Jani likulu

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="tum">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>tumwiki</dbname>
    <base>https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.22</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Media</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Special</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">User</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">User talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Wikipedia talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">File</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">File talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">MediaWiki talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Template</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Template talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Help</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Help talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Category</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Category talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Module talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Jani likulu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122911</id>
      <parentid>119944</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T04:56:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Jani likulu (revertable)</comment>
      <origin>122911</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="918" sha1="jiilwl74srijhl2bdc4t8nriwbv7dqe" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--
⚠️ SERIOUS WARNING — DO NOT EDIT THIS TEMPLATE WITHOUT PRIOR DISCUSSION.

This template is used directly on the Jani likulu (Main Page) and is part of the wiki's homepage structure.
Incorrect changes may break the Main Page, its layout, styling, navigation, or other homepage components.

BEFORE making ANY change to this template or ANY other template related to the Main Page:
1. Start a discussion on the relevant talk page.
2. Explain the proposed change and why it is needed.
3. Wait for discussion and agreement before making the change.
4. Test major changes carefully before applying them to the live Main Page.

Do NOT make experimental, cosmetic, structural, or technical changes directly here without prior discussion.
New editors and inexperienced editors should NOT modify this template.

If you are unsure, leave this template unchanged and ask an experienced administrator first.
--&gt;{{Vyose}}</text>
      <sha1>jiilwl74srijhl2bdc4t8nriwbv7dqe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nkhomi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4407</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122925</id>
      <parentid>22861</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T07:52:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sylvester G Chilalika</username>
        <id>12316</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>122925</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2092" sha1="j14urvr257u77hderj5brsj2n0w3ooe" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Dendroaspis polylepis 01.jpg|thumb|250px|Nkhomi]]

'''Nkhomi''' (''Dendroaspis polylepis'')


'''Nkhomi''' is the traditional name used by the Tumbuka and Senga people of Malawi and Zambia to refer to highly dangerous, venomous snakes, most notably the '''black mamba''' (''Dendroaspis polylepis''). In local language and cultural folklore, the term carries deep associations with lethality, speed, and supernatural attributes.

Etymology and Meaning

In regions where Chitumbuka and Central African languages are spoken, the word ''Nkhomi'' structurally translates to meanings associated with a &quot;killer&quot; or an entity that inflicts sudden fatality. Due to the snake's high speed and potent neurotoxic venom, encounters with a black mamba historically resulted in quick death before medical care could be reached, cementing its name in local dialects.

Cultural Significance and Folklore

In Malawian oral traditions and rural accounts, the ''Nkhomi'' is sometimes conflated with mythical or exaggerated behavioral traits:

* '''The &quot;Crowing&quot; Legend:''' In some northern districts of Malawi like Chitipa and Embangweni, elders associate the Nkhomi with the ''Njoka Tambala'' (Crowing Crested Cobra) folklore. Local myth suggests the snake features a rooster-like comb on its head and can mimic the crowing of a bird to lure prey or warn humans. 
* '''Identification Variations:''' While modern herpetology identifies ''Nkhomi'' firmly as the black mamba, local rural descriptions occasionally overlap or mix up the identity with other formidable snakes, such as the male boomslang (''Dispholidus typus'') or the green mamba, due to their shared arboreal behaviors.

Habitat and Human Interaction

According to local tracking and community knowledge, the Nkhomi heavily favors rocky hills, mountainous terrains, and dry savanna woodlands. Due to the severe danger posed by its bite, local communities have historically developed strict avoidance tactics and specific traditional methods to manage or drive away the snake when it edges too close to human settlements.
[[Category:Vinyama]]</text>
      <sha1>j14urvr257u77hderj5brsj2n0w3ooe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chilumba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5943</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122913</id>
      <parentid>28122</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T05:01:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122913</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="109" sha1="pe4vn3t9sesgvvjmvmq3kfcahqcb6qg" xml:space="preserve">'''Chilumba''' ni msumba mu charu cha [[Malaŵi]]. Muli ŵanthu pafupi-fupi 2,000-5,000.

[[Category:Mzinda]]</text>
      <sha1>pe4vn3t9sesgvvjmvmq3kfcahqcb6qg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Boma la Rumphi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>6867</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122912</id>
      <parentid>111388</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T05:00:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122912</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3452" sha1="bizghbuhppjf94vk8fqfxqquwouyuzk" xml:space="preserve">{{Coord|10|45|S|33|50|E|region:MW_type:adm1st|display=title}}
{{stub}}
{{Boma
 | zina            = Boma la Rumphi
 | mapu (mndozgi)  = MW-Rumphi.png
 | chalo           = [[Malaŵi]]
 | chigaŵa         = [[Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto]]
 | msumba ukulu    = [[Rumphi]]
 | ukulu wa malo   = 4 769
 | ŵanthu          = 128 360
 | year            = 
 }}
'''Rumphi''' ni boma ilo likusangika ku mpoto kwa charu cha [[Malaŵi]]. Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana makilomita 4,769.

==Malo==
Boma la Rumphi chikamba pa [[Nyanja ya Malawi]] kumafumiro gha dazi m'paka ku mphaka ya [[Zambia]] kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chigaŵa chakumpoto cha [[Mzimba]] Plain chikunjira kumafumiro gha dazi kwa chigaŵa ichi. Chigaŵa chikuru cha chigaŵa ichi chili na maji ghanandi agho ghakwenda mu [[Mlonga wa South]] Rukuru na milonga yake. Mapiri gha Viphya ghali kumwera kwa chigaŵa ichi, ndipo chigaŵa chikuru cha chigaŵa ichi chili pa [[Nyika Plateau]].

[[Vwaza Marsh Wildlife Reserve]] yili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa chigaŵa ichi, ndipo [[Nyika National Park]] yili pakati.

Rumphi ni msumba ukuru wa cigaŵa ici. Matawuni ghanyake ni [[Chilumba]], [[Chitango]], [[Chiweta]], na [[Livingstonia]].

==Ŵanthu==
Pa nyengo ya [[Census ya 2018 ya Malawi]], ŵanthu ŵa mu Boma la Rumphi kuyana na mafuko ŵakaŵa:&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf 2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census Main Report]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 86.1% [[ŵaTumbuka]]
* 5.0% [[ŵaChewa]]
* 2.4% [[ŵaNgoni]]
* 1.7% [[ŵaLomwe]]
* 1.2% [[ŵaYao]]
* 1.1% [[ŵaLambya]]
* 0.8% [[ŵaNkhonde]]
* 0.5% [[ŵaTonga]]
* 0.3% [[ŵaSukwa]]
* 0.1% [[ŵaMang'anja]]
* 0.1% [[ŵaSena]]
* 0.1% [[ŵaNyanja]]
* 0.5% Vinyake

==Maofesi gha boma==
[[File:Mapu ya Chigaŵa chavisankho mu Rumphi.png|thumb|240px|Mapu ya Chigaŵa chavisankho mu Rumphi]]
Mu Rumphi muli vigaŵa vitatu vya [[National Assembly]]:
* [[Chigaŵa chavisankho cha Kumafumiro gha dazi, Rumphi|Kumafumiro gha dazi]]
* [[Chigaŵa chavisankho cha Kumpoto, Rumphi|Kumpoto]]
* [[Chigaŵa chavisankho cha Kumanjiliro gha dazi, Rumphi|Kumanjiliro gha dazi]]
* [[Chigaŵa chavisankho cha Pakati, Rumphi|Pakati]]

Kwambira mu 2009, vigaŵa vyose ivi vili na ŵanthu ŵa chipani chakujiyimira. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160603013116/http://www.parliament.gov.mw/mps.php?mode=wd&amp;dis=Rumphi Parliament of Malawi - Members of Parliament - Rumphi District]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa==
Rumphi wapanga ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa nga ni:
* [[Edgar Chibaka]], uyo wakambiska ndipo ni mulembi mulara wa nyuzipepara ya '[[Nyasa Times]]' yimoza mwa nyuzipepara zikuru chomene za ku Malawi.
*[[Chakufwa Chihana]] 'baba wa Malawian Democracy', wakayambiska AFORD
Dindi Gowa Nyasulu, injiniya wa ku Malawi ndipo wakaŵa purezidenti wa AFORD
Kamlepo Kalua, pulezidenti wa chipani cha opposition
Dennis Nkhwazi, mubali wakale wa boma
*[[Mwiza Munthali]], mulongozgi wa nkhani na wakuchitapo kanthu
* [[Kenneth Thindwa]], dokotala wa mankhwala, wamalonda na wandale
Moses Chirambo, dokotala wa maso, wamalonda, na wandale
*[[Robert Ng'ambi]], wosewera mpira
Gabadhinyo Mhango, wosewera mpira
*[[Jacob Kumwenda]], Mubizinesi, Nkhwantha ya Agribusiness na Mulaŵiliri wa Ntchito pa ACE

==Ukaboni==
{{reflist}}

{{Vigaŵa na maboma ghamu Malaŵi}}

[[Category:Maboma ghamu Malaŵi]]
[[Category:Boma la Rumphi| ]]</text>
      <sha1>bizghbuhppjf94vk8fqfxqquwouyuzk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Johannesburg</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>7017</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122915</id>
      <parentid>39216</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T05:13:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122915</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="900" sha1="b9betdnydsrcgqg1t9s8pmhaljd0ls8" xml:space="preserve">
'''Johannesburg''' ni msumba uwo ukusangika mu charu cha [[South Africa]].
[[File:Montage Johannesburg.jpg|thumb|428x428px]]
[[Category:Southern Afrika]]
[[Category:South Africa]]
[[Category:Gauteng]]

{{climate chart
|  Johannesburg
| 16| 31| 128
| 16| 30| 87
| 15| 28| 110
| 12| 24| 53
| 8| 21| 3
| 5| 18| 5
| 3| 18| 1
| 8| 23| 10
| 11| 30| 49
| 15| 33| 80
| 14| 33| 126
| 16| 32| 151
|float=left
|clear=left
|source = &lt;ref name = &quot;nasa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date= 30 May 2016|publisher= NASA|archive-date= 6 August 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130806035941/http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality}}

[[Category:South Africa]]
[[Category:Gauteng]]
[[Category:Misumba]]

== Ukaboni ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>b9betdnydsrcgqg1t9s8pmhaljd0ls8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Citation needed</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>13122</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122889</id>
      <parentid>33736</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T01:14:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paste from English</comment>
      <origin>122889</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12209" sha1="1mbmehg01sndryhjpfs36kcqwth9e58" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
{{see also|Citation needed}}
{{Information page|pages= [[Wikipedia:Verifiability]] policy|shortcut=WP:CITENEED|shortcut2=WP:NEEDCITE}}
{{Beginner version|Help:Referencing for beginners}}
[[File:Webcomic xkcd - Wikipedian protester - English.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Innovative application for the template in xkcd 285 (Wikipedian Protester)|The {{Tl|Citation needed}} template aims to promote [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|accountable]] discourse.]]
To ensure that all Wikipedia content is [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]], Wikipedia provides a means for anyone to question an [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#When and why to cite sources|uncited claim]]. If your work has been tagged, please provide a [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|reliable source]] for the statement, and [[Help:Using talk pages|discuss]] if needed.

You can add a citation by selecting from the drop-down [[File:VisualEditor - Cite Pulldown.png|40px|alt=&quot;cite&quot;]] menu at the top of the [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Editing|editing box]].&lt;!--note that this is the same in markup or Visual Editor, hurrah for simplicity--&gt; In [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], you can add a citation manually using [[Wikipedia:Citingsources#How to place an inline citation using ref tags|ref tags]]. There are also [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|more elaborate ways to cite sources]].

In [[Wiki#Editing|wiki markup]], you can question an uncited claim by inserting a simple &lt;code&gt;{{tl|Citation needed}}&lt;/code&gt; tag, or a more comprehensive {{tnull|Citation needed|reason{{=}}''Your explanation here''|date{{=}}{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}. Alternatively, &lt;code&gt;{{tl|fact}}&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;{{tl|cn}}&lt;/code&gt; will produce the same result. These all display as: 

{{quotation|'''Example:''' 87 percent of statistics are made up on the spot.&lt;!--{{Citation needed}} begin--&gt;{{fix |link=Wikipedia:Citations needed |text=citation needed |class=Template-Fact }}&lt;!--{{Citation needed}} end--&gt; }}

For information on adding citations in articles, see [[Help:Referencing for beginners]]. For information on when to remove template messages, see [[Help:Maintenance template removal]].

==When to use this tag==
A &quot;citation needed&quot; tag is a request for another editor to supply a source for the tagged fact: a form of communication between members of a collaborative editing community. It is never, in itself, an &quot;improvement&quot; of an article. Though readers may be alerted by a &quot;citation needed&quot; that a particular statement is not supported, and even doubted by some, many readers don't fully understand the community's processes. Not all tags get addressed in a timely manner, staying in place for months or years, forming an [[:Category:Wikipedia backlog|ever-growing Wikipedia backlog]]—this itself can be a problem. Best practice recommends the following: 

*Tag thoughtfully. [[WP:TAGBOMB|Avoid &quot;hit-and-run&quot; or pointed tagging]]. Try to be courteous and consider the hypothetical fellow-editor who will, we hope, notice your tag and try to find the citation you have requested. When adding a tag, ask yourself: Is it clear just what information you want cited? Is the information probably factual? (If it is not, then it needs deletion or correction rather than citation!) Is the knowledge so [[WP:BLUE|self-evident]] that it really does not need to be cited at all? (Some things do not.) 
* Some tags are inserted by people well-placed to find a suitable citation themselves. If this is the case, consider adding these articles to [[WP:Watchlist|your watchlist]] or a worklist so that you can revisit the article when you have the opportunity to fix any [[WP:V|verifiability issues]] yourself.

==When not to use this tag==
Before adding a tag, at least consider the following alternatives, one of which may prove much more constructive:
*Do not use this tag because you [[template:clarify|don't understand a statement]], or feel that [[template:confusing|&quot;non-expert&quot; readers are likely to be confused]]. Use {{tl|Clarify}}, {{tl|Explain}}, {{tl|Confusing}}, {{tl|Examples}}, {{tl|Why}} or {{tl|Non sequitur}}, as appropriate, instead.
*If the content is nonsense or is unlikely to be true, [[WP:Be bold| be bold and delete it]]!
*If the content is a common misconception, replace it with a cited contradictory statement. This prevents the misconception from being added and removed repeatedly. 
*Do not tag controversial material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced. [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Remove unsourced or poorly sourced contentious material|Remove it immediately!]]
*Per [[WP:DIARY]], do not tag excessively trivial claims. Remove them.
*If you are sure the statement you want to tag is not factual, even if it does not come under either of the preceding headings, it may be more appropriate to simply remove the text (delete it!). Be sure to add a suitable edit summary, such as &quot;Very doubtful – please add a citation if you return the content&quot;. If the original statement was accurate after all, this gives someone the chance to put it back, hopefully with a proper citation this time.
*If a statement sounds plausible, and is consistent with other statements in the article, but you doubt that it is totally accurate, then consider making a reasonable effort to find a reference yourself. In the process, you may end up confirming that the statement needs to be edited or deleted to better reflect the best knowledge about the topic.
*If an article, or a section within an article, is under-referenced, then consider adding an {{tl|Unreferenced}}, {{tl|Refimprove}}, or {{tl|Unreferenced section}} tag to the article or section concerned – these tags allow you to indicate more systemic problems to the page.
*A reference at the end of a paragraph typically refers to the whole paragraph, and similarly a reference at the end of a sentence may almost always be taken as referring to the whole sentence. If a particular part of a sentence or paragraph seems to require a separate citation, or looks as if it may have been inserted into the text at a sentence or paragraph level, try to check the original reference rather than adding tags to text that may already be well referenced. The extra parameters available in the {{tl|Citation needed span}} template may allow you to indicate which section you want to refer to.
*Do not insert a &quot;Citation needed&quot; tag to [[WP:Point|make a point, to &quot;pay back&quot; another editor, or because you &quot;don't like&quot; a subject, a particular article, or another editor]].

==If your work has been tagged==
*If you can provide a [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|reliable source]] for the claim, then please add it! If you are not sure how to do this, then [[Wikipedia:Be bold|give it your best try]] and [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Editing|replace]] the &quot;Citation needed&quot; template with enough information to locate the source. You may leave the [[Copy editing|copyediting]] or [[WP:Wikify|Wikifying]] to someone else, or learn more about [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing sources on Wikipedia]]. [[Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_VisualEditor/1|This beginners' referencing guide for Wikipedia]] provides a brief introduction on how to reference Wikipedia articles.
*{{anchor|Consensus on the template}}{{Shortcut|WP:CITENEEDREMOVE|WP:NEEDCITEREMOVE}}If someone tagged your contributions with a &quot;Citation needed&quot; tag or tags, and you disagree, discuss the matter on the article's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]]. The most constructive thing to do in most cases is probably to supply the reference(s) requested, even if you feel the tags are &quot;overdone&quot; or unnecessary.

==Help reduce the backlog==
There are {{PAGESINCATEGORY:All articles with unsourced statements}} articles with &quot;Citation needed&quot; statements. You can browse the whole list of these articles at [[:Category:All articles with unsourced statements]].

Frequently the authors of statements do not return to Wikipedia to support the statement with citations, so other Wikipedia editors have to do work checking those statements. With {{PAGESINCATEGORY:All articles with unsourced statements}} articles containing statements that need [[WP:Verification]], sometimes it's hard to choose which article to work on. The tool [https://tools.wmflabs.org/citationhunt/en Citation Hunt] makes that easier by suggesting random articles, which you can sort by topical category membership.

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;[https://tools.wmflabs.org/citationhunt/en &lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive&quot; style =&quot;margin:.1em&quot;&gt;I can help! Give me a random citation to find!&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;

===Backlog counts===
* &lt;!-- Do not remove the colon! If you do so, this page will be counted as unsourced. --&gt; [[:Category:All articles with unsourced statements]] – list of all pages with {{tl|citation needed}}
{{div col}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles lacking sources}}|200|[[:Category:Articles lacking sources|Needs references]]|All articles lacking sources|{{DecreasePositive}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All unreferenced BLPs}}|100|'''[[:Category:Unreferenced BLPs|Needs references (BLP)]]'''|All unreferenced BLPs|{{DecreasePositive}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles needing additional references}}|200|[[:Category:Articles needing additional references|Needs more references]]|All articles needing additional references|{{IncreaseNegative}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{dated maintenance category count|BLP articles lacking sources}}|5|'''[[:Category:BLP articles lacking sources|Needs more references (BLP)]]'''||{{IncreaseNegative}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles lacking in-text citations}}|100|[[:Category:Articles lacking in-text citations|Needs in-text citations]]|All articles lacking in-text citations|{{IncreaseNegative}}}}

{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles lacking reliable references}}|100|[[:Category:Articles lacking reliable references|Needs reliable references]]|All articles lacking reliable references|{{IncreaseNegative}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:Articles with unsourced quotes}}|0|[[:Category:Articles with unsourced quotes|Has unsourced quotes]]|Articles with unsourced quotes|{{Steady}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles with unsourced statements}}|100|[[:Category:Articles with unsourced statements|Has unsourced statements]]|All articles with unsourced statements|{{IncreaseNegative}}}} 
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles with broken or outdated citations}}|5|[[:Category:Articles with broken or outdated citations|Uses broken or outdated citations]]|All articles with broken or outdated citations|{{DecreasePositive}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All pages needing factual verification}}|50|[[:Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification|Needs factual verification]]|All pages needing factual verification|{{IncreaseNegative}}}}
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Template:Citation needed]]
* [[Template:Citation needed span]]
* [[Template:Verify source]]
* [[Template:Unreferenced]] for an article (rather than an individual statement) that does not cite any references or sources.
* [[Template:More citations needed]] for an article (rather than an individual statement) that has some citations, but not enough.
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles|Template messages – Sources of articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup#Inline with article text 6|Inline verifiability and sources cleanup templates]]
* [[Wikipedia:Verification methods]] – listing examples of the most common ways that citations are used in Wikipedia articles
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods]] – showing comparative edit mode representations for different citation methods and techniques.
* [[Wikipedia:Citation templates]] – a full listing of various styles for citing all sorts of materials
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability]]

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Citation needed}}
{{Inline cleanup tags}}
{{Wikipedia referencing|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Citation and verifiability maintenance templates|*{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Wikipedia basic information]]
[[Category:Wikipedia quick introductions]]</text>
      <sha1>1mbmehg01sndryhjpfs36kcqwth9e58</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122894</id>
      <parentid>122889</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T01:21:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122894</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12213" sha1="elg2fc6cxy11thkbgndfja5r3jsn3t5" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
{{see also|Citation needed}}
{{Information page|pages= [[Wikipedia:Verifiability]] policy|shortcut=WP:CITENEED|shortcut2=WP:NEEDCITE}}
{{Beginner version|Help:Referencing for beginners}}
[[File:Webcomic xkcd - Wikipedian protester - English.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Innovative application for the template in xkcd 285 (Wikipedian Protester)|Tempuleti ya {{Tl|Citation needed}} yikukhumba kukhozgera nkhani [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|zakujiyuyura]].]]
To ensure that all Wikipedia content is [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]], Wikipedia provides a means for anyone to question an [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#When and why to cite sources|uncited claim]]. If your work has been tagged, please provide a [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|reliable source]] for the statement, and [[Help:Using talk pages|discuss]] if needed.

You can add a citation by selecting from the drop-down [[File:VisualEditor - Cite Pulldown.png|40px|alt=&quot;cite&quot;]] menu at the top of the [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Editing|editing box]].&lt;!--note that this is the same in markup or Visual Editor, hurrah for simplicity--&gt; In [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], you can add a citation manually using [[Wikipedia:Citingsources#How to place an inline citation using ref tags|ref tags]]. There are also [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|more elaborate ways to cite sources]].

In [[Wiki#Editing|wiki markup]], you can question an uncited claim by inserting a simple &lt;code&gt;{{tl|Citation needed}}&lt;/code&gt; tag, or a more comprehensive {{tnull|Citation needed|reason{{=}}''Your explanation here''|date{{=}}{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}. Alternatively, &lt;code&gt;{{tl|fact}}&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;{{tl|cn}}&lt;/code&gt; will produce the same result. These all display as: 

{{quotation|'''Example:''' 87 percent of statistics are made up on the spot.&lt;!--{{Citation needed}} begin--&gt;{{fix |link=Wikipedia:Citations needed |text=citation needed |class=Template-Fact }}&lt;!--{{Citation needed}} end--&gt; }}

For information on adding citations in articles, see [[Help:Referencing for beginners]]. For information on when to remove template messages, see [[Help:Maintenance template removal]].

==When to use this tag==
A &quot;citation needed&quot; tag is a request for another editor to supply a source for the tagged fact: a form of communication between members of a collaborative editing community. It is never, in itself, an &quot;improvement&quot; of an article. Though readers may be alerted by a &quot;citation needed&quot; that a particular statement is not supported, and even doubted by some, many readers don't fully understand the community's processes. Not all tags get addressed in a timely manner, staying in place for months or years, forming an [[:Category:Wikipedia backlog|ever-growing Wikipedia backlog]]—this itself can be a problem. Best practice recommends the following: 

*Tag thoughtfully. [[WP:TAGBOMB|Avoid &quot;hit-and-run&quot; or pointed tagging]]. Try to be courteous and consider the hypothetical fellow-editor who will, we hope, notice your tag and try to find the citation you have requested. When adding a tag, ask yourself: Is it clear just what information you want cited? Is the information probably factual? (If it is not, then it needs deletion or correction rather than citation!) Is the knowledge so [[WP:BLUE|self-evident]] that it really does not need to be cited at all? (Some things do not.) 
* Some tags are inserted by people well-placed to find a suitable citation themselves. If this is the case, consider adding these articles to [[WP:Watchlist|your watchlist]] or a worklist so that you can revisit the article when you have the opportunity to fix any [[WP:V|verifiability issues]] yourself.

==When not to use this tag==
Before adding a tag, at least consider the following alternatives, one of which may prove much more constructive:
*Do not use this tag because you [[template:clarify|don't understand a statement]], or feel that [[template:confusing|&quot;non-expert&quot; readers are likely to be confused]]. Use {{tl|Clarify}}, {{tl|Explain}}, {{tl|Confusing}}, {{tl|Examples}}, {{tl|Why}} or {{tl|Non sequitur}}, as appropriate, instead.
*If the content is nonsense or is unlikely to be true, [[WP:Be bold| be bold and delete it]]!
*If the content is a common misconception, replace it with a cited contradictory statement. This prevents the misconception from being added and removed repeatedly. 
*Do not tag controversial material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced. [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Remove unsourced or poorly sourced contentious material|Remove it immediately!]]
*Per [[WP:DIARY]], do not tag excessively trivial claims. Remove them.
*If you are sure the statement you want to tag is not factual, even if it does not come under either of the preceding headings, it may be more appropriate to simply remove the text (delete it!). Be sure to add a suitable edit summary, such as &quot;Very doubtful – please add a citation if you return the content&quot;. If the original statement was accurate after all, this gives someone the chance to put it back, hopefully with a proper citation this time.
*If a statement sounds plausible, and is consistent with other statements in the article, but you doubt that it is totally accurate, then consider making a reasonable effort to find a reference yourself. In the process, you may end up confirming that the statement needs to be edited or deleted to better reflect the best knowledge about the topic.
*If an article, or a section within an article, is under-referenced, then consider adding an {{tl|Unreferenced}}, {{tl|Refimprove}}, or {{tl|Unreferenced section}} tag to the article or section concerned – these tags allow you to indicate more systemic problems to the page.
*A reference at the end of a paragraph typically refers to the whole paragraph, and similarly a reference at the end of a sentence may almost always be taken as referring to the whole sentence. If a particular part of a sentence or paragraph seems to require a separate citation, or looks as if it may have been inserted into the text at a sentence or paragraph level, try to check the original reference rather than adding tags to text that may already be well referenced. The extra parameters available in the {{tl|Citation needed span}} template may allow you to indicate which section you want to refer to.
*Do not insert a &quot;Citation needed&quot; tag to [[WP:Point|make a point, to &quot;pay back&quot; another editor, or because you &quot;don't like&quot; a subject, a particular article, or another editor]].

==If your work has been tagged==
*If you can provide a [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|reliable source]] for the claim, then please add it! If you are not sure how to do this, then [[Wikipedia:Be bold|give it your best try]] and [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Editing|replace]] the &quot;Citation needed&quot; template with enough information to locate the source. You may leave the [[Copy editing|copyediting]] or [[WP:Wikify|Wikifying]] to someone else, or learn more about [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing sources on Wikipedia]]. [[Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_VisualEditor/1|This beginners' referencing guide for Wikipedia]] provides a brief introduction on how to reference Wikipedia articles.
*{{anchor|Consensus on the template}}{{Shortcut|WP:CITENEEDREMOVE|WP:NEEDCITEREMOVE}}If someone tagged your contributions with a &quot;Citation needed&quot; tag or tags, and you disagree, discuss the matter on the article's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]]. The most constructive thing to do in most cases is probably to supply the reference(s) requested, even if you feel the tags are &quot;overdone&quot; or unnecessary.

==Help reduce the backlog==
There are {{PAGESINCATEGORY:All articles with unsourced statements}} articles with &quot;Citation needed&quot; statements. You can browse the whole list of these articles at [[:Category:All articles with unsourced statements]].

Frequently the authors of statements do not return to Wikipedia to support the statement with citations, so other Wikipedia editors have to do work checking those statements. With {{PAGESINCATEGORY:All articles with unsourced statements}} articles containing statements that need [[WP:Verification]], sometimes it's hard to choose which article to work on. The tool [https://tools.wmflabs.org/citationhunt/en Citation Hunt] makes that easier by suggesting random articles, which you can sort by topical category membership.

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;[https://tools.wmflabs.org/citationhunt/en &lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive&quot; style =&quot;margin:.1em&quot;&gt;I can help! Give me a random citation to find!&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;

===Backlog counts===
* &lt;!-- Do not remove the colon! If you do so, this page will be counted as unsourced. --&gt; [[:Category:All articles with unsourced statements]] – list of all pages with {{tl|citation needed}}
{{div col}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles lacking sources}}|200|[[:Category:Articles lacking sources|Needs references]]|All articles lacking sources|{{DecreasePositive}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All unreferenced BLPs}}|100|'''[[:Category:Unreferenced BLPs|Needs references (BLP)]]'''|All unreferenced BLPs|{{DecreasePositive}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles needing additional references}}|200|[[:Category:Articles needing additional references|Needs more references]]|All articles needing additional references|{{IncreaseNegative}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{dated maintenance category count|BLP articles lacking sources}}|5|'''[[:Category:BLP articles lacking sources|Needs more references (BLP)]]'''||{{IncreaseNegative}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles lacking in-text citations}}|100|[[:Category:Articles lacking in-text citations|Needs in-text citations]]|All articles lacking in-text citations|{{IncreaseNegative}}}}

{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles lacking reliable references}}|100|[[:Category:Articles lacking reliable references|Needs reliable references]]|All articles lacking reliable references|{{IncreaseNegative}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:Articles with unsourced quotes}}|0|[[:Category:Articles with unsourced quotes|Has unsourced quotes]]|Articles with unsourced quotes|{{Steady}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles with unsourced statements}}|100|[[:Category:Articles with unsourced statements|Has unsourced statements]]|All articles with unsourced statements|{{IncreaseNegative}}}} 
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles with broken or outdated citations}}|5|[[:Category:Articles with broken or outdated citations|Uses broken or outdated citations]]|All articles with broken or outdated citations|{{DecreasePositive}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All pages needing factual verification}}|50|[[:Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification|Needs factual verification]]|All pages needing factual verification|{{IncreaseNegative}}}}
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Template:Citation needed]]
* [[Template:Citation needed span]]
* [[Template:Verify source]]
* [[Template:Unreferenced]] for an article (rather than an individual statement) that does not cite any references or sources.
* [[Template:More citations needed]] for an article (rather than an individual statement) that has some citations, but not enough.
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles|Template messages – Sources of articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup#Inline with article text 6|Inline verifiability and sources cleanup templates]]
* [[Wikipedia:Verification methods]] – listing examples of the most common ways that citations are used in Wikipedia articles
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods]] – showing comparative edit mode representations for different citation methods and techniques.
* [[Wikipedia:Citation templates]] – a full listing of various styles for citing all sorts of materials
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability]]

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Citation needed}}
{{Inline cleanup tags}}
{{Wikipedia referencing|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Citation and verifiability maintenance templates|*{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Wikipedia basic information]]
[[Category:Wikipedia quick introductions]]</text>
      <sha1>elg2fc6cxy11thkbgndfja5r3jsn3t5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122897</id>
      <parentid>122894</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T01:23:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122897</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12220" sha1="oz83nfs9za2t5he697co48rwhqbuld9" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
{{see also|Citation needed}}
{{Information page|pages= [[Wikipedia:Verifiability]] policy|shortcut=WP:CITENEED|shortcut2=WP:NEEDCITE}}
{{Beginner version|Help:Referencing for beginners}}
[[File:Webcomic xkcd - Wikipedian protester - English.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Innovative application for the template in xkcd 285 (Wikipedian Protester)|Tempuleti ya {{Tl|Citation needed}} yikukhumba kukhozgera nkhani [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|zakujiyuyura]].]]
To ensure that all Wikipedia content is [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]], Wikipedia provides a means for anyone to question an [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#When and why to cite sources|uncited claim]]. If your work has been tagged, please provide a [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|reliable source]] for the statement, and [[Help:Using talk pages|discuss]] if needed.

You can add a citation by selecting from the drop-down [[File:VisualEditor - Cite Pulldown.png|40px|alt=&quot;cite&quot;]] menu at the top of the [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Editing|editing box]].&lt;!--note that this is the same in markup or Visual Editor, hurrah for simplicity--&gt; In [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], you can add a citation manually using [[Wikipedia:Citingsources#How to place an inline citation using ref tags|ref tags]]. There are also [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|more elaborate ways to cite sources]].

In [[Wiki#Editing|wiki markup]], you can question an uncited claim by inserting a simple &lt;code&gt;{{tl|Citation needed}}&lt;/code&gt; tag, or a more comprehensive {{tnull|Citation needed|reason{{=}}''Your explanation here''|date{{=}}{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}. Alternatively, &lt;code&gt;{{tl|fact}}&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;{{tl|cn}}&lt;/code&gt; will produce the same result. These all display as: 

{{quotation|'''Example:''' 87 percent of statistics are made up on the spot.&lt;!--{{Citation needed}} begin--&gt;{{fix |link=Wikipedia:Citation needed |text=ukaboni ukukhumbika apa |class=Template-Fact }}&lt;!--{{Citation needed}} end--&gt; }}

For information on adding citations in articles, see [[Help:Referencing for beginners]]. For information on when to remove template messages, see [[Help:Maintenance template removal]].

==When to use this tag==
A &quot;citation needed&quot; tag is a request for another editor to supply a source for the tagged fact: a form of communication between members of a collaborative editing community. It is never, in itself, an &quot;improvement&quot; of an article. Though readers may be alerted by a &quot;citation needed&quot; that a particular statement is not supported, and even doubted by some, many readers don't fully understand the community's processes. Not all tags get addressed in a timely manner, staying in place for months or years, forming an [[:Category:Wikipedia backlog|ever-growing Wikipedia backlog]]—this itself can be a problem. Best practice recommends the following: 

*Tag thoughtfully. [[WP:TAGBOMB|Avoid &quot;hit-and-run&quot; or pointed tagging]]. Try to be courteous and consider the hypothetical fellow-editor who will, we hope, notice your tag and try to find the citation you have requested. When adding a tag, ask yourself: Is it clear just what information you want cited? Is the information probably factual? (If it is not, then it needs deletion or correction rather than citation!) Is the knowledge so [[WP:BLUE|self-evident]] that it really does not need to be cited at all? (Some things do not.) 
* Some tags are inserted by people well-placed to find a suitable citation themselves. If this is the case, consider adding these articles to [[WP:Watchlist|your watchlist]] or a worklist so that you can revisit the article when you have the opportunity to fix any [[WP:V|verifiability issues]] yourself.

==When not to use this tag==
Before adding a tag, at least consider the following alternatives, one of which may prove much more constructive:
*Do not use this tag because you [[template:clarify|don't understand a statement]], or feel that [[template:confusing|&quot;non-expert&quot; readers are likely to be confused]]. Use {{tl|Clarify}}, {{tl|Explain}}, {{tl|Confusing}}, {{tl|Examples}}, {{tl|Why}} or {{tl|Non sequitur}}, as appropriate, instead.
*If the content is nonsense or is unlikely to be true, [[WP:Be bold| be bold and delete it]]!
*If the content is a common misconception, replace it with a cited contradictory statement. This prevents the misconception from being added and removed repeatedly. 
*Do not tag controversial material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced. [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Remove unsourced or poorly sourced contentious material|Remove it immediately!]]
*Per [[WP:DIARY]], do not tag excessively trivial claims. Remove them.
*If you are sure the statement you want to tag is not factual, even if it does not come under either of the preceding headings, it may be more appropriate to simply remove the text (delete it!). Be sure to add a suitable edit summary, such as &quot;Very doubtful – please add a citation if you return the content&quot;. If the original statement was accurate after all, this gives someone the chance to put it back, hopefully with a proper citation this time.
*If a statement sounds plausible, and is consistent with other statements in the article, but you doubt that it is totally accurate, then consider making a reasonable effort to find a reference yourself. In the process, you may end up confirming that the statement needs to be edited or deleted to better reflect the best knowledge about the topic.
*If an article, or a section within an article, is under-referenced, then consider adding an {{tl|Unreferenced}}, {{tl|Refimprove}}, or {{tl|Unreferenced section}} tag to the article or section concerned – these tags allow you to indicate more systemic problems to the page.
*A reference at the end of a paragraph typically refers to the whole paragraph, and similarly a reference at the end of a sentence may almost always be taken as referring to the whole sentence. If a particular part of a sentence or paragraph seems to require a separate citation, or looks as if it may have been inserted into the text at a sentence or paragraph level, try to check the original reference rather than adding tags to text that may already be well referenced. The extra parameters available in the {{tl|Citation needed span}} template may allow you to indicate which section you want to refer to.
*Do not insert a &quot;Citation needed&quot; tag to [[WP:Point|make a point, to &quot;pay back&quot; another editor, or because you &quot;don't like&quot; a subject, a particular article, or another editor]].

==If your work has been tagged==
*If you can provide a [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|reliable source]] for the claim, then please add it! If you are not sure how to do this, then [[Wikipedia:Be bold|give it your best try]] and [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Editing|replace]] the &quot;Citation needed&quot; template with enough information to locate the source. You may leave the [[Copy editing|copyediting]] or [[WP:Wikify|Wikifying]] to someone else, or learn more about [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing sources on Wikipedia]]. [[Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_VisualEditor/1|This beginners' referencing guide for Wikipedia]] provides a brief introduction on how to reference Wikipedia articles.
*{{anchor|Consensus on the template}}{{Shortcut|WP:CITENEEDREMOVE|WP:NEEDCITEREMOVE}}If someone tagged your contributions with a &quot;Citation needed&quot; tag or tags, and you disagree, discuss the matter on the article's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]]. The most constructive thing to do in most cases is probably to supply the reference(s) requested, even if you feel the tags are &quot;overdone&quot; or unnecessary.

==Help reduce the backlog==
There are {{PAGESINCATEGORY:All articles with unsourced statements}} articles with &quot;Citation needed&quot; statements. You can browse the whole list of these articles at [[:Category:All articles with unsourced statements]].

Frequently the authors of statements do not return to Wikipedia to support the statement with citations, so other Wikipedia editors have to do work checking those statements. With {{PAGESINCATEGORY:All articles with unsourced statements}} articles containing statements that need [[WP:Verification]], sometimes it's hard to choose which article to work on. The tool [https://tools.wmflabs.org/citationhunt/en Citation Hunt] makes that easier by suggesting random articles, which you can sort by topical category membership.

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;[https://tools.wmflabs.org/citationhunt/en &lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive&quot; style =&quot;margin:.1em&quot;&gt;I can help! Give me a random citation to find!&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;

===Backlog counts===
* &lt;!-- Do not remove the colon! If you do so, this page will be counted as unsourced. --&gt; [[:Category:All articles with unsourced statements]] – list of all pages with {{tl|citation needed}}
{{div col}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles lacking sources}}|200|[[:Category:Articles lacking sources|Needs references]]|All articles lacking sources|{{DecreasePositive}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All unreferenced BLPs}}|100|'''[[:Category:Unreferenced BLPs|Needs references (BLP)]]'''|All unreferenced BLPs|{{DecreasePositive}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles needing additional references}}|200|[[:Category:Articles needing additional references|Needs more references]]|All articles needing additional references|{{IncreaseNegative}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{dated maintenance category count|BLP articles lacking sources}}|5|'''[[:Category:BLP articles lacking sources|Needs more references (BLP)]]'''||{{IncreaseNegative}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles lacking in-text citations}}|100|[[:Category:Articles lacking in-text citations|Needs in-text citations]]|All articles lacking in-text citations|{{IncreaseNegative}}}}

{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles lacking reliable references}}|100|[[:Category:Articles lacking reliable references|Needs reliable references]]|All articles lacking reliable references|{{IncreaseNegative}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:Articles with unsourced quotes}}|0|[[:Category:Articles with unsourced quotes|Has unsourced quotes]]|Articles with unsourced quotes|{{Steady}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles with unsourced statements}}|100|[[:Category:Articles with unsourced statements|Has unsourced statements]]|All articles with unsourced statements|{{IncreaseNegative}}}} 
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles with broken or outdated citations}}|5|[[:Category:Articles with broken or outdated citations|Uses broken or outdated citations]]|All articles with broken or outdated citations|{{DecreasePositive}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All pages needing factual verification}}|50|[[:Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification|Needs factual verification]]|All pages needing factual verification|{{IncreaseNegative}}}}
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Template:Citation needed]]
* [[Template:Citation needed span]]
* [[Template:Verify source]]
* [[Template:Unreferenced]] for an article (rather than an individual statement) that does not cite any references or sources.
* [[Template:More citations needed]] for an article (rather than an individual statement) that has some citations, but not enough.
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles|Template messages – Sources of articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup#Inline with article text 6|Inline verifiability and sources cleanup templates]]
* [[Wikipedia:Verification methods]] – listing examples of the most common ways that citations are used in Wikipedia articles
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods]] – showing comparative edit mode representations for different citation methods and techniques.
* [[Wikipedia:Citation templates]] – a full listing of various styles for citing all sorts of materials
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability]]

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Citation needed}}
{{Inline cleanup tags}}
{{Wikipedia referencing|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Citation and verifiability maintenance templates|*{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Wikipedia basic information]]
[[Category:Wikipedia quick introductions]]</text>
      <sha1>oz83nfs9za2t5he697co48rwhqbuld9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122898</id>
      <parentid>122897</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T01:23:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122898</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12221" sha1="51wvka1zdfgf5eanrsm0univwide50b" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
{{see also|Citation needed}}
{{Information page|pages= [[Wikipedia:Verifiability]] policy|shortcut=WP:CITENEED|shortcut2=WP:NEEDCITE}}
{{Beginner version|Help:Referencing for beginners}}
[[File:Webcomic xkcd - Wikipedian protester - English.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Innovative application for the template in xkcd 285 (Wikipedian Protester)|Tempuleti ya {{Tl|Citation needed}} yikukhumba kukhozgera nkhani [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|zakujiyuyura]].]]
To ensure that all Wikipedia content is [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]], Wikipedia provides a means for anyone to question an [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#When and why to cite sources|uncited claim]]. If your work has been tagged, please provide a [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|reliable source]] for the statement, and [[Help:Using talk pages|discuss]] if needed.

You can add a citation by selecting from the drop-down [[File:VisualEditor - Cite Pulldown.png|40px|alt=&quot;cite&quot;]] menu at the top of the [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Editing|editing box]].&lt;!--note that this is the same in markup or Visual Editor, hurrah for simplicity--&gt; In [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], you can add a citation manually using [[Wikipedia:Citingsources#How to place an inline citation using ref tags|ref tags]]. There are also [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|more elaborate ways to cite sources]].

In [[Wiki#Editing|wiki markup]], you can question an uncited claim by inserting a simple &lt;code&gt;{{tl|Citation needed}}&lt;/code&gt; tag, or a more comprehensive {{tnull|Citation needed|reason{{=}}''Your explanation here''|date{{=}}{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}. Alternatively, &lt;code&gt;{{tl|fact}}&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;{{tl|cn}}&lt;/code&gt; will produce the same result. These all display as: 

{{quotation|'''Example:''' 87 percent of statistics are made up on the spot.&lt;!--{{Citation needed}} begin--&gt;{{fix |link=Wikipedia:Citations needed |text=ukaboni ukukhumbika apa |class=Template-Fact }}&lt;!--{{Citation needed}} end--&gt; }}

For information on adding citations in articles, see [[Help:Referencing for beginners]]. For information on when to remove template messages, see [[Help:Maintenance template removal]].

==When to use this tag==
A &quot;citation needed&quot; tag is a request for another editor to supply a source for the tagged fact: a form of communication between members of a collaborative editing community. It is never, in itself, an &quot;improvement&quot; of an article. Though readers may be alerted by a &quot;citation needed&quot; that a particular statement is not supported, and even doubted by some, many readers don't fully understand the community's processes. Not all tags get addressed in a timely manner, staying in place for months or years, forming an [[:Category:Wikipedia backlog|ever-growing Wikipedia backlog]]—this itself can be a problem. Best practice recommends the following: 

*Tag thoughtfully. [[WP:TAGBOMB|Avoid &quot;hit-and-run&quot; or pointed tagging]]. Try to be courteous and consider the hypothetical fellow-editor who will, we hope, notice your tag and try to find the citation you have requested. When adding a tag, ask yourself: Is it clear just what information you want cited? Is the information probably factual? (If it is not, then it needs deletion or correction rather than citation!) Is the knowledge so [[WP:BLUE|self-evident]] that it really does not need to be cited at all? (Some things do not.) 
* Some tags are inserted by people well-placed to find a suitable citation themselves. If this is the case, consider adding these articles to [[WP:Watchlist|your watchlist]] or a worklist so that you can revisit the article when you have the opportunity to fix any [[WP:V|verifiability issues]] yourself.

==When not to use this tag==
Before adding a tag, at least consider the following alternatives, one of which may prove much more constructive:
*Do not use this tag because you [[template:clarify|don't understand a statement]], or feel that [[template:confusing|&quot;non-expert&quot; readers are likely to be confused]]. Use {{tl|Clarify}}, {{tl|Explain}}, {{tl|Confusing}}, {{tl|Examples}}, {{tl|Why}} or {{tl|Non sequitur}}, as appropriate, instead.
*If the content is nonsense or is unlikely to be true, [[WP:Be bold| be bold and delete it]]!
*If the content is a common misconception, replace it with a cited contradictory statement. This prevents the misconception from being added and removed repeatedly. 
*Do not tag controversial material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced. [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Remove unsourced or poorly sourced contentious material|Remove it immediately!]]
*Per [[WP:DIARY]], do not tag excessively trivial claims. Remove them.
*If you are sure the statement you want to tag is not factual, even if it does not come under either of the preceding headings, it may be more appropriate to simply remove the text (delete it!). Be sure to add a suitable edit summary, such as &quot;Very doubtful – please add a citation if you return the content&quot;. If the original statement was accurate after all, this gives someone the chance to put it back, hopefully with a proper citation this time.
*If a statement sounds plausible, and is consistent with other statements in the article, but you doubt that it is totally accurate, then consider making a reasonable effort to find a reference yourself. In the process, you may end up confirming that the statement needs to be edited or deleted to better reflect the best knowledge about the topic.
*If an article, or a section within an article, is under-referenced, then consider adding an {{tl|Unreferenced}}, {{tl|Refimprove}}, or {{tl|Unreferenced section}} tag to the article or section concerned – these tags allow you to indicate more systemic problems to the page.
*A reference at the end of a paragraph typically refers to the whole paragraph, and similarly a reference at the end of a sentence may almost always be taken as referring to the whole sentence. If a particular part of a sentence or paragraph seems to require a separate citation, or looks as if it may have been inserted into the text at a sentence or paragraph level, try to check the original reference rather than adding tags to text that may already be well referenced. The extra parameters available in the {{tl|Citation needed span}} template may allow you to indicate which section you want to refer to.
*Do not insert a &quot;Citation needed&quot; tag to [[WP:Point|make a point, to &quot;pay back&quot; another editor, or because you &quot;don't like&quot; a subject, a particular article, or another editor]].

==If your work has been tagged==
*If you can provide a [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|reliable source]] for the claim, then please add it! If you are not sure how to do this, then [[Wikipedia:Be bold|give it your best try]] and [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Editing|replace]] the &quot;Citation needed&quot; template with enough information to locate the source. You may leave the [[Copy editing|copyediting]] or [[WP:Wikify|Wikifying]] to someone else, or learn more about [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing sources on Wikipedia]]. [[Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_VisualEditor/1|This beginners' referencing guide for Wikipedia]] provides a brief introduction on how to reference Wikipedia articles.
*{{anchor|Consensus on the template}}{{Shortcut|WP:CITENEEDREMOVE|WP:NEEDCITEREMOVE}}If someone tagged your contributions with a &quot;Citation needed&quot; tag or tags, and you disagree, discuss the matter on the article's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]]. The most constructive thing to do in most cases is probably to supply the reference(s) requested, even if you feel the tags are &quot;overdone&quot; or unnecessary.

==Help reduce the backlog==
There are {{PAGESINCATEGORY:All articles with unsourced statements}} articles with &quot;Citation needed&quot; statements. You can browse the whole list of these articles at [[:Category:All articles with unsourced statements]].

Frequently the authors of statements do not return to Wikipedia to support the statement with citations, so other Wikipedia editors have to do work checking those statements. With {{PAGESINCATEGORY:All articles with unsourced statements}} articles containing statements that need [[WP:Verification]], sometimes it's hard to choose which article to work on. The tool [https://tools.wmflabs.org/citationhunt/en Citation Hunt] makes that easier by suggesting random articles, which you can sort by topical category membership.

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;[https://tools.wmflabs.org/citationhunt/en &lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive&quot; style =&quot;margin:.1em&quot;&gt;I can help! Give me a random citation to find!&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;

===Backlog counts===
* &lt;!-- Do not remove the colon! If you do so, this page will be counted as unsourced. --&gt; [[:Category:All articles with unsourced statements]] – list of all pages with {{tl|citation needed}}
{{div col}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles lacking sources}}|200|[[:Category:Articles lacking sources|Needs references]]|All articles lacking sources|{{DecreasePositive}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All unreferenced BLPs}}|100|'''[[:Category:Unreferenced BLPs|Needs references (BLP)]]'''|All unreferenced BLPs|{{DecreasePositive}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles needing additional references}}|200|[[:Category:Articles needing additional references|Needs more references]]|All articles needing additional references|{{IncreaseNegative}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{dated maintenance category count|BLP articles lacking sources}}|5|'''[[:Category:BLP articles lacking sources|Needs more references (BLP)]]'''||{{IncreaseNegative}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles lacking in-text citations}}|100|[[:Category:Articles lacking in-text citations|Needs in-text citations]]|All articles lacking in-text citations|{{IncreaseNegative}}}}

{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles lacking reliable references}}|100|[[:Category:Articles lacking reliable references|Needs reliable references]]|All articles lacking reliable references|{{IncreaseNegative}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:Articles with unsourced quotes}}|0|[[:Category:Articles with unsourced quotes|Has unsourced quotes]]|Articles with unsourced quotes|{{Steady}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles with unsourced statements}}|100|[[:Category:Articles with unsourced statements|Has unsourced statements]]|All articles with unsourced statements|{{IncreaseNegative}}}} 
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles with broken or outdated citations}}|5|[[:Category:Articles with broken or outdated citations|Uses broken or outdated citations]]|All articles with broken or outdated citations|{{DecreasePositive}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All pages needing factual verification}}|50|[[:Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification|Needs factual verification]]|All pages needing factual verification|{{IncreaseNegative}}}}
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Template:Citation needed]]
* [[Template:Citation needed span]]
* [[Template:Verify source]]
* [[Template:Unreferenced]] for an article (rather than an individual statement) that does not cite any references or sources.
* [[Template:More citations needed]] for an article (rather than an individual statement) that has some citations, but not enough.
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles|Template messages – Sources of articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup#Inline with article text 6|Inline verifiability and sources cleanup templates]]
* [[Wikipedia:Verification methods]] – listing examples of the most common ways that citations are used in Wikipedia articles
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods]] – showing comparative edit mode representations for different citation methods and techniques.
* [[Wikipedia:Citation templates]] – a full listing of various styles for citing all sorts of materials
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability]]

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Citation needed}}
{{Inline cleanup tags}}
{{Wikipedia referencing|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Citation and verifiability maintenance templates|*{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Wikipedia basic information]]
[[Category:Wikipedia quick introductions]]</text>
      <sha1>51wvka1zdfgf5eanrsm0univwide50b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122909</id>
      <parentid>122898</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T03:59:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Help reduce the backlog */</comment>
      <origin>122909</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12222" sha1="hactdgmzjs3u4zg9jwe3b90kk4l448s" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
{{see also|Citation needed}}
{{Information page|pages= [[Wikipedia:Verifiability]] policy|shortcut=WP:CITENEED|shortcut2=WP:NEEDCITE}}
{{Beginner version|Help:Referencing for beginners}}
[[File:Webcomic xkcd - Wikipedian protester - English.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Innovative application for the template in xkcd 285 (Wikipedian Protester)|Tempuleti ya {{Tl|Citation needed}} yikukhumba kukhozgera nkhani [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|zakujiyuyura]].]]
To ensure that all Wikipedia content is [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]], Wikipedia provides a means for anyone to question an [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#When and why to cite sources|uncited claim]]. If your work has been tagged, please provide a [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|reliable source]] for the statement, and [[Help:Using talk pages|discuss]] if needed.

You can add a citation by selecting from the drop-down [[File:VisualEditor - Cite Pulldown.png|40px|alt=&quot;cite&quot;]] menu at the top of the [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Editing|editing box]].&lt;!--note that this is the same in markup or Visual Editor, hurrah for simplicity--&gt; In [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], you can add a citation manually using [[Wikipedia:Citingsources#How to place an inline citation using ref tags|ref tags]]. There are also [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|more elaborate ways to cite sources]].

In [[Wiki#Editing|wiki markup]], you can question an uncited claim by inserting a simple &lt;code&gt;{{tl|Citation needed}}&lt;/code&gt; tag, or a more comprehensive {{tnull|Citation needed|reason{{=}}''Your explanation here''|date{{=}}{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}. Alternatively, &lt;code&gt;{{tl|fact}}&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;{{tl|cn}}&lt;/code&gt; will produce the same result. These all display as: 

{{quotation|'''Example:''' 87 percent of statistics are made up on the spot.&lt;!--{{Citation needed}} begin--&gt;{{fix |link=Wikipedia:Citations needed |text=ukaboni ukukhumbika apa |class=Template-Fact }}&lt;!--{{Citation needed}} end--&gt; }}

For information on adding citations in articles, see [[Help:Referencing for beginners]]. For information on when to remove template messages, see [[Help:Maintenance template removal]].

==When to use this tag==
A &quot;citation needed&quot; tag is a request for another editor to supply a source for the tagged fact: a form of communication between members of a collaborative editing community. It is never, in itself, an &quot;improvement&quot; of an article. Though readers may be alerted by a &quot;citation needed&quot; that a particular statement is not supported, and even doubted by some, many readers don't fully understand the community's processes. Not all tags get addressed in a timely manner, staying in place for months or years, forming an [[:Category:Wikipedia backlog|ever-growing Wikipedia backlog]]—this itself can be a problem. Best practice recommends the following: 

*Tag thoughtfully. [[WP:TAGBOMB|Avoid &quot;hit-and-run&quot; or pointed tagging]]. Try to be courteous and consider the hypothetical fellow-editor who will, we hope, notice your tag and try to find the citation you have requested. When adding a tag, ask yourself: Is it clear just what information you want cited? Is the information probably factual? (If it is not, then it needs deletion or correction rather than citation!) Is the knowledge so [[WP:BLUE|self-evident]] that it really does not need to be cited at all? (Some things do not.) 
* Some tags are inserted by people well-placed to find a suitable citation themselves. If this is the case, consider adding these articles to [[WP:Watchlist|your watchlist]] or a worklist so that you can revisit the article when you have the opportunity to fix any [[WP:V|verifiability issues]] yourself.

==When not to use this tag==
Before adding a tag, at least consider the following alternatives, one of which may prove much more constructive:
*Do not use this tag because you [[template:clarify|don't understand a statement]], or feel that [[template:confusing|&quot;non-expert&quot; readers are likely to be confused]]. Use {{tl|Clarify}}, {{tl|Explain}}, {{tl|Confusing}}, {{tl|Examples}}, {{tl|Why}} or {{tl|Non sequitur}}, as appropriate, instead.
*If the content is nonsense or is unlikely to be true, [[WP:Be bold| be bold and delete it]]!
*If the content is a common misconception, replace it with a cited contradictory statement. This prevents the misconception from being added and removed repeatedly. 
*Do not tag controversial material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced. [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Remove unsourced or poorly sourced contentious material|Remove it immediately!]]
*Per [[WP:DIARY]], do not tag excessively trivial claims. Remove them.
*If you are sure the statement you want to tag is not factual, even if it does not come under either of the preceding headings, it may be more appropriate to simply remove the text (delete it!). Be sure to add a suitable edit summary, such as &quot;Very doubtful – please add a citation if you return the content&quot;. If the original statement was accurate after all, this gives someone the chance to put it back, hopefully with a proper citation this time.
*If a statement sounds plausible, and is consistent with other statements in the article, but you doubt that it is totally accurate, then consider making a reasonable effort to find a reference yourself. In the process, you may end up confirming that the statement needs to be edited or deleted to better reflect the best knowledge about the topic.
*If an article, or a section within an article, is under-referenced, then consider adding an {{tl|Unreferenced}}, {{tl|Refimprove}}, or {{tl|Unreferenced section}} tag to the article or section concerned – these tags allow you to indicate more systemic problems to the page.
*A reference at the end of a paragraph typically refers to the whole paragraph, and similarly a reference at the end of a sentence may almost always be taken as referring to the whole sentence. If a particular part of a sentence or paragraph seems to require a separate citation, or looks as if it may have been inserted into the text at a sentence or paragraph level, try to check the original reference rather than adding tags to text that may already be well referenced. The extra parameters available in the {{tl|Citation needed span}} template may allow you to indicate which section you want to refer to.
*Do not insert a &quot;Citation needed&quot; tag to [[WP:Point|make a point, to &quot;pay back&quot; another editor, or because you &quot;don't like&quot; a subject, a particular article, or another editor]].

==If your work has been tagged==
*If you can provide a [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|reliable source]] for the claim, then please add it! If you are not sure how to do this, then [[Wikipedia:Be bold|give it your best try]] and [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Editing|replace]] the &quot;Citation needed&quot; template with enough information to locate the source. You may leave the [[Copy editing|copyediting]] or [[WP:Wikify|Wikifying]] to someone else, or learn more about [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing sources on Wikipedia]]. [[Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_VisualEditor/1|This beginners' referencing guide for Wikipedia]] provides a brief introduction on how to reference Wikipedia articles.
*{{anchor|Consensus on the template}}{{Shortcut|WP:CITENEEDREMOVE|WP:NEEDCITEREMOVE}}If someone tagged your contributions with a &quot;Citation needed&quot; tag or tags, and you disagree, discuss the matter on the article's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]]. The most constructive thing to do in most cases is probably to supply the reference(s) requested, even if you feel the tags are &quot;overdone&quot; or unnecessary.

==Help reduce the backlog==
There are {{PAGESINCATEGORY:All articles with unsourced statements}} articles with &quot;Citation needed&quot; statements. You can browse the whole list of these articles at [[:Category:All articles with unsourced statements]].

Frequently the authors of statements do not return to Wikipedia to support the statement with citations, so other Wikipedia editors have to do work checking those statements. With {{PAGESINCATEGORY:All articles with unsourced statements}} articles containing statements that need [[WP:Verification]], sometimes it's hard to choose which article to work on. The tool [https://tools.wmflabs.org/citationhunt/en Citation Hunt] makes that easier by suggesting random articles, which you can sort by topical category membership.

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;[https://tools.wmflabs.org/citationhunt/tum &lt;span class=&quot;mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive&quot; style =&quot;margin:.1em&quot;&gt;I can help! Give me a random citation to find!&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;

===Backlog counts===
* &lt;!-- Do not remove the colon! If you do so, this page will be counted as unsourced. --&gt; [[:Category:All articles with unsourced statements]] – list of all pages with {{tl|citation needed}}
{{div col}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles lacking sources}}|200|[[:Category:Articles lacking sources|Needs references]]|All articles lacking sources|{{DecreasePositive}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All unreferenced BLPs}}|100|'''[[:Category:Unreferenced BLPs|Needs references (BLP)]]'''|All unreferenced BLPs|{{DecreasePositive}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles needing additional references}}|200|[[:Category:Articles needing additional references|Needs more references]]|All articles needing additional references|{{IncreaseNegative}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{dated maintenance category count|BLP articles lacking sources}}|5|'''[[:Category:BLP articles lacking sources|Needs more references (BLP)]]'''||{{IncreaseNegative}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles lacking in-text citations}}|100|[[:Category:Articles lacking in-text citations|Needs in-text citations]]|All articles lacking in-text citations|{{IncreaseNegative}}}}

{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles lacking reliable references}}|100|[[:Category:Articles lacking reliable references|Needs reliable references]]|All articles lacking reliable references|{{IncreaseNegative}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:Articles with unsourced quotes}}|0|[[:Category:Articles with unsourced quotes|Has unsourced quotes]]|Articles with unsourced quotes|{{Steady}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles with unsourced statements}}|100|[[:Category:Articles with unsourced statements|Has unsourced statements]]|All articles with unsourced statements|{{IncreaseNegative}}}} 
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles with broken or outdated citations}}|5|[[:Category:Articles with broken or outdated citations|Uses broken or outdated citations]]|All articles with broken or outdated citations|{{DecreasePositive}}}}
{{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All pages needing factual verification}}|50|[[:Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification|Needs factual verification]]|All pages needing factual verification|{{IncreaseNegative}}}}
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Template:Citation needed]]
* [[Template:Citation needed span]]
* [[Template:Verify source]]
* [[Template:Unreferenced]] for an article (rather than an individual statement) that does not cite any references or sources.
* [[Template:More citations needed]] for an article (rather than an individual statement) that has some citations, but not enough.
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles|Template messages – Sources of articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup#Inline with article text 6|Inline verifiability and sources cleanup templates]]
* [[Wikipedia:Verification methods]] – listing examples of the most common ways that citations are used in Wikipedia articles
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods]] – showing comparative edit mode representations for different citation methods and techniques.
* [[Wikipedia:Citation templates]] – a full listing of various styles for citing all sorts of materials
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability]]

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Citation needed}}
{{Inline cleanup tags}}
{{Wikipedia referencing|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Citation and verifiability maintenance templates|*{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Wikipedia basic information]]
[[Category:Wikipedia quick introductions]]</text>
      <sha1>hactdgmzjs3u4zg9jwe3b90kk4l448s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ukaboni ukukhumbika apa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13268</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122890</id>
      <parentid>34028</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T01:17:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi moved page [[Citation needed]] to [[Ukaboni ukukhumbika apa]] without leaving a redirect: Local name</comment>
      <origin>34027</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="706" sha1="1lanyzdl8lz3t31vc8lz268dkp3nq5h" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=
{{Fix
|name={{{name|Citation needed}}}
|link=Wikipedia:Citation needed
|text=citation needed
|class=Template-Fact
|title={{{reason|This claim needs references to reliable sources.}}}
|date={{{date|}}}
|cat=[[Category:All articles with unsourced statements]]
|cat-date=Category:Articles with unsourced statements
}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages containing citation needed template with unsupported parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Citation needed]] with unknown parameter &quot;_VALUE_&quot;|ignoreblank=y| date | name | reason }}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;

{{Documentation}}

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1lanyzdl8lz3t31vc8lz268dkp3nq5h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122892</id>
      <parentid>122890</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T01:17:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122892</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="714" sha1="6l4z4ixpvxejqg3fubk4nqciki6egon" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=
{{Fix
|name={{{name|Citation needed}}}
|link=Wikipedia:Citation needed
|text=ukaboni ukukhumbika apa
|class=Template-Fact
|title={{{reason|This claim needs references to reliable sources.}}}
|date={{{date|}}}
|cat=[[Category:All articles with unsourced statements]]
|cat-date=Category:Articles with unsourced statements
}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages containing citation needed template with unsupported parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Citation needed]] with unknown parameter &quot;_VALUE_&quot;|ignoreblank=y| date | name | reason }}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;

{{Documentation}}

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6l4z4ixpvxejqg3fubk4nqciki6egon</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Livingstonia, Malawi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>18024</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122914</id>
      <parentid>76521</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T05:01:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122914</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10052" sha1="gfebuuc88fxzay8v0uffpy24yg93kg9" xml:space="preserve">{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}{{Infobox settlement 
&lt;!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--&gt; 
&lt;!-- Basic info ----------------&gt;| official_name            = Livingstonia
| other_name               = 
| native_name              = &lt;!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --&gt; Kondowe
| nickname                 = 
| settlement_type          = &lt;!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--&gt;
| motto                    = &lt;!-- images and maps -----------&gt;
| image_skyline            = livingstoniaMW.jpg
| imagesize                = 200px
| image_caption            = 
| image_flag               = 
| flag_size                = 
| image_seal               = 
| seal_size                = 
| image_shield             = 
| shield_size              = 
| image_blank_emblem       = 
| blank_emblem_type        = 
| blank_emblem_size        = 
| image_map                = 
| mapsize                  = 
| map_caption              = 
| image_map1               = 
| mapsize1                 = 
| map_caption1             = 
| image_dot_map            = 
| dot_mapsize              = 
| dot_map_caption          = 
| dot_x                    = 
| dot_y                    = 
| pushpin_map              = Malawi#Northern Region
| pushpin_mapsize          = 
| pushpin_label_position   = bottom
| pushpin_map_caption      = Mapu ya Livingstonia
&lt;!-- Location ------------------&gt;
| subdivision_type         = [[Charu]]
| subdivision_name         = {{flag|Malawi}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[Regions of Malawi|Region]]
| subdivision_name1        = [[Northern Region, Malawi|Northern Region]]
| subdivision_type2        = [[Districts of Malawi|District]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[Rumphi District]]
| subdivision_type3        = Chigaŵa 
| subdivision_name3        = [[Chigaŵa cha Phoka|Phoka]]
| subdivision_type4        = 
| subdivision_name4        = &lt;!-- Politics -----------------&gt;
| government_footnotes     = 
| government_type          = 
| leader_title             = 
| leader_name              = 
| leader_title1            = &lt;!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --&gt;
| leader_name1             = 
| leader_title2            = 
| leader_name2             = 
| leader_title3            = 
| leader_name3             = 
| leader_title4            = 
| leader_name4             = 
| established_title        = &lt;!-- Settled --&gt;
| established_date         = 
| established_title2       = &lt;!-- Incorporated (town) --&gt;
| established_date2        = 
| established_title3       = &lt;!-- Incorporated (city) --&gt;
| established_date3        = &lt;!-- Area ---------------------&gt;
| area_magnitude           = 
| unit_pref                = Imperial 
&lt;!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--&gt;| area_footnotes           = 
| area_total_km2           = &lt;!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--&gt;
| area_land_km2            = &lt;!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--&gt;
| area_water_km2           = 
| area_total_sq_mi         = 
| area_land_sq_mi          = 
| area_water_sq_mi         = 
| area_water_percent       = 
| area_urban_km2           = 
| area_urban_sq_mi         = 
| area_metro_km2           = 
| area_metro_sq_mi         = 
| area_blank1_title        = 
| area_blank1_km2          = 
| area_blank1_sq_mi        = &lt;!-- Population -----------------------&gt;
| population_as_of         = 2008
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_note          = 
| population_total         = 6,690
| population_density_km2   = 
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| population_metro         = 
| population_density_metro_km2 = 
| population_density_metro_sq_mi = 
| population_urban         = 
| population_density_urban_km2 = 
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 
| population_blank1_title  = Ethnicities
| population_blank1        = 
| population_blank2_title  = Religions
| population_blank2        = 
| population_density_blank1_km2 = 
| population_density_blank1_sq_mi = &lt;!-- General information ---------------&gt;
| timezone                 = +2
| utc_offset               = 
| timezone_DST             = 
| utc_offset_DST           = 
| coordinates              = {{coord|10|36|S|34|07|E|region:MW|display=inline}}
| elevation_footnotes      = &lt;!--for references: use &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; tags--&gt;
| elevation_m              = 
| elevation_ft             = 
| blank1_name_sec2         = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2         = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]] 
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --------&gt;| postal_code_type         = &lt;!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --&gt;
| postal_code              = 
| area_code                = 
| blank_name               = 
| blank_info               = 
| blank1_name              = 
| blank1_info              = 
| website                  = 
| footnotes                = 
}}
'''Livingstonia''' panji '''Kondowe''' ni msumba iyo yili mu [[chigaŵa cha Kumpoto]] chigaŵa cha [[Rumphi]] mu [[Malaŵi]]. Msumba uwu uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 430 kumpoto kwa [[Lilongwe]], msumba ukuru wa Malaŵi.

== Mbili ==
[[File:&quot;Clay-daubed_Ngoni_Warrior,_Livingstonia&quot;_Malawi,_ca.1895_(imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS3-1-013).jpg|left|thumb|&quot;Msilikari wachi Ngoni, Livingstonia&quot; Malawi, c. 1895]]
Msumba wa Livingstonia ukazengeka mu 1894 na ŵamishonale ŵa [[Free Church of Scotland]]. Mu 1875, ŵamishonale ŵakakhazikiska ofesi ku [[Cape Maclear]], ndipo ŵakayithya Livingstonia, kuyana na zina la [[David Livingstone]]. Gulu ili likakolerananga na kampani ya [[Livingstonia Central Africa Company]], iyo yikambiska bizinesi mu 1877. Kuzakafika mu 1881, Cape Maclear yikaŵa na nthenda ya maleriya, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵakaluta kumpoto ku Bandawe. Kweniso malo agha ghakaŵa ghambura kukhazikika, ntheura Livingstonia Mission yikasamukira ku malo ghapacanya pakati pa Nyanja ya Malawi na Nyika Plateau. Malo ghaphya agha ghakaŵa ghawemi comene cifukwa Livingstonia wali mu mapiri, ntheura kulije nyerere izo zikwambiska maleriya. Pamasinda, malo agha ghakazgoka tawuni yichoko.

Robert Laws ndiyo wakaŵa mishonale mulara kwa vilimika 52. Wakambiska sukulu yiwemi comene mu cigaŵa ici mu nyengo yira mu Livingstonia, ndipo awo ŵakamalizga masambiro agha ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi mu vyaru vinyake, kusazgapo South Africa. Pakati pa ŵana ŵa sukulu iyi pakaŵa Legson Kayira, uyo wakafuma mu 1958. Zina la buku lake la mutu wakuti I Will Try lili kufuma ku mazgu gha sukulu.

Mpingo wa Livingstonia Mission

Dango likakhumbanga kuti Livingstonia waŵe yunivesite, kweni awo ŵakamulondezga ŵakakhumbanga yayi. Mu 2003, bungwe la Livingstonia Synod of the Church of Central Africa, Presbyterian (CCAP) likasintha kaghanaghaniro aka ndipo likambiska Yunivesite ya Livingstonia.

== Vyakuzenga ==
Nyumba za ku Livingstonia zikuzengeka na njerwa zakuŵaŵa. Nyumba ya Stone House, nyumba yakwamba ya [[Robert Law]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;s, sono ni hotelo. Paliso nyumba yinyake yakuwonamo mbiri ya Livingstonia.{{fact|date=September 2019}}

== Ŵanthu ==
Mu 2008, mu tawuni ya Livingstonia mukaŵa ŵanthu 6,690.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120118111352/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gcis&amp;lng=en&amp;dat=32&amp;srt=pnan&amp;col=dq&amp;geo=-150 World Gazetteer: Malawi: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223224/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gcis&amp;lng=en&amp;dat=32&amp;srt=pnan&amp;col=dq&amp;geo=-150|date=27 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mayendelo ==
Misewu iyo yikulongozgera ku Livingstonia yilije thala. Mzinda uwu uli pa chigaŵa cha Chitimba pa Nyanja ya Malawi na msewu wa S103 (T305), msewu wakukwera chomene uwo uli na makwelero ghakupambanapambana, apo msewu wa T306 na T305 ukwenda kumwera. Misewu yose yiŵiri yili makora yayi.

== Chipatala ==
[[File:David_Gordon_Memorial_Hospital.jpg|thumb|Chipatala cha David Gordon Memorial mu 2011]]
[[Chipatala cha David Gordon Memorial]] chikayambika mu 1910 ndipo chikajulika mu 1911. David Gondwe wakaŵa movwiri wakwamba wa Livingstonia uyo wakasambizgika. Wakasezgeka cifukwa cakuti ŵalara ŵa ku malo agha ŵakamanya kuti wakaŵa na mwanakazi yumoza, ndipo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ici cikapangiska kuti waleke kukhazikika. Ndipouli, nyengo yichoko waka wakamba kugwira nchito ku boma la Colonial Medical Services. Pasono chipatala ichi chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 60,000..&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190103131136/http://livingstonia.org/ Livingstonia Hospital Partnership]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kuŵerenga kwakupitilila ==

* Lonely Planet, ''Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia'' (1st Ed.).  1997. Lonely Planet Publications, Hawthorne, Australia.
* For the history of Livingstonia Mission and Synod see: John McCracken, ''Politics and Christianity in Malawi 1875-1940. The Impact of the Livingstonia Mission in the Northern Province'', 2nd ed., Blantyre: CLAIM, 2000, 376 pp.
* {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=E.D.|last2=Waller|first2=H.|title=The Search After Livingstone: A Diary Kept During the Investigation of His Reported Murder|publisher=Letts, Son and Company|year=1868|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmVKAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA1|access-date=7 November 2021}}
* {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=E.D.|last2=Waller|first2=H.|title=Nyassa: A Journal of Adventures Whilst Exploring Lake Nyassa, Central Africa, and Establishing the Settlement of &quot;Livingstonia&quot;.|publisher=J. Murray|year=1877|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ExrJOSKAcsC&amp;pg=PR3|access-date=22 November 2021}}
* {{cite web |date=21 July 2015 |title=1875 – Ilala: the ship carrying the Livingstonia mission party into Malawi |url=http://www.ccapsolinia.org/blog/2015/07/21/the-ilala/ |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=CCAP Synod of Livingstonia |ref={{sfnref | CCAP Synod of Livingstonia | 2015}}}}

== Maumboni ==
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Vigaŵa vya kuwaro ==
{{commons|Livingstonia}}{{wikivoyage|Livingstonia}}
{{coord|10|36|S|34|07|E|region:MW_type:city|display=title}}</text>
      <sha1>gfebuuc88fxzay8v0uffpy24yg93kg9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chiphara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47072</id>
    <redirect title="Ukaboni" />
    <revision>
      <id>122902</id>
      <parentid>113383</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T02:46:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Ukaboni]]</comment>
      <origin>122902</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21" sha1="saegr1m41xpqkejhbriu0zj3a035dee" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ukaboni]]</text>
      <sha1>saegr1m41xpqkejhbriu0zj3a035dee</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>47402</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122887</id>
      <parentid>122884</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T12:39:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>2648</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-41 */ new section</comment>
      <origin>122887</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9743" sha1="8xfi0jj1hwak6mmcyhy4f7k0wd3wlce" xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;&lt;big&gt;⚠️ Do you want articles translated? Go to [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/TranslateCentral|TranslateCentral]] and follow the formats given. ⚠️&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
{{VvM Talk 1}}
{{Archives}}

== congrats! ==

Hi @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]],

You currently appear as Mulembi wa Mwezi on the Tumwiki Main Page. 🎉

This is an automatic system, not a manually selected award. The gadget checks editors' contributions during the previous 30 days and identifies the registered editor with the highest number of qualifying article edits.

The current criteria are:
* registered editors only;
* edits in the main/article namespace;
* contributions from the previous 30 days;
* bot edits are excluded;
* anonymous/IP edits are excluded;
* obvious undo/rollback edits are excluded where they can be identified.

The result is calculated automatically, so whoever meets the criteria at the time is displayed on the Main Page. Your name appeared first under the current calculation.

Congratulations, and yewo chomene for your contributions to Tumwiki! 🎉 [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 21:02, 7 Lupya 2026 (UTC)

== Legacy and emergency ==
@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Hello, if you see that I am not active for more than 4 months, it means that something is wrong as I am far from home (country). Since you are one of the users I can trust on this wiki, along native @[[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] who doesn't know much about templates and how home page works, I will leave this with you.  
If you see that the home page is broken or the home is showing broken links of templates, such as red links with dates or month, please update it. If you see that the home is entirely gone, you can use any of these '''emergency stable basic backup interface ''' diffs:  &lt;br&gt;
[https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&amp;oldid=26301 1,] &lt;br&gt;
[https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&amp;oldid=24431 2,] &lt;br&gt;
[https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&amp;oldid=105397 3,] &lt;br&gt;
[https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&amp;oldid=108878 4,] &lt;br&gt;
[https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&amp;oldid=109763 5,] &lt;br&gt;

Our needed home page is located [[Chikaya chikulu 9 demo|here]], which is currently down. How to fix the current broken page? Since it says: &lt;br&gt;
[[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Lupya/19]], etc, them move the page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Sekutembala/19]] into [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Lupya/19]] them move the page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Sekutembala/19]]. You only need to change the month name, nothing else. And importantly, leave a redirect behind as an alternative, don't delete the behind page. If you do that, you can see changes [[Chikaya chikulu 9 demo|here]], and not on main page, unless you swap it with [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Vyose&amp;oldid=120042 this revision].
Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 09:28, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC)

:Ok, its a lot of work to do, I can't be certain I'd get it all done, but I'll try. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 09:32, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] Also, can you give me a list of English months and Tumbuka months? I know I previously asked but I really want to know. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 09:37, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC)
:Alright thank you will work on that. Hope your situation gets better whatever it is. And thank you for the message you left me a few weeks back. I saw it just forgot to respond. [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 19:00, 21 Lupya 2026 (UTC)

== Use Ethnologue make articles ==
hey there

I see your one of the people on Wikipedia that create language articles.

I want to make some with ethnologue.

Share you're thoughts. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-52997-58|~2026-52997-58]] ([[User talk:~2026-52997-58|pakuchezgela]]) 02:44, 3 Zimya 2026 (UTC)

:Sure! But please follow these notable steps:
:* Use the template &lt;nowiki&gt;{{InterWiki|code=XYZ}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; at the bottom of the articles
:* Add the category &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:Viyowoyelo]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; at the bottom of the articles
:Thanks. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 02:46, 3 Zimya 2026 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:~2026-52997-58|~2026-52997-58]], thanks for all the work this hour, but the article [[ChiEstonia]] appears non-encyclopedic and can be deleted if not improved. I added the Revision tag. Thanks. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 04:07, 3 Zimya 2026 (UTC)

== Every villages in Liechtenstein covered in the Tumbuka Wikipedia ==
Honestly why are you creating every single village in Liechetnstein as an article? What tumbuka person would read articles about Liechtenstein villags? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] ([[User talk:~2026-53536-92|pakuchezgela]]) 07:29, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] Is there a problem with that? Anyone can create articles on the Tumbuka Wikipedia about anything they want. For example, I'm interested in villages of [[Liechtenstein]], so that's why I created all of those articles on villages of Liechtenstein in Tumbuka.
:I don't just create villages of Lichtenstein articles. I also create many other different articles about villages in the world, different people, and geographical features. But I really, really like geography, so that's why I do lots of geography content on this wiki.
:And I've always wanted to visit Liechtenstein, so that's why I had been creating articles about all of the villages in the country.
:Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 07:33, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC)
::it feels like your trying to not get many views on your articles. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] ([[User talk:~2026-53536-92|pakuchezgela]]) 07:37, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] No, that is not what I'm intending at all. All I want to know is that there is information about that topic where the Tumbuka people would be able to find it and read about it.
:::I don't really know what else to add to this conversation, so I'm going to leave it here. I'm not trying to be rude, I just can't think of anything else to say. Sorry.
:::Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 07:40, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-41 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Battaglia del pastificio]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Battle of Checkpoint Pasta]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:OTO Melara Somalia 1993.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
La '''battaglia del pastificio''', talvolta chiamata anche battaglia del checkpoint Pasta, fu uno scontro a fuoco verificatosi a Mogadiscio tra le truppe italiane e le milizie Mooryaan somale del generale Aidid ed è ricordata per essere stata la prima battaglia che vide impiegati i militari dell'Esercito Italiano dalla fine della seconda guerra mondiale. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|pakuchezgela]]) 12:39, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=31108366 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8xfi0jj1hwak6mmcyhy4f7k0wd3wlce</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122888</id>
      <parentid>122887</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T18:52:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>2648</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tech News: 2026-41 */ new section</comment>
      <origin>122888</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16974" sha1="dohtel4pz33ce3fekkccqh486i36t8r" xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;&lt;big&gt;⚠️ Do you want articles translated? Go to [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/TranslateCentral|TranslateCentral]] and follow the formats given. ⚠️&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
{{VvM Talk 1}}
{{Archives}}

== congrats! ==

Hi @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]],

You currently appear as Mulembi wa Mwezi on the Tumwiki Main Page. 🎉

This is an automatic system, not a manually selected award. The gadget checks editors' contributions during the previous 30 days and identifies the registered editor with the highest number of qualifying article edits.

The current criteria are:
* registered editors only;
* edits in the main/article namespace;
* contributions from the previous 30 days;
* bot edits are excluded;
* anonymous/IP edits are excluded;
* obvious undo/rollback edits are excluded where they can be identified.

The result is calculated automatically, so whoever meets the criteria at the time is displayed on the Main Page. Your name appeared first under the current calculation.

Congratulations, and yewo chomene for your contributions to Tumwiki! 🎉 [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 21:02, 7 Lupya 2026 (UTC)

== Legacy and emergency ==
@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Hello, if you see that I am not active for more than 4 months, it means that something is wrong as I am far from home (country). Since you are one of the users I can trust on this wiki, along native @[[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] who doesn't know much about templates and how home page works, I will leave this with you.  
If you see that the home page is broken or the home is showing broken links of templates, such as red links with dates or month, please update it. If you see that the home is entirely gone, you can use any of these '''emergency stable basic backup interface ''' diffs:  &lt;br&gt;
[https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&amp;oldid=26301 1,] &lt;br&gt;
[https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&amp;oldid=24431 2,] &lt;br&gt;
[https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&amp;oldid=105397 3,] &lt;br&gt;
[https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&amp;oldid=108878 4,] &lt;br&gt;
[https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&amp;oldid=109763 5,] &lt;br&gt;

Our needed home page is located [[Chikaya chikulu 9 demo|here]], which is currently down. How to fix the current broken page? Since it says: &lt;br&gt;
[[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Lupya/19]], etc, them move the page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Sekutembala/19]] into [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Lupya/19]] them move the page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Sekutembala/19]]. You only need to change the month name, nothing else. And importantly, leave a redirect behind as an alternative, don't delete the behind page. If you do that, you can see changes [[Chikaya chikulu 9 demo|here]], and not on main page, unless you swap it with [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Vyose&amp;oldid=120042 this revision].
Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 09:28, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC)

:Ok, its a lot of work to do, I can't be certain I'd get it all done, but I'll try. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 09:32, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] Also, can you give me a list of English months and Tumbuka months? I know I previously asked but I really want to know. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 09:37, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC)
:Alright thank you will work on that. Hope your situation gets better whatever it is. And thank you for the message you left me a few weeks back. I saw it just forgot to respond. [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 19:00, 21 Lupya 2026 (UTC)

== Use Ethnologue make articles ==
hey there

I see your one of the people on Wikipedia that create language articles.

I want to make some with ethnologue.

Share you're thoughts. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-52997-58|~2026-52997-58]] ([[User talk:~2026-52997-58|pakuchezgela]]) 02:44, 3 Zimya 2026 (UTC)

:Sure! But please follow these notable steps:
:* Use the template &lt;nowiki&gt;{{InterWiki|code=XYZ}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; at the bottom of the articles
:* Add the category &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:Viyowoyelo]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; at the bottom of the articles
:Thanks. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 02:46, 3 Zimya 2026 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:~2026-52997-58|~2026-52997-58]], thanks for all the work this hour, but the article [[ChiEstonia]] appears non-encyclopedic and can be deleted if not improved. I added the Revision tag. Thanks. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 04:07, 3 Zimya 2026 (UTC)

== Every villages in Liechtenstein covered in the Tumbuka Wikipedia ==
Honestly why are you creating every single village in Liechetnstein as an article? What tumbuka person would read articles about Liechtenstein villags? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] ([[User talk:~2026-53536-92|pakuchezgela]]) 07:29, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] Is there a problem with that? Anyone can create articles on the Tumbuka Wikipedia about anything they want. For example, I'm interested in villages of [[Liechtenstein]], so that's why I created all of those articles on villages of Liechtenstein in Tumbuka.
:I don't just create villages of Lichtenstein articles. I also create many other different articles about villages in the world, different people, and geographical features. But I really, really like geography, so that's why I do lots of geography content on this wiki.
:And I've always wanted to visit Liechtenstein, so that's why I had been creating articles about all of the villages in the country.
:Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 07:33, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC)
::it feels like your trying to not get many views on your articles. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] ([[User talk:~2026-53536-92|pakuchezgela]]) 07:37, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] No, that is not what I'm intending at all. All I want to know is that there is information about that topic where the Tumbuka people would be able to find it and read about it.
:::I don't really know what else to add to this conversation, so I'm going to leave it here. I'm not trying to be rude, I just can't think of anything else to say. Sorry.
:::Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 07:40, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-41 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Battaglia del pastificio]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Battle of Checkpoint Pasta]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:OTO Melara Somalia 1993.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
La '''battaglia del pastificio''', talvolta chiamata anche battaglia del checkpoint Pasta, fu uno scontro a fuoco verificatosi a Mogadiscio tra le truppe italiane e le milizie Mooryaan somale del generale Aidid ed è ricordata per essere stata la prima battaglia che vide impiegati i militari dell'Esercito Italiano dalla fine della seconda guerra mondiale. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|pakuchezgela]]) 12:39, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=31108366 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-41&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The process for this year’s Community Wishlist [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027#Updated Community Wishlist Process 2027/2028|has been published]], incorporating community feedback. The wish submission process will [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is the deadline for submitting wishes?|end on November 8]]. This year, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027/Working group|a working group (open for volunteering)]] that includes community members familiar with the technical aspect of our wikis alongside Wikimedia Foundation staff, will take care of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is triage?|triage process]]. The triage is expected to be completed by late November. Votes for wishes will start in January.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] will now see a warning when they paste text that is likely to have initially been copied from one of five external generative AI chatbots into Wikipedia. This feature is known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check|LLM Paste Check]]. It is a type of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] that is community configurable. The check looks for markers in the copied HTML and is not using content watermark detection. Edits will also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Edit tags|be tagged]] so that patrollers can review them more closely. The feature helps newcomers add content that respects Wikipedia’s policies and makes it easier for experienced editors to identify problematic edits. Communities with local policies about LLM usage can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Configuration|adjust the wording and policy that is linked]]. The team [[listarchive:list/translators-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/EVHKWJ4IERZELMPIWNH3XUVUSQV5KOO4/|apologizes]] that this was rolled out without a delay for translations.
* Editors can now easily [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|access the web visual editor directly from the iOS and Android apps]]. When opening the editor, users will be given a choice between visual editing and source editing. If they choose visual editing, they will be sent to a mobile web window in their phone's browser. After completing their edit, a banner will give them the option to return to the app. This enables readers to make quick contributions while casually reading.
* Users of the Wikipedia Android and iOS apps will now see a one-time account creation prompt after they have used the app for two consecutive weeks. This prompt explains the benefits of having an account. It is intended to help more casual readers become logged-in users who return to the apps regularly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434847]
* Editors on [[wmnoc:conf/dblists/group1.dblist|group1 wikis]], including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Recent changes|Recent Changes]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help: Watching pages|Watchlist]] when a link to another language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on October 5 at 07:00 UTC as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make important changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications can read more on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project page]] and share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439415]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where mentors who removed themselves from the mentorship program could still have mentees assigned to them and receive questions, has now been fixed. Mentees will now be reassigned when a mentor leaves the program. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418194]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikimedia Brasil has published its [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Brasil/Arcabouço de Boas Práticas de Desenvolvimento|Development Best Practices Framework]] (ABPD). It is a guide for staff, contractors and volunteers building technical tools and projects. It covers the project lifecycle, security, accessibility, personal data protection and responsible AI use, and explains how movement-wide guidelines were adapted to a local context. They encourage other affiliates to reuse it and adapt it. Read more in the [[wmfblog:2026/09/26/wikimedia-brasils-development-best-practices-framework-technical-sustainability-as-an-organizational-responsibility|Diff post]]. 
* A new, canonical base URL for Wikimedia APIs will soon be introduced. The new canonical route follows a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{projectName}/api/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; pattern and will act as an alternative path for current REST APIs (for example: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{projectName}/w/rest.php/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). Both versions will be callable for all existing APIs, but the new structure will be the preferred path for newly created API modules. This change will be non-breaking for most users. The existing pathways will remain available for all existing endpoint requests. However, some endpoints may return URLs following the new pattern in response bodies. Changes will be available on test wiki first, with the rollout expected to cover all wikis by the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433535]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.23|MediaWiki]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W41&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

18:52, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=31098825 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dohtel4pz33ce3fekkccqh486i36t8r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122910</id>
      <parentid>122888</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T04:54:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Noted</comment>
      <origin>122910</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7937" sha1="eztuht1wcpkei07svvywoztx9okijzu" xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;&lt;big&gt;⚠️ Do you want articles translated? Go to [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/TranslateCentral|TranslateCentral]] and follow the formats given. ⚠️&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
{{VvM Talk 1}}
{{Archives}}

== congrats! ==

Hi @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]],

You currently appear as Mulembi wa Mwezi on the Tumwiki Main Page. 🎉

This is an automatic system, not a manually selected award. The gadget checks editors' contributions during the previous 30 days and identifies the registered editor with the highest number of qualifying article edits.

The current criteria are:
* registered editors only;
* edits in the main/article namespace;
* contributions from the previous 30 days;
* bot edits are excluded;
* anonymous/IP edits are excluded;
* obvious undo/rollback edits are excluded where they can be identified.

The result is calculated automatically, so whoever meets the criteria at the time is displayed on the Main Page. Your name appeared first under the current calculation.

Congratulations, and yewo chomene for your contributions to Tumwiki! 🎉 [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 21:02, 7 Lupya 2026 (UTC)

== Legacy and emergency ==
@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Hello, if you see that I am not active for more than 4 months, it means that something is wrong as I am far from home (country). Since you are one of the users I can trust on this wiki, along native @[[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] who doesn't know much about templates and how home page works, I will leave this with you.  
If you see that the home page is broken or the home is showing broken links of templates, such as red links with dates or month, please update it. If you see that the home is entirely gone, you can use any of these '''emergency stable basic backup interface ''' diffs:  &lt;br&gt;
[https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&amp;oldid=26301 1,] &lt;br&gt;
[https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&amp;oldid=24431 2,] &lt;br&gt;
[https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&amp;oldid=105397 3,] &lt;br&gt;
[https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&amp;oldid=108878 4,] &lt;br&gt;
[https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&amp;oldid=109763 5,] &lt;br&gt;

Our needed home page is located [[Chikaya chikulu 9 demo|here]], which is currently down. How to fix the current broken page? Since it says: &lt;br&gt;
[[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Lupya/19]], etc, them move the page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Sekutembala/19]] into [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Lupya/19]] them move the page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Sekutembala/19]]. You only need to change the month name, nothing else. And importantly, leave a redirect behind as an alternative, don't delete the behind page. If you do that, you can see changes [[Chikaya chikulu 9 demo|here]], and not on main page, unless you swap it with [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Vyose&amp;oldid=120042 this revision].
Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 09:28, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC)

:Ok, its a lot of work to do, I can't be certain I'd get it all done, but I'll try. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 09:32, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] Also, can you give me a list of English months and Tumbuka months? I know I previously asked but I really want to know. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 09:37, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC)
:Alright thank you will work on that. Hope your situation gets better whatever it is. And thank you for the message you left me a few weeks back. I saw it just forgot to respond. [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 19:00, 21 Lupya 2026 (UTC)

== Use Ethnologue make articles ==
hey there

I see your one of the people on Wikipedia that create language articles.

I want to make some with ethnologue.

Share you're thoughts. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-52997-58|~2026-52997-58]] ([[User talk:~2026-52997-58|pakuchezgela]]) 02:44, 3 Zimya 2026 (UTC)

:Sure! But please follow these notable steps:
:* Use the template &lt;nowiki&gt;{{InterWiki|code=XYZ}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; at the bottom of the articles
:* Add the category &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:Viyowoyelo]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; at the bottom of the articles
:Thanks. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 02:46, 3 Zimya 2026 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:~2026-52997-58|~2026-52997-58]], thanks for all the work this hour, but the article [[ChiEstonia]] appears non-encyclopedic and can be deleted if not improved. I added the Revision tag. Thanks. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 04:07, 3 Zimya 2026 (UTC)

== Every villages in Liechtenstein covered in the Tumbuka Wikipedia ==
Honestly why are you creating every single village in Liechetnstein as an article? What tumbuka person would read articles about Liechtenstein villags? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] ([[User talk:~2026-53536-92|pakuchezgela]]) 07:29, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] Is there a problem with that? Anyone can create articles on the Tumbuka Wikipedia about anything they want. For example, I'm interested in villages of [[Liechtenstein]], so that's why I created all of those articles on villages of Liechtenstein in Tumbuka.
:I don't just create villages of Lichtenstein articles. I also create many other different articles about villages in the world, different people, and geographical features. But I really, really like geography, so that's why I do lots of geography content on this wiki.
:And I've always wanted to visit Liechtenstein, so that's why I had been creating articles about all of the villages in the country.
:Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 07:33, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC)
::it feels like your trying to not get many views on your articles. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] ([[User talk:~2026-53536-92|pakuchezgela]]) 07:37, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] No, that is not what I'm intending at all. All I want to know is that there is information about that topic where the Tumbuka people would be able to find it and read about it.
:::I don't really know what else to add to this conversation, so I'm going to leave it here. I'm not trying to be rude, I just can't think of anything else to say. Sorry.
:::Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 07:40, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>eztuht1wcpkei07svvywoztx9okijzu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Msumba wa Karakalpakia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47484</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122916</id>
      <parentid>116123</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T05:13:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi moved page [[Mzinda wa Karakalpakia]] to [[Msumba wa Karakalpakia]] without leaving a redirect: Misspelled title</comment>
      <origin>116123</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="108" sha1="0gjbbi1paxl1nsvunafymhctyitldg0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Karakalpakia''' ni mzinda cha [[Karakalpakstan]] kwa [[Uzbekistan]].

[[Category:Uzbekistan]]</text>
      <sha1>0gjbbi1paxl1nsvunafymhctyitldg0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Verity (Minecraft)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49784</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122920</id>
      <parentid>122793</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T05:21:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122920</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1425" sha1="syahsuk128kjc8i1pqkidvhhzwhvtl8" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Verity (Minecraft)|substed=yes|help=off}}
{{databox}}
'''''Verity''''' ni 2026 vithuzithuzi vyakofya vya pa webu ivyo vikapangika na [[YouTube|YouTuber]] ThatMob ndipo vikaŵikika mukati mwa maseŵero gha pa vidiyo gha ''[[Minecraft]]''. Mndandanda na vyakupharazga vyakukhwaskana navyo vikazgoka nkhani ya [[Meme#Meme ya pa intaneti|meme ya pa intaneti]] iyo yikumanyikwa chomene pakati pa [[Generation Alpha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Carry&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Carry |first=Owen |date=11 September 2026 |title=Why the word 'Verity' and yellow smiley faces could become the new '6-7' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/2026/09/11/verity-meme-yellow-smiley-face-meaning-minecraft/91696057007 |work=[[USA Today]] |access-date=25 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilbert&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Gilbert |first=Nyla |date=18 June 2026 |title=''Minecraft'' is becoming entertainment's most unexpected storytelling tool |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/games/minecraft-becoming-unexpected-storytelling-tool |work=[[Den of Geek]] |access-date=25 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ukaboni ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Malinki gha kuwaro ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6f3PhauXyg ''Verity''] mndandanda wose pa [[YouTube]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVlKLpxyCBY &quot;It's Me, It's Verity&quot;] vidiyo ya sumu pa YouTube

[[Category:Minecraft]]
[[Category:Intaneti]]</text>
      <sha1>syahsuk128kjc8i1pqkidvhhzwhvtl8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122922</id>
      <parentid>122920</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T05:23:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Done</comment>
      <origin>122922</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1349" sha1="3lgir3m8ajso3d9b86zqqqi7g0vbyfz" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{databox}}
'''''Verity''''' ni 2026 vithuzithuzi vyakofya vya pa webu ivyo vikapangika na [[YouTube|YouTuber]] ThatMob ndipo vikaŵikika mukati mwa maseŵero gha pa vidiyo gha ''[[Minecraft]]''. Mndandanda na vyakupharazga vyakukhwaskana navyo vikazgoka nkhani ya [[Meme#Meme ya pa intaneti|meme ya pa intaneti]] iyo yikumanyikwa chomene pakati pa [[Generation Alpha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Carry&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Carry |first=Owen |date=11 September 2026 |title=Why the word 'Verity' and yellow smiley faces could become the new '6-7' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/2026/09/11/verity-meme-yellow-smiley-face-meaning-minecraft/91696057007 |work=[[USA Today]] |access-date=25 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilbert&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Gilbert |first=Nyla |date=18 June 2026 |title=''Minecraft'' is becoming entertainment's most unexpected storytelling tool |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/games/minecraft-becoming-unexpected-storytelling-tool |work=[[Den of Geek]] |access-date=25 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ukaboni ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Malinki gha kuwaro ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6f3PhauXyg ''Verity''] mndandanda wose pa [[YouTube]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVlKLpxyCBY &quot;It's Me, It's Verity&quot;] vidiyo ya sumu pa YouTube

[[Category:Minecraft]]
[[Category:Intaneti]]</text>
      <sha1>3lgir3m8ajso3d9b86zqqqi7g0vbyfz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Verity (Minecraft)</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>49785</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122917</id>
      <parentid>122431</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T05:17:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Deletion nomination</comment>
      <origin>122917</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1231" sha1="anvjt8uhbmopzhvsgd4jtog90gw5283" xml:space="preserve">{{talk header}}

== Nomination of [[:Verity (Minecraft)]] for deletion ==
&lt;div class=&quot;afd-notice&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;floatleft&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=|link=]]&lt;/div&gt;A discussion is taking place as to whether the article [[:Verity (Minecraft)]] is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to [[Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]] or whether it should be [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deleted]].
The article is being discussed at '''[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Verity (Minecraft)]]''' until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and [[WP:P&amp;G|our policies and guidelines]].

[[WP:EDITAFD|Users may still edit the article]], including to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the AfD notice from the article until the discussion is closed.&lt;!-- Template:Afd notice --&gt;&lt;/div&gt; '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 05:17, 6 Zimya 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>anvjt8uhbmopzhvsgd4jtog90gw5283</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122923</id>
      <parentid>122917</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T05:23:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undid revision [[Special:Diff/122917|122917]] by [[Special:Contributions/Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|talk]])</comment>
      <origin>122923</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15" sha1="frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li" xml:space="preserve">{{talk header}}</text>
      <sha1>frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Olajide Olatunji</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49851</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122926</id>
      <parentid>122880</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T09:34:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122926</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="532" sha1="n5ecjlms72iiituao4jrfo499zpu38b" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' panji '''KSI''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Wakaŵa membala wa Sidemen mpaka mu 2026.

==Moyo==
{{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. Mubali wake ni [[Deji Olatunji|Deji]].

==Ukaboni==
{{reflist}}

==Malinki gha kuwaro==
* {{YouTube|user=KSIOlajidebt|KSI}}

[[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]</text>
      <sha1>n5ecjlms72iiituao4jrfo499zpu38b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Citation needed</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49854</id>
    <redirect title="Ukaboni ukukhumbika apa" />
    <revision>
      <id>122893</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T01:18:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>We actually do need a redirect here</comment>
      <origin>122893</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="37" sha1="jqitjlp192xsqo8mg2oleish3zu95v4" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ukaboni ukukhumbika apa]]</text>
      <sha1>jqitjlp192xsqo8mg2oleish3zu95v4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:CITENEED</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>49855</id>
    <redirect title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" />
    <revision>
      <id>122895</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T01:22:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wikipedia:Citation needed]]</comment>
      <origin>122895</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39" sha1="6sxp7fbnt4hpmazkop8i91ljk6ov8qs" xml:space="preserve">#Redirect [[Wikipedia:Citation needed]]</text>
      <sha1>6sxp7fbnt4hpmazkop8i91ljk6ov8qs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:NEEDCITE</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>49856</id>
    <redirect title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" />
    <revision>
      <id>122896</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T01:22:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wikipedia:Citation needed]]</comment>
      <origin>122896</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39" sha1="6sxp7fbnt4hpmazkop8i91ljk6ov8qs" xml:space="preserve">#Redirect [[Wikipedia:Citation needed]]</text>
      <sha1>6sxp7fbnt4hpmazkop8i91ljk6ov8qs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Citations needed</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>49857</id>
    <redirect title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" />
    <revision>
      <id>122899</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T01:23:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wikipedia:Citation needed]]</comment>
      <origin>122899</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39" sha1="h8rg7sg3mr1os7r7zk2rt6ykeibaovh" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Citation needed]]</text>
      <sha1>h8rg7sg3mr1os7r7zk2rt6ykeibaovh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ukaboni</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49858</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122900</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T02:37:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-53675-38</username>
        <id>12315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add [[Wikipedia:Citation templates]] to hatnote</comment>
      <origin>122900</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="46638" sha1="ncnmm0f3bhy0g13wqygbxf5mb2eg8no" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Reference to a source}}
{{hatnote group|
{{distinguish-redirect|Cite|Site}}{{for-multi|&quot;&amp;lt;cite&gt;&quot;|HTML element}}
{{other uses|Citation (disambiguation)|Cité (disambiguation)|CITE (disambiguation)}}
{{for|citations related to Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Citing sources|Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia|selfref=yes|Wikipedia:Citation templates}}
}}'''Ukaboni''' ni [[kulongosora]] ku mtundu. Kuyowoya mwakudunjika, citation ni mazgu ghakufupikizgika gha alphanumeric agho ghali kuŵikika mu thupi la buku la vinjeru ilo likulongora kuti pali ivyo vili kulembeka mu cigaŵa ca vimanyikwiro vya mabuku gha buku ili, na cilato ca kuzomerezga kuti milimo ya ŵanji yikukhwaskana na mutu wakudumbiskana pa malo agho citation the discus.

Kanandi, kuphatikizapo vyose viŵiri, ivyo vikulembeka mu thupi na ivyo vikulembeka mu mabuku, vikupanga ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti ni viyowoyero (apo ivyo vikulembeka mu mabuku ghakulembeka paŵekha vikupangiska yayi).

Mazgu ghakuzunurapo ghali na vilato vinandi vyakuzirwa. Nangauli kugwiriskira ncito kwawo pakukhozgera unenesko wa vinjeru na kukhozga ivyo ŵakuyowoya vikuwoneka comene mu vyakusambizga na vilongozgo vya mtundu (mwaciyelezgero,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://integrity.mit.edu/handbook/citing-your-sources/avoiding-plagiarism-cite-your-source |title=What Does it Mean to Cite? |publisher=MIT Academic Integrity |access-date=2015-09-28 |archive-date=2017-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710203103/http://integrity.mit.edu/handbook/citing-your-sources/avoiding-plagiarism-cite-your-source |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Association of Legal Writing Directors &amp; Darby Dickerson, ''ALWD Citation Manual: A Professional System of Citation,'' 4th ed. (New York: Aspen, 2010), 3.&lt;/ref&gt;), kupereka makora fundo zakumanyikwa ku magwero ghakale nchimoza mwa vifukwa ivi.&lt;ref&gt;Mansourizadeh, Kobra, and Ummul K. Ahmad. &quot;Citation practices among non-native expert and novice scientific writers.&quot; ''Journal of English for Academic Purposes'' 10, no. 3 (2011): 152–161.&lt;/ref&gt; Kusanda kwa chiyowoyero kwa ndondomeko ya kuzunura kwalongora kuti nawo ŵakugwira ntchito zikuru pakunozga umo chimanyisko chikuŵira pa mutu unyake, kusanga ivyo vikusoŵa mu chimanyisko icho chilipo ivyo vikwenera kuzuzgika panji kulongosora malo agho mafumbo ghakwenera kulutilira panji kuzgoŵezgeka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Swales |first=John M. |orig-date=2004 |title=Research genres: Explorations and applications |journal= [[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139524827 |publication-date=October 2012 |isbn=978-1-139-52482-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Citation nayo yamanyikwa kuti ni nthowa yikuru iyo ŵakusanda ŵakuŵikirapo fundo: kujikolera panji kulimbana na magulu ghachokoghachoko gha ŵanyawo ŵakusanda awo ŵakugwira ntchito pa mapulojekiti ghakuyana waka na kuŵika mwaŵi wakuti ŵapange chimanyisko chiphya.&lt;ref&gt;Hyland, K., &amp; Jiang, F. (2019). Points of reference: Changing patterns of academic citation. Applied Linguistics, 40(1), 64–85.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Citations on p. 44 of The Byzantine empire by Finlay.png|thumb|right|Mazgu agho ghali mu ukaboni la ŵasambiri]]

Mazgu ghakuzunulika (mwachiyelezgero, kuŵika mazuŵa mu vibokosi, mazgu ghakumalira ghakulembeka pachanya na mazgu ghapasi, makoloni panji makoma pa manambara gha masamba, na vinyake) ghakupambana na ndondomeko yakuzunulira ivyo vikugwiriskirika nchito (mwachiyelezgero, Oxford,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html |title=Oxford Referencing System |access-date=18 January 2011 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630023831/http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Harvard, MLA, NLM, Bungwe la Ŵanthu ŵa ku America (ASA), Bungwe la Ŵanthu ŵa ku America (APA), na vinyake). Nthowa yiliyose yikukolerana na visambizgo vyakupambanapambana vya masambiro, ndipo magazini gha masambiro agho ghakukolerana na visambizgo ivi ghakusunga mtundu wakukhumbikwa wa citational style mwa kukhozgera na kulondezga ndondomeko zakwenelera za mtundu.

== Concept ==
A ''bibliographic citation'' is a reference to a book, [[article (publishing)|article]], [[web page]], or other published item. Citations should supply sufficient detail to identify the item uniquely.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm |title=Library glossary |date=August 22, 2008 |publisher=[[Benedictine University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430220849/http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm |archive-date=April 30, 2008 |access-date=2009-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Different citation systems and styles are used in [[scientific citation]], [[legal citation]], [[prior art]], [[the arts]], and the [[humanities]]. Regarding the use of citations in the scientific literature, some scholars also put forward &quot;the right to refuse unwanted citations&quot; in certain situations deemed inappropriate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author1=Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva|author2= Quan-Hoang Vuong|date=2021|title=The right to refuse unwanted citations: rethinking the culture of science around the citation | journal=Scientometrics |volume=126|issue=6|pages=5355–5360|doi=10.1007/s11192-021-03960-9|pmid= 33994602|pmc= 8105147|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Content ==
Citation content can vary depending on the type of source and may include:
* ''Book:'' authors, book title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, and page numbers if appropriate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing |title=Anatomy of a Citation |website=LIU.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905125227/http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing |archive-date=2015-09-05 |access-date=2015-09-28 |ref=refLongIslandUni}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Journal:'' authors, article title, journal title, date of publication, and page numbers.
* ''Newspaper:'' authors, article title, name of newspaper, section title and page numbers if desired, date of publication.
* ''Web site:'' authors, article, and publication title where appropriate, as well as a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]], and a date when the site was accessed.
* ''Play:'' inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For example, &quot;In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married&quot; (Pushkin 4.452–53).&lt;ref name=&quot;Brigham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm |title=How to cite sources in the body of your paper |year=2008 |website=BYUI.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113174823/http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm |archive-date=November 13, 2011 |access-date=2008-02-08 |ref=refBrigham}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Poem:'' spaced [[Slash (punctuation)#In English text|slashes]] are normally used to indicate separate lines of a poem, and [[Parenthetical referencing|parenthetical citations]] usually include the line numbers. For example: &quot;For I must love because I live&amp;nbsp;/ And life in me is what you give.&quot; (Brennan, lines 15–16).&lt;ref name=Brigham/&gt;
* ''Interview:'' name of interviewer, interview descriptor (ex. personal interview), and date of interview.
* ''Data:'' authors, dataset title, date of publication, and publisher.

=== Unique identifiers ===
Along with information such as authors, date of publication, title and page numbers, citations may also include [[unique identifier]]s depending on the type of work being referred to.
* Citations of books may include an [[International Standard Book Number]] (ISBN).
* Specific volumes, articles, or other identifiable parts of a periodical, may have an associated [[Serial Item and Contribution Identifier]] (SICI) or an [[International Standard Serial Number]] (ISSN).
* Electronic documents may have a [[digital object identifier]] (DOI).
* Biomedical research articles may have a PubMed Identifier ([[PMID]]).

== Systems ==
Broadly speaking, there are two types of citation systems, the Vancouver system and parenthetical referencing.&lt;ref name=&quot;ELhelpdesk&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Pantcheva |first=Marina |date=nd |title=Citation styles: Vancouver and Harvard systems |url=https://site.uit.no/english/writing-style/citationstyles/ |website=site.uit.no |access-date=July 2, 2020 |archive-date=July 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701114257/https://site.uit.no/english/writing-style/citationstyles/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the [[Council of Science Editors]] (CSE) adds a third, the'' citation-name system''.&lt;ref name=&quot;council2006scientific&quot;&gt;Council of Science Editors, Style Manual Committee (2007). Scientific style and format: the CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vancouver system ===
{{main|Vancouver system}}
The Vancouver system uses sequential numbers in the text, either bracketed or superscript or both.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vancouver (Numbering) |url=https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/as/libraryservices/library/referencing/icite/vancouver/index.aspx |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=University of Birmingham |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103130115/https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/as/libraryservices/library/referencing/icite/vancouver/index.aspx |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The numbers refer to either footnotes (notes at the end of the page) or endnotes (notes on a page at the end of the paper) that provide source detail. The notes system may or may not require a full bibliography, depending on whether the writer has used a full-note form or a shortened-note form. The organizational logic of the bibliography is that sources are listed in their order of appearance in-text, rather than alphabetically by author last name.

For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a notes system ''without'' a full bibliography could look like:

:&quot;The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.&quot;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;

The note, located either at the foot of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote) would look like this:

:1. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'' (New York: Macmillan, 1969) 45–60.

In a paper with a full bibliography, the shortened note might look like:

:1. Kübler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'' 45–60.

The bibliography entry, which is required with a shortened note, would look like this:

:Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth. ''On Death and Dying''. New York: Macmillan, 1969.

In the humanities, many authors also use footnotes or endnotes to supply anecdotal information. In this way, what looks like a citation is actually supplementary material, or suggestions for further reading.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm |title=How to Write Research Papers with Citations: MLA, APA, Footnotes, Endnotes |access-date=2010-01-31 |archive-date=2010-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616071855/http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Parenthetical referencing ===
{{main|Parenthetical referencing}}
Parenthetical referencing, also known as Harvard referencing, has full or partial, in-text, citations enclosed in circular brackets and embedded in the paragraph.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=libguides|first1=liu.cwp|title=Parenthetical Referencing|url=https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|access-date=26 July 2020|website=liu.cwp.libguides.com|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726214158/https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An example of a parenthetical reference:
:&quot;The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance&quot; (Kübler-Ross, 1969, pp. 45–60).

Depending on the choice of style, fully cited parenthetical references may require no end section. Other styles include a list of the citations, with complete bibliographical references, in an end section, sorted alphabetically by author. This section is often called &quot;References&quot;, &quot;Bibliography&quot;, &quot;Works cited&quot; or &quot;Works consulted&quot;.

In-text references for online publications may differ from conventional parenthetical referencing. A full reference can be hidden, only displayed when wanted by the reader, in the form of a [[tooltip]].&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210428140433/https://livereference.org/ Live Reference Initiative]}}. Retrieved 2012-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt; This style makes citing easier and improves the reader's experience.

== Styles ==
{{Styles}}
{{Further|APA style|The Chicago Manual of Style|Bluebook|MLA style|ASA style}}
{{For|citation templates on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Citation templates|selfref=yes}}

Citation styles can be broadly divided into styles common to the humanities and the sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Some style guides, such as [[the Chicago Manual of Style]], are quite flexible and cover both parenthetical and note citation systems. Others, such as [[MLA style manual|MLA]] and [[APA style|APA]] styles, specify formats within the context of a single citation system. These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html |title=Citation Formats &amp; Style Manuals |year=2007 |website=CSUChico.edu |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refCaliforniaStateUni |archive-date=2008-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225232139/http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |year=2005 |website=Lesley.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228053242/http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html |archive-date=December 28, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refLesleyUni}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |year=2003 |website=RIT.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203115324/http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html |archive-date=February 3, 2008 |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refRIT}}&lt;/ref&gt; The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page numbers following the author name, in addition to conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis, parenthesis, quotation marks, etc., particular to their style.

A number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs; consequently, a number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations as well, and some works are so long-established as to have their own citation methods too: [[Stephanus pagination]] for [[Plato]]; [[Bekker numbers]] for [[Aristotle]]; citing the Bible by book, chapter and verse; or [[Shakespeare]] notation by play.

The [[Citation Style Language]] (CSL) is an open XML-based language to describe the formatting of citations and bibliographies.

=== Humanities ===
* The [[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago style]] (CMOS) was developed and its guide is ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]''. It is most widely used in history and economics as well as some social sciences. The closely related [[Turabian]] style—which derives from it—is for student references, and is distinguished from the CMOS by omission of quotation marks in reference lists, and mandatory access date citation.
* The Columbia style was created by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences.
* ''Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace'' by Elizabeth Shown Mills covers primary sources not included in CMOS, such as censuses, court, land, government, business, and church records. Includes sources in electronic format. Used by genealogists and historians.&lt;ref name=&quot;evidence&quot;&gt;Elizabeth Shown Mills. ''Evidence Explained : Citing History Sources from Artifacts to cyberspace.'' 2d ed. Baltimore:Genealogical Pub. Co., 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Harvard referencing]] (or author-date system) is a specific kind of [[parenthetical referencing]]. Parenthetical referencing is recommended by both the [[BSI Group|British Standards Institution]] and the [[Modern Language Association]]. Harvard referencing involves a short author-date reference, e.g., &quot;(Smith, 2000)&quot;, being inserted after the cited text within parentheses and the full reference to the source being listed at the end of the article.
* [[The MLA Style Manual|MLA style]] was developed by the Modern Language Association and is most often used in [[the arts]] and the [[humanities]], particularly in [[English studies]], other [[Literary criticism|literary studies]], including [[comparative literature]] and [[literary criticism]] in languages other than English (&quot;foreign languages&quot;), and some interdisciplinary studies, such as [[cultural studies]], [[drama]] and [[theatre]], film, and other [[Mass media|media]], including television. This style of citations and bibliographical format uses parenthetical referencing with author-page (Smith 395) or author-[short] title-page (Smith, ''Contingencies'' 42) in the case of more than one work by the same author within parentheses in the text, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources on a &quot;works cited&quot; page at the end of the paper, as well as notes (footnotes or endnotes).{{efn|The field of [[communication]] (or communications) overlaps with some of the disciplines also covered by the MLA and has its own disciplinary style recommendations for documentation format; the style guide recommended for use in student papers in such departments in American colleges and universities is often ''[[APA style|The Publication Manual of the APA]]'' ([[American Psychological Association]]); designated for short as &quot;[[APA style]]&quot;.}}
* The [[MHRA Style Guide]] is published by the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] (MHRA) and most widely used in the arts and humanities in the United Kingdom, where the MHRA is based.  It is available for sale both in the UK and in the United States. It is similar to MLA style, but has some differences.  For example, MHRA style uses footnotes that reference a citation fully while also providing a bibliography.  Some readers find it advantageous that the footnotes provide full citations, instead of shortened references, so that they do not need to consult the bibliography while reading for the rest of the publication details.&lt;ref&gt;The 2nd edition (updated April 2008) of the ''[[MHRA Style Guide]]'' is downloadable for free from the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] official website. {{Cite web |url=http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ |title=MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors, Editors, and Writers of Theses |year=2008 |publisher=Modern Humanities Research Association |access-date=2009-02-05 |archive-date=2005-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050910055050/http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ }} (2nd ed.)&lt;/ref&gt;

In some areas of the humanities, footnotes are used exclusively for references, and their use for conventional [[footnotes]] (explanations or examples) is avoided. In these areas, the term ''footnote'' is actually used as a synonym for ''reference'', and care must be taken by editors and typesetters to ensure that they understand how the term is being used by their authors.

=== Law ===
{{Main|Legal citation}}
* The [[Bluebook]] is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ |title=Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2007 ed.) |last=Martin |first=Peter W |date=May 2007 |website=Cornell.edu |orig-date=1993 |access-date=2008-02-03 |ref=refMartin2007 |archive-date=2018-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004233927/https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use inline citations, which are either separate sentences or separate clauses. Inline citations allow readers to quickly determine the strength of a source based on, for example, the court a case was decided in and the year it was decided.
* The legal citation style used almost universally in Canada is based on the ''[[Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation]]'' (AKA ''McGill Guide''), published by ''McGill Law Journal''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210184155/http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/citeguide.php|url=http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/citeguide.php|title=Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (Cite Guide)|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-02-10|access-date=2009-02-05|website=McGill Law Journal}}&lt;!--Updated October 2008.--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* British legal citation almost universally follows the ''[[Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities]]'' (OSCOLA).

=== Sciences, mathematics, engineering, physiology, and medicine ===
* The [[American Chemical Society]] style, or [[ACS style]], is often used in chemistry and some of the [[physical sciences]]. In ACS style references are numbered in the text and in the reference list, and numbers are repeated throughout the text as needed.
* In the style of the [[American Institute of Physics]] ([[AIP style]]), references are also numbered in the text and in the reference list, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.
* Styles developed for the [[American Mathematical Society]] (AMS), or AMS styles, such as [[AMS-LaTeX]], are typically implemented using the [[BibTeX]] tool in the [[LaTeX]] typesetting environment. Brackets with the author's initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in line with alphabetic-label format, e.g. [AB90]. This type of style is also called an &quot;authorship trigraph&quot;.
* The [[Vancouver system]], recommended by the [[Council of Science Editors]] (CSE), is used in medical and scientific papers and research.
** In one major variant, that used by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number.
** The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) is reportedly the original kernel of this biomedical style, which evolved from the Vancouver 1978 editors' meeting.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icmje.org &quot;Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005051625/http://www.icmje.org/ |date=2019-10-05 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;  The [[MEDLINE]]/[[PubMed]] database uses this citation style and the [[National Library of Medicine]] provides &quot;ICMJE [[Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals]] – Sample References&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.  [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html &quot;ICMJE Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals – Sample References&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061221120314/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html |date=2006-12-21 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The American Medical Association has its own variant of Vancouver style with only minor differences. See [[AMA Manual of Style]].
* The style of the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE), or [[IEEE style]], encloses citation numbers within square brackets and numbers them consecutively, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf IEEE Style Manual] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043706/http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }}. Retrieved 2015-02-16.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In areas of biology that falls within the [[ICNafp]] (which itself uses this citation style throughout), a variant form of author-title citation is the primary method used when making nomenclatural citations and sometimes general citations (for example in code-related proposals published in ''[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]''), with the works in question not cited in the bibliography unless also cited in the text. Titles use standardized abbreviations following ''Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum'' for periodicals and ''Taxonomic Literature 2'' (later [[IPNI]]) for books.
* Pechenik citation style is a style described in ''A Short Guide to Writing about Biology'', 6th ed. (2007), by [[Jan Pechenik|Jan A. Pechenik]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/colleges-and-schools/college-of-arts-and-sciences/majors-programs/Biology/Undergraduate_Research/Forms/citation_guide.pdf &quot;Pechenik Citation Style QuickGuide&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929032143/http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/colleges-and-schools/college-of-arts-and-sciences/majors-programs/Biology/Undergraduate_Research/Forms/citation_guide.pdf |date=2015-09-29 }} ([[PDF]]). [[University of Alberta]], Augustana Campus, Canada. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. November 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In 1955, Eugene Garfield proposed a [[citation index|bibliographic system for scientific literature]], to consolidate the integrity of [[scientific publishing|scientific publications]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cisn&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Garfield |first=Eugene |year=2006 |title=Citation indexes for science. A new dimension in documentation through association of ideas |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1123–1127 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyl189 |pmid=16987841 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Social sciences ===
* The style of the [[American Psychological Association]], or [[APA style]], published in the [[Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association]], is most often used in [[social sciences]]. APA citation style is similar to [[Harvard referencing]], listing the author's name and year of publication, although these can take two forms: ''name citations'' in which the surnames of the authors appear in the text and the year of publication then appears in parentheses, and ''author-date citations'', in which the surnames of the authors and the year of publication all appear in parentheses. In both cases, in-text citations point to an alphabetical list of sources at the end of the paper in a &quot;references&quot; section.
* The [[American Political Science Association]] publishes both a style manual and a style guide for publications in this field.&lt;ref name=&quot;APSA&quot;&gt;Stephen Yoder, ed. (2008). ''The APSA Guide to Writing and Publishing'' and ''Style Manual for Political Science''. Rev. ed. August 2006. [http://www.apsanet.org/PUBLICATIONS/Online-Store APSAnet.org Publications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929073143/http://www.apsanet.org/PUBLICATIONS/Online-Store |date=2015-09-29 }}. Retrieved 2015-09-28.&lt;/ref&gt; The style is close to the CMOS.
* The [[American Anthropological Association]] utilizes a modified form of the Chicago style laid out in their publishing style guide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm|title=Publishing Style Guide - Stay Informed|website=www.aaanet.org|access-date=Apr 28, 2020|archive-date=October 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009061048/http://aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The [[ASA style]] of the [[American Sociological Association]] is one of the main styles used in [[sociological]] publications.

== Issues ==
{{see also|Impact factor#Editorial policies that affect the impact factor}}In their research on footnotes in scholarly journals in the field of communication, Michael Bugeja and Daniela V. Dimitrova have found that citations to online sources have a rate of decay (as cited pages are taken down), which they call a &quot;half-life&quot;, that renders footnotes in those journals less useful for scholarship over time.&lt;ref&gt;Bugeja, Michael and Daniela V. Dimitrova (2010). ''Vanishing Act: The Erosion of Online Footnotes and Implications for Scholarship in the Digital Age''. Duluth, Minnesota: Litwin Books. {{ISBN|978-1-936117-14-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other experts have found that published replications do not have as many citations as original publications.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Raymond Hubbard and J. Scott Armstrong |year=1994 |title=Replications and Extensions in Marketing: Rarely Published But Quite Contrary |url=http://cogprints.org/5199/1/Replications-and-Extensions-in-Marketing.pdf |journal=International Journal of Research in Marketing |s2cid-access=free |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=233–248 |doi=10.1016/0167-8116(94)90003-5 |s2cid=18205635 |access-date=2017-11-01 |archive-date=2017-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922010807/http://cogprints.org/5199/1/Replications%2Dand%2DExtensions%2Din%2DMarketing.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Another important issue is citation errors, which often occur due to carelessness on either the researcher or journal editor's part in the publication procedure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Peoples | first1=Nicholas | last2=Østbye | first2=Truls | last3=Yan | first3=Lijing L. | title=Burden of proof: Combating inaccurate citation in biomedical literature | journal=BMJ | date=2023 | volume=383 | article-number=e076441 | doi=10.1136/bmj-2023-076441 | pmid=37931929 }}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a study that analyzed 1,200 randomly selected citations from three major business ethics journals concluded that an average article contains at least three plagiarized citations when authors copy and paste a citation entry from another publication without consulting the original source.&lt;ref name=&quot;Serenko2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Serenko |first1=A. |last2=Dumay |first2=J. |last3=Hsiao |first3=P-C.K. |last4=Choo |first4=C.W. |date=2021 |title=Do They Practice What They Preach? The Presence of Problematic Citations in Business Ethics Research |url=http://www.aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Do_They_Practice.pdf |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=1304–1320 |doi=10.1108/JD-01-2021-0018 |s2cid=237823862 |access-date=2021-10-19 |archive-date=2021-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193000/http://www.aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Do_They_Practice.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Experts have found that simple precautions, such as consulting the author of a cited source about proper citations, reduce the likelihood of citation errors and thus increase the quality of research.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Malcolm |last2=Armstrong |first2=J.&amp;nbsp;Scott |author-link2=J. Scott Armstrong |date=2008 |title=The Ombudsman: Verification of Citations: Fawlty Towers of Knowledge? |journal=Interfaces |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1287/inte.1070.0317 |issn=0092-2102 |eissn=1526-551X |jstor=25062982 |oclc=5582131729 |ssrn=1941335 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another study noted that approximately 25% citations do not support the claims made, a finding that affects many disciplines, including history.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Cumberledge |first1=Aaron |last2=Smith |first2=Neal |last3=Riley |first3=Benjamin W. |date=2023-08-01 |title=Unverified history: an analysis of quotation accuracy in leading history journals |journal=Scientometrics |language=en |volume=128 |issue=8 |pages=4677–4687 |doi=10.1007/s11192-023-04755-w |s2cid=259519993 |issn=1588-2861}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Research suggests the impact of an article can be, partly, explained by superficial factors and not only by the scientific merits of an article.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Bornmann | first1=Lutz | last2=Daniel | first2=Hans-Dieter | title=What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior | journal=Journal of Documentation | date=2008 | volume=64 | pages=45–80 | doi=10.1108/00220410810844150 | hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0013-7A94-3 | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Field-dependent factors are usually listed as an issue to be tackled not only when comparisons across disciplines are made, but also when different fields of research of one discipline are being compared.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Anauati |first1=Maria Victoria |last2=Galiani |first2=Sebastian |last3=Gálvez |first3=Ramiro H. |date=November 4, 2015 |title=Quantifying the Life Cycle of Scholarly Articles Across Fields of Economic Research |ssrn=2523078 |journal=Economic Inquiry |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=1339–1355}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in medicine, among other factors, the number of authors, the number of references, the article length, and the presence of a colon in the title influence the impact; while in sociology the number of references, the article length, and title length are among the factors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=van Wesel |first1=M. |last2=Wyatt |first2=S. |last3=ten Haaf |first3=J. |year=2014 |title=What a difference a colon makes: how superficial factors influence subsequent citation |url=https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/894334/art_3A10.1007_2Fs11192_013_1154_x.pdf |journal=Scientometrics |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=1601–1615 |doi=10.1007/s11192-013-1154-x |s2cid=18553863 |hdl=20.500.11755/2fd7fc12-1766-4ddd-8f19-1d2603d2e11d |hdl-access=free |access-date=2019-07-11 |archive-date=2021-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126035317/https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/894334/art_3A10.1007_2Fs11192_013_1154_x.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that &quot;reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brembs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Brembs|first1=Björn|title=Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability |journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |volume=12 |article-number=37 |year=2018 |pmid=29515380 |pmc=5826185 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2018.00037 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nature Index]] recognizes that citations remain a controversial and yet important metric for academics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://go.nature.com/2TdWoM6 |title=Studies suggest 5 ways to increase citation counts |last=Crew |first=Bec |date=7 August 2019 |website=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] Index |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218015207/https://www.natureindex.com/news-blog/studies-research-five-ways-increase-citation-counts |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; They report five ways to increase citation counts: (1) watch the title length and punctuation;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hudson |first=John |year=2016 |title=An analysis of the titles of papers submitted to the UK REF in 2014: authors, disciplines, and stylistic details |journal=[[Scientometrics]] |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=871–889 |doi=10.1007/s11192-016-2081-4 |pmc=5065898 |pmid=27795594}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2) release the results early as preprints;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fraser |first1=Nicholas |last2=Momeni |first2=Fakhri |last3=Mayr |first3=Philipp |last4=Peters |first4=Isabella |title=The relationship between bioRxiv preprints, citations and altmetrics |journal=Quantitative Science Studies |date=2020 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=618–638 |biorxiv=10.1101/673665 |doi=10.1162/qss_a_00043 |doi-access=free|hdl=11108/455 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; (3) avoid referring to a country in the title, abstract, or keywords;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Abramo |first1=Giovanni |last2=D'Angelo |first2=Ciriaco Andrea |last3=Di Costa |first3=Flavia |year=2016 |title=The effect of a country's name in the title of a publication on its visibility and citability |journal=[[Scientometrics]] |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=1895–1909 |arxiv=1810.12657 |doi=10.1007/s11192-016-2120-1|s2cid=4354082 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (4) link the article to supporting data in a repository;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|arxiv=1907.02565 |first1=Giovanni |last1=Colavizza |first2=Iain |last2=Hrynaszkiewicz |title=The citation advantage of linking publications to research data |first3=Isla |last3=Staden |first4=Kirstie |last4=Whitaker |first5=Barbara |last5=McGillivray |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2019|volume=15 |issue=4 |article-number=e0230416 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0230416 |pmid=32320428 |pmc=7176083 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1530416C |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; and (5) avoid hyphens in the titles of research articles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Zhi Quan |last2=Tse |first2=T.H. |last3=Witheridge |first3=Matt |year=2021 |title=Metamorphic robustness testing: Exposing hidden defects in citation statistics and journal impact factors |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering]] |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=1164–1183 |doi=10.1109/TSE.2019.2915065|bibcode=2021ITSEn..47.1164Z |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Citation patterns are also known to be affected by unethical behavior of both the authors and journal staff. Such behavior is called impact factor boosting and was reported to involve even the top-tier journals. Specifically the high-ranking journals of medical science, including ''The Lancet'', ''JAMA'' and ''The New England Journal of Medicine'', are thought to be associated with such behavior, with up to 30% of citations to these journals being generated by commissioned opinion articles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Heneberg |first=P. |year=2014 |title=Parallel Worlds of Citable Documents and Others: Inflated Commissioned Opinion Articles Enhance Scientometric Indicators |journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology |volume=65 |issue=3 |page=635 |doi=10.1002/asi.22997 |s2cid=3165853 |url=https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.22997 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-06-20 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202227/https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.22997 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On the other hand, the phenomenon of citation cartels is rising. Citation cartels are defined as groups of authors that cite each other disproportionately more than they do other groups of authors who work on the same subject.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fister |first1=I. Jr. |last2=Fister |first2=I. |last3=Perc |first3=M. |year=2016 |title=Toward the Discovery of Citation Cartels in Citation Networks |journal=Frontiers in Physics |volume=4 |page=49 |bibcode=2016FrP.....4...49F |doi=10.3389/fphy.2016.00049 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Citation politics===
Another issue is citation politics, which describes how citation shapes power structures by dictating the legitimacy of published authors and their work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Perkins-White |first=Amy |title=Library Guides: Citation politics: Getting Started |url=https://unimelb.libguides.com/citation-politics |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=unimelb.libguides.com |language=en |archive-date=2025-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216223059/https://unimelb.libguides.com/citation-politics |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; As ideas are frequently reproduced through citation, they accrue increasing intellectual value.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Annabel L. |date=2020 |title=The Politics of Citation |journal=Diacritics |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1353/dia.2020.0016 |issn=1080-6539}}&lt;/ref&gt; Research suggests that the number of times that an academic article gets cited has a direct impact on the author's academic prestige and recognition, promotion opportunities, and potential impact in their respective fields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Christen A. |last2=Garrett-Scott |first2=Dominique |date=2021-04-05 |title=&quot;We are not named&quot;: Black women and the politics of citation in anthropology |journal=Feminist Anthropology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=18–37 |doi=10.1002/fea2.12038 |issn=2643-7961}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Matthew effect|Matthew Effect]], [[Matilda effect|Matilda Effect]] and [[Reporting bias#Citation bias|citation bias]] describe phenomena to this effect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Keisha S. |last2=Zurn |first2=Perry |last3=Dworkin |first3=Jordan D. |last4=Bassett |first4=Dani S. |last5=Resnik |first5=David B. |date=2022-08-18 |title=Citation bias, diversity, and ethics |journal=Accountability in Research |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=158–172 |doi=10.1080/08989621.2022.2111257 |pmid=35938378 |pmc=9938084 |issn=0898-9621}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kwon |first=Diana |date=2022-03-22 |title=The rise of citational justice: how scholars are making references fairer |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00793-1 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=603 |issue=7902 |pages=568–571 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00793-1 |pmid=35318470 |bibcode=2022Natur.603..568K }}&lt;/ref&gt;

However, evidence indicates that external factors may influence the likelihood of a paper getting cited.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; For example, citation counts have been shown to favor researchers from the Global North and thus can undervalue researchers from the Global South and from minority communities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lazarus |first=Suleman |date=2024-12-05 |title=An Autoethnographic Perspective on Scholarly Impact, Citation Politics, and North–South Power Dynamics |journal=Life Writing |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=603–629 |doi=10.1080/14484528.2024.2430666 |issn=1448-4528|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, male names tend to get cited disproportionately more frequently than female names.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Rosa |first1=Fernanda R. |last2=Anastácio |first2=Kimberly |last3=Pereira de Jesus |first3=Maria Vitoria |last4=Veras |first4=Hemanuel Jhosé A. |date=June 2024 |title=Citation politics: The gender gap in internet governance |journal=Telecommunications Policy |volume=48 |issue=5 |article-number=102734 |doi=10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102734 |issn=0308-5961|doi-access=free |hdl=10919/124563 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Smith and Garrett-Scott have also argued that black women in the anthropological field are rarely ever cited by non-black women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Researchers have suggested combating inequality in citation politics with the use of a Citation Diversity Statement, a statement that would include the proportions of citations used in a scholarly article in terms of gender, race, and/or ethnicity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Another option is the formation of campaigns like #CiteBlackWomen that promote awareness of citational disparity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==Research and development==
There is research about citations and development of related tools and systems, mainly relating to scientific citations. [[Citation analysis]] is a method widely used in [[metascience]].
===Citation analysis===
{{Excerpt|Citation analysis|only=paragraphs|paragraphs=1-2}}
===Citation frequency===
{{See also|Metascience#Evaluation and incentives}}
{{Excerpt|Scientific citation|Citation frequency|hat=no}}
===Progress and citation consolidation===
{{Excerpt|Scientific citation|Progress and citation consolidation|hat=no}}
===IT systems===
[[File:Webcomic xkcd - Wikipedian protester - English.svg|thumb|''[[xkcd]]'' webcomic titled &quot;[[Wikipedian]] Protester&quot;. The sign says: &quot;{{bracket|[[Citation needed (Wikipedia)|CITATION NEEDED]]}}&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://xkcd.com/285/ |title=Wikipedian Protester |first=Randall |last=Munroe |work=xkcd |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=25 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225215024/https://www.xkcd.com/285/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
{{Excerpt|Scientific citation|IT systems|subsections=yes|hat=no}}
== See also ==
&lt;!-- New links in alpphabetial order please --&gt;
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Acknowledgment (creative arts)]]
* [[Bible citation]]
* [[Case citation]]
* [[Citation creator]]
* [[Citation index]]
* [[Citation signal]]
* [[Citationality]]
* [[Coercive citation]]
* [[Credit (creative arts)]]
* [[Cross-reference]]
* [[Drive-by citation]]
* [[San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment]]
* [[Scholarly method]]
* [[Source evaluation]]
* [[Style guide]]
}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
*{{commonscatinline}}

&lt;!-- This list needs to be ordered alphabetically. --&gt;
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=J Scott |date=July 1996 |title=The Ombudsman: Management Folklore and Management Science{{snd}}On Portfolio Planning, Escalation Bias, and Such |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1111&amp;context=marketing_papers |journal=Interfaces |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=28–42 |doi=10.1287/inte.26.4.25 |oclc=210941768 |ref=refArmstrong 2007 |access-date=2019-07-11 |archive-date=2018-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720064706/https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1111&amp;context=marketing_papers |url-status=live }}
* &lt;cite id=refPechenik2004&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pechenik |first=Jan A |title=A Short Guide to Writing About Biology |publisher=Pearson/Longman |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-321-15981-6 |edition=5th |location=[[New York City|New York]] |oclc=52166026 |ref=refMHRA}}&lt;/cite&gt;
* {{Cite web |url=https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-are-there-different-citation-styles |title=Why Are There Different Citation Styles? |website=Yale.edu |access-date=2025-01-23 |ref=refYaleUni |author=Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning |date=25 June 2015 |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123155948/https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-are-there-different-citation-styles |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=Why Cite Sources in Your Academic Writing? |url=https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-cite |author=Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning |website=Yale.edu |access-date=2025-01-23 |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123160020/https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-cite |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Bibliography]]
[[Category:Intellectual history]]
[[Category:Reference]]
[[Category:Sources]]
[[Category:Elements of documents]]</text>
      <sha1>ncnmm0f3bhy0g13wqygbxf5mb2eg8no</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122903</id>
      <parentid>122900</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T02:48:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122903</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47101" sha1="byagebtbjy75pivctjo5y54jehjs0hg" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Reference to a source}}
{{hatnote group|
{{distinguish-redirect|Cite|Site}}{{for-multi|&quot;&amp;lt;cite&gt;&quot;|HTML element}}
{{other uses|Citation (disambiguation)|Cité (disambiguation)|CITE (disambiguation)}}
{{for|citations related to Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Citing sources|Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia|selfref=yes|Wikipedia:Citation templates}}
}}
[[File:Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester_-_English.svg|thumb|''xkcd'' webusayiti ya mutu wakuti &quot;Wakususka wa Wikipedia&quot;. Chimanyikwiro ichi chikuti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Munroe |first=Randall |title=Wikipedian Protester |url=https://xkcd.com/285/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225215024/https://www.xkcd.com/285/ |archive-date=25 December 2011 |access-date=25 May 2020 |website=xkcd}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Ukaboni''' panji '''chiphara''' ni chibekero cha chinthu malo agho ghakulembeka. Kuyowoya mwakudunjika, ukaboni ni mazgu ghakufupikizgika gha afanumeriki agho ghali kuŵikika mu thupi la buku la vinjeru ilo likulongora kuti pali kulembeka mu chigaŵa cha vimanyikwiro vya mabuku gha buku ili na chilato cha kuzomerezga kuti milimo ya ŵanji yikukhwaskana na mutu wakudumbiskana pa malo agho ukaboni yikuyowoyeka.

Kanandi, kuphatikizapo vyose viŵiri, ivyo vikulembeka mu thupi na ivyo vikulembeka mu mabuku, vikupanga ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti ni viyowoyero (apo ivyo vikulembeka mu mabuku ghakulembeka paŵekha vikupangiska yayi).

Mazgu ghakuzunurapo ghali na vilato vinandi vyakuzirwa. Nangauli kugwiriskira ncito kwawo pakukhozgera unenesko wa vinjeru na kukhozga ivyo ŵakuyowoya vikuwoneka comene mu vyakusambizga na vilongozgo vya mtundu (mwaciyelezgero,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://integrity.mit.edu/handbook/citing-your-sources/avoiding-plagiarism-cite-your-source |title=What Does it Mean to Cite? |publisher=MIT Academic Integrity |access-date=2015-09-28 |archive-date=2017-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710203103/http://integrity.mit.edu/handbook/citing-your-sources/avoiding-plagiarism-cite-your-source |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Association of Legal Writing Directors &amp; Darby Dickerson, ''ALWD Citation Manual: A Professional System of Citation,'' 4th ed. (New York: Aspen, 2010), 3.&lt;/ref&gt;), kupereka makora fundo zakumanyikwa ku magwero ghakale nchimoza mwa vifukwa ivi.&lt;ref&gt;Mansourizadeh, Kobra, and Ummul K. Ahmad. &quot;Citation practices among non-native expert and novice scientific writers.&quot; ''Journal of English for Academic Purposes'' 10, no. 3 (2011): 152–161.&lt;/ref&gt; Kusanda kwa chiyowoyero kwa ndondomeko ya kuzunura kwalongora kuti nawo ŵakugwira ntchito zikuru pakunozga umo chimanyisko chikuŵira pa mutu unyake, kusanga ivyo vikusoŵa mu chimanyisko icho chilipo ivyo vikwenera kuzuzgika panji kulongosora malo agho mafumbo ghakwenera kulutilira panji kuzgoŵezgeka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Swales |first=John M. |orig-date=2004 |title=Research genres: Explorations and applications |journal= [[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139524827 |publication-date=October 2012 |isbn=978-1-139-52482-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Citation nayo yamanyikwa kuti ni nthowa yikuru iyo ŵakusanda ŵakuŵikirapo fundo: kujikolera panji kulimbana na magulu ghachokoghachoko gha ŵanyawo ŵakusanda awo ŵakugwira ntchito pa mapulojekiti ghakuyana waka na kuŵika mwaŵi wakuti ŵapange chimanyisko chiphya.&lt;ref&gt;Hyland, K., &amp; Jiang, F. (2019). Points of reference: Changing patterns of academic citation. Applied Linguistics, 40(1), 64–85.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Citations on p. 44 of The Byzantine empire by Finlay.png|thumb|right|Mazgu agho ghali mu ukaboni la ŵasambiri]]

Mazgu ghakuzunulika (mwachiyelezgero, kuŵika mazuŵa mu vibokosi, mazgu ghakumalira ghakulembeka pachanya na mazgu ghapasi, makoloni panji makoma pa manambara gha masamba, na vinyake) ghakupambana na ndondomeko yakuzunulira ivyo vikugwiriskirika nchito (mwachiyelezgero, Oxford,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html |title=Oxford Referencing System |access-date=18 January 2011 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630023831/http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Harvard, MLA, NLM, Bungwe la Ŵanthu ŵa ku America (ASA), Bungwe la Ŵanthu ŵa ku America (APA), na vinyake). Nthowa yiliyose yikukolerana na visambizgo vyakupambanapambana vya masambiro, ndipo magazini gha masambiro agho ghakukolerana na visambizgo ivi ghakusunga mtundu wakukhumbikwa wa citational style mwa kukhozgera na kulondezga ndondomeko zakwenelera za mtundu.

== Concept ==
A ''bibliographic citation'' is a reference to a book, [[article (publishing)|article]], [[web page]], or other published item. Citations should supply sufficient detail to identify the item uniquely.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm |title=Library glossary |date=August 22, 2008 |publisher=[[Benedictine University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430220849/http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm |archive-date=April 30, 2008 |access-date=2009-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Different citation systems and styles are used in [[scientific citation]], [[legal citation]], [[prior art]], [[the arts]], and the [[humanities]]. Regarding the use of citations in the scientific literature, some scholars also put forward &quot;the right to refuse unwanted citations&quot; in certain situations deemed inappropriate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author1=Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva|author2= Quan-Hoang Vuong|date=2021|title=The right to refuse unwanted citations: rethinking the culture of science around the citation | journal=Scientometrics |volume=126|issue=6|pages=5355–5360|doi=10.1007/s11192-021-03960-9|pmid= 33994602|pmc= 8105147|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Content ==
Citation content can vary depending on the type of source and may include:
* ''Book:'' authors, book title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, and page numbers if appropriate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing |title=Anatomy of a Citation |website=LIU.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905125227/http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing |archive-date=2015-09-05 |access-date=2015-09-28 |ref=refLongIslandUni}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Journal:'' authors, article title, journal title, date of publication, and page numbers.
* ''Newspaper:'' authors, article title, name of newspaper, section title and page numbers if desired, date of publication.
* ''Web site:'' authors, article, and publication title where appropriate, as well as a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]], and a date when the site was accessed.
* ''Play:'' inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For example, &quot;In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married&quot; (Pushkin 4.452–53).&lt;ref name=&quot;Brigham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm |title=How to cite sources in the body of your paper |year=2008 |website=BYUI.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113174823/http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm |archive-date=November 13, 2011 |access-date=2008-02-08 |ref=refBrigham}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Poem:'' spaced [[Slash (punctuation)#In English text|slashes]] are normally used to indicate separate lines of a poem, and [[Parenthetical referencing|parenthetical citations]] usually include the line numbers. For example: &quot;For I must love because I live&amp;nbsp;/ And life in me is what you give.&quot; (Brennan, lines 15–16).&lt;ref name=Brigham/&gt;
* ''Interview:'' name of interviewer, interview descriptor (ex. personal interview), and date of interview.
* ''Data:'' authors, dataset title, date of publication, and publisher.

=== Unique identifiers ===
Along with information such as authors, date of publication, title and page numbers, citations may also include [[unique identifier]]s depending on the type of work being referred to.
* Citations of books may include an [[International Standard Book Number]] (ISBN).
* Specific volumes, articles, or other identifiable parts of a periodical, may have an associated [[Serial Item and Contribution Identifier]] (SICI) or an [[International Standard Serial Number]] (ISSN).
* Electronic documents may have a [[digital object identifier]] (DOI).
* Biomedical research articles may have a PubMed Identifier ([[PMID]]).

== Systems ==
Broadly speaking, there are two types of citation systems, the Vancouver system and parenthetical referencing.&lt;ref name=&quot;ELhelpdesk&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Pantcheva |first=Marina |date=nd |title=Citation styles: Vancouver and Harvard systems |url=https://site.uit.no/english/writing-style/citationstyles/ |website=site.uit.no |access-date=July 2, 2020 |archive-date=July 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701114257/https://site.uit.no/english/writing-style/citationstyles/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the [[Council of Science Editors]] (CSE) adds a third, the'' citation-name system''.&lt;ref name=&quot;council2006scientific&quot;&gt;Council of Science Editors, Style Manual Committee (2007). Scientific style and format: the CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vancouver system ===
{{main|Vancouver system}}
The Vancouver system uses sequential numbers in the text, either bracketed or superscript or both.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vancouver (Numbering) |url=https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/as/libraryservices/library/referencing/icite/vancouver/index.aspx |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=University of Birmingham |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103130115/https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/as/libraryservices/library/referencing/icite/vancouver/index.aspx |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The numbers refer to either footnotes (notes at the end of the page) or endnotes (notes on a page at the end of the paper) that provide source detail. The notes system may or may not require a full bibliography, depending on whether the writer has used a full-note form or a shortened-note form. The organizational logic of the bibliography is that sources are listed in their order of appearance in-text, rather than alphabetically by author last name.

For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a notes system ''without'' a full bibliography could look like:

:&quot;The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.&quot;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;

The note, located either at the foot of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote) would look like this:

:1. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'' (New York: Macmillan, 1969) 45–60.

In a paper with a full bibliography, the shortened note might look like:

:1. Kübler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'' 45–60.

The bibliography entry, which is required with a shortened note, would look like this:

:Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth. ''On Death and Dying''. New York: Macmillan, 1969.

In the humanities, many authors also use footnotes or endnotes to supply anecdotal information. In this way, what looks like a citation is actually supplementary material, or suggestions for further reading.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm |title=How to Write Research Papers with Citations: MLA, APA, Footnotes, Endnotes |access-date=2010-01-31 |archive-date=2010-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616071855/http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Parenthetical referencing ===
{{main|Parenthetical referencing}}
Parenthetical referencing, also known as Harvard referencing, has full or partial, in-text, citations enclosed in circular brackets and embedded in the paragraph.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=libguides|first1=liu.cwp|title=Parenthetical Referencing|url=https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|access-date=26 July 2020|website=liu.cwp.libguides.com|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726214158/https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An example of a parenthetical reference:
:&quot;The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance&quot; (Kübler-Ross, 1969, pp. 45–60).

Depending on the choice of style, fully cited parenthetical references may require no end section. Other styles include a list of the citations, with complete bibliographical references, in an end section, sorted alphabetically by author. This section is often called &quot;References&quot;, &quot;Bibliography&quot;, &quot;Works cited&quot; or &quot;Works consulted&quot;.

In-text references for online publications may differ from conventional parenthetical referencing. A full reference can be hidden, only displayed when wanted by the reader, in the form of a [[tooltip]].&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210428140433/https://livereference.org/ Live Reference Initiative]}}. Retrieved 2012-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt; This style makes citing easier and improves the reader's experience.

== Styles ==
{{Styles}}
{{Further|APA style|The Chicago Manual of Style|Bluebook|MLA style|ASA style}}
{{For|citation templates on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Citation templates|selfref=yes}}

Citation styles can be broadly divided into styles common to the humanities and the sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Some style guides, such as [[the Chicago Manual of Style]], are quite flexible and cover both parenthetical and note citation systems. Others, such as [[MLA style manual|MLA]] and [[APA style|APA]] styles, specify formats within the context of a single citation system. These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html |title=Citation Formats &amp; Style Manuals |year=2007 |website=CSUChico.edu |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refCaliforniaStateUni |archive-date=2008-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225232139/http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |year=2005 |website=Lesley.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228053242/http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html |archive-date=December 28, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refLesleyUni}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |year=2003 |website=RIT.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203115324/http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html |archive-date=February 3, 2008 |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refRIT}}&lt;/ref&gt; The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page numbers following the author name, in addition to conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis, parenthesis, quotation marks, etc., particular to their style.

A number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs; consequently, a number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations as well, and some works are so long-established as to have their own citation methods too: [[Stephanus pagination]] for [[Plato]]; [[Bekker numbers]] for [[Aristotle]]; citing the Bible by book, chapter and verse; or [[Shakespeare]] notation by play.

The [[Citation Style Language]] (CSL) is an open XML-based language to describe the formatting of citations and bibliographies.

=== Humanities ===
* The [[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago style]] (CMOS) was developed and its guide is ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]''. It is most widely used in history and economics as well as some social sciences. The closely related [[Turabian]] style—which derives from it—is for student references, and is distinguished from the CMOS by omission of quotation marks in reference lists, and mandatory access date citation.
* The Columbia style was created by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences.
* ''Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace'' by Elizabeth Shown Mills covers primary sources not included in CMOS, such as censuses, court, land, government, business, and church records. Includes sources in electronic format. Used by genealogists and historians.&lt;ref name=&quot;evidence&quot;&gt;Elizabeth Shown Mills. ''Evidence Explained : Citing History Sources from Artifacts to cyberspace.'' 2d ed. Baltimore:Genealogical Pub. Co., 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Harvard referencing]] (or author-date system) is a specific kind of [[parenthetical referencing]]. Parenthetical referencing is recommended by both the [[BSI Group|British Standards Institution]] and the [[Modern Language Association]]. Harvard referencing involves a short author-date reference, e.g., &quot;(Smith, 2000)&quot;, being inserted after the cited text within parentheses and the full reference to the source being listed at the end of the article.
* [[The MLA Style Manual|MLA style]] was developed by the Modern Language Association and is most often used in [[the arts]] and the [[humanities]], particularly in [[English studies]], other [[Literary criticism|literary studies]], including [[comparative literature]] and [[literary criticism]] in languages other than English (&quot;foreign languages&quot;), and some interdisciplinary studies, such as [[cultural studies]], [[drama]] and [[theatre]], film, and other [[Mass media|media]], including television. This style of citations and bibliographical format uses parenthetical referencing with author-page (Smith 395) or author-[short] title-page (Smith, ''Contingencies'' 42) in the case of more than one work by the same author within parentheses in the text, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources on a &quot;works cited&quot; page at the end of the paper, as well as notes (footnotes or endnotes).{{efn|The field of [[communication]] (or communications) overlaps with some of the disciplines also covered by the MLA and has its own disciplinary style recommendations for documentation format; the style guide recommended for use in student papers in such departments in American colleges and universities is often ''[[APA style|The Publication Manual of the APA]]'' ([[American Psychological Association]]); designated for short as &quot;[[APA style]]&quot;.}}
* The [[MHRA Style Guide]] is published by the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] (MHRA) and most widely used in the arts and humanities in the United Kingdom, where the MHRA is based.  It is available for sale both in the UK and in the United States. It is similar to MLA style, but has some differences.  For example, MHRA style uses footnotes that reference a citation fully while also providing a bibliography.  Some readers find it advantageous that the footnotes provide full citations, instead of shortened references, so that they do not need to consult the bibliography while reading for the rest of the publication details.&lt;ref&gt;The 2nd edition (updated April 2008) of the ''[[MHRA Style Guide]]'' is downloadable for free from the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] official website. {{Cite web |url=http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ |title=MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors, Editors, and Writers of Theses |year=2008 |publisher=Modern Humanities Research Association |access-date=2009-02-05 |archive-date=2005-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050910055050/http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ }} (2nd ed.)&lt;/ref&gt;

In some areas of the humanities, footnotes are used exclusively for references, and their use for conventional [[footnotes]] (explanations or examples) is avoided. In these areas, the term ''footnote'' is actually used as a synonym for ''reference'', and care must be taken by editors and typesetters to ensure that they understand how the term is being used by their authors.

=== Law ===
{{Main|Legal citation}}
* The [[Bluebook]] is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ |title=Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2007 ed.) |last=Martin |first=Peter W |date=May 2007 |website=Cornell.edu |orig-date=1993 |access-date=2008-02-03 |ref=refMartin2007 |archive-date=2018-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004233927/https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use inline citations, which are either separate sentences or separate clauses. Inline citations allow readers to quickly determine the strength of a source based on, for example, the court a case was decided in and the year it was decided.
* The legal citation style used almost universally in Canada is based on the ''[[Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation]]'' (AKA ''McGill Guide''), published by ''McGill Law Journal''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210184155/http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/citeguide.php|url=http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/citeguide.php|title=Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (Cite Guide)|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-02-10|access-date=2009-02-05|website=McGill Law Journal}}&lt;!--Updated October 2008.--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* British legal citation almost universally follows the ''[[Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities]]'' (OSCOLA).

=== Sciences, mathematics, engineering, physiology, and medicine ===
* The [[American Chemical Society]] style, or [[ACS style]], is often used in chemistry and some of the [[physical sciences]]. In ACS style references are numbered in the text and in the reference list, and numbers are repeated throughout the text as needed.
* In the style of the [[American Institute of Physics]] ([[AIP style]]), references are also numbered in the text and in the reference list, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.
* Styles developed for the [[American Mathematical Society]] (AMS), or AMS styles, such as [[AMS-LaTeX]], are typically implemented using the [[BibTeX]] tool in the [[LaTeX]] typesetting environment. Brackets with the author's initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in line with alphabetic-label format, e.g. [AB90]. This type of style is also called an &quot;authorship trigraph&quot;.
* The [[Vancouver system]], recommended by the [[Council of Science Editors]] (CSE), is used in medical and scientific papers and research.
** In one major variant, that used by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number.
** The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) is reportedly the original kernel of this biomedical style, which evolved from the Vancouver 1978 editors' meeting.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icmje.org &quot;Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005051625/http://www.icmje.org/ |date=2019-10-05 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;  The [[MEDLINE]]/[[PubMed]] database uses this citation style and the [[National Library of Medicine]] provides &quot;ICMJE [[Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals]] – Sample References&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.  [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html &quot;ICMJE Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals – Sample References&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061221120314/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html |date=2006-12-21 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The American Medical Association has its own variant of Vancouver style with only minor differences. See [[AMA Manual of Style]].
* The style of the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE), or [[IEEE style]], encloses citation numbers within square brackets and numbers them consecutively, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf IEEE Style Manual] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043706/http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }}. Retrieved 2015-02-16.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In areas of biology that falls within the [[ICNafp]] (which itself uses this citation style throughout), a variant form of author-title citation is the primary method used when making nomenclatural citations and sometimes general citations (for example in code-related proposals published in ''[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]''), with the works in question not cited in the bibliography unless also cited in the text. Titles use standardized abbreviations following ''Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum'' for periodicals and ''Taxonomic Literature 2'' (later [[IPNI]]) for books.
* Pechenik citation style is a style described in ''A Short Guide to Writing about Biology'', 6th ed. (2007), by [[Jan Pechenik|Jan A. Pechenik]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/colleges-and-schools/college-of-arts-and-sciences/majors-programs/Biology/Undergraduate_Research/Forms/citation_guide.pdf &quot;Pechenik Citation Style QuickGuide&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929032143/http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/colleges-and-schools/college-of-arts-and-sciences/majors-programs/Biology/Undergraduate_Research/Forms/citation_guide.pdf |date=2015-09-29 }} ([[PDF]]). [[University of Alberta]], Augustana Campus, Canada. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. November 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In 1955, Eugene Garfield proposed a [[citation index|bibliographic system for scientific literature]], to consolidate the integrity of [[scientific publishing|scientific publications]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cisn&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Garfield |first=Eugene |year=2006 |title=Citation indexes for science. A new dimension in documentation through association of ideas |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1123–1127 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyl189 |pmid=16987841 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Social sciences ===
* The style of the [[American Psychological Association]], or [[APA style]], published in the [[Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association]], is most often used in [[social sciences]]. APA citation style is similar to [[Harvard referencing]], listing the author's name and year of publication, although these can take two forms: ''name citations'' in which the surnames of the authors appear in the text and the year of publication then appears in parentheses, and ''author-date citations'', in which the surnames of the authors and the year of publication all appear in parentheses. In both cases, in-text citations point to an alphabetical list of sources at the end of the paper in a &quot;references&quot; section.
* The [[American Political Science Association]] publishes both a style manual and a style guide for publications in this field.&lt;ref name=&quot;APSA&quot;&gt;Stephen Yoder, ed. (2008). ''The APSA Guide to Writing and Publishing'' and ''Style Manual for Political Science''. Rev. ed. August 2006. [http://www.apsanet.org/PUBLICATIONS/Online-Store APSAnet.org Publications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929073143/http://www.apsanet.org/PUBLICATIONS/Online-Store |date=2015-09-29 }}. Retrieved 2015-09-28.&lt;/ref&gt; The style is close to the CMOS.
* The [[American Anthropological Association]] utilizes a modified form of the Chicago style laid out in their publishing style guide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm|title=Publishing Style Guide - Stay Informed|website=www.aaanet.org|access-date=Apr 28, 2020|archive-date=October 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009061048/http://aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The [[ASA style]] of the [[American Sociological Association]] is one of the main styles used in [[sociological]] publications.

== Issues ==
{{see also|Impact factor#Editorial policies that affect the impact factor}}In their research on footnotes in scholarly journals in the field of communication, Michael Bugeja and Daniela V. Dimitrova have found that citations to online sources have a rate of decay (as cited pages are taken down), which they call a &quot;half-life&quot;, that renders footnotes in those journals less useful for scholarship over time.&lt;ref&gt;Bugeja, Michael and Daniela V. Dimitrova (2010). ''Vanishing Act: The Erosion of Online Footnotes and Implications for Scholarship in the Digital Age''. Duluth, Minnesota: Litwin Books. {{ISBN|978-1-936117-14-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other experts have found that published replications do not have as many citations as original publications.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Raymond Hubbard and J. Scott Armstrong |year=1994 |title=Replications and Extensions in Marketing: Rarely Published But Quite Contrary |url=http://cogprints.org/5199/1/Replications-and-Extensions-in-Marketing.pdf |journal=International Journal of Research in Marketing |s2cid-access=free |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=233–248 |doi=10.1016/0167-8116(94)90003-5 |s2cid=18205635 |access-date=2017-11-01 |archive-date=2017-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922010807/http://cogprints.org/5199/1/Replications%2Dand%2DExtensions%2Din%2DMarketing.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Another important issue is citation errors, which often occur due to carelessness on either the researcher or journal editor's part in the publication procedure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Peoples | first1=Nicholas | last2=Østbye | first2=Truls | last3=Yan | first3=Lijing L. | title=Burden of proof: Combating inaccurate citation in biomedical literature | journal=BMJ | date=2023 | volume=383 | article-number=e076441 | doi=10.1136/bmj-2023-076441 | pmid=37931929 }}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a study that analyzed 1,200 randomly selected citations from three major business ethics journals concluded that an average article contains at least three plagiarized citations when authors copy and paste a citation entry from another publication without consulting the original source.&lt;ref name=&quot;Serenko2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Serenko |first1=A. |last2=Dumay |first2=J. |last3=Hsiao |first3=P-C.K. |last4=Choo |first4=C.W. |date=2021 |title=Do They Practice What They Preach? The Presence of Problematic Citations in Business Ethics Research |url=http://www.aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Do_They_Practice.pdf |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=1304–1320 |doi=10.1108/JD-01-2021-0018 |s2cid=237823862 |access-date=2021-10-19 |archive-date=2021-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193000/http://www.aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Do_They_Practice.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Experts have found that simple precautions, such as consulting the author of a cited source about proper citations, reduce the likelihood of citation errors and thus increase the quality of research.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Malcolm |last2=Armstrong |first2=J.&amp;nbsp;Scott |author-link2=J. Scott Armstrong |date=2008 |title=The Ombudsman: Verification of Citations: Fawlty Towers of Knowledge? |journal=Interfaces |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1287/inte.1070.0317 |issn=0092-2102 |eissn=1526-551X |jstor=25062982 |oclc=5582131729 |ssrn=1941335 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another study noted that approximately 25% citations do not support the claims made, a finding that affects many disciplines, including history.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Cumberledge |first1=Aaron |last2=Smith |first2=Neal |last3=Riley |first3=Benjamin W. |date=2023-08-01 |title=Unverified history: an analysis of quotation accuracy in leading history journals |journal=Scientometrics |language=en |volume=128 |issue=8 |pages=4677–4687 |doi=10.1007/s11192-023-04755-w |s2cid=259519993 |issn=1588-2861}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Research suggests the impact of an article can be, partly, explained by superficial factors and not only by the scientific merits of an article.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Bornmann | first1=Lutz | last2=Daniel | first2=Hans-Dieter | title=What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior | journal=Journal of Documentation | date=2008 | volume=64 | pages=45–80 | doi=10.1108/00220410810844150 | hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0013-7A94-3 | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Field-dependent factors are usually listed as an issue to be tackled not only when comparisons across disciplines are made, but also when different fields of research of one discipline are being compared.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Anauati |first1=Maria Victoria |last2=Galiani |first2=Sebastian |last3=Gálvez |first3=Ramiro H. |date=November 4, 2015 |title=Quantifying the Life Cycle of Scholarly Articles Across Fields of Economic Research |ssrn=2523078 |journal=Economic Inquiry |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=1339–1355}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in medicine, among other factors, the number of authors, the number of references, the article length, and the presence of a colon in the title influence the impact; while in sociology the number of references, the article length, and title length are among the factors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=van Wesel |first1=M. |last2=Wyatt |first2=S. |last3=ten Haaf |first3=J. |year=2014 |title=What a difference a colon makes: how superficial factors influence subsequent citation |url=https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/894334/art_3A10.1007_2Fs11192_013_1154_x.pdf |journal=Scientometrics |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=1601–1615 |doi=10.1007/s11192-013-1154-x |s2cid=18553863 |hdl=20.500.11755/2fd7fc12-1766-4ddd-8f19-1d2603d2e11d |hdl-access=free |access-date=2019-07-11 |archive-date=2021-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126035317/https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/894334/art_3A10.1007_2Fs11192_013_1154_x.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that &quot;reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brembs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Brembs|first1=Björn|title=Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability |journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |volume=12 |article-number=37 |year=2018 |pmid=29515380 |pmc=5826185 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2018.00037 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nature Index]] recognizes that citations remain a controversial and yet important metric for academics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://go.nature.com/2TdWoM6 |title=Studies suggest 5 ways to increase citation counts |last=Crew |first=Bec |date=7 August 2019 |website=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] Index |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218015207/https://www.natureindex.com/news-blog/studies-research-five-ways-increase-citation-counts |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; They report five ways to increase citation counts: (1) watch the title length and punctuation;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hudson |first=John |year=2016 |title=An analysis of the titles of papers submitted to the UK REF in 2014: authors, disciplines, and stylistic details |journal=[[Scientometrics]] |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=871–889 |doi=10.1007/s11192-016-2081-4 |pmc=5065898 |pmid=27795594}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2) release the results early as preprints;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fraser |first1=Nicholas |last2=Momeni |first2=Fakhri |last3=Mayr |first3=Philipp |last4=Peters |first4=Isabella |title=The relationship between bioRxiv preprints, citations and altmetrics |journal=Quantitative Science Studies |date=2020 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=618–638 |biorxiv=10.1101/673665 |doi=10.1162/qss_a_00043 |doi-access=free|hdl=11108/455 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; (3) avoid referring to a country in the title, abstract, or keywords;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Abramo |first1=Giovanni |last2=D'Angelo |first2=Ciriaco Andrea |last3=Di Costa |first3=Flavia |year=2016 |title=The effect of a country's name in the title of a publication on its visibility and citability |journal=[[Scientometrics]] |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=1895–1909 |arxiv=1810.12657 |doi=10.1007/s11192-016-2120-1|s2cid=4354082 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (4) link the article to supporting data in a repository;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|arxiv=1907.02565 |first1=Giovanni |last1=Colavizza |first2=Iain |last2=Hrynaszkiewicz |title=The citation advantage of linking publications to research data |first3=Isla |last3=Staden |first4=Kirstie |last4=Whitaker |first5=Barbara |last5=McGillivray |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2019|volume=15 |issue=4 |article-number=e0230416 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0230416 |pmid=32320428 |pmc=7176083 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1530416C |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; and (5) avoid hyphens in the titles of research articles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Zhi Quan |last2=Tse |first2=T.H. |last3=Witheridge |first3=Matt |year=2021 |title=Metamorphic robustness testing: Exposing hidden defects in citation statistics and journal impact factors |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering]] |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=1164–1183 |doi=10.1109/TSE.2019.2915065|bibcode=2021ITSEn..47.1164Z |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Citation patterns are also known to be affected by unethical behavior of both the authors and journal staff. Such behavior is called impact factor boosting and was reported to involve even the top-tier journals. Specifically the high-ranking journals of medical science, including ''The Lancet'', ''JAMA'' and ''The New England Journal of Medicine'', are thought to be associated with such behavior, with up to 30% of citations to these journals being generated by commissioned opinion articles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Heneberg |first=P. |year=2014 |title=Parallel Worlds of Citable Documents and Others: Inflated Commissioned Opinion Articles Enhance Scientometric Indicators |journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology |volume=65 |issue=3 |page=635 |doi=10.1002/asi.22997 |s2cid=3165853 |url=https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.22997 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-06-20 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202227/https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.22997 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On the other hand, the phenomenon of citation cartels is rising. Citation cartels are defined as groups of authors that cite each other disproportionately more than they do other groups of authors who work on the same subject.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fister |first1=I. Jr. |last2=Fister |first2=I. |last3=Perc |first3=M. |year=2016 |title=Toward the Discovery of Citation Cartels in Citation Networks |journal=Frontiers in Physics |volume=4 |page=49 |bibcode=2016FrP.....4...49F |doi=10.3389/fphy.2016.00049 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Citation politics===
Another issue is citation politics, which describes how citation shapes power structures by dictating the legitimacy of published authors and their work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Perkins-White |first=Amy |title=Library Guides: Citation politics: Getting Started |url=https://unimelb.libguides.com/citation-politics |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=unimelb.libguides.com |language=en |archive-date=2025-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216223059/https://unimelb.libguides.com/citation-politics |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; As ideas are frequently reproduced through citation, they accrue increasing intellectual value.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Annabel L. |date=2020 |title=The Politics of Citation |journal=Diacritics |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1353/dia.2020.0016 |issn=1080-6539}}&lt;/ref&gt; Research suggests that the number of times that an academic article gets cited has a direct impact on the author's academic prestige and recognition, promotion opportunities, and potential impact in their respective fields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Christen A. |last2=Garrett-Scott |first2=Dominique |date=2021-04-05 |title=&quot;We are not named&quot;: Black women and the politics of citation in anthropology |journal=Feminist Anthropology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=18–37 |doi=10.1002/fea2.12038 |issn=2643-7961}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Matthew effect|Matthew Effect]], [[Matilda effect|Matilda Effect]] and [[Reporting bias#Citation bias|citation bias]] describe phenomena to this effect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Keisha S. |last2=Zurn |first2=Perry |last3=Dworkin |first3=Jordan D. |last4=Bassett |first4=Dani S. |last5=Resnik |first5=David B. |date=2022-08-18 |title=Citation bias, diversity, and ethics |journal=Accountability in Research |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=158–172 |doi=10.1080/08989621.2022.2111257 |pmid=35938378 |pmc=9938084 |issn=0898-9621}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kwon |first=Diana |date=2022-03-22 |title=The rise of citational justice: how scholars are making references fairer |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00793-1 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=603 |issue=7902 |pages=568–571 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00793-1 |pmid=35318470 |bibcode=2022Natur.603..568K }}&lt;/ref&gt;

However, evidence indicates that external factors may influence the likelihood of a paper getting cited.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; For example, citation counts have been shown to favor researchers from the Global North and thus can undervalue researchers from the Global South and from minority communities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lazarus |first=Suleman |date=2024-12-05 |title=An Autoethnographic Perspective on Scholarly Impact, Citation Politics, and North–South Power Dynamics |journal=Life Writing |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=603–629 |doi=10.1080/14484528.2024.2430666 |issn=1448-4528|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, male names tend to get cited disproportionately more frequently than female names.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Rosa |first1=Fernanda R. |last2=Anastácio |first2=Kimberly |last3=Pereira de Jesus |first3=Maria Vitoria |last4=Veras |first4=Hemanuel Jhosé A. |date=June 2024 |title=Citation politics: The gender gap in internet governance |journal=Telecommunications Policy |volume=48 |issue=5 |article-number=102734 |doi=10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102734 |issn=0308-5961|doi-access=free |hdl=10919/124563 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Smith and Garrett-Scott have also argued that black women in the anthropological field are rarely ever cited by non-black women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Researchers have suggested combating inequality in citation politics with the use of a Citation Diversity Statement, a statement that would include the proportions of citations used in a scholarly article in terms of gender, race, and/or ethnicity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Another option is the formation of campaigns like #CiteBlackWomen that promote awareness of citational disparity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==Research and development==
There is research about citations and development of related tools and systems, mainly relating to scientific citations. [[Citation analysis]] is a method widely used in [[metascience]].
===Citation analysis===
{{Excerpt|Citation analysis|only=paragraphs|paragraphs=1-2}}
===Citation frequency===
{{See also|Metascience#Evaluation and incentives}}
{{Excerpt|Scientific citation|Citation frequency|hat=no}}
===Progress and citation consolidation===
{{Excerpt|Scientific citation|Progress and citation consolidation|hat=no}}
===IT systems===
[[File:Webcomic xkcd - Wikipedian protester - English.svg|thumb|''[[xkcd]]'' webcomic titled &quot;[[Wikipedian]] Protester&quot;. The sign says: &quot;{{bracket|[[Citation needed (Wikipedia)|CITATION NEEDED]]}}&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://xkcd.com/285/ |title=Wikipedian Protester |first=Randall |last=Munroe |work=xkcd |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=25 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225215024/https://www.xkcd.com/285/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
{{Excerpt|Scientific citation|IT systems|subsections=yes|hat=no}}
== See also ==
&lt;!-- New links in alpphabetial order please --&gt;
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Acknowledgment (creative arts)]]
* [[Bible citation]]
* [[Case citation]]
* [[Citation creator]]
* [[Citation index]]
* [[Citation signal]]
* [[Citationality]]
* [[Coercive citation]]
* [[Credit (creative arts)]]
* [[Cross-reference]]
* [[Drive-by citation]]
* [[San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment]]
* [[Scholarly method]]
* [[Source evaluation]]
* [[Style guide]]
}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
*{{commonscatinline}}

&lt;!-- This list needs to be ordered alphabetically. --&gt;
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=J Scott |date=July 1996 |title=The Ombudsman: Management Folklore and Management Science{{snd}}On Portfolio Planning, Escalation Bias, and Such |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1111&amp;context=marketing_papers |journal=Interfaces |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=28–42 |doi=10.1287/inte.26.4.25 |oclc=210941768 |ref=refArmstrong 2007 |access-date=2019-07-11 |archive-date=2018-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720064706/https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1111&amp;context=marketing_papers |url-status=live }}
* &lt;cite id=refPechenik2004&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pechenik |first=Jan A |title=A Short Guide to Writing About Biology |publisher=Pearson/Longman |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-321-15981-6 |edition=5th |location=[[New York City|New York]] |oclc=52166026 |ref=refMHRA}}&lt;/cite&gt;
* {{Cite web |url=https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-are-there-different-citation-styles |title=Why Are There Different Citation Styles? |website=Yale.edu |access-date=2025-01-23 |ref=refYaleUni |author=Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning |date=25 June 2015 |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123155948/https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-are-there-different-citation-styles |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=Why Cite Sources in Your Academic Writing? |url=https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-cite |author=Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning |website=Yale.edu |access-date=2025-01-23 |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123160020/https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-cite |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Bibliography]]
[[Category:Intellectual history]]
[[Category:Reference]]
[[Category:Sources]]
[[Category:Elements of documents]]</text>
      <sha1>byagebtbjy75pivctjo5y54jehjs0hg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122904</id>
      <parentid>122903</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T02:51:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tumbuka-fying</comment>
      <origin>122904</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47118" sha1="ehpsi4tnn9hj6bpvhjhj839t6onzrlo" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Reference to a source}}
{{hatnote group|
{{distinguish-redirect|Cite|Site}}{{for-multi|&quot;&amp;lt;cite&gt;&quot;|HTML element}}
{{other uses|Citation (disambiguation)|Cité (disambiguation)|CITE (disambiguation)}}
{{for|citations related to Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Citing sources|Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia|selfref=yes|Wikipedia:Citation templates}}
}}
[[File:Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester_-_English.svg|thumb|''xkcd'' webusayiti ya mutu wakuti &quot;Wakususka wa Wikipedia&quot;. Chimanyikwiro ichi chikuti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Munroe |first=Randall |title=Wikipedian Protester |url=https://xkcd.com/285/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225215024/https://www.xkcd.com/285/ |archive-date=25 December 2011 |access-date=25 May 2020 |website=xkcd}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Ukaboni''' panji '''chiphara''' ni chibekero cha chinthu malo agho ghakulembeka. Kuyowoya mwakudunjika, ukaboni ni mazgu ghakufupikizgika gha afanumeriki agho ghali kuŵikika mu thupi la buku la vinjeru ilo likulongora kuti pali kulembeka mu chigaŵa cha vimanyikwiro vya mabuku gha buku ili na chilato cha kuzomerezga kuti milimo ya ŵanji yikukhwaskana na mutu wakudumbiskana pa malo agho ukaboni yikuyowoyeka.

Kanandi, kuphatikizapo vyose viŵiri, ivyo vikulembeka mu thupi na ivyo vikulembeka mu mabuku, vikupanga ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti ni viyowoyero (apo ivyo vikulembeka mu mabuku ghakulembeka paŵekha vikupangiska yayi).

Mazgu ghakuzunurapo ghali na vilato vinandi vyakuzirwa. Nangauli kugwiriskira ncito kwawo pakukhozgera unenesko wa vinjeru na kukhozga ivyo ŵakuyowoya vikuwoneka comene mu vyakusambizga na vilongozgo vya mtundu (mwaciyelezgero,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://integrity.mit.edu/handbook/citing-your-sources/avoiding-plagiarism-cite-your-source |title=What Does it Mean to Cite? |publisher=MIT Academic Integrity |access-date=2015-09-28 |archive-date=2017-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710203103/http://integrity.mit.edu/handbook/citing-your-sources/avoiding-plagiarism-cite-your-source |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Association of Legal Writing Directors &amp; Darby Dickerson, ''ALWD Citation Manual: A Professional System of Citation,'' 4th ed. (New York: Aspen, 2010), 3.&lt;/ref&gt;), kupereka makora fundo zakumanyikwa ku magwero ghakale nchimoza mwa vifukwa ivi.&lt;ref&gt;Mansourizadeh, Kobra, and Ummul K. Ahmad. &quot;Citation practices among non-native expert and novice scientific writers.&quot; ''Journal of English for Academic Purposes'' 10, no. 3 (2011): 152–161.&lt;/ref&gt; Kusanda kwa chiyowoyero kwa ndondomeko ya kuzunura kwalongora kuti nawo ŵakugwira ntchito zikuru pakunozga umo chimanyisko chikuŵira pa mutu unyake, kusanga ivyo vikusoŵa mu chimanyisko icho chilipo ivyo vikwenera kuzuzgika panji kulongosora malo agho mafumbo ghakwenera kulutilira panji kuzgoŵezgeka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Swales |first=John M. |orig-date=2004 |title=Research genres: Explorations and applications |journal= [[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139524827 |publication-date=October 2012 |isbn=978-1-139-52482-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Citation nayo yamanyikwa kuti ni nthowa yikuru iyo ŵakusanda ŵakuŵikirapo fundo: kujikolera panji kulimbana na magulu ghachokoghachoko gha ŵanyawo ŵakusanda awo ŵakugwira ntchito pa mapulojekiti ghakuyana waka na kuŵika mwaŵi wakuti ŵapange chimanyisko chiphya.&lt;ref&gt;Hyland, K., &amp; Jiang, F. (2019). Points of reference: Changing patterns of academic citation. Applied Linguistics, 40(1), 64–85.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Citations on p. 44 of The Byzantine empire by Finlay.png|thumb|right|Mazgu agho ghali mu ukaboni la ŵasambiri]]

Mazgu ghakuzunulika (mwachiyelezgero, kuŵika mazuŵa mu vibokosi, mazgu ghakumalira ghakulembeka pachanya na mazgu ghapasi, makoloni panji makoma pa manambara gha masamba, na vinyake) ghakupambana na ndondomeko yakuzunulira ivyo vikugwiriskirika nchito (mwachiyelezgero, Oxford,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html |title=Oxford Referencing System |access-date=18 January 2011 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630023831/http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Harvard, MLA, NLM, Bungwe la Ŵanthu ŵa ku America (ASA), Bungwe la Ŵanthu ŵa ku America (APA), na vinyake). Nthowa yiliyose yikukolerana na visambizgo vyakupambanapambana vya masambiro, ndipo magazini gha masambiro agho ghakukolerana na visambizgo ivi ghakusunga mtundu wakukhumbikwa wa citational style mwa kukhozgera na kulondezga ndondomeko zakwenelera za mtundu.

== Ghanoghano ==
A ''bibliographic citation'' is a reference to a book, [[article (publishing)|article]], [[web page]], or other published item. Citations should supply sufficient detail to identify the item uniquely.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm |title=Library glossary |date=August 22, 2008 |publisher=[[Benedictine University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430220849/http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm |archive-date=April 30, 2008 |access-date=2009-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Different citation systems and styles are used in [[scientific citation]], [[legal citation]], [[prior art]], [[the arts]], and the [[humanities]]. Regarding the use of citations in the scientific literature, some scholars also put forward &quot;the right to refuse unwanted citations&quot; in certain situations deemed inappropriate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author1=Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva|author2= Quan-Hoang Vuong|date=2021|title=The right to refuse unwanted citations: rethinking the culture of science around the citation | journal=Scientometrics |volume=126|issue=6|pages=5355–5360|doi=10.1007/s11192-021-03960-9|pmid= 33994602|pmc= 8105147|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vyamukati ==
Citation content can vary depending on the type of source and may include:
* ''Book:'' authors, book title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, and page numbers if appropriate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing |title=Anatomy of a Citation |website=LIU.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905125227/http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing |archive-date=2015-09-05 |access-date=2015-09-28 |ref=refLongIslandUni}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Journal:'' authors, article title, journal title, date of publication, and page numbers.
* ''Newspaper:'' authors, article title, name of newspaper, section title and page numbers if desired, date of publication.
* ''Web site:'' authors, article, and publication title where appropriate, as well as a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]], and a date when the site was accessed.
* ''Play:'' inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For example, &quot;In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married&quot; (Pushkin 4.452–53).&lt;ref name=&quot;Brigham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm |title=How to cite sources in the body of your paper |year=2008 |website=BYUI.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113174823/http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm |archive-date=November 13, 2011 |access-date=2008-02-08 |ref=refBrigham}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Poem:'' spaced [[Slash (punctuation)#In English text|slashes]] are normally used to indicate separate lines of a poem, and [[Parenthetical referencing|parenthetical citations]] usually include the line numbers. For example: &quot;For I must love because I live&amp;nbsp;/ And life in me is what you give.&quot; (Brennan, lines 15–16).&lt;ref name=Brigham/&gt;
* ''Interview:'' name of interviewer, interview descriptor (ex. personal interview), and date of interview.
* ''Data:'' authors, dataset title, date of publication, and publisher.

=== Unique identifiers ===
Along with information such as authors, date of publication, title and page numbers, citations may also include [[unique identifier]]s depending on the type of work being referred to.
* Citations of books may include an [[International Standard Book Number]] (ISBN).
* Specific volumes, articles, or other identifiable parts of a periodical, may have an associated [[Serial Item and Contribution Identifier]] (SICI) or an [[International Standard Serial Number]] (ISSN).
* Electronic documents may have a [[digital object identifier]] (DOI).
* Biomedical research articles may have a PubMed Identifier ([[PMID]]).

== Nthowa ==
Broadly speaking, there are two types of citation systems, the Vancouver system and parenthetical referencing.&lt;ref name=&quot;ELhelpdesk&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Pantcheva |first=Marina |date=nd |title=Citation styles: Vancouver and Harvard systems |url=https://site.uit.no/english/writing-style/citationstyles/ |website=site.uit.no |access-date=July 2, 2020 |archive-date=July 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701114257/https://site.uit.no/english/writing-style/citationstyles/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the [[Council of Science Editors]] (CSE) adds a third, the'' citation-name system''.&lt;ref name=&quot;council2006scientific&quot;&gt;Council of Science Editors, Style Manual Committee (2007). Scientific style and format: the CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vancouver system ===
{{main|Vancouver system}}
The Vancouver system uses sequential numbers in the text, either bracketed or superscript or both.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vancouver (Numbering) |url=https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/as/libraryservices/library/referencing/icite/vancouver/index.aspx |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=University of Birmingham |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103130115/https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/as/libraryservices/library/referencing/icite/vancouver/index.aspx |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The numbers refer to either footnotes (notes at the end of the page) or endnotes (notes on a page at the end of the paper) that provide source detail. The notes system may or may not require a full bibliography, depending on whether the writer has used a full-note form or a shortened-note form. The organizational logic of the bibliography is that sources are listed in their order of appearance in-text, rather than alphabetically by author last name.

For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a notes system ''without'' a full bibliography could look like:

:&quot;The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.&quot;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;

The note, located either at the foot of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote) would look like this:

:1. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'' (New York: Macmillan, 1969) 45–60.

In a paper with a full bibliography, the shortened note might look like:

:1. Kübler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'' 45–60.

The bibliography entry, which is required with a shortened note, would look like this:

:Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth. ''On Death and Dying''. New York: Macmillan, 1969.

In the humanities, many authors also use footnotes or endnotes to supply anecdotal information. In this way, what looks like a citation is actually supplementary material, or suggestions for further reading.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm |title=How to Write Research Papers with Citations: MLA, APA, Footnotes, Endnotes |access-date=2010-01-31 |archive-date=2010-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616071855/http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Parenthetical referencing ===
{{main|Parenthetical referencing}}
Parenthetical referencing, also known as Harvard referencing, has full or partial, in-text, citations enclosed in circular brackets and embedded in the paragraph.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=libguides|first1=liu.cwp|title=Parenthetical Referencing|url=https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|access-date=26 July 2020|website=liu.cwp.libguides.com|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726214158/https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An example of a parenthetical reference:
:&quot;The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance&quot; (Kübler-Ross, 1969, pp. 45–60).

Depending on the choice of style, fully cited parenthetical references may require no end section. Other styles include a list of the citations, with complete bibliographical references, in an end section, sorted alphabetically by author. This section is often called &quot;References&quot;, &quot;Bibliography&quot;, &quot;Works cited&quot; or &quot;Works consulted&quot;.

In-text references for online publications may differ from conventional parenthetical referencing. A full reference can be hidden, only displayed when wanted by the reader, in the form of a [[tooltip]].&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210428140433/https://livereference.org/ Live Reference Initiative]}}. Retrieved 2012-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt; This style makes citing easier and improves the reader's experience.

== Masitayilo ==
{{Styles}}
{{Further|APA style|The Chicago Manual of Style|Bluebook|MLA style|ASA style}}
{{For|citation templates on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Citation templates|selfref=yes}}

Citation styles can be broadly divided into styles common to the humanities and the sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Some style guides, such as [[the Chicago Manual of Style]], are quite flexible and cover both parenthetical and note citation systems. Others, such as [[MLA style manual|MLA]] and [[APA style|APA]] styles, specify formats within the context of a single citation system. These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html |title=Citation Formats &amp; Style Manuals |year=2007 |website=CSUChico.edu |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refCaliforniaStateUni |archive-date=2008-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225232139/http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |year=2005 |website=Lesley.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228053242/http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html |archive-date=December 28, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refLesleyUni}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |year=2003 |website=RIT.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203115324/http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html |archive-date=February 3, 2008 |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refRIT}}&lt;/ref&gt; The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page numbers following the author name, in addition to conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis, parenthesis, quotation marks, etc., particular to their style.

A number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs; consequently, a number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations as well, and some works are so long-established as to have their own citation methods too: [[Stephanus pagination]] for [[Plato]]; [[Bekker numbers]] for [[Aristotle]]; citing the Bible by book, chapter and verse; or [[Shakespeare]] notation by play.

The [[Citation Style Language]] (CSL) is an open XML-based language to describe the formatting of citations and bibliographies.

=== Humanities ===
* The [[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago style]] (CMOS) was developed and its guide is ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]''. It is most widely used in history and economics as well as some social sciences. The closely related [[Turabian]] style—which derives from it—is for student references, and is distinguished from the CMOS by omission of quotation marks in reference lists, and mandatory access date citation.
* The Columbia style was created by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences.
* ''Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace'' by Elizabeth Shown Mills covers primary sources not included in CMOS, such as censuses, court, land, government, business, and church records. Includes sources in electronic format. Used by genealogists and historians.&lt;ref name=&quot;evidence&quot;&gt;Elizabeth Shown Mills. ''Evidence Explained : Citing History Sources from Artifacts to cyberspace.'' 2d ed. Baltimore:Genealogical Pub. Co., 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Harvard referencing]] (or author-date system) is a specific kind of [[parenthetical referencing]]. Parenthetical referencing is recommended by both the [[BSI Group|British Standards Institution]] and the [[Modern Language Association]]. Harvard referencing involves a short author-date reference, e.g., &quot;(Smith, 2000)&quot;, being inserted after the cited text within parentheses and the full reference to the source being listed at the end of the article.
* [[The MLA Style Manual|MLA style]] was developed by the Modern Language Association and is most often used in [[the arts]] and the [[humanities]], particularly in [[English studies]], other [[Literary criticism|literary studies]], including [[comparative literature]] and [[literary criticism]] in languages other than English (&quot;foreign languages&quot;), and some interdisciplinary studies, such as [[cultural studies]], [[drama]] and [[theatre]], film, and other [[Mass media|media]], including television. This style of citations and bibliographical format uses parenthetical referencing with author-page (Smith 395) or author-[short] title-page (Smith, ''Contingencies'' 42) in the case of more than one work by the same author within parentheses in the text, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources on a &quot;works cited&quot; page at the end of the paper, as well as notes (footnotes or endnotes).{{efn|The field of [[communication]] (or communications) overlaps with some of the disciplines also covered by the MLA and has its own disciplinary style recommendations for documentation format; the style guide recommended for use in student papers in such departments in American colleges and universities is often ''[[APA style|The Publication Manual of the APA]]'' ([[American Psychological Association]]); designated for short as &quot;[[APA style]]&quot;.}}
* The [[MHRA Style Guide]] is published by the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] (MHRA) and most widely used in the arts and humanities in the United Kingdom, where the MHRA is based.  It is available for sale both in the UK and in the United States. It is similar to MLA style, but has some differences.  For example, MHRA style uses footnotes that reference a citation fully while also providing a bibliography.  Some readers find it advantageous that the footnotes provide full citations, instead of shortened references, so that they do not need to consult the bibliography while reading for the rest of the publication details.&lt;ref&gt;The 2nd edition (updated April 2008) of the ''[[MHRA Style Guide]]'' is downloadable for free from the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] official website. {{Cite web |url=http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ |title=MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors, Editors, and Writers of Theses |year=2008 |publisher=Modern Humanities Research Association |access-date=2009-02-05 |archive-date=2005-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050910055050/http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ }} (2nd ed.)&lt;/ref&gt;

In some areas of the humanities, footnotes are used exclusively for references, and their use for conventional [[footnotes]] (explanations or examples) is avoided. In these areas, the term ''footnote'' is actually used as a synonym for ''reference'', and care must be taken by editors and typesetters to ensure that they understand how the term is being used by their authors.

=== Law ===
{{Main|Legal citation}}
* The [[Bluebook]] is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ |title=Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2007 ed.) |last=Martin |first=Peter W |date=May 2007 |website=Cornell.edu |orig-date=1993 |access-date=2008-02-03 |ref=refMartin2007 |archive-date=2018-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004233927/https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use inline citations, which are either separate sentences or separate clauses. Inline citations allow readers to quickly determine the strength of a source based on, for example, the court a case was decided in and the year it was decided.
* The legal citation style used almost universally in Canada is based on the ''[[Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation]]'' (AKA ''McGill Guide''), published by ''McGill Law Journal''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210184155/http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/citeguide.php|url=http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/citeguide.php|title=Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (Cite Guide)|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-02-10|access-date=2009-02-05|website=McGill Law Journal}}&lt;!--Updated October 2008.--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* British legal citation almost universally follows the ''[[Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities]]'' (OSCOLA).

=== Sciences, mathematics, engineering, physiology, and medicine ===
* The [[American Chemical Society]] style, or [[ACS style]], is often used in chemistry and some of the [[physical sciences]]. In ACS style references are numbered in the text and in the reference list, and numbers are repeated throughout the text as needed.
* In the style of the [[American Institute of Physics]] ([[AIP style]]), references are also numbered in the text and in the reference list, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.
* Styles developed for the [[American Mathematical Society]] (AMS), or AMS styles, such as [[AMS-LaTeX]], are typically implemented using the [[BibTeX]] tool in the [[LaTeX]] typesetting environment. Brackets with the author's initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in line with alphabetic-label format, e.g. [AB90]. This type of style is also called an &quot;authorship trigraph&quot;.
* The [[Vancouver system]], recommended by the [[Council of Science Editors]] (CSE), is used in medical and scientific papers and research.
** In one major variant, that used by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number.
** The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) is reportedly the original kernel of this biomedical style, which evolved from the Vancouver 1978 editors' meeting.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icmje.org &quot;Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005051625/http://www.icmje.org/ |date=2019-10-05 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;  The [[MEDLINE]]/[[PubMed]] database uses this citation style and the [[National Library of Medicine]] provides &quot;ICMJE [[Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals]] – Sample References&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.  [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html &quot;ICMJE Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals – Sample References&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061221120314/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html |date=2006-12-21 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The American Medical Association has its own variant of Vancouver style with only minor differences. See [[AMA Manual of Style]].
* The style of the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE), or [[IEEE style]], encloses citation numbers within square brackets and numbers them consecutively, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf IEEE Style Manual] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043706/http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }}. Retrieved 2015-02-16.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In areas of biology that falls within the [[ICNafp]] (which itself uses this citation style throughout), a variant form of author-title citation is the primary method used when making nomenclatural citations and sometimes general citations (for example in code-related proposals published in ''[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]''), with the works in question not cited in the bibliography unless also cited in the text. Titles use standardized abbreviations following ''Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum'' for periodicals and ''Taxonomic Literature 2'' (later [[IPNI]]) for books.
* Pechenik citation style is a style described in ''A Short Guide to Writing about Biology'', 6th ed. (2007), by [[Jan Pechenik|Jan A. Pechenik]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/colleges-and-schools/college-of-arts-and-sciences/majors-programs/Biology/Undergraduate_Research/Forms/citation_guide.pdf &quot;Pechenik Citation Style QuickGuide&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929032143/http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/colleges-and-schools/college-of-arts-and-sciences/majors-programs/Biology/Undergraduate_Research/Forms/citation_guide.pdf |date=2015-09-29 }} ([[PDF]]). [[University of Alberta]], Augustana Campus, Canada. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. November 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In 1955, Eugene Garfield proposed a [[citation index|bibliographic system for scientific literature]], to consolidate the integrity of [[scientific publishing|scientific publications]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cisn&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Garfield |first=Eugene |year=2006 |title=Citation indexes for science. A new dimension in documentation through association of ideas |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1123–1127 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyl189 |pmid=16987841 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Social sciences ===
* The style of the [[American Psychological Association]], or [[APA style]], published in the [[Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association]], is most often used in [[social sciences]]. APA citation style is similar to [[Harvard referencing]], listing the author's name and year of publication, although these can take two forms: ''name citations'' in which the surnames of the authors appear in the text and the year of publication then appears in parentheses, and ''author-date citations'', in which the surnames of the authors and the year of publication all appear in parentheses. In both cases, in-text citations point to an alphabetical list of sources at the end of the paper in a &quot;references&quot; section.
* The [[American Political Science Association]] publishes both a style manual and a style guide for publications in this field.&lt;ref name=&quot;APSA&quot;&gt;Stephen Yoder, ed. (2008). ''The APSA Guide to Writing and Publishing'' and ''Style Manual for Political Science''. Rev. ed. August 2006. [http://www.apsanet.org/PUBLICATIONS/Online-Store APSAnet.org Publications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929073143/http://www.apsanet.org/PUBLICATIONS/Online-Store |date=2015-09-29 }}. Retrieved 2015-09-28.&lt;/ref&gt; The style is close to the CMOS.
* The [[American Anthropological Association]] utilizes a modified form of the Chicago style laid out in their publishing style guide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm|title=Publishing Style Guide - Stay Informed|website=www.aaanet.org|access-date=Apr 28, 2020|archive-date=October 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009061048/http://aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The [[ASA style]] of the [[American Sociological Association]] is one of the main styles used in [[sociological]] publications.

== Mavuto ==
{{see also|Impact factor#Editorial policies that affect the impact factor}}In their research on footnotes in scholarly journals in the field of communication, Michael Bugeja and Daniela V. Dimitrova have found that citations to online sources have a rate of decay (as cited pages are taken down), which they call a &quot;half-life&quot;, that renders footnotes in those journals less useful for scholarship over time.&lt;ref&gt;Bugeja, Michael and Daniela V. Dimitrova (2010). ''Vanishing Act: The Erosion of Online Footnotes and Implications for Scholarship in the Digital Age''. Duluth, Minnesota: Litwin Books. {{ISBN|978-1-936117-14-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other experts have found that published replications do not have as many citations as original publications.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Raymond Hubbard and J. Scott Armstrong |year=1994 |title=Replications and Extensions in Marketing: Rarely Published But Quite Contrary |url=http://cogprints.org/5199/1/Replications-and-Extensions-in-Marketing.pdf |journal=International Journal of Research in Marketing |s2cid-access=free |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=233–248 |doi=10.1016/0167-8116(94)90003-5 |s2cid=18205635 |access-date=2017-11-01 |archive-date=2017-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922010807/http://cogprints.org/5199/1/Replications%2Dand%2DExtensions%2Din%2DMarketing.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Another important issue is citation errors, which often occur due to carelessness on either the researcher or journal editor's part in the publication procedure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Peoples | first1=Nicholas | last2=Østbye | first2=Truls | last3=Yan | first3=Lijing L. | title=Burden of proof: Combating inaccurate citation in biomedical literature | journal=BMJ | date=2023 | volume=383 | article-number=e076441 | doi=10.1136/bmj-2023-076441 | pmid=37931929 }}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a study that analyzed 1,200 randomly selected citations from three major business ethics journals concluded that an average article contains at least three plagiarized citations when authors copy and paste a citation entry from another publication without consulting the original source.&lt;ref name=&quot;Serenko2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Serenko |first1=A. |last2=Dumay |first2=J. |last3=Hsiao |first3=P-C.K. |last4=Choo |first4=C.W. |date=2021 |title=Do They Practice What They Preach? The Presence of Problematic Citations in Business Ethics Research |url=http://www.aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Do_They_Practice.pdf |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=1304–1320 |doi=10.1108/JD-01-2021-0018 |s2cid=237823862 |access-date=2021-10-19 |archive-date=2021-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193000/http://www.aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Do_They_Practice.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Experts have found that simple precautions, such as consulting the author of a cited source about proper citations, reduce the likelihood of citation errors and thus increase the quality of research.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Malcolm |last2=Armstrong |first2=J.&amp;nbsp;Scott |author-link2=J. Scott Armstrong |date=2008 |title=The Ombudsman: Verification of Citations: Fawlty Towers of Knowledge? |journal=Interfaces |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1287/inte.1070.0317 |issn=0092-2102 |eissn=1526-551X |jstor=25062982 |oclc=5582131729 |ssrn=1941335 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another study noted that approximately 25% citations do not support the claims made, a finding that affects many disciplines, including history.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Cumberledge |first1=Aaron |last2=Smith |first2=Neal |last3=Riley |first3=Benjamin W. |date=2023-08-01 |title=Unverified history: an analysis of quotation accuracy in leading history journals |journal=Scientometrics |language=en |volume=128 |issue=8 |pages=4677–4687 |doi=10.1007/s11192-023-04755-w |s2cid=259519993 |issn=1588-2861}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Research suggests the impact of an article can be, partly, explained by superficial factors and not only by the scientific merits of an article.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Bornmann | first1=Lutz | last2=Daniel | first2=Hans-Dieter | title=What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior | journal=Journal of Documentation | date=2008 | volume=64 | pages=45–80 | doi=10.1108/00220410810844150 | hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0013-7A94-3 | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Field-dependent factors are usually listed as an issue to be tackled not only when comparisons across disciplines are made, but also when different fields of research of one discipline are being compared.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Anauati |first1=Maria Victoria |last2=Galiani |first2=Sebastian |last3=Gálvez |first3=Ramiro H. |date=November 4, 2015 |title=Quantifying the Life Cycle of Scholarly Articles Across Fields of Economic Research |ssrn=2523078 |journal=Economic Inquiry |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=1339–1355}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in medicine, among other factors, the number of authors, the number of references, the article length, and the presence of a colon in the title influence the impact; while in sociology the number of references, the article length, and title length are among the factors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=van Wesel |first1=M. |last2=Wyatt |first2=S. |last3=ten Haaf |first3=J. |year=2014 |title=What a difference a colon makes: how superficial factors influence subsequent citation |url=https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/894334/art_3A10.1007_2Fs11192_013_1154_x.pdf |journal=Scientometrics |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=1601–1615 |doi=10.1007/s11192-013-1154-x |s2cid=18553863 |hdl=20.500.11755/2fd7fc12-1766-4ddd-8f19-1d2603d2e11d |hdl-access=free |access-date=2019-07-11 |archive-date=2021-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126035317/https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/894334/art_3A10.1007_2Fs11192_013_1154_x.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that &quot;reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brembs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Brembs|first1=Björn|title=Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability |journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |volume=12 |article-number=37 |year=2018 |pmid=29515380 |pmc=5826185 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2018.00037 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nature Index]] recognizes that citations remain a controversial and yet important metric for academics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://go.nature.com/2TdWoM6 |title=Studies suggest 5 ways to increase citation counts |last=Crew |first=Bec |date=7 August 2019 |website=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] Index |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218015207/https://www.natureindex.com/news-blog/studies-research-five-ways-increase-citation-counts |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; They report five ways to increase citation counts: (1) watch the title length and punctuation;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hudson |first=John |year=2016 |title=An analysis of the titles of papers submitted to the UK REF in 2014: authors, disciplines, and stylistic details |journal=[[Scientometrics]] |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=871–889 |doi=10.1007/s11192-016-2081-4 |pmc=5065898 |pmid=27795594}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2) release the results early as preprints;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fraser |first1=Nicholas |last2=Momeni |first2=Fakhri |last3=Mayr |first3=Philipp |last4=Peters |first4=Isabella |title=The relationship between bioRxiv preprints, citations and altmetrics |journal=Quantitative Science Studies |date=2020 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=618–638 |biorxiv=10.1101/673665 |doi=10.1162/qss_a_00043 |doi-access=free|hdl=11108/455 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; (3) avoid referring to a country in the title, abstract, or keywords;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Abramo |first1=Giovanni |last2=D'Angelo |first2=Ciriaco Andrea |last3=Di Costa |first3=Flavia |year=2016 |title=The effect of a country's name in the title of a publication on its visibility and citability |journal=[[Scientometrics]] |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=1895–1909 |arxiv=1810.12657 |doi=10.1007/s11192-016-2120-1|s2cid=4354082 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (4) link the article to supporting data in a repository;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|arxiv=1907.02565 |first1=Giovanni |last1=Colavizza |first2=Iain |last2=Hrynaszkiewicz |title=The citation advantage of linking publications to research data |first3=Isla |last3=Staden |first4=Kirstie |last4=Whitaker |first5=Barbara |last5=McGillivray |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2019|volume=15 |issue=4 |article-number=e0230416 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0230416 |pmid=32320428 |pmc=7176083 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1530416C |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; and (5) avoid hyphens in the titles of research articles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Zhi Quan |last2=Tse |first2=T.H. |last3=Witheridge |first3=Matt |year=2021 |title=Metamorphic robustness testing: Exposing hidden defects in citation statistics and journal impact factors |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering]] |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=1164–1183 |doi=10.1109/TSE.2019.2915065|bibcode=2021ITSEn..47.1164Z |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Citation patterns are also known to be affected by unethical behavior of both the authors and journal staff. Such behavior is called impact factor boosting and was reported to involve even the top-tier journals. Specifically the high-ranking journals of medical science, including ''The Lancet'', ''JAMA'' and ''The New England Journal of Medicine'', are thought to be associated with such behavior, with up to 30% of citations to these journals being generated by commissioned opinion articles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Heneberg |first=P. |year=2014 |title=Parallel Worlds of Citable Documents and Others: Inflated Commissioned Opinion Articles Enhance Scientometric Indicators |journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology |volume=65 |issue=3 |page=635 |doi=10.1002/asi.22997 |s2cid=3165853 |url=https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.22997 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-06-20 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202227/https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.22997 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On the other hand, the phenomenon of citation cartels is rising. Citation cartels are defined as groups of authors that cite each other disproportionately more than they do other groups of authors who work on the same subject.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fister |first1=I. Jr. |last2=Fister |first2=I. |last3=Perc |first3=M. |year=2016 |title=Toward the Discovery of Citation Cartels in Citation Networks |journal=Frontiers in Physics |volume=4 |page=49 |bibcode=2016FrP.....4...49F |doi=10.3389/fphy.2016.00049 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Citation politics===
Another issue is citation politics, which describes how citation shapes power structures by dictating the legitimacy of published authors and their work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Perkins-White |first=Amy |title=Library Guides: Citation politics: Getting Started |url=https://unimelb.libguides.com/citation-politics |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=unimelb.libguides.com |language=en |archive-date=2025-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216223059/https://unimelb.libguides.com/citation-politics |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; As ideas are frequently reproduced through citation, they accrue increasing intellectual value.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Annabel L. |date=2020 |title=The Politics of Citation |journal=Diacritics |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1353/dia.2020.0016 |issn=1080-6539}}&lt;/ref&gt; Research suggests that the number of times that an academic article gets cited has a direct impact on the author's academic prestige and recognition, promotion opportunities, and potential impact in their respective fields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Christen A. |last2=Garrett-Scott |first2=Dominique |date=2021-04-05 |title=&quot;We are not named&quot;: Black women and the politics of citation in anthropology |journal=Feminist Anthropology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=18–37 |doi=10.1002/fea2.12038 |issn=2643-7961}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Matthew effect|Matthew Effect]], [[Matilda effect|Matilda Effect]] and [[Reporting bias#Citation bias|citation bias]] describe phenomena to this effect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Keisha S. |last2=Zurn |first2=Perry |last3=Dworkin |first3=Jordan D. |last4=Bassett |first4=Dani S. |last5=Resnik |first5=David B. |date=2022-08-18 |title=Citation bias, diversity, and ethics |journal=Accountability in Research |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=158–172 |doi=10.1080/08989621.2022.2111257 |pmid=35938378 |pmc=9938084 |issn=0898-9621}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kwon |first=Diana |date=2022-03-22 |title=The rise of citational justice: how scholars are making references fairer |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00793-1 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=603 |issue=7902 |pages=568–571 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00793-1 |pmid=35318470 |bibcode=2022Natur.603..568K }}&lt;/ref&gt;

However, evidence indicates that external factors may influence the likelihood of a paper getting cited.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; For example, citation counts have been shown to favor researchers from the Global North and thus can undervalue researchers from the Global South and from minority communities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lazarus |first=Suleman |date=2024-12-05 |title=An Autoethnographic Perspective on Scholarly Impact, Citation Politics, and North–South Power Dynamics |journal=Life Writing |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=603–629 |doi=10.1080/14484528.2024.2430666 |issn=1448-4528|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, male names tend to get cited disproportionately more frequently than female names.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Rosa |first1=Fernanda R. |last2=Anastácio |first2=Kimberly |last3=Pereira de Jesus |first3=Maria Vitoria |last4=Veras |first4=Hemanuel Jhosé A. |date=June 2024 |title=Citation politics: The gender gap in internet governance |journal=Telecommunications Policy |volume=48 |issue=5 |article-number=102734 |doi=10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102734 |issn=0308-5961|doi-access=free |hdl=10919/124563 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Smith and Garrett-Scott have also argued that black women in the anthropological field are rarely ever cited by non-black women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Researchers have suggested combating inequality in citation politics with the use of a Citation Diversity Statement, a statement that would include the proportions of citations used in a scholarly article in terms of gender, race, and/or ethnicity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Another option is the formation of campaigns like #CiteBlackWomen that promote awareness of citational disparity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Kafukufuku na kupanga ==
There is research about citations and development of related tools and systems, mainly relating to scientific citations. [[Citation analysis]] is a method widely used in [[metascience]].
===Citation analysis===
{{Excerpt|Citation analysis|only=paragraphs|paragraphs=1-2}}
===Citation frequency===
{{See also|Metascience#Evaluation and incentives}}
{{Excerpt|Scientific citation|Citation frequency|hat=no}}
===Progress and citation consolidation===
{{Excerpt|Scientific citation|Progress and citation consolidation|hat=no}}
===IT systems===
[[File:Webcomic xkcd - Wikipedian protester - English.svg|thumb|''[[xkcd]]'' webcomic titled &quot;[[Wikipedian]] Protester&quot;. The sign says: &quot;{{bracket|[[Citation needed (Wikipedia)|CITATION NEEDED]]}}&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://xkcd.com/285/ |title=Wikipedian Protester |first=Randall |last=Munroe |work=xkcd |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=25 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225215024/https://www.xkcd.com/285/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
{{Excerpt|Scientific citation|IT systems|subsections=yes|hat=no}}
== Wonaniso ==
&lt;!-- New links in alpphabetial order please --&gt;
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Acknowledgment (creative arts)]]
* [[Bible citation]]
* [[Case citation]]
* [[Citation creator]]
* [[Citation index]]
* [[Citation signal]]
* [[Citationality]]
* [[Coercive citation]]
* [[Credit (creative arts)]]
* [[Cross-reference]]
* [[Drive-by citation]]
* [[San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment]]
* [[Scholarly method]]
* [[Source evaluation]]
* [[Style guide]]
}}

== Manotisi ==
{{Notelist}}

== Ukaboni ==
{{Reflist}}

== Kuŵerenga kwakusazgikira ==
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
*{{commonscatinline}}

&lt;!-- This list needs to be ordered alphabetically. --&gt;
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=J Scott |date=July 1996 |title=The Ombudsman: Management Folklore and Management Science{{snd}}On Portfolio Planning, Escalation Bias, and Such |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1111&amp;context=marketing_papers |journal=Interfaces |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=28–42 |doi=10.1287/inte.26.4.25 |oclc=210941768 |ref=refArmstrong 2007 |access-date=2019-07-11 |archive-date=2018-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720064706/https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1111&amp;context=marketing_papers |url-status=live }}
* &lt;cite id=refPechenik2004&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pechenik |first=Jan A |title=A Short Guide to Writing About Biology |publisher=Pearson/Longman |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-321-15981-6 |edition=5th |location=[[New York City|New York]] |oclc=52166026 |ref=refMHRA}}&lt;/cite&gt;
* {{Cite web |url=https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-are-there-different-citation-styles |title=Why Are There Different Citation Styles? |website=Yale.edu |access-date=2025-01-23 |ref=refYaleUni |author=Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning |date=25 June 2015 |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123155948/https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-are-there-different-citation-styles |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=Why Cite Sources in Your Academic Writing? |url=https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-cite |author=Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning |website=Yale.edu |access-date=2025-01-23 |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123160020/https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-cite |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Bibliography]]
[[Category:Intellectual history]]
[[Category:Reference]]
[[Category:Sources]]
[[Category:Elements of documents]]</text>
      <sha1>ehpsi4tnn9hj6bpvhjhj839t6onzrlo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122907</id>
      <parentid>122904</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T02:57:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122907</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47116" sha1="4s9jg8kq21nd41n2coaiykyrb0yzinb" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Reference to a source}}
{{hatnote group|
{{distinguish-redirect|Cite|Site}}{{for-multi|&quot;&amp;lt;cite&gt;&quot;|HTML element}}
{{other uses|Citation (disambiguation)|Cité (disambiguation)|CITE (disambiguation)}}
{{for|citations related to Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Citing sources|Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia|selfref=yes|Wikipedia:Citation templates}}
}}
[[File:Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester_-_English.svg|thumb|''xkcd'' webusayiti ya mutu wakuti &quot;Wakususka wa Wikipedia&quot;. Chimanyikwiro ichi chikuti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Munroe |first=Randall |title=Wikipedian Protester |url=https://xkcd.com/285/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225215024/https://www.xkcd.com/285/ |archive-date=25 December 2011 |access-date=25 May 2020 |website=xkcd}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Ukaboni''' panji '''chiphara''' ni chibekero cha chinthu malo agho ghakulembeka. Kuyowoya mwakudunjika, ukaboni ni mazgu ghakufupikizgika gha afanumeriki agho ghali kuŵikika mu thupi la buku la vinjeru ilo likulongora kuti pali kulembeka mu chigaŵa cha vimanyikwiro vya mabuku gha buku ili na chilato cha kuzomerezga kuti milimo ya ŵanji yikukhwaskana na mutu wakudumbiskana pa malo agho ukaboni yikuyowoyeka.

Kanandi, kuphatikizapo vyose viŵiri, ivyo vikulembeka mu thupi na ivyo vikulembeka mu mabuku, vikupanga ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti ni ukaboni (apo ivyo vikulembeka mu mabuku ghakulembeka paŵekha vikupangiska yayi).

Mazgu ghakuzunurapo ghali na vilato vinandi vyakuzirwa. Nangauli kugwiriskira nchito kwawo pakukhozgera unenesko wa vinjeru na kukhozga ivyo ŵakuyowoya vikuwoneka comene mu vyakusambizga na vilongozgo vya mtundu (mwaciyelezgero,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://integrity.mit.edu/handbook/citing-your-sources/avoiding-plagiarism-cite-your-source |title=What Does it Mean to Cite? |publisher=MIT Academic Integrity |access-date=2015-09-28 |archive-date=2017-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710203103/http://integrity.mit.edu/handbook/citing-your-sources/avoiding-plagiarism-cite-your-source |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Association of Legal Writing Directors &amp; Darby Dickerson, ''ALWD Citation Manual: A Professional System of Citation,'' 4th ed. (New York: Aspen, 2010), 3.&lt;/ref&gt;), kupereka makora fundo zakumanyikwa ku magwero ghakale nchimoza mwa vifukwa ivi.&lt;ref&gt;Mansourizadeh, Kobra, and Ummul K. Ahmad. &quot;Citation practices among non-native expert and novice scientific writers.&quot; ''Journal of English for Academic Purposes'' 10, no. 3 (2011): 152–161.&lt;/ref&gt; Kusanda kwa chiyowoyero kwa ndondomeko ya kuzunura kwalongora kuti nawo ŵakugwira ntchito zikuru pakunozga umo chimanyisko chikuŵira pa mutu unyake, kusanga ivyo vikusoŵa mu chimanyisko icho chilipo ivyo vikwenera kuzuzgika panji kulongosora malo agho mafumbo ghakwenera kulutilira panji kuzgoŵezgeka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Swales |first=John M. |orig-date=2004 |title=Research genres: Explorations and applications |journal= [[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139524827 |publication-date=October 2012 |isbn=978-1-139-52482-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Citation nayo yamanyikwa kuti ni nthowa yikuru iyo ŵakusanda ŵakuŵikirapo fundo: kujikolera panji kulimbana na magulu ghachokoghachoko gha ŵanyawo ŵakusanda awo ŵakugwira ntchito pa mapulojekiti ghakuyana waka na kuŵika mwaŵi wakuti ŵapange chimanyisko chiphya.&lt;ref&gt;Hyland, K., &amp; Jiang, F. (2019). Points of reference: Changing patterns of academic citation. Applied Linguistics, 40(1), 64–85.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Citations on p. 44 of The Byzantine empire by Finlay.png|thumb|right|Mazgu agho ghali mu ukaboni la ŵasambiri]]

Mazgu ghakuzunulika (mwachiyelezgero, kuŵika mazuŵa mu vibokosi, mazgu ghakumalira ghakulembeka pachanya na mazgu ghapasi, makoloni panji makoma pa manambara gha masamba, na vinyake) ghakupambana na ndondomeko yakuzunulira ivyo vikugwiriskirika nchito (mwachiyelezgero, Oxford,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html |title=Oxford Referencing System |access-date=18 January 2011 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630023831/http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Harvard, MLA, NLM, Bungwe la Ŵanthu ŵa ku America (ASA), Bungwe la Ŵanthu ŵa ku America (APA), na vinyake). Nthowa yiliyose yikukolerana na visambizgo vyakupambanapambana vya masambiro, ndipo magazini gha masambiro agho ghakukolerana na visambizgo ivi ghakusunga mtundu wakukhumbikwa wa citational style mwa kukhozgera na kulondezga ndondomeko zakwenelera za mtundu.

== Ghanoghano ==
A ''bibliographic citation'' is a reference to a book, [[article (publishing)|article]], [[web page]], or other published item. Citations should supply sufficient detail to identify the item uniquely.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm |title=Library glossary |date=August 22, 2008 |publisher=[[Benedictine University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430220849/http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm |archive-date=April 30, 2008 |access-date=2009-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Different citation systems and styles are used in [[scientific citation]], [[legal citation]], [[prior art]], [[the arts]], and the [[humanities]]. Regarding the use of citations in the scientific literature, some scholars also put forward &quot;the right to refuse unwanted citations&quot; in certain situations deemed inappropriate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author1=Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva|author2= Quan-Hoang Vuong|date=2021|title=The right to refuse unwanted citations: rethinking the culture of science around the citation | journal=Scientometrics |volume=126|issue=6|pages=5355–5360|doi=10.1007/s11192-021-03960-9|pmid= 33994602|pmc= 8105147|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vyamukati ==
Citation content can vary depending on the type of source and may include:
* ''Book:'' authors, book title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, and page numbers if appropriate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing |title=Anatomy of a Citation |website=LIU.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905125227/http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing |archive-date=2015-09-05 |access-date=2015-09-28 |ref=refLongIslandUni}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Journal:'' authors, article title, journal title, date of publication, and page numbers.
* ''Newspaper:'' authors, article title, name of newspaper, section title and page numbers if desired, date of publication.
* ''Web site:'' authors, article, and publication title where appropriate, as well as a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]], and a date when the site was accessed.
* ''Play:'' inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For example, &quot;In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married&quot; (Pushkin 4.452–53).&lt;ref name=&quot;Brigham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm |title=How to cite sources in the body of your paper |year=2008 |website=BYUI.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113174823/http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm |archive-date=November 13, 2011 |access-date=2008-02-08 |ref=refBrigham}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Poem:'' spaced [[Slash (punctuation)#In English text|slashes]] are normally used to indicate separate lines of a poem, and [[Parenthetical referencing|parenthetical citations]] usually include the line numbers. For example: &quot;For I must love because I live&amp;nbsp;/ And life in me is what you give.&quot; (Brennan, lines 15–16).&lt;ref name=Brigham/&gt;
* ''Interview:'' name of interviewer, interview descriptor (ex. personal interview), and date of interview.
* ''Data:'' authors, dataset title, date of publication, and publisher.

=== Unique identifiers ===
Along with information such as authors, date of publication, title and page numbers, citations may also include [[unique identifier]]s depending on the type of work being referred to.
* Citations of books may include an [[International Standard Book Number]] (ISBN).
* Specific volumes, articles, or other identifiable parts of a periodical, may have an associated [[Serial Item and Contribution Identifier]] (SICI) or an [[International Standard Serial Number]] (ISSN).
* Electronic documents may have a [[digital object identifier]] (DOI).
* Biomedical research articles may have a PubMed Identifier ([[PMID]]).

== Nthowa ==
Broadly speaking, there are two types of citation systems, the Vancouver system and parenthetical referencing.&lt;ref name=&quot;ELhelpdesk&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Pantcheva |first=Marina |date=nd |title=Citation styles: Vancouver and Harvard systems |url=https://site.uit.no/english/writing-style/citationstyles/ |website=site.uit.no |access-date=July 2, 2020 |archive-date=July 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701114257/https://site.uit.no/english/writing-style/citationstyles/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the [[Council of Science Editors]] (CSE) adds a third, the'' citation-name system''.&lt;ref name=&quot;council2006scientific&quot;&gt;Council of Science Editors, Style Manual Committee (2007). Scientific style and format: the CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vancouver system ===
{{main|Vancouver system}}
The Vancouver system uses sequential numbers in the text, either bracketed or superscript or both.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vancouver (Numbering) |url=https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/as/libraryservices/library/referencing/icite/vancouver/index.aspx |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=University of Birmingham |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103130115/https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/as/libraryservices/library/referencing/icite/vancouver/index.aspx |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The numbers refer to either footnotes (notes at the end of the page) or endnotes (notes on a page at the end of the paper) that provide source detail. The notes system may or may not require a full bibliography, depending on whether the writer has used a full-note form or a shortened-note form. The organizational logic of the bibliography is that sources are listed in their order of appearance in-text, rather than alphabetically by author last name.

For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a notes system ''without'' a full bibliography could look like:

:&quot;The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.&quot;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;

The note, located either at the foot of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote) would look like this:

:1. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'' (New York: Macmillan, 1969) 45–60.

In a paper with a full bibliography, the shortened note might look like:

:1. Kübler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'' 45–60.

The bibliography entry, which is required with a shortened note, would look like this:

:Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth. ''On Death and Dying''. New York: Macmillan, 1969.

In the humanities, many authors also use footnotes or endnotes to supply anecdotal information. In this way, what looks like a citation is actually supplementary material, or suggestions for further reading.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm |title=How to Write Research Papers with Citations: MLA, APA, Footnotes, Endnotes |access-date=2010-01-31 |archive-date=2010-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616071855/http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Parenthetical referencing ===
{{main|Parenthetical referencing}}
Parenthetical referencing, also known as Harvard referencing, has full or partial, in-text, citations enclosed in circular brackets and embedded in the paragraph.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=libguides|first1=liu.cwp|title=Parenthetical Referencing|url=https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|access-date=26 July 2020|website=liu.cwp.libguides.com|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726214158/https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An example of a parenthetical reference:
:&quot;The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance&quot; (Kübler-Ross, 1969, pp. 45–60).

Depending on the choice of style, fully cited parenthetical references may require no end section. Other styles include a list of the citations, with complete bibliographical references, in an end section, sorted alphabetically by author. This section is often called &quot;References&quot;, &quot;Bibliography&quot;, &quot;Works cited&quot; or &quot;Works consulted&quot;.

In-text references for online publications may differ from conventional parenthetical referencing. A full reference can be hidden, only displayed when wanted by the reader, in the form of a [[tooltip]].&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210428140433/https://livereference.org/ Live Reference Initiative]}}. Retrieved 2012-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt; This style makes citing easier and improves the reader's experience.

== Masitayilo ==
{{Styles}}
{{Further|APA style|The Chicago Manual of Style|Bluebook|MLA style|ASA style}}
{{For|citation templates on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Citation templates|selfref=yes}}

Citation styles can be broadly divided into styles common to the humanities and the sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Some style guides, such as [[the Chicago Manual of Style]], are quite flexible and cover both parenthetical and note citation systems. Others, such as [[MLA style manual|MLA]] and [[APA style|APA]] styles, specify formats within the context of a single citation system. These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html |title=Citation Formats &amp; Style Manuals |year=2007 |website=CSUChico.edu |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refCaliforniaStateUni |archive-date=2008-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225232139/http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |year=2005 |website=Lesley.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228053242/http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html |archive-date=December 28, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refLesleyUni}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |year=2003 |website=RIT.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203115324/http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html |archive-date=February 3, 2008 |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refRIT}}&lt;/ref&gt; The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page numbers following the author name, in addition to conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis, parenthesis, quotation marks, etc., particular to their style.

A number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs; consequently, a number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations as well, and some works are so long-established as to have their own citation methods too: [[Stephanus pagination]] for [[Plato]]; [[Bekker numbers]] for [[Aristotle]]; citing the Bible by book, chapter and verse; or [[Shakespeare]] notation by play.

The [[Citation Style Language]] (CSL) is an open XML-based language to describe the formatting of citations and bibliographies.

=== Humanities ===
* The [[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago style]] (CMOS) was developed and its guide is ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]''. It is most widely used in history and economics as well as some social sciences. The closely related [[Turabian]] style—which derives from it—is for student references, and is distinguished from the CMOS by omission of quotation marks in reference lists, and mandatory access date citation.
* The Columbia style was created by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences.
* ''Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace'' by Elizabeth Shown Mills covers primary sources not included in CMOS, such as censuses, court, land, government, business, and church records. Includes sources in electronic format. Used by genealogists and historians.&lt;ref name=&quot;evidence&quot;&gt;Elizabeth Shown Mills. ''Evidence Explained : Citing History Sources from Artifacts to cyberspace.'' 2d ed. Baltimore:Genealogical Pub. Co., 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Harvard referencing]] (or author-date system) is a specific kind of [[parenthetical referencing]]. Parenthetical referencing is recommended by both the [[BSI Group|British Standards Institution]] and the [[Modern Language Association]]. Harvard referencing involves a short author-date reference, e.g., &quot;(Smith, 2000)&quot;, being inserted after the cited text within parentheses and the full reference to the source being listed at the end of the article.
* [[The MLA Style Manual|MLA style]] was developed by the Modern Language Association and is most often used in [[the arts]] and the [[humanities]], particularly in [[English studies]], other [[Literary criticism|literary studies]], including [[comparative literature]] and [[literary criticism]] in languages other than English (&quot;foreign languages&quot;), and some interdisciplinary studies, such as [[cultural studies]], [[drama]] and [[theatre]], film, and other [[Mass media|media]], including television. This style of citations and bibliographical format uses parenthetical referencing with author-page (Smith 395) or author-[short] title-page (Smith, ''Contingencies'' 42) in the case of more than one work by the same author within parentheses in the text, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources on a &quot;works cited&quot; page at the end of the paper, as well as notes (footnotes or endnotes).{{efn|The field of [[communication]] (or communications) overlaps with some of the disciplines also covered by the MLA and has its own disciplinary style recommendations for documentation format; the style guide recommended for use in student papers in such departments in American colleges and universities is often ''[[APA style|The Publication Manual of the APA]]'' ([[American Psychological Association]]); designated for short as &quot;[[APA style]]&quot;.}}
* The [[MHRA Style Guide]] is published by the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] (MHRA) and most widely used in the arts and humanities in the United Kingdom, where the MHRA is based.  It is available for sale both in the UK and in the United States. It is similar to MLA style, but has some differences.  For example, MHRA style uses footnotes that reference a citation fully while also providing a bibliography.  Some readers find it advantageous that the footnotes provide full citations, instead of shortened references, so that they do not need to consult the bibliography while reading for the rest of the publication details.&lt;ref&gt;The 2nd edition (updated April 2008) of the ''[[MHRA Style Guide]]'' is downloadable for free from the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] official website. {{Cite web |url=http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ |title=MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors, Editors, and Writers of Theses |year=2008 |publisher=Modern Humanities Research Association |access-date=2009-02-05 |archive-date=2005-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050910055050/http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ }} (2nd ed.)&lt;/ref&gt;

In some areas of the humanities, footnotes are used exclusively for references, and their use for conventional [[footnotes]] (explanations or examples) is avoided. In these areas, the term ''footnote'' is actually used as a synonym for ''reference'', and care must be taken by editors and typesetters to ensure that they understand how the term is being used by their authors.

=== Law ===
{{Main|Legal citation}}
* The [[Bluebook]] is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ |title=Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2007 ed.) |last=Martin |first=Peter W |date=May 2007 |website=Cornell.edu |orig-date=1993 |access-date=2008-02-03 |ref=refMartin2007 |archive-date=2018-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004233927/https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use inline citations, which are either separate sentences or separate clauses. Inline citations allow readers to quickly determine the strength of a source based on, for example, the court a case was decided in and the year it was decided.
* The legal citation style used almost universally in Canada is based on the ''[[Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation]]'' (AKA ''McGill Guide''), published by ''McGill Law Journal''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210184155/http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/citeguide.php|url=http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/citeguide.php|title=Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (Cite Guide)|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-02-10|access-date=2009-02-05|website=McGill Law Journal}}&lt;!--Updated October 2008.--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* British legal citation almost universally follows the ''[[Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities]]'' (OSCOLA).

=== Sciences, mathematics, engineering, physiology, and medicine ===
* The [[American Chemical Society]] style, or [[ACS style]], is often used in chemistry and some of the [[physical sciences]]. In ACS style references are numbered in the text and in the reference list, and numbers are repeated throughout the text as needed.
* In the style of the [[American Institute of Physics]] ([[AIP style]]), references are also numbered in the text and in the reference list, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.
* Styles developed for the [[American Mathematical Society]] (AMS), or AMS styles, such as [[AMS-LaTeX]], are typically implemented using the [[BibTeX]] tool in the [[LaTeX]] typesetting environment. Brackets with the author's initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in line with alphabetic-label format, e.g. [AB90]. This type of style is also called an &quot;authorship trigraph&quot;.
* The [[Vancouver system]], recommended by the [[Council of Science Editors]] (CSE), is used in medical and scientific papers and research.
** In one major variant, that used by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number.
** The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) is reportedly the original kernel of this biomedical style, which evolved from the Vancouver 1978 editors' meeting.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icmje.org &quot;Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005051625/http://www.icmje.org/ |date=2019-10-05 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;  The [[MEDLINE]]/[[PubMed]] database uses this citation style and the [[National Library of Medicine]] provides &quot;ICMJE [[Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals]] – Sample References&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.  [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html &quot;ICMJE Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals – Sample References&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061221120314/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html |date=2006-12-21 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The American Medical Association has its own variant of Vancouver style with only minor differences. See [[AMA Manual of Style]].
* The style of the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE), or [[IEEE style]], encloses citation numbers within square brackets and numbers them consecutively, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf IEEE Style Manual] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043706/http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }}. Retrieved 2015-02-16.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In areas of biology that falls within the [[ICNafp]] (which itself uses this citation style throughout), a variant form of author-title citation is the primary method used when making nomenclatural citations and sometimes general citations (for example in code-related proposals published in ''[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]''), with the works in question not cited in the bibliography unless also cited in the text. Titles use standardized abbreviations following ''Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum'' for periodicals and ''Taxonomic Literature 2'' (later [[IPNI]]) for books.
* Pechenik citation style is a style described in ''A Short Guide to Writing about Biology'', 6th ed. (2007), by [[Jan Pechenik|Jan A. Pechenik]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/colleges-and-schools/college-of-arts-and-sciences/majors-programs/Biology/Undergraduate_Research/Forms/citation_guide.pdf &quot;Pechenik Citation Style QuickGuide&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929032143/http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/colleges-and-schools/college-of-arts-and-sciences/majors-programs/Biology/Undergraduate_Research/Forms/citation_guide.pdf |date=2015-09-29 }} ([[PDF]]). [[University of Alberta]], Augustana Campus, Canada. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. November 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In 1955, Eugene Garfield proposed a [[citation index|bibliographic system for scientific literature]], to consolidate the integrity of [[scientific publishing|scientific publications]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cisn&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Garfield |first=Eugene |year=2006 |title=Citation indexes for science. A new dimension in documentation through association of ideas |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1123–1127 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyl189 |pmid=16987841 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Social sciences ===
* The style of the [[American Psychological Association]], or [[APA style]], published in the [[Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association]], is most often used in [[social sciences]]. APA citation style is similar to [[Harvard referencing]], listing the author's name and year of publication, although these can take two forms: ''name citations'' in which the surnames of the authors appear in the text and the year of publication then appears in parentheses, and ''author-date citations'', in which the surnames of the authors and the year of publication all appear in parentheses. In both cases, in-text citations point to an alphabetical list of sources at the end of the paper in a &quot;references&quot; section.
* The [[American Political Science Association]] publishes both a style manual and a style guide for publications in this field.&lt;ref name=&quot;APSA&quot;&gt;Stephen Yoder, ed. (2008). ''The APSA Guide to Writing and Publishing'' and ''Style Manual for Political Science''. Rev. ed. August 2006. [http://www.apsanet.org/PUBLICATIONS/Online-Store APSAnet.org Publications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929073143/http://www.apsanet.org/PUBLICATIONS/Online-Store |date=2015-09-29 }}. Retrieved 2015-09-28.&lt;/ref&gt; The style is close to the CMOS.
* The [[American Anthropological Association]] utilizes a modified form of the Chicago style laid out in their publishing style guide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm|title=Publishing Style Guide - Stay Informed|website=www.aaanet.org|access-date=Apr 28, 2020|archive-date=October 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009061048/http://aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The [[ASA style]] of the [[American Sociological Association]] is one of the main styles used in [[sociological]] publications.

== Mavuto ==
{{see also|Impact factor#Editorial policies that affect the impact factor}}In their research on footnotes in scholarly journals in the field of communication, Michael Bugeja and Daniela V. Dimitrova have found that citations to online sources have a rate of decay (as cited pages are taken down), which they call a &quot;half-life&quot;, that renders footnotes in those journals less useful for scholarship over time.&lt;ref&gt;Bugeja, Michael and Daniela V. Dimitrova (2010). ''Vanishing Act: The Erosion of Online Footnotes and Implications for Scholarship in the Digital Age''. Duluth, Minnesota: Litwin Books. {{ISBN|978-1-936117-14-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other experts have found that published replications do not have as many citations as original publications.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Raymond Hubbard and J. Scott Armstrong |year=1994 |title=Replications and Extensions in Marketing: Rarely Published But Quite Contrary |url=http://cogprints.org/5199/1/Replications-and-Extensions-in-Marketing.pdf |journal=International Journal of Research in Marketing |s2cid-access=free |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=233–248 |doi=10.1016/0167-8116(94)90003-5 |s2cid=18205635 |access-date=2017-11-01 |archive-date=2017-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922010807/http://cogprints.org/5199/1/Replications%2Dand%2DExtensions%2Din%2DMarketing.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Another important issue is citation errors, which often occur due to carelessness on either the researcher or journal editor's part in the publication procedure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Peoples | first1=Nicholas | last2=Østbye | first2=Truls | last3=Yan | first3=Lijing L. | title=Burden of proof: Combating inaccurate citation in biomedical literature | journal=BMJ | date=2023 | volume=383 | article-number=e076441 | doi=10.1136/bmj-2023-076441 | pmid=37931929 }}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a study that analyzed 1,200 randomly selected citations from three major business ethics journals concluded that an average article contains at least three plagiarized citations when authors copy and paste a citation entry from another publication without consulting the original source.&lt;ref name=&quot;Serenko2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Serenko |first1=A. |last2=Dumay |first2=J. |last3=Hsiao |first3=P-C.K. |last4=Choo |first4=C.W. |date=2021 |title=Do They Practice What They Preach? The Presence of Problematic Citations in Business Ethics Research |url=http://www.aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Do_They_Practice.pdf |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=1304–1320 |doi=10.1108/JD-01-2021-0018 |s2cid=237823862 |access-date=2021-10-19 |archive-date=2021-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193000/http://www.aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Do_They_Practice.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Experts have found that simple precautions, such as consulting the author of a cited source about proper citations, reduce the likelihood of citation errors and thus increase the quality of research.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Malcolm |last2=Armstrong |first2=J.&amp;nbsp;Scott |author-link2=J. Scott Armstrong |date=2008 |title=The Ombudsman: Verification of Citations: Fawlty Towers of Knowledge? |journal=Interfaces |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1287/inte.1070.0317 |issn=0092-2102 |eissn=1526-551X |jstor=25062982 |oclc=5582131729 |ssrn=1941335 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another study noted that approximately 25% citations do not support the claims made, a finding that affects many disciplines, including history.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Cumberledge |first1=Aaron |last2=Smith |first2=Neal |last3=Riley |first3=Benjamin W. |date=2023-08-01 |title=Unverified history: an analysis of quotation accuracy in leading history journals |journal=Scientometrics |language=en |volume=128 |issue=8 |pages=4677–4687 |doi=10.1007/s11192-023-04755-w |s2cid=259519993 |issn=1588-2861}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Research suggests the impact of an article can be, partly, explained by superficial factors and not only by the scientific merits of an article.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Bornmann | first1=Lutz | last2=Daniel | first2=Hans-Dieter | title=What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior | journal=Journal of Documentation | date=2008 | volume=64 | pages=45–80 | doi=10.1108/00220410810844150 | hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0013-7A94-3 | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Field-dependent factors are usually listed as an issue to be tackled not only when comparisons across disciplines are made, but also when different fields of research of one discipline are being compared.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Anauati |first1=Maria Victoria |last2=Galiani |first2=Sebastian |last3=Gálvez |first3=Ramiro H. |date=November 4, 2015 |title=Quantifying the Life Cycle of Scholarly Articles Across Fields of Economic Research |ssrn=2523078 |journal=Economic Inquiry |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=1339–1355}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in medicine, among other factors, the number of authors, the number of references, the article length, and the presence of a colon in the title influence the impact; while in sociology the number of references, the article length, and title length are among the factors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=van Wesel |first1=M. |last2=Wyatt |first2=S. |last3=ten Haaf |first3=J. |year=2014 |title=What a difference a colon makes: how superficial factors influence subsequent citation |url=https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/894334/art_3A10.1007_2Fs11192_013_1154_x.pdf |journal=Scientometrics |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=1601–1615 |doi=10.1007/s11192-013-1154-x |s2cid=18553863 |hdl=20.500.11755/2fd7fc12-1766-4ddd-8f19-1d2603d2e11d |hdl-access=free |access-date=2019-07-11 |archive-date=2021-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126035317/https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/894334/art_3A10.1007_2Fs11192_013_1154_x.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that &quot;reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brembs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Brembs|first1=Björn|title=Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability |journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |volume=12 |article-number=37 |year=2018 |pmid=29515380 |pmc=5826185 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2018.00037 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nature Index]] recognizes that citations remain a controversial and yet important metric for academics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://go.nature.com/2TdWoM6 |title=Studies suggest 5 ways to increase citation counts |last=Crew |first=Bec |date=7 August 2019 |website=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] Index |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218015207/https://www.natureindex.com/news-blog/studies-research-five-ways-increase-citation-counts |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; They report five ways to increase citation counts: (1) watch the title length and punctuation;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hudson |first=John |year=2016 |title=An analysis of the titles of papers submitted to the UK REF in 2014: authors, disciplines, and stylistic details |journal=[[Scientometrics]] |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=871–889 |doi=10.1007/s11192-016-2081-4 |pmc=5065898 |pmid=27795594}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2) release the results early as preprints;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fraser |first1=Nicholas |last2=Momeni |first2=Fakhri |last3=Mayr |first3=Philipp |last4=Peters |first4=Isabella |title=The relationship between bioRxiv preprints, citations and altmetrics |journal=Quantitative Science Studies |date=2020 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=618–638 |biorxiv=10.1101/673665 |doi=10.1162/qss_a_00043 |doi-access=free|hdl=11108/455 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; (3) avoid referring to a country in the title, abstract, or keywords;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Abramo |first1=Giovanni |last2=D'Angelo |first2=Ciriaco Andrea |last3=Di Costa |first3=Flavia |year=2016 |title=The effect of a country's name in the title of a publication on its visibility and citability |journal=[[Scientometrics]] |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=1895–1909 |arxiv=1810.12657 |doi=10.1007/s11192-016-2120-1|s2cid=4354082 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (4) link the article to supporting data in a repository;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|arxiv=1907.02565 |first1=Giovanni |last1=Colavizza |first2=Iain |last2=Hrynaszkiewicz |title=The citation advantage of linking publications to research data |first3=Isla |last3=Staden |first4=Kirstie |last4=Whitaker |first5=Barbara |last5=McGillivray |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2019|volume=15 |issue=4 |article-number=e0230416 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0230416 |pmid=32320428 |pmc=7176083 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1530416C |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; and (5) avoid hyphens in the titles of research articles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Zhi Quan |last2=Tse |first2=T.H. |last3=Witheridge |first3=Matt |year=2021 |title=Metamorphic robustness testing: Exposing hidden defects in citation statistics and journal impact factors |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering]] |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=1164–1183 |doi=10.1109/TSE.2019.2915065|bibcode=2021ITSEn..47.1164Z |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Citation patterns are also known to be affected by unethical behavior of both the authors and journal staff. Such behavior is called impact factor boosting and was reported to involve even the top-tier journals. Specifically the high-ranking journals of medical science, including ''The Lancet'', ''JAMA'' and ''The New England Journal of Medicine'', are thought to be associated with such behavior, with up to 30% of citations to these journals being generated by commissioned opinion articles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Heneberg |first=P. |year=2014 |title=Parallel Worlds of Citable Documents and Others: Inflated Commissioned Opinion Articles Enhance Scientometric Indicators |journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology |volume=65 |issue=3 |page=635 |doi=10.1002/asi.22997 |s2cid=3165853 |url=https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.22997 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-06-20 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202227/https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.22997 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On the other hand, the phenomenon of citation cartels is rising. Citation cartels are defined as groups of authors that cite each other disproportionately more than they do other groups of authors who work on the same subject.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fister |first1=I. Jr. |last2=Fister |first2=I. |last3=Perc |first3=M. |year=2016 |title=Toward the Discovery of Citation Cartels in Citation Networks |journal=Frontiers in Physics |volume=4 |page=49 |bibcode=2016FrP.....4...49F |doi=10.3389/fphy.2016.00049 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Citation politics===
Another issue is citation politics, which describes how citation shapes power structures by dictating the legitimacy of published authors and their work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Perkins-White |first=Amy |title=Library Guides: Citation politics: Getting Started |url=https://unimelb.libguides.com/citation-politics |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=unimelb.libguides.com |language=en |archive-date=2025-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216223059/https://unimelb.libguides.com/citation-politics |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; As ideas are frequently reproduced through citation, they accrue increasing intellectual value.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Annabel L. |date=2020 |title=The Politics of Citation |journal=Diacritics |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1353/dia.2020.0016 |issn=1080-6539}}&lt;/ref&gt; Research suggests that the number of times that an academic article gets cited has a direct impact on the author's academic prestige and recognition, promotion opportunities, and potential impact in their respective fields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Christen A. |last2=Garrett-Scott |first2=Dominique |date=2021-04-05 |title=&quot;We are not named&quot;: Black women and the politics of citation in anthropology |journal=Feminist Anthropology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=18–37 |doi=10.1002/fea2.12038 |issn=2643-7961}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Matthew effect|Matthew Effect]], [[Matilda effect|Matilda Effect]] and [[Reporting bias#Citation bias|citation bias]] describe phenomena to this effect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Keisha S. |last2=Zurn |first2=Perry |last3=Dworkin |first3=Jordan D. |last4=Bassett |first4=Dani S. |last5=Resnik |first5=David B. |date=2022-08-18 |title=Citation bias, diversity, and ethics |journal=Accountability in Research |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=158–172 |doi=10.1080/08989621.2022.2111257 |pmid=35938378 |pmc=9938084 |issn=0898-9621}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kwon |first=Diana |date=2022-03-22 |title=The rise of citational justice: how scholars are making references fairer |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00793-1 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=603 |issue=7902 |pages=568–571 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00793-1 |pmid=35318470 |bibcode=2022Natur.603..568K }}&lt;/ref&gt;

However, evidence indicates that external factors may influence the likelihood of a paper getting cited.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; For example, citation counts have been shown to favor researchers from the Global North and thus can undervalue researchers from the Global South and from minority communities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lazarus |first=Suleman |date=2024-12-05 |title=An Autoethnographic Perspective on Scholarly Impact, Citation Politics, and North–South Power Dynamics |journal=Life Writing |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=603–629 |doi=10.1080/14484528.2024.2430666 |issn=1448-4528|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, male names tend to get cited disproportionately more frequently than female names.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Rosa |first1=Fernanda R. |last2=Anastácio |first2=Kimberly |last3=Pereira de Jesus |first3=Maria Vitoria |last4=Veras |first4=Hemanuel Jhosé A. |date=June 2024 |title=Citation politics: The gender gap in internet governance |journal=Telecommunications Policy |volume=48 |issue=5 |article-number=102734 |doi=10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102734 |issn=0308-5961|doi-access=free |hdl=10919/124563 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Smith and Garrett-Scott have also argued that black women in the anthropological field are rarely ever cited by non-black women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Researchers have suggested combating inequality in citation politics with the use of a Citation Diversity Statement, a statement that would include the proportions of citations used in a scholarly article in terms of gender, race, and/or ethnicity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Another option is the formation of campaigns like #CiteBlackWomen that promote awareness of citational disparity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Kafukufuku na kupanga ==
There is research about citations and development of related tools and systems, mainly relating to scientific citations. [[Citation analysis]] is a method widely used in [[metascience]].
===Citation analysis===
{{Excerpt|Citation analysis|only=paragraphs|paragraphs=1-2}}
===Citation frequency===
{{See also|Metascience#Evaluation and incentives}}
{{Excerpt|Scientific citation|Citation frequency|hat=no}}
===Progress and citation consolidation===
{{Excerpt|Scientific citation|Progress and citation consolidation|hat=no}}
===IT systems===
[[File:Webcomic xkcd - Wikipedian protester - English.svg|thumb|''[[xkcd]]'' webcomic titled &quot;[[Wikipedian]] Protester&quot;. The sign says: &quot;{{bracket|[[Citation needed (Wikipedia)|CITATION NEEDED]]}}&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://xkcd.com/285/ |title=Wikipedian Protester |first=Randall |last=Munroe |work=xkcd |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=25 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225215024/https://www.xkcd.com/285/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
{{Excerpt|Scientific citation|IT systems|subsections=yes|hat=no}}
== Wonaniso ==
&lt;!-- New links in alpphabetial order please --&gt;
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Acknowledgment (creative arts)]]
* [[Bible citation]]
* [[Case citation]]
* [[Citation creator]]
* [[Citation index]]
* [[Citation signal]]
* [[Citationality]]
* [[Coercive citation]]
* [[Credit (creative arts)]]
* [[Cross-reference]]
* [[Drive-by citation]]
* [[San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment]]
* [[Scholarly method]]
* [[Source evaluation]]
* [[Style guide]]
}}

== Manotisi ==
{{Notelist}}

== Ukaboni ==
{{Reflist}}

== Kuŵerenga kwakusazgikira ==
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
*{{commonscatinline}}

&lt;!-- This list needs to be ordered alphabetically. --&gt;
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=J Scott |date=July 1996 |title=The Ombudsman: Management Folklore and Management Science{{snd}}On Portfolio Planning, Escalation Bias, and Such |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1111&amp;context=marketing_papers |journal=Interfaces |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=28–42 |doi=10.1287/inte.26.4.25 |oclc=210941768 |ref=refArmstrong 2007 |access-date=2019-07-11 |archive-date=2018-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720064706/https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1111&amp;context=marketing_papers |url-status=live }}
* &lt;cite id=refPechenik2004&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pechenik |first=Jan A |title=A Short Guide to Writing About Biology |publisher=Pearson/Longman |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-321-15981-6 |edition=5th |location=[[New York City|New York]] |oclc=52166026 |ref=refMHRA}}&lt;/cite&gt;
* {{Cite web |url=https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-are-there-different-citation-styles |title=Why Are There Different Citation Styles? |website=Yale.edu |access-date=2025-01-23 |ref=refYaleUni |author=Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning |date=25 June 2015 |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123155948/https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-are-there-different-citation-styles |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=Why Cite Sources in Your Academic Writing? |url=https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-cite |author=Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning |website=Yale.edu |access-date=2025-01-23 |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123160020/https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-cite |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Bibliography]]
[[Category:Intellectual history]]
[[Category:Reference]]
[[Category:Sources]]
[[Category:Elements of documents]]</text>
      <sha1>4s9jg8kq21nd41n2coaiykyrb0yzinb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122950</id>
      <parentid>122907</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T11:22:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Kafukufuku na kupanga */ Already there</comment>
      <origin>122950</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="46643" sha1="0zs315c5d5901a584v56wmjb2boj70t" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Reference to a source}}
{{hatnote group|
{{distinguish-redirect|Cite|Site}}{{for-multi|&quot;&amp;lt;cite&gt;&quot;|HTML element}}
{{other uses|Citation (disambiguation)|Cité (disambiguation)|CITE (disambiguation)}}
{{for|citations related to Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Citing sources|Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia|selfref=yes|Wikipedia:Citation templates}}
}}
[[File:Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester_-_English.svg|thumb|''xkcd'' webusayiti ya mutu wakuti &quot;Wakususka wa Wikipedia&quot;. Chimanyikwiro ichi chikuti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Munroe |first=Randall |title=Wikipedian Protester |url=https://xkcd.com/285/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225215024/https://www.xkcd.com/285/ |archive-date=25 December 2011 |access-date=25 May 2020 |website=xkcd}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Ukaboni''' panji '''chiphara''' ni chibekero cha chinthu malo agho ghakulembeka. Kuyowoya mwakudunjika, ukaboni ni mazgu ghakufupikizgika gha afanumeriki agho ghali kuŵikika mu thupi la buku la vinjeru ilo likulongora kuti pali kulembeka mu chigaŵa cha vimanyikwiro vya mabuku gha buku ili na chilato cha kuzomerezga kuti milimo ya ŵanji yikukhwaskana na mutu wakudumbiskana pa malo agho ukaboni yikuyowoyeka.

Kanandi, kuphatikizapo vyose viŵiri, ivyo vikulembeka mu thupi na ivyo vikulembeka mu mabuku, vikupanga ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti ni ukaboni (apo ivyo vikulembeka mu mabuku ghakulembeka paŵekha vikupangiska yayi).

Mazgu ghakuzunurapo ghali na vilato vinandi vyakuzirwa. Nangauli kugwiriskira nchito kwawo pakukhozgera unenesko wa vinjeru na kukhozga ivyo ŵakuyowoya vikuwoneka comene mu vyakusambizga na vilongozgo vya mtundu (mwaciyelezgero,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://integrity.mit.edu/handbook/citing-your-sources/avoiding-plagiarism-cite-your-source |title=What Does it Mean to Cite? |publisher=MIT Academic Integrity |access-date=2015-09-28 |archive-date=2017-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710203103/http://integrity.mit.edu/handbook/citing-your-sources/avoiding-plagiarism-cite-your-source |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Association of Legal Writing Directors &amp; Darby Dickerson, ''ALWD Citation Manual: A Professional System of Citation,'' 4th ed. (New York: Aspen, 2010), 3.&lt;/ref&gt;), kupereka makora fundo zakumanyikwa ku magwero ghakale nchimoza mwa vifukwa ivi.&lt;ref&gt;Mansourizadeh, Kobra, and Ummul K. Ahmad. &quot;Citation practices among non-native expert and novice scientific writers.&quot; ''Journal of English for Academic Purposes'' 10, no. 3 (2011): 152–161.&lt;/ref&gt; Kusanda kwa chiyowoyero kwa ndondomeko ya kuzunura kwalongora kuti nawo ŵakugwira ntchito zikuru pakunozga umo chimanyisko chikuŵira pa mutu unyake, kusanga ivyo vikusoŵa mu chimanyisko icho chilipo ivyo vikwenera kuzuzgika panji kulongosora malo agho mafumbo ghakwenera kulutilira panji kuzgoŵezgeka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Swales |first=John M. |orig-date=2004 |title=Research genres: Explorations and applications |journal= [[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139524827 |publication-date=October 2012 |isbn=978-1-139-52482-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Citation nayo yamanyikwa kuti ni nthowa yikuru iyo ŵakusanda ŵakuŵikirapo fundo: kujikolera panji kulimbana na magulu ghachokoghachoko gha ŵanyawo ŵakusanda awo ŵakugwira ntchito pa mapulojekiti ghakuyana waka na kuŵika mwaŵi wakuti ŵapange chimanyisko chiphya.&lt;ref&gt;Hyland, K., &amp; Jiang, F. (2019). Points of reference: Changing patterns of academic citation. Applied Linguistics, 40(1), 64–85.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Citations on p. 44 of The Byzantine empire by Finlay.png|thumb|right|Mazgu agho ghali mu ukaboni la ŵasambiri]]

Mazgu ghakuzunulika (mwachiyelezgero, kuŵika mazuŵa mu vibokosi, mazgu ghakumalira ghakulembeka pachanya na mazgu ghapasi, makoloni panji makoma pa manambara gha masamba, na vinyake) ghakupambana na ndondomeko yakuzunulira ivyo vikugwiriskirika nchito (mwachiyelezgero, Oxford,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html |title=Oxford Referencing System |access-date=18 January 2011 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630023831/http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Harvard, MLA, NLM, Bungwe la Ŵanthu ŵa ku America (ASA), Bungwe la Ŵanthu ŵa ku America (APA), na vinyake). Nthowa yiliyose yikukolerana na visambizgo vyakupambanapambana vya masambiro, ndipo magazini gha masambiro agho ghakukolerana na visambizgo ivi ghakusunga mtundu wakukhumbikwa wa citational style mwa kukhozgera na kulondezga ndondomeko zakwenelera za mtundu.

== Ghanoghano ==
A ''bibliographic citation'' is a reference to a book, [[article (publishing)|article]], [[web page]], or other published item. Citations should supply sufficient detail to identify the item uniquely.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm |title=Library glossary |date=August 22, 2008 |publisher=[[Benedictine University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430220849/http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm |archive-date=April 30, 2008 |access-date=2009-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Different citation systems and styles are used in [[scientific citation]], [[legal citation]], [[prior art]], [[the arts]], and the [[humanities]]. Regarding the use of citations in the scientific literature, some scholars also put forward &quot;the right to refuse unwanted citations&quot; in certain situations deemed inappropriate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author1=Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva|author2= Quan-Hoang Vuong|date=2021|title=The right to refuse unwanted citations: rethinking the culture of science around the citation | journal=Scientometrics |volume=126|issue=6|pages=5355–5360|doi=10.1007/s11192-021-03960-9|pmid= 33994602|pmc= 8105147|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vyamukati ==
Citation content can vary depending on the type of source and may include:
* ''Book:'' authors, book title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, and page numbers if appropriate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing |title=Anatomy of a Citation |website=LIU.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905125227/http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing |archive-date=2015-09-05 |access-date=2015-09-28 |ref=refLongIslandUni}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Journal:'' authors, article title, journal title, date of publication, and page numbers.
* ''Newspaper:'' authors, article title, name of newspaper, section title and page numbers if desired, date of publication.
* ''Web site:'' authors, article, and publication title where appropriate, as well as a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]], and a date when the site was accessed.
* ''Play:'' inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For example, &quot;In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married&quot; (Pushkin 4.452–53).&lt;ref name=&quot;Brigham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm |title=How to cite sources in the body of your paper |year=2008 |website=BYUI.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113174823/http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm |archive-date=November 13, 2011 |access-date=2008-02-08 |ref=refBrigham}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Poem:'' spaced [[Slash (punctuation)#In English text|slashes]] are normally used to indicate separate lines of a poem, and [[Parenthetical referencing|parenthetical citations]] usually include the line numbers. For example: &quot;For I must love because I live&amp;nbsp;/ And life in me is what you give.&quot; (Brennan, lines 15–16).&lt;ref name=Brigham/&gt;
* ''Interview:'' name of interviewer, interview descriptor (ex. personal interview), and date of interview.
* ''Data:'' authors, dataset title, date of publication, and publisher.

=== Unique identifiers ===
Along with information such as authors, date of publication, title and page numbers, citations may also include [[unique identifier]]s depending on the type of work being referred to.
* Citations of books may include an [[International Standard Book Number]] (ISBN).
* Specific volumes, articles, or other identifiable parts of a periodical, may have an associated [[Serial Item and Contribution Identifier]] (SICI) or an [[International Standard Serial Number]] (ISSN).
* Electronic documents may have a [[digital object identifier]] (DOI).
* Biomedical research articles may have a PubMed Identifier ([[PMID]]).

== Nthowa ==
Broadly speaking, there are two types of citation systems, the Vancouver system and parenthetical referencing.&lt;ref name=&quot;ELhelpdesk&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Pantcheva |first=Marina |date=nd |title=Citation styles: Vancouver and Harvard systems |url=https://site.uit.no/english/writing-style/citationstyles/ |website=site.uit.no |access-date=July 2, 2020 |archive-date=July 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701114257/https://site.uit.no/english/writing-style/citationstyles/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the [[Council of Science Editors]] (CSE) adds a third, the'' citation-name system''.&lt;ref name=&quot;council2006scientific&quot;&gt;Council of Science Editors, Style Manual Committee (2007). Scientific style and format: the CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vancouver system ===
{{main|Vancouver system}}
The Vancouver system uses sequential numbers in the text, either bracketed or superscript or both.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vancouver (Numbering) |url=https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/as/libraryservices/library/referencing/icite/vancouver/index.aspx |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=University of Birmingham |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103130115/https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/as/libraryservices/library/referencing/icite/vancouver/index.aspx |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The numbers refer to either footnotes (notes at the end of the page) or endnotes (notes on a page at the end of the paper) that provide source detail. The notes system may or may not require a full bibliography, depending on whether the writer has used a full-note form or a shortened-note form. The organizational logic of the bibliography is that sources are listed in their order of appearance in-text, rather than alphabetically by author last name.

For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a notes system ''without'' a full bibliography could look like:

:&quot;The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.&quot;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;

The note, located either at the foot of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote) would look like this:

:1. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'' (New York: Macmillan, 1969) 45–60.

In a paper with a full bibliography, the shortened note might look like:

:1. Kübler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'' 45–60.

The bibliography entry, which is required with a shortened note, would look like this:

:Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth. ''On Death and Dying''. New York: Macmillan, 1969.

In the humanities, many authors also use footnotes or endnotes to supply anecdotal information. In this way, what looks like a citation is actually supplementary material, or suggestions for further reading.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm |title=How to Write Research Papers with Citations: MLA, APA, Footnotes, Endnotes |access-date=2010-01-31 |archive-date=2010-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616071855/http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Parenthetical referencing ===
{{main|Parenthetical referencing}}
Parenthetical referencing, also known as Harvard referencing, has full or partial, in-text, citations enclosed in circular brackets and embedded in the paragraph.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=libguides|first1=liu.cwp|title=Parenthetical Referencing|url=https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|access-date=26 July 2020|website=liu.cwp.libguides.com|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726214158/https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An example of a parenthetical reference:
:&quot;The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance&quot; (Kübler-Ross, 1969, pp. 45–60).

Depending on the choice of style, fully cited parenthetical references may require no end section. Other styles include a list of the citations, with complete bibliographical references, in an end section, sorted alphabetically by author. This section is often called &quot;References&quot;, &quot;Bibliography&quot;, &quot;Works cited&quot; or &quot;Works consulted&quot;.

In-text references for online publications may differ from conventional parenthetical referencing. A full reference can be hidden, only displayed when wanted by the reader, in the form of a [[tooltip]].&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210428140433/https://livereference.org/ Live Reference Initiative]}}. Retrieved 2012-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt; This style makes citing easier and improves the reader's experience.

== Masitayilo ==
{{Styles}}
{{Further|APA style|The Chicago Manual of Style|Bluebook|MLA style|ASA style}}
{{For|citation templates on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Citation templates|selfref=yes}}

Citation styles can be broadly divided into styles common to the humanities and the sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Some style guides, such as [[the Chicago Manual of Style]], are quite flexible and cover both parenthetical and note citation systems. Others, such as [[MLA style manual|MLA]] and [[APA style|APA]] styles, specify formats within the context of a single citation system. These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html |title=Citation Formats &amp; Style Manuals |year=2007 |website=CSUChico.edu |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refCaliforniaStateUni |archive-date=2008-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225232139/http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |year=2005 |website=Lesley.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228053242/http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html |archive-date=December 28, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refLesleyUni}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |year=2003 |website=RIT.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203115324/http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html |archive-date=February 3, 2008 |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refRIT}}&lt;/ref&gt; The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page numbers following the author name, in addition to conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis, parenthesis, quotation marks, etc., particular to their style.

A number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs; consequently, a number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations as well, and some works are so long-established as to have their own citation methods too: [[Stephanus pagination]] for [[Plato]]; [[Bekker numbers]] for [[Aristotle]]; citing the Bible by book, chapter and verse; or [[Shakespeare]] notation by play.

The [[Citation Style Language]] (CSL) is an open XML-based language to describe the formatting of citations and bibliographies.

=== Humanities ===
* The [[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago style]] (CMOS) was developed and its guide is ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]''. It is most widely used in history and economics as well as some social sciences. The closely related [[Turabian]] style—which derives from it—is for student references, and is distinguished from the CMOS by omission of quotation marks in reference lists, and mandatory access date citation.
* The Columbia style was created by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences.
* ''Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace'' by Elizabeth Shown Mills covers primary sources not included in CMOS, such as censuses, court, land, government, business, and church records. Includes sources in electronic format. Used by genealogists and historians.&lt;ref name=&quot;evidence&quot;&gt;Elizabeth Shown Mills. ''Evidence Explained : Citing History Sources from Artifacts to cyberspace.'' 2d ed. Baltimore:Genealogical Pub. Co., 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Harvard referencing]] (or author-date system) is a specific kind of [[parenthetical referencing]]. Parenthetical referencing is recommended by both the [[BSI Group|British Standards Institution]] and the [[Modern Language Association]]. Harvard referencing involves a short author-date reference, e.g., &quot;(Smith, 2000)&quot;, being inserted after the cited text within parentheses and the full reference to the source being listed at the end of the article.
* [[The MLA Style Manual|MLA style]] was developed by the Modern Language Association and is most often used in [[the arts]] and the [[humanities]], particularly in [[English studies]], other [[Literary criticism|literary studies]], including [[comparative literature]] and [[literary criticism]] in languages other than English (&quot;foreign languages&quot;), and some interdisciplinary studies, such as [[cultural studies]], [[drama]] and [[theatre]], film, and other [[Mass media|media]], including television. This style of citations and bibliographical format uses parenthetical referencing with author-page (Smith 395) or author-[short] title-page (Smith, ''Contingencies'' 42) in the case of more than one work by the same author within parentheses in the text, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources on a &quot;works cited&quot; page at the end of the paper, as well as notes (footnotes or endnotes).{{efn|The field of [[communication]] (or communications) overlaps with some of the disciplines also covered by the MLA and has its own disciplinary style recommendations for documentation format; the style guide recommended for use in student papers in such departments in American colleges and universities is often ''[[APA style|The Publication Manual of the APA]]'' ([[American Psychological Association]]); designated for short as &quot;[[APA style]]&quot;.}}
* The [[MHRA Style Guide]] is published by the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] (MHRA) and most widely used in the arts and humanities in the United Kingdom, where the MHRA is based.  It is available for sale both in the UK and in the United States. It is similar to MLA style, but has some differences.  For example, MHRA style uses footnotes that reference a citation fully while also providing a bibliography.  Some readers find it advantageous that the footnotes provide full citations, instead of shortened references, so that they do not need to consult the bibliography while reading for the rest of the publication details.&lt;ref&gt;The 2nd edition (updated April 2008) of the ''[[MHRA Style Guide]]'' is downloadable for free from the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] official website. {{Cite web |url=http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ |title=MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors, Editors, and Writers of Theses |year=2008 |publisher=Modern Humanities Research Association |access-date=2009-02-05 |archive-date=2005-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050910055050/http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ }} (2nd ed.)&lt;/ref&gt;

In some areas of the humanities, footnotes are used exclusively for references, and their use for conventional [[footnotes]] (explanations or examples) is avoided. In these areas, the term ''footnote'' is actually used as a synonym for ''reference'', and care must be taken by editors and typesetters to ensure that they understand how the term is being used by their authors.

=== Law ===
{{Main|Legal citation}}
* The [[Bluebook]] is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ |title=Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2007 ed.) |last=Martin |first=Peter W |date=May 2007 |website=Cornell.edu |orig-date=1993 |access-date=2008-02-03 |ref=refMartin2007 |archive-date=2018-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004233927/https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use inline citations, which are either separate sentences or separate clauses. Inline citations allow readers to quickly determine the strength of a source based on, for example, the court a case was decided in and the year it was decided.
* The legal citation style used almost universally in Canada is based on the ''[[Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation]]'' (AKA ''McGill Guide''), published by ''McGill Law Journal''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210184155/http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/citeguide.php|url=http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/citeguide.php|title=Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (Cite Guide)|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-02-10|access-date=2009-02-05|website=McGill Law Journal}}&lt;!--Updated October 2008.--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* British legal citation almost universally follows the ''[[Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities]]'' (OSCOLA).

=== Sciences, mathematics, engineering, physiology, and medicine ===
* The [[American Chemical Society]] style, or [[ACS style]], is often used in chemistry and some of the [[physical sciences]]. In ACS style references are numbered in the text and in the reference list, and numbers are repeated throughout the text as needed.
* In the style of the [[American Institute of Physics]] ([[AIP style]]), references are also numbered in the text and in the reference list, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.
* Styles developed for the [[American Mathematical Society]] (AMS), or AMS styles, such as [[AMS-LaTeX]], are typically implemented using the [[BibTeX]] tool in the [[LaTeX]] typesetting environment. Brackets with the author's initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in line with alphabetic-label format, e.g. [AB90]. This type of style is also called an &quot;authorship trigraph&quot;.
* The [[Vancouver system]], recommended by the [[Council of Science Editors]] (CSE), is used in medical and scientific papers and research.
** In one major variant, that used by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number.
** The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) is reportedly the original kernel of this biomedical style, which evolved from the Vancouver 1978 editors' meeting.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icmje.org &quot;Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005051625/http://www.icmje.org/ |date=2019-10-05 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;  The [[MEDLINE]]/[[PubMed]] database uses this citation style and the [[National Library of Medicine]] provides &quot;ICMJE [[Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals]] – Sample References&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.  [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html &quot;ICMJE Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals – Sample References&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061221120314/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html |date=2006-12-21 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The American Medical Association has its own variant of Vancouver style with only minor differences. See [[AMA Manual of Style]].
* The style of the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE), or [[IEEE style]], encloses citation numbers within square brackets and numbers them consecutively, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf IEEE Style Manual] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043706/http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }}. Retrieved 2015-02-16.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In areas of biology that falls within the [[ICNafp]] (which itself uses this citation style throughout), a variant form of author-title citation is the primary method used when making nomenclatural citations and sometimes general citations (for example in code-related proposals published in ''[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]''), with the works in question not cited in the bibliography unless also cited in the text. Titles use standardized abbreviations following ''Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum'' for periodicals and ''Taxonomic Literature 2'' (later [[IPNI]]) for books.
* Pechenik citation style is a style described in ''A Short Guide to Writing about Biology'', 6th ed. (2007), by [[Jan Pechenik|Jan A. Pechenik]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/colleges-and-schools/college-of-arts-and-sciences/majors-programs/Biology/Undergraduate_Research/Forms/citation_guide.pdf &quot;Pechenik Citation Style QuickGuide&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929032143/http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/colleges-and-schools/college-of-arts-and-sciences/majors-programs/Biology/Undergraduate_Research/Forms/citation_guide.pdf |date=2015-09-29 }} ([[PDF]]). [[University of Alberta]], Augustana Campus, Canada. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. November 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In 1955, Eugene Garfield proposed a [[citation index|bibliographic system for scientific literature]], to consolidate the integrity of [[scientific publishing|scientific publications]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cisn&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Garfield |first=Eugene |year=2006 |title=Citation indexes for science. A new dimension in documentation through association of ideas |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1123–1127 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyl189 |pmid=16987841 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Social sciences ===
* The style of the [[American Psychological Association]], or [[APA style]], published in the [[Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association]], is most often used in [[social sciences]]. APA citation style is similar to [[Harvard referencing]], listing the author's name and year of publication, although these can take two forms: ''name citations'' in which the surnames of the authors appear in the text and the year of publication then appears in parentheses, and ''author-date citations'', in which the surnames of the authors and the year of publication all appear in parentheses. In both cases, in-text citations point to an alphabetical list of sources at the end of the paper in a &quot;references&quot; section.
* The [[American Political Science Association]] publishes both a style manual and a style guide for publications in this field.&lt;ref name=&quot;APSA&quot;&gt;Stephen Yoder, ed. (2008). ''The APSA Guide to Writing and Publishing'' and ''Style Manual for Political Science''. Rev. ed. August 2006. [http://www.apsanet.org/PUBLICATIONS/Online-Store APSAnet.org Publications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929073143/http://www.apsanet.org/PUBLICATIONS/Online-Store |date=2015-09-29 }}. Retrieved 2015-09-28.&lt;/ref&gt; The style is close to the CMOS.
* The [[American Anthropological Association]] utilizes a modified form of the Chicago style laid out in their publishing style guide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm|title=Publishing Style Guide - Stay Informed|website=www.aaanet.org|access-date=Apr 28, 2020|archive-date=October 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009061048/http://aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The [[ASA style]] of the [[American Sociological Association]] is one of the main styles used in [[sociological]] publications.

== Mavuto ==
{{see also|Impact factor#Editorial policies that affect the impact factor}}In their research on footnotes in scholarly journals in the field of communication, Michael Bugeja and Daniela V. Dimitrova have found that citations to online sources have a rate of decay (as cited pages are taken down), which they call a &quot;half-life&quot;, that renders footnotes in those journals less useful for scholarship over time.&lt;ref&gt;Bugeja, Michael and Daniela V. Dimitrova (2010). ''Vanishing Act: The Erosion of Online Footnotes and Implications for Scholarship in the Digital Age''. Duluth, Minnesota: Litwin Books. {{ISBN|978-1-936117-14-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other experts have found that published replications do not have as many citations as original publications.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Raymond Hubbard and J. Scott Armstrong |year=1994 |title=Replications and Extensions in Marketing: Rarely Published But Quite Contrary |url=http://cogprints.org/5199/1/Replications-and-Extensions-in-Marketing.pdf |journal=International Journal of Research in Marketing |s2cid-access=free |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=233–248 |doi=10.1016/0167-8116(94)90003-5 |s2cid=18205635 |access-date=2017-11-01 |archive-date=2017-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922010807/http://cogprints.org/5199/1/Replications%2Dand%2DExtensions%2Din%2DMarketing.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Another important issue is citation errors, which often occur due to carelessness on either the researcher or journal editor's part in the publication procedure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Peoples | first1=Nicholas | last2=Østbye | first2=Truls | last3=Yan | first3=Lijing L. | title=Burden of proof: Combating inaccurate citation in biomedical literature | journal=BMJ | date=2023 | volume=383 | article-number=e076441 | doi=10.1136/bmj-2023-076441 | pmid=37931929 }}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a study that analyzed 1,200 randomly selected citations from three major business ethics journals concluded that an average article contains at least three plagiarized citations when authors copy and paste a citation entry from another publication without consulting the original source.&lt;ref name=&quot;Serenko2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Serenko |first1=A. |last2=Dumay |first2=J. |last3=Hsiao |first3=P-C.K. |last4=Choo |first4=C.W. |date=2021 |title=Do They Practice What They Preach? The Presence of Problematic Citations in Business Ethics Research |url=http://www.aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Do_They_Practice.pdf |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=1304–1320 |doi=10.1108/JD-01-2021-0018 |s2cid=237823862 |access-date=2021-10-19 |archive-date=2021-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193000/http://www.aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Do_They_Practice.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Experts have found that simple precautions, such as consulting the author of a cited source about proper citations, reduce the likelihood of citation errors and thus increase the quality of research.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Malcolm |last2=Armstrong |first2=J.&amp;nbsp;Scott |author-link2=J. Scott Armstrong |date=2008 |title=The Ombudsman: Verification of Citations: Fawlty Towers of Knowledge? |journal=Interfaces |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1287/inte.1070.0317 |issn=0092-2102 |eissn=1526-551X |jstor=25062982 |oclc=5582131729 |ssrn=1941335 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another study noted that approximately 25% citations do not support the claims made, a finding that affects many disciplines, including history.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Cumberledge |first1=Aaron |last2=Smith |first2=Neal |last3=Riley |first3=Benjamin W. |date=2023-08-01 |title=Unverified history: an analysis of quotation accuracy in leading history journals |journal=Scientometrics |language=en |volume=128 |issue=8 |pages=4677–4687 |doi=10.1007/s11192-023-04755-w |s2cid=259519993 |issn=1588-2861}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Research suggests the impact of an article can be, partly, explained by superficial factors and not only by the scientific merits of an article.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Bornmann | first1=Lutz | last2=Daniel | first2=Hans-Dieter | title=What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior | journal=Journal of Documentation | date=2008 | volume=64 | pages=45–80 | doi=10.1108/00220410810844150 | hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0013-7A94-3 | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Field-dependent factors are usually listed as an issue to be tackled not only when comparisons across disciplines are made, but also when different fields of research of one discipline are being compared.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Anauati |first1=Maria Victoria |last2=Galiani |first2=Sebastian |last3=Gálvez |first3=Ramiro H. |date=November 4, 2015 |title=Quantifying the Life Cycle of Scholarly Articles Across Fields of Economic Research |ssrn=2523078 |journal=Economic Inquiry |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=1339–1355}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in medicine, among other factors, the number of authors, the number of references, the article length, and the presence of a colon in the title influence the impact; while in sociology the number of references, the article length, and title length are among the factors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=van Wesel |first1=M. |last2=Wyatt |first2=S. |last3=ten Haaf |first3=J. |year=2014 |title=What a difference a colon makes: how superficial factors influence subsequent citation |url=https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/894334/art_3A10.1007_2Fs11192_013_1154_x.pdf |journal=Scientometrics |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=1601–1615 |doi=10.1007/s11192-013-1154-x |s2cid=18553863 |hdl=20.500.11755/2fd7fc12-1766-4ddd-8f19-1d2603d2e11d |hdl-access=free |access-date=2019-07-11 |archive-date=2021-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126035317/https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/894334/art_3A10.1007_2Fs11192_013_1154_x.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that &quot;reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brembs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Brembs|first1=Björn|title=Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability |journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |volume=12 |article-number=37 |year=2018 |pmid=29515380 |pmc=5826185 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2018.00037 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nature Index]] recognizes that citations remain a controversial and yet important metric for academics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://go.nature.com/2TdWoM6 |title=Studies suggest 5 ways to increase citation counts |last=Crew |first=Bec |date=7 August 2019 |website=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] Index |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218015207/https://www.natureindex.com/news-blog/studies-research-five-ways-increase-citation-counts |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; They report five ways to increase citation counts: (1) watch the title length and punctuation;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hudson |first=John |year=2016 |title=An analysis of the titles of papers submitted to the UK REF in 2014: authors, disciplines, and stylistic details |journal=[[Scientometrics]] |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=871–889 |doi=10.1007/s11192-016-2081-4 |pmc=5065898 |pmid=27795594}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2) release the results early as preprints;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fraser |first1=Nicholas |last2=Momeni |first2=Fakhri |last3=Mayr |first3=Philipp |last4=Peters |first4=Isabella |title=The relationship between bioRxiv preprints, citations and altmetrics |journal=Quantitative Science Studies |date=2020 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=618–638 |biorxiv=10.1101/673665 |doi=10.1162/qss_a_00043 |doi-access=free|hdl=11108/455 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; (3) avoid referring to a country in the title, abstract, or keywords;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Abramo |first1=Giovanni |last2=D'Angelo |first2=Ciriaco Andrea |last3=Di Costa |first3=Flavia |year=2016 |title=The effect of a country's name in the title of a publication on its visibility and citability |journal=[[Scientometrics]] |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=1895–1909 |arxiv=1810.12657 |doi=10.1007/s11192-016-2120-1|s2cid=4354082 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (4) link the article to supporting data in a repository;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|arxiv=1907.02565 |first1=Giovanni |last1=Colavizza |first2=Iain |last2=Hrynaszkiewicz |title=The citation advantage of linking publications to research data |first3=Isla |last3=Staden |first4=Kirstie |last4=Whitaker |first5=Barbara |last5=McGillivray |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2019|volume=15 |issue=4 |article-number=e0230416 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0230416 |pmid=32320428 |pmc=7176083 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1530416C |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; and (5) avoid hyphens in the titles of research articles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Zhi Quan |last2=Tse |first2=T.H. |last3=Witheridge |first3=Matt |year=2021 |title=Metamorphic robustness testing: Exposing hidden defects in citation statistics and journal impact factors |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering]] |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=1164–1183 |doi=10.1109/TSE.2019.2915065|bibcode=2021ITSEn..47.1164Z |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Citation patterns are also known to be affected by unethical behavior of both the authors and journal staff. Such behavior is called impact factor boosting and was reported to involve even the top-tier journals. Specifically the high-ranking journals of medical science, including ''The Lancet'', ''JAMA'' and ''The New England Journal of Medicine'', are thought to be associated with such behavior, with up to 30% of citations to these journals being generated by commissioned opinion articles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Heneberg |first=P. |year=2014 |title=Parallel Worlds of Citable Documents and Others: Inflated Commissioned Opinion Articles Enhance Scientometric Indicators |journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology |volume=65 |issue=3 |page=635 |doi=10.1002/asi.22997 |s2cid=3165853 |url=https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.22997 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-06-20 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202227/https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.22997 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On the other hand, the phenomenon of citation cartels is rising. Citation cartels are defined as groups of authors that cite each other disproportionately more than they do other groups of authors who work on the same subject.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fister |first1=I. Jr. |last2=Fister |first2=I. |last3=Perc |first3=M. |year=2016 |title=Toward the Discovery of Citation Cartels in Citation Networks |journal=Frontiers in Physics |volume=4 |page=49 |bibcode=2016FrP.....4...49F |doi=10.3389/fphy.2016.00049 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Citation politics===
Another issue is citation politics, which describes how citation shapes power structures by dictating the legitimacy of published authors and their work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Perkins-White |first=Amy |title=Library Guides: Citation politics: Getting Started |url=https://unimelb.libguides.com/citation-politics |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=unimelb.libguides.com |language=en |archive-date=2025-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216223059/https://unimelb.libguides.com/citation-politics |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; As ideas are frequently reproduced through citation, they accrue increasing intellectual value.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Annabel L. |date=2020 |title=The Politics of Citation |journal=Diacritics |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1353/dia.2020.0016 |issn=1080-6539}}&lt;/ref&gt; Research suggests that the number of times that an academic article gets cited has a direct impact on the author's academic prestige and recognition, promotion opportunities, and potential impact in their respective fields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Christen A. |last2=Garrett-Scott |first2=Dominique |date=2021-04-05 |title=&quot;We are not named&quot;: Black women and the politics of citation in anthropology |journal=Feminist Anthropology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=18–37 |doi=10.1002/fea2.12038 |issn=2643-7961}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Matthew effect|Matthew Effect]], [[Matilda effect|Matilda Effect]] and [[Reporting bias#Citation bias|citation bias]] describe phenomena to this effect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Keisha S. |last2=Zurn |first2=Perry |last3=Dworkin |first3=Jordan D. |last4=Bassett |first4=Dani S. |last5=Resnik |first5=David B. |date=2022-08-18 |title=Citation bias, diversity, and ethics |journal=Accountability in Research |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=158–172 |doi=10.1080/08989621.2022.2111257 |pmid=35938378 |pmc=9938084 |issn=0898-9621}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kwon |first=Diana |date=2022-03-22 |title=The rise of citational justice: how scholars are making references fairer |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00793-1 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=603 |issue=7902 |pages=568–571 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00793-1 |pmid=35318470 |bibcode=2022Natur.603..568K }}&lt;/ref&gt;

However, evidence indicates that external factors may influence the likelihood of a paper getting cited.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; For example, citation counts have been shown to favor researchers from the Global North and thus can undervalue researchers from the Global South and from minority communities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lazarus |first=Suleman |date=2024-12-05 |title=An Autoethnographic Perspective on Scholarly Impact, Citation Politics, and North–South Power Dynamics |journal=Life Writing |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=603–629 |doi=10.1080/14484528.2024.2430666 |issn=1448-4528|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, male names tend to get cited disproportionately more frequently than female names.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Rosa |first1=Fernanda R. |last2=Anastácio |first2=Kimberly |last3=Pereira de Jesus |first3=Maria Vitoria |last4=Veras |first4=Hemanuel Jhosé A. |date=June 2024 |title=Citation politics: The gender gap in internet governance |journal=Telecommunications Policy |volume=48 |issue=5 |article-number=102734 |doi=10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102734 |issn=0308-5961|doi-access=free |hdl=10919/124563 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Smith and Garrett-Scott have also argued that black women in the anthropological field are rarely ever cited by non-black women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Researchers have suggested combating inequality in citation politics with the use of a Citation Diversity Statement, a statement that would include the proportions of citations used in a scholarly article in terms of gender, race, and/or ethnicity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Another option is the formation of campaigns like #CiteBlackWomen that promote awareness of citational disparity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Kafukufuku na kupanga ==
There is research about citations and development of related tools and systems, mainly relating to scientific citations. [[Citation analysis]] is a method widely used in [[metascience]].
===Citation analysis===
{{Excerpt|Citation analysis|only=paragraphs|paragraphs=1-2}}
===Citation frequency===
{{See also|Metascience#Evaluation and incentives}}
{{Excerpt|Scientific citation|Citation frequency|hat=no}}
===Progress and citation consolidation===
{{Excerpt|Scientific citation|Progress and citation consolidation|hat=no}}
===IT systems===
{{Excerpt|Scientific citation|IT systems|subsections=yes|hat=no}}

== Wonaniso ==
&lt;!-- New links in alpphabetial order please --&gt;
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Acknowledgment (creative arts)]]
* [[Bible citation]]
* [[Case citation]]
* [[Citation creator]]
* [[Citation index]]
* [[Citation signal]]
* [[Citationality]]
* [[Coercive citation]]
* [[Credit (creative arts)]]
* [[Cross-reference]]
* [[Drive-by citation]]
* [[San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment]]
* [[Scholarly method]]
* [[Source evaluation]]
* [[Style guide]]
}}

== Manotisi ==
{{Notelist}}

== Ukaboni ==
{{Reflist}}

== Kuŵerenga kwakusazgikira ==
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
*{{commonscatinline}}

&lt;!-- This list needs to be ordered alphabetically. --&gt;
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=J Scott |date=July 1996 |title=The Ombudsman: Management Folklore and Management Science{{snd}}On Portfolio Planning, Escalation Bias, and Such |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1111&amp;context=marketing_papers |journal=Interfaces |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=28–42 |doi=10.1287/inte.26.4.25 |oclc=210941768 |ref=refArmstrong 2007 |access-date=2019-07-11 |archive-date=2018-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720064706/https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1111&amp;context=marketing_papers |url-status=live }}
* &lt;cite id=refPechenik2004&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pechenik |first=Jan A |title=A Short Guide to Writing About Biology |publisher=Pearson/Longman |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-321-15981-6 |edition=5th |location=[[New York City|New York]] |oclc=52166026 |ref=refMHRA}}&lt;/cite&gt;
* {{Cite web |url=https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-are-there-different-citation-styles |title=Why Are There Different Citation Styles? |website=Yale.edu |access-date=2025-01-23 |ref=refYaleUni |author=Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning |date=25 June 2015 |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123155948/https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-are-there-different-citation-styles |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=Why Cite Sources in Your Academic Writing? |url=https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-cite |author=Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning |website=Yale.edu |access-date=2025-01-23 |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123160020/https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-cite |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Bibliography]]
[[Category:Intellectual history]]
[[Category:Reference]]
[[Category:Sources]]
[[Category:Elements of documents]]</text>
      <sha1>0zs315c5d5901a584v56wmjb2boj70t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122951</id>
      <parentid>122950</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T11:23:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122951</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="46718" sha1="2km49ek4s0x9klppu359klm78m2l502" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Reference to a source}}
{{hatnote group|
{{distinguish-redirect|Cite|Site}}{{for-multi|&quot;&amp;lt;cite&gt;&quot;|HTML element}}
{{other uses|Citation (disambiguation)|Cité (disambiguation)|CITE (disambiguation)}}
{{for|citations related to Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Citing sources|Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia|selfref=yes|Wikipedia:Citation templates}}
}}
[[File:Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester_-_English.svg|thumb|''xkcd'' webusayiti ya mutu wakuti &quot;Wakususka wa Wikipedia&quot;. Chimanyikwiro ichi chikuti: &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;[&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Citation needed|CITATION NEEDED]]&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Munroe |first=Randall |title=Wikipedian Protester |url=https://xkcd.com/285/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225215024/https://www.xkcd.com/285/ |archive-date=25 December 2011 |access-date=25 May 2020 |website=xkcd}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Ukaboni''' panji '''chiphara''' ni chibekero cha chinthu malo agho ghakulembeka. Kuyowoya mwakudunjika, ukaboni ni mazgu ghakufupikizgika gha afanumeriki agho ghali kuŵikika mu thupi la buku la vinjeru ilo likulongora kuti pali kulembeka mu chigaŵa cha vimanyikwiro vya mabuku gha buku ili na chilato cha kuzomerezga kuti milimo ya ŵanji yikukhwaskana na mutu wakudumbiskana pa malo agho ukaboni yikuyowoyeka.

Kanandi, kuphatikizapo vyose viŵiri, ivyo vikulembeka mu thupi na ivyo vikulembeka mu mabuku, vikupanga ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti ni ukaboni (apo ivyo vikulembeka mu mabuku ghakulembeka paŵekha vikupangiska yayi).

Mazgu ghakuzunurapo ghali na vilato vinandi vyakuzirwa. Nangauli kugwiriskira nchito kwawo pakukhozgera unenesko wa vinjeru na kukhozga ivyo ŵakuyowoya vikuwoneka comene mu vyakusambizga na vilongozgo vya mtundu (mwaciyelezgero,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://integrity.mit.edu/handbook/citing-your-sources/avoiding-plagiarism-cite-your-source |title=What Does it Mean to Cite? |publisher=MIT Academic Integrity |access-date=2015-09-28 |archive-date=2017-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710203103/http://integrity.mit.edu/handbook/citing-your-sources/avoiding-plagiarism-cite-your-source |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Association of Legal Writing Directors &amp; Darby Dickerson, ''ALWD Citation Manual: A Professional System of Citation,'' 4th ed. (New York: Aspen, 2010), 3.&lt;/ref&gt;), kupereka makora fundo zakumanyikwa ku magwero ghakale nchimoza mwa vifukwa ivi.&lt;ref&gt;Mansourizadeh, Kobra, and Ummul K. Ahmad. &quot;Citation practices among non-native expert and novice scientific writers.&quot; ''Journal of English for Academic Purposes'' 10, no. 3 (2011): 152–161.&lt;/ref&gt; Kusanda kwa chiyowoyero kwa ndondomeko ya kuzunura kwalongora kuti nawo ŵakugwira ntchito zikuru pakunozga umo chimanyisko chikuŵira pa mutu unyake, kusanga ivyo vikusoŵa mu chimanyisko icho chilipo ivyo vikwenera kuzuzgika panji kulongosora malo agho mafumbo ghakwenera kulutilira panji kuzgoŵezgeka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Swales |first=John M. |orig-date=2004 |title=Research genres: Explorations and applications |journal= [[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139524827 |publication-date=October 2012 |isbn=978-1-139-52482-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Citation nayo yamanyikwa kuti ni nthowa yikuru iyo ŵakusanda ŵakuŵikirapo fundo: kujikolera panji kulimbana na magulu ghachokoghachoko gha ŵanyawo ŵakusanda awo ŵakugwira ntchito pa mapulojekiti ghakuyana waka na kuŵika mwaŵi wakuti ŵapange chimanyisko chiphya.&lt;ref&gt;Hyland, K., &amp; Jiang, F. (2019). Points of reference: Changing patterns of academic citation. Applied Linguistics, 40(1), 64–85.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Citations on p. 44 of The Byzantine empire by Finlay.png|thumb|right|Mazgu agho ghali mu ukaboni la ŵasambiri]]

Mazgu ghakuzunulika (mwachiyelezgero, kuŵika mazuŵa mu vibokosi, mazgu ghakumalira ghakulembeka pachanya na mazgu ghapasi, makoloni panji makoma pa manambara gha masamba, na vinyake) ghakupambana na ndondomeko yakuzunulira ivyo vikugwiriskirika nchito (mwachiyelezgero, Oxford,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html |title=Oxford Referencing System |access-date=18 January 2011 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630023831/http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Harvard, MLA, NLM, Bungwe la Ŵanthu ŵa ku America (ASA), Bungwe la Ŵanthu ŵa ku America (APA), na vinyake). Nthowa yiliyose yikukolerana na visambizgo vyakupambanapambana vya masambiro, ndipo magazini gha masambiro agho ghakukolerana na visambizgo ivi ghakusunga mtundu wakukhumbikwa wa citational style mwa kukhozgera na kulondezga ndondomeko zakwenelera za mtundu.

== Ghanoghano ==
A ''bibliographic citation'' is a reference to a book, [[article (publishing)|article]], [[web page]], or other published item. Citations should supply sufficient detail to identify the item uniquely.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm |title=Library glossary |date=August 22, 2008 |publisher=[[Benedictine University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430220849/http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm |archive-date=April 30, 2008 |access-date=2009-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Different citation systems and styles are used in [[scientific citation]], [[legal citation]], [[prior art]], [[the arts]], and the [[humanities]]. Regarding the use of citations in the scientific literature, some scholars also put forward &quot;the right to refuse unwanted citations&quot; in certain situations deemed inappropriate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author1=Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva|author2= Quan-Hoang Vuong|date=2021|title=The right to refuse unwanted citations: rethinking the culture of science around the citation | journal=Scientometrics |volume=126|issue=6|pages=5355–5360|doi=10.1007/s11192-021-03960-9|pmid= 33994602|pmc= 8105147|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vyamukati ==
Citation content can vary depending on the type of source and may include:
* ''Book:'' authors, book title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, and page numbers if appropriate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing |title=Anatomy of a Citation |website=LIU.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905125227/http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing |archive-date=2015-09-05 |access-date=2015-09-28 |ref=refLongIslandUni}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Journal:'' authors, article title, journal title, date of publication, and page numbers.
* ''Newspaper:'' authors, article title, name of newspaper, section title and page numbers if desired, date of publication.
* ''Web site:'' authors, article, and publication title where appropriate, as well as a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]], and a date when the site was accessed.
* ''Play:'' inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For example, &quot;In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married&quot; (Pushkin 4.452–53).&lt;ref name=&quot;Brigham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm |title=How to cite sources in the body of your paper |year=2008 |website=BYUI.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113174823/http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm |archive-date=November 13, 2011 |access-date=2008-02-08 |ref=refBrigham}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Poem:'' spaced [[Slash (punctuation)#In English text|slashes]] are normally used to indicate separate lines of a poem, and [[Parenthetical referencing|parenthetical citations]] usually include the line numbers. For example: &quot;For I must love because I live&amp;nbsp;/ And life in me is what you give.&quot; (Brennan, lines 15–16).&lt;ref name=Brigham/&gt;
* ''Interview:'' name of interviewer, interview descriptor (ex. personal interview), and date of interview.
* ''Data:'' authors, dataset title, date of publication, and publisher.

=== Unique identifiers ===
Along with information such as authors, date of publication, title and page numbers, citations may also include [[unique identifier]]s depending on the type of work being referred to.
* Citations of books may include an [[International Standard Book Number]] (ISBN).
* Specific volumes, articles, or other identifiable parts of a periodical, may have an associated [[Serial Item and Contribution Identifier]] (SICI) or an [[International Standard Serial Number]] (ISSN).
* Electronic documents may have a [[digital object identifier]] (DOI).
* Biomedical research articles may have a PubMed Identifier ([[PMID]]).

== Nthowa ==
Broadly speaking, there are two types of citation systems, the Vancouver system and parenthetical referencing.&lt;ref name=&quot;ELhelpdesk&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Pantcheva |first=Marina |date=nd |title=Citation styles: Vancouver and Harvard systems |url=https://site.uit.no/english/writing-style/citationstyles/ |website=site.uit.no |access-date=July 2, 2020 |archive-date=July 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701114257/https://site.uit.no/english/writing-style/citationstyles/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the [[Council of Science Editors]] (CSE) adds a third, the'' citation-name system''.&lt;ref name=&quot;council2006scientific&quot;&gt;Council of Science Editors, Style Manual Committee (2007). Scientific style and format: the CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vancouver system ===
{{main|Vancouver system}}
The Vancouver system uses sequential numbers in the text, either bracketed or superscript or both.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vancouver (Numbering) |url=https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/as/libraryservices/library/referencing/icite/vancouver/index.aspx |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=University of Birmingham |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103130115/https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/as/libraryservices/library/referencing/icite/vancouver/index.aspx |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The numbers refer to either footnotes (notes at the end of the page) or endnotes (notes on a page at the end of the paper) that provide source detail. The notes system may or may not require a full bibliography, depending on whether the writer has used a full-note form or a shortened-note form. The organizational logic of the bibliography is that sources are listed in their order of appearance in-text, rather than alphabetically by author last name.

For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a notes system ''without'' a full bibliography could look like:

:&quot;The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.&quot;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;

The note, located either at the foot of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote) would look like this:

:1. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'' (New York: Macmillan, 1969) 45–60.

In a paper with a full bibliography, the shortened note might look like:

:1. Kübler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'' 45–60.

The bibliography entry, which is required with a shortened note, would look like this:

:Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth. ''On Death and Dying''. New York: Macmillan, 1969.

In the humanities, many authors also use footnotes or endnotes to supply anecdotal information. In this way, what looks like a citation is actually supplementary material, or suggestions for further reading.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm |title=How to Write Research Papers with Citations: MLA, APA, Footnotes, Endnotes |access-date=2010-01-31 |archive-date=2010-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616071855/http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Parenthetical referencing ===
{{main|Parenthetical referencing}}
Parenthetical referencing, also known as Harvard referencing, has full or partial, in-text, citations enclosed in circular brackets and embedded in the paragraph.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=libguides|first1=liu.cwp|title=Parenthetical Referencing|url=https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|access-date=26 July 2020|website=liu.cwp.libguides.com|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726214158/https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An example of a parenthetical reference:
:&quot;The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance&quot; (Kübler-Ross, 1969, pp. 45–60).

Depending on the choice of style, fully cited parenthetical references may require no end section. Other styles include a list of the citations, with complete bibliographical references, in an end section, sorted alphabetically by author. This section is often called &quot;References&quot;, &quot;Bibliography&quot;, &quot;Works cited&quot; or &quot;Works consulted&quot;.

In-text references for online publications may differ from conventional parenthetical referencing. A full reference can be hidden, only displayed when wanted by the reader, in the form of a [[tooltip]].&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210428140433/https://livereference.org/ Live Reference Initiative]}}. Retrieved 2012-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt; This style makes citing easier and improves the reader's experience.

== Masitayilo ==
{{Styles}}
{{Further|APA style|The Chicago Manual of Style|Bluebook|MLA style|ASA style}}
{{For|citation templates on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Citation templates|selfref=yes}}

Citation styles can be broadly divided into styles common to the humanities and the sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Some style guides, such as [[the Chicago Manual of Style]], are quite flexible and cover both parenthetical and note citation systems. Others, such as [[MLA style manual|MLA]] and [[APA style|APA]] styles, specify formats within the context of a single citation system. These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html |title=Citation Formats &amp; Style Manuals |year=2007 |website=CSUChico.edu |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refCaliforniaStateUni |archive-date=2008-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225232139/http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |year=2005 |website=Lesley.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228053242/http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html |archive-date=December 28, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refLesleyUni}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |year=2003 |website=RIT.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203115324/http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html |archive-date=February 3, 2008 |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refRIT}}&lt;/ref&gt; The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page numbers following the author name, in addition to conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis, parenthesis, quotation marks, etc., particular to their style.

A number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs; consequently, a number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations as well, and some works are so long-established as to have their own citation methods too: [[Stephanus pagination]] for [[Plato]]; [[Bekker numbers]] for [[Aristotle]]; citing the Bible by book, chapter and verse; or [[Shakespeare]] notation by play.

The [[Citation Style Language]] (CSL) is an open XML-based language to describe the formatting of citations and bibliographies.

=== Humanities ===
* The [[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago style]] (CMOS) was developed and its guide is ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]''. It is most widely used in history and economics as well as some social sciences. The closely related [[Turabian]] style—which derives from it—is for student references, and is distinguished from the CMOS by omission of quotation marks in reference lists, and mandatory access date citation.
* The Columbia style was created by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences.
* ''Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace'' by Elizabeth Shown Mills covers primary sources not included in CMOS, such as censuses, court, land, government, business, and church records. Includes sources in electronic format. Used by genealogists and historians.&lt;ref name=&quot;evidence&quot;&gt;Elizabeth Shown Mills. ''Evidence Explained : Citing History Sources from Artifacts to cyberspace.'' 2d ed. Baltimore:Genealogical Pub. Co., 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Harvard referencing]] (or author-date system) is a specific kind of [[parenthetical referencing]]. Parenthetical referencing is recommended by both the [[BSI Group|British Standards Institution]] and the [[Modern Language Association]]. Harvard referencing involves a short author-date reference, e.g., &quot;(Smith, 2000)&quot;, being inserted after the cited text within parentheses and the full reference to the source being listed at the end of the article.
* [[The MLA Style Manual|MLA style]] was developed by the Modern Language Association and is most often used in [[the arts]] and the [[humanities]], particularly in [[English studies]], other [[Literary criticism|literary studies]], including [[comparative literature]] and [[literary criticism]] in languages other than English (&quot;foreign languages&quot;), and some interdisciplinary studies, such as [[cultural studies]], [[drama]] and [[theatre]], film, and other [[Mass media|media]], including television. This style of citations and bibliographical format uses parenthetical referencing with author-page (Smith 395) or author-[short] title-page (Smith, ''Contingencies'' 42) in the case of more than one work by the same author within parentheses in the text, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources on a &quot;works cited&quot; page at the end of the paper, as well as notes (footnotes or endnotes).{{efn|The field of [[communication]] (or communications) overlaps with some of the disciplines also covered by the MLA and has its own disciplinary style recommendations for documentation format; the style guide recommended for use in student papers in such departments in American colleges and universities is often ''[[APA style|The Publication Manual of the APA]]'' ([[American Psychological Association]]); designated for short as &quot;[[APA style]]&quot;.}}
* The [[MHRA Style Guide]] is published by the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] (MHRA) and most widely used in the arts and humanities in the United Kingdom, where the MHRA is based.  It is available for sale both in the UK and in the United States. It is similar to MLA style, but has some differences.  For example, MHRA style uses footnotes that reference a citation fully while also providing a bibliography.  Some readers find it advantageous that the footnotes provide full citations, instead of shortened references, so that they do not need to consult the bibliography while reading for the rest of the publication details.&lt;ref&gt;The 2nd edition (updated April 2008) of the ''[[MHRA Style Guide]]'' is downloadable for free from the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] official website. {{Cite web |url=http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ |title=MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors, Editors, and Writers of Theses |year=2008 |publisher=Modern Humanities Research Association |access-date=2009-02-05 |archive-date=2005-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050910055050/http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ }} (2nd ed.)&lt;/ref&gt;

In some areas of the humanities, footnotes are used exclusively for references, and their use for conventional [[footnotes]] (explanations or examples) is avoided. In these areas, the term ''footnote'' is actually used as a synonym for ''reference'', and care must be taken by editors and typesetters to ensure that they understand how the term is being used by their authors.

=== Law ===
{{Main|Legal citation}}
* The [[Bluebook]] is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ |title=Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2007 ed.) |last=Martin |first=Peter W |date=May 2007 |website=Cornell.edu |orig-date=1993 |access-date=2008-02-03 |ref=refMartin2007 |archive-date=2018-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004233927/https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use inline citations, which are either separate sentences or separate clauses. Inline citations allow readers to quickly determine the strength of a source based on, for example, the court a case was decided in and the year it was decided.
* The legal citation style used almost universally in Canada is based on the ''[[Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation]]'' (AKA ''McGill Guide''), published by ''McGill Law Journal''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210184155/http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/citeguide.php|url=http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/citeguide.php|title=Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (Cite Guide)|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-02-10|access-date=2009-02-05|website=McGill Law Journal}}&lt;!--Updated October 2008.--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* British legal citation almost universally follows the ''[[Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities]]'' (OSCOLA).

=== Sciences, mathematics, engineering, physiology, and medicine ===
* The [[American Chemical Society]] style, or [[ACS style]], is often used in chemistry and some of the [[physical sciences]]. In ACS style references are numbered in the text and in the reference list, and numbers are repeated throughout the text as needed.
* In the style of the [[American Institute of Physics]] ([[AIP style]]), references are also numbered in the text and in the reference list, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.
* Styles developed for the [[American Mathematical Society]] (AMS), or AMS styles, such as [[AMS-LaTeX]], are typically implemented using the [[BibTeX]] tool in the [[LaTeX]] typesetting environment. Brackets with the author's initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in line with alphabetic-label format, e.g. [AB90]. This type of style is also called an &quot;authorship trigraph&quot;.
* The [[Vancouver system]], recommended by the [[Council of Science Editors]] (CSE), is used in medical and scientific papers and research.
** In one major variant, that used by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number.
** The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) is reportedly the original kernel of this biomedical style, which evolved from the Vancouver 1978 editors' meeting.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icmje.org &quot;Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005051625/http://www.icmje.org/ |date=2019-10-05 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;  The [[MEDLINE]]/[[PubMed]] database uses this citation style and the [[National Library of Medicine]] provides &quot;ICMJE [[Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals]] – Sample References&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.  [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html &quot;ICMJE Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals – Sample References&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061221120314/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html |date=2006-12-21 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The American Medical Association has its own variant of Vancouver style with only minor differences. See [[AMA Manual of Style]].
* The style of the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE), or [[IEEE style]], encloses citation numbers within square brackets and numbers them consecutively, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf IEEE Style Manual] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043706/http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }}. Retrieved 2015-02-16.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In areas of biology that falls within the [[ICNafp]] (which itself uses this citation style throughout), a variant form of author-title citation is the primary method used when making nomenclatural citations and sometimes general citations (for example in code-related proposals published in ''[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]''), with the works in question not cited in the bibliography unless also cited in the text. Titles use standardized abbreviations following ''Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum'' for periodicals and ''Taxonomic Literature 2'' (later [[IPNI]]) for books.
* Pechenik citation style is a style described in ''A Short Guide to Writing about Biology'', 6th ed. (2007), by [[Jan Pechenik|Jan A. Pechenik]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/colleges-and-schools/college-of-arts-and-sciences/majors-programs/Biology/Undergraduate_Research/Forms/citation_guide.pdf &quot;Pechenik Citation Style QuickGuide&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929032143/http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/colleges-and-schools/college-of-arts-and-sciences/majors-programs/Biology/Undergraduate_Research/Forms/citation_guide.pdf |date=2015-09-29 }} ([[PDF]]). [[University of Alberta]], Augustana Campus, Canada. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. November 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In 1955, Eugene Garfield proposed a [[citation index|bibliographic system for scientific literature]], to consolidate the integrity of [[scientific publishing|scientific publications]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cisn&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Garfield |first=Eugene |year=2006 |title=Citation indexes for science. A new dimension in documentation through association of ideas |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1123–1127 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyl189 |pmid=16987841 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Social sciences ===
* The style of the [[American Psychological Association]], or [[APA style]], published in the [[Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association]], is most often used in [[social sciences]]. APA citation style is similar to [[Harvard referencing]], listing the author's name and year of publication, although these can take two forms: ''name citations'' in which the surnames of the authors appear in the text and the year of publication then appears in parentheses, and ''author-date citations'', in which the surnames of the authors and the year of publication all appear in parentheses. In both cases, in-text citations point to an alphabetical list of sources at the end of the paper in a &quot;references&quot; section.
* The [[American Political Science Association]] publishes both a style manual and a style guide for publications in this field.&lt;ref name=&quot;APSA&quot;&gt;Stephen Yoder, ed. (2008). ''The APSA Guide to Writing and Publishing'' and ''Style Manual for Political Science''. Rev. ed. August 2006. [http://www.apsanet.org/PUBLICATIONS/Online-Store APSAnet.org Publications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929073143/http://www.apsanet.org/PUBLICATIONS/Online-Store |date=2015-09-29 }}. Retrieved 2015-09-28.&lt;/ref&gt; The style is close to the CMOS.
* The [[American Anthropological Association]] utilizes a modified form of the Chicago style laid out in their publishing style guide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm|title=Publishing Style Guide - Stay Informed|website=www.aaanet.org|access-date=Apr 28, 2020|archive-date=October 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009061048/http://aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The [[ASA style]] of the [[American Sociological Association]] is one of the main styles used in [[sociological]] publications.

== Mavuto ==
{{see also|Impact factor#Editorial policies that affect the impact factor}}In their research on footnotes in scholarly journals in the field of communication, Michael Bugeja and Daniela V. Dimitrova have found that citations to online sources have a rate of decay (as cited pages are taken down), which they call a &quot;half-life&quot;, that renders footnotes in those journals less useful for scholarship over time.&lt;ref&gt;Bugeja, Michael and Daniela V. Dimitrova (2010). ''Vanishing Act: The Erosion of Online Footnotes and Implications for Scholarship in the Digital Age''. Duluth, Minnesota: Litwin Books. {{ISBN|978-1-936117-14-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other experts have found that published replications do not have as many citations as original publications.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Raymond Hubbard and J. Scott Armstrong |year=1994 |title=Replications and Extensions in Marketing: Rarely Published But Quite Contrary |url=http://cogprints.org/5199/1/Replications-and-Extensions-in-Marketing.pdf |journal=International Journal of Research in Marketing |s2cid-access=free |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=233–248 |doi=10.1016/0167-8116(94)90003-5 |s2cid=18205635 |access-date=2017-11-01 |archive-date=2017-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922010807/http://cogprints.org/5199/1/Replications%2Dand%2DExtensions%2Din%2DMarketing.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Another important issue is citation errors, which often occur due to carelessness on either the researcher or journal editor's part in the publication procedure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Peoples | first1=Nicholas | last2=Østbye | first2=Truls | last3=Yan | first3=Lijing L. | title=Burden of proof: Combating inaccurate citation in biomedical literature | journal=BMJ | date=2023 | volume=383 | article-number=e076441 | doi=10.1136/bmj-2023-076441 | pmid=37931929 }}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a study that analyzed 1,200 randomly selected citations from three major business ethics journals concluded that an average article contains at least three plagiarized citations when authors copy and paste a citation entry from another publication without consulting the original source.&lt;ref name=&quot;Serenko2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Serenko |first1=A. |last2=Dumay |first2=J. |last3=Hsiao |first3=P-C.K. |last4=Choo |first4=C.W. |date=2021 |title=Do They Practice What They Preach? The Presence of Problematic Citations in Business Ethics Research |url=http://www.aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Do_They_Practice.pdf |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=1304–1320 |doi=10.1108/JD-01-2021-0018 |s2cid=237823862 |access-date=2021-10-19 |archive-date=2021-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193000/http://www.aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Do_They_Practice.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Experts have found that simple precautions, such as consulting the author of a cited source about proper citations, reduce the likelihood of citation errors and thus increase the quality of research.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Malcolm |last2=Armstrong |first2=J.&amp;nbsp;Scott |author-link2=J. Scott Armstrong |date=2008 |title=The Ombudsman: Verification of Citations: Fawlty Towers of Knowledge? |journal=Interfaces |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1287/inte.1070.0317 |issn=0092-2102 |eissn=1526-551X |jstor=25062982 |oclc=5582131729 |ssrn=1941335 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another study noted that approximately 25% citations do not support the claims made, a finding that affects many disciplines, including history.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Cumberledge |first1=Aaron |last2=Smith |first2=Neal |last3=Riley |first3=Benjamin W. |date=2023-08-01 |title=Unverified history: an analysis of quotation accuracy in leading history journals |journal=Scientometrics |language=en |volume=128 |issue=8 |pages=4677–4687 |doi=10.1007/s11192-023-04755-w |s2cid=259519993 |issn=1588-2861}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Research suggests the impact of an article can be, partly, explained by superficial factors and not only by the scientific merits of an article.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Bornmann | first1=Lutz | last2=Daniel | first2=Hans-Dieter | title=What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior | journal=Journal of Documentation | date=2008 | volume=64 | pages=45–80 | doi=10.1108/00220410810844150 | hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0013-7A94-3 | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Field-dependent factors are usually listed as an issue to be tackled not only when comparisons across disciplines are made, but also when different fields of research of one discipline are being compared.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Anauati |first1=Maria Victoria |last2=Galiani |first2=Sebastian |last3=Gálvez |first3=Ramiro H. |date=November 4, 2015 |title=Quantifying the Life Cycle of Scholarly Articles Across Fields of Economic Research |ssrn=2523078 |journal=Economic Inquiry |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=1339–1355}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in medicine, among other factors, the number of authors, the number of references, the article length, and the presence of a colon in the title influence the impact; while in sociology the number of references, the article length, and title length are among the factors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=van Wesel |first1=M. |last2=Wyatt |first2=S. |last3=ten Haaf |first3=J. |year=2014 |title=What a difference a colon makes: how superficial factors influence subsequent citation |url=https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/894334/art_3A10.1007_2Fs11192_013_1154_x.pdf |journal=Scientometrics |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=1601–1615 |doi=10.1007/s11192-013-1154-x |s2cid=18553863 |hdl=20.500.11755/2fd7fc12-1766-4ddd-8f19-1d2603d2e11d |hdl-access=free |access-date=2019-07-11 |archive-date=2021-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126035317/https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/894334/art_3A10.1007_2Fs11192_013_1154_x.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that &quot;reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brembs2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Brembs|first1=Björn|title=Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability |journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |volume=12 |article-number=37 |year=2018 |pmid=29515380 |pmc=5826185 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2018.00037 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nature Index]] recognizes that citations remain a controversial and yet important metric for academics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://go.nature.com/2TdWoM6 |title=Studies suggest 5 ways to increase citation counts |last=Crew |first=Bec |date=7 August 2019 |website=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] Index |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218015207/https://www.natureindex.com/news-blog/studies-research-five-ways-increase-citation-counts |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; They report five ways to increase citation counts: (1) watch the title length and punctuation;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hudson |first=John |year=2016 |title=An analysis of the titles of papers submitted to the UK REF in 2014: authors, disciplines, and stylistic details |journal=[[Scientometrics]] |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=871–889 |doi=10.1007/s11192-016-2081-4 |pmc=5065898 |pmid=27795594}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2) release the results early as preprints;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fraser |first1=Nicholas |last2=Momeni |first2=Fakhri |last3=Mayr |first3=Philipp |last4=Peters |first4=Isabella |title=The relationship between bioRxiv preprints, citations and altmetrics |journal=Quantitative Science Studies |date=2020 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=618–638 |biorxiv=10.1101/673665 |doi=10.1162/qss_a_00043 |doi-access=free|hdl=11108/455 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; (3) avoid referring to a country in the title, abstract, or keywords;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Abramo |first1=Giovanni |last2=D'Angelo |first2=Ciriaco Andrea |last3=Di Costa |first3=Flavia |year=2016 |title=The effect of a country's name in the title of a publication on its visibility and citability |journal=[[Scientometrics]] |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=1895–1909 |arxiv=1810.12657 |doi=10.1007/s11192-016-2120-1|s2cid=4354082 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (4) link the article to supporting data in a repository;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|arxiv=1907.02565 |first1=Giovanni |last1=Colavizza |first2=Iain |last2=Hrynaszkiewicz |title=The citation advantage of linking publications to research data |first3=Isla |last3=Staden |first4=Kirstie |last4=Whitaker |first5=Barbara |last5=McGillivray |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2019|volume=15 |issue=4 |article-number=e0230416 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0230416 |pmid=32320428 |pmc=7176083 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1530416C |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; and (5) avoid hyphens in the titles of research articles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Zhi Quan |last2=Tse |first2=T.H. |last3=Witheridge |first3=Matt |year=2021 |title=Metamorphic robustness testing: Exposing hidden defects in citation statistics and journal impact factors |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering]] |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=1164–1183 |doi=10.1109/TSE.2019.2915065|bibcode=2021ITSEn..47.1164Z |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Citation patterns are also known to be affected by unethical behavior of both the authors and journal staff. Such behavior is called impact factor boosting and was reported to involve even the top-tier journals. Specifically the high-ranking journals of medical science, including ''The Lancet'', ''JAMA'' and ''The New England Journal of Medicine'', are thought to be associated with such behavior, with up to 30% of citations to these journals being generated by commissioned opinion articles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Heneberg |first=P. |year=2014 |title=Parallel Worlds of Citable Documents and Others: Inflated Commissioned Opinion Articles Enhance Scientometric Indicators |journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology |volume=65 |issue=3 |page=635 |doi=10.1002/asi.22997 |s2cid=3165853 |url=https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.22997 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-06-20 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202227/https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.22997 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On the other hand, the phenomenon of citation cartels is rising. Citation cartels are defined as groups of authors that cite each other disproportionately more than they do other groups of authors who work on the same subject.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fister |first1=I. Jr. |last2=Fister |first2=I. |last3=Perc |first3=M. |year=2016 |title=Toward the Discovery of Citation Cartels in Citation Networks |journal=Frontiers in Physics |volume=4 |page=49 |bibcode=2016FrP.....4...49F |doi=10.3389/fphy.2016.00049 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Citation politics===
Another issue is citation politics, which describes how citation shapes power structures by dictating the legitimacy of published authors and their work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Perkins-White |first=Amy |title=Library Guides: Citation politics: Getting Started |url=https://unimelb.libguides.com/citation-politics |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=unimelb.libguides.com |language=en |archive-date=2025-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216223059/https://unimelb.libguides.com/citation-politics |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; As ideas are frequently reproduced through citation, they accrue increasing intellectual value.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Annabel L. |date=2020 |title=The Politics of Citation |journal=Diacritics |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1353/dia.2020.0016 |issn=1080-6539}}&lt;/ref&gt; Research suggests that the number of times that an academic article gets cited has a direct impact on the author's academic prestige and recognition, promotion opportunities, and potential impact in their respective fields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Christen A. |last2=Garrett-Scott |first2=Dominique |date=2021-04-05 |title=&quot;We are not named&quot;: Black women and the politics of citation in anthropology |journal=Feminist Anthropology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=18–37 |doi=10.1002/fea2.12038 |issn=2643-7961}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Matthew effect|Matthew Effect]], [[Matilda effect|Matilda Effect]] and [[Reporting bias#Citation bias|citation bias]] describe phenomena to this effect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Keisha S. |last2=Zurn |first2=Perry |last3=Dworkin |first3=Jordan D. |last4=Bassett |first4=Dani S. |last5=Resnik |first5=David B. |date=2022-08-18 |title=Citation bias, diversity, and ethics |journal=Accountability in Research |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=158–172 |doi=10.1080/08989621.2022.2111257 |pmid=35938378 |pmc=9938084 |issn=0898-9621}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kwon |first=Diana |date=2022-03-22 |title=The rise of citational justice: how scholars are making references fairer |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00793-1 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=603 |issue=7902 |pages=568–571 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00793-1 |pmid=35318470 |bibcode=2022Natur.603..568K }}&lt;/ref&gt;

However, evidence indicates that external factors may influence the likelihood of a paper getting cited.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; For example, citation counts have been shown to favor researchers from the Global North and thus can undervalue researchers from the Global South and from minority communities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lazarus |first=Suleman |date=2024-12-05 |title=An Autoethnographic Perspective on Scholarly Impact, Citation Politics, and North–South Power Dynamics |journal=Life Writing |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=603–629 |doi=10.1080/14484528.2024.2430666 |issn=1448-4528|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, male names tend to get cited disproportionately more frequently than female names.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Rosa |first1=Fernanda R. |last2=Anastácio |first2=Kimberly |last3=Pereira de Jesus |first3=Maria Vitoria |last4=Veras |first4=Hemanuel Jhosé A. |date=June 2024 |title=Citation politics: The gender gap in internet governance |journal=Telecommunications Policy |volume=48 |issue=5 |article-number=102734 |doi=10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102734 |issn=0308-5961|doi-access=free |hdl=10919/124563 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Smith and Garrett-Scott have also argued that black women in the anthropological field are rarely ever cited by non-black women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Researchers have suggested combating inequality in citation politics with the use of a Citation Diversity Statement, a statement that would include the proportions of citations used in a scholarly article in terms of gender, race, and/or ethnicity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Another option is the formation of campaigns like #CiteBlackWomen that promote awareness of citational disparity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Kafukufuku na kupanga ==
There is research about citations and development of related tools and systems, mainly relating to scientific citations. [[Citation analysis]] is a method widely used in [[metascience]].
===Citation analysis===
{{Excerpt|Citation analysis|only=paragraphs|paragraphs=1-2}}
===Citation frequency===
{{See also|Metascience#Evaluation and incentives}}
{{Excerpt|Scientific citation|Citation frequency|hat=no}}
===Progress and citation consolidation===
{{Excerpt|Scientific citation|Progress and citation consolidation|hat=no}}
===IT systems===
{{Excerpt|Scientific citation|IT systems|subsections=yes|hat=no}}

== Wonaniso ==
&lt;!-- New links in alpphabetial order please --&gt;
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Acknowledgment (creative arts)]]
* [[Bible citation]]
* [[Case citation]]
* [[Citation creator]]
* [[Citation index]]
* [[Citation signal]]
* [[Citationality]]
* [[Coercive citation]]
* [[Credit (creative arts)]]
* [[Cross-reference]]
* [[Drive-by citation]]
* [[San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment]]
* [[Scholarly method]]
* [[Source evaluation]]
* [[Style guide]]
}}

== Manotisi ==
{{Notelist}}

== Ukaboni ==
{{Reflist}}

== Kuŵerenga kwakusazgikira ==
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
*{{commonscatinline}}

&lt;!-- This list needs to be ordered alphabetically. --&gt;
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=J Scott |date=July 1996 |title=The Ombudsman: Management Folklore and Management Science{{snd}}On Portfolio Planning, Escalation Bias, and Such |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1111&amp;context=marketing_papers |journal=Interfaces |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=28–42 |doi=10.1287/inte.26.4.25 |oclc=210941768 |ref=refArmstrong 2007 |access-date=2019-07-11 |archive-date=2018-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720064706/https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1111&amp;context=marketing_papers |url-status=live }}
* &lt;cite id=refPechenik2004&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pechenik |first=Jan A |title=A Short Guide to Writing About Biology |publisher=Pearson/Longman |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-321-15981-6 |edition=5th |location=[[New York City|New York]] |oclc=52166026 |ref=refMHRA}}&lt;/cite&gt;
* {{Cite web |url=https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-are-there-different-citation-styles |title=Why Are There Different Citation Styles? |website=Yale.edu |access-date=2025-01-23 |ref=refYaleUni |author=Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning |date=25 June 2015 |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123155948/https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-are-there-different-citation-styles |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=Why Cite Sources in Your Academic Writing? |url=https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-cite |author=Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning |website=Yale.edu |access-date=2025-01-23 |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123160020/https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-cite |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Bibliography]]
[[Category:Intellectual history]]
[[Category:Reference]]
[[Category:Sources]]
[[Category:Elements of documents]]</text>
      <sha1>2km49ek4s0x9klppu359klm78m2l502</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:~2026-53675-38</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>49859</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122901</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T02:42:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Welcome */ new section</comment>
      <origin>122901</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="547" sha1="g4rk7bpqpz9re6i7zncihicjikuyipt" xml:space="preserve">== Welcome ==
Hello, and thank you for your contributions to the [[Ukaboni]] page. However, you added possibly 30,000 bytes of English in the article. This is the Tumbuka Wikipedia, so English is not really allowed. The English sections are at risk of getting deleted if not changed to Tumbuka. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 02:42, 6 Zimya 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>g4rk7bpqpz9re6i7zncihicjikuyipt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122905</id>
      <parentid>122901</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T02:54:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Welcome */ Zgolo</comment>
      <origin>122905</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="902" sha1="rigmfvhy7r4sb6st9sdj13p3ln8y0qk" xml:space="preserve">== Welcome ==
Hello, and thank you for your contributions to the [[Ukaboni]] page. However, you added possibly 30,000 bytes of English in the article. This is the Tumbuka Wikipedia, so English is not really allowed. The English sections are at risk of getting deleted if not changed to Tumbuka. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 02:42, 6 Zimya 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:~2026-53675-38|~2026-53675-38]] Not to mention there was already an article on citations at [[Chiphara]]. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 02:54, 6 Zimya 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>rigmfvhy7r4sb6st9sdj13p3ln8y0qk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122906</id>
      <parentid>122905</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T02:54:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122906</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="973" sha1="pzq56rodcg6wodnsolj1l9g7mn7lqg5" xml:space="preserve">== Welcome ==
Hello, and thank you for your contributions to the [[Ukaboni]] page. However, you added possibly 30,000 bytes of English in the article. This is the Tumbuka Wikipedia, so English is not really allowed. The English sections are at risk of getting deleted if not changed to Tumbuka. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 02:42, 6 Zimya 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:~2026-53675-38|~2026-53675-38]] Not to mention there was already an article on citations at [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiphara&amp;redirect=no Chiphara]. Thanks. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 02:54, 6 Zimya 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>pzq56rodcg6wodnsolj1l9g7mn7lqg5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Basi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49860</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122908</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T03:21:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Undeleting''' previously deleted article, however, the errors are still there</comment>
      <origin>122908</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="576" sha1="16bd83upv23d0v3nc55epppbcjlyamf" xml:space="preserve">{{Revision}}[[File:Van Hool Astromega Oxford-tube.jpg|thumb|300px|Basi]]
[[File:Erster Benzin-Omnibus der Welt.jpg|thumb|Benz-Omnibus, 1896]]
'''Basi''' ni [[galimoto]] iyo yikunyamura ŵanthu ŵanandi comene kuluska galimoto panji van, kweni mbacoko comene kuluska galimoto za sitima za pamtunda. Iwo ukugwiriskirika nchito chomene mu vyakwendekwenda vya ŵanthu wose, kweni ukugwiriskirika nchitoso pa charter, panji kwizira mu ŵeneko ŵa paŵekha. Nangauli kanandi mabasi ghakunyamura ŵanthu pakati pa 30 na 100, kweni mabasi ghanyake ghakunyamura ŵanthu ŵakukwana 300.</text>
      <sha1>16bd83upv23d0v3nc55epppbcjlyamf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elfyn Evans</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49863</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122924</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T06:14:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}.  ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.  ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}}  [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>122924</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="346" sha1="81b9eym7yjt0jy846qupx1cgn0nrcld" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}.

==Moyo==
{{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.

==Ukaboni==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]</text>
      <sha1>81b9eym7yjt0jy846qupx1cgn0nrcld</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Harry Lewis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49864</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122927</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T09:37:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' panji '''Wroetoshaw''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].  ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.  ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}}  ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{IMDb name|7158710|name=Harry Lewis}}  [...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>122927</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="523" sha1="d6ikt02r0dvn3pfgjcfsm7zvd485ap3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' panji '''Wroetoshaw''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].

==Moyo==
{{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.

==Ukaboni==
{{reflist}}

==Malinki gha kuwaro==
* {{IMDb name|7158710|name=Harry Lewis}}

[[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]
[[Category:Sidemen]]</text>
      <sha1>d6ikt02r0dvn3pfgjcfsm7zvd485ap3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122943</id>
      <parentid>122927</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T09:59:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122943</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="535" sha1="3koxhn07g51hjewpho8b35myjarb2hw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' panji '''Wroetoshaw''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].

==Moyo==
{{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.

==Ukaboni==
{{reflist}}

==Malinki gha kuwaro==
* {{IMDb name|7158710|name=Harry Lewis}}

{{Sidemen}}
[[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]
[[Category:Sidemen]]</text>
      <sha1>3koxhn07g51hjewpho8b35myjarb2hw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tobit John Brown</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49865</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122928</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T09:39:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' panji '''Tobi''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].  ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.  ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}}  ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{YouTube|user=TBJZL|Tobi}}  Category:Ŵanthu...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>122928</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="506" sha1="gduy7w4jl8jnploii264bugnu5gj2d9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' panji '''Tobi''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].

==Moyo==
{{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.

==Ukaboni==
{{reflist}}

==Malinki gha kuwaro==
* {{YouTube|user=TBJZL|Tobi}}

[[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]
[[Category:Sidemen]]</text>
      <sha1>gduy7w4jl8jnploii264bugnu5gj2d9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122941</id>
      <parentid>122928</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T09:58:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122941</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="507" sha1="gi14ke4f24pf49cnrr7frggs2xr7zkt" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' panji '''Tobi''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].

==Moyo==
{{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.

==Ukaboni==
{{reflist}}

==Malinki gha kuwaro==
* {{YouTube|user=TBJZL|Tobi}}

{{Sidemen}}
[[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]
[[Category:Sidemen]]</text>
      <sha1>gi14ke4f24pf49cnrr7frggs2xr7zkt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Simon Minter</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49866</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122929</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T09:40:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' panji '''Miniminter''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].  ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.  ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}}  ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{YouTube|user=Miniminter|Miniminter}}  [...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>122929</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="523" sha1="4v7zqitqjaemiyqb70k37t0quvesf8s" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' panji '''Miniminter''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].

==Moyo==
{{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.

==Ukaboni==
{{reflist}}

==Malinki gha kuwaro==
* {{YouTube|user=Miniminter|Miniminter}}

[[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]
[[Category:Sidemen]]</text>
      <sha1>4v7zqitqjaemiyqb70k37t0quvesf8s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122940</id>
      <parentid>122929</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T09:58:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122940</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="524" sha1="k6lsfz9fb26s7kg97v6jvznexsvya40" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' panji '''Miniminter''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].

==Moyo==
{{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.

==Ukaboni==
{{reflist}}

==Malinki gha kuwaro==
* {{YouTube|user=Miniminter|Miniminter}}

{{Sidemen}}
[[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]
[[Category:Sidemen]]</text>
      <sha1>k6lsfz9fb26s7kg97v6jvznexsvya40</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ethan Payne</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49867</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122930</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T09:42:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' panji '''Behzinga''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].  ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.  ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}}  ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{YouTube|user=Behzinga|Behzinga}}  Categ...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>122930</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="517" sha1="69nyg3nakqvrim891aa8ouvv9owf85i" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' panji '''Behzinga''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].

==Moyo==
{{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.

==Ukaboni==
{{reflist}}

==Malinki gha kuwaro==
* {{YouTube|user=Behzinga|Behzinga}}

[[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]
[[Category:Sidemen]]</text>
      <sha1>69nyg3nakqvrim891aa8ouvv9owf85i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122939</id>
      <parentid>122930</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T09:58:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122939</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="518" sha1="1flqlp35i4mnnh9uqvhmmf81q812nkc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' panji '''Behzinga''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].

==Moyo==
{{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.

==Ukaboni==
{{reflist}}

==Malinki gha kuwaro==
* {{YouTube|user=Behzinga|Behzinga}}

{{Sidemen}}
[[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]
[[Category:Sidemen]]</text>
      <sha1>1flqlp35i4mnnh9uqvhmmf81q812nkc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joshua Bradley</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49868</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122931</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T09:43:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' panji '''Zerkaa''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].  ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.  ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}}  ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{YouTube|user=Zerkaa|Zerkaa}}  Category:Ŵ...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>122931</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="511" sha1="g08gvfp29m91onqlfsg0337s0q9ymig" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' panji '''Zerkaa''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].

==Moyo==
{{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.

==Ukaboni==
{{reflist}}

==Malinki gha kuwaro==
* {{YouTube|user=Zerkaa|Zerkaa}}

[[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]
[[Category:Sidemen]]</text>
      <sha1>g08gvfp29m91onqlfsg0337s0q9ymig</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122932</id>
      <parentid>122931</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T09:44:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122932</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="500" sha1="ikoe5lgv5x6ekma7gj2pol4ero4p95s" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' panji '''Zerkaa''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].

==Moyo==
{{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.

==Ukaboni==
{{reflist}}

==Malinki gha kuwaro==
* {{YouTube|user=Zerkaa|Zerkaa}}

[[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]
[[Category:Sidemen]]</text>
      <sha1>ikoe5lgv5x6ekma7gj2pol4ero4p95s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122944</id>
      <parentid>122932</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T09:59:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122944</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="512" sha1="m0f5l4jctnpwh0ebvar6chh9vatzd5u" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' panji '''Zerkaa''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].

==Moyo==
{{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.

==Ukaboni==
{{reflist}}

==Malinki gha kuwaro==
* {{YouTube|user=Zerkaa|Zerkaa}}

{{Sidemen}}
[[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]
[[Category:Sidemen]]</text>
      <sha1>m0f5l4jctnpwh0ebvar6chh9vatzd5u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vikram Barn</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49869</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122933</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T09:46:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''', wakumanyikwa chomene kuti '''Vikkstar123''' panji kuti '''Vikkstar''' waka, ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]] na [[DJ]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].  ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.  ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}}  ==...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>122933</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="589" sha1="i0si2bzmbbo2ttv9a6j9lz4q17gm7n9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''', wakumanyikwa chomene kuti '''Vikkstar123''' panji kuti '''Vikkstar''' waka, ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]] na [[DJ]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].

==Moyo==
{{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.

==Ukaboni==
{{reflist}}

==Malinki gha kuwaro==
* {{YouTube|user=Vikkstar123|Vikkstar123}}

[[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]
[[Category:Sidemen]]</text>
      <sha1>i0si2bzmbbo2ttv9a6j9lz4q17gm7n9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122934</id>
      <parentid>122933</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T09:47:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122934</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="777" sha1="18t6lx9qy1qhsj98lvdbbspt0hvq24e" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''', wakumanyikwa chomene kuti '''Vikkstar123''' panji kuti '''Vikkstar''' waka, ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]] na [[DJ]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA21&amp;dq=vikkstar123&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwir0Y-S4fmTAxXoUWwGHQbgD98Q6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;

==Moyo==
{{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.

==Ukaboni==
{{reflist}}

==Malinki gha kuwaro==
* {{YouTube|user=Vikkstar123|Vikkstar123}}

[[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]
[[Category:Sidemen]]</text>
      <sha1>18t6lx9qy1qhsj98lvdbbspt0hvq24e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122935</id>
      <parentid>122934</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T09:48:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122935</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1054" sha1="921iwmsujgn76l1uugobxjd5ko5e6lf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''', wakumanyikwa chomene kuti '''Vikkstar123''' panji kuti '''Vikkstar''' waka, ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]] na [[DJ]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA21&amp;dq=vikkstar123&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwir0Y-S4fmTAxXoUWwGHQbgD98Q6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;

Ntchito ya Barn pa YouTube yikamba mu 2010. Kufuma mu Juni 2025, nthowa yake yikuru ya pa YouTube yili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7.58 miliyoni awo ŵakulembeska ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.18 biliyoni ŵakuwona.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvwgF_0NOZe2vN4Q3g1bY-A&lt;/ref&gt;

==Moyo==
{{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.

==Ukaboni==
{{reflist}}

==Malinki gha kuwaro==
* {{YouTube|user=Vikkstar123|Vikkstar123}}

[[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]
[[Category:Sidemen]]</text>
      <sha1>921iwmsujgn76l1uugobxjd5ko5e6lf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122942</id>
      <parentid>122935</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T09:59:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122942</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1066" sha1="qptffnryiuzpo6vfdgr95nuaylfbnyz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''', wakumanyikwa chomene kuti '''Vikkstar123''' panji kuti '''Vikkstar''' waka, ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]] na [[DJ]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA21&amp;dq=vikkstar123&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwir0Y-S4fmTAxXoUWwGHQbgD98Q6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;

Ntchito ya Barn pa YouTube yikamba mu 2010. Kufuma mu Juni 2025, nthowa yake yikuru ya pa YouTube yili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7.58 miliyoni awo ŵakulembeska ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.18 biliyoni ŵakuwona.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvwgF_0NOZe2vN4Q3g1bY-A&lt;/ref&gt;

==Moyo==
{{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.

==Ukaboni==
{{reflist}}

==Malinki gha kuwaro==
* {{YouTube|user=Vikkstar123|Vikkstar123}}

{{Sidemen}}
[[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]
[[Category:Sidemen]]</text>
      <sha1>qptffnryiuzpo6vfdgr95nuaylfbnyz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Sidemen</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>49870</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122936</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T09:49:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;[[Category:Magulu gha pa YouTube]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>122936</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="ojtld0xfe2uec33j67wjaotib3w6fyp" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Magulu gha pa YouTube]]</text>
      <sha1>ojtld0xfe2uec33j67wjaotib3w6fyp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Sidemen</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>49871</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122937</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T09:55:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Navbox | name = Sidemen | title = [[Sidemen]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | bodyclass = hlist | listclass = hlist  | above = * '''[[Ethan Payne|Behzinga]]''' * '''[[Simon Minter|Miniminter]]''' * '''[[Tobit John Brown|TBJZL]]''' * '''[[Vikram Barn|Vikkstar123]]''' * '''[[Harry Lewis|W2S]]''' * '''[[Joshua Bradley|Zerkaa]]'''  * [[Olajide Olatunji|KSI]]  | group1 = Mndandanda na mafilimu | list1 = * ''[[The Sidemen Show]]'' * ''[[The Sidemen Story]]'' * ''Insid...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>122937</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="837" sha1="b4t3831dl5b0hxqlk8q357usa8v2qv4" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
| name = Sidemen
| title = [[Sidemen]]
| state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
| bodyclass = hlist
| listclass = hlist

| above =
* '''[[Ethan Payne|Behzinga]]'''
* '''[[Simon Minter|Miniminter]]'''
* '''[[Tobit John Brown|TBJZL]]'''
* '''[[Vikram Barn|Vikkstar123]]'''
* '''[[Harry Lewis|W2S]]'''
* '''[[Joshua Bradley|Zerkaa]]'''

* [[Olajide Olatunji|KSI]]

| group1 = Mndandanda na mafilimu
| list1 =
* ''[[The Sidemen Show]]''
* ''[[The Sidemen Story]]''
* ''[[Inside (web series)|Inside]]''

| group2 = Masumu
| list2 =
* &quot;[[Christmas Drillings]]&quot;

| group3 = Vyakuchitika vya maseŵero
| list3 = 
* [[EE Wembley Cup|EE Wembley Cup 2015]]
* [[Sidemen Charity Match]]

| below = {{Icon|Category}} [[:Category:Sidemen|Category]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{collapsible option}}
[[Category:Mabokosi ghakulongozgera gha YouTuber]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>b4t3831dl5b0hxqlk8q357usa8v2qv4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122938</id>
      <parentid>122937</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T09:56:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122938</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="833" sha1="jm11c9izurx904bg9gbpy5ohlvzmjwg" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
| name = Sidemen
| title = [[Sidemen]]
| state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
| bodyclass = hlist
| listclass = hlist

| above =
* '''[[Ethan Payne|Behzinga]]'''
* '''[[Simon Minter|Miniminter]]'''
* '''[[Tobit John Brown|TBJZL]]'''
* '''[[Vikram Barn|Vikkstar123]]'''
* '''[[Harry Lewis|W2S]]'''
* '''[[Joshua Bradley|Zerkaa]]'''

* [[Olajide Olatunji|KSI]]

| group1 = Mndandanda na mafilimu
| list1 =
* ''[[The Sidemen Show]]''
* ''[[The Sidemen Story]]''
* ''[[Inside (filimu)|Inside]]''

| group2 = Masumu
| list2 =
* &quot;[[Christmas Drillings]]&quot;

| group3 = Vyakuchitika vya maseŵero
| list3 = 
* [[EE Wembley Cup|EE Wembley Cup 2015]]
* [[Sidemen Charity Match]]

| below = {{Icon|Category}} [[:Category:Sidemen|Category]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{collapsible option}}
[[Category:Mabokosi ghakulongozgera gha YouTuber]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jm11c9izurx904bg9gbpy5ohlvzmjwg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lannan Eacott</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49872</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122945</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T10:54:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' panji '''LazarBeam''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Wakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha mavidiyo ghake ghakulongosora [[maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]], &quot;ma riffs ghakusekeska&quot; na [[meme]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxGmNMpDGpc&lt;/ref&gt;  ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>122945</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="644" sha1="kny23seah6cas9388zgbms6wu0w9ki1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' panji '''LazarBeam''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Wakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha mavidiyo ghake ghakulongosora [[maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]], &quot;ma riffs ghakusekeska&quot; na [[meme]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxGmNMpDGpc&lt;/ref&gt;

==Moyo==
{{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.

==Ukaboni==
{{reflist}}

==Malinki gha kuwaro==
* {{YouTube|user=LazarBeam|LazarBeam}}

[[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]</text>
      <sha1>kny23seah6cas9388zgbms6wu0w9ki1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122946</id>
      <parentid>122945</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T10:55:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122946</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="633" sha1="gcb6b1q0tcvprlo7muoszrgiexjjqbf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' panji '''LazarBeam''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Wakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha mavidiyo ghake ghakulongosora [[maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]], &quot;ma riffs ghakusekeska&quot; na [[meme]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxGmNMpDGpc&lt;/ref&gt;

==Moyo==
{{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.

==Ukaboni==
{{reflist}}

==Malinki gha kuwaro==
* {{YouTube|user=LazarBeam|LazarBeam}}

[[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]</text>
      <sha1>gcb6b1q0tcvprlo7muoszrgiexjjqbf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122947</id>
      <parentid>122946</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T10:57:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo</comment>
      <origin>122947</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="632" sha1="mhx4x4izvhg5i6jkqwuu71zor4js3wn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' panji '''LazarBeam''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Wakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha mavidiyo ghake ghakulongosora [[maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]], &quot;ma riff ghakusekeska&quot; na [[meme]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxGmNMpDGpc&lt;/ref&gt;

==Moyo==
{{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}.

==Ukaboni==
{{reflist}}

==Malinki gha kuwaro==
* {{YouTube|user=LazarBeam|LazarBeam}}

[[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]</text>
      <sha1>mhx4x4izvhg5i6jkqwuu71zor4js3wn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Llanfair­pwllgwyngyll­gogery­chwyrn­drobwll­llan­tysilio­gogo­goch</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49873</id>
    <revision>
      <id>122948</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T11:13:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Article largely inspired by [[:is:Llanfair­pwllgwyngyll­gogery­chwyrn­drobwll­llan­tysilio­gogo­goch|Iceland article]]</comment>
      <origin>122948</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="723" sha1="g88mk5eruljmffsy3mg4v5kjdp53s2w" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Llanfair­pwllgwyngyll­gogery­chwyrn­drobwll­llan­tysilio­gogo­goch '''ni zina lose la msumba unyake ku [[Wales]] ndipo ni zina litali chomene la msumba ku [[Europe]]. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuti msumba iyi ni '''Llanfair '''para ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya zuŵa na zuŵa.

Nanga ni mazina ghatali gha misumba:
* [[Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu]] mu [[New Zealand]]
* [[Krungthepmahanakornamornratanakosinmahintarayutthayamahadilokphopnopparatrajathaniburiromudomra]] mu [[Thailand]]

== Malinki gha kuwaro ==
* {{official website|http://www.llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch.co.uk}}

[[Category:United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Wales]]</text>
      <sha1>g88mk5eruljmffsy3mg4v5kjdp53s2w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>122949</id>
      <parentid>122948</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T11:14:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi</username>
        <id>11606</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>122949</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="711" sha1="6w15mwdoxpa3zajgwpukju3het16jbt" xml:space="preserve">'''Llanfair­pwllgwyngyll­gogery­chwyrn­drobwll­llan­tysilio­gogo­goch '''ni zina lose la msumba unyake ku [[Wales]] ndipo ni zina litali chomene la msumba ku [[Europe]]. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuti msumba iyi ni '''Llanfair '''para ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya zuŵa na zuŵa.

Nanga ni mazina ghatali gha misumba:
* [[Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu]] mu [[New Zealand]]
* [[Krungthepmahanakornamornratanakosinmahintarayutthayamahadilokphopnopparatrajathaniburiromudomra]] mu [[Thailand]]

== Malinki gha kuwaro ==
* {{official website|http://www.llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch.co.uk}}

[[Category:United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Wales]]</text>
      <sha1>6w15mwdoxpa3zajgwpukju3het16jbt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>