeve Gastrectomy: Pitfalls and New Insights|journal=Nutrients|volume=15|issue=15|pages=3481|date=2023|doi=10.3390/nu15153481|pmid=37571418}}</ref> Mu vyakuvwara vya sono, cigaŵa ico chikuchemeka chiuno nchapasi comene kuluska umo chiuno chikumanyikwira mu sayansi ya thupi. Pamanyuma pa kwiza kwa vyakuvwara vyapasi ivyo vikukhumba yayi kukolelezgeka kufuma pachanya, chiuno mu vyakuvwara chikasamira pasi, apo thupi likwamba kutupa na kupanga ntchafu, apo pali cakukolelezgera. Ndipouli, cigaŵa ca chiuno chikupwelelekabe comene pakuyeza vyakuvwara pakupanga. Vinthu vyakujintha, nga ni unyolo wa nthumbo, vingavwarika pa chiuno cha vyakuvwara panji pa chiuno chanadi cha thupi. Kupungura chiuno panji "kufundiska chiuno" (waist training) nkhwakuvwara corset panji cakuvwara cinyake icho chikukakira thupi kuti chiuno chipunguke panji chisinthe muwoneskero wake. Mbaru zinayi izo zikuyenda-yenda (floating ribs) zingakakika panji kusinthika kwamuyaya na vyakuvwara ivi. Girdle nayo yingagwiliskikira ntchito kusintha muwoneskero wa chiuno. Kupungura chiuno kungagwiliskikira ntchito waka kupungura utali wa chiuno. Kusintha uku kungaŵa kwamuyaya panji kwakanyengo kacoko. Kufundiska chiuno kungagwiliskikira ntchito kuti chiuno chiŵe na muwoneskero wamuyaya wakupambana, nga umo ni chiuno chichoko comene comene. ==Ng'anamuro la lizgu== Mu Chingelezi, lizgu "waist" likung'anamura "cigaŵa capakati pa thupi", panjiso "cigaŵa ca vyakuvwara icho chikukolerana na chiuno". Kwamba kale, lizgu ili likafuma ku Chingelezi Chakale "wæst" ilo likang'anamura "kukura", pakuyowoya kuti ndimo thupi likukurira. Likafuma ku Proto-Germanic "*wahs-tu-", ilo likukolerana na mazgu gha vyaro vinyake nga ni Old Norse "vöxtr", Swedish "växt", na Old High German "wahst", ghose ghakung'anamura "kukura".<ref name="etymonline">{{Cite web|title=waist – Origin and meaning of waist by Online Etymology Dictionary|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/waist|website=www.etymonline.com|access-date=2026-09-23}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== *[[Nthumbo]] *[[Ntchafu]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{Reflist}} [[Mtundu:Anatomy]] [[Mtundu:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] dg7vc1c89h45ylx0atntwhj7bibvhjt 0 49725 122263 2026-09-23T14:18:23Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Nkhani yiphya, yakung'anamulika kufuma ku Wikipedia ya Chingelezi "Hip". 122263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Cigaŵa ca thupi panji mphambano icho chili mumphepete mwa chiuno}} {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Ntchafu |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyikwiro |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Latin|Chilatini]] | class="infobox-data" |''coxa'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |MeSH | class="infobox-data" |D006615 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |TA98 | class="infobox-data" |A01.2.08.005 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |FMA | class="infobox-data" |24964 |} '''Ntchafu''' panji ''coxa'' (mu uganga) ni cigaŵa ca thupi panji mphambano icho chili mumphepete mwa chiuno. Cigaŵa ca ntchafu chili mumphepete na kunthazi kwa mbombo, pasi pa iliac crest, na mumphepete mwa obturator foramen. Minofu na vinjiri vikuvundikira greater trochanter ya fupa la chigha. Mwa ŵanthu ŵakukhwima, mafupa ghatatu gha chiuno (ilium, ischium, na pubis) ghakukolerana kuŵa fupa limoza, ilo likupanga khoma la mkati la cigaŵa ca ntchafu. Mphambano wa ntchafu, uwo mu sayansi ukuchemeka acetabulofemoral joint, ni mphambano wa mpira na thumba (ball-and-socket joint) wapakati pa acetabulum ya chiuno na mutu wa fupa la chigha. Nchito yake yikuru ni kunyamula uzito wa thupi, kwenerakwene apo munthu wimilira panji wakwenda panji wakucimbira. Mphambano wa ntchafu ukovwiraso pakukhozgera kwimilira makola na kukhazikika kwa chiuno. Kupweteka kwa ntchafu kungiza chifukwa cha masuzgo gha mizirwe, gha mafupa, gha maka, gha kupwetekeka, panji gha kupokelera. ==Mafupa na mphambano== Mafupa ghatatu gha chiuno — ilium, ischium, na pubis — ghakukolerana pamoza kupanga thumba la acetabulum, ilo likupokelera mutu wa fupa la chigha. Mu ŵana, thako la kukura lakuwoneka nga chibonachibona (triradiate cartilage) likupambanikizga mafupa ghatatu agha; likukolerana comene pakati pa vyaka 14 na 16. Acetabulum yikulaŵiskira pasi na kunthazi-mumphepete. Yikukola pafupifupi hafu ya mutu wa fupa la chigha. Mumphepete mwake muli acetabular labrum, cigaŵa cakuzingilira cakuwoneka nga chibvunda ico chikuwonjezgapo kutali kwa thumba. Pakati pa acetabulum pali fovea, iyo yikukolerananga yayi na mutu wa fupa la chigha, ndipo yili na mafuta na kukolerana na ligamentum teres. Kupendeka kwa acetabulum kukumanyikwa kwizira mu vipimo vinandi ivyo vikugwiliskikira ntchito mu uganga, nga umo ni acetabular angle (Sharp's angle), sagittal angle, Hilgenreiner angle, Wiberg's centre-edge angle, na VCA angle. Vipimo ivi vikusintha na vyaka vya munthu, ndipo vikovwira kumanya usange acetabulum yajintha makora panji yayi. ==Mutu na singo la fupa la chigha== Mutu wa fupa la chigha uli wa mphinjika, wakuŵa na radius ya masentimita pafupifupi 2.5. Ukukolerana na thupi la fupa kwizira mu singo lichoko, ilo lingatimbanyika mwaphesya mwa ŵanthu ŵalara, comenecomene chifukwa cha osteoporosis. Pakati pa singo na thupi la fupa la chigha pali kupendeka kuchemeka caput-collum-diaphyseal (CCD) angle. Mu ŵana ŵaŵanda kupendeka uku nkhukuru comene, kweni mwa ŵanthu ŵakukhwima nkhwa madigiri pafupifupi 126 (ico chikuchemeka "coxa norma"). Usange kupendeka nkhuchoko comene, ici chikuchemeka coxa vara; usange nkhukuru comene, chikuchemeka coxa valga. Kupendeka uku kukukhwaska umo nkhongono yikwendera mu fupa, na umo trabecular bone yikupangikira mkati mwa fupa. ==Thumba la mphambano== Mphambano wa ntchafu uli na thumba likukhora kweni lakuthambalira, ilo likuvomerezga muwendero wamuzitali comene kuluska mphambano yiliyose mu thupi kwambura mphambano ya bega. Nangauli, thumba ili likukhozgekabe kunyamula uzito wa thupi. Thumba ili likukolerana ku mumphepete mwa acetabulum, ku acetabular labrum, na ku transverse acetabular ligament. Kunyake, likukolerana ku ma trochanter gha fupa la chigha na ku intertrochanteric line kunthazi, na ku malo pafupi na intertrochanteric crest kunyuma. Kufuma pa malo agha kunyuma, vinjiri vya thumba vikuwelera kuluta ku acetabulum kuŵa "retinacula", ivyo vikunyamula misambizi ya ndopa kuluta ku mutu wa fupa la chigha. Vinjiri vinyake vya thumba vikuzingilira singo la fupa la chigha nga mphete, ivi vikuchemeka zona orbicularis. Zona orbicularis yikovwira kukoleska mutu wa fupa la chigha mkati mwa acetabulum. ==Ligament== Muli ligament zinayi izo zikukhozgera mphambano wa ntchafu: zitatu zili kuwaro kwa thumba, ndipo yimoza yili mkati mwake. Ku wuwaro: *'''Iliofemoral ligament''' (ligament ya Bigelow) — ndiyo ligament yankhongono comene mu thupi la munthu. Yili na muwoneskero wa chikwana C, ndipo yikuvikilira thupi kuti lireke kuwa kunyuma para munthu wimilira, kwambura kukhumbikwa kwa nkhongono ya minofu. *'''Ischiofemoral ligament''' — yikuvikilira kuti ntchafu yireke kunyoloka comene. *'''Pubofemoral ligament''' — yikuvikilira kuti ntchafu yireke kupatukana panji kunyoloka comene. Ligament izi zitatu zikukhozgeka comene para ntchafu yanyoloka, ntheura zikupungura nkhongono iyo minofu yikukhumbikwa kuti munthu wimilire. Mkati mwa thumba muli: *'''Ligamentum teres''' — yikukolerana pakati pa acetabulum na fovea ya mutu wa fupa la chigha. Yikukhozgeka pera para ntchafu yaguka pa malo pake. Nchito yake yikuru ni kunyamula msambizi wichoko wa ndopa (foveal artery) uwo ukupeleka ndopa ku mutu wa fupa la chigha, comenecomene mwa ŵana ŵakuti singo la fupa lawonongeka. ==Thako na fascia== Vyanya vya mphambano vikuvundikirika na thako likukhora, lakusenderezgeka la cartilage, ilo likovwira kuti vyanya vireke kukwaskana mwakukalipa. Mumphepete mwa ntchafu, fascia lata yikukhora kupanga iliotibial tract, iyo yikupungura nkhongono iyo yikukwaska fupa la chigha. Chifukwa fupa la chigha lavundikirika comene na minofu, greater trochanter ndico cinthu cimoza pera ico ŵanthu ŵangakhwaska pachanya pa thupi mu cigaŵa ca ntchafu. ==Ndopa== Ntchafu yikupokelera ndopa comenecomene kwizira mu medial circumflex femoral artery na lateral circumflex femoral artery, izo zikufuma mu profunda femoris panji mu femoral artery. Foveal artery, msambizi uwo ukujumphira mu ligamentum teres, ukupelekaso ndopa yichoko ku mutu wa fupa la chigha. Misambizi iyi yikukolerana pamoza kuti yiŵe cruciate anastomosis na trochanteric anastomosis, ndipo trochanteric anastomosis ndiyo yikupeleka ndopa yinandi ku mutu wa fupa la chigha. Usange singo la fupa la chigha latimbanyika, misambizi iyi yingadumulika. Pa nyengo iyi, foveal artery yingaŵa yekha iyo yikupeleka ndopa ku mutu wa fupa la chigha, ntheura kunyamula ndopa uku nkhwakuzirwa comene kuvikilira kufwa kwa thako la fupa (avascular necrosis), comenecomene mwa ŵana. ==Minofu== Minofu yinandi yikukhwaska mphambano wa ntchafu, uku yikupanga kupinda (flexion), kunyoloka (extension), kupatukana (abduction), kukolerana (adduction), na kuzungusika (rotation). Minofu ya kupinda ntchafu yikusazgapo iliopsoas, tensor fasciae latae, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis, rectus femoris, na sartorius. Minofu ya kunyoloka yikusazgapo gluteus maximus, vinjiri vya kunyuma vya gluteus medius na gluteus minimus, adductor magnus, piriformis, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, na biceps femoris. Minofu ya kupatukana yikusazgapo gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae, gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus, piriformis, na obturator internus. Minofu ya kukolerana yikusazgapo adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, gluteus maximus, gracilis, pectineus, quadratus femoris, na obturator externus. Minofu ya kuzungusika kuwaro yikusazgapo gluteus maximus, quadratus femoris, obturator internus, obturator externus, na vinyake vinandi. Minofu ya kuzungusika mkati yikusazgapo vinjiri vyakunthazi vya gluteus medius na gluteus minimus, na tensor fasciae latae. ==Muwendero wa mphambano== Ntchafu yingapinda (flexion) mpaka madigiri 140. Yingapinduka kunyuma (extension) mpaka madigiri 20, apo iliofemoral ligament yikwimikapo. Yingazungusika kuwaro (external rotation) mpaka madigiri 30 apo ntchafu yanyoloka, panji mpaka madigiri 50 apo yapindika. Yingazungusika mkati (internal rotation) mpaka madigiri 40. Yingapatukana (abduction) mpaka madigiri 50 apo yanyoloka, panji mpaka madigiri 80 apo yapindika. Yingakolerana (adduction) mpaka madigiri 30 apo yanyoloka, panji madigiri 20 apo yapindika. Kuzungulushika (circumduction) ni muwendero uwo ukukolezgapo kupinda, kunyoloka, kupatukana, na kukolerana pamoza. ==Vyakuzirwa mu uganga== Kutimbanyika kwa fupa la ntchafu (hip fracture) ni kutimbanyika kwa fupa la chigha pachanya pake. Vimanyikwiro vyake vikusazgapo kupweteka kwa ntchafu, kwenerakwene para munthu wenda, na kufupika kwa lundi. Singo la fupa la chigha likutimbanyika mwaphesya mwa ŵanthu ŵalara, comenecomene chifukwa cha osteoporosis. Kusintha ntchafu (hip replacement panji arthroplasty) ni nthowa ya opaleshoni iyo yingagwiliskikira ntchito kunozga kutimbanyika kwa fupa panji nthenda ya osteoarthritis. Hip dysplasia ni kupendeka kwambura kwenelera kwa acetabulum, ico chingapangiska mutu wa fupa la chigha kuguka pang'ono (subluxation) panji kunanga kwa acetabular labrum. Usange acetabulum yavundikira mutu wa fupa comene, ici chingapangiska femoroacetabular impingement. ==Kupambana pakati pa mwanalume na mwanakazi== Kupambana na vinyama vinyake vinandi, mafupa gha ntchafu gha munthu ghakupambana comene pakati pa mwanalume na mwanakazi. Ntchafu za mwanakazi zikutandalika pa nyengo ya kukura. Mafupa gha chigha gha mwanakazi ghali kutali comene, ici chikuwongolera kutandalika kwa mulyango wa chiuno kuti kovwire pakubaba mwana. Ilium na minofu yake mwa mwanakazi vikupangika munjila yakupambana, kuti mabele gha kunyuma ghaŵe kutali na nthowa ya kubaba, mwakuti kukolerana kwa minofu iyi pa nyengo ya kubaba kureke kupwetekera mwana. Ntchafu zitandalika zikuwoneka kuti nkhwakovwira pakubaba mwana, ndiposo kanandi zikuwoneka kuti ni cimanyikwiro ca umaliro wa unyamwali, ndipo kwa vyaka vinandi zaŵa cakukhumbika mu muwoneskero wa mwanakazi. ==Mu chikhalidwe na miko== Ntchafu za mwanakazi zakolerananga na vyakubaba ŵana na muwoneskero wa unyamwali kwa nyengo yitali. Muwoneskero wa ŵanakazi mu vithuzi, mu vithuzi vyakujorwa, panji mu vithuzi vyakukoperezgeka kanandi vikulongora ntchafu zawo comene. Vyakuvwara vya ŵanakazi mu mbiri yicharu vyanandi vyakuwongolera maso ku ukuru wa ntchafu. ==Ng'anamuro la lizgu== Mu Chilatini, lizgu "coxa" likagwiliskikira ntchito na Celsus kung'anamura "ntchafu", kweni Pliny Mkuru wakaligwiliskira kung'anamura "fupa la ntchafu". Mu Chigiriki, lizgu ili likuchemeka "ischío". ==Wonaniso== *[[Chiuno]] *[[Nthumbo]] *[[Chigha]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="lequesne">{{Cite journal|last=Lequesne|first=M.|title=The normal hip joint space: variations in width, shape, and architecture on 223 pelvic radiographs|journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases|volume=63|issue=9|pages=1145–1151|year=2004|doi=10.1136/ard.2003.018424|pmid=15308525}}</ref> <ref name="saikia">{{Cite journal|last1=Saikia|first1=K.C.|title=Anthropometric study of the hip joint in northeastern region population with computed tomography scan|journal=Indian Journal of Orthopaedics|volume=42|issue=3|date=July 2008|doi=10.4103/0019-5413.39572|pmid=19753150}}</ref> <ref name="thieme2015">{{Cite book|last1=Schuenke|first1=M.|last2=Schulte|first2=E.|last3=Schumacher|first3=U.|title=THIEME Atlas of Anatomy – Vol. 1: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System|edition=2nd|publisher=Thieme Medical Publishers|year=2015|page=439|isbn=978-1-60406-923-5}}</ref> <ref name="statpearls">{{Cite web|last1=Gold|first1=M.|last2=Munjal|first2=A.|last3=Varacallo|first3=M.|title=Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Hip Joint|publisher=StatPearls|year=2021|pmid=29262200|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470555/}}</ref> <ref name="moore">{{Cite book|last=Moore|first=Keith L.|title=Clinically Oriented Anatomy|edition=8th|publisher=Wolters Kluwer|location=Philadelphia|year=2018|page=728|isbn=978-1-4963-4721-3}}</ref> <ref name="orthoinfo">{{Cite web|title=Hip Fractures|publisher=OrthoInfo (AAOS)|date=April 2009|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629225405/http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00392|access-date=2017-09-27}}</ref> <ref name="setia">{{Cite web|last1=Setia|first1=Rahul|last2=Gaillard|first2=Frank|title=Developmental dysplasia of the hip|publisher=Radiopaedia|date=2008-05-02|url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/developmental-dysplasia-of-the-hip}}</ref> <ref name="mannava">{{Cite journal|last1=Mannava|first1=S.|title=Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation of Femoroacetabular Impingement, Part 2: Plain Radiography|journal=Arthroscopy Techniques|volume=6|issue=5|pages=e2003–e2009|date=October 2017|doi=10.1016/j.eats.2017.06.011|pmid=29399468}}</ref> }} [[Mtundu:Anatomy]] [[Mtundu:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] g76oemglaytbbjd7684gok9aleq3xda 122264 122263 2026-09-23T14:21:01Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kunozga vipongozi vya ma citation (cite errors) - kuŵikapo ma ref tags mu nkhani. 122264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Cigaŵa ca thupi panji mphambano icho chili mumphepete mwa chiuno}} {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Ntchafu |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyikwiro |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Latin|Chilatini]] | class="infobox-data" |''coxa'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |MeSH | class="infobox-data" |D006615 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |TA98 | class="infobox-data" |A01.2.08.005 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |FMA | class="infobox-data" |24964 |} '''Ntchafu''' panji ''coxa'' (mu uganga) ni cigaŵa ca thupi panji mphambano icho chili mumphepete mwa chiuno. Cigaŵa ca ntchafu chili mumphepete na kunthazi kwa mbombo, pasi pa iliac crest, na mumphepete mwa obturator foramen. Minofu na vinjiri vikuvundikira greater trochanter ya fupa la chigha. Mwa ŵanthu ŵakukhwima, mafupa ghatatu gha chiuno (ilium, ischium, na pubis) ghakukolerana kuŵa fupa limoza, ilo likupanga khoma la mkati la cigaŵa ca ntchafu. Mphambano wa ntchafu, uwo mu sayansi ukuchemeka acetabulofemoral joint, ni mphambano wa mpira na thumba (ball-and-socket joint) wapakati pa acetabulum ya chiuno na mutu wa fupa la chigha. Nchito yake yikuru ni kunyamula uzito wa thupi, kwenerakwene apo munthu wimilira panji wakwenda panji wakucimbira. Mphambano wa ntchafu ukovwiraso pakukhozgera kwimilira makola na kukhazikika kwa chiuno. Kupweteka kwa ntchafu kungiza chifukwa cha masuzgo gha mizirwe, gha mafupa, gha maka, gha kupwetekeka, panji gha kupokelera. ==Mafupa na mphambano== Mafupa ghatatu gha chiuno — ilium, ischium, na pubis — ghakukolerana pamoza kupanga thumba la acetabulum, ilo likupokelera mutu wa fupa la chigha. Mu ŵana, thako la kukura lakuwoneka nga chibonachibona (triradiate cartilage) likupambanikizga mafupa ghatatu agha; likukolerana comene pakati pa vyaka 14 na 16. Acetabulum yikulaŵiskira pasi na kunthazi-mumphepete. Yikukola pafupifupi hafu ya mutu wa fupa la chigha. Mumphepete mwake muli acetabular labrum, cigaŵa cakuzingilira cakuwoneka nga chibvunda ico chikuwonjezgapo kutali kwa thumba. Pakati pa acetabulum pali fovea, iyo yikukolerananga yayi na mutu wa fupa la chigha, ndipo yili na mafuta na kukolerana na ligamentum teres. Kupendeka kwa acetabulum kukumanyikwa kwizira mu vipimo vinandi ivyo vikugwiliskikira ntchito mu uganga, nga umo ni acetabular angle (Sharp's angle), sagittal angle, Hilgenreiner angle, Wiberg's centre-edge angle, na VCA angle.<ref name="lequesne"/> Vipimo ivi vikusintha na vyaka vya munthu, ndipo vikovwira kumanya usange acetabulum yajintha makora panji yayi.<ref name="saikia"/> ==Mutu na singo la fupa la chigha== Mutu wa fupa la chigha uli wa mphinjika, wakuŵa na radius ya masentimita pafupifupi 2.5. Ukukolerana na thupi la fupa kwizira mu singo lichoko, ilo lingatimbanyika mwaphesya mwa ŵanthu ŵalara, comenecomene chifukwa cha osteoporosis. Pakati pa singo na thupi la fupa la chigha pali kupendeka kuchemeka caput-collum-diaphyseal (CCD) angle. Mu ŵana ŵaŵanda kupendeka uku nkhukuru comene, kweni mwa ŵanthu ŵakukhwima nkhwa madigiri pafupifupi 126 (ico chikuchemeka "coxa norma"). Usange kupendeka nkhuchoko comene, ici chikuchemeka coxa vara; usange nkhukuru comene, chikuchemeka coxa valga. Kupendeka uku kukukhwaska umo nkhongono yikwendera mu fupa, na umo trabecular bone yikupangikira mkati mwa fupa.<ref name="thieme2015"/> ==Thumba la mphambano== Mphambano wa ntchafu uli na thumba likukhora kweni lakuthambalira, ilo likuvomerezga muwendero wamuzitali comene kuluska mphambano yiliyose mu thupi kwambura mphambano ya bega. Nangauli, thumba ili likukhozgekabe kunyamula uzito wa thupi. Thumba ili likukolerana ku mumphepete mwa acetabulum, ku acetabular labrum, na ku transverse acetabular ligament. Kunyake, likukolerana ku ma trochanter gha fupa la chigha na ku intertrochanteric line kunthazi, na ku malo pafupi na intertrochanteric crest kunyuma. Kufuma pa malo agha kunyuma, vinjiri vya thumba vikuwelera kuluta ku acetabulum kuŵa "retinacula", ivyo vikunyamula misambizi ya ndopa kuluta ku mutu wa fupa la chigha. Vinjiri vinyake vya thumba vikuzingilira singo la fupa la chigha nga mphete, ivi vikuchemeka zona orbicularis. Zona orbicularis yikovwira kukoleska mutu wa fupa la chigha mkati mwa acetabulum. ==Ligament== Muli ligament zinayi izo zikukhozgera mphambano wa ntchafu: zitatu zili kuwaro kwa thumba, ndipo yimoza yili mkati mwake. Ku wuwaro: *'''Iliofemoral ligament''' (ligament ya Bigelow) — ndiyo ligament yankhongono comene mu thupi la munthu. Yili na muwoneskero wa chikwana C, ndipo yikuvikilira thupi kuti lireke kuwa kunyuma para munthu wimilira, kwambura kukhumbikwa kwa nkhongono ya minofu. *'''Ischiofemoral ligament''' — yikuvikilira kuti ntchafu yireke kunyoloka comene. *'''Pubofemoral ligament''' — yikuvikilira kuti ntchafu yireke kupatukana panji kunyoloka comene. Ligament izi zitatu zikukhozgeka comene para ntchafu yanyoloka, ntheura zikupungura nkhongono iyo minofu yikukhumbikwa kuti munthu wimilire.<ref name="moore"/> Mkati mwa thumba muli: *'''Ligamentum teres''' — yikukolerana pakati pa acetabulum na fovea ya mutu wa fupa la chigha. Yikukhozgeka pera para ntchafu yaguka pa malo pake. Nchito yake yikuru ni kunyamula msambizi wichoko wa ndopa (foveal artery) uwo ukupeleka ndopa ku mutu wa fupa la chigha, comenecomene mwa ŵana ŵakuti singo la fupa lawonongeka. ==Thako na fascia== Vyanya vya mphambano vikuvundikirika na thako likukhora, lakusenderezgeka la cartilage, ilo likovwira kuti vyanya vireke kukwaskana mwakukalipa. Mumphepete mwa ntchafu, fascia lata yikukhora kupanga iliotibial tract, iyo yikupungura nkhongono iyo yikukwaska fupa la chigha. Chifukwa fupa la chigha lavundikirika comene na minofu, greater trochanter ndico cinthu cimoza pera ico ŵanthu ŵangakhwaska pachanya pa thupi mu cigaŵa ca ntchafu. ==Ndopa== Ntchafu yikupokelera ndopa comenecomene kwizira mu medial circumflex femoral artery na lateral circumflex femoral artery, izo zikufuma mu profunda femoris panji mu femoral artery. Foveal artery, msambizi uwo ukujumphira mu ligamentum teres, ukupelekaso ndopa yichoko ku mutu wa fupa la chigha. Misambizi iyi yikukolerana pamoza kuti yiŵe cruciate anastomosis na trochanteric anastomosis, ndipo trochanteric anastomosis ndiyo yikupeleka ndopa yinandi ku mutu wa fupa la chigha. Usange singo la fupa la chigha latimbanyika, misambizi iyi yingadumulika. Pa nyengo iyi, foveal artery yingaŵa yekha iyo yikupeleka ndopa ku mutu wa fupa la chigha, ntheura kunyamula ndopa uku nkhwakuzirwa comene kuvikilira kufwa kwa thako la fupa (avascular necrosis), comenecomene mwa ŵana.<ref name="statpearls"/> ==Minofu== Minofu yinandi yikukhwaska mphambano wa ntchafu, uku yikupanga kupinda (flexion), kunyoloka (extension), kupatukana (abduction), kukolerana (adduction), na kuzungusika (rotation). Minofu ya kupinda ntchafu yikusazgapo iliopsoas, tensor fasciae latae, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis, rectus femoris, na sartorius. Minofu ya kunyoloka yikusazgapo gluteus maximus, vinjiri vya kunyuma vya gluteus medius na gluteus minimus, adductor magnus, piriformis, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, na biceps femoris. Minofu ya kupatukana yikusazgapo gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae, gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus, piriformis, na obturator internus. Minofu ya kukolerana yikusazgapo adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, gluteus maximus, gracilis, pectineus, quadratus femoris, na obturator externus. Minofu ya kuzungusika kuwaro yikusazgapo gluteus maximus, quadratus femoris, obturator internus, obturator externus, na vinyake vinandi. Minofu ya kuzungusika mkati yikusazgapo vinjiri vyakunthazi vya gluteus medius na gluteus minimus, na tensor fasciae latae. ==Muwendero wa mphambano== Ntchafu yingapinda (flexion) mpaka madigiri 140. Yingapinduka kunyuma (extension) mpaka madigiri 20, apo iliofemoral ligament yikwimikapo. Yingazungusika kuwaro (external rotation) mpaka madigiri 30 apo ntchafu yanyoloka, panji mpaka madigiri 50 apo yapindika. Yingazungusika mkati (internal rotation) mpaka madigiri 40. Yingapatukana (abduction) mpaka madigiri 50 apo yanyoloka, panji mpaka madigiri 80 apo yapindika. Yingakolerana (adduction) mpaka madigiri 30 apo yanyoloka, panji madigiri 20 apo yapindika. Kuzungulushika (circumduction) ni muwendero uwo ukukolezgapo kupinda, kunyoloka, kupatukana, na kukolerana pamoza. ==Vyakuzirwa mu uganga== Kutimbanyika kwa fupa la ntchafu (hip fracture) ni kutimbanyika kwa fupa la chigha pachanya pake. Vimanyikwiro vyake vikusazgapo kupweteka kwa ntchafu, kwenerakwene para munthu wenda, na kufupika kwa lundi. Singo la fupa la chigha likutimbanyika mwaphesya mwa ŵanthu ŵalara, comenecomene chifukwa cha osteoporosis.<ref name="orthoinfo"/> Kusintha ntchafu (hip replacement panji arthroplasty) ni nthowa ya opaleshoni iyo yingagwiliskikira ntchito kunozga kutimbanyika kwa fupa panji nthenda ya osteoarthritis. Hip dysplasia ni kupendeka kwambura kwenelera kwa acetabulum, ico chingapangiska mutu wa fupa la chigha kuguka pang'ono (subluxation) panji kunanga kwa acetabular labrum.<ref name="setia"/> Usange acetabulum yavundikira mutu wa fupa comene, ici chingapangiska femoroacetabular impingement.<ref name="mannava"/> ==Kupambana pakati pa mwanalume na mwanakazi== Kupambana na vinyama vinyake vinandi, mafupa gha ntchafu gha munthu ghakupambana comene pakati pa mwanalume na mwanakazi. Ntchafu za mwanakazi zikutandalika pa nyengo ya kukura. Mafupa gha chigha gha mwanakazi ghali kutali comene, ici chikuwongolera kutandalika kwa mulyango wa chiuno kuti kovwire pakubaba mwana. Ilium na minofu yake mwa mwanakazi vikupangika munjila yakupambana, kuti mabele gha kunyuma ghaŵe kutali na nthowa ya kubaba, mwakuti kukolerana kwa minofu iyi pa nyengo ya kubaba kureke kupwetekera mwana. Ntchafu zitandalika zikuwoneka kuti nkhwakovwira pakubaba mwana, ndiposo kanandi zikuwoneka kuti ni cimanyikwiro ca umaliro wa unyamwali, ndipo kwa vyaka vinandi zaŵa cakukhumbika mu muwoneskero wa mwanakazi. ==Mu chikhalidwe na miko== Ntchafu za mwanakazi zakolerananga na vyakubaba ŵana na muwoneskero wa unyamwali kwa nyengo yitali. Muwoneskero wa ŵanakazi mu vithuzi, mu vithuzi vyakujorwa, panji mu vithuzi vyakukoperezgeka kanandi vikulongora ntchafu zawo comene. Vyakuvwara vya ŵanakazi mu mbiri yicharu vyanandi vyakuwongolera maso ku ukuru wa ntchafu. ==Ng'anamuro la lizgu== Mu Chilatini, lizgu "coxa" likagwiliskikira ntchito na Celsus kung'anamura "ntchafu", kweni Pliny Mkuru wakaligwiliskira kung'anamura "fupa la ntchafu". Mu Chigiriki, lizgu ili likuchemeka "ischío". ==Wonaniso== *[[Chiuno]] *[[Nthumbo]] *[[Chigha]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="lequesne">{{Cite journal|last=Lequesne|first=M.|title=The normal hip joint space: variations in width, shape, and architecture on 223 pelvic radiographs|journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases|volume=63|issue=9|pages=1145–1151|year=2004|doi=10.1136/ard.2003.018424|pmid=15308525}}</ref> <ref name="saikia">{{Cite journal|last1=Saikia|first1=K.C.|title=Anthropometric study of the hip joint in northeastern region population with computed tomography scan|journal=Indian Journal of Orthopaedics|volume=42|issue=3|date=July 2008|doi=10.4103/0019-5413.39572|pmid=19753150}}</ref> <ref name="thieme2015">{{Cite book|last1=Schuenke|first1=M.|last2=Schulte|first2=E.|last3=Schumacher|first3=U.|title=THIEME Atlas of Anatomy – Vol. 1: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System|edition=2nd|publisher=Thieme Medical Publishers|year=2015|page=439|isbn=978-1-60406-923-5}}</ref> <ref name="statpearls">{{Cite web|last1=Gold|first1=M.|last2=Munjal|first2=A.|last3=Varacallo|first3=M.|title=Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Hip Joint|publisher=StatPearls|year=2021|pmid=29262200|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470555/}}</ref> <ref name="moore">{{Cite book|last=Moore|first=Keith L.|title=Clinically Oriented Anatomy|edition=8th|publisher=Wolters Kluwer|location=Philadelphia|year=2018|page=728|isbn=978-1-4963-4721-3}}</ref> <ref name="orthoinfo">{{Cite web|title=Hip Fractures|publisher=OrthoInfo (AAOS)|date=April 2009|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629225405/http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00392|access-date=2017-09-27}}</ref> <ref name="setia">{{Cite web|last1=Setia|first1=Rahul|last2=Gaillard|first2=Frank|title=Developmental dysplasia of the hip|publisher=Radiopaedia|date=2008-05-02|url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/developmental-dysplasia-of-the-hip}}</ref> <ref name="mannava">{{Cite journal|last1=Mannava|first1=S.|title=Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation of Femoroacetabular Impingement, Part 2: Plain Radiography|journal=Arthroscopy Techniques|volume=6|issue=5|pages=e2003–e2009|date=October 2017|doi=10.1016/j.eats.2017.06.011|pmid=29399468}}</ref> }} [[Mtundu:Anatomy]] [[Mtundu:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] 98x1gh70qvl5tzkp65fm3e21mj0cvsi 0 49726 122265 2026-09-23T14:27:15Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Creating stub; infobox to be added 122265 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''Taqbaylit'' / ⵜⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ) ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Algeria]]. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=kab}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] [[Category:Viyowoyelo vyamu Algeria]] 903fktgjfscwf9bcdhdoam6ultog9vq 122267 122265 2026-09-23T14:28:39Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122267 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''Taqbaylit'' / ⵜⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ) ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Algeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabyle {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kab/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309075203/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kab/}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=kab}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] [[Category:Viyowoyelo vyamu Algeria]] bcpq8ubiquvo3b7q9qeof9wcaps2gjl 122270 122267 2026-09-23T14:31:55Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122270 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''Taqbaylit'' / ⵜⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ) ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Algeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabyle {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kab/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309075203/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kab/}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{InterWiki|code=kab}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070603085927/http://www.inalco.fr/crb/crb_2/fiches_dialectes/kabyle.htm Lipoti la INALCO pa ChiKabyle] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061125190805/http://stl.recherche.univ-lille3.fr/sitespersonnels/bendjaballah/bendjaballah2.pdf Negative Preterite], Preterite wakususka mu ChiKabyle. [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] [[Category:Viyowoyelo vyamu Algeria]] c0fi0hqaqx25cgnh4ky8jz3v8spaafg 1 49727 122266 2026-09-23T14:27:32Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 122266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 14 49728 122268 2026-09-23T14:29:05Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{PAGENAME}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]]" 122268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{PAGENAME}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] 1kx8yxa4bsa1m5ycep3aqpa1t9lqt4u 0 49729 122269 2026-09-23T14:31:12Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Nkhani yiphya, yakung'anamulika kufuma ku Wikipedia ya Chingelezi "Navel". 122269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Cimanyikwiro pa nthumbo apo mzati wa mbwera ukakolerananga}} {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Mbwera |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyikwiro |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Latin|Chilatini]] | class="infobox-data" |''umbilicus'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |MeSH | class="infobox-data" |D014472 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |TA98 | class="infobox-data" |A01.2.04.005 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |FMA | class="infobox-data" |61584 |} '''Mbwera''' (mu uganga: ''umbilicus'') ni cimanyikwiro pa nthumbo, cakutuwa panji cakunjilira mkati, apo mzati wa mbwera ukakolerananga na mwana pa nyengo ya nthumbo. Mbwera yikugwiliskikira ntchito kupatura nthumbo mu magaŵa. Ni cimanyikwiro icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵali nacho pa malo ghakoleranako, ndipo khungu la mumphepete mwa chiuno pa cigaŵa ca mbwera likutumizgika na mzirwe wa T10 (mzirwe wakhumi wa msana wa cifuwa). Mbwera yikuŵapo pafupifupi pa cigaŵa apo chiwangwa cacitatu na cacinayi cha msana (L3 na L4) vikukolerana, nangauli mwa ŵanthu ŵanyake yingaŵapo kufuma pa L3 mpaka L5.<ref name="khati"/> Mbwera ya munthu mzimu yili na vigaŵa. Pakati pake pali cimanyikwiro cakutuwa cakuchemeka "cikola ca mzati", ico ncimanyikwiro cakusazgika para mzati wa mbwera wadumuka. Kuzingilira cikola ici muli mphete yakukhora yakuchemeka "kola la mbwera". Kuzingilira kola ili muli khungu la mumphepete mwa mbwera. Kunyuma kwa mbwera muli mzati wakukhora wakuchemeka urachus, uwo ukufuma ku chiŵaya ca mkodzo. Chifukwa mbwera njakusazgika, njakupambana pa munthu waliyose. ==Mitundu ya mbwera== Mbwera yingapambanikizgika mu magaŵa ghaŵiri ghakuru: mbwera yakutupa (yikuchemekaso "outie") na mbwera yakunjilira mkati (yikuchemekaso "innie"). Mbwera yakutupa ni iyo cikola ca mzati chikutuwa kuluska khungu la mumphepete mwa mbwera; mbwera yakunjilira mkati ni iyo cikola ca mzati chikutuwa yayi. Muli mitundu yinandi yakupambanikizgika comene, nga umo ni: mbwera yakuzingoka yikuru (round), mbwera yakutandalika kwima (vertical), mbwera yakupapatala (oval), mbwera ya muwoneskero wa "T", mbwera yakutandalika mumphepete (horizontal, iyo yikuwoneka pang'ono comene), mbwera yambura muwoneskero wakwenelera (distorted), mbwera yakuzingilizgika nga chizunguzungu (spiral), na mbwera yakugaŵikamo kuŵa viŵiri na mphuvya (split). Munyake, mbwera yingaŵa yakutuwa yose kwambura kuvundikika (protrusion), panji yingaŵa na mphuvya yicoko pakati pa cikola ca mzati kwambura kudumulapo khungu la kunja (circlet). ==Vyakuzirwa mu uganga== Mbwera yakutupa yikupambana na hernia ya mbwera (umbilical hernia); hernia yikuŵapo usange cigaŵa cakutuwa chili na masentimita 5 panji kuluska.<ref name="meier"/> Muwoneskero wa mbwera ungasintha chifukwa cha kunenepa panji kuzenga thupi, kweni kusintha kwambura kumanyikwa ya cifukwa kungaŵa cimanyikwiro ca ascites (ndopa yakuwungana mu nthumbo). Mbwera yingaŵaso na umbilical sinus panji fistula, ivyo pa nyengo zinyake vingapangiska mvuchi wa nthenda za mwanakazi panji mafunthi kufuma mu mbwera, comenecomene chifukwa cha umbilical endometriosis.<ref name="bagade"/> Omphalitis ni kufuma kwa maka mu mbwera ya mwana mwanchanda, kanandi chifukwa cha tizirombo twakupangiska maka. Nthenda zinyake za kanthendere zingasazgikako kunanga kwa mbwera (umbilical metastases).<ref name="gabriele"/> Kafukufuku wasangaso kuti mbwera njakukhalamo tizirombo tuchoko (bacteria) twakupambanapambana comene pa munthu waliyose.<ref name="moreau"/> ==Mbwera mu opaleshoni== Kuti opaleshoni yireke kusazgapo cimanyikwiro cikuru, mbwera nyengo zinyake yikugwiliskikira ntchito nga malo gha kudumulira, nga umo ni pakuwuska appendix, chiŵaya ca nyongo, panji pa opaleshoni ya umbilicoplasty payekha.<ref name="kaehler"/><ref name="bruekers"/> ==Mwa vinyama vinyake== Vinyama vyose ivyo vikubaba ŵana kwizira mu placenta vili na mbwera, nangauli mwa munthu njakuwoneka comene kuluska mwa vinyama vinyake. Vinyama ivyo vikubaba ŵana ŵamoyo vili na mbwera yakuzingoka nga umo ili mwa munthu, kweni mu vinyama ivyo vikutumbuka mazira (nga ni tuyuni), mbwera njakuwoneka nga mphuvya yakwima pa nthumbo. Muli so cizimba ca dinosaur (Psittacosaurus) ico chikasangika na mbwera iyo yikawoneka nga ya vinyama ivyo vikutumbuka mazira. ==Mu chikhalidwe na miko== Kufumiska pakuwaro mbwera na cigaŵa ca nthumbo kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi kukaŵa kwakuzomerezgeka yayi mu vikhalidwe vinyake vya ku Yuropu na ku America kwa nyengo yakale, ndipo kukawoneka nga kwambura mchindi. Mu malo ghanyake, kufumiska mbwera ya mwanakazi kukajalikizgika na malango, kweni maghanoghano gha ŵanthu ghasintha sono. Vyakuvwara nga ni crop top, ivyo vikufumiska mbwera na nthumbo, vyaŵa vyakuzomerezgeka comene mwa ŵanyamata. Mbwera na nthumbo vikuwoneka soso mu vyakuvwara vya sono nga ni bikini panji mavwalero ghakukwelera pasi pa nthumbo. Ku India, kufumiska mbwera na nthumbo kwaŵa kwakuzomerezgeka nyengo yitali, kwenerakwene mwa ŵanakazi ŵakuvwara sari.<ref name="banerjee"/> Ku Japan, mu nyengo yakale ya Jōmon, viwuni vitatu vichoko vikawikikanga pa vinthu vya dongo kulongora mabele na mbwera, kulongora muwoneskero wa mwanakazi. Mbwera yikakuzgika kuŵa yikuru comene, chifukwa cha kukhulupilira kuti mbwera ndiyo malo agho umoyo ukwambira.<ref name="naumann"/> Mu chikhalidwe ca ku Arabia na ku Levant, kuvina kwa belly dance ni mzimu wakuzomerezgeka uwo ukukhwaska comene nthumbo na mbwera. Mu Buddhism na Hinduism, chakra ya pa mbwera yikuchemeka manipura. Mu Hinduism, nkhongono ya kundalini nyengo zinyake yikuyowoyeka kuti yili pa mbwera. Mu qigong, mbwera yikuwoneka kuti ndiyo malo ghakuru gha nkhongono, ghakuchemeka dantian. ==Wonaniso== *[[Nthumbo]] *[[Chiuno]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="khati">{{Cite journal|last1=Khati|first1=Nadia J.|last2=Enquist|first2=Erik G.|last3=Javitt|first3=Marcia C.|title=Imaging of the Umbilicus and Periumbilical Region|journal=Radiographics|volume=18|issue=2|pages=413–431|year=1998|doi=10.1148/radiographics.18.2.9536487|pmid=9536487}}</ref> <ref name="meier">{{Cite journal|last1=Meier|first1=Donald E.|last2=OlaOlorun|first2=David A.|last3=Omodele|first3=Rachael A.|last4=Nkor|first4=Sunday K.|last5=Tarpley|first5=John L.|title=Incidence of Umbilical Hernia in African Children: Redefinition of "Normal" and Reevaluation of Indications for Repair|journal=World Journal of Surgery|volume=25|issue=5|pages=645–648|year=2001|doi=10.1007/s002680020072|pmid=11369993}}</ref> <ref name="bagade">{{Cite journal|last1=Bagade|first1=Pallavi V.|last2=Guirguis|first2=Mamdouh M.|title=Menstruating from the umbilicus as a rare case of primary umbilical endometriosis: a case report|journal=Journal of Medical Case Reports|volume=3|pages=9326|year=2009|doi=10.1186/1752-1947-3-9326|pmid=20062755}}</ref> <ref name="gabriele">{{Cite journal|last1=Gabriele|first1=Raimondo|last2=Conte|first2=Marco|last3=Egidi|first3=Federico|last4=Borghese|first4=Mario|title=Umbilical metastases: current viewpoint|journal=World Journal of Surgical Oncology|volume=3|issue=1|pages=13|year=2005|doi=10.1186/1477-7819-3-13|pmid=15723695}}</ref> <ref name="moreau">{{Cite journal|last1=Moreau|first1=Corrie S.|last2=Hulcr|first2=Jiri|last3=Latimer|first3=Andrew M.|last4=Henley|first4=Jessica B.|last5=Rountree|first5=Nina R.|last6=Fierer|first6=Noah|last7=Lucky|first7=Andrea|last8=Lowman|first8=Margaret D.|last9=Dunn|first9=Robert R.|title=A Jungle in There: Bacteria in Belly Buttons are Highly Diverse, but Predictable|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=11|pages=e47712|year=2012|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0047712|pmid=23144827}}</ref> <ref name="kaehler">{{Cite journal|last1=Kaehler|first1=G.|last2=Schoenberg|first2=M. B.|last3=Kienle|first3=P.|last4=Post|first4=S.|last5=Magdeburg|first5=R.|title=Transgastric appendicectomy|journal=British Journal of Surgery|volume=100|issue=7|pages=911–915|year=2013|doi=10.1002/bjs.9115|pmid=23575528}}</ref> <ref name="bruekers">{{Cite journal|last1=Bruekers|first1=Sven E.|last2=van der Lei|first2=Berend|last3=Tan|first3=Tik L.|last4=Luijendijk|first4=Roland W.|last5=Stevens|first5=Hieronymus P. J. D.|title="Scarless" Umbilicoplasty|journal=Annals of Plastic Surgery|volume=63|issue=1|pages=15–20|year=2009|doi=10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181877b60|pmid=19546666}}</ref> <ref name="naumann">{{Cite book|last=Naumann|first=Nelly|chapter=First Indications of Symbolic Expression|title=Japanese Prehistory: The Material and Spiritual Culture of the Jōmon Period|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|year=2000|pages=114–115|isbn=978-3-447-04329-8}}</ref> <ref name="banerjee">{{Cite book|last1=Banerjee|first1=Mukulika|last2=Miller|first2=Daniel|title=The Sari|publisher=Berg|year=2003|isbn=1-85973-732-3}}</ref> }} [[Mtundu:Anatomy]] [[Mtundu:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] 4qq1vnn4jgmb2flnt9prpxmlgbrbsaj 0 49730 122271 2026-09-23T14:43:09Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Nkhani yiphya, yakung'anamulika kufuma ku Wikipedia ya Chingelezi "Reproductive system". 122271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Mfumo wa viŵalo vya thupi ivyo vikugwiliskikira ntchito pakubabira}} {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Viŵalo vyakubabira |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyikwiro |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Latin|Chilatini]] | class="infobox-data" |''systemata genitalia'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |TA98 | class="infobox-data" |A09.0.00.000 |} '''Viŵalo vyakubabira''' (mfumo wa kubabira) ni viŵalo vyose vya thupi ivyo vikukolerana pakupanga ŵana. Vinthu ivyo navyo mbambura kuŵa vamoyo, nga ni madzi, mahomoni, na sungho, navyo vikovwira comene pa nchito ya kubabira. Kupambana na mifumo yinyake ya thupi, mwanalume na mwanakazi ŵakuŵa na kupambana kukuru pa viŵalo vyawo vyakubabira, ndipo kupambana uku nkhwakovwira kuti mbeŵu za mwanalume na za mwanakazi zikolerane, kupeleka mwana wakuzenga makola. Mwa ŵanthu na vinyama vinyake ivyo vikuyamwiska ŵana, viŵalo vikuru vya kubabira vikusazgapo viŵalo vyakuwaro (penis na vulva) pamoza na viŵalo vyinandi vya mkati, kusazgapo gonads izo zikupanga mbeŵu za kubabira. Nthenda za viŵalo vyakubabira ni zakuzomerezgeka comene mu charu chose, comenecomene nthenda izo zikupokerana kwizira mu vyakukolerana kwa thupi.<ref name="cdc"/> ==Viŵalo vya mwanalume== Viŵalo vya kubabira vya mwanalume vili kuwaro kwa thupi, mumphepete mwa chiuno. Nchito yawo yikuru ni kupeleka mbeŵu izo zingakolerane na zira la mwanakazi. Viŵalo ivi vingagaŵikika mu magaŵa ghatatu: *'''Kupanga na kusunga mbeŵu''': mbeŵu zikupangika mu testicle, ivyo vili mu scrotum iyo yikukhozgera thelezi la nyengo. Mbeŵu zichali kukura zikuluta ku epididymis kuti zikure makora na kusungikamo. *'''Chiŵaya izo zikupanga madzi ghakukolerana na mbeŵu''': kusazgapo seminal vesicle, prostate, na vas deferens. *'''Viŵalo vyakukolerana na kupeleka mbeŵu mu mwanakazi''': kusazgapo penis, urethra, na Cowper's gland. Mwanalume ŵakukula ŵakupanga vimanyikwiro vyakupambana nga ni thupi likuru na la nkhongono, mazgu ghakunenepa, ŵere pa cisko na pa thupi, mapewa ghakutandalika, na kukura kwa Adam's apple. Mahomoni gha mwanalume, nga ni testosterone, ndigho ghakupangiska vipambaniro ivi. Testicle zikutuzga homoni iyo yikwendeska kukura kwa mbeŵu na kusintha kwa thupi pa nyengo ya unyamata. ==Viŵalo vya mwanakazi== Viŵalo vya kubabira vya mwanakazi vili comenecomene mkati mwa thupi, mumphepete mwa chiuno. Vili na vigaŵa vitatu vikuru: vulva, iyo yikuluta ku vagina; chiŵalo ca kutolera nthumbo, ico chikutolera mwana wakukura; na viŵaya vya mazira, ivyo vikupanga mazira gha mwanakazi. Mabele ghakovwira pakulera mwana kweni ghakuŵikikanga yayi nga chiŵalo cha kubabira. Vagina yikukolerana na viŵalo vyakuwaro pa vulva, iyo yiliso na labia, clitoris, na urethra. Chiŵalo ca kutolera nthumbo chikukolerana na vagina kwizira mu mulyango wake, ndipo chikukolerananso na viŵaya vya mazira kwizira mu nthowa za mazira. Pa nyengo zakwenelera, chiŵaya ca mazira chikutuzga zira limoza kuluta mu nthowa ya mazira, ndipo zira ili likuluta ku chiŵalo ca kutolera nthumbo. Pafupifupi mazuŵa 28 ghaliyose, chiŵaya ca pasi pa ubongo chikutuzga homoni iyo yikupangiska mazira ghanyake kukura. Zira limoza likutuzgika na kujumphira mu nthowa ya mazira; mahomoni kufuma mu viŵaya vya mazira ghakunozgeraso chiŵalo ca kutolera nthumbo kuti chipokelere zira. Usange zira likolerane yayi na mbeŵu, thako lakukolerana na zira (endometrium) na zira lambura kukolerana vikutayikira kunja pa nyengo ya nthenda ya mwezi. Usange zira likolerane na mbeŵu, likukolerana na khoma la chiŵalo ca kutolera nthumbo, ndipo kukura kwa mwana kukwamba. ==Mwa vinyama vinyake== Vinyama vinandi ivyo vikuyamwiska ŵana vili na viŵalo vyakubabira vyakuyana na vya munthu, nangauli muli kupambana kwake.<ref name="hyman"/> Ŵanalume ŵa vinyama vinandi vili na baculum (fupa la mu penis), ilo munthu walije.<ref name="schultz"/> Malo agho testicle zikuŵapo ghakupambana: mu vinyama vinandi zikutolokera mu scrotum, mu vinyake zikukhala pa khoma la nthumbo, ndipo mu vinyama vinyake nga ni njobvu, zikukhalilira mkati mwa nthumbo pafupi na maimpso.<ref name="werdelin"/> Marsupial (nga ni kangaroo) ni vinyama vyapadera: mwanakazi wake wali na vagina ziŵiri, ndipo mwanalume wali na penis yakugaŵikamo kuŵa ziŵiri. Ŵana ŵakubabika ŵali ŵachoko comene, ndipo ŵakukwerera mu thumba la nyuma la mama wawo, mwakuŵa nkhukura.<ref name="tyndale"/> Tuyuni tuli na cloaca, njira yimoza iyo mazira, mbeŵu, na taka vikujumphirako. Kanandi tuyuni twanakazi tuli na chiŵaya cimoza pera ca mazira. Vibawo (reptiles) navyo vikugwiliskira ntchito cloaca, ndipo viŵalo vyawo vyakukolerana kanandi vikusungika mkati mwa thupi. Somba (fish) zikutuzga mazira ghanandi mu madzi (spawn), ndipo ŵanalume ŵakutuzgapo madzi ghakuŵamo mbeŵu (milt) pachanya pa mazira agha kuti ghakolerane kuwaro kwa thupi. ==Wonaniso== *[[Ntchafu]] *[[Nthumbo]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="werdelin">{{Cite journal|last1=Werdelin|first1=L.|last2=Nilsonne|first2=A.|title=The evolution of the scrotum and testicular descent in mammals: a phylogenetic view|journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology|volume=196|issue=1|pages=61–72|year=1999|doi=10.1006/jtbi.1998.0821|pmid=9892556}}</ref> <ref name="schultz">{{Cite journal|last1=Schultz|first1=Nicholas G.|title=The baculum was gained and lost multiple times during mammalian evolution|journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology|volume=56|issue=4|pages=644–656}}</ref> <ref name="tyndale">{{Cite book|last=Tyndale-Biscoe|first=C. Hugh|title=Life of Marsupials|publisher=CSIRO Publishing|year=2005|isbn=978-0-643-06257-3}}</ref> <ref name="hyman">{{Cite book|last=Hyman|first=Libbie Henrietta|title=Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-226-87013-7}}</ref> <ref name="cdc">{{Cite web|title=STDs Today|publisher=National Prevention Network, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|url=http://www.cdcnpin.org/scripts/std/std.asp}}</ref> }} [[Mtundu:Anatomy]] [[Mtundu:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] cfu7n6kspdjl8l4336rgn9yzk7mch64 0 49731 122272 2026-09-24T03:03:21Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (Марат Аркадийы фырт Хъамболты) ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Pasono wakuteŵetera nga ni Nduna Yikuru ya [[South Ossetia]]. Kufuma pa 23 Juni 2026, nayo wakuteŵetera nga ni Mulongozgi Wachiŵiri.<ref>https://cominf.org/node/1166569942 (ChiRussia)</ref> ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|..." 122272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (Марат Аркадийы фырт Хъамболты) ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Pasono wakuteŵetera nga ni Nduna Yikuru ya [[South Ossetia]]. Kufuma pa 23 Juni 2026, nayo wakuteŵetera nga ni Mulongozgi Wachiŵiri.<ref>https://cominf.org/node/1166569942 (ChiRussia)</ref> ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] axl5q640nfg3pb6k2mtw5ld6qiyeyef 0 49732 122273 2026-09-24T03:09:06Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Redirected page to [[Ŵakhazi]] 122273 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ŵakhazi]] ab4aqlte7vlx6gqnltr34qg7i2ph5j1 0 49733 122274 2026-09-24T03:16:19Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Creating stub; infobox to be added 122274 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (Аԥсшәа) ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Abkhazia]], ''de jure'' chigaŵa chinyake cha ku [[Georgia]].<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ab/</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{InterWiki|code=ab}} {{wikivoyage|Abkhaz phrasebook}} {{Commons category}} * [https://archive.org/stream/rosettaproject_abk_swadesh-1/abk.txt Abkhaz (abk) Swadesh List] by ''[[The Rosetta Project]]'' at the [[Internet Archive]] * [http://www.abyzshwa.narod.ru/ Introduction, basic phrases and grammar and texts] * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/abkhaz.htm Abkhaz alphabet and pronunciation (Omniglot)] * [http://www.language-museum.com/encyclopedia/a/abkhaz.php Abkhaz at Language Museum] * [http://www.kapba.de/A-Abtsara.html Example of Abkhaz language] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426090514/http://abc.marlamuter.ru/index.php/list/abhaz/1.xhtml Abkhaz-Russian On-Line Dictionary] * [http://www.ethnic-cinema-country.ru/kalligrafia/ Ancient Adyghe Abkhaz–Abaza Ubykh alphabet] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ncc\wcc&first=0 Abkhaz basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] * [http://baltoslav.eu/apsua/index.php?mova=en Abkhaz text corpus] * [http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/ABK/abk.html Recordings of Abkhaz] *{{Cite JIPA|author1=Andersson, Samuel |author2=Vaux, Bert |author3=Pysipa (Şener), Zihni|title=Cwyzhy Abkhaz|pages=1&ndash;21|doi=10.1017/S0025100320000390|printdate=2021-03-31|soundfiles=no}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] [[Category:Viyowoyelo vyamu Georgia]] 8izx0h1xvlymibrr5r212o1m956bwol 122275 122274 2026-09-24T03:17:22Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122275 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (Аԥсшәа) ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Abkhazia]], chigaŵa chinyake ''de jure'' cha ku [[Georgia]].<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ab/</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{InterWiki|code=ab}} {{wikivoyage|Abkhaz phrasebook}} {{Commons category}} * [https://archive.org/stream/rosettaproject_abk_swadesh-1/abk.txt Abkhaz (abk) Swadesh List] by ''[[The Rosetta Project]]'' at the [[Internet Archive]] * [http://www.abyzshwa.narod.ru/ Introduction, basic phrases and grammar and texts] * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/abkhaz.htm Abkhaz alphabet and pronunciation (Omniglot)] * [http://www.language-museum.com/encyclopedia/a/abkhaz.php Abkhaz at Language Museum] * [http://www.kapba.de/A-Abtsara.html Example of Abkhaz language] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426090514/http://abc.marlamuter.ru/index.php/list/abhaz/1.xhtml Abkhaz-Russian On-Line Dictionary] * [http://www.ethnic-cinema-country.ru/kalligrafia/ Ancient Adyghe Abkhaz–Abaza Ubykh alphabet] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ncc\wcc&first=0 Abkhaz basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] * [http://baltoslav.eu/apsua/index.php?mova=en Abkhaz text corpus] * [http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/ABK/abk.html Recordings of Abkhaz] *{{Cite JIPA|author1=Andersson, Samuel |author2=Vaux, Bert |author3=Pysipa (Şener), Zihni|title=Cwyzhy Abkhaz|pages=1&ndash;21|doi=10.1017/S0025100320000390|printdate=2021-03-31|soundfiles=no}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] [[Category:Viyowoyelo vyamu Georgia]] tg09llcrnoki4fyyzc0fg2209w47ugc 122277 122275 2026-09-24T03:18:04Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Malinki gha kuwaro */ 122277 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (Аԥсшәа) ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Abkhazia]], chigaŵa chinyake ''de jure'' cha ku [[Georgia]].<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ab/</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{InterWiki|code=ab}} {{wikivoyage|Abkhaz phrasebook}} {{Commons category}} * [https://archive.org/stream/rosettaproject_abk_swadesh-1/abk.txt Abkhaz (abk) Swadesh List] by ''[[The Rosetta Project]]'' at the [[Internet Archive]] * [http://www.abyzshwa.narod.ru/ Introduction, basic phrases and grammar and texts] * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/abkhaz.htm Abkhaz alphabet and pronunciation (Omniglot)] * [http://www.language-museum.com/encyclopedia/a/abkhaz.php Abkhaz at Language Museum] * [http://www.kapba.de/A-Abtsara.html Example of Abkhaz language] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426090514/http://abc.marlamuter.ru/index.php/list/abhaz/1.xhtml Abkhaz-Russian On-Line Dictionary] * [http://www.ethnic-cinema-country.ru/kalligrafia/ Ancient Adyghe Abkhaz–Abaza Ubykh alphabet] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ncc\wcc&first=0 Abkhaz basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] * [http://baltoslav.eu/apsua/index.php?mova=en Abkhaz text corpus] * [http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/ABK/abk.html Recordings of Abkhaz] *{{Cite JIPA|author1=Andersson, Samuel |author2=Vaux, Bert |author3=Pysipa (Şener), Zihni|title=Cwyzhy Abkhaz|pages=1&ndash;21|doi=10.1017/S0025100320000390|printdate=2021-03-31|soundfiles=no}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] a4kmm3euls2al8c2gfl7e807lfvdcgp 122278 122277 2026-09-24T03:18:25Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122278 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (Аԥсшәа) ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Abkhazia]], chigaŵa chinyake ''de jure'' cha ku [[Georgia]].<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/language/abk/</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{InterWiki|code=ab}} {{wikivoyage|Abkhaz phrasebook}} {{Commons category}} * [https://archive.org/stream/rosettaproject_abk_swadesh-1/abk.txt Abkhaz (abk) Swadesh List] by ''[[The Rosetta Project]]'' at the [[Internet Archive]] * [http://www.abyzshwa.narod.ru/ Introduction, basic phrases and grammar and texts] * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/abkhaz.htm Abkhaz alphabet and pronunciation (Omniglot)] * [http://www.language-museum.com/encyclopedia/a/abkhaz.php Abkhaz at Language Museum] * [http://www.kapba.de/A-Abtsara.html Example of Abkhaz language] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426090514/http://abc.marlamuter.ru/index.php/list/abhaz/1.xhtml Abkhaz-Russian On-Line Dictionary] * [http://www.ethnic-cinema-country.ru/kalligrafia/ Ancient Adyghe Abkhaz–Abaza Ubykh alphabet] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ncc\wcc&first=0 Abkhaz basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] * [http://baltoslav.eu/apsua/index.php?mova=en Abkhaz text corpus] * [http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/ABK/abk.html Recordings of Abkhaz] *{{Cite JIPA|author1=Andersson, Samuel |author2=Vaux, Bert |author3=Pysipa (Şener), Zihni|title=Cwyzhy Abkhaz|pages=1&ndash;21|doi=10.1017/S0025100320000390|printdate=2021-03-31|soundfiles=no}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] 5rrqf060mzyby1v7guh8fdry6ofk82f 1 49734 122276 2026-09-24T03:17:37Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 122276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 0 49735 122279 2026-09-24T03:20:04Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Creating stub; infobox to be added 122279 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (Ирон) ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[South Ossetia]], chigaŵa chinyake ''de jure'' cha ku [[Georgia]].<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/language/oss/</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{InterWiki|code=os}} {{sister project links|auto=1|iw=os}} * [http://ossetic-studies.org/en Web portal on documentation and grammatical studies of Ossetic] {{in lang|en}} ** [http://corpus.ossetic-studies.org/search/index.php?interface_language=en Ossetic National Corpus]{{in lang|en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112052627/http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Nasidze.AnHG.2004.pdf Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220100625/http://www.olc.pku.edu.cn/database/uploads/19/629/735e26bf2fa1816cbebb1f8c273e0a39.pdf An article on Ossetic grammar]{{in lang|en}} by [[Fridrik Thordarson]] * [https://www.peoples.org.ru/oset.html ''Ossetic language'' page] at the [http://www.peoples.org.ru/eng_index.html Minority languages of Russia on the Net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420130207/http://www.peoples.org.ru/eng_index.html |date=2009-04-20 }} project {{in lang|ru}} * [https://ironau.ru/alfabeto.html History of the Ossetian writing system and a comprehensive table of characters] {{in lang|ru}} * [https://ironau.ru/english.html Ossetic language materials in English and partly French] * [http://pole.iphil.ru/ossetic/en Laboratory of Field Linguistics: Ossetic (studies on Ossetic grammar, modern spoken texts in Ossetic)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716074704/http://pole.iphil.ru/ossetic/en |date=2011-07-16 }} {{in lang|en}} * [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ossetian.htm Omniglot – Ossetian (Ирон ӕвзаг / Дигорон ӕвзаг)] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\irn&limit=-1 Ossetic (Iron and Digor) basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] * [http://slovar.iriston.com/index.php Russian-Ossetic On-Line Dictionary] [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] 18l1vd9i450ubv8gfixkyool1fcqcc1 122280 122279 2026-09-24T03:20:22Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122280 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (Ирон) ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[South Ossetia]], chigaŵa chinyake ''de jure'' cha ku [[Georgia]].<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/language/oss/</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{InterWiki|code=os}} * [http://ossetic-studies.org/en Web portal on documentation and grammatical studies of Ossetic] {{in lang|en}} ** [http://corpus.ossetic-studies.org/search/index.php?interface_language=en Ossetic National Corpus]{{in lang|en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112052627/http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Nasidze.AnHG.2004.pdf Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220100625/http://www.olc.pku.edu.cn/database/uploads/19/629/735e26bf2fa1816cbebb1f8c273e0a39.pdf An article on Ossetic grammar]{{in lang|en}} by [[Fridrik Thordarson]] * [https://www.peoples.org.ru/oset.html ''Ossetic language'' page] at the [http://www.peoples.org.ru/eng_index.html Minority languages of Russia on the Net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420130207/http://www.peoples.org.ru/eng_index.html |date=2009-04-20 }} project {{in lang|ru}} * [https://ironau.ru/alfabeto.html History of the Ossetian writing system and a comprehensive table of characters] {{in lang|ru}} * [https://ironau.ru/english.html Ossetic language materials in English and partly French] * [http://pole.iphil.ru/ossetic/en Laboratory of Field Linguistics: Ossetic (studies on Ossetic grammar, modern spoken texts in Ossetic)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716074704/http://pole.iphil.ru/ossetic/en |date=2011-07-16 }} {{in lang|en}} * [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ossetian.htm Omniglot – Ossetian (Ирон ӕвзаг / Дигорон ӕвзаг)] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\irn&limit=-1 Ossetic (Iron and Digor) basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] * [http://slovar.iriston.com/index.php Russian-Ossetic On-Line Dictionary] [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] 1pt9w221xfv1r9asn23hbg62v0bvwvn 122281 122280 2026-09-24T03:20:40Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (Ирон) ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[South Ossetia]], chigaŵa chinyake ''de jure'' cha ku [[Georgia]].<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/language/oss/</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{InterWiki|code=os}} * [http://ossetic-studies.org/en Web portal on documentation and grammatical studies of Ossetic] {{in lang|en}} ** [http://corpus.ossetic-studies.org/search/index.php?interface_language=en Ossetic National Corpus]{{in lang|en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112052627/http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Nasidze.AnHG.2004.pdf Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220100625/http://www.olc.pku.edu.cn/database/uploads/19/629/735e26bf2fa1816cbebb1f8c273e0a39.pdf An article on Ossetic grammar]{{in lang|en}} by [[Fridrik Thordarson]] * [https://www.peoples.org.ru/oset.html ''Ossetic language'' page] at the [http://www.peoples.org.ru/eng_index.html Minority languages of Russia on the Net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420130207/http://www.peoples.org.ru/eng_index.html |date=2009-04-20 }} project {{in lang|ru}} * [https://ironau.ru/alfabeto.html History of the Ossetian writing system and a comprehensive table of characters] {{in lang|ru}} * [https://ironau.ru/english.html Ossetic language materials in English and partly French] * [http://pole.iphil.ru/ossetic/en Laboratory of Field Linguistics: Ossetic (studies on Ossetic grammar, modern spoken texts in Ossetic)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716074704/http://pole.iphil.ru/ossetic/en |date=2011-07-16 }} {{in lang|en}} * [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ossetian.htm Omniglot – Ossetian (Ирон ӕвзаг / Дигорон ӕвзаг)] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\irn&limit=-1 Ossetic (Iron and Digor) basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] * [http://slovar.iriston.com/index.php Russian-Ossetic On-Line Dictionary] [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] 063ucwxhe1g8jbxp65l6ptf47n7zs5r 122283 122281 2026-09-24T03:21:47Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 All in english 122283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (Ирон) ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[South Ossetia]], chigaŵa chinyake ''de jure'' cha ku [[Georgia]].<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/language/oss/</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=os}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] a5jyxaptcy6f8dbihww5sg3kqxwdknx 122284 122283 2026-09-24T03:21:56Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122284 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (Ирон) ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[South Ossetia]], chigaŵa chinyake ''de jure'' cha ku [[Georgia]].<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/language/oss/</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=os}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] 1hdbvvkj18hbxe64yuurhf4v4hl4lgh 1 49736 122282 2026-09-24T03:21:19Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 122282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 0 49737 122285 2026-09-24T05:35:48Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (მარგალური) ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Mingrelia]], chigaŵa chinyake cha ku [[Georgia]], <ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/language/xmf/</ref> ndiposo pa mlingo ucoko waka mu charu chose. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{InterWiki|code=xmf}} *[https://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/caucasica/mingrel/adscham.htm TITUS Caucasica: Megrelisch] (ChiJeremani) *[https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/text..." 122285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (მარგალური) ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Mingrelia]], chigaŵa chinyake cha ku [[Georgia]], <ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/language/xmf/</ref> ndiposo pa mlingo ucoko waka mu charu chose. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{InterWiki|code=xmf}} *[https://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/caucasica/mingrel/adscham.htm TITUS Caucasica: Megrelisch] (ChiJeremani) *[https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/megr/kajaia/kajai.htm Otar Kajaia's Megrelian-Georgian dictionary] pa TITUS. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927085309/http://www.ling.lu.se/projects/Megrelian/ Megrelian Project] pa [[Lund University]], [[Sweden]] *[https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/nikolaus-von-twickel/do-you-speak-mingrelian Article on the situation in 2017] pa [[OpenDemocracy]] *[https://irinalobzhanidze.com/megrelian/converter/converter.html Rusudan Gersamia's and Irina Lobzhanidze's Megrelian Online Converter] pa CML [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] 8pdng5ke5bgm7br3y5bp00c8salzpth 122287 122285 2026-09-24T05:36:27Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Creating stub; infobox to be added 122287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (მარგალური) ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Mingrelia]], chigaŵa chinyake cha ku [[Georgia]],<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/language/xmf/</ref> ndiposo pa mlingo ucoko waka mu charu chose. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{InterWiki|code=xmf}} *[https://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/caucasica/mingrel/adscham.htm TITUS Caucasica: Megrelisch] (ChiJeremani) *[https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/megr/kajaia/kajai.htm Otar Kajaia's Megrelian-Georgian dictionary] pa TITUS. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927085309/http://www.ling.lu.se/projects/Megrelian/ Megrelian Project] pa [[Lund University]], [[Sweden]] *[https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/nikolaus-von-twickel/do-you-speak-mingrelian Article on the situation in 2017] pa [[OpenDemocracy]] *[https://irinalobzhanidze.com/megrelian/converter/converter.html Rusudan Gersamia's and Irina Lobzhanidze's Megrelian Online Converter] pa CML [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] p9oank5aut11uzwlsyquoak2xmfw70u 122288 122287 2026-09-24T05:37:44Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122288 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (მარგალური) ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Mingrelia]], chigaŵa chinyake cha ku [[Georgia]],<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/language/xmf/</ref> ndiposo pa mlingo ucoko waka mu charu chose. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{InterWiki|code=xmf}} *[https://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/caucasica/mingrel/adscham.htm TITUS Caucasica: Megrelisch] (ChiJeremani) *[https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/megr/kajaia/kajai.htm Otar Kajaia's Megrelian-Georgian dictionary] pa TITUS. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927085309/http://www.ling.lu.se/projects/Megrelian/ Megrelian Project] pa [[Lund University]], [[Sweden]] *[https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/nikolaus-von-twickel/do-you-speak-mingrelian Article on the situation in 2017] pa [[OpenDemocracy]] *[https://irinalobzhanidze.com/megrelian/converter/converter.html Rusudan Gersamia's and Irina Lobzhanidze's Megrelian Online Converter] pa CML [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] cl5f8ocngizqfti7jm3z0o8lzlci7yv 122289 122288 2026-09-24T05:42:51Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Typo 122289 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (მარგალური) ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Mingrelia]], chigaŵa chinyake cha ku [[Georgia]],<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/language/xmf/</ref> ndiposo pa mlingo uchoko waka mu charu chose. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{InterWiki|code=xmf}} *[https://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/caucasica/mingrel/adscham.htm TITUS Caucasica: Megrelisch] (ChiJeremani) *[https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/megr/kajaia/kajai.htm Otar Kajaia's Megrelian-Georgian dictionary] pa TITUS. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927085309/http://www.ling.lu.se/projects/Megrelian/ Megrelian Project] pa [[Lund University]], [[Sweden]] *[https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/nikolaus-von-twickel/do-you-speak-mingrelian Article on the situation in 2017] pa [[OpenDemocracy]] *[https://irinalobzhanidze.com/megrelian/converter/converter.html Rusudan Gersamia's and Irina Lobzhanidze's Megrelian Online Converter] pa CML [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] tqao6bzsxhwz2x95hyh1mnblio0sx2z 1 49738 122286 2026-09-24T05:36:11Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 122286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li