Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.22 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6914 122983 122525 2026-10-07T00:42:47Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in the Horn of Africa}} {{About|the country|other uses}} {{distinguish|Ethopia (moth)}} {{Pp-semi-indef}} {{Pp-move|small=yes}} {{Patronymic names||Naming conventions in Ethiopia and Eritrea}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<!-- Please DO NOT enlarge the lede further by adding additional detail to it since it is already too long. Instead, add additional detail to the appropriate sub-section much further below! --> {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Etiyopiya | common_name = Ethiopia | native_name = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:85%; |title = Name in national languages |{{Infobox | subbox = yes | bodystyle = font-size:78%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[Amharic]]: | data1 = {{lang|am|የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ}}<br />{{lang|am-Latn|Ye-Ītyōṗṗyā Fēdēralawī Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpebilīk}} | rowclass3 = mergedrow | label3 = [[Oromo language|Oromo]]: | data3 = {{lang|om|Rippabliikii Federaalawaa Dimokraatawaa Itiyoophiyaa}} | rowclass4 = mergedrow | label4 = [[Somali language|Somali]]: | data4 = {{lang|so|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Federaalka Itoobiya}} | rowclass5 = mergedrow | label5 = [[Wolaitta language|Wolayta]]: | data5 = {{lang|wal|Toophphiyaa Federaale Demokiraase Ripaablike}} | rowclass6 = mergedrow | label6 = [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]: | data6 = {{lang|ti|ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ ኢትዮጵያ}}<br />{{lang|ti-Latn| Fēdēralawī Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpebilīki Ítiyop'iya}} | rowclass7 = mergedrow | label7 = [[Afar language|Afar]]: | data7 = {{lang|aa|Itiyoppiya Federaalak Demokraatik Rippeblikih}} }} }} | image_flag = Flag of Ethiopia.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Ethiopia.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_anthem = <br />{{lang|am|ወደፊት ገስግሺ ፣ ውድ እናት ኢትዮጵያ|bold=yes}}<br />({{Lang-en|"[[March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia]]"}})<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Wedefit Gesgeshi Widd Innat Ittyoppya.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = Ethiopia (Africa orthographic projection).svg | capital = [[Addis Ababa]] | coordinates = {{Coord|9|1|N|38|45|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Afar language|Afar]] <br /> [[Amharic]] <br /> [[Oromo language|Oromo]] <br /> [[Somali language|Somali]] <br /> [[Tigrinya]]<ref name="Ventures"/><ref name="Nazret"/><ref name="africanews.com">{{cite news |last1=Shaban |first1=Abdurahman |title=One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages |url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/04/one-to-five-ethiopia-gets-four-new-federal-working-languages// |agency=Africa News |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215231030/https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/04/one-to-five-ethiopia-gets-four-new-federal-working-languages// |url-status=dead}}</ref> | languages_type = {{nowrap|'''[[Regional language]]s'''}}<ref name="africa.upenn.edu">{{Cite web | url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/Ethiopian_Constitution.html | title=Ethiopian Constitution}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * 34.5% [[Oromo people|Oromo]] * 26.9% [[Amhara people|Amhara]] * 6.2% [[Somalis in Ethiopia|Somali]] * 6.1% [[Tigrayans|Tigrayan]] * 4.0% [[Sidama people|Sidama]] * 2.5% [[Gurage people|Gurage]] * 2.3% [[Welayta people|Welayta]] * 1.7% [[Hadiya people|Hadiya]] * 1.7% [[Afar people|Afar]] * 1.5% [[Gamo people|Gamo]] * 12.6% [[List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia|Others]]}} | languages_sub = yes | languages = {{Flatlist| * [[Harari language|Harari]] * [[Sidamo language|Sidama]] * [[Languages of Ethiopia]] <!-- includes only languages officially recognized by a region as the working language --> }} | languages2_type = Foreign languages | languages2 = | ethnic_groups_year = 2007<ref name="CSA">{{cite web|title=Table 2.2 Percentage distribution of major ethnic groups: 2007|page=16|url=http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf|work=Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results|publisher=Population Census Commission|access-date=14 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325050115/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2009}}</ref><ref name=2007Census /> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space; |{{Tree list}} * 67.3% [[Christianity in Ethiopia|Christianity]] ** 43.8% [[Ethiopian Orthodox Church|Ethiopian Orthodoxy]] ** 22.8% [[P'ent'ay]] ** 0.7% Other [[Christians|Christian]] {{Tree list/end}} |31.3% [[Islam in Ethiopia|Islam]] |0.6% [[Traditional African religion|Traditional faiths]] |0.8% [[Religion in Ethiopia|Others]] / [[Irreligion|None]] }} | religion_year = 2016<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopia- The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/#people-and-society |website=www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/ |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) |access-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421154941/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/#people-and-society |archive-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> | demonym = [[Ethiopians|Ethiopian]] | government_type = [[Federal parliamentary republic]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalafrica.isp.msu.edu/files/5015/5916/5319/TedVestal.pdf|title=Zenawism as ethnic-federalism}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[President of Ethiopia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Sahle-Work Zewde]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Abiy Ahmed]] | legislature = [[Federal Parliamentary Assembly]] | upper_house = [[House of Federation]] | lower_house = [[House of Peoples' Representatives]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Ethiopia|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Ethiopian Empire]] | established_date1 = 1270 | established_event2 = ''[[Zemene Mesafint]]'' | established_date2 = 7 May 1769 | established_event3 = [[Zemene Mesafint#End of Zemene Mesafint era|Reunification]] | established_date3 = 11 February 1855 | established_event4 = [[Menelik II#Centralisation|Centralisation]] | established_date4 = 1904 | established_event5 = [[Italian Ethiopia|Occupied and annexed]] into [[Italian East Africa]] | established_date5 = 9 May 1936 | established_event6 = [[Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement]] | established_date6 = 31 January 1942 | established_event7 = [[Derg]] | established_date7 = 12 September 1974 | established_event8 = [[Transitional Government of Ethiopia|Transitional government]] | established_date8 = 28 May 1991 | established_event9 = [[Constitution of Ethiopia|Current constitution]] | established_date9 = 21 August 1995 | area_km2 = 1,104,300<ref name="CIA World Factbook"/> | area_rank = 26th <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 426,371 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water = 0.7 | population_estimate = 116,462,712<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Ethiopia|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 13th | population_census = 73,750,932<ref name=2007Census>{{cite web |title=Country Level |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php/census-report/census-tables/category/301-census-tables?download=655:countrylevel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208061518/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php/census-report/census-tables/category/301-census-tables?download=655:countrylevel |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 February 2019 |work=2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia |publisher=[[Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia)|CSA]] |date=13 July 2010 |access-date=18 January 2013}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2007 | population_density_km2 = 92.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 240.1 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | population_density_rank = 123rd | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $394 billion<ref name="IMFWEOET">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=644,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023|date=April 2023|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 55th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,724<ref name="IMFWEOET"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 159th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $156 billion<ref name="IMFWEOET"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 59th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,475<ref name="IMFWEOET"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 159th | Gini = 35.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |archive-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> | HDI = 0.498 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=September 8, 2022|access-date=September 8, 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 175th | currency = [[Ethiopian birr|Birr]] | currency_code = ETB | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+251]] | cctld = [[.et]] }} '''Ethiopia''',{{efn|{{lang-am|ኢትዮጵያ|Ītyōṗṗyā}} {{IPA-am|i.tjo.p’ja|pron}}, {{lang-om|Itiyoophiyaa}}, {{lang-so|Itoobiya}}, {{lang-ti|ኢትዮጵያ|Ítiyop'iya}}, {{lang-aa|Itiyoppiya}}}} panji kuti '''Charu cha Etiyopiya''', panji kuti '''Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia''', chili ku mpoto kwa [[Africa]]. Charu ichi chili kumpoto na Eritrea, kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Djibouti]], kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Somalia]], kumwera na [[Kenya]], kumanjiliro gha dazi na [[South Sudan]], kweniso kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi na [[Sudan]]. Charu cha Etiyopiya chili na malo ghakukwana 1,100,000 square kilometres. Kufika mu chaka cha 2022, charu ichi chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 113.5 miliyoni, ndipo ni charu cha nambara 13 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi.<ref name="csa2">{{cite web |title=Population Projections for Ethiopia 2007–2037 |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/census-report/population-projections/category/368-population-projection-2007-2037?download=936:population-projection-2007-2037 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803052731/http://www.csa.gov.et/census-report/population-projections/category/368-population-projection-2007-2037?download=936:population-projection-2007-2037 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=www.csa.gov.et}}</ref>{{UN_Population|ref}}Msumba ukuru wa [[Addis Ababa]], uli pa mtunda wa makilomita ghanandi kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[East African Rift]] iyo yikupatura charu ichi kuŵa vigaŵa viŵiri.<ref name="CIA2">{{cite web |title=Ethiopia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421154941/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/ |archive-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakafuma mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Ethiopia ndipo ŵakaluta ku [[Near East]] na kunyake mu nyengo ya Middle Paleolithic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kessler |first=David F. |title=The Falashas : a Short History of the Ethiopian Jews |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-283-70872-2 |oclc=819506475}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hopkin |first=Michael |date=16 February 2005 |title=Ethiopia is top choice for cradle of ''Homo sapiens'' |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/news050214-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=J.Z. |last2=Absher |first2=D.M. |last3=Tang |first3=H. |last4=Southwick |first4=A.M. |last5=Casto |first5=A.M. |last6=Ramachandran |first6=S. |last7=Cann |first7=H.M. |last8=Barsh |first8=G.S. |last9=Feldman |first9=M. |last10=Cavalli-Sforza |first10=L.L. |last11=Myers |first11=R.M. |year=2008 |title=Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2008-02-22_319_5866/page/1100 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=319 |issue=5866 |pages=1100–04 |bibcode=2008Sci...319.1100L |doi=10.1126/science.1153717 |pmid=18292342 |s2cid=53541133}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 February 2008 |title=Humans Moved From Africa Across Globe, DNA Study Says |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=awJVkvnk8KjM |url-status=dead |access-date=16 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629125652/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=awJVkvnk8KjM |archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kaplan |first=Karen |date=21 February 2008 |title=Around the world from Addis Ababa |url=http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603122801/http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |archive-date=3 June 2013 |access-date=16 March 2009 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Ethiopia ndiko ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ku Afroasiatic. Mu 980 B.C.E., [[Ufumu wa D'mt]] ukathandazga ufumu wake pa charu cha [[Eritrea]] na kumpoto kwa Ethiopia, apo Ufumu wa Aksum ukalutilira kulamulira charu ichi vyaka 900. Ufumu uwu ukazomera Chikhristu mu 330, ndipo Chisilamu chikafika mu 615.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abbink |first=Jon |date=1998 |title=An Historical-Anthropological Approach to Islam in Ethiopia: Issues of Identity and Politics |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1771876 |journal=Journal of African Cultural Studies |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=109–124 |doi=10.1080/13696819808717830 |jstor=1771876 |hdl=1887/9486 |issn=1369-6815|hdl-access=free }}</ref> Pamanyuma pakuti msumba wa [[Aksum]] wabwangandulika mu 960, maufumu ghakupambanapambana ghakaŵa mu charu cha Etiyopiya. Ufumu wa Zagwe ukalamuliranga kumpoto na pakati m'paka apo ukawuskikira na Yekuno Amlak mu 1270, ndipo ukayambiska ufumu wa Ethiopia na ufumu wa [[Solomonic]]. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 C.E., ufumu uwu ukakura chomene chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa vigaŵa vyawo na kulimbana na vigaŵa vinyake. Nkhondo ya Adal (1529-1543) ndiyo yikawovwira kuti ufumu uwu uŵe wakupambana. Themba [[Tewodros II]] likamalizga [[Zemene Mesafint]] mu 1855, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti Etiyopiya wakolerane na ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2022 |title=Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/id/1299/Vaughanphd.pdf}}</ref> Kwambira mu 1878, Themba Menelik II likapoka vigaŵa vinandi vya charu cha Ethiopia. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, charu cha Ethiopia chikajivikilira ku ŵalwani awo ŵakachitanga nkhondo na charu cha Egypt na Italy. Mu 1935, boma la [[Fascist Italy]] likapoka charu cha Ethiopia na kuwunjika pamoza na vyaru vya [[Eritrea]] na [[Somaliland]]. Mu 1941, pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, ŵasilikari ŵa ku [[Britain]] ŵakamba kuwukira msumba uwu. Gulu la [[Derg]], ilo likawovwirika na Soviet Union, likamba kuwusa mu 1974 pamanyuma pa kuwuskapo Themba [[Haile Selassie]] na [[muwuso wa Solomoni]]. Pati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo Derg yikamara mu 1991, gulu la [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF)]] likamba kulamulira charu ichi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakwambana kwa nyengo yitali, ndipo ndyali zilije mtende. Kufuma mu 2018, magulu gha vigaŵa na gha mafuko ghakapanga nkhondo zinandi mu Ethiopia.<ref name=BBC1120>{{Cite news|author=BBC Staff|date=3 November 2020|title=Ethiopia attack: Dozens 'rounded up and killed' in Oromia state|language=en|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54787034|access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref> Charu cha Ethiopia chili na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana yakujumpha 80. Chikhristu ndicho ntchisopa chikuru chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Chisilamu. Boma ili ndilo likambiska Wupu wa United Nations, Gulu la Ŵamitundu 24, Gulu la Ŵambura Kujibatika, Gulu la Ŵamitundu 77, na Wupu wa Umoza wa ku Africa. Ku Addis Ababa ndiko kuli wupu wa African Union, Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, African Standby Force na mawupu ghanandi gha pa charu chose agho ghakuwona vya Africa. Charu cha Ethiopia nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikukura comene yayi, kweni nyengo zinyake chikucemeka kuti ni caru ico cikukura comene. Ndipouli, kuyana na ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakuguliska na fundo ya Human Development Index, caru ici nchikavu comene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi mbakavu, kweni ŵakuchindika yayi wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ni 49%. Ntchito za ulimi ndizo zikuluzikulu kwambiri ku Ethiopia, zomwe zikuyimira 36% ya GDP ya dzikolo kuyambira 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/455149/share-of-economic-sectors-in-the-gdp-in-ethiopia/#:~:text=This%20statistic%20shows%20the%20share%20of%20economic%20sectors,and%20the%20services%20sector%20contributed%20about%2036.81%20percent. |website=Statista}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy. |url=https://lekreports.com/agriculture-in-ethiopia-data-shows-for-a-large-part-agriculture-still-retained-its-majority-share-of-the-economy/ |website=The Low Ethiopian Reports |date=16 June 2022 |access-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606083227/https://lekreports.com/agriculture-in-ethiopia-data-shows-for-a-large-part-agriculture-still-retained-its-majority-share-of-the-economy/ |archive-date=6 June 2023 }}</ref> ==Zina== {{see also|Aethiopia}} Zina la Chigiriki lakuti Αἰθιοπία (kufuma ku Αἰθίοψ, Aithiops, "munthu wa ku Etiyopiya") ni lizgu ilo lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chigiriki lakuti α??θω na ??ψ. Kuyana na buku la Liddell-Scott Jones Greek-English Lexicon, lizgu ili likung'anamulika kuti chisko chawotcheka mu zina, ndipo mu zina la chigaŵa, chisko chawotcheka. Munthu munyake wakulemba mdauko zina lake Herodotus, wakazunuranga vigaŵa vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara. Pakuti Ŵagiriki ŵakamanyanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakaŵa "ŵabulumembe", ŵakaŵagaŵa mu vigaŵa viŵiri, ŵa ku Africa na ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kufuma ku Turkey m'paka ku India.<ref>Homer, ''Odyssey'' 1.22–4.</ref> Zina la Chigiriki ili likalembeka mu Chiamharic kuti ኢትዮጵያ, ʾĪtyō?? yā. Panyake lizgu lakuti Αἰθιοπία likafuma ku lizgu lakuti ዕጣን (ʿəṭan, lubani), ilo ku Etiyopiya likafuma. Mu malemba gha Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma, zina lakuti Etiyopiya likaŵa zina la ku Nubia wakale. Mu malemba ghanyake gha mu Baibolo, zina lakuti Etiyopiya likusangikaso mu Mabaibolo ghanandi gha mu Baibolo. Malemba ghakale gha Cihebere ghakuyowoya kuti Nubia ni Kush. Ndipouli, mu Cipangano Ciphya, lizgu la Cigiriki lakuti Aithiops likuzunulika, pakuyowoya za muteŵeti wa Kandake, fumukazi ya Kush. Pakulondezga mitheto ya Ŵagiriki na Baibolo, buku la Monumentum Adulitanum, ilo lili kulembeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., likulongora kuti themba la Aksum likalamuliranga chigaŵa icho chikaŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Ethiopia na Sasu. Themba Ezana la ku Aksum likathereska Nubia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Mu ciyowoyero ca Ge'ez, lizgu lakuti Aἰθίοπες likuyana waka na lizgu lakuti Ḥbšt na Ḥbśt (Ḥabashat). Pamanyuma, zina liphya ili likang'anamulika kuti ḥbs ('Aḥbāsh) mu Cisaba na Ḥabasha mu Cirabu. Mu buku la Ge'ez Book of Axum ilo likalembeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, zina ili likulongora kuti munthu uyu wakaŵa Ityopp'is. Iyo wakaŵa mwana wa Kushi, mwana wa Hamu, uyo ŵanthu ŵakuti ndiyo wakazenga msumba wa Axum. Mu Cingelezi, na kuwaro kwa Ethiopia, caru ici cikamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Abyssinia. Zina ili lili kufuma ku lizgu Lachilatini lakuti Habash.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schoff|first1=Wilfred Harvey|title=The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: travel and trade in the Indian Ocean|date=1912|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co.|page=62|url=https://archive.org/stream/periplusoferythr00schouoft#page/62/mode/2up|access-date=28 September 2016}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Ethiopia}} {{further|Ethiopian historiography}} === Mbili yakwambilia === {{Main article|Prehistoric Ethiopia}} [[File:Homo Sapiens Idaltu.JPG|thumb|A ''[[Herto Man|Homo sapiens idaltu]]'' hominid skull]] Vinthu vinandi vyakuzirwa ivyo ŵasanga vyawovwira kuti charu cha Ethiopia na vigaŵa vyakuzingilizga viŵe pa malo ghakwamba pa nkhani ya vyamoyo. Munthu uyo wakukhala vyaka vinandi chomene uyo wasangika ku Ethiopia ni Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardi) wa vyaka 4.2 miliyoni. Wakaŵa Muzungu mu 1994. Munthu uyo wakumanyikwa chomene ni Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy). Mu 1974 Donald Johanson wakasanga chinyama ichi mu Dambo la Awash mu chigaŵa cha Afar. Zina lakuti Lucy likuyowoya za malo agho ŵakasangako vinthu ivi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti munthu uyu wakaŵako vyaka 3.2 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/prehistoric_life/human/human_evolution/mother_of_man1.shtml|title=Mother of man – 3.2&nbsp;million years ago|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="Dinkinesh">{{cite book|title=Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins|last2=Wong|first2=Kate|date=2010|publisher=Crown Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-39640-2|pages=8–9|last1=Johanson|first1=Donald C.}}</ref><ref name="iho1">{{cite web|url=https://iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story|title=Institute of Human Origins: Lucy's Story|date=15 June 2016|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312130802/https://iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story|archive-date=12 March 2015}}</ref> Charu cha Etiyopiya ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kuti ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano, awo ŵakuchemeka Homo sapiens, ŵambe kuŵako. Vinthu vyakale chomene ivyo vikusangika pa malo agha ni ivyo vikakhalako vya Omo. Vinthu ivi vikazengeka kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Omo. Kweniso ŵakasanga viwangwa vya munthu munyake wakuchemeka Homo sapiens idaltu mu dambo la Awash. Vinthu ivi vikaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 160,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ndipo vingaŵa kuti vikaŵa vyamoyo vya mtundu wa Homo sapiens, panji ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano. Vinthu vyakale vya Homo sapiens ivyo vikusangika pa malo gha Jebel Irhoud ku Morocco vikulongora kuti vikaŵako vyaka 300,000 ivyo vyajumpha, apo vya Omo-Kibish I (Omo I) vya kumwera kwa Ethiopia ni viswaswa vyakale chomene vya Homo sapiens ivyo vikumanyikwa mu nyengo yasono (196 ± 5 ka). Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi ŵakafika mu chigaŵa ichi mu nyengo ya Neolithic kufuma ku malo agho ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu Dambo la Nayelo. Ŵasayansi ŵanandi mazuŵa ghano ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Afroasiatic ŵakafuma ku kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa chifukwa chakuti mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Mu 2019, ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakasanga malo ghakubisamamo malibwe agho ghakaŵako vyaka 30,000 kumanyuma pa malo gha Fincha Habera mu mapiri gha Bale. Malo agha ghali pachanya pa nyanja mamita 3,469. Para munthu wali pachanya nthena, wakuŵa na nthenda ya hypoxia kweniso nyengo yiheni. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakalembeka mu magazini ya Science, wakulongora kuti malo agha ndigho ghakaŵa ghakwamba pa malo ghose agho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga. Ŵakasanga viwangwa vikuruvikuru vya vinyama, vyakuyegheramo malibwe vinandi, na vyoto vyakale.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/08/science/humans-high-altitude-ethiopia.html|title=In the Ethiopian Mountains, Ancient Humans Were Living the High Life|last=Zimmer|first=Carl|date=8 August 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=16 August 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/found-earliest-evidence-high-altitude-home-humans-180972878/|title=Archaeologists Uncover Evidence of an Ancient High-Altitude Human Dwelling|last=Katz|first=Brigit|website=Smithsonian|language=en|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/08/ethiopia-provides-the-earliest-evidence-of-people-living-at-altitude/|title=The first people to live at high elevations snacked on giant mole rats|last=Smith|first=Kiona N.|date=9 August 2019|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/earliest-evidence-human-mountaineers.html|title=Earliest Evidence of Human Mountaineers Found in Ethiopia|last=History|first=Charles Q. Choi 2019-08-09T12:59:10Z|website=livescience.com|date=9 August 2019|language=en|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/this-rock-shelter-in-ethiopia-may-be-the-earliest-evide-1837104167|title=This Rock Shelter in Ethiopia May Be the Earliest Evidence of Humans Living in the Mountains|last=Dvorsky|first=George|website=Gizmodo|date=9 August 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2019/08/09/Earliest-evidence-of-high-altitude-living-found-in-Ethiopia/9561565318908/|title=Earliest evidence of high-altitude living found in Ethiopia|website=UPI|language=en|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Miehe|first1=Georg|last2=Opgenoorth|first2=Lars|last3=Zech|first3=Wolfgang|last4=Woldu|first4=Zerihun|last5=Vogelsang|first5=Ralf|last6=Veit|first6=Heinz|last7=Nemomissa|first7=Sileshi|last8=Negash|first8=Agazi|last9=Nauss|first9=Thomas|date=9 August 2019|title=Middle Stone Age foragers resided in high elevations of the glaciated Bale Mountains, Ethiopia|url=https://archive.org/details/science_2019-08-09_365_6453/page/583|journal=Science|language=en|volume=365|issue=6453|pages=583–587|doi=10.1126/science.aaw8942|issn=0036-8075|pmid=31395781|bibcode=2019Sci...365..583O|s2cid=199505803}}</ref> Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito vilwero vya malibwe (vinthu ivyo vikamanyikwanga na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo sapiens) vikawoneka mu 2013 pa malo gha Gademotta ku Ethiopia. Mu 2019, ku Aduma ŵakasangaso vilwero vinyake vya mu nyengo ya malibwe, ivyo vikaŵa vyaka 100,000 na 80,000 ivyo vikaŵa nga ni mivi iyo ŵanthu ŵakuponya mikondo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito.<ref name="Sahle">{{Cite journal|title=Assessment of complex projectiles in the early Late Pleistocene at Aduma, Ethiopia|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=14|issue=5|pages=e0216716|year=2018|doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0216716|pmid=31071181|pmc=6508696|vauthors=Sahle Y, Brooks AS|doi-access=free}}</ref> ===Antiquity=== {{Main|Dʿmt|Kingdom of Aksum}} [[File:Men from Punt Carrying Gifts, Tomb of Rekhmire MET 30.4.152 EGDP013029.jpg|thumb|Men from [[Land of Punt|Punt]] carrying Gifts, Tomb of [[Rekhmire]]. Punt being located in the Northern Ethiopian, Eritrean regions.]] [[File:KingEndybisEthiopia227-235CE.jpg|thumb|[[Aksumite currency]] of the [[Axumite kings|Aksumite king]] called [[Endubis]], 227–35, at the [[British Museum]]. The inscriptions in [[Ancient Greek]] read "ΑΧΩΜΙΤΩ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ" ("King of Axum") and "ΕΝΔΥΒΙΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ" ("King Endubis"), the Greek language was the [[lingua franca]] by that time so its use in coins simplified foreign trade.]] {{multiple image | align left | total_width =280 | image1 = 'The Visit of the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon', oil on canvas painting by Edward Poynter, 1890, Art Gallery of New South Wales.jpg| image2 = Adulis.jpg |footer = [[King Solomon]] and the [[Queen Sheba]] are central figures in Ethiopian traditional history, as the central figures of forming the [[Solomonic dynasty]] and the Imperial line of Ethiopia (left) Ancient ruins in [[Adulis]] pertaining to Ethiopian and modern-day Eritrean civilization near the [[Red Sea]] thousands of years ago }} [[File:Contenitore di simulacro con rilievo e iscrizioni, V secolo ac ca. 06.jpg|thumb|An Axumite [[Stele|stela]]]] Mu 980 B.C.E., Dʿmt yikakhazikiskika mu Eritrea na Tigray mu Ethiopia ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ndiyo yikenda m'malo mwa Punt. Msumba uwu ukaŵa ku Yeha, kumpoto kwa Ethiopia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya ndiwo ŵakambiska ŵanthu aŵa, nangauli kale ŵanandi ŵakatenge ŵanthu ŵa ku Saba ndiwo ŵakambiska. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakuwona kuti Dʿmt ntchigaŵa cha ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha ku Asia awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya Cushitic na Semitic. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti ciyowoyero ca Ge'ez, ico cikayowoyeka kale na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Semite ku Ethiopia, cikafuma ku Cibeya. Kale mu 2000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakayowoyanga ChiSemiti ŵakakhalanga mu Ethiopia na Eritrea uko chiyowoyero cha Ge'ez chikakura. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Saba ŵakakhalanga mu malo ghachoko waka, ndipo ŵakamara mu vyaka 10 panji 100. Panyake yikaŵa malo gha malonda panji gha nkhondo agho ghakaŵa pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵa Dʿmt panji ŵa mu mtundu unyake. Pamanyuma pakuti ufumu wa Dʿmt wabwangandulika mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 B.C.E., chigaŵa cha Ethiopia chikamba kulamulirika na maufumu ghachoko. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E., Ufumu wa Aksum ukaŵa mu chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka Tigray na Eritrea. Buku linyake likuti msumba wakwamba wa ufumu uwu ukazengeka na Itiyopis, mwana wa Kush. Pamanyuma pake, ufumu wa Aksum ukafika mu Yemen, sirya linyake la Nyanja Yiswesi. Ntchimi ya ku Peresiya, Mani, yikazunura msumba wa Axum pamoza na ufumu wa Roma, Peresiya, na China, kuti ukaŵa umoza wa maufumu ghanayi ghakuru gha mu nyengo yake, mu vyaka vya m'ma 300. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti matchalitchi gha ku Eguputo na Ethiopia ghakakolerananga. Pali ukaboni unyake wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Aksum ŵakakolerananga na Fumukazi ya ku Sheba. Pafupifupi mu 316 C.E., Frumentius na munung'una wake Edesius ŵa ku Ture ŵakaluta na asibweni ŵawo ku Ethiopia. Apo ngaraŵa yikimilira pa dowoko la ku Nyanja Yiswesi, ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakakoma wose padera pa ŵabali ŵaŵiri awo ŵakatolekera ku nyumba ya themba nga mbazga. Ŵakapika maudindo ghakuzirwa na fumu, ndipo ŵakang'anamuska ŵanthu ŵa mu nyumba yake kuŵa Ŵakhristu. Frumentius wakaŵa bishopu wakwamba wa ku Aksum. Ndalama yinyake ya mu 324 C.E. yikulongora kuti charu cha Etiyopiya ndicho chikaŵa chachiŵiri kuzomera Chikhristu (panyuma pa Armenia mu 301). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Aksum ŵakamanyanga makora umo charu cha Greece na Roma chikachitiranga vinthu, kweni ŵakamba kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku India na Ufumu wa Roma pa msewu wa Silk Road.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Solomonic Descent in Ethiopian History|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1875/solomonic-descent-in-ethiopian-history/|access-date=20 December 2021|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref><ref name="britishmuseum.org">{{cite web |last1=The British Museum |last2=The CarAf Centre |title=The wealth of Africa – The kingdom of Aksum – Teachers' notes |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/KingdomOfAksum_TeachersNotes.pdf |website=BritishMuseum.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104191259/https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/KingdomOfAksum_TeachersNotes.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2019}}</ref>[[File:South Arabian - Fragment of a Frieze with an Ibex and Oryxes - Walters 2138.jpg|thumb|A stela with an [[Nubian ibex|ibex]] and three [[Arabian oryx]], associated with [[Astar (god)|Astar]] (ዐስተር), Semetic god of the [[Venus in culture|Morning and Evening Star]], found at Axum]] ===Middle Ages=== {{Main|Ethiopia in the Middle Ages}} [[File:Kingdom of Axum blue.png|thumb|The [[Kingdom of Aksum]] at its peak in the 6th century]] [[File:Hijra Abyssinia (Rashid ad-Din).jpg|thumb|300x300px|14th century Islamic depiction of the [[Migration to Abyssinia|First Hijrah]]:The King of Aksum declines the [[Quraysh|Qurayshi]] request to send the Muslims back to Mecca]] Ufumu uwu ukachemekanga "Ethiopia" mu nyengo ya Ezana mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E. Ufumu wa Kush ukati wapokeka mu 330, ufumu wa Aksum ukafika paheni chomene pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 500 na 600. Nyengo iyi yikadumulizgika na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakanjira mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Arabia, kusazgapo Ŵayuda ŵa Dhu Nuwas ŵa Ufumu wa Himyarite na Nkhondo za Ŵaperesiya. Mu 575, Ŵaaksumu ŵakazingilizga na kuwuskaso Sana'a pamanyuma pakuti Sayf ibn Dhī Yazan uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa msumba uwu wakomeka. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., Ŵasilamu Ŵachiarabu ŵakapoka msumba wa Adulis, ndipo chifukwa cha kunangika kwa malo, kusintha kwa nyengo, kweniso vula izo zikalokwa pakati pa 730 na 760, ufumu uwu ukamba kuchepa nkhongono. Ufumu wa Aksum ukamara mu 960 C.E. apo Fumukazi Gudit yikathereska themba laumaliro la Aksum. Mu muwuso wa Gudit, uwo ukatora vyaka 40, wakakhumbanga kumazga Chikhristu (chisopa icho Themba Ezana la ufumu wa Axumite likazomera pakwamba) mwa kotcha matchalitchi na kukhomera ŵanthu awo ŵakalutilira kugomezgeka ku Tchalitchi la Orthodox la Tewahedo, ilo pa nyengo iyo likawonekanga nga ni chisopa cha boma. Gudit wakayezga kuchichizga ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵasinthe chisopa chawo ndipo wakaparanya vinthu vinandi ivyo vikaŵako mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Axumite. Chifukwa chakuti Gudit wakaparanya ŵanthu ŵanandi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Aksum ŵakachimbilira kumwera kwa charu ichi na kukhazikiska ufumu wa Zagwe. Ufumu uwu ukawusikanga na ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Agaw kwambira mu 912, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakayowoya kuti ukaŵa mu 1137 apo Mara Takla Haymanot wakathereska themba laumaliro la Ŵaaksumite, Dil Na'od, na kutora mwana wake msungwana. Ufumu wa Zagwe ndiwo ukawovwira kuti Chikhristu chiwelerepo, ndipo m'ma 1200 C.E., Chikhristu chikafika mu chigaŵa cha Shewan. Chithunzi cha Emperor Yekuno Amlak chomwe akuti chinalembedwa m'zaka za m'ma 1700 Muwuso wa Zagwe ukamara apo Yekuno Amlak, mwanalume wa ku Amhara, wakawukira Themba Yetbarak na kukhazikiska ufumu wa Ethiopia. Iyo wakazenga nyumba ya ufumu ya Solomoni iyo yikwenera kuti yikamba na Solomoni na Fumukazi ya ku Sheba. Kuyana na buku la mdauko la ku Ethiopia lakuti Kebra Nagast, ilo likang'anamulika mu Chigez mu 1321, zina lake likaŵa Bäynä Ləḥkəm (kufuma ku Chiarabic: ابن الحكيم, Ibn Al-Hakim, "Mwana wa Wavinjeru"). Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1400, Etiyopiya wakayezga kukolerana na maufumu gha ku Europe. Kalata iyo Henry IV wa ku England wakalembera fumu ya ku Etiyopiya yilipo. Mu 1428, Yeshaq I wakatuma mathenga ghaŵiri kwa Alfonso V wa ku Aragon, uyo wakatuma mathenga ghake agho ghakatondeka kumalizga ulendo wakuwelera ku Aragon. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukolerana na Portugal mu 1508 mu nyengo ya Dawit II.<ref>[[#Beshah|Beshah]], p. 25.</ref> ====Abyssinian–Adal War (1529–1543)==== {{main article|Ethiopian–Adal War}} [[File:YagbeaSionBattlingAdaSultan.JPG|thumb|The Sultan of Adal (right) and his troops battling Emperor [[Yagbea-Sion]] and his men.]] Ufumu wa Etiyopiya ukayamba kuthandazgika kufuma kwa Amda Seyon I, uyo wakathereska ufumu wakwambilira wa Chisilamu mu chigaŵa ichi, Ifat Sultanate, mu vyaka vya m'ma 1300 pamanyuma pa kupoka Ufumu wa Damot mu 1317, ndipo Themba Zara Yaqob ndilo likathereska Masawa na Dahlak mu 1465. Ufumu wa Adal, uwo ukakhala pamanyuma pa Ifat, ukaŵako mu 1415 ndipo ukaŵa na msumba ukuru ku Zelia, ku Somalia. Ŵana ŵa Adal, awo ŵakakhozgekanga na Ŵaturuki ŵa ku Ottoman, ŵakayezga kuti ŵanjire mu ufumu wa Ethiopia mu 1529, ndipo ŵakamba nkhondo ya ku Ethiopia. Al-Ghazi wakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Etiyopiya mu nkhondo ya ku Amba Sel mu 1531. Cristóvão da Gama wakawovwira comene pa nkhondo iyi, wakawovwira Ŵaetiyopiya na ŵasilikari 400 ku Massawa. Ivyo wakacita vikamovwira kuti wafwe pa nkhondo ya ku Wofla mu 1542. Mu 1543, ŵasilikari ŵa Abyssinia awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Fumu Gelawdewos ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Adal pa Nkhondo ya Wayna Daga. Pamanyuma, mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Etiyopiya zina lake Azmach Calite, wakachimbizga Imam uyo wakapwetekeka. Ŵasilikari ŵa Adal ŵakati ŵamanya kuti wafwa, ŵakafumapo mwaluŵiro. Mu 1559, Gelawdewos wakadumulika mutu pa Nkhondo ya Fatagar. Pakuzgora, Ras Hamalmal wa ku Abyssinia wakapoka msumba ukuru wa Harar na kukoma Sultan Barakat ibn Umar Din. Nkhondo izi zikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo ŵalute ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto mu ma 1500.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aga|first=Mark T.|title=Abyssinian-Adal War — allaboutETHIO|url=https://allaboutethio.com/hwadal.html|access-date=9 January 2022|website=allaboutethio.com|language=en}}</ref> ==== Oromo migrations (16th century) ==== {{main article|Oromo migrations}} Kuzakafika m'ma 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo ŵakaluta ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Ŵakati ŵafuma ku Guji na Borena Zone, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga. Pakwamba, ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakizanga mwaluŵiro kuzakapoka viŵeto vinandi na vinthu vinyake na kuwelera kukwawo. Nthowa iyi yikalutilira m'paka pa gada wa Meslé. Abba Bahrey wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kuthandazgika chomene mu nyengo ya Themba Dawit II (luba Melbah), apo ŵakanjira mu msumba wa Bale pambere ŵandanjire mu Ufumu wa Adal. Themba Sarsa Dengel likayezga kuti limare nkhondo ya kumwera, kweni likatondeka.{{sfn|Pankhurst|1997|p=287}} ==== Jesuit influence (1555–1632) ==== Kufuma mu ma 1700, charu cha Ethiopia chikamba kuyowoyeskana na charu cha Portugal, chomenechomene pa nkhani za chisopa. Kwambira mu 1555, ŵa Jesuit ŵa ku Portugal ŵakayezga kuti Cikatolika ciŵe cisopa ca boma. Ŵakati ŵatondeka kanandi waka, mu 1603 ŵakatuma ŵamishonale ŵanandi, kusazgapo Pedro Paez, uyo wakaŵa Mujeremani. Paez wakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi comene pa nkhani za ndyali. Ŵasambiri ŵa Yesu, kusazgapo Manoel de Almeida, Manoel Barradas, na Jerónimo Lobo, ŵakalemba nkhani zakukhwaskana na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakakumananga na ŵanthu ŵakwambilira. Ndipouli, buku lawo likamanyikwa yayi m'paka mu ma 1900, apo likalembeka. Mu 1622, Fumu Susenyos I yikati yaŵa themba, yikazomerezga kuti cisopa ca Katolika ciŵe cisopa ca boma mu Ethiopia. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu ŵa tchalitchi la Orthodox ŵakagaluka cifukwa ca ivyo ŵakacita.<ref name="berndl2005">{{Cite book|last=Berndl|first=Klaus|url=https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograph0000unse_m8x7/page/333/mode/2up|title=National Geographic Visual History of the World|publisher=National Geographic Society|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7922-3695-5|pages=333|language=en}}</ref> ===Gondarine period (1632–1769)=== {{Main article|Gondarine period}} Mu 1632, Fumu Fasilides yikamazga boma la Katolika na kuwezgerapo cisopa ca Orthodox Tewahedo. Muwuso wa Fasilides ukapangiska kuti ufumu wake ukhazikike ndipo mu 1636 wakasamuskira msumba ukuru ku Gondar. Wakacimbizga ŵa Jesuiti mwa kuwombora malo agho ŵakaŵa nagho na kuŵatuma ku Fremona. Mu nyengo ya kuwusa kwake, wakazenga nyumba yikuru ya ufumu, Fasil Ghebbi. Kweniso wakazenga vipata vinkhondi na viŵiri vya malibwe pa mlonga wa Blue Nile. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Agaw awo ŵakakhalanga ku Lasta ŵakalutilira kugaluka. Fasilides wakaluta ku Lasta na kuwukira msumba uwu, ndipo wakamalizga nkhondo iyi, nga umo wakalongosolera James Bruce wa ku Scotland. Pakati pa 1642 na 1647, Fasilides wakayezga kukolerana na Imam Al-Mutawakkil Isma'il wa ku Yemen kuti ŵadumbiskane za nthowa yakwendamo malonda mu tawuni ya Massawa iyo yikaŵa mu mawoko gha Ŵaotomu. Nkhongono na lumbiri lwa Gondar vikamara mu 1706 apo Iyasu I wakafwa cifukwa mafumu ghanandi ghakatemwanga umoyo wa usambazi kuluska vya ndyali. Iyasu II wakati wafwa mu 1755, Mfumukazi Mentewab wakiza na munung'una wake Ras Wolde Leul ku Gondar ndipo wakamuzgora Ras Bitwaded. Mu 1767, Ras Mikael Sehul, uyo wakaŵa muwusi wa chigaŵa cha Tigray, wakapoka charu cha Gondar na kukoma Iyoas I mu 1769, uyo wakaŵa themba pa nyengo iyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gondar Period |url=https://ethiopianhistory.com/Gondar_Period/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=ethiopianhistory.com}}</ref> ===Zemene Mesafint (1769–1889)=== {{Main|Zemene Mesafint}} Pakati pa 1769 na 1855, charu cha Etiyopiya chikaŵa mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga ŵekha. Mafumu agha ghakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene, ndipo ŵakalongozgekanga na mafumu na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa nga ni Ras Mikael Sehul, Ras Wolde Selassie wa ku Tigray, kweniso ŵa fuko la Yejju Oromo la Wara Sheh, nga ni Ras Gugsa wa ku Yejju. Pambere Zemene Mesafint wandambe kuwusa, Themba Iyoas I likamba kuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Oromo (Afaan Oromo). Charu cha Ethiopia chikaŵa kutali chomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain, kweni mu 1855 maufumu gha Amhara gha kumpoto kwa Ethiopia (Gondar, Gojjam, na Shewa) ghakakolerana. Tewodros II wakambiska ndondomeko ya kukolerana, kuŵika vinthu pakatikati, na kuzenga boma. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵamazaza ŵa vigaŵa ivi ŵaleke kuŵa na mazaza, ŵambeso kwendeska vinthu mu ufumu wawo, kweniso kuti paŵe ŵasilikari. Ivi vikapangiska kuti boma la Ethiopia liŵe na mazaza pa charu chose. Kweni Tewodros wakasuzgika na viwawa vinandi mu ufumu wake. Ŵasilikari ŵa kumpoto kwa charu cha Oromo, ŵakugaluka ŵa mtundu wa Tigrayan, na ŵasilikari ŵa Ufumu wa Ottoman na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Eguputo awo ŵakizanga pafupi na Nyanja Yiswesi, ŵakapangiska kuti Tewodros II waleke nkhongono. Wakajikoma mu 1868 apo wakarwa nkhondo yaumaliro na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ku Abyssinia pa Nkhondo ya Magdala. Tewodros wakati wafwa, Tekle Giyorgis II wakapharazgika kuŵa themba kweni wakatimbika ku Zulawu (21 June 1871) na Adwa (11 July 1871). Mercha Kassai uyo wakathereska ŵasilikari ŵakamuphalira kuti ni Yohannes IV pa Janyuwale 21, 1872. Mu 1875 na 1876, ŵasilikari ŵa Ottoman/Egypt, pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe na America, ŵakanjira mu Abyssinia kaŵiri kose kweni pakwamba ŵakathereskeka. Pa ungano wa ku Boru Meda mu 1878, Yohannes wakapeleka dango lakuti Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakwenera kuzomera Cikristu panji ŵakanizgikenge. Awo ŵakakana ŵakakomekanga nyengo yeneyiyo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka ndipo ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵakaleka minda na katundu wawo na kuchimbilira ku Harar, Bale, Arsi, Jimma, na ku Sudan wuwo. Kufuma mu 1885 m'paka 1889, Ethiopia wakajibatika ku Nkhondo ya Mahdist iyo yikaŵa na Britain, Turkey, na Egypt kwimikana na boma la Sudan. Mu 1887, Menelik II, fumu ya Shewa, yikawukira Harar pamanyuma pa kutonda nkhondo ya Chelenqo. Pa Malichi 10, 1889, Yohannes IV wakakomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Khalifa Abdullah wa ku Sudan apo wakalongozganga ŵasilikari ŵake pa Nkhondo ya Gallabat.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African historical biography|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofafri0000mark|last=Lipschutz|first= Mark|date=1986|publisher=University of California Press|others=Rasmussen, R. Kent|isbn=978-0-520-06611-3|edition=2nd ed., expanded and updated|location=Berkeley|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofafri0000mark/page/1 1]|oclc=14069361}}</ref>[[File:Téwodros_II_-_2.jpg|thumb|upright|Emperor [[Tewodros II]] ({{reign|1855|1868}}) brought an end of ''Zemene Mesafint'']] ===From Menelik II to Adwa (1889–1913)=== {{main article|First Italo-Ethiopian War|Menelik's Expansions}} [[File:Menelik campaign map 1 3.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|The conquests of Emperor [[Yohannes IV]], ''[[Negus]]'' [[Menelik II|Menelik]] and general [[Ras Alula]] in 1879–1889]] Charu cha Etiyopiya chikamba kuwusa mu nyengo ya Menelik II, uyo wakaŵa themba kufuma mu 1889 m'paka apo wakafwira mu 1913. Kufuma ku malo ghake mu chigaŵa cha Shewa, Menelik wakamba kupoka vigaŵa vya kumwera, kumafumiro gha dazi, na kumanjiliro gha dazi uko kukakhalanga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Welayta, na ŵanthu ŵanyake. Wakacita nthena na wovwiri wa gulu la Shewan Oromo la Ras Gobana Dacche, ilo likapoka malo agho ghakaŵavya kufuma pa nkhondo ya Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, kweniso malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵavya muwuso wa Ethiopia. Pa nyengo iyo ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia ŵakathereskanga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo, ŵakawukira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵakakomeka. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Dizi na ŵa mu Ufumu wa Kaffa ŵakaŵachitira nkhaza zinandi. Menelik wakathereska ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo awo ŵakakhalanga kuwaro kwa ŵasilikari ŵake chifukwa cha kugaluka kwa mtundu uwu kwa vyaka vinandi. Mu muwuso uwu mukaŵa muwuso wa fuko la Yejju, uwo ukaŵa na Aligaz wa ku Yejju na mukuru wake Ali I wa ku Yejju. Ŵakazenga tawuni ya Debre Tabor mu chigaŵa cha Amhara, iyo yikazgoka msumba ukuru wa ufumu uwu. Menelik II wakaŵa mwana wa Haile Melekot, Negus wa ku Shewa, na Ejegayehu Lema Adeyamo, muteŵeti wa nyumba yacifumu. Wakababikira ku Angolala mu chigaŵa cha Oromo ndipo wakakhala vyaka 12 na Shewan Oromos. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Menelik, mulimo wa kuzenga misewu, magesi, na masambiro ukalutilira kukura, ndipo boma likambiska msonkho. Msumba wa Finfinne ukazengekaso ndipo ukachemeka Addis Ababa; mu 1889-1891 ukazgoka msumba ukuru wa Ufumu wa Ethiopia.[[File:Menelik II in coronation garb, Emperor of Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Menelik II in Coronation Garms and Tunic after the battle of Adwa]] Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamususkanga, kweni Menelik II wakaŵa na mazaza pa charu chose. Mu Meyi 1889, wakalembeska phangano la wuchale na Italy. Phangano ili likayowoya kuti charu cha Italy chizomerezge kuti Ethiopia ndiyo yili na mazaza pa charu chose. Pakuwezgera, caru ca Italy cikeneranga kumupa vilwero Menelik na kumovwira pakuŵa fumu. Ŵaitaliya ŵakagwiliskira nchito nyengo iyo yikajumphapo kufuma apo phangano ili likalembekera m'paka apo boma la Italy likakolerana nalo. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Italy na Ethiopia yikamara pa Nkhondo ya ku Adwa pa 1 Malichi 1896, apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy ŵakathereskeka na Ŵaetiyopiya. Mu 1896, pakalembeka phangano la Addis Ababa, ilo likasintha phangano la Wuchale. Ŵanthu pafupifupi hafu ŵakafwa na njara yikuru ya ku Ethiopia (1888-1892).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211211756/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,966291-3,00.html "Famine Hunger stalks Ethiopia once again – and aid groups fear the worst"]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. 21 December 1987.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1093/jhmas/XXI.2.95| title = The Great Ethiopian Famine of 1888–1892: A New Assessment| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-medicine-and-allied-sciences_1966-04_21_2/page/95| journal = Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences| issue = 2| pages = 95–124| year = 1966| last1 = Pankhurst | first1 = R. | volume = 21| pmid = 5326887}}</ref> ===Haile Selassie I era (1916–1974)=== {{Main|Haile Selassie|Modernization under Haile Selassie}} [[File:Addis Ababa-8e00855u.jpg|thumb|Emperor [[Haile Selassie|Haile Selassie I]] at his study in [[National Palace, Addis Ababa|Jubilee Palace]] (1942)]] Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, Themba Haile Selassie (Ras Tafari) ndilo likawusa. Haile Selassie I wakababika na ŵapapi awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vitatu vya ku Ethiopia. Wakafika pa mazaza pamanyuma pakuti Lij Iyasu wakathereskeka, ndipo wakambiska kampeni ya kusinthiska vinthu mu charu chose kufuma mu 1916 apo wakapika udindo wa Ras and Regent (Inderase) kwa Empress Regnant Zewditu, ndipo wakazgoka muwusi wa Ufumu wa Ethiopia. Zewditu wakati wafwa, pa Novembala 2, 1930, iyo wakaŵa themba. Mu 1931, Haile Selassie wakapeleka dango lakwamba ku Ethiopia ilo likayananga na dango la ku Japan ilo likaŵako mu 1890.<ref>Asnake Kefale, [[Tomasz Kamusella]] and Christopher Van der Beken. 2021. ''Eurasian Empires as Blueprints for Ethiopia: From Ethnolinguistic Nation-State to Multiethnic Federation''. London: Routledge, pp 23–34.</ref> ====Fascist Italy occupation (1936–1941)==== {{main article|Second Italo-Ethiopian War|Italian Ethiopia|Italian East Africa|Arbegnoch|Black Lions}} [[File:Abyssinian-soldiers-1936-142348340618.jpg|thumb|Ethiopian cavalry during the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] in 1936]] Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ku Italy na Ethiopia yikananga wanangwa wa Ethiopia. Nkhondo iyi yikamba apo caru ca Italy cikapokelereka na ŵasilikari ŵa Fascist mu Okutobala 1935, ndipo pamanyuma pake caru ca Italy cikamba kuwusa caru ici (1936-1941), pamanyuma pakuti Italy yikatonda nkhondo iyi. Pa nyengo iyi, Haile Selassie wakaluta ku caru cinyake ndipo wakapempha wupu wa League of Nations mu 1935, ndipo wakayowoya nkhani iyo yikapangiska kuti waŵe wakumanyikwa pa caru cose. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni gha ku mizi, Italy wakakumananga na ŵanthu ŵakususka na kuŵawukira mu misumba. Haile Selassie wakacimbilira ku Fairfield House, ku Bath, England. Mussolini wakamanya kuphalira ufumu wa Italy kuti ni Etiyopiya, ndipo Themba la Italy, Vittorio Emanuele III, likamba kulamulira ufumu uwu. Mu 1937, ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakakomeka ku Yekatit 12, ndipo pakati pa ŵanthu 1,400 na 30,000 ŵakakomeka. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakomeka cifukwa cakuti ŵakayezga kukoma Rodolfo Graziani, muwusi wa ku Italy ku East Africa. Ŵataliyana ŵakagwiliskira nchito vilwero vyakofya vya makemikali pakunjira mu Ethiopia. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy ŵakaponya mabomba mu caru cose ca Ethiopia agho ghakaŵanga na mphepo yakucemeka mustard gas, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵaleke nkhongono. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy ŵakaponya pasi matani pafupifupi 300 gha gasi kweniso futi zinandi. Kugwiliskira nchito vilwero ivi kukaŵa kwananga kukuru comene. Ŵa Italiya ŵakaŵika ndalama zinandi pa vinthu vya ku Ethiopia apo ŵakalamuliranga charu ichi. Ŵakapanga msewu wakucemeka "msewu wa ufumu" pakati pa Addis Ababa na Massaua. Ŵakazengaso misewu ya njanji ya mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 900, ŵakazenga madamu na magesi, kweniso ŵakazenga makampani ghanandi gha boma na ghapadera. Boma la Italy likawuskapo wuzga, uwo ukaŵako kwa vyaka vinandi. Pamanyuma pakuti Italy wanjira mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, ŵasilikari ŵa Ufumu wa Britain pamoza na Arbegnoch ŵakathaska Ethiopia mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku East Africa mu 1941. Nkhondo ya ŵasilikari ŵa Italy yikalutilira mpaka mu 1943. Charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa ŵasilikari ŵa Britain. Ivi vikalondezgana na kuzomerezgeka kwa ufumu wa Britain kuti charu cha Ethiopia chiŵe na mazaza ghose, kwambura wanangwa wa Britain, apo phangano la Anglo-Ethiopia likasazgikira mu Disembala 1944, nangauli vigaŵa vinyake vikalutilira kulamulirika na Britain kwa vyaka vinandi. Kuyana na phangano la mtende ilo likaŵako mu 1947, Italy yikazomera mazaza gha Ethiopia. Pa Ogasiti 26, 1942, Haile Selassie wakafumiska dango ilo likawuskapo ŵazga. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, mu Ethiopia mukaŵa ŵazga pakati pa 2 na 4 miliyoni.{{sfn|Campbell|Miers|Miller|2007|p=219}} ====Post-World War II (1941–1974)==== {{main article|1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt|Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea|Eritrean War of Independence}} Mu 1952, Haile Selassie wakapangiska kuti charu cha Eritrea chiŵe pamoza. Mu 1962, wakawuskapo boma ili na kunjizga charu cha Eritrea. {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 280 | image1 = General-Mengistu-Neway-1919-1961.jpg | image2 = Germame Neway.jpg | footer = General [[Mengistu Neway|Mengistu]] (left) and [[Germame Neway]] (right) were the two perpetrators of the failed [[1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt|1960 coup d'état attempt]] against Emperor Haile Selassie | footer_align = center }} Haile Selassie wakaŵa pafupi kuwuskika pa udindo mu 1960 mu chiŵembu cha gulu lakususkana ilo likalongozgekanga na ŵabali Germame na Mengistu Neway apo Selassie wakaŵa pa ulendo wa boma ku Brazil. Pa Ciŵiri mise, pa Disembala 13, gulu linyake likapusika ŵalaŵiliri ŵa Ufumu na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa kuti ŵanjire mu Nyumba ya Ufumu. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, nkhondo yikamba pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain (Kebur Zebegna) na ŵakugaluka awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Jenerale Tsege na Koloneli Warqenah. Apo nkhondo iyi yikambanga, Germame na ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵakakoma ŵanthu 15 awo ŵakaŵa mu nyumba ya Genetta Leul. Pa ŵanthu aŵa pakaŵa ŵalara ŵa boma nga ni Ras Abebe Aregai, Makonnen Habte-Wolde na Major General Mulugeta.<ref>Henze, ''Layers of Time'', p. 255</ref> [[File:Elizabeth II and Haile Selassie.jpg|thumb|left|London, England [[Emperor Haile Selassie I]] seated with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] in 1954 while on an official state visit]] Nkhondo iyi yikati yamara, Mubali Tsege wakakomeka, Col. Warqenah wakajikoma, ndipo ŵabali Mengistu na Germame Neway ŵakaŵa pafupi na Mojo pa Disembala 24. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa yakofya comene kwa Haile Selassie m'paka apo kukacitikira Nkhondo ya ku Ethiopia mu 1974. Mu 1963, Haile Selassie wakawovwira chomene pakukhazikiska wupu wakuchemeka Organisation of African Unity (OAU). Ŵanthu mu Ethiopia ŵakasuska Haile Selassie cifukwa ca suzgo la mafuta ilo likacitika pa caru cose mu 1973. Mtengo wapachanya wa mafuta ukapangiska kuti ŵadokotala na ŵasambizgi ŵambe kunjira mu sitiroko pa Febuluwale 18, 1974, ndipo ŵana ŵa sukulu na ŵantchito mu Addis Ababa ŵakamba kulongora kuti ŵakususka boma pa Febuluwale 20, 1974. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe njara ya vyakurya, kusuzgika pa nkhani ya muwuso, nkhondo za pa mphaka, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakondwa yayi na vinthu ivyo vikachitika. Boma la Aklilu Habte-Wold likathereskeka, ndipo boma liphya likapangika ndipo Endelkachew Makonnen wakaŵa nduna yikuru.<ref>[[#Valdes Vivo|Valdes Vivo]], p. 21.</ref> ===The Derg era (1974–1991)=== {{see also|Ethiopian Revolution|Derg|People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|Ethiopian Civil War|Eritrean War of Independence|1983–85 famine in Ethiopia}} [[File:EPRP.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party]] (EPRP) clashed with the [[Derg]] during the [[Red Terror (Ethiopia)|Red Terror]]]] Ufumu wa Haile Selassie ukamara pa Seputembala 12, 1974, apo wakathereskeka na Derg, komiti ya ŵasilikari na ŵapolisi iyo yikalongozgekanga na Aman Andom. Pamanyuma pa kukomeka kwa ŵalara ŵa boma na ŵasilikari ŵakwambilira 60 kusazgapo Aman mu Novembala 1974, wupu uphya wa Provisional Military Administrative Council uwo sono ukulongozgeka na Jenerale Tafari Benti ukalekeska muwuso wa ufumu mu Malichi 1975 ndipo ukakhazikiska Ethiopia kuŵa boma la Marxist-Leninist ilo likaŵa chipani chakulongozga mu boma la nyengo yeneyiyo. Kuwuskapo muwuso wa ŵasilikari, kusazgirako luso lwa kuŵazga na kulemba, kuzengaso charu, na kunozga malo ghanandi, kusazgapo kusamukira ku malo ghanyake na kuzgoka mizi kufuma ku vigaŵa vya mapiri vya Ethiopia, ndivyo vikaŵa vyakukhumbikwa chomene. Pamanyuma pa kulimbana kwa mukati uko kukapangiska kuti Tafari Benti uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chipani ichi na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakamukhozganga ŵakomeke mu Febuluwale 1977, kweniso Atnafu Abate uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri wa mulongozgi wa chipani ichi mu Novembala 1977, Mengistu Halie Mariam ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chipani ichi. Pa nyengo iyi, boma la Derg likawuskapo ŵanthu ŵanandi, kukaŵa chilangalanga, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakachimbira kwawo. Mu 1977, Somalia, iyo pakwamba yikapokeranga wovwiri na vilwero kufuma ku USSR, yikawukira Ethiopia mu Nkhondo ya Ogaden, na kupoka cigaŵa ca Ogaden. Ethiopia wakaweleramo mu caru ici pamanyuma pakuti wambira kupokera wovwiri ukuru wa ŵasilikari kufuma ku vyaru vya Soviet Union, Cuba, South Yemen, East Germany, na North Korea. Pa ŵasilikari aŵa pakaŵa ŵasilikari 15,000 ŵa ku Cuba.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Mengistu Regime and Its Impact|url=https://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_01_08.html|website=Library of Congress}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Oberdorfer|first=Don|date=March 1978|title=The Superpowers and the Ogaden War|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/03/05/the-superpowers-and-the-ogaden-war/00f60ef2-01b4-4cd3-8c5f-e545df388def/}}</ref>[[File:Derg.gif|thumb|left|Mulongozgi wa Ethiopia Mengistu Haile Mariam (kumazere) pamoza na ŵa Derg ŵanyake Tafari Benti (pakati) na Atnafu Abate (kumalyero). Mengistu wakakomeka ku Ethiopia cifukwa ca milandu iyo wakacita mu nyengo ya boma lake, iyo yikakoma ŵanthu 500,000; wakakhala mu caru ca Zimbabwe mu 2018.<ref name=BBC>{{cite web|date=22 December 1999|title=US admits helping Mengistu escape|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/575405.stm|access-date=13 December 2017|website=BBC}}</ref>]] Mu 1976-78, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 500,000 ŵakakomeka cifukwa ca wofipa, kampeni ya nkhaza ya Derg kwimikana na magulu ghakupambanapambana gha ŵakususka, comenecomene Marxist-Leninist Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP). Chitenthe ciŵisi cikacitika cifukwa ca ivyo Derg wakacema kuti 'Citenthe Cituŵa,' cinthu ico cikaŵa na nkhaza zinandi, kukoma ŵanthu, na kukoma ŵanthu. Mu 1987, Derg wakajilekeska yekha na kukhazikiska People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE) pamanyuma pa kukhazikiska Constitution ya 1987 ya Ethiopia yakuyana na Constitution ya 1977 ya Soviet Union na malango ghakusintha. Njara iyo yikacitika mu Ethiopia mu 1983-85 yikasuzga ŵanthu pafupifupi 8 miliyoni, ndipo ŵanthu 1 miliyoni ŵakafwa. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kugalukira boma, chomenechomene kumpoto kwa Eritrea na Tigray. Gulu la Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) likasazgikana na magulu ghanyake ghakwimikana na boma mu 1989, ndipo likapangiska gulu lakuchemeka Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, mu nyengo ya Mikhail Gorbachev, Soviet Union yikamba kuwelera nyuma kufuma ku kuzenga cikomyunizimu ca pa caru cose kuya ku visambizgo vya glasnost na perestroika, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti wovwiri wa vyaru vya Socialist Bloc ku Ethiopia ukhale ucoko comene. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe masuzgo ghanyake gha vya cuma ndiposo kuti ŵasilikari ŵathere cifukwa cakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku mpoto ŵakamba kuwukira. Kuwa kwa Marxism-Leninism mu vyaru vinyake, ndiposo ku Eastern Europe mu nyengo ya kusintha kwa vinthu mu 1989, kukakolerana na umo Soviet Union yikamazgira wovwiri ku Ethiopia mu 1990. Kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵamuteŵetere, Mengistu wakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵe makora mu caru na kumazga muwuso wa chipani cimoza. Kweni pakaŵa kuti pajumpha nyengo kuti boma lake lipone. Mu Meyi 1991, ŵasilikari ŵa EPRDF ŵakaluta ku Addis Ababa, ndipo Soviet Union yikatondeka kuponoska boma. Mengistu wakacimbira mu caru ici ndipo wakapika wanangwa wa kuwelera ku Zimbabwe, uko wachali kukhala. Mu 2006, Khoti Likuru la ku Addis Ababa, ku Ethiopia, likati lazenga mulandu uwu vyaka 12, likasanga Mengistu na mulandu wa kukoma ŵanthu. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa boma lake nawo ŵakasangika na mulandu wa nkhondo. Mengistu na ŵanji awo ŵakacimbira mu caru ŵakeruzgika na kweruzgika kwambura kuŵapo. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵanandi ŵa boma ŵakapika cilango ca nyifwa, ndipo ŵanji ŵanandi ŵakakhala mu jere vilimika 20 pambere ŵandagowokereke cilango ca umoyo wawo wose.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 2006|title=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 2005|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61569.htm|website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 2006|title=Mengistu Haile Mariam|url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/mengistu-haile-mariam/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022232516/https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/mengistu-haile-mariam/|archive-date=22 October 2018|access-date=22 October 2018|website=Trial International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=January 2018|title=Eshetu Alemu|url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/eshetu-alemu/|website=Trial International|access-date=19 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022232452/https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/eshetu-alemu/|archive-date=22 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Alemu Aneme|first=Girmachew|date=2001|title=Apology and trials: The case of the Red Terror trials in Ethiopia|url=http://www.ahrlj.up.ac.za/aneme-g-a|website=African Human Rights Law Journal}}</ref> ===<span id="AnchorFederal">Federal Democratic Republic (1991–present)</span>=== {{main article|Ethiopia under federal republic}} {{See also|Eritrean independence referendum, 1993}} Mu Julayi 1991, EPRDF yikacemera ungano wa vyaru vyose kuti uŵike boma lakwendera lumoza la Ethiopia ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu 87. Mu Juni 1992, gulu la Oromo Liberation Front likafumamo mu boma; mu Malichi 1993, ŵanthu ŵa Southern Ethiopia Peoples' Democratic Coalition nawo ŵakafumamo mu boma. Mu Epulero 1993, charu cha Eritrea chikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku Ethiopia. Mu 1994, ŵakalemba dango liphya ilo likapangiska kuti paŵe nyumba za malango ziŵiri na makhoti.<ref name="Constitution2">{{cite web|title=Article 5|url=http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/et/et007en.pdf|access-date=2 July 2015|work=Ethiopian Constitution|publisher=WIPO}}</ref>[[File:Meles Zenawi - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|Former Prime Minister [[Meles Zenawi]] at the 2012 [[World Economic Forum]] annual meeting]] Chisankho chakwamba cha vyaru vinandi chikachitika mu Meyi 1995, ndipo chipani cha EPRDF ndicho chikapambana. Mulongozgi wa boma la nyengo yachilendo, Meles Zenawi, ndiyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru yakwamba ya boma la Ethiopia, ndipo Negasso Gidada ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa boma ili. Mu Dango la ku Ethiopia ilo likapelekeka mu 1995, EPRDF yikapokelera waka yayi layizgo la Soviet la Derg lakuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakujumpha 80 ŵa mu charu ichi ŵaŵe na wanangwa wa kusama. Mu nthowa iyi, mtundu wa Ethiopia ukaŵa na boma ilo likaŵa na vigaŵa vya ŵanthu. Mu Meyi 1998, pa mphindano iyo yikaŵa pakati pa Eritrea na Ethiopia, pakawuka Nkhondo ya ku Eritrea na Ethiopia. Nkhondo iyi yikamara mu Juni 2000. Ici cikakhwaska comene cuma ca Ethiopia, kweni cikakhozga muwuso wa boma. Chisankho chachitatu cha chipani cha Ethiopia pa 15 Meyi 2005 chikaŵa chakususkana chomene, ndipo magulu ghanandi ghakwimikana nagho ghakati pakaŵa upusikizgi. Nangauli wupu wa Carter Center ukazomerezga ivyo vikachitika pambere maungano ghandambe, kweni ukakondwa yayi na ivyo vikachitika pamanyuma pa maungano. Awo ŵakulaŵilira ivyo vikuchitika pa mavoti mu vyaru vya Europe ŵakayowoya kuti boma likovwira pa kampeni ya EPRDF, kweniso kuti pakaŵa vinthu vinyake ivyo vikachitika mwambura kwenelera pakuŵerenga mavoti na kufumiska mavoti. Maphwando a chipani chakususkana nagho ghakasanga vithuzithuzi vyakujumpha 200 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, pakuyaniska na vithuzithuzi 12 pera mu 2000 apo pakaŵa mavoti. Nangauli ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa chipani cha CUD ŵakakana kukhala mu nyumba ya malango, kweni ŵakakakika cifukwa ca kususka vivulupi ivyo vikacitika. Wupu wa Amnesty International ukaŵawona kuti ni "ŵakayidi ŵa njuŵi" ndipo pamasinda ŵakaŵafumiska. Wupu wakukolerana wa vyaru vyakususka boma na ŵanthu ŵanyake ukapangika mu 2009 kuti ufumiske boma la EPRDF mu mavoti gha 2010. Chipani cha Meles, icho chili na mazaza kwambira mu 1991, chikapharazga manifesto yake ya mapeji 65 mu Addis Ababa pa 10 Okutobala 2009. Chipani chakususka chikapokera mavoti ghanandi mu Addis Ababa, kweni EPRDF yikayimiska kupenda mavoti kwa mazuŵa ghanandi. Pamanyuma pake, likapoka mazaza pa maungano agha, uku likuyuzgika na milandu ya upusikizgi. Mu 2011, mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa mukaŵa chilangalanga chikuru chomene mu vyaka 60. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora yayi chifukwa cha chilangalanga m'paka mu 2012, ndipo boma la Japan likagwiliskira ntchito nthowa zakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na umoyo uwemi.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web|title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership |access-date=2 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011}}</ref>[[File:Deputy Secretary of Defense Ashton B. Carter, left, is greeted by Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn at his office in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on July 24, 2013 130724-M-EV637-339.jpg|thumb|Former Prime Minister of Ethiopia [[Hailemariam Desalegn]] meeting with former US Deputy Secretary of Defense [[Ash Carter]] in Addis Ababa.]] Meles wakafwa pa 20 August 2012 ku Brussels, uko wakalerekanga nthenda yambura kumanyikwa. Mubali Hailemariam Desalegn, uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa nduna yikuru, wakasankhika kuŵa nduna yikuru m'paka pa chisankho cha mu 2015, ndipo wakalutilira kuŵa nduna yikuru. Pa Ogasiti 5, 2016, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kususka ivyo boma likachita. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaleke kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kufwatura ŵakayidi ŵa ndyali, kugaŵira makora usambazi uwo ukasangika chifukwa cha kukura kwa chuma kwa vyaka 10, kweniso kuti chigaŵa cha Wolqayt chiwelere ku chigaŵa cha Amhara. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa vyakofya chomene pa ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga mu vigaŵa vya ku Africa kufuma apo boma la Ethiopia likakoma ŵanthu 75 pa nyengo ya viphikiro mu chigaŵa cha Oromia mu Novembala na Disembala 2015. Pa 6 Okutobala, 2016, boma la Ethiopia likapharazga kuti kuli suzgo. Mu Ogasiti 2017, boma likawuskapo dango la vyakofya. Pa 16 February, 2018, boma la Ethiopia likapharazga nyengo ya suzgo ya myezi sikisi pa charu chose pamanyuma pa kufumiska nduna yikuru Hailemariam Desalegn. Hailemariam ni fumu yakwamba mu mbiri ya Ethiopia ya mazuŵa ghano kufumapo; ŵalongozgi ŵakwambilira ŵali kufwa panji kuwuskika. Iyo wakati wakukhumba kuti vinthu visinthe. ===Abiy Ahmed and the Prosperity Party (2018–present)=== {{Anchor|Government reforms (2018–present)}} {{see also|Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present){{!}}Ethiopian civil conflict|Tigray War}} [[File:Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo 2019.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Abiy Ahmed]] receiving the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in Oslo in 2019]] Nduna yikuru yiphya yikaŵa Abiy Ahmed, uyo wakaluta ku Eritrea mu 2018, ndipo wakamalizga nkhondo pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi. Chifukwa cha kuyezgayezga kwake kumazga nkhondo ya vyaka 20 pakati pa Ethiopia na Eritrea, Abiy Ahmed wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mtende mu 2019. Pamanyuma pa kuwusa mu Epulero 2018, Abiy, wa vyaka 46, wakafwatura ŵakayidi ŵa ndyali, wakalayizga kuti mu 2019 paŵenge mavoti ghakwenelera ndipo wakapharazga vyakusintha pa vyachuma. Pa 6 June 2019, mawebusayiti ghose agho ghakaŵa kuti ghakaŵa pasi pa censure ghakazgoreka, ndipo ŵakayidi ŵa ndyali ŵakujumpha 13,000 ŵakafwatulika.<ref>{{cite news |title=Abiy's Ethiopia pardons 13,000 accused of treason or terrorism |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-politics-idUSKCN1PG1IZ |work=Reuters |date=22 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ooni.torproject.org/post/ethiopia-unblocking/|title=OONI – Ethiopia: Verifying the unblocking of websites|website=ooni.torproject.org|date=29 June 2018|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newbusinessethiopia.com/ethiopia-prison-administration-fires-103-individuals/|title=Ethiopia prison administration fires 103 individuals – New Business Ethiopia|language=en-US|access-date=14 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113175528/https://newbusinessethiopia.com/ethiopia-prison-administration-fires-103-individuals/|archive-date=13 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cyberethiopia.com/2013/?p=2012|title=Reflections on the Rule of Law and Ethiopia's Transition to Democratic Rule (Part I)|date=12 January 2019|website=Cyber Ethiopia|language=en-US|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref> Nkhondo ya mitundu yikasazgikira cifukwa ca masuzgo gha ndyali. Pakaŵa nkhondo pakati pa mtundu wa Oromo, uwo ni fuko likuru chomene mu charu ichi, na fuko la Somalia. Kuyambira mu 2019, mu nkhondo ya Metekel, nkhondo mu chigawo cha Metekel cha chigawo cha Benishangul-Gumuz ku Ethiopia zikunenedwa kuti zikuphatikizapo zigawenga kuchokera ku anthu a Gumuz motsutsana ndi Amhara ndi Agaws. Mu Malichi 2020, mulongozgi wa gulu la Amhara lakuchemeka Fano, Solomon Atanaw, wakayowoya kuti ŵafumengepo yayi vilwero m'paka apo chigaŵa cha Metekel na vigaŵa vya Welkait na Raya mu chigaŵa cha Tigray viwelerenge ku chigaŵa cha Amhara. Mu mwezi wa Seputembala 2018, ŵanthu 23 ŵakakomeka pa nkhaza za ŵanthu ŵachoko waka mu chigaŵa cha Oromia kufupi na Addis Ababa, msumba ukuru wa Ethiopia. Ŵanthu 35 ŵakakomeka pamanyuma mu Addis Ababa na mu chigaŵa chakuzingilizga cha Oromia pa nyengo ya viwawa ivyo ŵanandi ŵakawonanga kuti boma likuchitapo kanthu yayi pa nkhaza izi. Ŵanyake ŵakakomeka na ŵapolisi..<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/24/world/africa/ethiopia-ethnic-violence-arrests.html|title=Thousands Are Arrested in Ethiopia After Ethnic Violence|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 September 2018|access-date=27 April 2019|last1=Ahmed|first1=Hadra|last2=Goldstein|first2=Joseph}}</ref> [[File:Ethiopia overall conflcit map 2020s.png|left|thumb|Map illustrating the [[Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)|Ethiopian civil conflict]] as of 2022; included are [[2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia|al-Shabaab attacks]], the [[Tigray War]] zone, and the redeployment of federal troops from the southeast to the north. ]] Pa 22 June 2019, magulu gha ŵasilikari ŵa chigaŵa ichi ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma la chigaŵa ichi, ndipo mu nyengo iyi, pulezidenti wa chigaŵa cha Amhara, Ambachew Mekonnen, wakakomeka. Mulinda wa boma uyo wakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha ŵasilikari ŵakususka boma wakakoma Jenerale Se'are Mekonnen   Mukuru wa ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia National Defense Force    kweniso movwiri wake, Major General Gizae Aberra. Ofesi ya Prime Minister yikaphalira Brigadier General Asaminew Tsige, mulongozgi wa mawupu ghakuvikilira chigaŵa cha Amhara, kuti ndiyo wakalongozganga chiŵembu ichi, ndipo Tsige wakakomeka na ŵapolisi kufupi na Bahir Dar pa 24 June. Gulu la Fano ni gulu la ŵawukirano la Amhara mu Ethiopia, ilo likuwoneka nga ni gulu lakususka panji gulu la ŵasilikari. Mgwirizano pakati pa Fano na Qeerroo, mtundu wawo wa Oromo, ukagwira ntchito yayikulu pakubweretsa kusintha kwa ndale ndi kayendetsedwe kogwirizana ndi utsogoleri wa Abiy Ahmed. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Tigray, Fano wakawovwira ŵasilikari ŵa boma na ŵa chigaŵa kukarwa na ŵakugaluka awo ŵakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Tigray People's Liberation Front panji TPLF. Mabungwe a Fano akuimbidwa mlandu wogwira nawo ntchito yakupha anthu, kuphatikiza 58 ya anthu a Qemant ku Metemma pa 10-11 Januware 2019, komanso zochita zankhondo ku Humera mu Novembala 2020.<ref>{{cite news | last1= Akinwotu | first1= Emmanuel | title= 'I saw people dying on the road': Tigray's traumatised war refugees | date= 2 December 2020 |newspaper= [[The Guardian]] | url= https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/dec/02/tigray-war-refugees-ethiopia-sudan |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20201202185821/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/dec/02/tigray-war-refugees-ethiopia-sudan |archive-date= 2 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Ethiopian Civil War (2020-present).svg|thumb|Territorial control as of March 2023:<br />{{resize|85%|(For a more detailed, up-to-date, interactive map, see [[Template:Ethiopian wars and insurgencies detailed map|here]])}}.<br /> '''Pro-federal government troops'''{{leftlegend|#fcadad|[[Government of Ethiopia|Ethiopian federal government]] and regional allies}} '''Anti-federal government rebels''' {{leftlegend|#ffff44|[[Oromo Liberation Army]]}}]] Chiwonetsero cha chionetsero chinabuka ku Ethiopia pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa woimba wa Oromo Hachalu Hundessa pa 29 June 2020, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu osachepera 239 aphedwe. Boma la feduro, pasi pa chipani cha Prosperity Party, likapempha kuti National Election Board ya Ethiopia yisinthe mavoti gha 2020 chifukwa cha umoyo na chivikiliro chifukwa cha COVID-19. Pa nyengo iyi pakaŵavya deti ilo likayowoyekerathu kuti mavoti ghaŵengepo, kweni boma likati para katemera wa COVID-19 wafika, mavoti ghaŵengepo. Chipani cha Tigrayan, cha TPLF, chikakanira kuti mavoti ghalekeske ndipo, apo pempho lawo ku boma la federal kuti mavoti ghachitike likakanika, TPLF yikalutizga mavoti pa 9 September 2020. Ŵakacitanga vinthu pamoza na magulu ghakwimikana na boma mu vigaŵa vyawo ndipo ŵakaŵapo na ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.7 miliyoni ŵakavota. Ubwezi pakati pa boma la federal na boma la chigaŵa cha Tigray ukasuzga chomene pamanyuma pa chisankho, ndipo pa 4 November 2020, Abiy wakayamba nkhondo ya nkhondo mu chigaŵa cha Tigray pakuzgora ku vilwero vya ŵasilikari awo ŵakakhalanga mwenemumo, ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵachimbire ku Sudan na kwamba nkhondo ya Tigray. Pa Novembala 9, 2020, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 600 ŵakakomeka mu tawuni ya Mai Kadra. Mu Epulero 2021, Eritrea yikati ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakurwa nkhondo mu Ethiopia. Kufika mu Malichi 2022, ŵanthu 500,000 ŵakafwa chifukwa cha vivulupi na njara mu Nkhondo ya Tigray, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakuti chiŵelengero ichi chikukwana 700,000-800,000 paumaliro wa 2022. Pamanyuma pa kufumiska malango ghanandi gha mtende na kuwoneseska kuti vinthu vyendenge makora, Ethiopia na ŵasilikari ŵa Tigrayan ŵakazomerezga kuti nkhondo yimare pa Novembala 2, 2022; kweni pakuti Eritrea yikaŵa chigaŵa cha phangano ili yayi, malo ghawo ghakaŵa ghambura kupulikikwa.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Winning |first1=Alexander |last2=Cocks |first2=Tim |date=2022-11-02 |title=Parties in Ethiopia conflict agree to cease hostilities |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/african-union-parties-ethiopia-conflict-have-agreed-cease-hostilities-2022-11-02/ |access-date=}}</ref> ==Boma na ndale== {{Main|Politics of Ethiopia|Law of Ethiopia|Judiciary of Ethiopia}}<!-- Please add new information to relevant articles of the series, not here --> {{see also|Rulers and Heads of State of Ethiopia}} [[File:Ethiopian Parliament.jpg|thumb|[[House of People's Representatives]] is the lower house of the Ethiopian [[Federal Parliamentary Assembly]]]] Charu cha Ethiopia chili na boma laparamende, ndipo nduna yikuru ndiyo ni mutu wa boma. Boma ndilo lili na mazaza ghakulongozga ndipo boma na nyumba ziŵiri za boma ndizo zili na mazaza ghakulongozga. Nyumba ya Federation ni nyumba yakudumura ya wupu wakulongozga wa vyalo viŵiri na vithuzithuzi 108, ndipo nyumba yakudumura ni Nyumba ya Wimiliri ya Ŵanthu (HoPR) na vithuzi 547. Nyumba ya Federation yikusankhika na maboma gha vigaŵa, apo ŵimiliri ŵa HoPR ŵakusankhika mwakudunjika. Makhoti gha ku Ethiopia ghali na makhoti ghaŵiri: makhoti gha boma na gha boma. Dango la FDRE likapeleka mazaza ku Khoti Likuru Chomene ilo likwenera kuwuskapo na kuwona ivyo makhoti ghanyake gha boma ghachita. Kweniso, Khoti Likuru Chomene lingeruzga milandu mu vigaŵa vinkhondi mu vigaŵa vyose vya boma panji "mu vigaŵa ivyo vili pasi pake" usange likuwona kuti "ntchakukhumbikwa kuti urunji ufiskike makora".<ref>{{Cite book |title=See Federal High Court Establishment Proclamation No.322/2003. Federal High Courts have been placed in the following states: Afar, Benshngul/Gumuz, Gambela, Somali, and SNNPR.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Federal Courts Proclamation 25/1996,as amended by Federal Courts (Amendment) Proclamation 138/1998, Federal Courts (Amendment) Proclamation 254/2001, Federal Courts (Amendment) Proclamation 321/2003, and Federal Courts Proclamation (Reamendment) Proclamation 454/2005 (Federal Courts Proclamation), Article 24(3).}}</ref> Phangano la Wupu Wakulongozga likapeleka fundo zitatu: malango, vyaru na malo agho khoti likweruzgirenge. Kuyana na ndime 78 mu Dango la 1994, wupu wa vyeruzgo ngwakujiyimira wekha pa nkhani ya malango. Kuti ivi vicitike, ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakwimika mulaŵiliri wa khoti lakulongozga. Para munthu wasankhika, wupu wakulongozga ulije mazaza ghakuwuskirapo. Ŵeruzgi ŵanyake ŵakusoleka na Federal Judicial Administration Council (FJAC) mwakuyana na fundo zakupulikikwa makora ndiposo ulongozgi wa nduna yikuru. Mu vigaŵa vyose, ŵeruzgi ŵangafumiskika yayi pa udindo wawo pekha usange ŵafumapo, ŵaswa malango gha ndyali, ŵakukolerana yayi, panji ŵakutondeka kuchita makora milimo yawo chifukwa cha ulwari. Ŵalara ŵa boma ndiwo ŵakuzomerezga kuti ŵeruzgi ŵa boma ŵafumiskike mu maofesi ghawo. Mu 2015, lipoti la Freedom House likati fundo iyi njautesi. Mwakuyana na Democracy Index iyo yikalembeka na Economist Intelligence Unit ku United Kingdom kuumaliro wa 2010, Ethiopia ni "maufumu ghakutemwera ŵanthu", ndipo ni charu cha 118 pa vyaru 167. Charu cha Ethiopia chikakhira pa malo 13 kufuma mu 2008, ndipo lipoti la mu 2010 likati boma likakanizga ŵanthu awo ŵakususka boma, ŵapharazgi, na wupu wa ŵanthu wose pambere ŵandalute ku mavoti mu 2010.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180606141853/http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf The Economist Intelligence Unit's Index of Democracy 2010]. (PDF). p.17. Retrieved on 3 March 2012.</ref> ===Kwendeska boma=== {{Main|Government of Ethiopia}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Abiy Ahmed with LI Yong 2018 (cropped).jpeg | width1 = 125 | caption1 = [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] [[Abiy Ahmed]] | image2 = Sahle-Work Zewde in 2016.jpg | width2 = 125 | caption2 = [[President of Ethiopia|President]] [[Sahle-Work Zewde]] }} Mu nyengo ya boma la ku Ethiopia, ndyali za mu charu ichi zikasintha chomene. Mazuŵa ghano, chuma chake chikwendera fundo zakupambanapambana. Mu Juni 1994, pakaŵa maungano ghakwamba gha vyaru 547. Ungano uwu ukazomera dango la fuko la Ethiopia mu Disembala 1994. Mu Meyi na Juni 1995, ku Ethiopia kukachitika maungano gha boma na gha chigaŵa. Maphwando ambiri a chipani chotsutsa anasankha kulekerera chisankhochi. Chipani cha Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) chikatonda chomene. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru na ŵaboma ŵanyake ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵa chipani cha visopa vinyake mphanyi ŵakanjilirapo. Boma lakwamba la Ethiopia ilo likalongozgeka na dango liphya likakhazikiskika mu Ogasiti 1995. Boma la Prime Minister Meles Zenawi ilo likalongozgekanga na EPRDF likakhozga fundo ya federalism ya mafuko, ndipo likapeleka mazaza ghakuru ku maboma gha vigaŵa. Mazuŵa ghano, mu Ethiopia muli vigaŵa 11 ivyo vikujiyimira vyekha. Mu nyengo ya maboma agho ghakaŵako kale, wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo wanangwa wa kupharazga, ukaŵa na mphaka. Ŵanthu ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wa kuŵazga nkhani zinyake padera pa nyuzipepara za boma. Kwambira waka pa nyengo ya maungano gha mu 2005, ŵapharazgi 18 awo ŵakalemba nkhani zakususka boma ŵakakakika chifukwa cha kusopa vikozgo. Boma likagwiliskiranga ntchito malango ghakukhwaskana na kusesa kuti liwofye ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga ivyo likakhumbanga. Boma la Meles likasankhika mu 2000 mu mavoti ghakwamba gha vyaru vinandi; kweni, mavoti agha ghakasuskika comene na ŵalaŵiliri ŵa vyaru na vyaru vinyake. Gulu la EPRDF nalo likathereska pa chisankho cha 2005 ndipo Meles wakawelera ku mazaza. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakazomera kuti paŵe mavoti, kweni ŵakususka na awo ŵakulaŵilira vinthu mu vyaru vya ku Europe na vyaru vinyake ŵakayowoya kuti mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghambura kukolerana na malango gha pa caru cose ghakukhwaskana na mavoti ghakwenelera ndiposo ghakufwatuka. Wapolisi wa ku Ethiopia wapha ŵanthu ŵakukwana 193, comenecomene mu msumba wa Addis Ababa, mu nkhaza izo zikacitika pamanyuma pa mavoti gha mu Meyi 2005.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopian probe team criticises judge over report. |url=http://www.kilil5.com/node/4419 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907072116/http://www.kilil5.com/node/4419 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 September 2012 |agency=Reuters |date=11 September 2006 |access-date=21 July 2007}}</ref>[[File:Secretary Kerry and Ethiopian Foreign Minister Adhanom Hold a News Conference in Addis Ababa (3).jpg|thumb|Former Foreign Minister of Ethiopia [[Tedros Adhanom]] with former U.S. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]]]] Boma likambaso kuyuzga ŵanthu mu vigaŵa; mu chigaŵa cha Oromia, boma likagwiliskira ntchito nthambuzgo, kukaka ŵanthu na nthowa zinyake kuti liŵaleke kuyowoyapo na ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga chisankho, chomenechomene awo ŵakakolerananga na chipani cha Oromo National Congress (ONC). Boma likulimbana na ŵakugaluka mu chigaŵa cha Ogaden kwamba mu 2007. Chipani chikuru chomene mu 2005 chikaŵa cha Coalition for Unity and Democracy (CUD). Pamanyuma pa kugaŵikana kwa mukati, ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa chipani cha CUD ŵakambiska chipani chiphya cha Unity for Democracy and Justice chakulongozgeka na Mweruzgi Birtukan Mideksa. Birtukan Mideksa, wa mtundu wa Oromo, ni mwanakazi wakwamba kulongozga chipani mu Ethiopia. Mu chaka cha 2008, maboma ghankhondi ghakwimikana nagho ghakaŵa United for Democracy and Justice (Unity for Democracy and Justice) yakulongozgeka na Judge Birtukan Mideksa, United Ethiopian Democratic Forces (United Ethiopian Democratic Forces) yakulongozgeka na Beyene Petros, Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement (Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement) yakulongozgeka na Bulcha Demeksa, Oromo People's Congress (Oromo People's Congress) yakulongozgeka na Merera Gudina, na United Ethiopian Democratic Party (Medhin Party) yakulongozgeka na Lidetu Ayalew. Pambuyo pa chisankho cha 2015, Ethiopia yataya MP yake yokhayo yotsutsa; pofika 2015 kunalibe aphungu otsutsa mu nyumba yamalamulo ya Ethiopia.<ref name = "BBC Obama trip">{{Cite news | title = Obama in Ethiopia for key talks with regional leaders | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-33671340 | website = BBC News | date = 27 July 2015 | access-date = 27 July 2015}}</ref> ===Ubale na vyaru vinyake=== {{main article|Foreign relations of Ethiopia}} [[File:The state visit of Reuven Rivlin to Ethiopia, May 2018 (4382).jpg|thumb|Ethiopian [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] [[Abiy Ahmed]] with Israeli [[President of Israel|President]] [[Reuven Rivlin]] in May 2018]] Kwambira ku Punt, Etiyopiya ni caru ico cikaguliskanga comene vinthu nga ni golide, mino gha zovu, vinyama vyakupambanapambana, na vyakununkhira. Ŵanandi awo ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakaghanaghana kuti vinthu vikamba kwenda makora pakati pa Ethiopia na ufumu wa Themba Tewodros II. Kufuma nyengo yira, vyaru ivi vikawonekanga kuti ni vyambura ntchito m'paka apo Suez Canal yikajulikira cifukwa ca Nkhondo ya Mahdist.<ref>Although Bahru Zewde, ''A History of Modern Ethiopia'', second edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2001), believes that the Suez Canal brought strategic value to the Red Sea region (p. 73), Sven Rubenson, ''The Survival of Ethiopian Independence'' (Hollywood: Tsehai,1991) argues that only with the Mahdi War did the United Kingdom interest themselves once again in Ethiopia (pp. 283ff).</ref> [[File:Sergio Mattarella and Abiy Ahmed Ali (2).jpg|thumb|Ethiopian [[Abiy Ahmed|Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed]] with the President of Italy [[Sergio Mattarella]]]] Mazuŵa ghano, Ethiopia wali na ubwezi wakukhora na vyaru nga ni China, Israel, Mexico, Turkey, na India. Ubwezi na Sudan na Egypt uli pa mphindano chifukwa cha ntchito ya Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam iyo yikakwera mu 2020. Nangauli vyaru vinkhondi na cimoza (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, na Tanzania) vikasaina Nile Basin Initiative mu 2010, kweni Eguputo na Sudan ŵakakana phangano la kugaŵikana maji cifukwa ca kuchepeskeka kwa maji mu Nile Basin. Mu 2020, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed wakachenjezga kuti "Palije nkhongono izo zingalekeska Ethiopia kuzenga damu. Usange tingakhumbikwira kuluta ku nkhondo, tinganozga ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi". Ethiopia ni munyake wa Global War on Terrorism and African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). Ku United States. Purezidenti wakale Barack Obama ndiye anali woyamba kugwira ntchito kukachezera Ethiopia mu Julayi 2015, pomwe amalankhula ku African Union, adawunikira kulimbana ndi uchigawenga wachisilamu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakuluta ku vyaru vya ku Europe, comenecomene ku Italy, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom, Canada, Sweden, na Australia. Ku Ethiopia kuli Ŵayuda pafupifupi 155,300 awo ŵali kusamira ku Israel. Ŵakucemeka kuti Beta Israel. Charu cha Ethiopia nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili mu Gulu la 24 (G-24), gulu la vyaru vyambura kukolerana na G77. Mu 1963, wupu wa African Unity (OAU) uwo pamasinda ukachemeka kuti African Union, ukapangika mu Addis Ababa. Kweniso ni munthazi wa wupu wa Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, African Standby Force na mawupu ghanandi gha pa caru cose agho ghakuwona vya Africa. Ethiopia njimoza mwa vyaru vya mu Africa ndipo yikaŵa yumoza wa ŵimiliri ŵa wupu wa League of Nations (uno ni United Nations) kwamba waka mu 1923. Ntchito za UN mu Ethiopia ni za wovwiri wa ŵanthu na vya kuzenga. Mwaciyelezgero, gulu la UNCT ku Ethiopia lili na ŵimiliri ŵa mawupu 28 gha UN. Maofesi ghanyake gha wupu uwu ghakukolerana na wupu wa United Nations Economic Commission for Africa na African Union. Wupu wa UN ukuŵika mtima pa vinthu vyose vya mu Ethiopia, ukupeleka vilato viŵiri: Vilato vya Kukula kwa Vinthu Vyakukhalilira (SDGs) na vya Kukula kwa Charu. Ivi vikusazgapo kulimbana na ukavu, kukura kwa cuma, kusintha kwa nyengo, masambiro na wovwiri wa munkhwala, kusazgirako nchito na kuvikilira cilengiwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The United Nations in Ethiopia {{!}} United Nations in Ethiopia|url=https://ethiopia.un.org/en/about/about-the-un|access-date=3 January 2022|website=ethiopia.un.org|language=en}}</ref> === Ŵankhondo === {{main|Military history of Ethiopia|Ethiopian National Defense Force}} [[File:2014 01 22 Ethiopia Welcome Ceremony 001.jpg (12086805304).jpg|thumb|Ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia National Defense Force pa chiphikiro ku Baidoa, Somalia pakukumbuka umo Ethiopia wali kunjilira mu gulu la African Union pa 22 January 2014]] Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakamba kuwusa mu nyengo yakale chomene. Cifukwa cakuti Ethiopia wali pakati pa vyaru vya ku Middle East na Africa, kwa nyengo yitali wakhala pakati pa vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi na vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu 1579, Ufumu wa Ottoman ukayezga kusazgikira kufuma ku malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Massawa. Ŵasilikari ŵa Ufumu wa Etiyopiya ŵakathereska Ŵaeguputo mu 1876 ku Gura. Nkhondo ya ku Adwa ndiyo yikumanyikwa comene cifukwa cakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia ŵakathereska ŵalwani ŵawo. Chikawovwira kuti Etiyopiya walutilire kuŵa charu chakujiyimira. Nkhondo iyi yikacitika pa 1 Malichi 1896 pafupi na tawuni ya Adwa. Ŵasilikari ŵa Etiyopiya ŵakamba kuzgoka ŵaphya mu nyengo ya Tafari Mekonnen, uyo pamasinda wakaŵa Themba Haile Selassie I. Mu 1917, wakapanga gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakuvikilira ŵanthu ŵa Ufumu, la Kebur Zabagna. Gulu la ŵasilikari aŵa likasambizgika pa sukulu ya ŵasilikari ya ku France ku Saint-Cyr. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia ilo likalongozgekanga na Kagnew Battalion, likachitako nkhondo ya ku Korea kwambira mu 1950. Mabuku ghanyake ghakayowoya kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia ŵakakhalako vyaka 15, kweni ghanyake ghakuti ŵakafumapo mu 1975, nga ni gulu la UN. Gulu ili likaŵa na ŵasilikari 6,037 pa nyengo ya nkhondo.<ref name="autob">{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201204260161.html |title=Ethiopia: Association to Commemorate 61st of Korean War |work=AllAfrica |date=25 April 2012 |agency=Ethiopian News Agency |access-date=5 December 2022 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>[[File:Ethiopian Soldiers Korean War.jpg|thumb|Ethiopian [[Kebur Zabagna]] soldiers seen at [[Korean War|Korean war]] siding with [[South Korea]] against [[Korean War|North Korean and communist]] backed forces in 1953]] Wupu wakuvikilira chalo cha Ethiopia (Ethiopian National Defence Force) ni wupu wakuvikilira chalo cha Ethiopia. Wupu wa ENDF uli na magulu ghaŵiri: Wupu wa Ethiopian Ground Forces na wa Ethiopian Air Force. Kufuma waka mu 1996, charu cha Ethiopia icho chilije nyanja, chilije ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo, kweni mu 2018 Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed wakayowoya pa TV ya boma kuti: "Tili kuzenga ŵasilikari ŵankhongono chomene ŵa pasi na ŵa mu mlengalenga mu Africa... tikwenera kuzenga ŵasilikari ŵithu ŵa nkhondo munthazi".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44369382|title=Why landlocked Ethiopia wants to launch a navy|last=Olewe|first=Dickens|date=14 June 2018|access-date=7 July 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> ===Malango=== {{main article|Law enforcement in Ethiopia|Crime in Ethiopia}} {{See also|Police brutality in Ethiopia}} Ndondomeko ya chalo yikuphalira ŵapolisi ŵa boma la Ethiopia (EFP). Wupu uwu ndiwo ukuvikilira umoyo wa ŵanthu pa charu chose. Wapolisi wa boma wakapangika mu chaka cha 1995, ndipo wapolisi wa boma wakwendeskeka na kazembe wa boma kufuma mu Okutobala 2000; kazembe wa boma wakupeleka lipoti ku Unduna wa vya Mtende, kweni wakasinthika pamanyuma pa kusintha kwa ndyali mu chaka cha 2018, ndipo wakuluta ku nyumba ya malango. Mu vyaka vyakumasinda, ŵapolisi ŵa boma ndiwo ŵakapharazganga mwakudunjika. Kweniso, ŵapolisi ŵa boma ŵali na wanangwa wa kuphalira ŵapolisi ŵa vigaŵa kuti ŵaŵawovwire. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakujiyimira pawekha ŵakuvikilira ŵanthu. Mazuŵa ghano, kupeleka vimbundi nchinthu cakuzirwa comene, comenecomene ŵapolisi ŵa msewu. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵapolisi ŵacitaso nkhaza zinandi. Pa Ogasiti 26, 2019, vidiyo ya mwanalume uyo wali na nkhonyo uyo ŵapolisi ŵaŵiri ŵakamutimba apo mwanakazi munyake mulara wakanjiranga mu msumba wa Addis Ababa, yikathandazgika chomene. Ŵapolisi ŵakuti para ŵapolisi ŵacita vinthu viheni, ndikuti ŵakulondezga yayi fundo ya mu ndime 52 ya malango gha boma, iyo yikuti ŵapolisi awo ŵacita viheni ŵafumiskike pa nchito. Malango gha African Union gha Luanda na Robben Island panji chikalata cha United Nations cha Justice for Victims of Abuse of Power and their Basic Principles on the Use of Force & Firearms, chikukhumba kuti komiti ya Ethiopian Government Disciplinary Committee yikomane na nkhaza za ŵapolisi pa munthu yumoza na wose.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Woubshet|first=Ayele|date=14 August 2020|title=Our 'protectors' in blue: Police brutality and misconduct in Ethiopia|url=https://www.ethiopia-insight.com/2020/08/14/our-protectors-in-blue-police-brutality-and-misconduct-in-ethiopia/|access-date=6 January 2022|website=Ethiopia Insight|language=en-US}}</ref> === Wanangwa wa '''ŵa'''nthu === {{Main|Human rights in Ethiopia}} {{Further|War crimes in the Tigray War}} Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu chifukwa cha nkhaza izo zikuchitika pakati pa mafuko. Mu 2016, ŵanthu 100 ŵakakomeka na boma mu chigaŵa cha Oromia na Amhara. Wupu wa United Nations (UN) wapempha kuti ŵalaŵiliri ŵa wupu uwu ŵafike ku Ethiopia kuti ŵamanye ivyo vyachitika, kweni boma la Ethiopia ilo likulongozgeka na EPRDF likakana. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakususka kuti ŵanthu ŵakuwukira malo ghawo na kuŵavya wanangwa wakusankha awo ŵakuŵawimira. Gulu la EPRDF ilo likulongozgeka na TPLF ndilo likapokera 100% pa mavoti agho ghakaŵa na upusikizgi. Merera Gudina, mulongozgi wa bungwe la Oromo People's Congress, wakati caru ca East Africa cili pa "mphepete mwa nthowa". Iyo wakasazgirapo kuti: "Ŵanthu ŵakukhumba wanangwa wawo". "Ŵanthu ŵakukhuta na ivyo boma likucita kwa vilimika 25. Ŵakulimbana na vinthu nga ni kupoka malo, kuwezgera nduzga, mavoti ghakubisika, kukwera kwa mtengo wa vinthu, na vinyake vinandi. "Usange boma likulutilira kukanizga ŵanthu apo ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵakukhumba wanangwa wawo, (nkhondo ya pawenenawene) yingacitika".<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-landrights-violence-idUSKCN10M12X|title=Ethiopia's battle for land reforms could lead to civil war: opposition leader|date=11 August 2016|access-date=8 May 2017|newspaper=Reuters}}</ref>[[File:Omo River Valley IMG 0463.jpg|thumb|Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Karo mu vigaŵa vya kumwera]] Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2003 na wupu wa National Committee on Traditional Practices ku Ethiopia, nthengwa izo zikuchitika chifukwa cha kukora ŵanthu ni 69% ya nthengwa izo zikuchitika mu charu ichi. Ŵapharazgi na ŵanthu awo ŵakuchitapo kanthu ŵakawopeka panji kukakika chifukwa cha nkhani izo ŵakalemba za nthenda ya COVID-19 mu Ethiopia. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Omotic Karo na Hamer awo ŵakukhala kumwera kwa Etiyopiya, ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵalara na ŵana awo ŵali na suzgo la thupi ŵakuchemeka bangi, kung'anamura "ŵambura kutowa". Ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti ŵana ŵambura kupendera ŵakukhwaska ŵanji. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Karo ŵakazomerezga yayi nkharo iyi mu Julayi 2012. Mu 2013, wupu wa Oakland Institute ukalemba lipoti ilo likati boma la Ethiopia likuchichizga "ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa ku Gambela kuti ŵafumemo mu malo ghawo". Lipoti linyake likuti awo ŵakakana, ŵakaŵachitiranga nkhaza zakupambanapambana. Lipoti lakuyana waka la mu 2012 la wupu wa Human Rights Watch likulongosoraso ivyo boma la Ethiopia likacita mu 2010 na 2011 pa nkhani ya kuzenga mizi mu Gambela. Boma la Ethiopia likukana ivyo boma likuyowoya kuti likupoka malo gha ŵanthu ndipo likuwona kuti vinthu vikwenda makora mu charu ichi. Pa 23 Okutobala, 2019, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusuzgika chomene mu chigaŵa cha Oromia, chifukwa cha ivyo munthu munyake uyo wakugwira ntchito pa nkhani za wanangwa wa ŵanthu zina lake Jawar Mohammed wakayowoya. Kuyana na lipoti la boma, ŵanthu 86 ŵakafwa. Pa Meyi 29, 2020, wupu wa Amnesty International ukafumiska lipoti ilo likususka ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia kuti ŵakukaka ŵanthu ŵanandi na kuŵakoma kwambura mulandu. Lipoti ili likati mu 2019, ŵanthu 25 awo ŵakaghanaghanika kuti ŵakovwira gulu la Oromo Liberation Army, ŵakakomeka na ŵasilikari mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Oromia. Kweniso, pakati pa Janyuwale na Seputembala 2019, ŵanthu 10,000 ŵakakakika chifukwa cha kukayikira, ndipo ŵanandi "ŵakakomeka mwankhaza".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/78d1d784e9c7c441df4ee9632557a900|title=New report alleges killings, mass detentions in Ethiopia|access-date=29 May 2020|website=Associated Press}}</ref> ==== Wanangwa wa ŵa LGBT ==== {{Main article|LGBT rights in Ethiopia}} Ku Ethiopia, kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhukanizgika. Mwakuyana na ndime 629 ya Criminal Code, munthu uyo wakuchita vinthu vya kugonana kwa ŵanthu ŵaviŵaro vyakuyana wakulangika vyaka 15 panji umoyo wake wose. Charu cha Ethiopia nchakusuzga comene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutinkha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuŵatambuzga chifukwa cha chisopa chawo. Ŵanthu ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakamba kumanyikwa mu charu ichi kufuma waka apo boma likadandawura ku wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu 2008, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu ŵakamba kukura mu misumba yikuruyikuru nga ni Addis Ababa. Mahoteli ghanyake ghakuzirwa nga ni Sheraton Addis na Hilton Hotel ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵakwendera fundo za boma. Tchalitchi la Orthodox la ku Ethiopia ndilo likususka chomene. Mwachiyelezgero, Dereje Negash, uyo ni munthu wakulimbikira ntchito za wanangwa wa ŵanthu, wakambiska gulu lakuti "Zim Anlem" mu 2014. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2007, ŵanthu 97 pa 100 ŵaliwose ku Ethiopia ŵakugomezga kuti kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhwakuzomerezgeka yayi. Pa vyaru 45 ivyo vikafumbika, ici cikaŵa cigaŵa caciŵiri pa vyaru vyose ico ŵanthu ŵakukana kusambira Baibolo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/258.pdf |title="Pew Global Attitudes Project", (pages 35, 81, and 117) |access-date=3 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214225525/http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/258.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== {{Main|Subdivisions of Ethiopia|Regions of Ethiopia|List of zones of Ethiopia|Districts of Ethiopia}} [[File:Map of zones of Ethiopia.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.6|Map of [[Regions of Ethiopia|regions]] and [[list of zones of Ethiopia|zones]] of Ethiopia]] Pambere chaka cha 1996 chindafike, charu cha Ethiopia chikaŵa na vigaŵa 13, ndipo vinandi vikafuma ku vigaŵa vyakale. Pasono charu ichi chili na maboma gha vigaŵa vinandi, ndipo maboma agha ghakulaŵilira vigaŵa, vigaŵa, na vigaŵa. Charu cha Ethiopia chili kugaŵika mu vyaru 11 ivyo vili na mafuko (kililoch, singular kilil) na misumba yiŵiri (astedader akababiwoch, singular astedader akababi), ndipo yaumaliro ni Addis Ababa na Dire Dawa. Chigaŵa ichi chili na vigaŵa 68, na vigaŵa 550 na vigaŵa vinyake. Ndondomeko iyi yikupeleka mazaza ghakuru ku vigaŵa ivyo vili na boma lawo na demokilase, kweni vikukolerana na malango gha boma. Chigaŵa chilichose chili na wupu wa chigaŵa uwo ŵanthu ŵake ŵakusankhika mwakudunjika kuti ŵimilire vigaŵa. Wupu uwu uli na mazaza gha malango na gha kuwusa. Kweniso, ndime 39 ya Dango la Ethiopia yikupereka wanangwa ku vigaŵa vyose kuti vijipature ku Ethiopia. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa nkhani ya umo boma likupelekera mazaza ku boma. Makonsili ghakufiska milimo yawo kwizira mu komiti yikuru na maofesi gha vigaŵa. Ndondomeko iyi yikulongosoreka makora chomene mu wupu, wupu wakulongozga na wupu wa boma. ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{Main|Geography of Ethiopia}} [[File:Wonchi Lake of Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nyanja ya Wonchi]] pa mphambano pakati pa Ambo na Waliso mu chigaŵa cha Oromia]] Charu cha Etiyopiya chili pa nambara 28 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa charu chapasi. Malo agha ghali pakati pa dera lakwamba la kumpoto na lakwamba lakwamba la kumpoto, kweniso pakati pa dera lakwamba la kumafumiro gha dazi na lakwamba la kumafumiro gha dazi. Cigaŵa cikuru ca Ethiopia cili ku mphanji ya Africa, iyo ni cigaŵa ca kumafumiro gha dazi comene ca caru ici. Vyaru ivyo vili na mphaka na Ethiopia ni Eritrea kumpoto, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan na Sudan. Mu charu cha Ethiopia muli mapiri ghanandi na malo ghakupambanapambana agho ghakupatukana na Great Rift Valley. Malo ghakupambanapambana, nyengo, dongo, vyakumera, na malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala. Charu cha Etiyopiya chili na vyakumera vyakupambanapambana. Nyanja ya Tana, iyo yili kumpoto, ndiyo yikupangiska Mlonga wa Blue Nile. Kweniso kuli mitundu yinandi ya viyuni ivyo vikusangika mu charu ichi, chomenechomene chiyuni cha gelada, walia ibex, na chinkhara cha ku Ethiopia. Pakuti charu ichi chili pa mtunda utali, chili na malo ghanandi ghakupambanapambana. Charu ichi chili na vyaru vyakupambanapambana, kufuma ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi uko kuli nkhorongo na milonga yinandi, m'paka ku malo ghakucemeka Dallol kumpoto. Mapiri gha ku Ethiopia ndigho ni ghakuru comene pa mapiri ghose gha mu Africa, ndipo mu mphanji ya Sof Omar muli mphanji yikuru comene pa caru cose. Charu cha Ethiopia ndicho chili na malo ghaŵiri pa vyaru ivyo vili pa chiharo cha UNESCO mu Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/&search=&searchSites=&search_by_country=&search_yearinscribed=&themes=&criteria_restrication=&media=&description=&order=region|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage List |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> ===Nyengo=== {{Main|Climate of Ethiopia|Climate change in Ethiopia}} {{See also|Beautifying Sheger}} [[File:Köppen climate types of Ethiopia.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Köppen climate classification]] of Ethiopia]] Nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakukhala ni nyengo ya mphepo yakuzizima iyo yikupangiska kuti vinthu visinthe. Malo ghatali gha ku Etiyopiya ghakukwana chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi ndipo nyengo yake njakukhoma chomene kuluska vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vili pafupi na Ekitoriya. Misumba yinandi yikuru-yikuru ya mu caru ici yili pa mtunda wa mamita 2,500 (6,562), kusazgapo misumba yikuru ya Gondar na Axum. Msumba ukuru wa Addis Ababa uli musi mwa Phiri la Entoto, ndipo uli pa mtunda wa mamita 2400. Cikaŵa na mphepo yiwemi caka cose. Pakuti nyengo ya mu Addis Ababa njimoza caka cose, nyengo za mu msumba uwu zikuthemba pa vula. Nyengo ya chiwuvi yikwamba mu Okutobala m'paka Febuluwale, nyengo ya vula yichoko yikwamba mu Malichi m'paka Meyi, ndipo nyengo ya vula yinandi yikwamba mu Juni m'paka Seputembala. Pa avereji, pa chaka kukulokwa maji pafupifupi 1,200 millimeters. {{multiple image|align left | total_width = 360 | image1 = View on Mt Chokwe.jpg | image2 = Volcano eruption at the Danakil depression, Ethiopia..jpg | footer = Mu vigaŵa vinyake vya mapiri vyakujumpha mamita 4,000 nga ni mapiri gha Bale na Simien, chiwuvi chikuwoneka nyengo yiliyose ya chiwuvi mu Ethiopia (kumazere) Ethiopia yili na chigaŵa chimoza cha vigaŵa vyakuzizima chomene pa charu chose, chigaŵa cha Afar chili na vula yikuru chaka chose }} Pa zuŵa, zuŵa likuŵala pafupifupi maora 7. Nyengo ya chilangalanga ndiyo njakutowa comene pa caka, nangauli nyengo ya vula yikuru comene mu Julayi na Ogasiti, zuŵa likuŵala kwa maora ghanandi. Kutentha kwapakati pa chaka ku Addis Ababa ndi 16 ° C (60.8 ° F), ndipo kutentha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kumakhala pafupifupi 20 ° C (68.0 ° F) chaka chonse, ndipo usiku wonse kumakhala 5 ° C (41.0 ° F). Misumba yinandi yikuruyikuru na malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakuluta kukawona vyalo ku Ethiopia ghali pachanya chomene nga ni Addis Ababa. Mu vigaŵa vyambura kukwera chomene, chomenechomene mu vigaŵa vya pasi chomene vya Ethiopia, nyengo yingaŵa yakuzizima chomene. Dallol, mu Danakil Depression mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, ni malo agho kukotcha comene pa caru cose.<ref name=":0" /> Charu cha Ethiopia chili pangozi chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni kuthukira kwa maji na kusintha kwa vula. Kusintha kwa nyengo mu nthowa izi kukupangiska kuti vyakurya vileke kuŵa vyakukhumbikwa kweniso kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora mu charu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakacicizgika kuleka nyumba zawo na kuluta ku vyaru vya ku Gulf, kumwera kwa Africa na ku Europe. Kufuma mu April 2019, Prime Minister wa Ethiopia Abiy Ahmed wakwendeska ntchito ya Beautifying Sheger, iyo yikukhumba kuchepeska masuzgo gha kusintha kwa nyengo mu Addis Ababa. Mu Meyi wakulondezgapo, boma likacita "Chiphikiro ca Sheger", kuti liwovwire ŵanthu kusanga ndalama zakukwana madola 1 biliyoni. Makampani gha njanji ghaŵiri gha ku China ghakapeleka ndalama zakwendeskera misewu 12 ya makilomita 56 mu chigaŵa cha China na Ethiopia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://addisstandard.com/news-chinas-reprieve-on-interest-free-loan-only/|title=News: China's reprieve on interest-free loan only|last=Addisstandard|date=25 April 2019|website=Addis Standard|language=en-US|access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref> ===Vyamoyo=== {{Main|Wildlife of Ethiopia}}{{see also|Environmental issues in Ethiopia|Deforestation in Ethiopia}} [[File:Mountain Nyala (M), Bale,Ethiopia (14496349688).jpg|thumb|[[Mountain nyala]]s in [[Bale Mountains National Park]], one of several wildlife reserves in Ethiopia]] Ku Ethiopia kuli vyamoyo vyakukhalapo 31. Mu nyengo yakale, ntcheŵe za ku Africa zikaŵa zakupambanapambana. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca ivyo ŵakawona ku Finicha'a, ŵakughanaghana kuti nyama iyi yili kufwa. Nkhumba ya ku Ethiopia ndiyo ŵanthu ŵakuyifufuza comene pa vinyama vyose ivyo vili pa ngozi mu Ethiopia. Charu cha Ethiopia chili na viyuni vinandi chomene. Kufika sono, mu Ethiopia muli viyuni vyakujumpha 856, ndipo 20 mwa vyuni ivi ni vyekha ivyo vikukhala mu charu ichi. Viyuni 16 vili pa ngozi panji vili pa ngozi yikuru. Viyuni vinandi vikurya viyuni vyamuthengere nga ni Bicyclus anynana. Kwamba kale, vyamoyo vyamuthengere vikumara mwaluŵiro mu Africa chifukwa cha kudumulika kwa makuni, nkhondo, kunangika kwa vinthu, kupenja nyama, na vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita. Nkhondo iyo yikatora vyaka 17, pamoza na chilangalanga, vikakhwaska makora yayi malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukhala makora ni kunanga malo agho ŵakukhala. Para vinthu vyasintha mwaluŵiro, vinyama vikuŵavya nyengo yakukhazikika. Vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita vikupangiska kuti vinyama na vinyama vinandi visuzgike. Mu 2010, charu cha Ethiopia chikapanga matani 6,494,000 gha carbon dioxide.<ref>United Nations Statistics Division, [http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=749&crid= Millennium Development Goals indicators]: Carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), thousand tonnes of CO2 (collected by CDIAC) Human-produced, direct emissions of carbon dioxide only. Excludes other greenhouse gases; [[land use, land-use change, and forestry]] (LULUCF); and natural background flows of CO2 (See also: Carbon cycle)</ref> Mu Ethiopia muli vyamoyo vinandi ivyo vili pangozi ya kumara. Viyuni ivyo vili pa ngozi ku Ethiopia vingagaŵika mu vigaŵa vitatu (kuyana na umo IUCN yikuviwonera): vyamoyo ivyo vili pa ngozi yikuru, vyamoyo ivyo vili pa ngozi, na vyamoyo ivyo vingaŵa na suzgo.<ref name="Massicot">Massicot, Paul (2005). [http://www.animalinfo.org/country/ethiopia.htm Animal Info-Ethiopia].</ref> [[File:TroupeDeGeladaSimien.JPG|thumb|right|Grazing [[gelada]]s in the [[Simien Mountains National Park|Semien Mountains]]]] Charu cha Ethiopia ntchimoza mwa vyaru vinkhondi na vitatu ivyo vyakumera vikupangika kufuma ku vyakumera vinyake.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Khoury|first1=Colin K.|last2=Achicanoy|first2=Harold A.|last3=Bjorkman|first3=Anne D.|last4=Navarro-Racines|first4=Carlos|last5=Guarino|first5=Luigi|last6=Flores-Palacios|first6=Ximena|last7=Engels|first7=Johannes M.M.|last8=Wiersema|first8=John H.|last9=Dempewolf|first9=Hannes|date=15 June 2016|title=Origins of food crops connect countries worldwide|journal=Proc. R. Soc. B|volume=283|issue=1832|pages=20160792|doi=10.1098/rspb.2016.0792|pmc=4920324}}</ref> Ndipouli, kupasura makuni ni suzgo likuru comene ku Ethiopia, cifukwa kafukufuku wakulongora kuti makuni ghakututuka ghakupangiska dongo kunangika, vyakurya vikumara, vinyama vikumara, kweniso vyamoyo vikumara. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, makilomita pafupifupi 420,000 (panji 35%) gha charu cha Ethiopia ghakaŵa na makuni, kweni kafukufuku wasono wakulongora kuti makuni ghakukwana pafupifupi 11.9% ya charu ichi. Charu ichi chikaŵa pa malo gha 50. Charu cha Ethiopia chikutaya makilomita 1,410 gha nkhorongo chaka chilichose chifukwa cha kunozga nkhuni, kuzgoka malo ghakuliskako viŵeto, kulima chomene, na kugwiliskira ntchito nkhuni za nkhorongo pakuzenga. Pakati pa 1990 na 2005, caru ici cikasoŵa makuni pafupifupi 21,000 km2. Ndondomeko za boma izo zikuchitika sono kuti zileke kuparanya makuni ni izi: kusambizga ŵanthu, kovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵambeso kukhalamo makuni, na kupeleka vinthu vinyake vyakukhumbikwa m'malo mwa makuni. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, boma likupeleka vyakurya vyambura makuni na malo ghambura makuni kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kulima kwambura kuparanya makuni. Magulu nga ni SOS na Farm Africa ghakugwira ntchito na boma na maboma gha mu vigaŵa kuti ghaŵe na ndondomeko ya kunozga nkhorongo. Boma la Ethiopia lili kupeleka ndalama zakukwana 2.3 miliyoni Euro, ndipo sonosono apa lakwamba kusambizga ŵanthu umo ŵangachepeskera kunangika kwa makuni na umo ŵangachitira kuti ŵaleke kumazga makuni. Ntchito iyi yikovwira ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 80. ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Ethiopia|Industrial sector in Ethiopia}} [[File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Ethiopia.svg|thumb|Development of GDP per capita]] [[File:Ethiopia Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.6|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Ethiopia exports, 2019]] Charu cha Ethiopia chikakura chomene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Meles Zenawi. Kuyana na IMF, charu cha Ethiopia chikaŵa na chuma icho chikukura luŵiro chomene pa charu chose, ndipo chikakura chomene pa chaka cha 2004 m'paka 2009. Mu 2007 na 2008, charu ichi ndicho chikaŵa na ndalama zinandi chomene mu Africa. Mu 2015, Banki ya Charu Chose yikayowoya kuti Ethiopia yikukura luŵiro chomene pa nkhani ya vyachuma, ndipo pakati pa 2004 na 2014, chiŵelengero cha vinthu mu charu ichi chikakura na 10.9%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia/publication/ethiopia-great-run-growth-acceleration-how-to-pace-it|title=With Continued Rapid Growth, Ethiopia is Poised to Become a Middle Income Country by 2025|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref> Mu 2008 na 2011, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu Ethiopia chifukwa cha kukwera kwa ndalama na suzgo la ndalama. Mu Ogasiti 2011, unandi wa ndalama ukakwera kufika pa 40 peresenti chifukwa cha ndalama zambura kujikora, malipiro gha ŵateŵeti ŵa boma ghakakwera chomene kukwambilira kwa 2011, kweniso mitengo ya vyakurya yikakwera chomene. Pa 2011 ¥12, unandi wa ndalama uwo ukaŵa paumaliro wa chaka ukaŵa wa 22%, ndipo unandi wa ndalama uwo ukaŵa pa chiŵerengero chimoza ukaŵa wa 2012 ¥13 chifukwa cha ndondomeko ya ndalama. Nangauli mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru cikukura comene, kweni GDP pa munthu yumoza njimoza mwa vinthu vyacoko comene pa caru cose, ndipo caru cili na masuzgo ghanandi. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca kuŵika mtima comene pa vinthu vya boma na vyakumera, ndyali ya Ethiopia yikumazga masuzgo ghake kuti yiŵe malo ghakwendeskera vinthu mu Africa. Mu chaka cha 2019 dango likapika ilo likapeleka wanangwa ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia kuti ŵagwiliskire nchito ndalama mu vyalo vya Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://w7news.com/ethiopia-to-open-banks-for-ethiopian-investors-in-the-diaspora/|title=Ethiopia to Open Banks for Ethiopian Investors in the Diaspora|last=Sze|first=Mari|website=W7 News|date=12 August 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref>[[File:Ethiopian cargo ship at Port of Djibouti.jpg|thumb|left|An Ethiopian logistics shipping cargo docked at the red sea]] Ndondomeko ya chalo ya Ethiopia yikulongosora kuti wanangwa wakuŵa na malo ngwakuti "mboma na ŵanthu", kweni ŵanthu ŵangagura malo kwa vyaka 99, kweni ŵangaguliska yayi. Kupeleka malo kwa munthu munyake nga ni renti kwa vyaka 20, kukovwira kuti munthu uyo wakugwiliskira nchito makora malo agha ndiyo wapokere. Kugaŵira na kwendeska malo kukuwoneka nga ni malo agho vimbundi vilipo, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakukhumba kupokera vimbundi para ŵakudumbiskana nkhani zakukhwaskana na malo. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵalije malo ghakukhalamo, kanandi vinthu ivi vikuchitika kwambura kufumba awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito malo agha. Nyengo zinyake ukali na kuleka kugomezgeka vikupangiska ŵanthu kugaluka. Kweniso, vyakurya vikulutilira kuchepa mu caru ici, ndipo cichali na chilangalanga, ico cikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafumemo mu vyaru vyawo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Six_million_children_threatened_by_Ethiopia_drought_UN_999.html |title=Six million children threatened by Ethiopia drought: UN |publisher=Terradaily.com |access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> ===Magesi=== {{see also|Energy in Ethiopia|List of power stations in Ethiopia}} Ku Ethiopia kuli milonga yikuruyikuru 14, kusazgapo Nile. Ili lili na maji ghanandi comene mu Africa. Mu 2012, maofesi gha maji ghakapanga pafupifupi 88,2% ya nkhongono zose zakupangira magesi. Magesi ghanyake ghakafuma ku mafuta (8.3%) na vyakununkhira (3.6%). Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni iyi, mu 2016 ŵanthu 42 ŵakaŵa na magesi. Kufumira mu 2016, magesi ghose agho ghakapangika ghakaŵa 11.15 TW⋅h ndipo ghakaŵa 9.062 TW⋅h. Magesi agho ghakafuma ku vyaru vinyake ghakaŵa 0.166 TW⋅h, ndipo ghakafuma 0 kW⋅h.<ref name="CIA2"/>[[File:Cement never sleeps (8756743123).jpg|thumb|left|A factory in [[Dire Dawa]], Ethiopia: one of Ethiopia's biggest economic cities]] Ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira nchito mu vyaru vinyake ŵalipo pafupifupi 85 peresenti. Ndipouli, nchito ya mauteŵeti yikupangiska kuti GDP yiŵe yikuru comene. Vinthu vinyake vinandi ivyo vikuchitika pa charu vikuthemba pa ulimi, kusazgapo malonda, kunozga, na kutumizga vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵalimi ŵachoko na mabungwe ndiwo ŵakupanga vyakurya ivi, ndipo vyakurya vinandi ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Vyakumera vikuruvikuru ni khofi, vipasi, mafuta, tirigu, mbuto, makuni, na mphangwe. Ethiopia nayo ni malo ghakupambanapambana gha vyakumera nga ni enset, khofi na teff. Vinthu vyose ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake ni vyakurya (kupaturako golide) ndipo khofi ndilo likusangika ndalama zinandi. Ethiopia ndiyo ni caru caciŵiri pa vyakurya vikuru comene mu Africa. Kuyana na umo wupu wa United Nations ukuyowoyera, GDP ya Ethiopia pa munthu yumoza yili kufika pa $357 mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2015/10/power-generation-begins-at-1-870-mw-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-project-in-ethiopia.html|title=Power generation begins at 1,870-MW Gibe III hydroelectric project in Ethiopia|website=www.hydroworld.com|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref> ===Ulimi=== {{Main article|Agriculture in Ethiopia}} [[File:Tef in Ethiopia 01.jpg|thumb|[[Eragrostis tef|Tef]] field near [[Mojo, Ethiopia|Mojo]]]] Ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira nchito mu vyaru vinyake ŵalipo pafupifupi 85 peresenti. Ndipouli, nchito ya mauteŵeti yikupangiska kuti GDP yiŵe yikuru comene. Vinthu vinyake vinandi ivyo vikuchitika pa charu vikuthemba pa ulimi, kusazgapo malonda, kunozga, na kutumizga vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵalimi ŵachoko na mabungwe ndiwo ŵakupanga vyakurya ivi, ndipo vyakurya vinandi ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Vyakumera vikuruvikuru ni khofi, vipasi, mafuta, tirigu, mbuto, makuni, na mphangwe. Ethiopia nayo ni malo ghakupambanapambana gha vyakumera nga ni enset, khofi na teff. Vinthu vyose ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake ni vyakurya (kupaturako golide) ndipo khofi ndilo likusangika ndalama zinandi. Ethiopia ndiyo ni caru caciŵiri pa vyakurya vikuru comene mu Africa. Kuyana na umo wupu wa United Nations ukuyowoyera, GDP ya Ethiopia pa munthu yumoza yili kufika pa $357 mu 2011.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news| title = National Accounts Estimates of Main Aggregates | publisher = The United Nations Statistics Division | url = http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=SNAAMA&f=grID%3a101%3bcurrID%3aUSD%3bpcFlag%3a1 | access-date = 12 November 2013}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakulima chomene. Ŵakulimbikira chomene kulima na kuliska viyuni na vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vindazgokepo chifukwa cha chisopa na mitheto yawo. Ndipouli, vyakurya ndivyo vichali kukolerana na GDP ya charu ichi. Vyaru vya ku Ethiopia vyaŵa na nkhongono zinandi kwa vyaka vinandi, kweni sono vikumara. Charu ichi chikumanyikwa na njara iyo yikuŵapo chifukwa cha chilangalanga, masoka ghacilengiwa, vinyama vyakofya, kusoŵa kwa vula, ndiposo kupeleŵera kwa vinthu vya tekinoloje. ===Katundu wakutuma kuwalo=== {{Main|Coffee production in Ethiopia}} [[File:Treemap on exports of Ethiopia 2014 (mid detail).png|thumb|upright=1.6|Ethiopia Export Treemap from [[MIT]]–[[Harvard]] [[The Observatory of Economic Complexity|Economic Complexity Observatory]] {{As of|2014|1|17|alt=(2014)}}]] Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuti mu charu cha Ethiopia ndimo mukababikira khofi. Vinthu ivyo vyatumizgika kufuma ku Ethiopia mu caka ca ndalama ca 2009-2010 vikaŵa USD 1.4 biliyoni. Mu charu cha Ethiopia, khofi wakusangika chomene kuluska mu charu chilichose. "Khofi ndiyo yikovwira ŵanthu pafupifupi 15 miliyoni ŵa ku Ethiopia, awo ni 16 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose. Ŵalimi ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici, awo ŵakusuzgika cifukwa ca kukwera kwa mphepo, ŵakusuzgika comene mu vilimika vyasonosono apa. Ethiopia ndiyo yili na viŵeto vikuru comene vya ng'ombe pa caru cose. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska ni khat, golide, vinthu vya vikumba, na mafuta. Kukula kwa msika wa maluŵa kwa sonosono apa kukung'anamura kuti Ethiopia wali pafupi kuŵa yumoza wa vyakumera na maluŵa agho ghakwendeskeka chomene pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia's flower trade in full bloom |url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=264689&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__business/ |quote=Floriculture has become a flourishing business in Ethiopia in the past five years, with the industry's exports earnings set to grow to $100-million by 2007, a five-fold increase on the $20-million earned in 2005. Ethiopian flower exports could generate an estimated $300-million within two to three years, according to the head of the government export-promotion department, Melaku Legesse. |work=[[Mail & Guardian]] |date=19 February 2006 |access-date=21 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418195017/http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=264689&area=%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news__business%2F |archive-date=18 April 2007}}</ref>[[File:Blessed Coffee brand bags.jpg|thumb|Ethiopian ''Blessed Coffee'' branded bags in the United States. Coffee is one of main exports of Ethiopia.]] Kanandi ŵaliska ŵakuchita malonda ghambura kuzomerezgeka na boma. Mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, malonda ghakujumpha 95 peresenti ghakwendera mu nthowa zinyake. Kuguliska ng'ombe, ngamila, mberere, na mbuzi za ku Ethiopia ku Somalia, Djibouti, na Kenya, pa chaka kukukwana madola 250 m'paka 300 miliyoni. Kuguliska vyakurya kukuchepeska mtengo wa vyakurya, kukovwira kuti vyakurya viŵe vyakukhora, kuchepeska mphindano pa mphaka, na kukhozga umoza wa vyaru. Kweni chifukwa chakuti malonda agha ghalije malango ndiposo maukaboni, pangaŵa ngozi, nga ni para matenda ghakuthandazgika luŵiro chomene. Kweniso boma la Ethiopia likukondwa yayi na ndalama izo likusanga chifukwa cha misonkho na ndalama izo likupeleka ku vyaru vinyake. Mu vilimika vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵayezga kulemba na kulongozga malonda agha. Chifukwa chakuti makampani ghapachekha ghakukura pachokopachoko, vyakuvwara vya makuni nga ni matumba vikuŵa vyakurya vikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Vinyake ivyo ŵakuguliska ku vyaru vinyake ni vyakurya, vipasi, katoni, mkaka, mbuto, na vikumba. Pakuzenga madamu ghaphya na mapulojekiti ghakupanga magesi gha maji, Ethiopia nayo wakukhumba kutumizga magesi ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti maji ghanandi gha mu Ethiopia ni "mafuta ghatuŵa" ndipo khofi ni "golide lifipa". Kweniso mu vigaŵa vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakukhala viŵi yayi, mu charu cha Ethiopia muli vinthu vinandi vyakututuŵa. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca masuzgo gha ndyali mu vigaŵa ivi, vinthu vikwenda makora yayi. Mu 2008, ŵasayansi ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakasangika na mulandu wa kusaska golide. Ŵanthu ŵanayi awo ŵakumanya vya sayansi ya vinthu vya pasi na charu ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakakakika cifukwa ca kuguliska golide. Ŵapolisi ŵakasanga kuti golide uyo wakatoleka ku banki ya ku Ethiopia wakaŵa wa golide, ndipo ndalama izo boma likaguliskanga zikaŵa pafupifupi madola 17 miliyoni. Mu 2011, ntchito ya kuzenga damu la Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam yikamba. Para lamara, lizamupanga nkhongono zinandi ku Ethiopia izo zingapelekeka ku vyaru vinyake. ===Mayendelo=== {{Main|Transport in Ethiopia}} [[File:Addis Ababa Light Rail vehicle, March 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Addis Ababa Light Rail|Light rail]] in [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia]] Ethiopia yili na makilomita 926 gha njanji za magetsi za 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in), makilomita 656 gha njanji ya Addis Ababa-Djibouti pakati pa Addis Ababa na Port of Djibouti (kujumpha Awash) na makilomita 270 gha njanji ya Awash-Hara Gebeya pakati pa Addis Ababa na matawuni gha Dessie/Kombolcha (nawo kujumpha Awash). Pa Ogasiti 2017, misewu yose yiŵiri iyi yikaŵa pa ntchito yakuyezgelera panji yikaŵa mu mulimo wa kuzenga. Para njanji zose ziŵiri izi zazakayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2018 na 2019, zizamovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵendenge pa mtunda wa makilomita 120 pa ora. Pakughanaghana kuti ulendo wa ŵanthu kufuma ku Addis Ababa kuluta ku Djibouti City uŵenge wa maora ghachoko waka 12 ndipo kufuma ku Addis Ababa kuya ku Dessie/Kombolcha uŵenge wa maora 6. Pamanyuma pa mtunda wakudumura wa makilomita 270 wa msewu wa Awash/Hara Gebeya Railway, mulimo waciŵiri wa kuzenga mtunda wa makilomita 120 ukukhumba kusazgirako msewu uwu kufuma ku Dessie/Kombolcha kuya ku Hara Gebeya/Woldiya. Tikumanya yayi apo chigaŵa ichi chizamupangikira na kujura. Njanji yacitatu, ya makilomita 216 ya kumpoto nayo yikuzengeka pakati pa Mek'ele na Woldiya, kweni nchambura macitiko kuti njanji iyi yizgoke pa nyengo wuli. Misewu yose ya njanji yili mu cigaŵa ca misewu ya njanji iyo yizamuŵa na mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 5,000.[[File:Ethiopian_Airlines_Boeing_787-8_ET-AOS_FRA_2012-10-28.png|thumb|A [[Boeing 787|Boeing 787-8]] of [[Ethiopian Airlines]]]] Pakuŵa cigaŵa cakwamba ca pulogiramu ya vilimika 10 ya kuzenga misewu, pakati pa 1997 na 2002, boma la Ethiopia likamba kuyezgayezga comene kuti liŵe na misewu yiwemi. Ntheura, kwambira mu 2015, mu Ethiopia mukaŵa misewu ya makilomita 100,000 (Federal na Regional), yose yikaŵa yakwenda pa malibwe kweniso ya malibwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethiopia's Road Sector Dev't Becoming Proportionate to Rapid Economic Growth: WB |url=http://www.ena.gov.et/en/index.php/economy/item/386-ethiopia-s-road-sector-dev-t-becoming-proportionate-to-rapid-economic-growth-wb |website=www.ena.gov.et |access-date=23 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224055826/http://www.ena.gov.et/en/index.php/economy/item/386-ethiopia-s-road-sector-dev-t-becoming-proportionate-to-rapid-economic-growth-wb |archive-date=24 December 2015}}</ref> [[File:Ethiopia - Lake Assale.jpg|thumb|[[Afar Region|Afar]] is a tourist attraction since it has an open salt field stretching kilometers on end]] Ku Ethiopia kukaŵa ma eyapoti 58 mu 2012, ndipo 61 mu 2016. Pa malo agha, pali Bole International Airport mu Addis Ababa na Aba Tenna Dejazmach Yilma International Airport mu Dire Dawa. Ethiopian Airlines, chiŵaro cha Star Alliance, ndiyo yikwendeska ndege mu charu ichi, ndipo yikukolerana na boma la Ethiopia. Kufuma ku Bole International Airport, ndege iyi yikwendeska ndege 102 za pa charu chose, 20 za mu charu chose, na katundu 44. Kweniso ni yimoza mwa vyamaseŵera ivyo vikukura luŵiro comene mu vyaru ivi.<ref name="Ceabtdta">{{cite news |title=Ethiopian Airlines – Bringing the Dreamliner to Africa |publisher=CNN |date=3 September 2012 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/03/world/africa/ethiopian-airlines-ceo/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904002135/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/03/world/africa/ethiopian-airlines-ceo/index.html |archive-date=4 September 2012 |access-date=21 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Wupu wakukopa '''ŵalendo''' === {{Main article|Tourism in Ethiopia}} Charu cha Ethiopia chikutemwa chomene vyamalonda, ndipo mu 2006, vyalo ivi vikapanga 5.5% ya GDP. Mu 2015, wupu wa European Council ukati Ethiopia ni "malo ghakutowa chomene pa charu chose". Mu 2020 pera, ŵanthu 518 000 ŵakaluta ku Ethiopia, ndipo ŵakaŵa pa nambara 126 pa charu chose. Ku Ethiopia kuli malo 9 agho ghali kulembeka na UNESCO kuti ni malo ghakukumbukika na ŵanthu wose:<ref>{{cite web |title=Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List: Ethiopia |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/et/ |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> *[[Axum#Main sites of Axum|Ruins of Aksum]] *[[Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela]] *[[Fasil Ghebbi]], Gondar Region *[[Harar#Attractions|Harar Jugol]], the Fortified Historic Town *[[Konso|Konso Cultural Landscape]] *Lower Valley of the [[Awash River|Awash]] *Lower Valley of the [[Omo River|Omo]] *[[Tiya]] *[[Simien Mountains National Park]] == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Ethiopia}} {{see also|Ethiopians|List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia}} Charu cha Ethiopia ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakakwera kufuma pa 38.1 miliyoni mu 1983 kufika pa 109.5 miliyoni mu 2018. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa 9 miliyoni. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti pakati pa 1994 na 2007, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ku Ethiopia chikakuranga pa 2.6% pa chaka. Pasono, caru ici nchimoza mwa vyaru 10 ivyo vikukura comene pa caru cose. Kuzakafika mu 2060, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu pa charu chose chapasi chizamukwera kufika pa 210 miliyoni. Kuyana na umo wupu wa UN ukuyowoyera, mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka vinandi, ndipo vyaka ivyo ŵanalume ŵakukhala ni vyaka 56 ndipo vyaka ivyo ŵanakazi ŵakukhala ni vyaka 60.<ref name="auto"/> {{bar box |width=340px|float=right|titlebar=#ddd |title=[[Ethnic groups in Ethiopia]] |left1=Ethnic group |right1=Population |bars = {{bar percent|[[Oromo people|Oromo]]|Green|100|{{nowrap|25.4 (34.4%)}}}} {{bar percent|[[Amhara people|Amhara]]|Yellow|78.37|19.9 (27.0%)}} {{bar percent|[[Somalis in Ethiopia|Somali]] |Red|18.08|4.59 (6.2%)}} {{bar percent|[[Tigrayans]] |Blue|17.67|4.49 (6.1%)}} {{bar percent|[[Sidama people|Sidama]]|Purple|11.63|2.95 (4.0%)}} {{bar percent|[[Gurage people|Gurage]]|Brown|7.32|1.86 (2.5%)}} {{bar percent|[[Welayta people|Welayta]]|Black|6.60|1.68 (2.3%)}} {{bar percent|[[Afar people|Afar]]|Orange|5.03|1.28 (1.7%)}} {{bar percent|[[Hadiya people|Hadiya]]|Teal|5.00|1.27 (1.7%)}} {{bar percent|[[Gamo people|Gamo]]|Gray|4.33|1.10 (1.5%)}} {{bar percent|[[List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia|Others]]|Silver|36.67|9.30 (12.6%)}} |caption=Population in millions according to 2007 Census<ref name=2007Census /> }} Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵali na mitundu yakupambanapambana ya ŵanthu, ndipo mitundu yinandi chomene njakuti: Oromo, Amhara, Somali, na Tigray. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2007, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo ndiwo mbanandi chomene mu Ethiopia. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Amhara ŵalipo 27.0% pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mu charu ichi, apo ŵa mtundu wa Somali na Tigray ŵalipo 6.2% na 6.1% pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mu charu ichi. Mtundu unyake uwo ukuzunulika ni: Sidama 4.0%, Gurage 2.5%, Welayta 2.3%, Afar 1.7%, Hadiya 1.7%, Gamo 1.5% na Others 12.6%. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca ciarabu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya ChiSemiti ŵakujichema kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Habesha. Mu Chiarabu, lizgu ili (al-Ḥabasha) ndilo lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti "Abyssinia". Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Nilo-Saharan ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu ichi, chomenechomene mu chigaŵa cha Gambela icho chili pafupi na South Sudan. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu iyi mbanandi chomene, chomenechomene ŵa Nuer na Anuak. Kweniso, ku Ethiopia kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 75,000 ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy ŵakakhalako kwa vyaka vinandi pamanyuma pakuti Themba Selassie laŵagowokera. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca nkhondo ya mukati mu caru ca Ethiopia mu 1974, ŵanthu pafupifupi 22,000 ŵa ku Italy na Ethiopia ŵakafumamo mu caru ici. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, makampani ghanyake gha ku Italy ghakawelera ku Ethiopia, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakugwira ntchito za mawoko na ŵantchito ŵakiza na mbumba zawo. Chigaŵa cha Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region chili na mitundu yakujumpha 56. Mu 2009, ŵanthu 135,200 awo ŵakachimbilira ku Ethiopia ŵakaŵapo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Somalia (ŵanthu pafupifupi 64,300), Eritrea (41,700) na Sudan (25,900). Boma la Ethiopia likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu wose awo ŵachimbira kwawo ŵakhalenge mu misasa.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2008 |publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants |date=19 June 2008 |url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/ethiopia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502073801/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/ethiopia.html |archive-date=2 May 2012}}</ref> ===Viyowoyelo=== {{Main|Languages of Ethiopia}} {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption=[[Languages of Ethiopia]] {{As of|2007|lc=y}} Census<ref name=2007Census /> | label1 = [[Oromo language|Oromo]] | value1 = 33.8 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[Amharic]] | value2 = 29.3 | color2 = Yellow | label3 = [[Somali language|Somali]] | value3 = 6.2 | color3 = Red | label4 = [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]] | value4 = 5.9 | color4 = Blue | label5 = [[Sidamo language|Sidamo]] | value5 = 4.0 | color5 = Purple | label6 = [[Wolaytta language|Wolaytta]] | value6 = 2.2 | color6 = Black | label7 = [[Gurage languages|Gurage]] | value7 = 2.0 | color7 = Brown | label8 = [[Afar language|Afar]] | value8 = 1.7 | color8 = Orange | label9 = [[Hadiyya language|Hadiyya]] | value9 = 1.7 | color9 = Teal | label10 = [[Gamo-Gofa-Dawro language|Gamo]] | value10 = 1.5 | color10 = Gray | label11 = [[Languages of Ethiopia#Overview|others]] | value11 = 11.6 | color11 = white }} Buku linyake likuti ku Ethiopia kuli viyowoyero 90. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Ŵaasiriya. Chiyowoyero ichi chikusazgapo chiyowoyero cha Oromo, icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Oromo, na ChiSomali, icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia. Wose pamoza, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukwana vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Ethiopia. Viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Afroasiatic ivyo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi ni Cushitic Sidamo, Afar, Hadiyya, na Agaw, kweniso viyowoyero vya ChiSemite vya Gurage, Harari, Silt'e, na Argobba. Mu vigaŵa vinyake ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Ciarabic, ico nchigaŵa ca ciyowoyero ca ku Africa na Asia. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Omotic ndiwo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi. Viyowoyero ivi ni Aari, Bench, Dime, Dizin, Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Maale, Hamer, na Wolaytta. Viyowoyero vya mu mbumba ya Nilo-Sahara vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu ichi. Viyowoyero ivi ni Nuer, Anuak, Nyangatom, Majang, Suri, Me'en, na Mursi. Cingelezi ndico cikuyowoyeka comene pa caru cose, ndipo ndico cikusambizgika mu masukulu gha sekondare na masukulu ghose ghapacanya. Chiyowoyero cha Amharic ndicho chikasambizgikanga mu masukulu gha pulayimale, kweni mu vigaŵa vinandi chiyowoyero ichi chafumiskikapo ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Oromo, Somali, na Tigrinya. Nangauli viyowoyero vyose vikuzomerezgeka mwakuyana waka na dango la mu 1995 la Ethiopia ndipo chiyowoyero cha Oromo ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, kweni chiyowoyero cha Amharic ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene.[[File:Aksum, iscrizione di re ezana, in greco, sabeo e ge'ez, 330-350 dc ca. 10.jpg|thumb|[[Ezana of Axum|King Ezana]] of [[Kingdom of Aksum|Axum's]] rock inscription in the [[Geʽez|Ge'ez]] language dating back to 330-350 AD]] Vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya Ethiopia na misumba iyo yili na malango, vili na wanangwa wa kusankha viyowoyero vyawo. ChiAmharic chikumanyikwa nga chiyowoyelo cha boma mu chigaŵa cha Amhara, Benishangul-Gumuz, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Gambela Region, Addis Ababa na Dire Dawa. Chilankhulo cha Oromo chikugwira ntchito ngati chilankhulo cha ntchito ndi chilankhulo chachikulu cha maphunziro ku Oromia, Harar ndi Dire Dawa komanso ku Oromia Zone ku Amhara Region. ChiSomali ndi chiyankhulo cha boma cha chigawo cha Somali ndi Dire Dawa, pamene Afar, Harari, ndi Tigrinya zimadziwika ngati chilankhulo cha boma m'madera awo. Sonosono apa boma la Ethiopia likapharazga kuti viyowoyero vya Afar, Amharic, Oromo, Somali, na Tigrinya ni viyowoyero vya boma vya Ethiopia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵachali kuyowoya Chiitaliya, chomenechomene ŵachekuru. Chiyowoyero cha Amharic na Tigrinya vili na mazgu ghanyake agho ghali kufuma ku Chiitaliya.<ref name="Yaqob">{{cite web|url=https://totalitarismo.altervista.org/italianismi-nel-somalo-e-nell-amarico/|title=Italianismi nel somalo e nell'amarico|first=Mister|last=Totalitarismo|date=2 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="altervista">''I prestiti italiani in amarico e tigrino'', Yaqob Beyene</ref> ====Malemba==== Ciyowoyero cikuru comene ca ku Ethiopia ni cilembo ca [[Ge'ez]]. Chiyowoyero ichi chikamba kugwiliskirika ntchito mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 na 500 B.C.E. pakulemba chiyowoyero cha Ge'ez. Mazuŵa ghano, chiyowoyero cha Ge'ez ndicho chikuyowoyeka mu matchalitchi gha Orthodox gha ku Ethiopia na Eritrea. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulemba vilembo vya ku Ethiopia mu kompyuta. Mazuŵa ghano ntchigaŵa cha Unicode nga ni Ethiopic, Ethiopic Extended, Ethiopic Supplement na Ethiopic Extended-A. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakugwiliskiraso ntchito vilembo vinyake. Vinthu ivi ni vilembo ivyo Bakri Sapalo wakalemba vya Chi Oromo.<ref name="HH-551">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1017/S0041977X00144209|jstor=616613| title = The Oromo orthography of Shaykh Bakri Saṗalō| journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies| volume = 44| issue = 3| pages = 550| year = 2009| last1 = Hayward | first1 = R.J.| last2 = Hassan | first2 = M. |s2cid=162289324}}</ref> ===Chisopa=== {{Main|Religion in Ethiopia}} {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = Religion in Ethiopia (2016 estimate)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/#:~:text=Religions,%2C%20Catholic%200.7%25%2C%20traditional%20.|title=Ethiopia - the World Factbook|date=7 September 2022|access-date=19 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421154941/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/#:~:text=Religions,%2C%20Catholic%200.7%25%2C%20traditional%20.|archive-date=21 April 2021 }}</ref> |label1 = [[Ethiopian Orthodox Church|Ethiopian Orthodoxy]] |value1 = 43.8 |color1 = Orchid |label4 = [[Islam in Ethiopia|Islam]] |value4 = 31.3 |color4 = Green |label2 = [[P'ent'ay]] |value2 = 22.8 |color2 = Blue |label3 = Other [[Christian]] |value3 = 0.7 |color3 = Purple |label5 = [[Traditional African religion|Traditional faiths]] |value5 = 0.6 |color5 = Yellow |label6 = Other |value6 = 0.8 |color6 = Red }} Charu cha Etiyopiya chili paubwezi wakukhora na visopa vikuruvikuru vitatu vya Abrahamu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., ufumu wa Etiyopiya ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba kuzomerezga Chikhristu kuŵa chisopa cha boma. Chifukwa cha ivyo likadumura pa ungano wa ku Chalcedon, mu 451 Ŵamiyaphysites, awo ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu ŵanandi chomene mu Eguputo na Etiyopiya, ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakasopanga ŵaciuta ŵamoza pera. Nangauli pasono chisopa ichi ntcha boma yayi, kweni tchalitchi la Orthodox la Tewahedo ndilo likulamulira chomene. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Ciarabu ŵakukhala mu caru ici. Charu cha Etiyopiya ndicho chikaŵa malo ghakwamba uko ŵanthu ŵakasamukira mu nyengo ya Chisilamu. Negash ni tawuni iyo yili mu chigaŵa cha Tigray, ndipo ni malo ghakale chomene agho Ŵasilamu ŵakakhalanga mu Africa.. [[File:Lalibela, san giorgio, esterno 24.jpg|thumb|upright|The subterranean rock-hewn [[Church of Saint George, Lalibela|Church of Saint George]] in [[Lalibela]] is a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]].]] Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2007, Ŵakhristu ŵalipo 62.8% (43.5% ŵa Ethiopia Orthodox, 19.3% ŵa visopa vinyake), Ŵasilamu ŵalipo 33.9%, awo ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo ŵalipo 2.6%, ndipo visopa vinyake vilipo 0.6%. Chiŵelengero cha Ŵakristu na Ŵasilamu chikukhalilira mwakuyana waka pakuyaniska na unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka vyaka vinandi ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵali mu chisopa cha Sunni, ndipo Ŵasilamu awo ŵali mu chisopa chinyake ndiwo ni gulu lachiŵiri likuru chomene la Ŵasilamu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Sunni mba Shafi'i panji Salafi, ndipo ku malo agha kuli Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Sufi. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Afar ŵali kupanga gulu lakujipatura lakucemeka "Islamic State of Afaria". Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakasuskanga fundo yakuti boma la Haile Selassie likapanga ndondomeko ya kupenda ŵanthu kuti charu cha Ethiopia chiwoneke nga ni charu cha Ŵakhristu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuwona vya Chisilamu na kulemba mabulogu ŵakuti Ŵasilamu mbanandi chomene ndipo ŵakukolerana yayi na maukaboni agho ghali pachanya apa. Ufumu wa Axum ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba kuzomera Chikhristu, apo Frumentius wa ku Turo, uyo wakachemekanga Fremnatos panji Abba Selama ("Wiske wa Mtende") ku Ethiopia, wakang'anamuska Themba Ezana mu vyaka vya m'ma 400. Mwakuyana na Baibolo, Cikristu cikanjira mu Etiyopiya nyengo yitali comene pambere ivi vindacitike.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+8 "Acts 8"]. ''Bible Gateway''.</ref>[[File:01 - Priests dancing for Timkat.jpg|thumb|Orthodox priests dancing during the celebration of ''[[Timkat]]'']] [[File:307771234 612238670404451 4282782264089827086okay.webm|thumb|[[Haile Selassie|Emperor Haile Selassie I]] seen celebrating the finding of the cross at [[Meskel Square]] (1971)]] Tchalitchi la Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo lili mu tchalitchi la Eastern Orthodox. Ni cisopa cikuru comene pa visopa vyose vya Cikhristu, nangauli sonosono apa matchalitchi ghanyake gha P'ent'ay (Chipulotesitanti) ghazara comene. Kwambira mu 1930, Tchalitchi la Katolika ku Ethiopia lili na ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ndipo likugwirizana comene na boma la Roma.<ref name="bx">{{Cite web |last=Abegaz |first=Berhanu |date=1 June 2005 |title=Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities |url=http://bxabeg.people.wm.edu/Ethiopia.Census%20Portrait.pdf |access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/ejhist.html |title=The History of Ethiopian Jews |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> [[File:Mešita v Bahir Daru.jpg|thumb|A mosque in [[Bahir Dar]]]] Chisilamu mu Ethiopia chikamba mu 622 C.E. apo Muhammad wakaphalira gulu la Ŵasilamu kuti ŵaleke kutambuzgika ku Mecca. Pamanyuma ŵasambiri ŵakaluta ku Abyssinia kwizira ku Eritrea, uko pa nyengo iyo kukaŵa Ashama ibn-Abjar, themba la Ŵakhristu. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasahaba ŵakaŵa Ŵaetiyopiya. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2007, ŵanthu 1,957,944 mu Ethiopia ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanyake 471,861 ŵali mu visopa vinyake. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa visopa vyose ŵakusangika mu vigaŵa vyose, kweni ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake vya caru ici. Ŵakhristu ŵanandi ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa Amhara na Tigray, ndipo ŵanandi mwa iwo mba tchalitchi la Orthodox la Tewahedo. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa P'ent'ay ndiwo ŵakukhala chomene mu vigaŵa vya Oromia na SNNP (Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region). Ŵasilamu ku Ethiopia ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Sunni ndipo ŵakukhala ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vyakutali kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, mu vigaŵa vya SNNP, Benishangul-Gumuz na Gambela.<ref name=2007Census/><ref name="Ofcansky">{{cite book |last=Thomas P. Ofcansky |first=LaVerle Berry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3M0V0VfgiMC |title=Ethiopia: A Country Study |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4191-1857-9 |pages=130–41}}</ref> M'paka m'ma 1980, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Beta Israel ŵakakhalanga ku Ethiopia. Ŵayuda pafupifupi 4,000, awo ŵakuti ni fuko lakuzgeŵa la Israyeli, ŵakukhala mu Ethiopia, pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mafuko ghaŵiri, Falash Mura na Beta Abraham. Falash Mura ni Beta Israel awo, nangauli ŵakumanyikwa kuti Mbayuda, ŵakamba kugomezga Cikhristu cifukwa ca mulimo wa umishonale. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Beta Abraham ŵakuwoneka kuti mbanthu ŵa mtundu wa Beta Israyeli awo ŵali kufuma mu nyengo ya ŵapositole. Nangauli wose ŵaŵiri ŵacali kucemeka kuti Beta Israel, kweni ŵali kutali na gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mu Israyeli. Ŵalongozgi ŵa gulu la Beta Israel ŵakuzomerezga ŵanthu ŵa Falash Mura, ndipo ŵapempha kuti ŵaŵaleke kuluta ku Israel. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Beta Abraham ŵakutemweka yayi na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mu matawuni na mizi yinyake ya ku Ethiopia nga ni Wolleka, kufupi na msumba wa Gondar, Ŵayuda ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵachali ŵanandi, kweni sono ku United States kuli Ŵayuda ŵanandi ŵa ku Ethiopia. Magulu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakususka boma kuti likukora ŵanthu ŵakuchitapo kanthu, ŵamutolamakani, na ŵalembi ŵa nkhani kuti ŵaleke kususka visopa vinyake. Pa Ogasiti 3, 2015, ŵanthu 17 awo ŵakachitanga vinthu vya chisopa cha Ciislamu ŵakakakika. Ŵakaŵa na mulandu wakuti ŵakakhumbanga kupanga boma la Cisilamu mu caru ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu. Ŵanthu wose awo ŵakayuzgika ŵakakana ivyo ŵakayowoya ndipo ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakachitanga viheni pera pakuvikilira wanangwa wawo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/africa/2015/08/04/ethiopia-hands-lengthy-prison-terms-to-muslim-activists|title=Ethiopia hands lengthy prison terms to Muslim activists|date=4 August 2015|work=DailySabah|access-date=24 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-arrests-idUSKCN0Q82AC20150803|title=Ethiopia hands lengthy prison terms to Muslim activists|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=24 October 2015|date=3 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33759946|title=Ethiopia jails Muslims convicted of terror plot|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 October 2015|date=3 August 2015}}</ref> ===Kukhala mu tauni=== {{Main|List of cities and towns in Ethiopia}} [[File:Addis Ababa Railway Megenagna Area.jpg|thumb|[[Addis Ababa|Railway in Addis Ababa]] is one of the main transports people use in the city in their day-to-day activities]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo vinthu vikusintha chomene mu misumba. Mu Ethiopia, ŵanthu ŵakuluta mu misumba yinandi, ndipo nyengo ziŵiri zikulutilira kukura. Cakwamba, mu 1936-1941 mu nyengo iyo caru ca Italy cikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Mussolini, ndipo kufuma mu 1967 m'paka mu 1975 apo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni ŵakasazgikira katatu. Mu 1936, charu cha Italy chikapoka charu cha Ethiopia, ndipo chikazenga vinthu vyakovwira kuti misumba yikuruyikuru yikolerane. Ici pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy na ŵantchito ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti vinthu visinthe mwaluŵiro mu nyengo iyi. Nyengo yachiŵiri ya kukura yikaŵa kwamba mu 1967 m'paka mu 1975, apo ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ŵakasamukira mu matawuni kupenja nchito na umoyo uwemi. Mulimo uwu ukakhora chifukwa cha ndondomeko ya boma ya kusintha malo mu 1975, iyo yikawovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵakhalenge ku mizi. Ŵanthu ŵakati ŵafumako ku mizi na kuluta ku misumba, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchepa chomene. Dango la kunozga malo likakhumbanga kusazgirako ulimi cifukwa cakuti vyakurya vikakuranga yayi pamoza na unandi wa ŵanthu mu nyengo ya 1970-1983. Ndondomeko iyi yikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na mipingo yikuruyikuru ya ŵalimi. Dango ili likapangiska kuti vyakurya vyasazgikire, nangauli pali kukwesana pa cifukwa cake. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni ŵakulutilira kukura ndipo kufuma mu 1975 m'paka mu 2000, ŵakasazgikira na 8.1%.<ref name="Accessed 5-10-08">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180313170039/http://worldbank.org/ Worldbank.org]. Retrieved 5 October 2008 {{nonspecific|date=November 2010}}</ref> {{Largest cities or towns of Ethiopia}} ====Rural and urban life==== {{Main article|Rural flight in Ethiopia}} [[File:Gonder from the Goha hotel.jpg|thumb|[[Gondar]] skyline]] Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuluta ku misumba cifukwa ca kukhumba umoyo uwemi. Mu vyaru ivyo muli ŵanthu ŵanandi, umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa ukuyana waka na kulimbana kuti munthu wapone. Pafupifupi 16% ya ŵanthu mu Ethiopia ŵakukhala na ndalama zakukwana dola limoza pa zuŵa (2008). Ŵana ŵa vyaka 5 kukhilira pasi ŵakukwana 42%. Mbumba zinandi zakusuzgika (75%) zikugona pamoza na viŵeto, ndipo 40% ya ŵana ŵakugona pasi. Mbumba ya ŵanthu 6 panji 7 yikukhala mu nyumba ya mathipa ya mamita 30, ndipo muli vigaŵa viŵiri vyambura kukura.<ref name="Crawley">Crawley, Mike. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120625131910/http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/ArticleDetails.aspx?PublicationID=587 "Breaking the Cycle of Poverty in Ethiopia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625131910/http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/ArticleDetails.aspx?PublicationID=587|date=25 June 2012}}. April 2003. International Development Research Centre. Retrieved on 24 May 2008</ref>[[File:On The Road To Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia (2446794591).jpg|thumb|left|Rural area in the [[Simien Mountains National Park]]]] Wupu wa ŵalimi ukusuzgika na ukavu. Pakuti malo agha ngachoko chomene, ŵalimi ŵangazomerezga yayi kuti ghaleke kupambika makora. Chifukwa cha kunangika kwa malo agha, viŵeto vikuleka kupambika vyakurya, ndipo mkaka ukuchepa. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵakotcha vyakumera m'malo mwa kuviwezgera mu dongo, mbwenu vyakurya vikumara. Kuchepa kwa vyakurya kukupangiska kuti ŵalimi ŵaleke kusanga ndalama zinandi, njara, kusoŵa chakurya na matenda. Ŵalimi ŵambura kupwelelera makora ŵakusuzgika kugwira nchito mu minda yawo ndipo vyakurya vikumara. Nangauli mu misumba vinthu vili makora comene, kweni mu Ethiopia mose muli ukavu na ukotoli uheni. Ndipouli, ukavu ku Ethiopia ukakhira kufuma pa 44% kufika pa 29.6% mu 2000-2011, kuyana na World Bank. Mu Addis Ababa, msumba ukuru wa charu ichi, ŵanthu 55% ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya vya ŵanthu ŵachoko. Kweni sono, cifukwa cakuti nchito ya kuzenga yikukura comene mu misumba yikuruyikuru, comenecomene mu Addis Ababa. Mu tawuni iyi muli nyumba zinandi za boma izo ŵanthu pafupifupi 600,000 ŵakukhala. Mu tawuni iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhumbikwira nadi maji ghawemi, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵalije malo ghakutozgera viswaswa. Ici cikupangiska kuti matenda ghasazgikire cifukwa ca maji ghaheni.<ref name="Accessed 15 May 2008">Shivley, K. "Addis Ababa, Ethiopia" [https://web.archive.org/web/20170211101151/https://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/index.html Macalester.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211101151/https://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/index.html|date=11 February 2017}}. Retrieved 15 May 2008.</ref>[[File:Any Day, Adigrat (12582724894).jpg|thumb|Street scene in [[Adigrat]]]] Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakukhala makora mu misumba, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Addis Ababa ŵakukhala makora kuluska ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya ŵanthu ŵa viŵeto. Mwakupambana na ŵana ŵa ku mizi, ŵana 69% ŵa mu matawuni ŵakusambira pulayimale, ndipo 35 peresenti ya ŵana aŵa ŵakusambira sekondare. Msumba wa Addis Ababa uli na yunivesite yake kweniso masukulu ghanyake ghanandi gha sekondare. Ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba ŵalipo 82%. Mabungwe ghanandi ghambura kwendera boma ghakovwira kuti suzgo ili limare. Kweni ghanandi mwa mabungwe agha ghali kutali chomene, ghakuchita vinthu mwambura kukolerana, ndipo ghakugwira ntchito mwakupambana. Wupu wa mawupu ghambura vya boma ku sub-Saharan Africa ukuyezga kwendera lumoza.<ref name="Accessed 5-10-08"/> ===Umoyo=== {{Main|Health in Ethiopia}}{{Further|Child marriage in Ethiopia|Polygamy in Ethiopia}} [[File:Child mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Ethiopia.svg|thumb|Declining child mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Ethiopia since 1950]] Lipoti la Wupu wa vya Umoyo pa Caru Cose la mu 2006 likulongora kuti mu 2003, kukaŵa ŵadokotala 1,936 ndipo pa ŵanthu 100,000, pakaŵa ŵadokotala 2.6 pera. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya kuti charu cha Ethiopia chili mu suzgo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa vinthu pa charu. Vinthu vikuru ivyo vikuchitika mu charu cha Ethiopia ni matenda agho ghakuthandazgika na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 44 miliyoni (pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu wose) ŵalije maji ghawemi. Vinthu ivi vikusazgikira cifukwa ca kusoŵa kwa ŵadokotala na manesi ndiposo malo gha cipatala. Umoyo wa ŵanthu mu misumba ni uwemi comene. Ŵana awo ŵakubabika, ŵana awo ŵakufwa, na awo ŵakufwa ni ŵachoko chomene mu matawuni kuluska mu mizi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu misumba kuluska ku mizi, kweni mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, vinthu vyamba kwenda makora mu charu chose. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika na maji, kweni ŵakugwiliskira nchito maji ghanandi. Mu misumba, ŵanthu 81% ŵakugwiliskira nchito maji agha. Nga umo viliri mu vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku misumba kuti ŵakakhalenge makora. Kukwambilira kwa 2005, wupu wa WHO ukati ku Ethiopia kukaŵa vipatala 119 (12 ku Addis Ababa) na maofesi gha munkhwala 412. Ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵababa mbachoko chomene, ndipo pa ŵanthu 1,000 awo ŵakubabika, 41 ŵakufwa. Kufuma mu 1990 m'paka mu 2012, charu cha Ethiopia chikakwaniska kuchepeska chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵandafike vyaka 5. Nangauli chiŵelengero ichi chachepa chomene, kweni ŵanakazi ŵanandi mu charu ichi ŵakusuzgika na masuzgo agho ghakuŵapo para ŵababa. HIV/AIDS mu Ethiopia yikaŵa pa 1.1% mu 2014, ndipo yikakhira chomene kufuma pa 4.5% vyaka 15 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu awo ŵakusuzgika comene ni ŵanthu ŵakavu na ŵanakazi, cifukwa ca kupeleŵera kwa masambiro gha vyaumoyo, kuŵawovwira, kuŵamanya makora ŵanthu, ndiposo kuleka kuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Boma la Ethiopia na mawupu gha vyaru vinandi nga ni World Health Organization (WHO), na United Nations, ŵakwambiska kampeni ndipo ŵakugwira nchito mwakukwana kuti ŵawovwire kuti umoyo wa ŵanthu ku Ethiopia uŵe uwemi kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye makora za matenda gha AIDS na matenda ghanyake agho ghakuthandazgika.<ref>(Dugassa, 2005).</ref>[[File:Bracing for a short, sharp jab.jpg|thumb|An Ethiopian girl about to receive her [[measles]] vaccine]] Charu cha Ethiopia chili na ŵana ŵanandi awo ŵakufwa pa nthumbo. Nangauli Ethiopia wakakwaniska yayi kufiska chilato cha MDG cha kuchepeska nyifwa ya ŵamama na vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu mu 2015, kweni vinthu vikwenda makora. Mwachiyelezgero, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana pambere ŵandababike chikakwera kufuma pa 8.1% mu 2000 kufika pa 41.8% mu 2014, ndipo chiŵelengero cha awo ŵakugonana pambere ŵandababike chikakwera kufuma pa 29% kufika pa 98.1% mu nyengo yeneyiyi. Mazuŵa ghano, pa ŵana 100,000, ŵanakazi 420 ndiwo ŵakufwa. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ku Ethiopia ndiwo ŵakubabikira mu vipatala, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakubabikira mu vikaya. Ŵanakazi ŵacekuru awo ŵakulindizgika kuti ŵababe pa nyumba ndiwo ŵakuŵawovwira. "Wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa caru cose ukuti para ŵanakazi ŵangababika mu maofesi gha munkhwala agho ghali na wovwiri wakukwana ndiposo awo ŵali kusambizgika makora, ŵangaleka kufwa na kulwara".<ref>(Dorman et al., 2009, p.&nbsp;622).</ref> [[File:Community Health Workers (5762479865).jpg|thumb|Community health care workers]] Cifukwa cakuti palije ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵa munkhwala awo ŵakumanya vya munkhwala, kweniso palije ndalama zakovwilira ŵantchito aŵa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga yayi ŵanthu awo ŵakuchizga matenda. Chinthu chimoza icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchita, kwali ŵali mu chisopa wuli panji ŵali na ndalama zinandi, nkhuswa viŵaro vya ŵanakazi (Female Genital Mutilation, panji FGM). Mu 2004, boma la Ethiopia likakanizga kugwiliskira ntchito munkhwala uwu. Kuguliska ŵanakazi ni kaluso ako kakuchitika pambere ŵandatorane ndipo kakusangika mu vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Africa na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Middle East.<ref name="Rohayes">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1525/ae.1975.2.4.02a00030| title = Female genital mutilation, fertility control, women's roles, and the patrilineage in modern Sudan: A functional analysis1| journal = American Ethnologist| volume = 2| issue = 4| pages = 617–33| year = 1975| last1 = Hayes | first1 = R.O. | doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Bodman">Bodman, Herbert L. and Tohidi, Nayereh Esfahlani (1998) [https://books.google.com/books?id=PFzdA2Hini4C Women in Muslim societies: diversity within unity], Lynne Rienner Publishers, p. 41. {{ISBN|1-55587-578-5}}</ref>Ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakuchiska ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kugonana na ŵanalume ŵanyawo.<ref name="Frayser">Frayser, Suzanne G. and Whitby, Thomas J. (1995) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZArPH0nFGo0C Studies in human sexuality: a selected guide], Libraries Unlimited, p. 257 {{ISBN|1-56308-131-8}}.</ref>[[File:Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital - from Flickr 159817756.jpg|thumb|[[Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital]]]] Ku Ethiopia, ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakukomeka, kweni ku ŵasungwana yayi. Kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na ŵanthu na umoyo wa ku Ethiopia (Ethiopia's 2005 Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS)) wakalongora kuti pa ŵanakazi ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakulwara matenda agha chili pa 74%. Mu vigaŵa vya Dire Dawa, Somalia, na Afar, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchita nthena. Mu vigaŵa vya Oromo na Harari, ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana ŵakujumpha 80 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakuchita opareshoni iyi. Ŵanakazi awo ŵakusuzgika na nthenda iyi mbachoko chomene mu vigaŵa vya Tigray na Gambela. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2010, ku Ethiopia, ŵanakazi ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 35 na 39 ŵali na nthenda iyi pa ŵanthu 81 peresenti. Lipoti linyake la UNICEF la mu 2014 likulongora kuti pa ŵasungwana wose ŵa vyaka 14 kukhilira pasi, 24 pera ndiwo ŵakatoleka. Kweniso mu charu ichi ŵanthu ŵakukotora ŵanalume, ndipo pafupifupi 76% ya ŵanalume ŵa mu Ethiopia ŵakukotoreka. Boma la Ethiopia lili kusaina mapangano ghakupambanapambana agho ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanakazi na ŵana. Dango la caru ici likupeleka wanangwa wa ŵanakazi. Ŵakuyezga kukhozga umoyo wa ŵanakazi mwa kumazga malango na maluso ghose agho ghakutondeska ŵanakazi kuti ŵachitenge vinthu mwakuyana na wanangwa wawo. Ndondomeko ya Umoyo wa Maghanoghano iyo yikalembeka mu 2012, yikalongozga kuti paŵe ndondomeko yakovwira kuti umoyo wa maghanoghano uŵe makora mu Ethiopia. Ndondomeko iyi yikayowoya kuti umoyo wa maghanoghano ukwenera kuŵa mu ndyali. Ndipouli, ndondomeko ya umoyo wa maghanoghano ya ku caru cose yikwenda makora yayi. Mwachiyelezgero, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakusuzgika maghanoghano chikasazgikira na 34.2% kufuma mu 2007 m'paka 2017. Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuŵa na maghanoghano ghambura kwenelera, ŵakulongozga makora yayi, kweniso ŵakukolerana yayi pa nkhani ya umoyo wa maghanoghano.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Health system governance to support scale up of mental health care in Ethiopia: a qualitative study|first1=Charlotte|last1=Hanlon|first2=Tigist|last2=Eshetu|first3=Daniel|last3=Alemayehu|first4=Abebaw|last4=Fekadu|first5=Maya|last5=Semrau|first6=Graham|last6=Thornicroft|first7=Fred|last7=Kigozi|first8=Debra Leigh|last8=Marais|first9=Inge|last9=Petersen|first10=Atalay|last10=Alem|date=8 June 2017|journal=International Journal of Mental Health Systems|volume=11|pages = 38|doi=10.1186/s13033-017-0144-4|pmid=28603550|pmc=5465569}}</ref> ===Masambilo=== {{Main|Education in Ethiopia}} {{See also|Higher education in Ethiopia}} [[File:Addis Abeba University (Sam Effron).jpg|thumb|Entrance of [[Addis Ababa University]]]] Charu cha Ethiopia chikaŵa na chisopa cha Orthodox cha Tewahedo kufuma mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Axum mu 330 C.E. Ŵaliska ndiwo ŵakasambizganga Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Etiyopiya visambizgo vyaunenesko. Para ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵamalizga masambiro ghawo, ŵakuŵa ŵasofi kweniso ŵakusambira chomene. Masambiro gha mazuŵa ghano ghakamba mu 1908 apo Fumu Menelik II yikajura sukulu yakwamba mu Addis Ababa. Kweniso, Themba Haile Selassie I likawovwira kuti paŵe yunivesite yakwamba, yunivesite ya Addis Ababa, iyo yikazengeka mu 1950. Sonosono apa, boma likunozga masukulu ghapachanya gha vigaŵa vinandi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Education in Ethiopia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ethiopia/Education |website=Britannica |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> [[File:Plants in a Laboratory for High School Science, Addis Ababa.jpg|thumb|Plants in a laboratory of [[Ethio-Parents' School]] in Addis Ababa]] Ndondomeko iyo yilipo sono yikukolerana na ndondomeko ya kusazgirako masukulu, iyo yikuyana comene na umo vikaŵira mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ndipo yikusazgapo kuti ŵanthu ŵa vigaŵa ivi ŵalutilire kusambizgika mu viyowoyero vyawo. Masambiro gha ku pulayimale ngambura kulipira ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakusambira para ŵali na vyaka vyapakati pa 7 na 12. Masambiro gha ku sekondare mu Ethiopia ghakukhala vyaka vinkhondi na cimoza, kufuma apo vyaka vinayi vya masambiro gha ku sekondare.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Teferra|first1=Damtew|last2=Altbach|first2=Philip G.|title=African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RROdAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-34186-0|pages= 316–25}}</ref> [[File:Top floor of the first science museum in Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|The [[Ethiopia Museum of Art and Science|Addis Ababa Science Museum of Art and Science]] serves as the country's biggest hub which showcases the country's newest innovations]] Masambiro gha ku Ethiopia ghakulongozgeka na Unduna wa vya masambiro ndipo ndondomeko yake ni 4+4+2+2 system; masambiro gha ku pulayimale ghakukhala vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri, ndipo gha vyaka vinayi gha masambiro gha ku sekondare ghakukhala vyaka viŵiri. Wupu wakuwona vya masambiro (National Education Assessment and Examination Agency) ndiwo ukuchita viyezgelero vya boma. Kuyambira chaka cha 2018, pali mayeso awiri a boma: Ethiopian General Secondary Education Certificate Examination (EGSECE), omwe amadziwikanso kuti Grade 10 national exam ndi Grade 12 national exam. Mazuŵa ghano, pali masukulu gha boma 30. Pambere chaka cha 1991 chindafike, ku Ethiopia kukaŵavya masukulu gha masukulu ghapachanya, kweni sono kuli masukulu ghapachanya ghapachanya 61. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa masukulu ghapachanya na ghapachanya chikakwera chomene, kufuma pa 34,000 mu 1991 kufika pa 757,000 mu 2014. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Ethiopia ŵasambira makora. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni ŵakasambiranga masukulu gha pulayimale mu 1994-95, kweni mu 2008-09, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakasambiranga masukulu gha pulayimale chikakwera kufika pa 15.5 miliyoni. Mu 2013-14, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakalembeskanga sukulu ku Ethiopia chikakwera chomene mu vigaŵa vyose. Pa caru cose, ciŵelengero ca ŵana ŵaciŵelengero ca ŵana ŵaciŵelengero ca ŵanalume cikaŵa 104.8%, ca ŵasungwana 97.8%, na 101.3%. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba chikakwera chomene. Mu 2007, chiŵelengero ichi chikaŵa 39% (ŵanalume 49.1% na ŵanakazi 28.9%). Lipoti la UNDP mu 2011 likulongora kuti ŵanthu 46.7% mu Ethiopia ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Lipoti lenelili likayowoyaso kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanakazi awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba chikakwera kufuma pa 27 kufika pa 39 peresenti kufuma mu 2004 m'paka mu 2011, ndipo cha ŵanalume kufuma pa 49 kufika pa 59 peresenti. Mu 2015, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba chikakwera chomene, chikafika pa 49.1% (57.2% ŵanalume na 41.1% ŵanakazi).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EDULIT_DS&popupcustomise=true&lang=en|title=Education|last=UIS|website=data.uis.unesco.org}}</ref> ==Mwambo== {{Main|Culture of Ethiopia}} [[File:Roasting Ethiopian coffee ceremony.jpg|thumb|170px|An Ethiopian woman roasting coffee beans in a [[coffee house]]. The coffee serving ceremony is the most important course in Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 October 2019|title=Ethiopian Coffee Guide: Buying and Brewing Tips|url=https://www.homegrounds.co/ethiopian-coffee/|access-date=11 February 2022|language=en-US}}</ref>]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakakhalanga ku chigaŵa ichi, ndipo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha ChiSemiti, Chicushiti, na chiyowoyero cha Nilo-Saharan. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tigray na Amhara, awo ŵakalongozganga ndyali kumasinda, ŵakupambana na ŵanthu ŵanyake chifukwa cha ndondomeko yawo na umo ŵakakhalanga. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵali kufuma ku Kaffa, Sidamo, na Afar.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=27 August 1976|title=The peoples and cultures of Ethiopia|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.1976.0061|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=194|issue=1114|pages=7–16|doi=10.1098/rspb.1976.0061|pmid=11482|issn=0080-4649|last1=Lewis|first1=I. M.|bibcode=1976RSPSB.194....7L|s2cid=46723065}}</ref> Cinthu ico cikumanyikwa comene pa vyakucitika vya khofi. Mwakupambana na vyaru vinandi, khofi wakupelekeka pa ungano wa mbumba, wa ŵabwezi, panji wa mu muzi. Pali mitundu yitatu ya kumwa khofi: yimoza yakuchemeka "awol", yachiŵiri "tona" (ቶና) na yachitatu "baraka" (ባርካ). Nthano ya khofi yikamba na Kaldi, muliska wa mbuzi wa ku Keffa Zone uyo wakawona kuti mbuzi yake yikamba kuŵa na nthenda ya nthenda ya kutenthema cifukwa ca kurya vivwati ivyo vikapangiska kuti yimbenge mwambura kujikora. Wakati waŵa na vipasi, ŵakamuphalira kuti wavipeleke ku ŵasembe ŵa ku nyumba ya ŵasofi. Wasembe munyake wakati Kaldi ni "muzga wa Dyabulosi". Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Kaldi wakaŵako mu 850 C.E., ndipo ŵakugomezga kuti ndiyo wakamba kulima khofi ku Ethiopia mu vyaka vya m'ma 900.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Ethiopian Coffee Culture – Legend, History and Customs|url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/ethiopian-coffee-culture-765829|access-date=25 December 2021|website=The Spruce Eats|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203175842/https://www.thespruceeats.com/ethiopian-coffee-culture-765829|archive-date=3 February 2023}}</ref> ===Maluso=== {{main article|Ethiopian art}} [[File:Ethiopian scribes.jpg|thumb|Illustration showing two [[Kingdom of Aksum|Aksumite]] scribes]] Vinthu vya ku Ethiopia vikakhwaskika chomene na vithuzithuzi vya Ŵakhristu. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa mipukutu, vithuzithuzi, mphinjika, vikozgo, na vinthu vinyake vya visulo nga ni mphumphu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakalembako mabuku agha ŵakaŵa ŵa tchalitchi la Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo, ilo likaŵa la boma kwa vyaka vinandi. Mu nyengo ya Aksumite, ŵanthu ŵakaŵikangamo vinthu vyakuŵaja mu malibwe, nangauli palije vinthu vya Chikhristu ivyo vikusangika mu nyengo iyi. Apo Chikhristu chikambanga, ŵanthu ŵa ku Byzantium ndiwo ŵakambiska visambizgo vyake. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikaŵako pambere nyengo ya mazuŵa ghano yindize vikabwanganduka chifukwa cha kuwukira kwa ufumu wa Adal mu vigaŵa vya mapiri vya ku Ethiopia, kweni ŵakatumizgika na ŵapositole ŵa Katolika. Ŵanji ŵakamba kunjilirapo pa luso lwa ku Ethiopia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. ===Kuzenga=== {{main article|Architecture of Ethiopia}} [[File:ET Gondar asv2018-02 img03 Fasil Ghebbi.jpg|thumb|The Royal Enclosure at [[Fasil Ghebbi]], [[Gondar]]]] Panji nyumba zakutowa comene izo zikazengeka mu nyengo yakale zikazengeka mu nyengo ya Dʿmt. Kuzenga kwa Ashlar kukaŵa kwa mtundu unyake wa ku South Arabia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Aksum ŵakalutilira kuzenga mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E. Pa malibwe agha ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito libwe limoza. Dindi la Chijaro chautesi ilo likazengera mafumu gha ku Aksumite, likaŵa la mtundu umoza. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Lalibela ŵakakhalanga ku malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Aksum, kweni malo ghanyake ghakaŵa na malibwe panji makuni ghakupambana. Mu nyengo ya Gondarine, vyakuzengeka vya ku Ethiopia vikaŵa vya Baroque, Arabic, Turkish na Gujarati. Chiyelezgero ni linga la ufumu la Fasil Ghebbi, ilo lili na vyakuvwara viŵiri ivi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na 1900, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchema nyumba izi kuti Nyumba za Ufumu.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Andreu Martínez |last1=Alòs-Moner |title=Gondarine Art and Architecture (HaAh 523) – Course Syllabus |url=https://www.academia.edu/11314717}}</ref> ===Visambizgo=== {{main article|Ethiopian philosophy}} Visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya vikaŵa vyakukondweska comene mu Africa kwamba kale comene, nangauli vikaŵa vyakupambana na visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Greece na ku Patristic. Ŵanthu awo ŵakamanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha vinjeru vya ŵanthu ŵakaŵa nga ni Zera Yacob (1599-1692) na Walda Heywat, uyo wakalemba buku lakuti Hatata mu 1667. ===Kulemba mabuku=== {{main article|Ethiopian literature}} [[File:Giyorgis MET DP367372.jpg|thumb|[[Giyorgis of Segla]], prolific religious author in the [[Late Middle Ages]]]] Mabuku gha mu Ethiopia ghakalembeka mu nyengo ya Ŵaakshumi mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E. Ghanandi mwa mabuku agha ghakulongosora vya cisopa. Mu malemba ghacifumu, ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ciyowoyero ca Ge'ez na Cigiriki. Mwakupambana na vyaru vinandi vya ku Africa, mu Ethiopia muli chiyowoyero cha Ge'ez, icho chikayowoyeka chomene pa nkhani za ndyali na masambiro. Nangauli pasono vinthu vikwenda makora yayi mu caru ici, kweni mulimo wa kuvikilira vinthu uwu wafika paheni comene. Mabuku ghanandi gha ku Ethiopia ghakalembeka na mawoko (branna, panji ብራና mu Ciamharic). Pakunozga khuni ili, ŵakuwunjika mapepara gha vikumba na kughaphaka kuti ghaŵe ghakukolerana. Utali wa mupukutu uwu ukuthemba pa umo ukalembekera. Mwachiyelezgero, buku lapakompyuta ilo likusangika mu thumba lili na utali wa masentimita 45, ndipo ndilo lizito chomene. Ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakughanaghana kuti mu Ethiopia mukaŵa mipukutu yakale. Mazuŵa ghano napo, malemba ghakale agho ghakaŵa nga ni codex ghachalipo, ndipo ghakusangika pa mapepara gha vikumba.<ref name=":4" /> Buku linyake lakumanyikwa ilo ŵanthu ŵakulemba ni mupukutu uwo ukuŵavikilira. Vinyake mwa vyakurya ivi vikaŵa vya masalamusi. Mipukutu iyo yikulembeka na ŵaliska ŵambura kusankhika awo ŵakumanya vya kufumiska viŵanda na kuchizga. Para munthu wakunyamura mpukutu wa masentimita 30, kanandi wakuwupinda na kukhomeka pa chiliŵa cha nyumba. Ŵanthu ŵakususkana chomene na mipukutu iyo yikuyana na mabuku gha ku Ethiopia. Mu viyowoyero vinyake, ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mabuku ghakulembeka pa vilembo (ghakuchemeka sensul) agho ghakalembeka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 panji 1600. Mabuku agha kanandi ghakulongosora umoyo na nyifwa ya ŵanthu ŵa chisopa..<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Nosnitsin|first=Denis|date=2012|title=Ethiopian Manuscripts and Ethiopian Manuscript Studies. A brief Overview and Evaluation|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/galim_0753-5015_2012_num_58_1_1993|journal=Gazette du livre médiéval|volume=58|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.3406/galim.2012.1993}}</ref> ====Poetry==== [[File:Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin 2.jpg|thumb|150px|Tsegaye Gebre-Medhin in 1980s]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya vya Ethiopia. Ŵaluso ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya za vinthu ivyo vikacitika kale, kusuzgika kwa ŵanthu, ukavu na njara. Qene ni cigaŵa ico cikugwiliskirika nchito comene mu sumu za ku Ethiopia. Kuti munthu waŵe na vinjeru vyaunenesko wakwenera kuŵa na maghanoghano ghakwenelera. Para munthu wakuyowoya mazgu ghaŵiri ghakupambanapambana, limoza likuŵa na fundo zakupulikikwa makora ndipo linyake ndakusuzga chomene kulipulikiska. Ntheura, ici cikucemeka semena work (golide na sera).<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Aga|first=Mark T.|title=20 Of The Best Poets And Poems of Ethiopia (Qene included) — allaboutETHIO|url=https://allaboutethio.com/20-must-read-poems-of-ethiopia-best-ethiopian-poetry.html|access-date=18 December 2021|website=allaboutethio.com|language=en}}</ref> Ŵaluso ŵakumanyikwa chomene ni Tsegaye Gebre-Medhin, Kebede Michael na Mengistu Lemma. ===Calendar=== {{Main|Ethiopian calendar|Oromo calendar}} [[File:Celebrate The Return of Axum Obelisk (Detail) (3172365788).jpg|thumb|Model commemorating the [[Obelisk of Axum|Obelisk of Aksum]]'s return to Ethiopia from Italy, showing the date of its departure and return according to the [[Ethiopian calendar]]]] Ku Ethiopia kuli makalendala ghanandi. Kalendala yakumanyikwa comene ni ya ku Etiyopiya, iyo yikucemekaso Ge'ez calendar, ndipo yikulembeka na cilembo ca Ge'ez, ico nchimoza mwa vilembo vyakale comene pa caru cose. Likuthemba pa kalendara yakale ya ku Alexandria panji ya ku Coptic, iyo nayo yikafuma ku kalendara ya ku Eguputo. Nga ni kalendara ya Ŵacoptic, kalendara ya Ŵaetiyopiya nayo yili na myezi 12 ya mazuŵa 30 na mazuŵa 5 panji 6. Miyezi ya ku Ethiopia yikwamba pa zuŵa limoza na ya ku Coptic, kweni mazina ghawo ghali kulembeka mu Chigeez Nga umo vikaŵira na kalendara ya Julian, zuŵa la nambara sikisi la epagomenal, ilo ni zuŵa lakwamba, likuŵikika pa 29 Ogasiti, myezi 6 pambere zuŵa lakwamba la Julian lindafike. Ntheura, zuŵa lakwamba la chaka cha Ethiopia, 1 Mäskäräm, kwa vyaka vya pakati pa 1901 na 2099 (kuphatikizapo), kanandi ni Seputembala 11 (Gregorian), kweni likuŵa pa Seputembala 12 mu vyaka ivyo vyajumpha chaka cha Gregorian. Pa kalendara ya Gregorian, nyengo iyi yili kunthazi kwa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri na myezi yitatu cifukwa ca umo ŵanthu ŵakupima zuŵa ilo Yesu wakababikira. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo ndiwo ŵakambiska kalendara yinyake cha m'ma 300 B.C.E. Kalendala iyi yikuthemba pa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuwona pa mwezi. Miyezi ya Oromo (nyenyezi/miyezi ya mwezi) ni Bittottessa (Iangulum), Camsa (Pleiades), Bufa (Aldebarran), Waxabajjii (Belletrix), Obora Gudda (Central Orion-Saiph), Obora Dikka (Sirius), Birra (mwezi wakuzura), Cikawa (gibbous moon), Sadasaa (quarter moon), Abrasa (large crescent), Ammaji (medium crescent), and Gurrandala (small crescent).<ref>{{cite web|first=Lawrence R |last=Doyle |url=http://www.tusker.com/Archaeo/art.currentanthro.htm |title=The Borana Calendar Reinterpreted |work=tusker.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029073246/http://www.tusker.com/Archaeo/art.currentanthro.htm |archive-date=29 October 2008}}</ref> ===Cuisine=== {{Main|Ethiopian cuisine}} {{multiple image | align =right | total_width = 280 | image1 = Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea 1.jpg | image2 = Alicha 1.jpg | image3 = Kitfo with Ayibe..JPG |footer = [[Coffee]] which was found in Ethiopia is the country's most drank beverage (left) [[Injera]] with a mix of wot's or a bayinatu is one of the country's famous foods (center) [[kitfo]] meat diced whether cooked or raw is usually presented with injera, and other foods, it its one of the country's most iconic foods (right) }} {{see also|List of Ethiopian dishes and foods}} The best-known [[Ethiopian cuisine]] consists of various types of thick meat [[stew]]s, known as ''[[wat (food)|wat]]'' in Ethiopian culture, and vegetable side dishes served on top of [[injera]], a large [[sourdough]] [[flatbread]] made of [[teff]] flour. This is not eaten with utensils, but instead the injera is used to scoop up the entrées and side dishes. Almost universally in Ethiopia, it is common to eat from the same dish in the middle of the table with a group of people. It is also a common custom to feed others within a group or own hands—a tradition referred to as "[[Ethiopian cuisine#Gursha|gursha]]".Mu vyakurya vya ku Ethiopia mulije nyama ya nkhumba panji viŵeto vya mtundu uliwose, pakuti vyose ivi ni vyakukanizgika mu visopa vya Orthodox, Chikhristu, Chisilamu na Chiyuda. Chechebsa, Marqa, Chukko, Michirra na Dhanga ni vyakurya vyakumanyikwa chomene ku Oromo. Kitfo ni cakurya ico ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Gurage ŵakutemwa comene. Kweniso, Doro Wot (ዶሮ ወጥ mu chiAmharic) na Tsebehi Derho (ጽብሒ ድርሆ mu chiTigrinya), ni vyakurya vinyake vyakumanyikwa chomene, ivyo vikufuma kumpoto kwa Ethiopia. Tihlo (ጥሕሎ) ni mtundu wa cakurya ico cikupangika na ufu wa balere wakukaŵa. Tihlo sono yikumanyikwa chomene mu Amhara ndipo yikupharazgika kumwera.<ref>{{cite web|title=Culture of the people of Tigrai|url=http://www.tigraionline.com/bahlina.html|publisher=Tigrai Online|access-date=3 January 2013}}</ref> ===Holidays=== {{main article|Public holidays in Ethiopia}} [[File:Meskel-festival-in-Ethiopia 01.jpg|thumb|[[Meskel]] commemorates the discovery of [[True Cross]] by Roman queen [[Helena, mother of Constantine I|Helena]] in 326 CE]] Most holidays are belonged to the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo]], and secondly of [[Islam in Ethiopia|Islam]]. Secular holidays espouse national or historical chronicles. Secular holidays are follows with date of celebration: * [[Adwa Victory Day]] (2 March) * International Workers' Day (1 May) * [[Ethiopian Patriots' Victory Day]] (5 May) * [[Downfall of the Derg (holiday)|Downfall of the Derg]] (28 May) * [[Enkutatash]] (11 September or 12 September (leap year)) * [[Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Day]] (8 December) Ethiopian Orthodox holidays are: * [[Ethiopian Christmas]] (7 January) * [[Timkat]] (19 January) * [[Good Friday]] * [[Easter]] * [[Meskel]] (27 September or 28 September (leap year)) Islamic holidays are: * [[Ramadan]] * [[Mawlid]] * [[Eid al-Fitr]] * [[Eid al-Adha]] ===Media=== {{main|Communications in Ethiopia|Media in Ethiopia}} {{multiple image | align = left | total_width = 280 | image1 =| image2 =| image3 = Teddy Afro.jpg |footer = Actress Mekdes Tsegaye (left), [[Tilahun Gessesse]] (center) and [[Teddy Afro]] (right) are three influential Ethiopians in the music and movie industries in Ethiopia}} [[File:Ethiopian Television.JPG|thumb|The [[Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation]] headquarter in Addis Ababa]]The [[Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation]] (EBC), formerly known as ETV, is the [[state media]]. Radio broadcasting was commenced earlier in 1935 before the television service began in 1962 with assistance of British firm Thomson and Emperor Haile Selassie.<ref name="africanews.com"/> Since 2015, EBC has upgraded its studios with modernized transmission. [[Kana TV]] is the most popular TV channel in Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2017/12/ethiopias-new-addiction-says-media-freedom/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CKana%E2%80%9D%20translates%20as%20something%20between,of%20the%20prime%20time%20market |title=Ethiopia's New Addiction – And What It Says About Media Freedom |last=Jeffrey |first=James |work=Inter Press Service News Agency |date=21 December 2017 |access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref> It is mainly known for [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] foreign content into [[Amharic]]. Over several decades, the state television has served as the major mass media until in the late 2000s, when [[EBS TV (Ethiopia)|EBS TV]] launched as the first private television channel. Moreover, numerous private channels were commenced in 2016, culminating in the growth of privately owned media companies in the country. As an example, [[Fana TV]] has been the largest TV network since its launch in 2017. The most widely circulated newspapers in Ethiopia are [[Addis Fortune]], [[Capital Ethiopia]], [[Ethiopian Reporter]], Addis Zemen{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} (''Amharic'') and [[Ethiopian Herald]].{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} The sole internet service provider is the national telecommunications firm [[Ethio telecom]]. A large portion of users in the country access the internet through mobile devices.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/ethiopia-internet-blocked-618806|title=Why has Ethiopia pulled its mobile internet access again?|last=Gaffey|first=Conor|date=1 June 2017|work=Newsweek|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref> {{as of|2016|July}}, there are around 4.29&nbsp;million people who have internet access at their home as compared to a quarter of a million users a decade before that.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/ethiopia/|title=Ethiopia Internet Users|date=1 July 2016|website=Internet Live Stats|publisher=Internet Live Stats}}</ref> The Ethiopian government has at times intentionally shut down internet service in the country or restricted access to certain social media sites during periods of political unrest. In August 2016, following protest and demonstration in the Oromia Region, all access to the internet was shut down for a period of two days.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36940906|title=What is behind Ethiopia's wave of protests?|date=22 August 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref> In June 2017, the government shut down access to the internet for mobile users during a period that coincided with the administration of university entrance examination. Although the reason for the restriction was not confirmed by the government,<ref name=":3" /> the move was similar to a measure taken during the same period in 2016, after a leak of test questions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/ethiopia-blocks-social-media-sites-exam-leak-160711183939642.html|title=Ethiopia blocks social media sites over exam leak|date=11 July 2016|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/ethiopia-blocks-social-media-facebook-twitter-instagram-scandal-479581|title=Ethiopia has shut down social media and here's why|last=Sharkov|first=Damien|date=12 July 2016|work=Newsweek|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref> ===Science and technology=== {{Main article|Science and technology in Ethiopia}} {{see also|List of Ethiopian scientists}} {{multiple image | align =right | image1 = Portrait-aklilu-lemma-11.jpg | width1 = 125 | caption1 = Pathobiologist [[Aklilu Lemma]]. In 1964, he discovered an [[Alternative medicine|alternative]] treatment for [[schistosomiasis]], known as snail fever.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aklilu Lemma|url=https://rightlivelihood.org/the-change-makers/find-a-laureate/aklilu-lemma/|access-date=9 January 2022|website=Right Livelihood|language=en}}</ref> | image2 = Zeresenay Alemseged (2013-01).JPG | width2 = 125 | caption2 = Paleoanthropologist [[Zeresenay Alemseged]] in 2013. He was best known for discovering fossilized [[hominin]] called ''[[Selam (Australopithecus)|Selam]]'' or "Lucy's baby" in December 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zeresenay Alemseged – National Geographic Society|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/find-explorers/zeresenay-alemseged|access-date=9 January 2022|website=www.nationalgeographic.org|language=en}}</ref> }} Science and technology in Ethiopia emerging as progressive due to lack of organized institutions. Manufacturing and service providers often place themselves in [[competitive programming]] in order to advance innovative and technological solutions through in-house arenas. The [[Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute|Ethiopian Space Science and Technology]] is responsible for conducting multifaceted tasks regarding space and technology. In addition, Ethiopia also launched 70&nbsp;kg ET-RSS1 multi-spectral remote sensing satellite in December 2019. The President Sahle-Work Zewde told prior in October 2019 that "the satellite will provide all the necessary data on changes in climate and weather-related phenomena that would be used for the country's key targets in agriculture, forestry as well as natural resources protection initiatives." By January 2020, satellite manufacturing, assembling, integrating and testing began. This would also incremented facility built by French company funded by European Investment Bank (EIB). The main observatory Entoto Observatory and Space Science Research Center (EORC) allocated space programmes. The Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute is a part of Scientific Research & Development Services Industry, responsible for environmental and climate conservation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Science And Technology|url=https://www.miceethiopia.com/science-and-technology/|access-date=23 December 2021|website=MICE Ethiopia|language=en-US}}</ref> Numerous profound scientists have contributed degree of honours and reputations. Some are [[Kitaw Ejigu]], [[Mulugeta Bekele]], [[Aklilu Lemma]], [[Gebisa Ejeta]] and [[Melaku Worede]]. Ethiopia is known for use of [[traditional medicine]] since millennia. The first epidemic occurred in Ethiopia was in 849, causing the Aksumite Emperor Abba Yohannes evicted from place due to "God's punishment for misdeeds". The first traditional medicine was claimed to be derived from this catastrophe, but the exact source is debated. Though differ from ethnic groups, traditional medicine often implements herbs, spiritual healing, bone-setting and minor surgical procedures in treating disease.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethiopian Traditional Medications and their Interactions with Conventional Drugs|url=https://ethnomed.org/resource/ethiopian-traditional-and-herbal-medications-and-their-interactions-with-conventional-drugs/|access-date=31 January 2022|website=EthnoMed|language=en-US}}</ref> Others fields include conventional [[Mathematics in Ethiopia|mathematics]] used to measure astrology, calendar and unit of measurement. Ethiopia was ranked 126th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=5 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ===Music=== {{Main|Music of Ethiopia}} {{See also|Ethiopian Golden Age of music}} The [[music of Ethiopia]] is extremely diverse, with each of the country's 80 ethnic groups being associated with unique sounds. Ethiopian music uses a distinct [[Musical mode|modal system]] that is [[Pentatonic scale|pentatonic]], with characteristically long intervals between some notes. As with many other aspects of Ethiopian culture and tradition, tastes in music and lyrics are strongly linked with those in neighbouring Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, and Sudan.<ref name="Abdullahi">{{cite book |last=Abdullahi |first=Mohamed Diriye |title=Culture and Customs of Somalia |year=2001 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-31333-2 |page=170 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Nu918tYMB8C&pg=PA170 |quote=Somali music, a unique kind of music that might be mistaken at first for music from nearby countries such as Ethiopia, the Sudan, or even Arabia, can be recognized by its own tunes and styles.}}</ref><ref name="Tekle">{{cite book |last=Tekle |first=Amare |title=Eritrea and Ethiopia: from conflict to cooperation |year=1994 |publisher=The Red Sea Press |isbn=978-0-932415-97-4 |page=197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC&pg=PA197 |quote=Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan have significant similarities emanating not only from culture, religion, traditions, history and aspirations&nbsp;... They appreciate similar foods and spices, beverages and sweets, fabrics and tapestry, lyrics and music, and jewellery and fragrances.}}</ref> Traditional singing in Ethiopia presents diverse styles of [[polyphony]], ([[heterophony]], [[drone (music)|drone]], imitation, and [[counterpoint]]). Traditionally, lyricism in Ethiopian song writing is strongly associated with views of patriotism or national pride, romance, friendship, and a unique type of memoire known as ''[[tizita]]''. Saint [[Yared]], a 6th-century Aksumite composer, is widely regarded as the forerunner of traditional music of Eritrea and Ethiopia, creating liturgical music of the Ethiopian and [[Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]]. He also composed ''[[Zema]]'', subdivided into three chants: Ge'ez, Ezel and Araray. Yared life thought to have been "failure and success" where his was poor performance in education. Yared then fired from the school and went to his uncle birthplace Murade Qal. There his saw caterpillar endeavours to reach a tree's peak. He epitomized to his real life and returned to the school with good spirit, later became prominent to political sphere. During the remaining of his lifetime, he was a friend of Aksumite Emperor Gebre Meskel and the exiled [[Nine Saints]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About St. Yared – St. Yared Ethiopian Cuisine & Coffeehaus – Indianapolis IN|url=https://www.styaredcuisine.com/about.html|access-date=25 December 2021|website=www.styaredcuisine.com}}</ref> Modern music traced back to the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie, where 40 Armenian orphans called [[Arba Lijoch]] arrived from [[Jerusalem]] to Addis Ababa. By 1924, the band was almost established as orchestral; but after World War II, several similar bands emerged such as Imperial Bodyguard Band, Army Band, and Police Band.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aga|first=Mark T.|title=Music in Ethiopia — allaboutETHIO|url=https://allaboutethio.com/tmusic.html|access-date=9 January 2022|website=allaboutethio.com|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Mahmoudahmedfeature.jpg|thumb|[[Mahmoud Ahmed]] performing in 2005]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960 na 1970, sumu za ku Ethiopia zikamba kwambaso. Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa ŵakafuma, nga ni Tilahun Gessesse, Alemayehu Eshete, Bizunesh Bekele, Muluken Melesse na Mahmoud Ahmed. Kweniso ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito kaluso ako ŵakachemanga tizita. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Derg, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵakanizga kuchita maseŵero mu caru ici ndipo kanandi ŵakasuzgikanga kuluta ku caru ca North America na Europe, ndipo ŵakasangananga na sumu za jazz na za funk. Mwaciyelezgero, Roha Band, Walias Band, na Ethio Stars. Pa nyengo iyi, Neway Debebe wakasuskanga boma la Derg.<ref name=":9" /> Sumu za mazuŵa ghano zikamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 na 2000. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu awo ŵakamanyikwanga chomene ŵakaŵa Aster Aweke, Gigi na Teddy Afro. Sumu za ku Etiyopiya zikamba kuwoneka makora mu vyaka 10 vyakulondezgapo. DJ Rophnan wakaŵa wakumanyikwa chifukwa cha kupanga EDM pamanyuma pa kufumiska album yake yakwamba Reflection mu 2018.<ref name=":9" /> ===Vyakuonelela=== {{main article|Cinema of Ethiopia}} [[File:HagerFikirTheatre.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hager Fikir Theatre]] in April 2006]] Sinema yakwamba yikalongoreka mu 1898, pati pajumpha vyaka vitatu kufuma apo sinema yakwamba yikayowoyekera. Vinthu vya pa sinema ivyo vikalembeka na Federico Ciccodicola [it] uyo wakaŵa nduna ya ku Italy. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwonelera mafilimu gha nkhani za ŵanthu mu 1909. Au de Menilek ndiyo yikaŵa filimu yakwamba iyo yikalongozgeka na Charles Martel. Filimu yakwamba ya 16mm yakufipa na yituŵa yakuyowoya vya kuwuskika kwa Themba Zewditu, ndipo pamanyuma kuwuskika kwa Themba Haile Selassie. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, mafilimu gha ku Ethiopia ghakathandazgika chomene pa charu chose. Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi chomene mu nyengo iyi ŵakaŵa Haile Gerima, Salem Mekuria, Yemane Demissie, na Teshome Gabriel. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, mafilimu ghakamba kusinthika ndipo ghakaŵa na chiyowoyero cha Chiamhari. Mafilimu agho ghakapanga ndalama zinandi pa caru cose ni Selanchi, Difret, Lamb, Prince of Love na Lambadina. Mu nyengo yasono, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwimba, kusazgapo Selam Tesfaye, Fryat Yemane, Hanan Tarik, Mahder Assefa, Amleset Muchie na Ruth Negga.[[File:Abebe Bikila triumphant 1960.jpg|thumb|[[Abebe Bikila]] winning the [[1960 Summer Olympics|summer Olympics]] Italy, Rome in 1960: winning [[Ethiopia at the Olympics|Ethiopia's]] and Africa's first gold metal]] Yimoza mwa masambiro gha mafilimu ghakuzirwa chomene ni Gumma Film Awards agho ghakuchitikira mu Addis Ababa. Mphoto iyi yikamba kupelekeka mu 2014. Pa viphikiro vinyake, nga ni Addis International Film Festival na Ethiopian International Film Festival, ŵakuwoneska mafilimu gha ŵanthu awo ŵakuchita maseŵero ghakusanguluska. Iwo ŵakakhazikiskika mu 2007 na 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian International Film Festival |url=https://ethiopianfilminitiative.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=470:the-ethiopian-international-film-festival&catid=68&Itemid=113 |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=ethiopianfilminitiative.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705210553/https://ethiopianfilminitiative.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=470:the-ethiopian-international-film-festival&catid=68&Itemid=113 |archive-date=5 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Addis International Film Festival {{!}} Human Rights Film Network |url=https://www.humanrightsfilmnetwork.org/filmfestival/addis-international-film-festival |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=www.humanrightsfilmnetwork.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524004651/https://www.humanrightsfilmnetwork.org/filmfestival/addis-international-film-festival |archive-date=24 May 2022}}</ref> === Maseŵera === {{Main|Sport in Ethiopia}} [[File:Genzebe_Dibaba_Istanbul_2012.jpg|thumb|left|[[Genzebe Dibaba]] wakuchimbira mtunda utali na pakati. Wakawina mendulo ya golide mu mpikisano wa mita 1500 pa mpikisano wa Olimpiki wa 2016 ku Rio.]] Maseŵero ghakurughakuru mu Ethiopia ni maseŵero gha kuthamanga (makamaka kuthamanga mtunda utali) na bola. Ŵaseŵera ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵali kutora mendulo zinandi za golide pa maseŵero gha maseŵero gha ku malo ghakutali. Abebe Bikila wakazgoka wamaseŵera wakwamba kufuma ku chalo cha Sub-Saharan uyo wakatora mendulo ya golide pa maseŵero gha Olympic apo wakatchova marathon pa maseŵero gha Olympic mu 1960 ku Rome mu nyengo ya 2:15:16.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/gallery/2012/apr/25/athletics-olympics-2012|title=50 stunning Olympic moments: Abebe Bikila's 1960 marathon victory – in pictures|last=Bloor|first=Steven|date=25 April 2012|work=The Guardian|access-date=14 October 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/barefooted-bikila-steps-in-for-heroic-marathon-triumph|title=Athletics – Abebe Bikila (ETH)|date=13 October 2019|website=International Olympic Committee|language=en|access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref>[[Haile Gebrselassie,]] Kenenisa Bekele, na Tirunesh Dibaba, wose mbalwani ŵakumanyikwa pa charu chose. Letesenbet Gidey ndiyo wali na mbiri ya pa caru cose pa kuthamanga mamita 5,000 na mamita 10,000. Ŵalendo ŵanyake ŵakuzirwa ŵa ku Ethiopia ni Mamo Wolde, Miruts Yifter, Derartu Tulu, Meseret Defar, Birhane Adere, Tiki Gelana, Genzebe Dibaba, Tariku Bekele, Gelete Burka, na Yomif Kejelcha. Mu chaka cha 2012 na 2013, timu ya mpira ya ku Ethiopia (iyo yikumanyikwa na zina lakuti Walayia Antelopes) yikalemba mbiri pakunjira mu Africa Cup of Nations ya 2012 ndipo yikafika mu timu 10 zakumalizira za mpira wa ku Africa mu chigaŵa chaumaliro cha FIFA World Cup ya 2014. Ŵaseŵera ŵakumanyikwa chomene ni Adane Girma uyo wakaŵa kapitawo wa timu iyi na Saladin Said uyo wakaŵa na vilato vinandi. Charu cha Ethiopia chili na mitheto yitali chomene ya mpira wa basketball mu vyaru vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa.{{clear}} ==Wonaniso== * [[Index of Ethiopia-related articles]] * [[Outline of Ethiopia]] * [[Music and politics in Ethiopia]] ==Vyakulemba== {{notelist}} ==Ukaboni== ===Citations=== {{Reflist |refs = <!-- Not in use <ref name="Mengistu_2018_Zimb">{{cite news |title = Why a photo of Mengistu has proved so controversial |date= 2 August 2018 |website = [[BBC News]] |publisher = BBC | url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45043811 |access-date = 29 June 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190629092237/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45043811 |archive-date = 29 June 2019 |url-status = live}}</ref> --> }} === General sources=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |ref=Abir |author=Abir, Mordechai |title = Ethiopia: The Era of the Princes; The Challenge of Islam and the Re-unification of the Christian Empire (1769–1855) |location = London, England |publisher=Longmans |year= 1968}} * {{cite book |ref=Beshah |author1=Beshah, Girma |author2=Aregay, Merid Wolde |title=The Question of the Union of the Churches in Luso-Ethiopian Relations (1500–1632) |location = Lisbon |publisher= Junta de Investigações do Ultramar and Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos |year=1964}} *{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Eritrea |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000conn |last1=Connel |first1=Dan |last2=Killion |first2=Tom |year=2011 |publisher=The Scarecrow |isbn=978-081085952-4}} * {{cite journal |last=Lyons |first=Terrence |year=1996 |title=Closing the Transition: the May 1995 Elections in Ethiopia |url=https://www.academia.edu/9622394 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=121–42 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00055233|s2cid=155079488 }} * {{cite book |ref=Munro-Hay |author=Munro-Hay, Stuart |year=1991 |url=http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf |title=Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity |location=Edinburgh |publisher=University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-0106-6 |access-date=3 March 2012 |archive-date=23 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123223427/https://web.archive.org/web/20130123223427/http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |title=The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century |year=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC |publisher=The Red Sea Press |isbn=9780932415196 |language=en}} * {{cite book |ref=Valdes Vivo|author=Valdes Vivo, Raul |title=Ethiopia's Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/ethiopiasrevolut0000vald|publisher=International Publishers |location = New York, NY |year= 1977|isbn=978-0-7178-0556-3}} {{refend}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=Gwyn|last2=Miers|first2=Suzanne|last3=Miller|first3=Joseph|title=Women and Slavery: Africa, the Indian Ocean world, and the medieval north Atlantic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jgm69dJt4DcC&pg=PA219|year=2007|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-1723-2}} * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Abyssinia | volume= 1 |last2= Gleichen |first2= Albert Edward Wilfred |author2-link= Lord Edward Gleichen |last1= Cana |first1= Frank Richardson |author1-link= | pages = 82&ndash;95 |short= 1 }} * Deguefé, Taffara (2006). ''Minutes of an Ethiopian Century'', Shama Books, Addis Ababa, {{ISBN|99944-0-003-7}}. * Hugues Fontaine, ''Un Train en Afrique. African Train'', Centre Français des Études Éthiopiennes / Shama Books. Édition bilingue français / anglais. Traduction : Yves-Marie Stranger. Postface : Jean-Christophe Belliard. Avec des photographies de Matthieu Germain Lambert et Pierre Javelot. Addis Abeba, 2012, {{ISBN|978-99944-867-1-7}}. English and French. [http://www.africantrain.org/ UN TRAIN EN AFRIQUE] * {{Cite book|last=Henze |first=Paul B. |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |year=2004 |publisher=Shama Books|isbn=978-1-931253-28-4}} * {{cite book |last1=Keller |first1=Edmond |title=Revolutionary Ethiopia From Empire to People's Republic |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionaryeth00edmo |date=1991 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=9780253206466}} * {{Cite book|last=Marcus |first=Harold G. |title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia, 1844–1913 |year=1975 |publisher=Clarendon |location=Oxford}} Reprint, Trenton, NJ: Red Sea, 1995. {{ISBN|1-56902-009-4}}. * {{Cite book|last=Marcus |first=Harold G. |title=A History of Ethiopia |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofethiopi0000marc |edition=updated |year=2002 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-22479-7}} * Mauri, Arnaldo (2010). ''Monetary developments and decolonization in Ethiopia'', Acta Universitatis Danubius Œconomica, VI, n. 1/2010, pp.&nbsp;5–16. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180844/http://journals.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/oeconomica/article/view/337-319 Monetary Developments and Decolonization in Ethiopia] and WP [http://ideas.repec.org./p/mil/wpdepa/2010-15.html Monetary developments and decolonization in Ethiopia] * {{Cite book|last=Mockler |first=Anthony |title=Haile Selassie's War |url=https://archive.org/details/haileselassieswa0000mock |year=1984 |publisher=Random House |location=New York}} Reprint, New York: Olive Branch, 2003. {{ISBN|0-902669-53-2}}. * [[Dervla Murphy|Murphy, Dervla]] (1968). ''[[In Ethiopia with a Mule]]''. London: Century, 1984, cop. 1968. ''N.B''.: An account of the author's travels in Ethiopia. 280 p., ill. with a b&w map. {{ISBN|0-7126-3044-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Rubenson|first=Sven|title=The Survival of Ethiopian Independence|edition=4th|year=2003|publisher=Tsehai|location=Hollywood, CA |isbn=978-0-9723172-7-6}} * {{Cite book|last=Selassie I. |first=Haile |title=My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I |author-link=Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia |others=Translated by Edward Ullendorff |year=1999 |publisher=Frontline |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-948390-40-1}} * Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2003). ''[[Encyclopaedia aethiopica]]'', Vol. 1: A–C. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. * Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2005). ''Encyclopaedia aethiopica'', Vol. 2: D–Ha. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. * Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2007). ''Encyclopaedia aethiopica'', Vol. 3: He–N. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. * Siegbert Uhlig & Alessandro Bausi, et al. (eds.) (2010). ''[[Encyclopaedia aethiopica]]'', Vol. 4: O–X. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. * Alessandro Bausi & S. Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2014). ''[[Encyclopaedia aethiopica]]'', Vol. 5: Y–Z and addenda, corrigenda, overview tables, maps and general index. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. * {{Cite book |last=Zewde |first=Bahru |title=A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855–1991 |edition=2nd |year=2001 |publisher=Ohio University Press |location=Athens, OH |isbn=978-0-8214-1440-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderne00bahr}} * {{Country study}} * {{CIA World Factbook}} {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|n=Category:Ethiopia|s=Category:Ethiopia|v=no|voy=Ethiopia|species=no|m=no|mw=no|collapsible=collapsed}} {{Scholia|topic}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210421154941/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/ Ethiopia]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13349398 BBC Ethiopia Profile] * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/ETH/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Ethiopia Summary Trade Statistics] * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Ethiopia}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ET Key Development Forecasts for Ethiopia] from [[International Futures]]. * [https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/ethiopia Ethiopia pages – U.S. Dept. of State] (which includes current State Dept. press releases and reports on Ethiopia) {{Ethiopia topics}} {{Navboxes |list= {{World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia}} {{Ethnic groups in Ethiopia}} {{Ethiopian diaspora}} {{Medieval Horn of Africa}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|9|N|38.7|E|display=title}} [[Category:Ethiopia| ]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:Federal republics]] [[Category:Horn African countries]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] hcvq2pjwjumvttmgnh2eqkzc1px6ik8 0 6937 122972 115461 2026-10-06T14:32:03Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = Guernsey | native_name = {{nobold|{{native name|fr|Guernesey}}}}<br />{{nobold|{{native name|nrf-GG|Guernési}}}} | settlement_type = [[Bailiwick of Guernsey|Jurisdiction of the Bailiwick of Guernsey]] | linking_name = Guernsey | image_flag = Flag of Guernsey.svg | flag_size = 125px | flag_link = Flag of Guernsey | image_seal = Coat of arms of Guernsey.svg | seal_size = 70px | seal_type = Coat of arms | seal_link = Coat of arms of Guernsey | anthem = "[[Sarnia Cherie]]" | song = | song_type = | image_map = {{Bailiwick of Guernsey location map|Guernsey}} | mapsize = | map_alt = Location of Guernsey | map_caption = {{map caption|location=circled |region = the [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]] |region_color=red}} | image_map2 = Guernsey-Guernsey.png | mapsize2 = | map_alt2 = Map of Guernsey within the Bailiwick | map_caption2 = Map of Guernsey within the Bailiwick | subdivision_type = [[Sovereign state]] | subdivision_name = [[United Kingdom]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Crown Dependencies|Crown Dependency]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]] | established_title = Separation from the [[Duchy of Normandy]] | established_date = 1204 | official_languages = {{hlist|[[English language|English]]|[[Guernésiais]]|[[French language|French]]}} | regional_languages = {{hlist|[[Sercquiais]]|''[[Auregnais]]''{{efn|Extinct language.}}}} | capital = [[St. Peter Port]] | coordinates = {{Coord|49|27|36|N|2|32|7|W|type:city_region:GG}} | largest_city = capital | ethnic_groups = | demonym = {{hlist|Guernseyman|Guernseywoman|Giernésiais(e)}}{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} | government_type = [[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Duke of Normandy]]<ref>{{Google books |id=eNHriNq-89QC |page=314 |title=The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy }}</ref><ref>{{Google books |id=UlY6unhtCEAC |page=11 |title=The Channel Islands }}</ref> | leader_name1 = [[Charles, King of the United Kingdom|Charles III]] | leader_title2 = [[Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey|Lieutenant Governor]] | leader_name2 = [[Richard Cripwell]] | leader_title3 = [[Bailiff of Guernsey|Bailiff]] | leader_name3 = [[Richard McMahon (bailiff)|Richard McMahon]] | leader_title4 = [[President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey]] | leader_name4 = [[Peter Ferbrache]] | legislature = [[States of Guernsey]] | area_km2 = 78 <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210112224552/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guernsey Explore All Countries] CIA</ref> | percent_water = 0 | elevation_max_m = | population_estimate = | population_census = 62,792<ref name="population">{{Cite web |date=March 2019 |title=Population, Employment and 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Kingdom#Guernsey|+44]] | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#Crown Dependencies|UK postcode]] | postal_code = [[GY postcode area|GY1–GY8]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GG|GG]] | cctld = [[.gg]] }} '''Guernsey''' ntchigawa chakuzingilizgika na maji mu chigaŵa cha English Channel. == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} {{stub}} {{Guernsey-geo-stub}} hrx2zs1q7oq7bxqzk6zpq7dq8hyi7re 123023 122972 2026-10-07T08:52:30Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 123023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = Guernsey | native_name = {{nobold|{{native name|fr|Guernesey}}}}<br />{{nobold|{{native name|nrf-GG|Guernési}}}} | settlement_type = [[Bailiwick of Guernsey|Jurisdiction of the Bailiwick of Guernsey]] | linking_name = Guernsey | image_flag = Flag of Guernsey.svg | flag_size = 125px | flag_link = Flag of Guernsey | image_seal = Coat of arms of Guernsey.svg | seal_size = 70px | seal_type = Coat of arms | seal_link = Coat of arms of Guernsey | anthem = "[[Sarnia Chérie]]" | song = | song_type = | image_map = {{Bailiwick of Guernsey location map|Guernsey}} | mapsize = | map_alt = Location of Guernsey | map_caption = {{map caption|location=circled |region = the [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]] |region_color=red}} | image_map2 = Guernsey-Guernsey.png | mapsize2 = | map_alt2 = Map of Guernsey within the Bailiwick | map_caption2 = Map of Guernsey within the Bailiwick | subdivision_type = [[Sovereign state]] | subdivision_name = [[United Kingdom]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Crown Dependencies|Crown Dependency]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]] | established_title = Separation from the [[Duchy of Normandy]] | established_date = 1204 | official_languages = {{hlist|[[English language|English]]|[[Guernésiais]]|[[French language|French]]}} | regional_languages = {{hlist|[[Sercquiais]]|''[[Auregnais]]''{{efn|Extinct language.}}}} | capital = [[St. Peter Port]] | coordinates = {{Coord|49|27|36|N|2|32|7|W|type:city_region:GG}} | largest_city = capital | ethnic_groups = | demonym = {{hlist|Guernseyman|Guernseywoman|Giernésiais(e)}}{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} | government_type = [[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Duke of Normandy]]<ref>{{Google books |id=eNHriNq-89QC |page=314 |title=The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy }}</ref><ref>{{Google books |id=UlY6unhtCEAC |page=11 |title=The Channel Islands }}</ref> | leader_name1 = [[Charles, King of the United Kingdom|Charles III]] | leader_title2 = [[Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey|Lieutenant Governor]] | leader_name2 = [[Richard Cripwell]] | leader_title3 = [[Bailiff of Guernsey|Bailiff]] | leader_name3 = [[Richard McMahon (bailiff)|Richard McMahon]] | leader_title4 = [[President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey]] | leader_name4 = [[Peter Ferbrache]] | legislature = [[States of Guernsey]] | area_km2 = 78 <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210112224552/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guernsey Explore All Countries] CIA</ref> | percent_water = 0 | elevation_max_m = | population_estimate = | population_census = 62,792<ref name="population">{{Cite web |date=March 2019 |title=Population, Employment and Earnings - States of Guernsey |url=https://www.gov.gg/population}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = | population_census_rank = 207th | population_census_year = 2019 | population_density_km2 = 965 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = £3.272 billion<ref name="2018 gdp">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2019 |title=Guernsey Annual GVA and GDP Bulletin - 2018 |url=https://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=120674&p=0 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=gov.gg |publisher=States of Guernsey}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = £52,531<ref name="2018 gdp" /> | currency = [[Guernsey pound]]{{efn|The Guernsey pound is not a separate currency, but a local issue of standard pound sterling.}}<br />[[Pound sterling]] (£) | currency_code = GBP | timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = ±00:00 | timezone_DST = [[British Summer Time|BST]] | utc_offset_DST = +01:00 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom#Guernsey|+44]] | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#Crown Dependencies|UK postcode]] | postal_code = [[GY postcode area|GY1–GY8]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GG|GG]] | cctld = [[.gg]] }} '''Guernsey''' ntchigawa chakuzingilizgika na maji mu chigaŵa cha English Channel. == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} {{stub}} {{Guernsey-geo-stub}} hevem8rtl4d20fumtydjennsxdojlpk 123024 123023 2026-10-07T08:53:05Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Broken refs 123024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox dependency | name = Guernsey | native_name = {{nobold|{{native name|fr|Guernesey}}}}<br />{{nobold|{{native name|nrf-GG|Guernési}}}} | settlement_type = [[Bailiwick of Guernsey|Jurisdiction of the Bailiwick of Guernsey]] | linking_name = Guernsey | image_flag = Flag of Guernsey.svg | flag_size = 125px | flag_link = Flag of Guernsey | image_seal = Coat of arms of Guernsey.svg | seal_size = 70px | seal_type = Coat of arms | seal_link = Coat of arms of Guernsey | anthem = "[[Sarnia Chérie]]" | song = | song_type = | image_map = {{Bailiwick of Guernsey location map|Guernsey}} | mapsize = | map_alt = Location of Guernsey | map_caption = {{map caption|location=circled |region = the [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]] |region_color=red}} | image_map2 = Guernsey-Guernsey.png | mapsize2 = | map_alt2 = Map of Guernsey within the Bailiwick | map_caption2 = Map of Guernsey within the Bailiwick | subdivision_type = [[Sovereign state]] | subdivision_name = [[United Kingdom]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Crown Dependencies|Crown Dependency]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]] | established_title = Separation from the [[Duchy of Normandy]] | established_date = 1204 | official_languages = {{hlist|[[English language|English]]|[[Guernésiais]]|[[French language|French]]}} | regional_languages = {{hlist|[[Sercquiais]]|''[[Auregnais]]''{{efn|Extinct language.}}}} | capital = [[St. Peter Port]] | coordinates = {{Coord|49|27|36|N|2|32|7|W|type:city_region:GG}} | largest_city = capital | ethnic_groups = | demonym = {{hlist|Guernseyman|Guernseywoman|Giernésiais(e)}}{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} | government_type = [[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Duke of Normandy]]<ref>{{Google books |id=eNHriNq-89QC |page=314 |title=The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy }}</ref><ref>{{Google books |id=UlY6unhtCEAC |page=11 |title=The Channel Islands }}</ref> | leader_name1 = [[Charles, King of the United Kingdom|Charles III]] | leader_title2 = [[Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey|Lieutenant Governor]] | leader_name2 = [[Richard Cripwell]] | leader_title3 = [[Bailiff of Guernsey|Bailiff]] | leader_name3 = [[Richard McMahon (bailiff)|Richard McMahon]] | leader_title4 = [[President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey]] | leader_name4 = [[Peter Ferbrache]] | legislature = [[States of Guernsey]] | area_km2 = 78 <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210112224552/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guernsey Explore All Countries] CIA</ref> | percent_water = 0 | elevation_max_m = | population_estimate = | population_census = 62,792<ref name="population">{{Cite web |date=March 2019 |title=Population, Employment and Earnings - States of Guernsey |url=https://www.gov.gg/population}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = | population_census_rank = 207th | population_census_year = 2019 | population_density_km2 = 965 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = £3.272 billion<ref name="2018 gdp">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2019 |title=Guernsey Annual GVA and GDP Bulletin - 2018 |url=https://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=120674&p=0 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=gov.gg |publisher=States of Guernsey}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = £52,531<ref name="2018 gdp" /> | currency = [[Guernsey pound]]{{efn|The Guernsey pound is not a separate currency, but a local issue of standard pound sterling.}}<br />[[Pound sterling]] (£) | currency_code = GBP | timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = ±00:00 | timezone_DST = [[British Summer Time|BST]] | utc_offset_DST = +01:00 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom#Guernsey|+44]] | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#Crown Dependencies|UK postcode]] | postal_code = [[GY postcode area|GY1–GY8]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GG|GG]] | cctld = [[.gg]] }} '''Guernsey''' ntchigawa chakuzingilizgika na maji mu chigaŵa cha English Channel. == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} {{stub}} {{Guernsey-geo-stub}} jkh4clw11jtwj35p6jey9558pfo3oif 0 6964 122999 122786 2026-10-07T03:18:07Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in Southern Africa}} {{redirect|ZWE|other uses|Zimbabwe (disambiguation)|and|ZWE (disambiguation)}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Zimbabwe | common_name = Zimbabwe | native_name = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%; | title = 15 other official names<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe 2013, as amended to 2017 |url=https://constitutions.unwomen.org/en/countries/africa/zimbabwe?provisioncategory=1567c632948f4e7fbda031acfcb07d6d |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=constitutions.unwomen.org}}</ref> | {{Infobox|subbox=yes|bodystyle=font-size:77%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[Shona language|Shona]]: | data1 = {{lang|sn|Nyika yeZimbabwe}} | rowclass2 = mergedrow | label2 = [[Northern Ndebele language|Ndebele]]: | data2 = {{lang|nd|Ilizwe leZimbabwe}} | rowclass3 = mergedrow | label3 = [[Chewa language|Chewa]]: | data3 = {{lang|ny|Dziko la Zimbabwe}} | rowclass4 = mergedrow | label4 = [[Chibarwe]]: | data4 = {{lang|bwg|Nyika ye Zimbabwe}} | rowclass5 = mergedrow | label5 = [[Kalanga language|Kalanga]]: | data5 = {{lang|kck|Hango yeZimbabwe}} | rowclass6 = mergedrow | label6 = [[Khoisan languages|Khoisan]]: | data6 = {{lang|st|Zimbabwe Nù}} | rowclass7 = mergedrow | label7 = [[Nambya language|Nambya]]: | data7 = {{lang|nmq|Inyika yeZimbabwe}} | rowclass8 = mergedrow | label8 = [[Ndau dialect|Ndau]]: | data8 = {{lang|ndc|Nyika yeZimbabwe}} | rowclass9 = mergedrow | label9 = [[Tsonga language|Shangani]]: | data9 = {{lang|ts|Tiko ra Zimbabwe}} | rowclass10 = mergedrow| label10 = [[Sesotho language|Sesotho]]: | data10 = {{lang|st|Naha ya Zimbabwe}} | rowclass11 = mergedrow| label11 = [[Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]: | data11 = {{lang|st|Cisi ca Zimbabwe}} | rowclass12 = mergedrow| label12 = [[Venda language|Venda]]: | data12 = {{lang|ve|Shango ḽa Zimbabwe}} | rowclass13 = mergedrow| label13 = [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]: | data13 = {{lang|xh|Ilizwe lase-Zimbabwe}} }} }} | image_flag = Flag of Zimbabwe.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Zimbabwe.svg | coa_size = 105 | national_motto = "Unity, Freedom, Work"<ref name="BEAVERCT">{{cite journal |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AFwtAAAAIBAJ&pg=3340,2548451&dq=zimbabwe+unity-freedom-work&hl=en |title=Zimbabwe |journal= The Beaver County Times |date= 13 September 1981 |access-date= 2 November 2011}}</ref> | national_anthem = "[[National Anthem of Zimbabwe|Blessed be the land of Zimbabwe]]"<ref name="CIA-WF">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zimbabwe/ |title=The World Factbook – Zimbabwe |date=2 December 2021 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032849/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zimbabwe/ |archive-date=26 January 2021}}</ref><div style= "padding-top:0.5em;">{{center| }}</div> | image_map = Zimbabwe (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=dark green}} | capital = [[Harare]] | coordinates = {{Coord|17|49|45|S|31|03|08|E|type:city_region:ZW}} | largest_city = Harare | official_languages = [[Languages of Zimbabwe|16 languages]]:<ref name="language">{{cite web |publisher=Government of Zimbabwe |via=Kubatana.net |url= http://www.kubatana.net/docs/legisl/constitution_zim_draft_copac_130125.pdf |title=Constitution of Zimbabwe (final draft) |date=January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131002110534/http://www.kubatana.net/docs/legisl/constitution_zim_draft_copac_130125.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref> {{hlist |[[Shona language|Shona]] | [[Northern Ndebele language|Ndebele]] | [[Chibarwe]] | [[Zimbabwean English|English]] | [[Kalanga language|Kalanga]] |"[[Khoisan languages|Koisan]]" (presumably [[Tsoa language|Tsoa]]) | [[Nambya language|Nambya]] | [[Ndau language|Ndau]] | [[Shangani language|Shangani]] |"[[Zimbabwean sign languages|sign language]]" |[[Sotho language|Sotho]] | [[Tonga language (Zambia)|Tonga]] | [[Tswana language|Tswana]] | [[Venda language|Venda]] | [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] | [[Chewa language|Chewa]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 99.38% [[Black African]] (mainly [[Shona people|Shona]] and [[Northern Ndebele people|Ndebele]]) | {{nowrap|0.22% [[White people in Zimbabwe|White African]]}} | 0.18% [[Coloured]] | 0.08% [[Asian people|Asian]] | 0.02% Other | 0.01% Not stated }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2012 Census<ref name="zimstat.co.zw" /> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |84.1% [[Christianity in Zimbabwe|Christianity]] |—69.2% [[Protestantism]] |—14.9% Other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] |10.2% [[Irreligion|No religion]] |4.5% [[African traditional religion|Traditional faiths]] |1.2% Others }} | religion_year = 2017 | religion_ref = <ref name="2017survey">{{cite web |url=https://zimbabwe.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Inter%20Censal%20Demography%20Survey%202017%20Report.pdf |title=Inter Censal Demography Survey 2017 Report |publisher=Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency |date=2017}}</ref> | demonym = Zimbabwean<br />Zimbo<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VzXJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA201 |title= Developments in English | work =International Association of University Professors of English Conference|date= 31 October 2014 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |via= Google Books|isbn= 9781107038509 }}</ref> (colloquial) | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Zimbabwe|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Zimbabwe|Vice-President]] | leader_name2 = [[Constantino Chiwenga]] | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | legislature = [[Parliament of Zimbabwe|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Zimbabwe|Senate]] | lower_house = [[House of Assembly (Zimbabwe)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] {{nobold |from the [[United Kingdom]]}} | established_event1 = [[Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)|Declared]] | established_date1 = 11 November 1965 | established_event2 = [[Rhodesia|Republic]] | established_date2 = 2 March 1970 | established_event3 = [[Zimbabwe Rhodesia]] | established_date3 = 1 June 1979 | established_event4 = [[Lancaster House Agreement|Independence recognised]] | established_date4 = 18 April 1980 | established_event5 = [[Constitution of Zimbabwe|Current constitution]] | established_date5 = 15 May 2013 | area_km2 = 390,757 | area_rank = 60th | area_sq_mi = 150,871 | percent_water = 1 | population_estimate = 15,418,674<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Zimbabwe|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_census = 15,178,979<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Population and Housing Census - Preliminary Report - Zimbabwe Data Portal |url=https://zimbabwe.opendataforafrica.org/anjlptc/2022-population-and-housing-census-preliminary-report |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=zimbabwe.opendataforafrica.org}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 73rd | population_census_year = 2022 | population_density_km2 = 39 | population_density_sq_mi = 57 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $42.4 billion<ref name="imf.org">{{cite web|url= https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=698,&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PPPSH,PPPEX,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,TMG_RPCH,TXG_RPCH,LP,GGR,GGR_NGDP,GGX,GGX_NGDP,GGXCNL,GGXCNL_NGDP,GGXONLB,GGXONLB_NGDP,GGXWDG,GGXWDG_NGDP,NGDP_FY,BCA,BCA_NGDPD,&sy=2021&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023|date=April 2023|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= April 24, 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 131st | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,627<ref name="imf.org"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 175th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $29.9 billion<ref name="imf.org"/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 110th | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $1,851<ref name="imf.org"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 154th | Gini = 50.3 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2019 | Gini_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title= GINI Index |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?page=3 |publisher= World Bank |access-date= 16 June 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111009161918/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?page=3 |archive-date= 9 October 2011}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.593 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 146th | currency = [[Zimbabwean_dollar (2019–present)|Zimbabwean dollar]]<br />[[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]] ($) ([[ISO 4217|USD]])<ref name=Reuters.currency>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/zimbabwe-adopts-new-inflation-rate-based-us-dollar-local-currency-2023-03-03/ |title=Zimbabwe adopts new inflation rate based on U.S. dollar, local currency |date=3 March 2023 |access-date=25 March 2023 |work=Reuters |location=Harare}}</ref><br />[[South African rand]];<ref name=Reuters.currency /> Other currencies{{notetag|After the Zimbabwean dollar was suspended indefinitely from 12 April 2009, [[Euro]], [[United States dollar]], [[Pound sterling]], [[South African rand]], [[Botswana pula]], [[Australian dollar]], [[Renminbi|Chinese yuan]], [[Indian rupee]] and [[Japanese yen]] are used as legal tender.}} | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]]<ref name= TimeZone>{{cite web |url= http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/zimbabwe/time/ |title= Zimbabwe Time |website= Greenwich Mean Time |publisher= Greenwich 2000|access-date= 17 November 2017|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719182003/http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/zimbabwe/time/ |archive-date= 19 July 2011 |df= dmy-all}}</ref> | utc_offset = +2 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+263]] | cctld = [[.zw]] | today = }} '''Zimbabwe''' ntcharu icho chili pakati pa [[milonga ya Zambezi]] na [[Limpopo]], kumwera na [[South Africa]], kumwera na [[Botswana]], kumpoto na [[Zambia]]. Msumba ukuru chomene wa [[Harare]], ndipo waciŵiri ni [[Bulawayo, Zimbabwe|Bulawayo]]. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 15 miliyoni<ref name=macro>{{cite web |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/ZWE/zimbabwe/population |title=Zimbabwe Population 1950-2021 |website=macrotrends.net |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018005628/https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/ZWE/zimbabwe/population |archive-date=18 October 2022 }}</ref>. Mtundu ukuru chomene mu Zimbabwe ni wa Shona, uwo uli na ŵanthu 82% pa charu chose. Ku Zimbabwe kuli viyowoyero 16, ndipo viyowoyero vikuru ni [[Cingelezi]], [[Cishona]], na [[Ndebele]].<ref name="language" /> Kwamba mu ma 900 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu (awo ŵakaŵa mtundu wa Shona) ndiwo ŵakazenga msumba wa [[Great Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":3" /> Mu ma 1000 C.E., msumba uwu ukaŵa umoza mwa misumba yikuru ya ku Africa iyo yikaguliskanga vinthu. Kuzakafika m'ma 1400, msumba uwu ukaŵa kuti walekeka.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Who built Great Zimbabwe? And why? - Breeanna Elliott |url=https://ed.ted.com/lessons/who-built-great-zimbabwe-and-why-breeanna-elliott |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=TED-Ed |language=en}}</ref>Kufuma apo, ufumu wa Zimbabwe ukapangika, ndipo pamanyuma pake ufumu wa Rozvi na Mutapa.<ref name=":3" /> [[Kampani ya British South Africa|British South Africa Company]] ya [[Cecil Rhodes]] yikamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha [[Rhodesia]] mu 1890 apo ŵakathereska Mashonaland ndipo pamanyuma mu 1893 ŵakathereska Matabeleland pamanyuma pakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Matabele ŵakakana. Mu 1923, boma la [[South Rhodesia]] likamba kulamulirika na boma la Britain. Mu 1965, boma la ŵanthu ŵatuŵa likapharazga kuti ni Rhodesia. Boma ili likaŵa kutali na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ndipo likaŵa na nkhondo ya ŵasilikari ya vyaka 15 na ŵasilikari ŵa mitundu yinyake. Kufuma apo, charu cha Zimbabwe chikaŵa mu wupu wa [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ndipo chikafumamo mu 2002 chifukwa cha kuswa malango gha vyaru vinyake. Mugabe wakazgoka nduna yikuru ya Zimbabwe mu 1980, apo chipani chake cha ZANU-PF chikaluska pa chisankho chikuru pamanyuma pa umaliro wa muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa. Wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya Zimbabwe kufuma mu 1987 mpaka apo wakafumako mu 2017. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Mugabe, wupu wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ndiwo ukaŵa na mazaza pa charu chose ndipo ndiwo ukachitanga viheni vinandi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2015&dlid=252745|title=Zimbabwe 2015 Human Rights Report|year=2015|access-date=6 May 2016|publisher=[[United States Department of State]] [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]]}}</ref> Kufuma mu 2000 mpaka mu 2009, chuma chikamba kunangika na kukhuŵara chomene pambere chindawelere nyuma apo ndalama zinyake padera pa dola ya ku Zimbabwe zikazomerezgekanga. Pa 15 Novembala 2017, pamanyuma pa chaka chimoza cha viwawa vyakususkana na boma lake kweniso chuma cha Zimbabwe icho chikukhilira pasi, Mugabe wakajalirika mu nyumba na ŵasilikari ŵa charu ichi mu boma, ndipo Mugabe wakafumapo pati pajumpha mazuŵa 6. Emmerson Mnangagwa ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa Zimbabwe. Charu cha Zimbabwe chili mu wupu wa United Nations, Southern African Development Community, African Union, na Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. == Kwiza kwa zina == {{further|Rhodesia (name)}} Zina lakuti "Zimbabwe" likufuma ku lizgu la ChiShona ilo likung'anamura Great Zimbabwe, msumba wa ku Middle Ages (Masvingo) uwo uli kumwera kwa charu ichi. Pali vigomezgo viŵiri vyakukhwaskana na umo lizgu ili likambira. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti lizgu lakuti "Zimbabwe" lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti dzimba-dza-mabwe, ilo lili kung'anamulika kufuma ku lizgu la Chishona la Karanga kuti "nyumba za malibwe"..<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.somalipress.com/zimbabwe-overview/zimbabwe-big-house-stone-1145.html|title= Zimbabwe – big house of stone|publisher= Somali Press|access-date= 14 December 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110503184153/http://www.somalipress.com/zimbabwe-overview/zimbabwe-big-house-stone-1145.html|archive-date= 3 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= Shona Class 5 revisited: a case against *ri as Class 5 nominal prefix|journal= Zambezia|year= 1994|volume= 21|pages= 51–80|author= Lafon, Michel|url= http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol21n1/juz021001005.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= Mediated monuments and national identity|author= Vale, Lawrence J.|doi= 10.1080/136023699373774|journal= Journal of Architecture|volume= 4|year= 1999|pages= 391–408|issue= 4}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Shona awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Karanga ŵakakhalanga kufupi na Great Zimbabwe, mu chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka Masvingo. Munthu munyake uyo wakusanda vinthu vyakale, zina lake Peter Garlake, wakati lizgu lakuti "Zimbabwe" likung'anamura lizgu lakuti dzimba-hwe.<ref>{{cite book|last= Garlake|first= Peter|author-link= Peter Garlake|title= Great Zimbabwe: New Aspects of Archaeology|url= https://archive.org/details/greatzimbabwe0000garl|url-access= limited|year= 1973|publisher= Thames & Hudson|location= London, UK|isbn= 978-0-8128-1599-3|page= [https://archive.org/details/greatzimbabwe0000garl/page/13 13]}}</ref> Kale, charu cha Zimbabwe chikachemekanga [[Southern Rhodesia]] (1898), [[Rhodesia]] (1965), na [[Zimbabwe Rhodesia]] (1979). Mu 1960 munthu munyake wakuchemeka Michael Mawema ndiyo wakambiska zina lakuti "Zimbabwe".<ref name=ndlovugatsheni113114/>Lizgu lakuti "Rhodesia", ilo lili kufuma ku zina la [[Cecil Rhodes]], uyo wakambiska kuti ku Britain kukhalenge ŵanthu ŵa ku Rhodesia m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakaliwonanga kuti ndakwenelera yayi.<ref name=fontein119120>{{cite book|title= The Silence of Great Zimbabwe: Contested Landscapes and the Power of Heritage|url= https://archive.org/details/silenceofgreatzi0000font|last= Fontein|first= Joost|location= London|publisher= [[University College London|University College London Press]]|date= September 2006|edition= First|isbn= 978-1844721238|pages= [https://archive.org/details/silenceofgreatzi0000font/page/119 119]–20}}</ref> Mawema wakati mu 1960, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakachita ungano kuti ŵasankhe zina linyake la charu ichi. Ŵalongozgi ŵa charu cha Matabeleland ŵakayowoyaso kuti "Matopos", kung'anamura mapiri gha Matopos kumwera kwa Bulawayo.<ref name=ndlovugatsheni113114>{{cite book|title= Do "Zimbabweans" Exist? Trajectories of Nationalism, National Identity Formation and Crisis in a Postcolonial State|last= Ndlovu-Gatsheni|first= Sabelo J.|location= Bern|publisher= [[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang AG]]|year= 2009|edition= First|isbn= 978-3-03911-941-7|pages= 113–14}}</ref> It was initially unclear how the chosen term was to be used—a letter written by Mawema in 1961 refers to "Zimbabweland"<ref name="ndlovugatsheni113114" /> — but "Zimbabwe" was sufficiently established by 1962 to become the generally preferred term of the black nationalist movement.<ref name=fontein119120/>Mu 2001, Eddison Zvobgo, uyo wakaŵa wakuwona vya charu, wakayowoya kuti Mawema wakazunura zina ili pa ungano wa ndyali. Gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito zina ili pa nyengo ya kampeni yaciŵiri ya Chimurenga yakwimikana na boma la Rhodesia mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku Rhodesia ya 1964-1979. Gulu likuru mu kampu iyi likaŵa la Zimbabwe African National Union (lakuwusika na Robert Mugabe kwambira mu 1975), na Zimbabwe African People's Union (lakuwusika na Joshua Nkomo kwambira apo likakhazikiskikira mu 1960s). Nga ni vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa ivyo vikajiyimira mu nyengo ya [[Nkhondo Yakuzizima]], charu cha Zimbabwe nacho chilije mtundu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ChiShona, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe awo ŵalipo pa chiŵerengero ichi ŵalipo 80 peresenti. Dango ili likuzomerezga viyowoyero 16, kweni viŵiri pera ndivyo vikuyowoyeka pa charu chose, chiShona na Chingelezi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusambira Chishona mu masukulu. Kweniso mu charu cha Zimbabwe mulije mulongozgi uyo ni Mushona yayi.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Mlambo|first=Alois S.|date=2013|title=Becoming Zimbabwe or Becoming Zimbabwean: Identity, Nationalism and State-building|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43941319|journal=Africa Spectrum|volume=48|issue=1|pages=49–70|doi=10.1177/000203971304800103|jstor=43941319|s2cid=127302759|issn=0002-0397}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-29 |title=From a kingdom to a nation: A Shona awakening |url=https://tradmag.ca/season-1/government/from-a-kingdom-to-a-nation-a-shona-awakening-2/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Trad Magazine |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518174617/https://tradmag.ca/season-1/government/from-a-kingdom-to-a-nation-a-shona-awakening-2/ |archive-date=18 May 2024}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Zimbabwe}} === Nyengo ya pambere charu chindambe kulamulira === {{further|Bantu expansion}} [[File:Tower, Great Zimbabwe1.jpg|thumb|upright|Towers of [[Great Zimbabwe]]]] Ŵanthu awo ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakumanya kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala mu charu cha Zimbabwe vyaka 500,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San, awo ŵakasunga mivi na vithuzithuzi vya mu mphanji. Pafupifupi vyaka 2,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵalimi ŵakwambilira awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi ŵakafika mu charu ichi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/pre-colonial-history-sa|title=Pre-colonial history of SA|website=South African History Online|access-date=17 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702192857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/pre-colonial-history-sa|archive-date=2 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/zimbabwe|title=Zimbabwe|website=South African History Online|access-date=19 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107164147/http://www.sahistory.org.za/place/zimbabwe|archive-date=7 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vya ku Shona ŵakamba kuŵako mu chigaŵa chapakati cha mlonga wa Limpopo mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E. pambere ŵandalute ku malo gha mapiri gha ku Zimbabwe. Charu cha Zimbabwe chikaŵa pakatikati pa vyaru vinyake vya Shona, kwamba mu ma 1000 C.E. Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1000, ŵanthu ŵakamba kwenda na ŵamalonda ŵa ku India, ndipo ŵakamba kwenda na ŵanthu ŵa ku Mapungubwe. Ichi chikaŵa chakwamba kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Shona ŵambe kukhala mu chigaŵa ichi kufuma mu 13 m'paka mu 15 C.E. Vinthu ivi vikuwoneka mu malo agho ghakaŵa ku Great Zimbabwe, kufupi na Masvingo, kweniso mu malo ghanyake ghachoko. Pa malo agha pakaŵa nyumba zakuzengeka na malibwe ghakukhoma. Ufumu wa Mapungubwe ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba mu vyaru vinandi ivyo vikaguliskana vinthu mu Zimbabwe apo ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵa ku Europe ŵakafikanga kufuma ku Portugal. Vyaru ivi vikaguliskanga golide, njovu, na mkuŵa na kugura salu na gilasi.<ref name="autogenerated241">{{cite book|title= Historical Archaeology |url= https://archive.org/details/historicalarchae0000unse_l8k7 |last= Hall|first= Martin|author2= Stephen W. Silliman|year= 2005|publisher= Wiley Blackwell|isbn= 978-1-4051-0751-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicalarchae0000unse_l8k7/page/241 241]–44}}</ref> Kuzakafika mu 1220, ufumu wa Zimbabwe ukaŵa kuti wajumpha wa Mapungubwe. Boma la Shona likasazgirako na kusazgirako maofesi gha malibwe gha ku Mapungubwe, agho ghachalipo m'paka sono pa malo agho ghakaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu wa Great Zimbabwe. Kufuma mu 1450 m'paka mu 1760, Ufumu wa Mutapa ukawusa chigaŵa chikuru cha Zimbabwe, kweniso vigaŵa vinyake vya Mozambiki. Charu ichi chikachemekangaso Ufumu wa Mutapa, panji Mwene Mutapa panji Monomotapa kweniso "Munhumutapa". Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na mazaza pa ufumu uwu ndipo ŵakambiska nkhondo zinandi izo zikapangiska kuti ufumu wawo uparanyike kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1700.<ref name="autogenerated241" /> Pakuzgora ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu ichi, boma liphya la Ŵashona likawuka. Pakuthemba pa umo ŵasilikari, ŵandyali, na chisopa ŵakendera kwa vyaka vinandi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Rozwi (kung'anamura "ŵakuparanya") ŵakachimbizga Ŵapwitikizi mu charu cha Zimbabwe mu 1683. Mu 1821, mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa mtundu wa Khumalo, zina lake Mzilikazi, wakawukira Themba Shaka na kukhazikiska mtundu wake wa Ndebele. Ŵanthu ŵa Ndebele ŵakaluta kumpoto ku Transvaal, ndipo ŵakasakaza vinthu vinandi chomene. Mu 1836, ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands awo ŵakendanga mu chigaŵa cha Transvaal ŵakaŵachimbizga kumpoto chomene na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa Tswana Barolong na ŵa Griqua. Kuzakafika mu 1838, Ŵandebele ŵakathereska Ufumu wa Rozwi pamoza na vyaru vinyake vichoko vya Shona.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book|last= Nelson|first= Harold|title= Zimbabwe: A Country Study |pages= 1–317|publisher= The Studies | year= 1983}}</ref> [[File:Harris - Ndebelekraal.png|thumb|A Matabele [[kraal]], as depicted by [[William Cornwallis Harris]], 1836]] Mu 1840, Mzilikazi na fuko lake ŵakati ŵafumako ku vyaru vyawo ku South Africa, ŵakakhazikika kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu icho sono chikuchemeka Zimbabwe. Pamanyuma, Mzilikazi wakambiska gulu la ŵasilikari lakuyana na la Shaka. Mubali Mzilikazi wakafwa mu 1868; pamanyuma pa kulimbana na mwana wake Lobengula. === Nyengo ya Chikoloni na Rhodesia (1888~1964) === {{Main|Company rule in Rhodesia|Southern Rhodesia|Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland}} [[File:Hoisting the flag at Fort Salisbury.png|thumb|The [[Union Jack]] was raised over [[Harare|Fort Salisbury]] on 13 September 1890.]] Mu ma 1880, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakiza na kampani ya Cecil Rhodes yakuchemeka British South Africa Company (iyo yikalembeka mu 1889). Mu 1888, Themba Lobengula la ŵanthu ŵa Ndebele, likapeleka wanangwa wa kunozga migodi ku charu cha Rhodes. Iyo wakapeleka mwaŵi uwu kuti wakhuŵilizge boma la Britain kuti lipeleke wanangwa wa kuwusa Matabeleland na vyaru vinyake nga ni Mashonaland. Rhodes wakagwiliskira ntchito chikalata ichi mu 1890 kuti walongosore makora chifukwa icho wakatumira gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakavikilirikanga na ŵapolisi ŵa ku Britain (British South Africa Police - BSAP) awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero vinandi. Mu 1893 na 1894, ŵasilikari ŵa BSAP ŵakathereska Ŵandebele mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Matabele. Rhodes wakapemphaso kuti waŵape wanangwa wakuchita vinthu nga umo ŵakachitiranga ku Limpopo na Nyanja ya Tanganyika. Kuyana na fundo izo zikaŵa mu mapangano agha, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi, ndipo Ŵanung'una ŵakalutilira kulamulira ŵantchito, visulo vyakuzirwa, na vinthu vinyake.<ref name="bsac">Bryce, James (2008). ''Impressions of South Africa''. p. 170; {{ISBN|055430032X}}.</ref> [[File:Battle of the Shangani.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Battle of the Shangani]] on 25 October 1893]] Mu 1895, BSAC yikapeleka zina lakuti "Rhodesia" ku malo agha. Mu 1898, "Southern Rhodesia" likazgoka zina la chigaŵa icho chili kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Zambezi. Chigaŵa cha kumpoto, icho chikaŵa na boma lapadera, pamanyuma chikachemeka Northern Rhodesia (sono ni Zambia). Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo ŵabali ŵa ku Rhodes ŵakachitira nkhondo ya Jameson (Disembala 1895 m'paka Janyuwale 1896) pa charu cha South Africa, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ndebele ŵakagalukira ŵalongozgi ŵatuŵa. Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya Matabele ya 1896-1897 yikamara mu Matabeleland mpaka mu 1896, apo Mlimo wakakomeka na Frederick Russell Burnham. Mu 1896 na 1897, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Shona ŵakagalukira boma la boma la Shona. Pamanyuma pa kugaluka uku, boma la Rhodes likathereska ŵanthu ŵa mitundu ya Ndebele na Shona ndipo likanozga vyaru kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakhalengepo. Pa Seputembala 12, 1923, Ufumu wa United Kingdom ukakolerana na charu cha Southern Rhodesia.<ref>Southern Rhodesia (Annexation) Order in Council, 30 July 1923 which provided by section 3 thereof: "From and after the coming into operation of this Order the said territories shall be annexed to and form part of His Majesty's Dominions, and shall be known as the Colony of Southern Rhodesia."</ref><ref>Stella Madzibamuto v Desmond William Larder – Burke, Fredrick Phillip George (1969) A.C 645 – Authority for date of annexation having been 12 September 1923, being the date the Rhodesia (Annexation) Order in Council came into effect</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">''Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law: United Nations Action in the Question of Southern Rhodesia'' by Vera Gowlland-Debbas</ref><ref>Stella Madzibamuto v Desmond William Larder – Burke, Fredrick Phillip George (1969) A.C 645</ref>Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo charu ichi chikapokelereka, pa Okutobala 1, 1923, dango lakwamba la Southern Rhodesia likamba kugwira ntchito. Kuyana na dango liphya ili, charu cha Southern Rhodesia chikaŵa na wanangwa wa kwendera malango gha Britain. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵa ku Rhodesia ŵakateŵeteranga ku United Kingdom pa Nkhondo za Caru Cose ziŵiri izo zikacitika kukwambilira kwa vilimika vya m'ma 1900. Kuyana na unandi wa ŵazungu, caru ca Southern Rhodesia cikapeleka ndalama zinandi comene pa munthu yumoza pa Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose kuluska cigaŵa cilicose ca ufumu uwu, kusazgapo Britain. Mu 1930, dango la kugaŵa malo likakanizga ŵanthu ŵafipa kuŵa na malo mu vigaŵa vinyake vya charu ichi. Ndondomeko iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuyana, ntheura nyengo zinandi ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga vya kusintha kwa malo. Mu 1953, cifukwa ca kugaluka kwa vyaru vya ku Africa, Britain wakakolerana na vyaru viŵiri vya Rhodesia pamoza na Nyasaland (Malawi) mu Central African Federation. Ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vya ku Africa ŵakamba kutinkhana chomene, chomenechomene ku Nyasaland. Apo ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakamba kulamulira ku Northern Rhodesia na Nyasaland, ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Europe ŵakalutilira kulamulira. Pamanyuma pa wanangwa wa Zambia (kufumila mu Okutobala 1964), boma la Rhodesian Front la Ian Smith mu Salisbury likathereska zina lakuti "Southern" mu 1964 (para Northern Rhodesia yikasintha zina lake kuŵa Zambia, lizgu lakuti Southern pambere zina la Rhodesia lindambe kuzunulika likamba kuŵa lakukhumbikwa yayi ndipo charu chikamba kumanyikwa kuti Rhodesia pamanyuma). Smith wakakana fundo ya Britain yakuti "kuŵa na wanangwa yayi pambere ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵandambe kulamulira". Uwu ukaŵa ulendo wakwamba uwo ŵakugaluka ŵa ku Britain ŵakacita kufuma waka mu 1776.<ref name="moorcraft"> {{cite journal |url= http://www.historytoday.com/paul-moorcraft/rhodesias-war-independence |title= Rhodesia's War of Independence|date= 31 August 1990 |journal= History Today|volume= 40 | issue= 9 |first= Paul|last= Moorcraft |quote= [P]er head of (white) population Rhodesia had contributed more in both world wars than any other part of the empire, including the United Kingdom. ... There is little doubt now that after a few resignations here and there, the army, the Royal Navy and even the Royal Air Force (supposedly the most disaffected service) would have carried out any orders to subdue the first national treason against the Crown since the American War of Independence.}} </ref> === Kupharazga wanangwa na nkhondo ya mukati (1965-1980) === {{Main|Rhodesia|Rhodesian Bush War|Zimbabwe Rhodesia|Lancaster House Agreement}} [[File:Udi2-rho.jpg|thumb|[[Ian Smith]] signing the [[Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)|Unilateral Declaration of Independence]] on 11 November 1965 with his cabinet in audience]] Ufumu wa United Kingdom ukawona kuti dango la Rhodesia likaŵa la kugaluka, kweni ukathereska yayi boma ili. Boma la Britain likapempha wupu wa United Nations kuti uŵike vyeruzgo pa caru ca Rhodesia cifukwa ca kudumbiskana na boma la Smith mu 1966 na 1968. Mu Disembala 1966, wupu uwu ukachita ivyo ukayowoya, ndipo ukakanizga boma la Georgia kuti licitenge malonda.<ref name="eafp">Hastedt, Glenn P. (2004) ''Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy'', Infobase Publishing, p. 537; {{ISBN|143810989X}}.</ref> Mu 1968, ŵakawovwiraso pa nkhani iyi. Nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikamba apo gulu la Joshua Nkomo la Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) na la Robert Mugabe la Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), ilo likakhozgeka na ŵamazaza ŵa Chikomyunizimu na vyaru vya mu Africa, likamba nkhondo ya kuwukira boma la Rhodesia ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵatuŵa. ZAPU yikakhozgeka na Soviet Union, Warsaw Pact na vyaru vinyake nga ni Cuba, ndipo yikamba kulondezga fundo za Marxist-Leninist. Mu 1970, Smith wakapharazga kuti Rhodesia ni charu cha ŵanthu wose, kweni charu chose chikamukana. Nyengo yeneyiyo, nkhondo ya mukati mu Rhodesia yikakura comene, ndipo pamanyuma pake wakeneranga kudumbiskana na ŵasilikari ŵa cikomyunizimu.[[File:Lancaster-House-Agreement.png|thumb|right|Bishop [[Abel Muzorewa]] signs the Lancaster House Agreement seated next to [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|British Foreign Secretary]] [[Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington|Lord Carrington]].]] Mu Malichi 1978, Smith wakakolerana na ŵalongozgi ŵatatu ŵa mu Africa, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Bishop Abel Muzorewa, awo ŵakapeleka mwaŵi wakuti ŵazungu ŵakhalenge makora mu malo agha. Paumaliro wa ndondomeko iyi, mu Epulero 1979, pakaŵa mavoti ndipo United African National Council (UANC) ndiyo yikaŵa na vithuzithuzi vinandi mu nyumba ya malango. Pa 1 Juni 1979, Muzorewa, mulongozgi wa UANC, wakaŵa nduna yikuru ndipo zina la chalo likasinthika kuŵa Zimbabwe Rhodesia. Pa ndondomeko iyi, Ŵazungu ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia, ŵantchito ŵa boma, makhoti, na pa vigaŵa vitatu vya nyumba za malango. Pa Juni 12, wupu wa United States Senate ukazomerezga kuti caru ca Rhodesia cileke kusuzgika na vinthu vya cuma. Pamanyuma pa ungano wa vigaŵa vya Commonwealth uwo ukacitikira ku Lusaka, Zambia, kwambira pa Ogasiti 1 m'paka 7, 1979, boma la Britain likacemera Muzorewa, Mugabe, na Nkomo kuti ŵize ku ungano wa malango ku Lancaster House. Chilato cha ungano uwu chikaŵa chakuti ŵadumbiskane na kukolerana pa fundo zakukhwaskana na dango la boma lakujiyimira pawekha, kweniso kuti paŵe maungano gha boma agho ghazamuwoneseskeka na Britain. Pa ungano uwu pakaŵa Lord Carrington, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs wa ku United Kingdom. Pa Disembala 21, 1979, ŵimiliri ŵa vyaru vyose ŵakakolerana pa phangano la Lancaster House, ndipo nkhondo ya ŵasilikari yikamara.<ref name="lancaster">Preston, Matthew (2004). ''Ending Civil War: Rhodesia and Lebanon in Perspective.'' p. 25; {{ISBN|1850435790}}.</ref><ref>Lord Soames, "From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe." ''International Affairs'' 56#3 (1980): 405–419. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2617389 online]</ref> Pa Disembala 11, 1979, Nyumba ya Maungano ya Rhodesia yikavota na mavoti 90 kuti yilute ku malo gha Britain (Ian Smith nayo wakazomera). Kufuma apo, boma likapokelera fundo iyi. Christopher Soames, uyo wakaŵa kazembe muphya, wakati wiza pa Disembala 12, 1979, Britain yikamba kulamulira charu cha Zimbabwe Rhodesia. Britain wakawuskapo vyeruzgo pa Disembala 12 ndipo United Nations pa Disembala 16. Pa viwoneskero vya mu Febuluwale 1980, Mugabe na chipani cha ZANU ŵakathereska ŵanthu ŵanandi. Themba Charles, ilo likaŵa mwimiliri wa Britain, likapeleka wanangwa ku caru ciphya ca Zimbabwe pa ciphikiro ico cikacitikira mu Harare mu Epulero 1980.<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Ian |date=2008 |title=Bitter Harvest |url=https://archive.org/details/bitterharvestzim0000smit |location=London |publisher=John Blake Publishing Ltd |page=[https://archive.org/details/bitterharvestzim0000smit/page/367 367] |isbn=978-1-85782-604-3 |author-link=Ian Smith }}</ref> === Nyengo ya kujithemba (1980-paka sono) === [[File:Zimbabwe, Trends in the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Trends in Zimbabwe's [[Multidimensional Poverty Index]], {{Nowrap|1970–2010}}]] Pulezidenti wakwamba wa Zimbabwe wati wapokera wanangwa wakaŵa [[Canaan Banan]]<nowiki/>a, uyo pakwamba wakaŵa mutu wa boma. Mugabe wakaŵa nduna yikuru na mulara wa boma. Mu 1980, Samora Machel wakaphalira Mugabe kuti Zimbabwe ni "Jewel of Africa" kweni wakasazgirapo kuti: "Mungayifipiskanga yayi!".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/15/robert-mugabe-tarnished-jewel-zimbabwe-now-chance-shine/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/15/robert-mugabe-tarnished-jewel-zimbabwe-now-chance-shine/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Robert Mugabe tarnished the jewel that is Zimbabwe. Now is its chance to shine again|first=Boris|last=Johnson|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=15 November 2017|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2003/04/10/the-jewel-of-africa/|title=The Jewel of Africa|first=Doris|last=Lessing|date=10 April 2003|magazine=[[The New York Review of Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/zimbabwe-economy-battered-over-the-years/2724325.html|title=What Happened to Zimbabwe, Once Known as The Jewel of Africa?|first=Irwin|last=Chifera}}</ref> Nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu ŵa ku Matabeleland ŵakamba kulimbana na ivyo Ŵashona ŵakawonanga kuti ni kuwukira boma. Nkhondo ya ku Matabele yikapangiska kuti paŵe suzgo ilo likuchemeka Gukurahundi (Shona:'mvula yakwamba iyo yikugeziska duru pambere vula ya mu chihanya yindize'). Gulu la Cinkhondi, gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakasambizgika na North Korea ndipo ŵakaphalirika na Mugabe, ŵakanjira mu Matabeleland na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakovwira "ŵakupambana maghanoghano". Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa pa nkhondo ya Gukurahundi iyo yikatora vyaka vinkhondi ŵakaŵa pakati pa 3,750 na 80,000. Ŵanandi ŵakasuzgika mu misasa ya ŵasilikari. Nkhondo iyi yikamara mu 1987 pamanyuma pakuti Nkomo na Mugabe ŵafika pa phangano la umoza ilo likasazga vipani vyawo na kupanga Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU-PF).<ref name="meredith6273">{{cite book |last=Meredith |first=Martin |url=https://archive.org/details/mugabepowerplund00mere/page/62 |title=Mugabe: Power, Plunder and the Struggle for Zimbabwe |date=September 2007 |publisher=[[Perseus Books Group|PublicAffairs]] |isbn=978-1-58648-558-0 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mugabepowerplund00mere/page/62 62–73] |author-link=Martin Meredith |orig-year=2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.badley.info/history/ZANU-PF-Zimbabwe.event.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081123124818/http://www.badley.info/history/ZANU-PF-Zimbabwe.event.html|archive-date=23 November 2008 | title= Chronology of Zimbabwe |publisher=badley.info|access-date=9 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1831470.stm|title=Timeline: Zimbabwe|work=BBC News|access-date=9 December 2008 |date=15 October 2009}}</ref> Pa mavoti gha mu Malichi 1990, Mugabe na chipani chake cha ZANU-PF ŵakathereskaso ŵanyawo, ndipo ŵakatora vithuzithuzi 117.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/zim1990election.htm|title=Zimbabwe: 1990 General Elections|access-date=9 December 2008 |publisher=EISA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205015007/http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/zim1990election.htm|archive-date=5 December 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.uz.ac.zw/publications/books/pol.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090902092508/http://www.uz.ac.zw/publications/books/pol.html|archive-date=2 September 2009 |title=Voting for Democracy: A Study of Electoral Politics in Zimbabwe|last=Moyo |first=Jonathon N. |publisher=University of Zimbabwe |access-date=9 December 2008}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, ŵana ŵa sukulu, ŵamalonda, na ŵantchito ŵanyake kanandi ŵakalongoranga kuti ŵakukondwa yayi na ivyo Mugabe na ZANU-PF ŵakachitanga. Mu 1996, ŵantchito ŵa boma, ŵasilikari, na ŵadokotala ŵakaleka ntchito cifukwa ca suzgo la malipiro. Kweniso umoyo wa ŵanthu ukamba kunangika comene. Mu 1997, ŵanthu pafupifupi 25% ŵakaŵa na HIV. Mu 1997, boma la ZANU-PF likambaso kudandawura chomene pa nkhani ya kugaŵa malo. Nangauli pakaŵa pulogiramu ya kunozga malo kufuma mu ma 1980, kweni ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Zimbabwe awo ŵakaŵa ŵazungu ŵakakhalanga pa malo ghakukwana 0.6 peresenti. Mu 2000, boma likalutilira na ndondomeko yake ya kusintha malo mwaluŵiro. Ndondomeko iyi yikasazgapo kutora malo mwakucicizgika kuti ŵanthu ŵazakagaŵireso malo ku ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Kuwombokwa kwa malo gha vyakurya, chilangalanga, na kuchepa kwa ndalama zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake na wovwiri unyake, vikapangiska kuti vyakurya vyakunjilira ku vyaru vinyake vichepe chomene. Kufuma nyengo yira, ŵalimi ŵa fuko la ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵakujumpha 58,000 ŵamba kunozgaso vyakurya vinyake ivyo vikumara.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/21/world/africa/in-zimbabwe-land-takeover-a-golden-lining.html?pagewanted=all|title=In Zimbabwe Land Takeover, a Golden Lining|work=The New York Times|date=20 July 2012|access-date=21 July 2012|author=Polgreen, Lydia}}</ref> Pulezidenti Mugabe na ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani cha ZANU-PF ŵakasangana na masuzgo ghakupambanapambana. Mu 2002, caru ici cikafumiskika mu wupu wa Commonwealth cifukwa ca kupoka minda mwambura kucenjera ndiposo kunanga mavoti. Chaka chakulondezgapo, ŵalara ŵa boma la Zimbabwe ŵakaleka kujipeleka ku Commonwealth. Mu 2001, boma la United States likakhazikiska dango lakuti Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act (ZDERA). Phangano ili likamba kugwira ntchito mu 2002 ndipo likakanizga boma la Zimbabwe kupeleka ngongoli. Bill Frist ndiyo wakalemba dango ili, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalembako ni Hillary Clinton, Joe Biden, Russ Feingold, na Jesse Helms. Kwizira mu cipaturo 4C ca ZDERA ("Multilateral Financing Restriction"), Secretary of the Treasury wakulangulika kuti walongozge U.S. Ŵalaŵiliri ŵa mabungwe gha vya ndalama gha pa caru cose agho ghali kulembeka mu cipaturo 3 "ŵakususka na kuvota kwimikana na-- (1) kunjizga ngongoli yiliyose, ngongoli, panji cisimikizgo ku boma la Zimbabwe; panji (2) kulekeska panji kucepeskako ngongoli iyo boma la Zimbabwe lili nayo ku United States panji ku mabungwe ghanyake gha vya ndalama". Kuzakafika mu 2003, chuma cha charu ichi chikaŵa kuti chathika. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 25 pa ŵanthu 11 miliyoni ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakachimbira. Ŵanthu ŵatatu pa ŵanayi ŵa mu Zimbabwe ŵakakhalanga na ndalama zakukwana dola limoza pera pa zuŵa. Pamanyuma pa mavoti mu 2005, boma likambiska "Operation Murambatsvina", mulimo wa kukanizga misika yambura kuzomerezgeka na mizi iyo yikaŵa mu misumba.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4188702.stm|title=Zimbabwe destruction: One man's story|date=30 August 2005 |publisher=BBC|access-date=19 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/driving-out-the-filth-in-zimbabwe/|title=Driving out the filth in Zimbabwe|date=31 January 2007}}</ref> Boma la Zimbabwe likuyowoya kuti mulimo uwu ni nthowa yakupelekera nyumba ziwemi ku ŵanthu, nangauli ŵanthu awo ŵakususka nga ni Amnesty International ŵakuti ŵamazaza ŵandalongosorepo ivyo ŵakugomezga.<ref name="muram">{{cite web|url=http://news.amnesty.org/index/ENGAFR460152006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010190256/http://news.amnesty.org/index/ENGAFR460152006|archive-date=10 October 2006 |title=Zimbabwe: Housing policy built on foundation of failures and lies – Amnesty International|date=9 August 2006 |access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref>[[File:Food insecurity in Zimbabwe.svg|thumb|Map showing the food insecurity in Zimbabwe in June 2008]] Pa Malichi 29, 2008, Zimbabwe yikachita chisankho cha pulezidenti pamoza na chisankho cha pa nyumba ya malango. Pa mavoti gha mavoti agha ŵakasungapo kwa masabata ghaŵiri, pamanyuma pake ŵanthu ŵakamanya kuti Movement for Democratic Change (MDC-T) ndiyo yili na mpando umoza mu nyumba ya malango.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Kenneth Ingham |author2=Clyde William Sanger |author3=Kenneth Bradley |title=Zimbabwe - 2008 elections and aftermath &#124; Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zimbabwe/2008-elections-and-aftermath |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=January 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116000541/https://www.britannica.com/place/Zimbabwe/2008-elections-and-aftermath |archive-date=January 15, 2023}}</ref> Pa Julayi 10, 2008, Russia na China ŵakakanira ivyo United Nations yikachita ku Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/11/unitednations.zimbabwe|title=China and Russia veto Zimbabwe sanctions|last=Nasaw|first=Daniel|date=11 July 2008|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 June 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Boma la United States ndilo likalemba chikalata ichi, icho mphanyi chikaŵa chakukanizga boma la Mugabe kugura vilwero. Ndipouli, vyaru 9 pa vyaru 15 ivyo vili mu wupu wa UN Security Council vikasuska, kusazgapo Vietnam, South Africa, na Libya, ivyo vikati Zimbabwe ni 'ciyezgo yayi ku mtende na civikiliro ca caru cose.' Kuumaliro wa chaka cha 2008, masuzgo gha ku Zimbabwe ghakafika paheni chomene pa nkhani ya umoyo, umoyo wa ŵanthu (pakawuka nthenda ya kolera mu Disembala) na vinthu vinyake. Mu nyengo iyi, mawupu ghambura vya boma ghakatora malo gha boma pakupeleka vyakurya ku Zimbabwe. Mu Seputembala 2008, pakaŵa phangano la kugaŵikana mazaza pakati pa Tsvangirai na Pulezidenti Mugabe, ilo likazomerezga Mugabe kuŵa nduna yikuru. Chifukwa cha mphindano pakati pa ŵaliska ŵa vipani vyawo, phangano ili likafiskika yayi m'paka pa Febuluwale 13, 2009. Kufika mu Disembala 2010, Mugabe wakawofyanga kuti wazamupoka makampani ghose agho ghakhalako mu Zimbabwe kwambura kuti "malango gha ku Western" ghalekeskeka.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2010/12/18/Mugabe-wants-sanctions-removed/UPI-84591292686762|title=Mugabe wants sanctions removed|work=United Press International|date=18 December 2010|access-date=21 August 2011}}</ref>[[File:Mugabe - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Zimbabwean President [[Robert Mugabe]] attended the Independence Day celebrations in South Sudan in July 2011.]] Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2011 na wupu wa Freedom House, wakalongora kuti umoyo wa ŵanthu ukwenda makora chomene kufuma apo ŵakakolerana kuti ŵagaŵane mazaza. Ofesi ya Wupu wa United Nations yakuwona vya wovwiri wa ŵanthu (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) yikati: "Vinthu vikwenda makora chomene mu Zimbabwe kufuma mu 2009, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵachali mu suzgo". Pa 17 January 2013, Mubali John Nkomo wakafwa na kansa ku St Anne's Hospital, Harare, wali na vyaka 78. Dango liphya ilo likapokelereka mu 2013 ku Zimbabwe likuchepeska mazaza gha pulezidenti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Zimbabweans start voting to adopt new constitution|url=https://www.reuters.com-archive-classified.eu/article/2013/03/16/us-zimbabwe-referendum-idUSBRE92F03G20130316|work=Reuters|access-date=16 March 2013|author=Dzirutwe, MacDonald |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130927163223/http://www.undp.org.zw/component/docman/doc_download/230-zimbabwe-poverty-report-2011-april-17-2013 |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref> Mugabe wakasankhikaso kuŵa purezidenti mu mavoti gha mu Julayi 2013 mu Zimbabwe agho The Economist yikati "ghakaŵa ghakupusika" ndipo Daily Telegraph yikati "ghakaŵa ghakubisika". Gulu la Movement for Democratic Change likati kuli upusikizgi ukuru ndipo likayezga kupempha wovwiri ku khoti. Mu nyengo yakuzizika pa ungano wa ZANU-PF mu Disembala 2014, President Robert Mugabe mwangozi wakaleka kuti opposition ndiyo yikaluska pa kafukufuku wa 2008 na 73%. Boma la Mugabe la ZANU-PF likati lathereska pa chisankho, likambaso kulamulira na chipani chimoza, likasazgirako maofesi gha boma, ndipo kuyana na magazini ya The Economist, likamba "kuchita vinthu viheni chomene". Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2017 na Institute for Security Studies (ISS) wakati chifukwa cha kunangika kwa boma na vyachuma, "boma likukhozga vimbundi kuti liwezge suzgo la kutondeka kupeleka ndalama ku maboma ghake". Pa 22 Okutobala 2015, pulezidenti Robert Mugabe wakapokera chawanangwa cha Confucius Peace Prize, icho chili nga ni chawanangwa cha Nobel Peace Prize ku China chifukwa cha kujipeleka kwake pa ndyali na vyachuma. Mu Julayi 2016, ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka ivyo vikachitikanga mu charu chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma.<ref name="Economist072016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21701779-imf-ready-throw-mugabe-regime-lifeline-bad-idea-bailing-out|title=Bailing out bandits|date=9 July 2016|newspaper=The Economist|issue=8997|volume=420|pages=43–44|issn=0013-0613|access-date=8 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="BBC2016">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36724874 |title=Zimbabwe 'shut down' over economic collapse |access-date=7 July 2016 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/world/mugabe-at-war-with-militias-that-keep-him-in-power-kbldr7v8l|title=Mugabe at war with militias that keep him in power|last1=Raath|first1=Jan|last2=Graham|first2=Stuart|date=25 July 2016|newspaper=The Times|access-date=25 July 2016|url-access=subscription }}</ref>Mu Novembala 2017, ŵasilikari ŵakalongozga chipani cha coup d'état pamanyuma pa kufumiska mulara wa boma Emmerson Mnangagwa, ndipo ŵakaŵika Mugabe mu jele. Gulu la ŵasilikari likakana kuti ivyo ŵakacita vikaŵa vya kuwukira boma.<ref name="cnn_turmoil">{{cite news |url= http://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/14/africa/zimbabwe-military-chief-treasonable-conduct/ |title= Zimbabwe in turmoil after apparent coup |first1=David |last1=McKenzie |first2=Brent |last2=Swails |first3=Angela |last3=Dewan |work=CNN |access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="guardian_confined">{{cite news |date=15 November 2017|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2017/nov/15/zimbabwe-army-control-harare-coup-robert-mugabe-live |title= Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe confined to home as army takes control |work=The Guardian |access-date= 15 November 2017}}</ref>Pa Novembala 19, 2017, ZANU-PF yikachimbizga Robert Mugabe pakuŵa mulongozgi wa chipani ndipo yikimika muwusi mulara Emmerson Mnangagwa mu malo ghake. Pa Novembala 21, 2017, Mugabe wakapeleka chipika chake pambere ndondomeko yakususka yindamalizgike. Nangauli mu malango gha Zimbabwe Mugabe wakwenera kulondezgeka na Vice-president Phelekezela Mphoko, uyo wakukolerana na Grace Mugabe, kweni mulara wa ZANU-PF, Lovemore Matuke wakaphalira wupu wa Reuters kuti Mnangagwa ndiyo wazamwimikika kuŵa president. Pa 30 Julayi 2018 Zimbabwe yikachita mavoti, ndipo chipani cha ZANU-PF icho chikulongozgeka na Mnangagwa ndicho chikaluska. Nelson Chamisa uyo wakalongozganga chipani chikuru chakususkana na boma cha MDC Alliance wakasuska ivyo vikachitika pa mavoti chifukwa cha upusikizgi, ndipo pamasinda wakapeleka mulandu ku khoti la Constitution Court of Zimbabwe. Khoti likakhozga kuti Mnangagwa watonda, ndipo ndiyo waŵenge pulezidenti muphya pamanyuma pa Mugabe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/zim-concourt-dismisses-mdcs-challenge-confirms-mnangagwa-winner/|title=Zim ConCourt dismisses MDC's challenge, confirms Mnangagwa winner – SABC News – Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|website=www.sabcnews.com|date=24 August 2018 |access-date=17 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zimbabwe-election-court-idUSKCN1L90W2|title=Top Zimbabwe court confirms Mnangagwa's presidential election victory|date=25 August 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=17 January 2019|language=en}}</ref> Mu Disembala 2017 webusayiti ya Zimbabwe News, pakupenda mtengo wa nyengo ya Mugabe pakugwiliskira nchito maukaboni ghakupambanapambana, yikati pa nyengo iyo charu chikapokera wanangwa mu 1980, caru cikakuranga pa ciŵelengero ca pafupifupi 5 peresenti pa caka. Usange vinthu vyendenge makora mu charu ichi kwa vyaka 37, mu 2016 Zimbabwe yizamuŵa na GDP ya madola 52 biliyoni. M'malo mwake yikaŵa na GDP ya US$14 biliyoni pera, ndipo yikakhumba ndalama zakukwana US$38 biliyoni. Mu 1980, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu cikakura comene mu Africa, pafupifupi 3.5 peresenti pa caka, ndipo cikasazgikiranga kaŵiri pa vilimika 21. Ŵanandi aŵa ŵaŵenge kuti ŵakalutilira kukura, mphanyi ŵakaŵa 31 miliyoni. Kweni mu 2018, ŵalipo pafupifupi 13 miliyoni. Ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti pali mphambano chifukwa cha njara na matenda, kweniso chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ŵana. Kufuma mu 1980, ŵanthu ŵakufwa na nkhaza izo zikuchitika chifukwa cha ndyali ŵakujumpha 200,000. Boma la Mugabe ndilo lapangiska kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵafwe mu vilimika 37. Wupu wa World Food Programme ukuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni ŵali pafupi kufwa na njara cifukwa ca chilangalanga ico cacitika mu caru ici. Mu chaka cha 2018, President Mnangagwa wakapharazga kuti boma lake lizamukhumba kuwelera ku Commonwealth, ndipo kufuma mu chaka cha 2023, lizamupanga upharazgi wakumanya unenesko pambere wandapemphe Secretary General kuti wapeleke ulongozgi. Pa 6 September 2019, pulezidenti wakale Robert Mugabe wakafwa ku Singapore, wali na vyaka 95.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Zimbabwean leader Robert Mugabe dies – DW – 09/06/2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/zimbabwe-ex-president-robert-mugabe-dies-at-95/a-50321834 |work=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Makhalilo== {{main|Geography of Zimbabwe}} [[File:ZmbziRvr.jpg|thumb|The [[Zambezi River]] in the [[Mana Pools National Park]]]] [[File:Zimbabwe map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|Zimbabwe map of Köppen climate classification]] Charu cha Zimbabwe chili kumwera kwa Africa, ndipo chili pakati pa latitude 15° na 23°S, kweniso longitude 25° na 34°E. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa South Africa, kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera kwa charu cha Botswana, kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Zambia, kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto kwa Mozambique. Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 150 kufuma ku Namibia. Chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chili pachanya chomene, ndipo chili na malo ghatali chomene (high veld) agho ghakutambazga kufuma kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kuya kumpoto. Chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi chili na mapiri, ndipo chili na mapiri ghanandi chomene. Malo agha ghakumanyikwa na malo ghakutowa nga ni Nyanga, Troutbeck, Chimanimani, Vumba na Chirinda Forest pa Phiri la Selinda. Pafupifupi vigaŵa 20 pa vigaŵa 20 vya charu ichi vili pasi pa mamita 900. Victoria Falls, yimoza mwa majigha ghakuru comene pa caru, yili kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici ndipo yili mu mlonga wa Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide|year=2018|editor-last=Helicon|via=Credo Reference}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://victoriafallstourism.org/|title=Victoria Falls|date=2019|website=Victoria Falls Tourism|access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref> === Geology === {{main|Geology of Zimbabwe}} Mu nyengo ya geological, Zimbabwe yikaŵa na vigaŵa viŵiri vikuruvikuru vya kuswa kwa charu cha Gondwana (ivyo vikumanyikwa kuti Africa na Africa), kweniso chigaŵa chinyake cha Plio-Pleistocene.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moore|first=A E |display-authors=etal|date=2009|title=Landscape evolution in Zimbabwe from the Permian to present, with implications for kimberlite prospecting|url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Moore2009_2.pdf|journal=Geological Society of South Africa|volume=112|issue=1 |page=65 |doi=10.2113/gssajg.112.1.65 |bibcode=2009SAJG..112...65M }}</ref> ===Nyengo=== Charu cha Zimbabwe chili na mphepo ya subtropical iyo yikupambana chomene. Ku vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa charu ichi kukufipa chomene, ndipo ku chigaŵa chinyake cha pakati pa charu ichi kukuzizima. Dambo la Zambezi likumanyikwa na kuthukira comene, ndipo ku Eastern Highlands kanandi kukuzizima comene ndipo kukulokwa comene. Nyengo ya vula mu charu ichi yikwamba kuumaliro wa Okutobala m'paka Malichi. Mu charu cha Zimbabwe mukusuzgika na chilangalanga. Mu 2019, njovu zakukwana 55 zikafwa cifukwa ca chilangalanga. Vivula vikuru vikuchitika viŵi yayi.<ref name="Baughan, M. 2005">Baughan, M. (2005). Continent in the Balance: Zimbabwe-Juvenile literature. Philadelphia, PA: Mason Crest Publishers; {{ISBN|1590848101}}.</ref> === Vinthu vyakupambanapambana === {{main|Wildlife of Zimbabwe}} [[File:Curled trunk.jpg|thumb|An elephant at a water hole in [[Hwange National Park]]]] Zimbabwe yili na vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri: Kalahari acacia ̇baikiaea, South Africa bushveld, Southern miombo, Zambezian Baikiaea, Zambezian na mopane, Zambezian halophytics, na Eastern Zimbabwe.<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287}}</ref> Charu ichi chili na makuni ghanandi, kweni mu vigaŵa vya mapiri vya kumafumiro gha dazi muli nkhorongo na makuni ghanandi. Makuni ghanyake agho ghakusangika ku Eastern Highlands ni teak, mahogany, khuni likuru la mkama, nkhorongo ya Newtonia, makuni ghakurughakuru, makuni ghamsinjiro ghatuŵa, chirinda, knobthorn, na ghanyake ghanandi. Mu vigaŵa vya pasi vya caru ici muli makuni ghanandi gha five, mopane, combretum, na baobab. Chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chili na makuni gha miombo. Pa maluŵa na makuni ghanyake agho ghalipo, pali hibiscus, flame lily, snake lily, spider lily, leonotis, cassia, tree wisteria, na dombeya. Ku Zimbabwe kuli vyamoyo vyakukwana mitundu yakujumpha 350. Paliso njoka na vyakumera vinandi, viyuni vyakujumpha 500, na somba 131. ===Environmental issues=== Nyengo yinyake, vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya Zimbabwe vikaŵa na makuni ghanandi. Pakuti makuni ghakumalira mu malo ghakupambanapambana kweniso ŵanthu ŵakukoma vinyama, vikoko vya mu nkhorongo vyachepa. Vinthu ivyo vikupangiska kuti makuni ghasakazikenge na kupasuka chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa ŵanthu, kusazgikira kwa mizi, na kugwiliskira ntchito mafuta, ni vyakuti vikupangiska kuti makuni ghasakazikenge. Ŵalimi ŵa ku malo agha ŵakususkika cifukwa ca kotcha vyakumera kuti ŵasunge ndudu. Charu ichi chili na chiŵerengero cha 6.31/10 pa charu chose pa vyaru 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G }}</ref> == Boma == {{Main|Politics of Zimbabwe|Elections in Zimbabwe|Foreign relations of Zimbabwe}} [[File:Harare parlament 24032005.jpg|thumb|[[Parliament of Zimbabwe]] in Harare]] Charu cha Zimbabwe chili na boma la pulezidenti. Ndondomeko iyi yikamara mu 2013 apo boma likapeleka malango ghaphya. Mu 2005, boma likasintha malango gha boma la Georgia, ndipo likambaso kuŵa na nyumba yikuru yakucemeka Senate. Nyumba ya Malamulo ndiyo ni nyumba yaciŵiri ya boma. Mu 1987, Mugabe wakasintha malango gha boma, wakawuskapo mazaza gha pulezidenti na gha nduna yikuru kuti paŵe boma la pulezidenti. Chipani chake cha ZANU-PF chakhala chikupambana pa mavoti ghose kwambira apo charu chikapokera wanangwa. Mu 1990, chipani cha ZUM cha Edgar Tekere, icho chikaŵa pa malo ghachiŵiri, chikapokera mavoti 20%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/review27.15680.html|title=Tekere says Mugabe 'insecure' in new book|access-date=6 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227185709/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/review27.15680.html|archive-date=27 December 2007}}</ref><ref>Mugabe, Robert. (2007). ''Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite'', Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.<!--ISSN/ISBN needed, page(s) needed--></ref> === Ndale === Pa nyengo ya maungano gha pa caru cose gha mu 1995, vyaru vinandi ivyo vikususkana na boma, kusazgapo chipani ca ZUM, vikakana maungano agha.<ref name="Frankel">{{Cite web|last=Frankel |first=Matthew |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-may-26-la-oe-frankel-burma-20100526-story.html |title=Myanmar boycott is misguided |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223213933/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-may-26-la-oe-frankel-burma-20100526-story.html |archive-date=23 February 2021 |url-status=live |work=Los Angeles Times |date=26 May 2010}}</ref> Apo ŵakususka ŵakaweleraso ku mavoti mu 2000, ŵakatora vithuzithuzi 57, ndipo vikaŵa vichoko na vithuzithuzi 5 pera pakuyaniska na vya ZANU-PF. Mu 2002, ŵakaŵaso na mavoti gha pulezidenti pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoya kuti pa mavoti pakaŵa mavoti ghambura kwenelera. Chisankho cha Nyumba ya Malamulo ku Zimbabwe mu 2005 chikachitika pa 31 March, ndipo maboma gha Movement for Democratic Change na Jonathan Moyo ghakaphalira ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵakachitanga ukhuluku, upusikizgi, kweniso kuti ŵakopa ŵanthu. Moyo wakachitako mavoti nangauli ŵakamupa mulandu ndipo wakapokera mpando wa mphala ya malango.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Makgetlaneng |first=Sehlare |title=ZIMBABWE'S 2005 PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS: Lessons for the Movement for Democratic Change |url=https://www.eisa.org/pdf/JAE4.2Makgetlaneng.pdf |journal=Africa Institute of South Africa |pages=124}}</ref> [[File:Election campaign March 2005.jpg|thumb|Supporters of the [[Movement for Democratic Change (prior to 2005)|Movement for Democratic Change]] in 2005]]Mu 2005, chipani cha MDC chikagaŵikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: Movement for Democratic Change Mutambara (MDC-M), chakulongozgeka na Arthur Mutambara icho chikapangana pa viphikiro vya Senate, na Movement for Democratic Change Tsvangirai (MDC-T) chakulongozgeka na Morgan Tsvangirai icho chikakana kupangana pa viphikiro ivi. Makampu ghaŵiri gha MDC ghakaŵa na ungano wawo mu 2006 ndipo Tsvangirai wakasankhika kulongozga MDC-T, iyo yikaŵa yakutchuka chomene kuluska gulu linyake. Mu 2008, pa mavoti gha boma, pakaŵa chigaŵa cha Mugabe na Tsvangirai. Chipani cha MDC-T chikakanizga mavoti agha, pakughanaghana kuti boma la Mugabe likachitiska upusikizgi. Pa June 27, 2008, ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuti ŵapeleke ndalama zakuwuskira ŵanyawo. Pa 22 Juni, chifukwa cha kuleka urunji kwa ndondomeko iyi na kukana kunjilirapo pa "ntchito ya nkhaza, yautesi", Tsvangirai wakafumapo pa chigamulo cha pulezidenti, komiti ya vyakusankha yikachitiska chigamulo ichi, ndipo pulezidenti Mugabe wakapokera wanandi chomene. Chipani cha MDC-T chikapokapo yayi mavoti gha Senate, apo chipani cha MDC-M chikapokera mavoti ghankhondi mu Senate. Chipani cha MDC-M chikadodoliskika na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaleka kuwungana. Pa 28 Epulero 2008, Tsvangirai na Mutambara ŵakapharazga pa ungano wa ŵapharazgi mu Johannesburg kuti magulu ghaŵiri gha MDC ghakolerananga, ndipo MDC yikaŵa na wanandi mu nyumba ya malango.<ref name="SABCre">{{cite web|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/africa/southern_africa/0,2172,168544,00.html |title=Zimbabwe's MDC factions reunite |access-date=13 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502155226/http://www.sabcnews.com/africa/southern_africa/0%2C2172%2C168544%2C00.html |archive-date= 2 May 2008 }}, SABC News, 28 April 2008.</ref><ref name="Reunites">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7371823.stm|title=Opposition reunites in Zimbabwe|work=BBC News|date=28 April 2008|access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> Tsvangirai wakayowoya kuti Mugabe wangalutilira yayi kuŵa pulezidenti usange palije wanandi wa ŵanthu mu nyumba ya malango. Pakati pa Seputembala 2008, pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana kwa nyengo yitali na ŵalongozgi ŵa South Africa na Mozambique, Mugabe na Tsvangirai ŵakasayina phangano la kugaŵikana mazaza umo Mugabe wakasungiliranga mazaza pa ŵasilikari. Vyaru ivyo vyapeleka ndalama vikulindilira dankha, ndipo vikukhumba kuwona kuti vinthu vyasintha nadi pambere vindaŵikeko ndalama zakovwilira kuzenga, izo vikwenera kuti vyatora vilimika vinkhondi. Pa 11 February 2009 Tsvangirai wakapika udindo wa nduna yikuru na Mugabe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Services|first=Msnbc com News|date=2009-02-11|title=Tsvangirai sworn in as Zimbabwe's PM|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/29134750/ns/world_news-africa/t/tsvangirai-sworn-zimbabwes-pm/|access-date=2020-07-10|website=msnbc.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tsvangirai sworn in as Zimbabwe PM - CNN.com|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/02/11/zimbabwe/|access-date=2020-07-10|website=www.cnn.com}}</ref> Mu Novembala 2008, boma la Zimbabwe likagwiliskira ntchito ndalama zakukwana madola 7.3 miliyoni gha ku United States izo zikafuma ku The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Wimiliri wa wupu uwu wakakana kuyowoya umo ndalama zikagwilira nchito, kweni wakalemba kuti zikaŵa zawakawaka yayi, ndipo boma likatondeka kupulikira ivyo likapempha. Mu February 2013, mulongozgi wa vyakusankha wa Zimbabwe, Simpson Mtambanengwe, wakaleka ntchito chifukwa cha ulwari. Iyo wakaleka mulimo uwu pambere pacali myezi yichoko waka kuti paŵe maungano gha malango na maungano gha boma. Boma la Zimbabwe likususkika na boma la Zimbabwe ilo likapoka mazaza mu Novembala 2017. Emmerson Mnangagwa wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti pamanyuma pa chipani ichi ndipo wakasankhika na 50.8% ya mavoti mu 2018 Zimbabwean general election. Boma likupokera mazgu ghambura kwenelera kufuma ku ŵanthu chifukwa chakuti nyengo zose likujara Intaneti pa nyengo ya viwawa nga ni ivyo vikunozgekera pa Julayi 31. 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shiangala|first=Mike|date=2020-07-31|title=Zimbabwe to allegedly shutdown the Internet on 31st July|url=https://smattgeeksmedia.com/news/zimbabwe-to-allegedly-shutdown-the-internet-on-31st-july/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=Smatt Geeks Media|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810180309/https://smattgeeksmedia.com/news/zimbabwe-to-allegedly-shutdown-the-internet-on-31st-july/|archive-date=10 August 2020}}</ref> === Wankhondo === {{Main|Zimbabwe Defence Forces}} [[File:Flag of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces.svg|thumb|The flag of the [[Zimbabwe Defence Forces]]]] Gulu la Zimbabwe Defence Forces likakhazikiskika pakukolerana magulu ghatatu gha chigaluka - Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA), Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA), na Rhodesian Security Forces (RSF) - pamanyuma pa Chimurenga wachiŵiri na wanangwa wa Zimbabwe mu 1980. Mu nyengo ya umoza, gulu la nkhondo la Zimbabwe National Army (ZNA) na Air Force of Zimbabwe (AFZ) likapangika nga ni maboma ghakupambanapambana agho ghakalongozgekanga na Jenerale Solomon Mujuru na Air Marshal Norman Walsh, uyo wakafumapo mu ntchito mu 1982 ndipo wakasinthika na Air Marshal Azim Daudpota uyo wakapeleka mazaza kwa Air Chief Marshal Josiah Tungamirai mu 1985. Mu 2003, Jenerale Constantine Chiwenga, wakakwezgeka na kusankhika Mulara wa mawumba gha Zimbabwe Defence Forces. Mulara Mukuru P. V. Sibanda ndiyo wakanjira mu malo ghake pakuŵa Mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari. Gulu la ZNA lili na ŵasilikari 30,000. Ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo ŵakuŵapo 5,139.<ref name="Airforce of Zimbabwe">{{cite web|url=http://www.zimbabwedefence.com/AFZ0.html|title=Zimbabwe Defence Forces News|publisher=ZDF News|access-date=17 April 2009}}</ref> Wapolisi wa Republic of Zimbabwe (wakusazgapo Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police) ndi chigaŵa cha Zimbabwe Defence Forces ndipo wali na ŵanthu 25,000. Pakwamba kwa 1980, ŵaliska ŵa ku Britain ndiwo ŵakalongozganga gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia. Mu cilimika cakwamba, ŵakalondezganga ndondomeko yakuti uyo wacitenge makora comene ndiyo waŵe mulongozgi wa gulu. Usange wakaŵa wa ZANLA, munthu uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa iyo ndiyo wakaŵa na maluso ghapachanya pa ZIPRA. Ivi vikawovwira kuti paŵe mtende pakati pa magulu ghaŵiri agha. Pakwamba, ZNA yikaŵa na magulu ghanayi gha ŵasilikari. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakovwira ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵaluso ŵa mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia, apo ŵasilikari ŵa mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia ŵakaŵikika mu gulu la ŵasilikari 1, 3 na 4. Brigade ya Cinkhondi yikapangika mu 1981 ndipo yikamara mu 1988 pamanyuma pakulongosora za nkhaza na kukoma ŵanthu pa nyengo iyo brigade iyi yikawusanga Matabeleland mu malo agho ghakachemekanga Gukurahundi. Gulu ili likapangikaso mu 2006, ndipo mulara wake, Brigadier General John Mupande wakalumba "mbiri yake".<ref name="Herald Reporter">{{cite news|url=http://www.zimbabwedefence.com/News_5th_Gets_Comm.html|publisher=Zimbabwe Defence Forces News|title=5th Brigade gets new commander|date=22 February 2006|access-date=18 April 2009}}</ref> ===Ufulu wamunthu=== {{Main|Human rights in Zimbabwe}} {{See also|Child marriage in Zimbabwe}} [[File:Demonstration against Mugabe.JPG|thumb|right|A demonstration in [[London]] against [[Robert Mugabe]]. Protests are discouraged by Zimbabwean police in Zimbabwe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/12/03/2437229.htm|title=Police baton charge Harare protesters|date=3 December 2008|work=ABC News|access-date=15 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206011656/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/12/03/2437229.htm|archive-date=6 December 2008}}</ref>]] Pali malipoti ghanandi ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu Zimbabwe mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Mugabe na chipani cha ZANU-PF. Kuyana na mawupu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu nga ni Amnesty International na Human Rights Watch, boma la Zimbabwe likuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa kukhala, kurya, kwenda na kukhala mwakufwatuka, kuwungana mwakufwatuka, na kuvikilirika na dango. Mu 2009, Gregory Stanton, pulezidenti wa International Association of Genocide Scholars, wakayowoya kuti pakaŵa "ukaboni wakuti boma la Mugabe likaŵa na mulandu wa kuswa malango gha ŵanthu ndipo pakaŵa ukaboni wakukwana wa kuswa malango gha ŵanthu kuti Mugabe weruzgike panthazi pa khoti la International Criminal Court". Ku Zimbabwe, ŵanalume awo ŵakugonana ŵanalume ŵekhaŵekha mbambura kuzomerezgeka. Kwambira mu 1995, boma likulimbana na ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume ŵanyawo. Pulezidenti Mugabe wakususka ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha chifukwa cha masuzgo ghanandi agho Zimbabwe yili nagho ndipo wakuwona kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ni ŵanthu "ŵambura kuzomerezgeka ku Africa" ndiposo kuti mbambura nkharo. Nyengo zinandi ŵapolisi ŵakuwukira awo ŵakuwukira boma, nga umo ŵakacitira pa ungano wa MDC uwo ukacitika pa Malichi 11, 2007, kweniso pa ungano unyake uwo ukacitika pa nyengo ya ungano wa 2008. Secretary General wa UN Ban Ki-moon, European Union, na United States ŵakususka comene ivyo ŵapolisi ŵakucita. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakudandawura chifukwa cha wanangwa wa Fox Southwest. Boma la Zimbabwe likususkika kuti likukanizga wanangwa wa kuyowoya. Gulu ili likuyuyulika kanandi waka kuti likugwiliskira nchito wupu wa Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation. Manyuzipepara agho ghakatenge ghakususka boma, nga ni Daily News, ghakajalika pamanyuma pakuti mabomba ghaphulika mu maofesi ghawo ndipo boma likakana kuwezgerapo layisensi yawo. BBC News, Sky News, na CNN ŵakakanizgika kujambura panji kulemba nkhani kufuma ku Zimbabwe. Mu 2009, boma likawuskapo dango lakuti BBC na CNN vileke kulemba nkhani. Sky News yikulutilira kulemba ivyo vikucitika mu Zimbabwe kufuma ku vyaru vyapafupi nga ni South Africa.<ref name="networks">{{cite news|author=Nkosi, Milton|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/newswatch/ukfs/hi/newsid_4400000/newsid_4401700/4401767.stm|title=Why did Zimbabwe ban the BBC?|work=BBC News|date=1 April 2005|access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zimbabwemetro.com/2008/06/22/al-jazeera-kicked-out-of-zimbabwe |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080623173259/http://zimbabwemetro.com/2008/06/22/al-jazeera-kicked-out-of-zimbabwe |archive-date=23 June 2008 |title=Al Jazeera kicked out of Zimbabwe |url-status=dead |access-date=1 June 2016 }}, zimbabwemetro.com, 22 June 2008.</ref> Pa 24 Julayi 2020, ofesi ya United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) yikayowoya kuti yikudandawura na ivyo boma la Zimbabwe likuyowoya kuti likagwiliskira ntchito suzgo la COVID-19 kuti likanizge wanangwa wa kuyowoya na kuwungana mu msewu. Liz Throssell, muyowoyeri wa OHCHR, wakati ŵanthu ŵali na wanangwa wa kususka vimbundi. Ŵalara ŵa boma ku Zimbabwe ŵakagwiliskira nchito nkongono kuti ŵaparanye na kukora ŵasilikari na ŵantchito ŵa munkhwala, awo ŵakasuskanga mwamtende kuti ŵapike malipiro ghawemi ndiposo kuti ŵagwirenge makora nchito. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ŵa chipani cakususkana na nyuzipepara ŵakakakika na kukakika cifukwa ca kucitako viyezgelero. Pa 5 August 2020, kampeni ya #ZimbabweanLivesMatter pa Twitter yikawovwira ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa pa charu chose na ŵandyali kuti ŵamanye umo wanangwa wa ŵanthu ukusinthira mu charu ichi, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti boma la Emmerson Mnangagwa liŵe na suzgo. Kampeni iyi yikacitika cifukwa ca kukakika, kukomeka na kutambuzgika kwa ŵanthu awo ŵakasuzganga ŵandyali, kweniso kukakika kwa mupharazgi Hopewell Chin'ono na mulembi wa buku la Booker Prize, Tsitsi Dangarembga.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/aug/05/zimbabweanlivesmatter-celebrities-join-campaign-against-human-rights-abuses|title=#ZimbabweanLivesMatter: celebrities join campaign against human rights abuses|access-date=5 August 2020|website=The Guardian|date=5 August 2020}}</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== {{Main|Provinces of Zimbabwe|Districts of Zimbabwe|Wards of Zimbabwe}} [[File:Administrative Divisions of Zimbabwe.svg|upright=1.35|thumb|right|[[Provinces of Zimbabwe|Administrative divisions of Zimbabwe]]]] Charu cha Zimbabwe chili na boma lakugaŵikana ndipo chili na vigaŵa 8 na misumba yiŵiri. Chigaŵa chilichose chili na msumba ukuru uwo boma likuwusamo.<ref name="CIA-WF"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Province !! Capital |- | [[Bulawayo]] || [[Bulawayo]] |- | [[Harare]] || [[Harare]] |- | [[Manicaland]] || [[Mutare]] |- | [[Mashonaland Central]] || [[Bindura]] |- | [[Mashonaland East]] || [[Marondera]] |- | [[Mashonaland West]] || [[Chinhoyi]] |- | [[Masvingo Province|Masvingo]] || [[Masvingo|Masvingo city]] |- | [[Matabeleland North]] || [[Lupane District]] |- | [[Matabeleland South]] || [[Gwanda]] |- | [[Midlands Province|Midlands]] || [[Gweru]] |} Mazina gha vigaŵa vinandi ghakafuma ku chigaŵa cha Mashonaland na Matabeleland pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi: Mashonaland yikaŵa chigaŵa icho chikakoleka na British South Africa Company Pioneer Column, ndipo Matabeleland yikaŵa chigaŵa icho chikapokeka pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Matabele. Ichi chikukolerana na chigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Shona na Matabele ŵakakhalanga pambere charu chindambe kuwusa. Chigaŵa chilichose chili na kazembe uyo wakuchemeka na pulezidenti. Boma la cigaŵa likulongozgeka na mulaŵiliri wa cigaŵa, uyo wakusankhika na Commission of Public Service. Maofesi ghanyake gha boma gha vigaŵa vyawo ghakuchita milimo yinyake. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 59 na vigaŵa 1,200 (ivyo nyengo zinyake vikuchemeka maboma). Chigaŵa chilichose chikulongozgeka na mulongozgi wa chigaŵa, uyo wakusankhika na Public Service Commission. Paliso wupu wa Rural District Council, uwo ukusora mulara wa boma. Wupu wa Rural District Council ukupangika na ŵanthu ŵakusoleka, mulaŵiliri wa chigaŵa, na mwimiliri wa ŵalongozgi (ŵalongozgi awo ŵakwimikika mwakuyana na dango la cikaya) mu chigaŵa. Maofesi ghanyake gha boma gha mu vigaŵa ghakuchita milimo iyi. Pa chigaŵa ichi pali Komiti Yakupanga Vipinda, iyo yikusazgapo mulongozgi wa chigaŵa uyo wakusankhika, ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa (ŵalongozgi awo ŵakulongozgeka na ŵalongozgi) na ŵimiliri ŵa Komiti Yakupanga Vipinda. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika mu mizi, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose chili na komiti ya chitukuko ya mizi na mulongozgi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/116/TRADITIONAL_LEADERS_ACT_29_17.pdf|title=Traditional Leaders Act (Chapter 29:17)|publisher=Parliament of Zimbabwe|access-date=19 December 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904033010/http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/116/TRADITIONAL_LEADERS_ACT_29_17.pdf|archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> == Sanctions == Kwambira mu 2000, charu cha Zimbabwe chili pasi pa vyeruzgo vyakufuma ku United States na European Union ivyo vyakhwaska ndyali ya mu charu ichi kweniso ubwezi wa charu ichi na vyaru vya ku Western. Mu 2002, ku Zimbabwe kukaŵa maungano gha chigaŵa, ndipo pambere maungano agha ghandambe, wupu wa EU ukatuma ŵanthu kuti ŵakawonelere. Mu Febuluwale 2002, EU yikaŵika malango ghakukanizga Zimbabwe. Ŵalara ŵa boma pafupifupi 20 ŵakakanizgika kunjira mu Europe, ndipo ndalama za EU zikamara. Pambere mavoti ghandambe, boma la Zimbabwe likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 128 miliyoni kufuma mu 2002 m'paka mu 2007, kweni ŵakazikanizga. Ndipouli, EU yikathera waka kupeleka ndalama ku boma, kweni yikalutilira kutuma ndalama kwizira mu mawupu gha wovwiri na mawupu gha boma yayi. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vicoko waka, ŵa EU na Zimbabwe ŵakamazga mphindano zawo ndipo vyeruzgo vinandi vya EU vikafumiskika. Mubali Mugabe na muwoli wake ndiwo ŵakakhalapo pa ndondomeko iyi, apo ŵamazaza ŵanyake ŵa boma ŵakafumiskikapo. Ndipouli, EU yikatondeka kupeleka ndalama ku Zimbabwe. Ntheura, boma likupeleka ndalama kwizira mu mawupu ghambura vya boma nga ni umo vikaŵira na chimphepo cha Idai icho chikachitika pa Malichi 4, 2019. Boma la United States nalo likakanizga Zimbabwe. Pali mitundu yiŵiri ya vyeruzgo vya United States pa Zimbabwe. Cakwamba ni Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act (ZIDERA) ndipo caciŵiri ni Targeted Sanctions Program. ZIDERA wakapempha vinthu vinandi. Cakwamba nchakuti Zimbabwe yikwenera kuchindika wanangwa wa ŵanthu, caciŵiri Zimbabwe yikwenera kuleka kunjilirapo pa vinthu vya mu Democratic Republic of Congo, cacitatu Zimbabwe yikwenera kuleka kupoka minda ya ŵazungu. Usange palije cimoza mwa vinthu ivi ico cikupulikikwa, boma la United States lizamukanizga IMF na World Bank kupeleka ndalama ku Zimbabwe. ZIDERA yiphya yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 2018 na fundo yakuti, Welerani ku Demokalase panji kuzamuŵavya ubwezi, pakwenera kuŵa mavoti ghakufwatuka, wayilesi yakufwatuka na wanangwa wa ŵanthu, Zimbabwe yikwenera kufiska ivyo khoti la SADC likadumura. Ndondomeko ya Malango ya ku Zimbabwe yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 2003, ndipo yikulongosora makampani gha ku Zimbabwe na ŵanthu awo ŵakukanizgika kuchita malonda na makampani gha ku America. Malango gha pa Zimbabwe ghalipo kwa virimika vyakujumpha 20. Mu Malichi 2021 boma la US likakhazikiskaso malango ghakwendeskera Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe |url=https://www.europeansanctions.com/region/zimbabwe/ |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=EU Sanctions |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Zimbabwe}}[[File:GDP per capita development in Southern Africa.svg|thumb|Historical GDP per capita development in southern African countries, since 1950]] [[File:Zimbabwe Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Zimbabwe exports, 2019]] Vinthu vikuru ivyo Zimbabwe yikuguliska ku vyaru vinyake ni visulo, golide, na ulimi. Charu cha Zimbabwe ndico nchigaŵa cikuru comene ico South Africa yikuguliskirana vinthu. Malipiro gha msonkho na msonkho ni ghapacanya comene ku makampani gha ŵeneco, apo mabungwe gha boma ghakovwira comene. Malamulo gha boma ghakuŵa ghakudura comene ku makampani; kwamba panji kujara bizinesi kukucitika mwakucedwa ndiposo kwakudura. Ulendo nawo ukuwovwira comene pa vya cuma, kweni mu vyaka vyasonosono apa ukuchepa. Wupu wa Zimbabwe Conservation Task Force ukalemba lipoti mu Juni 2007, ndipo ukati vyamoyo vinandi vya ku Zimbabwe vyafwa kufuma mu 2000 chifukwa cha kupenja vinyama mwakubisilizga. Lipoti ili likucenjezga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufwa cifukwa ca kuthereska makuni. Vinthu vya sayansi na vyakupharazga vikukura comene. Lipoti la kampani ya Opera mu 2011 likati charu cha Zimbabwe ndicho chikukura luŵiro chomene mu Africa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191225071548/https://www.biztechafrica.com/article/zimbabwe-ranked-fastest-growing-internet-market/1007/ Zimbabwe Ranked Fastest growing Internet Market]. Biztechafrica.com (10 August 2011); retrieved 4 July 2013.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200116235301/https://www.biztechafrica.com/article/why-ict-critical-illiterate-africa/4841/ Why ICT is critical in 'illiterate' Africa|BiztechAfrica Business, Telecom, Technology & IT News Africa]. Biztechafrica.com (3 December 2012); retrieved 4 July 2013.</ref>[[File:2010 market Harare Zimbabwe 5866074969.jpg|thumb|A market in [[Mbare, Harare]]]] Kwambira mu Janyuwale 2002, boma la Zimbabwe lalekeska ngongoli izo likapeleka ku mabungwe gha vya ndalama gha pa caru cose, kwizira mu dango la ku United States lakucemeka Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001 (ZDERA). Chigaŵa cha 4C chikuphalira Secretary of the Treasury kuti waphalire mabungwe gha vya ndalama gha pa caru cose kuti ghatondeke kupeleka ngongoli ku boma la Zimbabwe. Kuyana na umo boma la United States likuyowoyera, vyeruzgo ivi vikukhwaska waka mabizinesi ghankhondi na ghaŵiri agho ghali mu mawoko gha ŵalara ŵa boma panji agho ghakwendeskeka na iwo. GDP pa munthu yumoza (uno), pakuyaniska na vyaru vyapafupi (pacharu chose = 100) Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, Zimbabwe yikalutilira kukura (5% pa chaka) kweniso mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 (4,3% pa chaka). Kufumira mu 2000, ciŵelengero ca ndalama cikakhira na 5 peresenti mu 2000, 8 peresenti mu 2001, 12 peresenti mu 2002 na 18 peresenti mu 2003. Pakuti charu cha Zimbabwe chikachitako nkhondo mu charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo kufuma mu 1998 m'paka mu 2002, ndalama zinandi zikamara. Kwamba mu 1999 m'paka mu 2009, Zimbabwe yikaŵa na chuma chambura kukura chomene, ndipo chaka chilichose GDP yikakhiranga na 6.1%. Vinthu vikasintha chomene chifukwa cha vimbundi na vimbundi ivyo vikachitika mu boma kweniso chifukwa chakuti ŵakachimbizga ŵalimi ŵatuŵa ŵakujumpha 4,000 mu 2000.<ref name="CNN-2000-04-18">{{cite web|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/africa/04/18/zimbabwe.land.03 |title=Zimbabwe President Mugabe labels white farmers 'enemies' |access-date=20 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629014621/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/africa/04/18/zimbabwe.land.03 |archive-date=29 June 2006 |website=CNN.com |date=18 April 2000 |location=Harare, Zimbabwe}}</ref><ref name="Time-2002-02-18">Robinson, Simon (18 February 2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20191018164842/http://content.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,203620,00.html "A Tale of Two Countries"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''; accessed 4 May 2016.</ref><ref name="USAToday-2002-06-24">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002/06/25/zimbabwe.htm|title=Zimbabwe forbids white farmers to harvest|work=USA Today|date=24 June 2002|access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="BBC-2002-08-15">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2192947.stm|title=White farmers under siege in Zimbabwe|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2002|access-date=6 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106120323/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2192947.stm |archive-date=6 January 2012}}</ref> Boma la Zimbabwe na ŵanthu awo ŵakukolerana nalo ŵakukhozgera kuti ndyali za ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ndizo zikananga chuma cha charu ichi. Kuzakafika mu 2005, nkhongono zakugulira za ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe zikaŵa kuti zachepa chomene. Mu 2005, boma, ilo likalongozgekanga na Gideon Gono, uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa banki yikuru, likamba kupempha kuti ŵalimi ŵazgoke. Mu caru ici mukaŵa viŵeto vya viŵeto 400 mpaka 500, kweni malo ghanandi agho ghakapokeka ghakaŵa ghambura vyakurya. Kuzakafika mu 2016, pa minda 4,500 iyo yikaŵa mu charu ichi, yikaŵa na minda pafupifupi 300 iyo yikaŵa ya ŵanichi. Mafamu agho ghakafumako ghakaŵa ghakutali comene, panji ŵeneco ŵakalipira kuti ŵaŵavikilire, panji ŵakakolerana na boma. Mu Janyuwale 2007, boma likapeleka ndalama zakugulira munda kwa nyengo yitali ku ŵalimi ŵanyake ŵazungu. Kweni nyengo yeneyiyo, boma likalutilira kukhumba kuti ŵalimi wose ŵazungu awo ŵakaŵa kuti ŵapokera kale ulongozgi wakuti ŵafumemo mu malo ghawo, ŵafumemo mu malo ghawo. Mugabe wakalongosora za maboma gha vyaru vinyake na kuyowoya kuti "kuswa malango" ndiko kukapangiska kuti chuma cha Zimbabwe chikhale pasi, kweniso kuti ŵanthu 80 pa 100 ŵalije nchito. Kuyana na lipoti la Central Statistical Office, unandi wa ndalama ukakwera kufuma pa 32% mu 1998 kufika pa 11,200,000% mu Ogasiti 2008. Ici cikaŵa cilongolero ca suzgo la kukhuŵara kwa ndalama, ndipo banki yikapeleka ndalama ziphya zakukwana madola mabiliyoni 100. Mu Janyuwale 2009, pakuyezgayezga kuti ŵaleke kunjira ndyali, Patrick Chinamasa, uyo wakaŵa nduna ya vya ndalama, wakapharazga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵazomerezgekenge kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama zinyake zakukhora pakuchita bizinesi. Mu April 2009, ndalama ya ku Zimbabwe yikamara kugwira ntchito mu mwezi umoza. Mu 2016, charu cha Zimbabwe chikapeleka ndalama za United States dollar na ndalama zinyake nga ni rand (South Africa), pula (Botswana), euro, na pound sterling (UK). Mu Febuluwale 2019, Governor wa Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe John Mangudya wakambiska ndalama yiphya ya Real Time Gross Settlement dollar, mu chilato cha kumazga masuzgo gha vyachuma na ndalama mu Zimbabwe. Mu 2009, boma la Zimbabwe likati lakhazikiska boma la umoza na kwamba kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama zinandi m'malo mwa dola ya Zimbabwe, chuma cha charu ichi chikambaso kwenda makora. Pakati pa 2009 na 2012, GDP yikakura na 8-9% pa caka. Mu Novembala 2010, wupu wakuwona vya ndalama pa charu chose (IMF) ukati chuma cha charu cha Zimbabwe "chikukura chomene chaka chachiŵiri".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE6A70C320101108|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111042949/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE6A70C320101108|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 November 2010|title=Zimbabwe economy buoyant, more reform needed: IMF|date=8 November 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.talkzimbabwe.com/zimbabwe-economy-growing-imf-cms-884|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112194941/http://www.talkzimbabwe.com/zimbabwe-economy-growing-imf-cms-884|archive-date=12 November 2010|publisher=talkzimbabwe.co|title=Zimbabwe economy growing: IMF|date=9 November 2010}}</ref> Mu Febuluwale 2011, wupu wa pan-African investment bank IMARA ukalemba lipoti lakukondweska pa nkhani ya ndalama izo Zimbabwe yikuguliska. Mu Janyuwale 2013, unduna wa vya ndalama ukati ŵali na ndalama zakukwana madola 217 pera. Kufika mu 2014, Zimbabwe yikaweleraso ku mlingo uwo ukaŵa mu ma 1990, kweni pakati pa 2012 na 2016, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora yayi. Kukwera kwa ndalama kunali 42% mu 2018; mu June 2019, chiwerengero cha kukwera kwa ndalama chinafika 175%, zomwe zinayambitsa chisokonezo chachikulu m'dziko lonselo.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Marima |first1=Tendai |date=19 August 2019 |title=In Zimbabwe, An Economic Crisis With 175% Inflation Drives Discontent |language=en |website=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/08/19/752329758/in-zimbabwe-an-economic-crisis-with-175-inflation-drives-discontent |access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref> === Malibwe ghakudula === Vinthu vikwenda makora mu migodi iyi, ndipo mabungwe gha Anglo American plc, Zimplats, na Impala Platinum, ndigho ghakusanga platinamu unandi chomene pa charu chose. Zimplats, kampani yikuru chomene ya platinamu mu charu ichi, yaluta panthazi na ndalama zakukwana madola 500 miliyoni, ndipo yikulutilira na pulojekiti yinyake ya madola mabiliyoni ghaŵiri, nangauli Mugabe wakakhumbanga kuti kampani iyi yiŵe ya boma. Malibwe agha ŵakaghasanga mu 2006, ndipo ghakumanyikwa kuti ndigho ghakaŵa ghakuru comene mu vyaka vyakujumpha 100. Vinthu ivi vingawovwira kuti vinthu viŵe makora mu charu, kweni pafupifupi ndalama zose izo zikufuma mu vyaru ivi zili kutayika mu mathumba gha ŵasilikari na ŵandyali ŵa ZANU-PF. Kuyana na unandi wa dayamondi izo zilipo, malo gha Marange ni ghanyake mwa malo ghakurughakuru chomene pa charu. Mu Okutobala 2014, kampani ya Metallon Corporation ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene ku Zimbabwe.<ref name="Metallon">Marawanyika, Godfrey, [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-10-17/biggest-zimbabwe-gold-miner-to-decide-on-london-listing-by-march Biggest Zimbabwe Gold Miner to Rule on London Trade by March], Bloomberg News, 17 October 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</ref> {{Further|topic=tin from the|Kamativi mine}} ===Ulimi=== Mulimo wa kulima mu caru ca Zimbabwe ndiwo ukupeleka ndalama zinandi ku vyaru vinyake ndipo ukupeleka nchito 400,000. Ndipouli, ndondomeko ya boma ya kunozga malo yikananga comene nchito iyi, ndipo Zimbabwe yikazgoka caru ico cikuguliska vyakurya vinandi. Mwaciyelezgero, pakati pa 2000 na 2016, vyakurya ivyo vikupambika tirigu vikakhira kufuma pa matani 250,000 kufika pa matani 60,000, ndipo tirigu wakakhira kufuma pa matani 200,000 kufika pa matani 500,000. Mu 2000, ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵakakora panji kupoka minda yawo ya khofi, ndipo pamasinda ŵakayima. Vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha, wupu wa International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, wawovwira ŵalimi ŵa ku Zimbabwe kuti ŵambe kulima makora. Para ŵalimi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito fundo zitatu izi: kusuzga chomene dongo, kulima vyakumera vyakudinya, na kulima vyakumera vyakututuŵa, mbwenu dongo likwenda makora, kunangika yayi, na kunangika.<ref>{{Cite web|title={{!}}{{!}} ICRISAT {{!}}{{!}} Impact|url=http://www.icrisat.org/impacts/impact-stories/Icrisat-impacts-27.htm|access-date=2022-02-23|website=www.icrisat.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223030349/http://www.icrisat.org/impacts/impact-stories/Icrisat-impacts-27.htm|archive-date=23 February 2022}}</ref> Pakati pa 2005 na 2011, chiŵelengero cha ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko awo ŵakulima mu charu cha Zimbabwe chikakwera kufuma pa 5,000 kufika pa 150,000. Vipambi vya vyamuminda vikakwera pakati pa 15 na 100 peresentPakati pa 2005 na 2011, chiŵelengero cha ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko awo ŵakulima mu charu cha Zimbabwe chikakwera kufuma pa 5,000 kufika pa 150,000. Vipambi vya vyamuminda vikakwera pakati pa 15 na 100 peresenti mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Mu 2012, boma likati mbuto ya mbuto iyi njakukhumbikwa chomene. Mvurwi, cigaŵa ca ku Mashonaland Central Province, nyengo yinyake cikaŵa mu "cigaŵa ca vyakurya vinandi" mu Zimbabwe, na dongo liwemi. Ndipouli, mu vyaka 30 ivyo vyajumpha, malo agha ndigho ghakhwaskika comene na ndondomeko ya kunozga malo. ===Tourism=== {{Main|Tourism in Zimbabwe}} [[File:Victoria Falls aerial view September 2003.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Victoria Falls]], the end of the upper [[Zambezi]] and the beginning of the middle Zambezi]] Kufuma waka apo ŵakaŵikirapo ndondomeko ya kunozga malo mu 2000, vyalo vya ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda mu Zimbabwe vikamba kuchepa. Mu 2018, chiŵelengero cha ŵalendo chikafika pa 2.6 miliyoni. Mu chaka cha 2016, ndalama zose izo ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ku Zimbabwe zikaŵanga $1.1 billion (USD), panji pafupifupi 8.1% ya GDP ya Zimbabwe. Ntchito za mu vyaru vya maulendo na vyakusanguluska, pamoza na vyaru ivyo vikovwira na maulendo na vyakusanguluska, vikaŵa 5.2% ya nchito za mu vyaru vyose. Pakati pa 2000 na 2007, ndege zinandi zikafumamo mu Zimbabwe. Kampani ya Qantas ya ku Australia, Lufthansa ya ku Germany, na Austrian Airlines ndiyo yikaŵa yakwamba kufumamo ndipo mu 2007 British Airways yikayimiska maulendo ghose ghakuluta ku Harare. Ndege ya ku Zimbabwe, iyo yikendanga mu vyaru vya ku Africa na vyaru vinyake ku Europe na Asia, yikamara kugwira ntchito mu Febuluwale 2012. Mu 2017, ndege zinandi zikuruzikuru zikambaso kwendera charu cha Zimbabwe. Ku Zimbabwe kuli malo ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta. Maji gha Victoria Falls, agho ghali pa mlonga wa Zambezi, ghali kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Zimbabwe. Pambere vinthu vindasinthe, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakalutanga ku malo agha kufuma ku Zimbabwe, kweni sono Zambia ndiyo yikusangirapo chandulo chomene. Victoria Falls National Park nayo yili mu cigaŵa ici ndipo njimoza mwa malo ghankhondi na ghatatu agho ghali mu Zimbabwe. Malo gha ku Eastern Highlands ni mapiri agho ghali pafupi na mphaka na Mozambique. Phiri la Nyangani ilo lili pachanya chomene ku Zimbabwe lili pa mtunda wa mamita 2,593 (8,507 ft). Malo agha ndigho ghali pa mapiri agha, ndipo kufuma pa mapiri agha, munthu wangawona malo ghakutali chomene. Charu cha Zimbabwe ntchakuzizwiska chomene mu Africa chifukwa chili na misumba yinandi yakale na yakale iyo yikazengeka na malibwe ghakukhoma. Vinyake mwa malo agha ni malo ghakupatulika gha Great Zimbabwe agho ghali ku Masvingo. Vinyake ivyo vilipo ni Khami, Dhlo-Dhlo na Naletale. Mapiri gha Matobo ni malo gha granite kopjes na makuni agho ghakwamba makilomita 35 kumwera kwa Bulawayo kumwera kwa Zimbabwe. Mapiri agha ghakaŵako vyaka vyakujumpha mabiliyoni ghaŵiri ivyo vyajumpha apo malibwe gha granite ghakafumanga pa malo agha. Mzilikazi, uyo wakambiska mtundu wa Ndebele, ndiyo wakapeleka zina ili ku malo agha. Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakwiza ku malo agha cifukwa ca umo malo agha ghakaŵirako kale comene kweniso vyamoyo vya mu malo agha. Cecil Rhodes na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha nga ni Leander Starr Jameson ŵali kusungika mu mapiri agha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zimbabwe.safari.co.za/spirit-of-zimbabwe.html|title=Zimbabwe: The Spirit of Matobo|work=zimbabwe.safari.co.za|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101100547/http://zimbabwe.safari.co.za/spirit-of-zimbabwe.html |archive-date=1 November 2013}}</ref> === Kupeleka maji na maji ghakumwa === {{Main|Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe}} Mu Zimbabwe muli vigaŵa vichoko waka ivyo vili na maji na vyakutoweskera ŵanthu. Wupu wa vyaumoyo pa charu chose (World Health Organization) ukati mu chaka cha 2012, 80% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakaŵa na maji ghawemi ghakumwa, ndipo 40% pera ndiwo ŵakaŵa na maji ghakumwa. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kusanga maji ghawemi na malo ghakutowa. Pali vinthu vinandi ivyo vikupangiska kuti maji gha mu Zimbabwe ghaŵe ghakwenelera mu nyengo zakunthazi. Vinthu vikuruvikuru vitatu ni suzgo la ndalama mu charu ichi.<ref name="wsp1">{{cite web |year=2011 |title=Water Supply and Sanitation in Zimbabwe, Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and beyond |url=http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-Zimbabwe.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130142528/https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-Zimbabwe.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2020 |access-date=4 May 2016 |website=wsp.org |publisher=[[AMCOW]] (collaboratively published report)}}</ref><ref name="hrw2">{{cite book|url=http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/zimbabwe1113_forUpload_1.pdf |title=Troubled Water: Burst Pipes, Contaminated Wells, and Open Defecation in Zimbabwe's Capital |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |website=hrw.org |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-62313-0800 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830213700/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/zimbabwe1113_forUpload_1.pdf |archive-date=30 August 2014}}</ref> === Sayansi na vyakupangapanga === {{Main|Science and technology in Zimbabwe}} [[File:Life sciences and geosciences dominate, Cumulative totals by field, 2008–2014.svg|thumb|Scientific research output in terms of publications in Southern Africa, cumulative totals by field, 2008–2014. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), figure 20.6.]] Boma la Zimbabwe lili na vinthu vinandi vyakukhumbikwa pa caru cose ndipo likulimbikira comene pa nkhani ya kafukufuku..<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002288/228806e.pdf|title=Mapping Research and Innovation in the Republic of Zimbabwe|editor-last=Lemarchand|editor-first=Guillermo A.|editor-last2=Schneegans|editor-first2=Susan|publisher=UNESCO|year=2014|isbn=978-92-3-100034-8|location=Paris|pages=Volume 2. GO–SPIN Profiles in Science, Technology and Innovation}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|title=UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030|publisher=UNESCO|year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100129-1|location=Paris|pages=535–555}}</ref> Charu ichi chili na masambiro ghakupulikikwa makora, ndipo munthu yumoza pa ŵanthu 11 waliyose wali na digiri ya sekondare. Pakuti charu ichi chili na vinjeru vinandi kweniso vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi, charu cha Zimbabwe chili na mwaŵi ukuru wa kukura.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Charu cha Zimbabwe chili pa nambala 113 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa nambala 122 mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD - Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kuti Zimbabwe yikure makora, yikwenera kumazga masuzgo ghanyake. Mwaciyelezgero, caru ici cikusoŵerwa ŵasayansi awo ŵakukhumbikwa kuti ŵacite vinthu viphya. Nangauli pali vinthu vyakukhumbikwa kuti kafukufuku na vyakupangapanga viwovwire kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu charu cha Zimbabwe, kweni masukulu ghapachanya na mabungwe gha kafukufuku ghalije ndalama na ŵanthu ŵakukwana kuti ŵachite kafukufuku. Masuzgo gha vyachuma ghapangiska kuti ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa pa yunivesite na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵafumemo mu vigaŵa vikuruvikuru (vyakuzenga, vyakupangira vinthu, na vinyake) ndipo ichi chikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukondwa na ntchito yawo. Mu 2012, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakujumpha 22% ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakamalizga masambiro ghawo ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 2012, pakaŵa ŵasayansi 200 mu boma, ndipo pa ŵanthu aŵa, 25 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi. Chiŵelengero ichi ntchakukwana kaŵiri kuluska cha pa charu chose (91 mu 2013) kweni ni hafu ya chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakuchita kafukufuku mu South Africa (818 pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni). Boma la Zimbabwe lazenga webusayiti ya Zimbabwe Human Capital kuti lipelekenge mauthenga ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe pa nkhani ya ntchito na ndalama.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> [[File:Scientific publication trends in SADC countries, 2005-2014.svg|thumb|Scientific publication trends in the most productive SADC countries, 2005–2014. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), data from Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded.]] Nangauli ŵanthu ndiwo ŵakulongozga pa kafukufuku na vyakupanga vinthu vinyake, kweni mu ndondomeko ya nyengo yapakati ya 2011 na 2015, pakaŵavya ndondomeko yakukhwaskana na kusambizga masambiro gha ku yunivesite. Kuchepa kwa madokotala gha sayansi na injiniya kufuma ku yunivesite ya Zimbabwe mu 2013 kukulongora kuti ŵakutondeka.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Kweniso ndondomeko ya vyakuzenga ya 2018, iyo yikucemeka kuti Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Economic Transformation, njambura vilato vyakukhwaskana na kusazgirako unandi wa ŵasayansi na mainjiniya, panji ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa mulimo wa kupanga vinthu. Kweniso, cifukwa ca kuleka kwenderana na kukolerana pakati pa mawupu gha boma, vyakuzirwa vya kafukufuku vikusazgikira comene ndipo ndondomeko izo zilipo sono zikufiskika makora yayi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ndondomeko Yachiŵiri ya vya Sayansi na Maluso ya mu charu ichi yikamba mu Juni 2012, pamanyuma pakuti yapangika na wovwiri wa UNESCO. Likutora malo gha ndondomeko yakale iyo yikaŵako mu 2002. Ndondomeko ya mu 2012 yikulaŵiska comene pa sayansi ya vyamoyo, sayansi ya vya mlengalenga, sayansi ya vinthu vya mu mlengalenga, sayansi ya vinthu vya mu mlengalenga (nanotechnology), masisitemu gha ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, vyamahara ivyo vicali kunthazi, na nthowa za sayansi zakumazgira masuzgo gha mu malo agho tikukhala. Ndondomeko Yachiŵiri ya Sayansi na Maluso gha Miphanyi yikukhozgera kuti boma lipelekenge ndalama zakukwana 1% ya GDP pa kafukufuku na vyakupangiska, ndipo 60% ya masambiro gha pa yunivesite ghaŵikenge pa kusambizga ŵanthu vya sayansi na vyakupangiska.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Mu 2014, ku Zimbabwe kukaŵa mabuku 21 pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni mu manyuzipepara gha pa charu chose. Ivi vikapangiska kuti charu cha Zimbabwe chiŵe pa nambara 6 pa vyaru 15 vya SADC, pamanyuma pa Namibia (59), Mauritius (71), Botswana (103) na South Africa (175) na Seychelles (364). Pa ŵanthu 100 miliyoni mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara, ŵanthu 20 ŵakalemba mabuku ghakulongosora vya sayansi.<ref name=":1" /> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Zimbabwe}} === Mtundu wa ŵanthu === [[File:Tonga wall baskets producer from Zimbabwe.JPG|alt=Tonga Woman|thumb|upright|A Tonga woman pleating a basket]] Kuyana na lipoti la ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka mu 2012, ŵanthu 99.7% ŵa mu charu ichi mba ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ni Ŵashona ndipo ŵalipo 82 peresenti. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ndebele ŵali kufuma ku mafuko ghanyake agho ghakasama na kutorana na Ŵazulu. Mu vyaka vinkhondi ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni ŵa mtundu wa Ndebele ŵali kufumamo mu charu ichi ndipo ŵanandi ŵaluta ku South Africa. Mtundu unyake ni Venda, Tonga, Tsonga, Kalanga, Sotho, Ndau, Nambya, Tswana, Xhosa na Lozi. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ni ŵazungu ŵa ku Zimbabwe. Ŵazungu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵanandi ŵali kufuma ku Britain, kweni paliso ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika, Greece, Portugal, France, na Netherlands. Mu 1975, ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵakakwana 278,000, panji kuti 4.3% ya ŵanthu wose. Pa kalembera wa mu 2012, ŵanthu wose ŵazungu ŵakaŵa 28,782 (pafupifupi 0.22% ya ŵanthu wose), chiŵelengero icho chikaŵa pachanya chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku United Kingdom (pakati pa 200,000 na 500,000 ŵa ku Britain ŵali kufuma ku Rhodesia panji Zimbabwe), South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique, Canada, Australia na New Zealand. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵalipo 0.5% ndipo mitundu yinyake ya ku Asia, chomenechomene ya ku India na China, ŵalipo 0.5%.<ref>Quarterly Digest of Statistics, 1998, Zimbabwe Printing and Stationery Office.<!--ISSN/ISBN needed--></ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe's white farmers start anew in Mozambique |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/10/zimbabwe-white-farmers-start-anew-mozambique-151027095006428.html |work=Al-Jazeera |date=28 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Business Zimbabwe's land reform: Zambia's gain, a cautionary tale for South Africa? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/zimbabwes-land-reform-zambias-gain-a-cautionary-tale-for-south-africa/a-47095154 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=16 January 2019}}</ref> ===Misumba ikulu ikulu=== {{Largest cities | country = Zimbabwe | stat_ref = According to the 2012 Census<ref>{{cite web |url=http://citypopulation.de/Zimbabwe-Cities.html |title=Zimbabwe |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref> | div_name = Province | city_1 = Harare | div_1 = Harare<!-- Independent City --> | pop_1 = 1,485,231 | img_1 = Harare from the Kopje.jpg | city_2 = Bulawayo | div_2 = Bulawayo<!-- Independent City --> | pop_2 = 653,337 | img_2 = Bulawayo CBD.jpg | city_3 = Chitungwiza | div_3 = Harare | pop_3 = 356,840 | img_3 = | city_4 = Mutare | div_4 = Manicaland Province{{!}}Manicaland | pop_4 = 186,208 | img_4 = Mutare aerial.jpg | city_5 = Epworth, Zimbabwe{{!}}Epworth | div_5 = Harare | pop_5 = 167,462 | city_6 = Gweru | div_6 = Midlands Province{{!}}Midlands | pop_6 = 154,825 | city_7 = Kwekwe | div_7 = Midlands Province{{!}}Midlands | pop_7 = 100,900 | city_8 = Kadoma, Zimbabwe{{!}}Kadoma | div_8 = Mashonaland West Province{{!}}Mashonaland West | pop_8 = 91,633 | city_9 = Masvingo | div_9 = Masvingo Province{{!}}Masvingo | pop_9 = 87,886 | city_10 = Chinhoyi | div_10 = Mashonaland West Province{{!}}Mashonaland West | pop_10 = 68,273 }} ===Viyowoyelo=== {{main|Languages of Zimbabwe}} Mu charu cha Zimbabwe muli viyowoyero 16 ndipo mu dango la charu ichi, pali dango lakuti viyowoyero vinyake ndivyo viŵenge vyakuzomerezgeka. Cingelezi ndico cikuyowoyeka comene pa masukulu na mu makhoti. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakuchemeka Shona na Ndebele. 78% ya ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Cishona, ndipo 20% ŵakuyowoya Cindebele. Viyowoyero vinyake vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ni Venda, Tsonga, Shangaan, Kalanga, Sotho, Ndau na Nambya. Ŵanthu ŵacoko comene awo ŵakuyowoya Cingelezi ni 2.5%, comenecomene awo mbazungu ndiposo awo mbakufuma ku mitundu yinyake. ChiShona chili na maluso ghanandi agho ghakalembeka mu buku lakwamba la ChiShona, la Feso ilo likalembeka na Solomon Mutswairo, ilo likafuma mu 1956. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi mu matawuni kweni ku mizi ŵakuyowoya viŵi yayi. Nkhani za pa wayilesi na pa wayilesi zikupharazgika mu Chishona, Chisindebele na Chingelezi. Mu Zimbabwe muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi, comenecomene mu vigaŵa ivyo vili kufupi na mphaka na Mozambique kweniso mu misumba yikuruyikuru. Kwamba mu 2017, kusambizga Chiphwitikizi kwaŵikika mu masambiro gha sekondare mu Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Português vai ser introduzido no ensino secundário no Zimbabué|url=https://24.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/portugues-vai-ser-introduzido-no-ensino-secundario-no-zimbabue|access-date=2020-07-21|website=SAPO 24|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zimbabwe: Português vai ser introduzido no ensino secundário do país - África - Angola Press - ANGOP|url=http://www.angop.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/africa/2017/0/3/Zimbabwe-Portugues-vai-ser-introduzido-ensino-secundario-pais,7e5aad04-47b2-4b4f-aee8-c8351c5ae23f.html|access-date=2020-07-21|website=www.angop.ao|language=PT-PT|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806105712/http://www.angop.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/africa/2017/0/3/Zimbabwe-Portugues-vai-ser-introduzido-ensino-secundario-pais,7e5aad04-47b2-4b4f-aee8-c8351c5ae23f.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Chisopa=== {{Main|Religion in Zimbabwe}} [[File:2013_Harare_Zimbabwe_8638132278.jpg|thumb|left|[[Catholic]] church in [[Harare]]]] Kuyana na kafukufuku wa 2017 Inter Censal Demography Survey wakuchitika na Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency, 84% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe Mbakhristu, 10% ŵalije chisopa, ndipo 0.7% Mba Chisilamu.<ref name="2017survey" /><ref name="pewzimb">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf |title=Table: Religious Composition by Country |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310101254/https://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf |archive-date=10 March 2016 |url-status=dead |website=pewforum.org |publisher=Pew Research Center |location=Washington, D.C. |year=2012}}</ref><ref name="US_state">{{cite web |title=Zimbabwe – International Religious Freedom Report 2005 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51503.htm |access-date=3 December 2007 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |quote=An estimated 1% of the total population is Muslim.}}</ref> Ŵanthu 62 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakuluta ku matchalitchi nyengo zose. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 69% ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵali mu chisopa cha Protestant, ndipo 8% ŵali mu chisopa cha Roman Catholic. Makhaliro gha Cikristu gha Pentekoste, comenecomene, ghakura comene mu vilimika vyasonosono apa ndipo ghakuŵa na ncito yikuru comene mu umoyo wa ŵantu, wa ŵanthu na wa ndyali. Matchalitchi ghakurughakuru gha Cikhristu ni Anglican, Roman Catholic, Seventh-day Adventist, na Methodist. Nga ni umo viliri mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, Cikristu cingaŵa cakusazgikana na vigomezgo vyacikaya. Chisopa cha ŵanthu ŵakwambilira, icho chikaŵako kale pambere charu cha Zimbabwe chindaŵeko na ŵanthu awo ŵakalondezganga visopa vyawo, chikulutilira kuŵa chakuzirwa mu chisopa cha ku Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shoko |first=Tabona |title=Karanga Indigenous Religion in Zimbabwe: Health and Well-Being |url=https://archive.org/details/karangaindigenou0000shok |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-754-65881-8 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Moyo |first=Method |title=Traditional Religion and Its Impact on the Practices of Apostolic and Zionist Churches in Zimbabwe |publisher=GRIN Verlag |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-346-21835-3}}</ref> Kusopa ŵasekuru ni cisopa ico cikupambana na Cikhristu, ico cikusazgapo kuŵeyelera kwauzimu. Mu viphikiro vinandi, mbira dzavadzimu, kung'anamura "tumazgu twa ŵasekuru", ni ciŵiya ico cikukolerana na ma lamelophone ghanandi agho ghali palipose mu Africa. ===Umoyo=== {{See also|Health in Zimbabwe|HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe|Zimbabwean cholera outbreak}} [[File:Life expectancy in select African countries, 1950–2019.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Life expectancy in select Southern African countries, 1950–2019. [[HIV/AIDS]] has caused a fall in life expectancy.]] [[File:MOP 50.jpg|thumb|Mother of Peace AIDS orphanage, [[Mutoko]] (2005)]] Pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambana ŵakamba kujiyimira ŵekha, ŵakamba kulwara matenda agho ghakaŵapo pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mu vyaka vinkhondi vyakwambilira pamanyuma pa kujiwombora, vinthu vikenda makora chomene pa nkhani ya katemera, wovwiri wa munkhwala, na munkhwala wakukanizga nthumbo. Ntheura, pa caru cose, caru ca Zimbabwe cikuwoneka kuti cikucita makora comene pa nkhani ya umoyo. Nyengo zinyake ku Zimbabwe kukaŵanga matenda ghakofya. Vinthu ivyo vikaŵa makora pa umoyo wa ŵanthu vikasuzgika cifukwa ca kusintha kwa vinthu mu vyaru mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, nthenda ya HIV/AIDS, na suzgo la vyachuma kufuma mu 2000. Mu 2006, Zimbabwe yikaŵa na umoyo wambura kukhumbikwa chomene pa charu chose, kuyana na umo UN yikulongolera kuti ŵanalume ŵakhalanga vyaka 44, ndipo ŵanakazi ŵakakhalanga vyaka 43.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-42013720|title=Zimbabwe in 10 numbers|date=18 November 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=18 November 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/health.htm|title=United Nations Statistics Division|access-date=7 December 2008}}</ref> Cakucitika cikuru comene ico cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kusuzgika comene ni nthenda ya HIV na AIDS. Ŵana awo ŵakafwanga na nthenda iyi ŵakakwera kufuma pa 6% m'ma 1990 kufika pa 12.3% mu 2004. Pa vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵana awo ŵakababikanga ŵakaŵa 3.6 (2002), 3.8 (2006) na 3.8 (2012). Mu 2014, pa ŵana 100,000 awo ŵakababika, 614 ndiwo ŵakafwanga pa nthumbo. Ŵana awo ŵakafwanga na ŵana ŵambura kukwaniska vyaka vinkhondi pa ŵana 1,000 ŵakafwanga na ŵana 75 mu 2014 (94 mu 2009). Mu 2016, pakaŵavya ŵabwezi 1,000 awo ŵakababika ŵamoyo, ndipo pa ŵanakazi ŵakutora, pa ŵanakazi 42 ŵaliwose, yumoza wakafwanga. Mu 2006, wupu wa ŵadokotala ku Zimbabwe ukachiska Mugabe kuti wawovwire ŵadokotala awo ŵakusuzgika. Mu 2009, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵali na HIV ku Zimbabwe chikaŵa 14 peresenti pa ŵanthu ŵa vyaka 15-49. Wupu wa UNESCO ukayowoya kuti ŵanakazi awo ŵali na nthumbo ŵali na HIV, ndipo ŵakakhira kufuma pa 26% mu 2002 kufika pa 21% mu 2004. Kuzakafika mu 2016, chiŵelengero cha HIV/AIDS chikakhira kufika pa 13.5% pakuyaniska na 40% mu 1998. Kuumaliro wa Novembala 2008, maofesi ghanyake gha vipatala vikuruvikuru vitatu vya ku Zimbabwe ghakaleka kugwira ntchito, pamoza na sukulu ya vya munkhwala ya Zimbabwe Medical School. Vipatala ivyo vikaŵa kuti vichali kugwira ntchito vikatondeka kusanga munkhwala. Vinthu vikasintha comene pamanyuma pa boma la umoza na kukhazikiska ndalama zinandi mu mwezi wa Febuluwale mu 2009, nangauli suzgo la ndyali na la vya cuma nalo likapangiska kuti ŵadokotala na ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya vya munkhwala ŵafumeko mu vyaru vinyake.<ref name="Zimbabwe cholera deaths near 500">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7760088.stm|title=Zimbabwe cholera deaths near 500|date=2 December 2008|publisher=BBC|access-date=2 December 2008}}</ref>[[File:2008 Zimbabwe Cholera Outbreak Combined.svg|thumb|Map showing the spread of [[cholera]] in and around Zimbabwe put together from several sources]] Mu Ogasiti 2008, ku Zimbabwe kukaŵa nthenda ya kolera. Kuzakafika mu Disembala 2008, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 10,000 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakoleka na nthenda iyi mu vigaŵa vyose vya Zimbabwe kupaturako cimoza.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7768740.stm |title=PM urges Zimbabwe cholera action |work=BBC News |date=6 December 2008 |access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Milliband">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110510012829/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5294534.ece "Miliband backs African calls for end of Mugabe"], ''[[The Times]]'', 5 December 2008.</ref>Pa Disembala 4, 2008, boma la Zimbabwe likati nthenda iyi njakofya chomene pa charu chose ndipo likapempha wovwiri ku vyaru vinyake. Pa Malichi 9, 2009, wupu wa vyaumoyo pa caru cose ukati ŵanthu 4,011 ŵali kufwa na nthenda iyi kufuma apo yikambira. Ku Harare, ŵalara ŵa tawuni ŵakapeleka malaro ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakoleka na kolera.<ref name="rain">{{cite news|url=http://africa.reuters.com/top/news/usnJOE4AT06A.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206151846/http://africa.reuters.com/top/news/usnJOE4AT06A.html|archive-date=6 December 2008|title=Zimbabwe says cholera epidemic may spread with rain|date=30 November 2008|work=Reuters|url-status=dead|access-date=3 December 2008}}</ref> ===Msambilo=== {{Main|Education in Zimbabwe}} [[File:Saint-Georges-College.jpg|thumb|[[St. George's College, Harare]] was established in 1896 by a French [[Jesuit]].]] Ku Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba. Mu 2013, chiŵelengero ichi chikafika pa 90.70%. Chiŵelengero ichi ntchichoko chomene pakuyaniska na 92 peresenti iyo yikalembeka mu 2010 na United Nations Development Programme na 97.0 peresenti iyo yikalembeka mu 2002 apo palembeka 80.4 peresenti mu 1992.<ref>{{cite report|title=Poverty Income Consumption and Expenditure Survey 2011/12 Report|publisher=Zimstat|year=2013|url=http://www.undp.org.zw/component/docman/doc_download/230-zimbabwe-poverty-report-2011-april-17-2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927163223/http://www.undp.org.zw/component/docman/doc_download/230-zimbabwe-poverty-report-2011-april-17-2013 |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="IRINAfrica">{{Cite web|url=http://ww.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=89947 |title=Zimbabwe: Unlicensed and outdoors or no school at all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511094256/http://ww.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=89947 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |website=irinnews.org |publisher=[[OCHA]] |date=23 July 2010 |location=Epworth, Zimbabwe}}</ref><ref name="AllAfrica">{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201007150032.html |title=Zimbabwe: Country Leads in Africa Literacy Race |website=AllAfrica.com |date=14 July 2010 |last=Nyathi |first=Kitsepile}}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵali na ndalama zinandi ŵakupeleka ŵana ŵawo ku masukulu ghakujiyimira paŵekha. Mu 1980, masukulu ghakazgoka ghawanangwa, kweni kwambira mu 1988, boma likusazgirako ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakulipira pa sukulu. Dipatimenti ya vya masambiro mu Zimbabwe ndiyo yikwendeska masukulu gha boma, kweni ndalama izo masukulu ghakujiyimira ghakupokera zikufuma ku boma. Dipatimenti ya vya masambiro yikati ŵasambizgi 20,000 ŵali kufumamo mu Zimbabwe kwambira mu 2007 ndipo hafu ya ŵana ŵa mu Zimbabwe ŵandafike pa sukulu. Kusambira kukasuzgika comene cifukwa ca suzgo la cuma ilo likaŵako mu 2000, ndipo ŵasambizgi ŵakamba kugwentha cifukwa ca malipiro ghacoko, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakatondekanga kuŵika maghanoghano ghawo pa ivyo ŵakasambiranga cifukwa ca njara, kweniso mtengo wa yunifomu ukakwera comene. Ŵasambizgi nawo ŵakaŵa cimoza mwa vilato vikuru vya kuyuzgika kwa Mugabe cifukwa wakaghanaghananga kuti mbakugomezgeka yayi.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 April 2007 |title=BBC report on 40 years in Zimbabwe's schools |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6566919.stm |access-date=3 November 2007}}</ref> Mu charu ichi, masambiro ghakwamba ghakwenda vyaka viŵiri, vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri vya masambiro ghakwamba na vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri vya masambiro gha sekondare. Chaka cha masambiro ku Zimbabwe chikufuma mu Janyuwale mpaka Disembala, ndipo pali masambiro ghatatu agho ghakupambana mwezi umoza. Masambiro gha cigaŵa ghacitikanga mu Novembala mu nyengo ya cigaŵa cacitatu. Ku Zimbabwe kuli maunivesite 7 gha boma kweniso maunivesite ghanayi agho ghakukolerana na matchalitchi. Yunivesite ya Zimbabwe, iyo yikaŵa yakwamba kweniso yikuru chomene, yikazengeka mu 1952 ndipo yikaŵa mu tawuni ya Mount Pleasant ku Harare. Ŵanyake awo ŵakasambirako ku yunivesite ya Zimbabwe ni Welshman Ncube, Peter Moyo, Tendai Biti, Chenjerai Hove na Arthur Mutambara. Ŵandyali ŵanandi mu boma la Zimbabwe ŵali kusambira masambiro gha ku yunivesite ya ku United States panji ku vyaru vinyake. National University of Science and Technology ni yunivesite yaciŵiri yikuru comene ya ku Zimbabwe iyo yili ku Bulawayo. Wakapangika mu 1991. Yunivesite ya National University of Science and Technology yikuyezgayezga kuti yiŵe yunivesite yakumanyikwa mu Zimbabwe na kumwera kwa Africa. Africa University ni yunivesite ya United Methodist ku Manicaland iyo yikukopa ŵana ŵa sukulu kufuma ku vyaru vya ku Africa 36. === Kuyana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi === {{Further|Child marriage in Zimbabwe|Polygamy in Zimbabwe|Human trafficking in Zimbabwe|Abortion in Zimbabwe}} Ŵanakazi ku Zimbabwe ŵakutondeka pa vigaŵa vinandi nga ni vya vyachuma, ndyali, na vya umoyo wa ŵanthu.<ref name=":22">{{cite web|url=http://www.zw.one.un.org/togetherwedeliver/zundaf/gender-equality|title=Gender Equality {{!}} UN in Zimbabwe|website=www.zw.one.un.org|language=en|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-date=14 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814054632/http://www.zw.one.un.org/togetherwedeliver/zundaf/gender-equality|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lipoti la wupu wa UN ilo likafuma mu 2014, likati ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakusuzgika chomene chifukwa cha mitheto yawo, nkharo yawo, na chisopa chawo. Ŵanakazi ŵakuwona vinthu mwambura kwenelera, ndipo ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita vikuŵakhuŵazga kuti ŵagwirenge ntchito za ndalama. Dango la Zimbabwe lili na fundo izo zikovwira kuti ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵaŵe ŵakuyana waka, kweni maukaboni ghakulongora kuti dango ili likugwiriskika makora yayi ndipo likugwira ntchito mwakuchedwa. Mu Disembala 2016, wupu wa International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ukachita kafukufuku kuti umanye umo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito makora fundo zakovwira pa nkhani ya nkhaza za ŵanalume na ŵanakazi. Ŵakasanga kuti nkhaza izo zikucitikira ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana zikusazgikira mu vigaŵa ivyo vyaŵa na masoka (vivula, chilangalanga, na matenda) kweni palije uyo wangamanya unandi wake. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikutondeska ŵanthu kumazga nkhaza izi ni masuzgo gha vyachuma agho ghakutondeska ŵanthu kuzomerezga nkhaza za kugonana. Kweniso, maboma agho ghakovwira ŵanthu kumanya makora nkhani izi kweniso kupeleka wovwiri ku ŵanthu awo ŵakusuzgika na vigeŵenga, ghalije ndalama zakukwana ndipo ghakutondeka kufiska milimo yawo. Wupu wa United Nations nawo ukaŵakhozga kuti ŵaleke kuchita vinthu ivi. Kanandi ŵanakazi ŵakuwoneka nga mbambura kuzirwa, ŵakuŵawona nga ni vinthu vyambura kuzirwa, ndipo ŵakuŵawona kuti mbakuzirwa yayi mu mbiri na vinjeru vya ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakugomezga kuti ŵana ŵanalume ndiwo ŵakuzirwa chomene kuluska ŵana ŵanakazi. Mazgu agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu khoti ghakuti "vakadzi ngavanyarare", ghakung'anamura kuti "ŵanakazi ŵakwenera kukhala chete". Kuyuzgika kwa ŵanakazi mu Zimbabwe, ndiposo maluso gha cikaya agho ghakuŵakanizga kuŵa ŵantchito, kwapangiska kuti ŵanakazi ŵafwe na kujipeleka kuti ŵalute panthazi pa nchito mwakuti ŵafiske mulimo wawo wa kuŵa ŵawoli, ŵamama, na ŵantchito..<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Chabaya|first1=O.|last2=Rembe|first2=S.|last3=Wadesango|first3=N.|date=1 January 2009|title=The persistence of gender inequality in Zimbabwe: factors that impede the advancement of women into leadership positions in primary schools|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/saje/article/view/44152|journal=South African Journal of Education|language=en|volume=29|issue=2|pages=235–251|doi=10.15700/saje.v29n2a259|issn=2076-3433|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Manyonganise|first=Molly|date=2015|title=Oppressive and liberative: A Zimbabwean woman's reflections on ubuntu|journal=Verbum et Ecclesia|volume=36|issue=2|pages=1–7|doi=10.4102/VE.V36I2.1438|issn=2074-7705|doi-access=free}}</ref>Ŵanakazi ŵakusambizgika kuti ŵaleke kukana para ŵafumu ŵawo ŵakukhumba kugonana nawo, nangauli ŵakumanya kuti ŵali na HIV cifukwa ca kuleka kugomezgeka. Cifukwa ca kucita nthena, ŵanakazi ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49 ŵali na nthenda ya HIV pa ciŵelengero ca 16.1% ndipo ŵalipo 62% pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵali na nthenda iyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zimbabwe |url=http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/zimbabwe |access-date=4 December 2018 |website=www.unaids.org |language=en}}</ref> Ŵanakazi ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakukumana na masuzgo pa umoyo wawo wa nchito, ndipo ivi vikukhwaska masambiro ghawo, luso lawo, na umo ŵakukulira. Mu 2009, magazini ya South African Journal of Education yikati nangauli ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵa masukulu gha pulayimale ŵakaŵa ŵakwenelera kupika maudindo, kweni palije uyo wakapempha ntchito. Ŵanakazi aŵa ŵakajiwonanga kuti mbakuyana yayi na ŵanalume ndipo ŵakagomezganga kuti mulimo wawo wa kuŵa muwoli na mama ngwakuzirwa chomene kuluska milimo yinyake yose. Ŵanakazi awo ŵakafumbika pa kafukufuku uyu ŵakaŵa na maghanoghano ghambura kwenelera, agho ghangaŵa ghakukolerana na maudindo ghawo mu gulu kweniso maghanoghano gha ŵanakazi. Mu 2016, wupu wa FAO ukasanga kuti ŵanakazi 60 pera ndiwo ŵakagwiranga ntchito za mu vyaru vinyake. Ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakagwiranga nchito zinandi za ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na masambiro ghacoko, nga ni 70% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vyaru vya viŵeto, kweni ŵakagwiranga nchito pa 16.7% na 21% pera mu maboma gha mu vigaŵa vyawo na mu vyaru vyawo. Mu vigaŵa vya boma, ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghakukwana 14% mu Nyumba ya Malango ya Zimbabwe na 33% mu Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Zimbabwe, nangauli chiŵelengero cha ŵanalume chikaŵa 0.95 pa mwanakazi yumoza. Kuti ŵamazge suzgo la kusankhana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi, wupu wa UN ukuwovwira kuti ŵanakazi ŵalutilire kuŵa na maudindo ghapachanya, nga ni ŵalongozgi ŵa masukulu. Kwizira mu ndondomeko izi, caru ca Zimbabwe caŵa na mwaŵi wa kumazga mphambano ya ŵanalume na ŵanakazi pa nkhani ya sukulu: Ŵanalume 50.5% ŵakuŵazga masukulu gha sekondare pakuyaniska na ŵanakazi 49.5%. Ku Zimbabwe ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusuzgika na nkhaza za pa nyumba na za kugonana. <ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/zimbabwe-women-domestic-violence-election-gender-equality-rights-rape-mugabe-emmerson-a8539616.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/zimbabwe-women-domestic-violence-election-gender-equality-rights-rape-mugabe-emmerson-a8539616.html|archive-date=7 May 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Why the world must pay attention to violence against women and girls in Zimbabwe|work=The Independent|access-date=26 November 2018|language=en-GB}}{{cbignore}}</ref>Pakuti ŵanthu wose yayi awo ŵakukoleka ŵakuyowoyeka, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakukoleka cikuŵa cikuru comene. Pa nyengo ya 2010 m'paka 2016, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakachichizgikanga kuti ŵatoleke chikakwera na 42%. Pa nkhaza zose izo zikucitikira ŵasungwana na ŵanakazi mu Zimbabwe, 78 peresenti zikucitikira ŵafumu ŵawo, ŵadada ŵawo, panji ŵanyawo ŵa mu nthengwa. <ref name=":6" />Malipoti gha UNICEF ghakulongora kuti msungwana yumoza pa ŵasungwana ŵatatu waliyose uyo wakukura mu Zimbabwe wakusuzgika pambere wandakwaniske vyaka 18. <ref name=":6" />Ŵasungwana kanandi ŵakucimbira na ŵanalume ŵalara msinkhu para mwaŵi wawo wakusambira ulije. Ŵapolisi ŵakutemwa yayi kupenja ŵanalume awo ŵakuchita nkhaza pa nyumba panji ŵasungwana awo ŵakuchimbira na ŵanalume ŵalara msinkhu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti nkhaza ni nthowa yakulongolera nkhongono na citemwa. Wupu wa Zimbabwe Women's Lawyers Association ni wupu uwo ukovwira kuti malango gha boma gha 2013 ghalondezgeke. Wupu uwu ukupeleka mapulogiramu agho ghakovwira ŵanakazi kumanya makora wanangwa wawo na kuŵapa mwaŵi wa kulimbana na nkhaza za pa nyumba na za kugonana.<ref name=":6" /> ==Mwambo== {{Main|Culture of Zimbabwe}} Mu charu cha Zimbabwe muli mitheto yakupambanapambana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Shona ŵakugomezga chomene vinthu ivi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Shona ŵali na vikozgo vinandi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofmbiramusic00berl|url-access=registration|quote=zimbabwe shona.|title=The Soul of Mbira: Music and Traditions of the Shona People of Zimbabwe|last=Berliner|first=Paul|date=June 1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226043791|language=en}}</ref> Pa 18 Epulero, 1980, charu cha Zimbabwe chikamba kujithemba.<ref name="indepday">{{cite book|last=Owomoyela|first=Oyekan|year=2002|title=Culture and Customs of Zimbabwe|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00owom/page/77 77]|isbn=978-0-313-31583-1|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn.|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00owom/page/77}}</ref>Maholide agha ghakuchitikira ku National Sports Stadium panji Rufaro Stadium ku Harare. Ungano wakwamba wa kujithemba ukacitika mu 1980 pa Zimbabwe Grounds. Pa viphikiro ivi, ŵakufumiska nkhunda kuti ŵalongore mtende. Moto wa wanangwa ukuŵala na pulezidenti pamanyuma pa viphikiro vya mbumba ya pulezidenti na ŵasilikari ŵa Zimbabwe. Kweniso pulezidenti wakuyowoya nkhani ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe iyo yikuŵa pa TV ku awo ŵangakwaniska yayi kwiza ku sitediyamu. Mu charu cha Zimbabwe mukuŵaso chiphikiro cha kutowa cha Miss Heritage Zimbabwe icho chikuchitika chaka chilichose kwambira mu 2012. ===Maluso=== {{Main|Zimbabwean art}} {{see also|Music of Zimbabwe}} [[File:Reconciliation Amos Supuni Woerden.jpg|thumb|upright|"Reconciliation", a [[stone sculpture]] by [[Amos Supuni]]]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakutemwa kupanga vinthu nga ni viŵiya, matumba, vyakuvwara, majuda, na vyakuŵaja. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikumanyikwa chomene ni makapu na vitanda ivyo vikuŵa mu khuni limoza. Vikozgo vya Ŵashona, ivyo vili na mbiri yitali, vikamba kusintha mu nyengo yasono pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900 ndipo vikamba kutchuka pa charu chose. Vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuvwara vikuŵa vya viyuni na ŵanthu. Vinthu ivi ŵakuvivwara na malibwe nga ni soapstone, kweniso malibwe ghanyake nga ni serpentine na verdite. Vinthu vya ku Zimbabwe vingasangika mu vyaru nga ni Singapore, China na Canada. Cikozgo ca Dominic Benhura mu Singapore Botanic Gardens. Vinthu vyakuŵaja vya Ŵashona vilipo m'paka sono, ndipo ivyo ŵakuŵaja mazuŵa ghano vikukolerana na mitheto ya ku Africa na ku Europe. Ŵanthu awo ŵakumanyikwa chomene ku Zimbabwe ni Nicholas, Nesbert na Anderson Mukomberanwa, Tapfuma Gutsa, Henry Munyaradzi na Locardia Ndandarika. Pa caru cose, ŵanthu ŵakuŵaja vyakuvwara ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakhwaska ŵanthu ŵaphya, comenecomene ŵa ku America ŵa mitundu yakufipa. Ŵalembi ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa mu Zimbabwe na kunyake. Charles Mungoshi wakumanyikwa chomene mu Zimbabwe chifukwa cha kulemba nkhani za mu Chingelezi na Chishona, ndipo mabuku ghake ghakuguliskika chomene na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose. Catherine Buckle wali kuzomerezgeka pa caru cose na mabuku ghake ghaŵiri African Tears na Beyond Tears agho ghakulongosora masuzgo agho wakakumana nagho cifukwa ca kusintha kwa malo mu 2000. Mulara wa boma wakwamba wa Rhodesia, Ian Smith, wakalemba mabuku ghaŵiri, The Great Betrayal na Bitter Harvest. Buku la The House of Hunger la Dambudzo Marechera likapokera chawanangwa ku UK mu 1979 ndipo buku lakwamba la Doris Lessing la The Grass Is Singing, mabuku ghanayi ghakwambilira gha Children of Violence, kweniso buku la nkhani zicoko waka la African Stories ghakalembeka ku Rhodesia. Mu 2013, buku la NoViolet Bulawayo lakuti We Need New Names likaŵa pa chigaŵa cha mphotho ya Booker. Buku ili likulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikiranga na kusama chifukwa cha nkhaza izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakachitiranga ŵanthu pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya Gukurahundi. Ŵalendo ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa ni Henry Mudzengerere na Nicolas Mukomberanwa. Nkhani yinyake iyo yikuyowoyeka kanandi waka mu luso lwa ku Zimbabwe njakuti ŵanthu ŵakusintha na kuŵa vinyama. Ŵakwimba ŵa ku Zimbabwe nga ni Thomas Mapfumo, Oliver Mtukudzi, Bhundu Boys; Stella Chiweshe, Alick Macheso na Audius Mtawarira ŵamanyikwa pa caru cose. Ŵazungu awo mbacoko ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero agha, ndipo pali magulu ghanandi agho ghakucita maseŵero agha.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/African-theatre-art/Southern-and-South-Africa|title=African theatre – Southern and South Africa {{!}} art|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=19 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> ===Vyakuphika=== [[File:Goat Offal.JPG|thumb|A meal of ''sadza'' ''(right)'', greens, and goat [[offal]]. The goat's small intestines are wrapped around small pieces of large intestines before cooking.]] Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Zimbabwe ŵakurya vyakurya vichoko waka. "Mealie meal", iyo yikumanyikwaso na zina lakuti cornmeal, yikugwiliskirika nchito pakunozga sadza panji isitshwala, kweniso porridge yakucemeka bota panji ilambazi. Sadza wakupangika mwa kusanganiska tirigu na maji kuti wapangike. Para wakuphika kwa maminiti ghacoko waka, wakusazgako tirigu munyake kuti wakukore. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakurya nyama iyi pa nyengo ya chakurya cha muhanya panji chakurya cha mise. Sadza wakulyeka pamoza na mkaka wakukaŵa, uwo ukumanyikwa na zina lakuti "lacto" (mukaka wakakora), panji sardine wakomira wa ku Tanganyika. Bota ni chiŵiya chichoko chomene, icho chikuphika kwambura kusazgako tirigu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zambuko.com/mbirapage/resource_guide/pages/culture/sadza_text.html | publisher=Zambuko.com |title=Sadza ne Nyama: A Shona Staple Dish |access-date=3 November 2007}}</ref> Kanandi munthu wakurya Bota pa cakurya ca mulenji. Para ŵanthu ŵakumalizga masambiro ghawo, para ŵakutora panji kutengwa, kweniso pa viphikiro vinyake vya mbumba, kanandi ŵakukoma mbuzi panji ng'ombe. Viyuni vyambura kupangika Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika mbachoko chomene (10%) mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵatuŵa, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa vyakurya vya ku Afrika. Cakurya ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa comene ni nyama yakuŵaŵa.<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephanie Hanes|title=Biltong: much more than just a snack|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=20 September 2006|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0920/p13s01-lifo.html|access-date=3 October 2006}}</ref> Ŵakupeleka chakurya cha Boerewors pamoza na sadza. Ni soseji yitali, iyo kanandi yikuŵa na vyakununkhira vinandi. Pakuti charu cha Zimbabwe chikaŵa pasi pa Britain, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakulondezga mitheto ya ku England. Mwaciyelezgero, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakurya chiŵiya mulenji, kweniso ŵakumwa tiyi pa 10 koloko. Ŵakulya cakurya ca mise, ndipo kanandi ŵakurya vyakurya ivyo vyakhalapo pa zuŵa lakulondezgapo. Para ŵamara kurya, kanandi pa 4 koloko ŵakuŵa na tiyi. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakumwa tiyi para ŵamara kurya. Mu vyakurya vya ku Zimbabwe muli mpunga, makaroni, na mbatata. Chakurya icho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene mu chigaŵa ichi ni mpunga uwo ŵakuphika na batala wa mapayipi. Para munthu wakuphika mbuto iyi wakuŵa na mphangwe, mbuto yakuchemeka nzungu, mbuto yakuchemeka ng'ombe yakubiliŵira, mbuto yakuchemeka nyemba, na mbuto yakuchemeka nyimo. Mutakura nayo wangaŵa viŵiya ivyo vili pachanya apa. === Maseŵera === {{Main|Sport in Zimbabwe}} [[File:Canada wins Zimbabwe in Rio Olympics 07.jpg|thumb|[[Zimbabwe women's national football team]] at the [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2016 Olympic Games]]]] Mpira (uno ukuchemekaso kuti soccer) ndiwo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ku Zimbabwe. Gulu la Warriors lafika ku Africa Cup of Nations kankhondi (2004, 2006, 2017, 2019, 2021), ndipo lapambana mpikisano wa South Africa kankhondi (2000, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2017, 2018) na East Africa cup kamoza (1985). Gulu ili lili pa malo 68 mu 2022. Mpira wa rugby ni maseŵero ghakuzirwa comene mu Zimbabwe. Gulu la chalo likayimilira chalo mu viphalizgano viŵiri vya Rugby World Cup mu 1987 na 1991. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakutemwa maseŵero gha cricket mbazungu. Ni yimoza mwa vyaru 12 ivyo vikuseŵera maseŵero gha Test cricket ndipo ni chiŵaro cha ICC. Ŵaseŵera ŵa cricket ŵakufuma ku Zimbabwe ni Andy Flower, Heath Streak na Brendan Taylor. Zimbabwe yikasanga mendulo 8 pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki, yimoza pa maseŵero gha hockey na timu ya ŵanakazi pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha 1980 ku Moscow, na 7 ya Kirsty Coventry, zitatu pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha 2004 na zinayi pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha 2008. Dziko la Zimbabwe lachita bwino pa maseŵera a Commonwealth Games ndi All-Africa Games pa kusambira ndipo Coventry watenga mendulo 11 za golide mu maseŵera ghakupambanapambana.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2004/schedules/117BySport.html |title=2004 Olympic Games swimming results |access-date=22 July 2007 |publisher=CNN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509051921/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2004/schedules/117BySport.html |archive-date=9 May 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fina.org/events/WC/Montreal_2005/results/sw.php |title=Montreal 2005 Results|access-date=9 June 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070128064425/http://www.fina.org/events/WC/Montreal_2005/results/sw.php |archive-date = 28 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fina.org/events/WC/Melbourne_2007/results/swimming.php|title=12th FINA World Championships|access-date=9 June 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070606111744/http://www.fina.org/events/WC/Melbourne_2007/results/swimming.php |archive-date = 6 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/bsp/statistics/results.stm |title=BBC Sport Commonwealth Games 2002 Statistics|access-date=29 August 2007 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Zimbabwe yikwimila pa Wimbledon na Davis Cup mu tennis, chomenechomene na banja la Black, ilo lili na Wayne Black, Byron Black na Cara Black. Nick Price wa ku Zimbabwe wakaŵa na malo gha nambara yimoza pa maseŵero gha gofu pa caru cose kwa nyengo yitali kuluska woseŵero waliyose wa ku Africa. Maseŵero ghanyake agho ghakuchitika mu Zimbabwe ni basketball, volleyball, netball, na water polo, kweniso squash, motorsport, martial arts, chess, cycling, polocrosse, kayaking na kuphalizgana pa mahachi. Ndipouli, mitundu yinandi ya maseŵero agha yikuŵa na ŵimiliri pa caru cose yayi, kweni yikuŵa pa caru cose. Ŵaseŵero ŵa mpira wa rugby ku Zimbabwe awo ŵakuseŵera ku vyaru vinyake ni Masimbaashe Motongo na Judah Mazive.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/hull-fc-masimbaashe-matongo-s-dream-journey-just/story-28185324-detail/story.html|title=From Zimbabwe to Hull FC: Masimbaashe Matongo's 'dream' journey is just beginning|date=17 November 2015|newspaper=Hull Daily Mail|access-date=18 February 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225200610/http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Hull-FC-Masimbaashe-Matongo-s-dream-journey-just/story-28185324-detail/story.html|archive-date=25 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://zimbabwe-today.com/2016/10/sports/zimbabwe-teenager-judah-mazive-signs-contract-play-rugby-england/|title=Zimbabwe teenager Judah Mazive signs contract to play rugby in England|newspaper=Zimbabwe Today|access-date=18 February 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113154539/http://zimbabwe-today.com/2016/10/sports/zimbabwe-teenager-judah-mazive-signs-contract-play-rugby-england/|archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> Ŵasepuka ŵakale bakusazgapo sono CEO wa SANZAAR Andy Marinos uyo wakawonekera ku South Africa pa Super League World Nines ndipo wakawonekeranga ku Sydney Bulldogs kweniso uyo wakababika ku Zimbabwe uyo wakababika ku Scotland Scott Gray, uyo wakachitako ku Brisbane Broncos. Charu cha Zimbabwe chawina mu karate apo Samson Muripo wa ku Zimbabwe wakaba chiphalizgano cha Kyokushin world champion ku Osaka, Japan mu 2009. Muripo ni nkhwantha ya Kyokushi Karate pa charu chose ndipo wakaŵa munthu wakuda wakwamba wa ku Africa kuŵa nkhwantha ya Kyokushin Karate pa charu chose.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The making of Samson Muripo {{!}} The Standard|date=22 October 2017|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2017/10/22/making-samson-muripo/|access-date=2021-07-21|language=en-US}}</ref> ===Media=== Ŵapharazgi ŵa ku Zimbabwe sono ŵali na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana, chifukwa boma likaŵakanizga chomene kupharazga pakati pa 2002 na 2008. Dango la Zimbabwe likulayizga wanangwa wa vyakupharazga. Kufuma waka apo ŵakaŵikirapo nduna yiphya ya vya mdauko mu 2013, ŵapharazgi ŵakusuzgika viŵi yayi na ndyali ndipo khoti likuru chomene la charu ichi lazomerezga kuti malango ghanyake ghakukhwaskana na vya mdauko ghakususkana na dango. Mu Julayi 2009, BBC na CNN ŵakambaso kwendeska mauthenga mu Zimbabwe. Unduna wa vya Mtima, Uthenga na Kupharazga wa ku Zimbabwe ukati, "boma la Zimbabwe likakanizgapo yayi kuti BBC yichitenge vinthu ivyo vikukolerana na dango mu Zimbabwe". BBC yikakondwa chomene na ivyo vikachitika, yikati: "Tili ŵakukondwa kuti tikwaniskaso kugwira ntchito mu Zimbabwe". Mu 2010, boma la Zimbabwe Media Commission likakhazikiskika. Mu Meyi 2010, wupu uwu ukazomerezga nyuzipepara zitatu za ŵanthu ŵekha, kusazgapo nyuzipepara yakuchemeka Daily News. Wupu wa Reporters Without Borders ukati fundo izi ni "vinthu vikuru comene". Mu Juni 2010, NewsDay yikaŵa nyuzipepara yakwamba yakujiyimira payekha mu Zimbabwe mu vyaka 7. Mu 2012, ZBC yikamazga wanangwa wake wa kupharazga na kupeleka malayisensi ku mawayilesi ghaŵiri. Kufuma waka apo dango la 2002 la Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act likakhazikiskikira, boma likajara manyuzipepara ghanandi, kusazgapo Daily News.<ref name="rwb" /><ref name="cgmg">Ruzengwe, Blessing (17 March 2005) [https://web.archive.org/web/20060301060504/http://cgmg.jour.city.ac.uk/news.php?story=249 "The nine lives of Wilf Mbanga"], ''The London Globe'' via ''[[Metrovox]]''.</ref>Pa cifukwa ici, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zimbabwe awo ŵali ku wuzga ŵali kwambiska mawupu gha nyuzipepara mu vyaru vya ŵazengezgani na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chifukwa chakuti Intaneti njambura kukanizgika, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakuzomerezgeka kusanga nkhani pa Intaneti izo ŵalembi ŵa nyuzipepara awo ŵali ku wuzga ŵakulemba. Wupu wa Reporters Without Borders ukati mu Zimbabwe ŵanthu ŵakwendera chomene nkhani za mu manyuzipepara. Manyuzipepara agho ghakusindikizgika comene ni The Herald na The Chronicle agho ghakusindikizgika mu Harare na Bulawayo. Kwamba mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa yayi kuyowoya vya nkhani mu manyuzipepara. Mu lipoti lake la mu 2021, wupu wa Reporters Without Borders ukalemba vyalo vya Zimbabwe pa 130 pa vyalo 180, ndipo ukalemba kuti "mauthenga ghafika pa malo ghakwenelera ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujikora yayi, kweni ŵapharazgi ŵachali kukomeka".<ref name="rwb">{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/zimbabwe |title=Reporters without Borders Press Freedom Index |publisher=Reports Without Borders |access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref>Boma la Zimbabwe likukanizgaso mawayilesi ghanandi ghakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, nga ni CBC, Sky News, Channel 4, American Broadcasting Company, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, na Fox News. Mabungwe gha nkhani na manyuzipepara ghakufuma ku vyaru vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na ku South Africa nagho ghakanizgika kunjira mu caru ici. ===National symbols=== [[File:Zimbabwe Bird.svg|thumb|upright|Traditional Zimbabwe Bird design]] Mbalame ya ku Zimbabwe yikuwoneka pa ndembera za charu cha Zimbabwe na Rhodesia, kweniso pa ndalama za ku Rhodesia. Panyake ni nombo panji nombo ya ku Africa.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Soapstone Birds from Great Zimbabwe|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_1985-05_18_3/page/68|journal=African Arts|year=1985|volume=18|pages=68–73, 99–100|author=Huffman, Thomas N.|jstor=3336358|issue=3|doi=10.2307/3336358}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Review: The Soapstone Birds of Great Zimbabwe Symbols of a Nation by Edward Matenga|journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin|year=2001|volume=56|pages=105–106|author=Sinclair, Paul |jstor=3889033|issue=173/174|doi=10.2307/3889033}}</ref> Mu msumba wakale wa Great Zimbabwe mukaŵa vithuzithuzi vya viyuni vyakutowa chomene.<ref>{{cite web|title=Great Zimbabwe|url=http://usp.nus.edu.sg/post/zimbabwe/art/greatzim/gz1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809145423/http://usp.nus.edu.sg/post/zimbabwe/art/greatzim/gz1.html|archive-date=9 August 2007|author=Landow, George P.|publisher=Brown University}}</ref> Malibwe agho ghakukolerana ni malo agho ghakusangika mu charu chose cha Zimbabwe. Malibwe agha ghakukolerana makora kwambura kukhozgeka na vinthu vinyake. Vinthu ivi vikupangika para miyala yakukhoma iyo yili pafupi na malo agha yikusongonoka. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuŵalongosora ndipo ŵali kuŵalongosora pa ndalama za ku Zimbabwe na za ku Rhodesia. Malibwe agha ghakusangika pa ndalama za ku Zimbabwe, ndipo ghakumanyikwa kuti Banknote Rocks. Malibwe agha ghakupangika mu nthowa zakupambanapambana, ndipo ghakukolerana na malibwe ghatatu panji kujumpha apa. Vinthu ivi vikusangika kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, kufuma kumpoto kwa South Africa m'paka ku Sudan. Vinthu vyakuzizwiska chomene mu charu cha Zimbabwe vili ku Matobo National Park ku Matabeleland. Nyimbo ya fuko la Zimbabwe ni "Blessed be the Land of Zimbabwe" (Shona: Simudzai Mureza wedu WeZimbabwe; Template:Lang-nd). Sumu iyi yikamba kwimbika mu Malichi 1994 pamanyuma pa chiphambano cha pa charu chose kuti yisinthe Ishe Komborera Africa kuŵa sumu ya ku Zimbabwe. Sumu iyo yikaluska yikaŵa sumu yakulembeka na Pulofesa Solomon Mutswairo ndipo yikapangika na Fred Changundega. Baibolo ili lang'anamulika mu viyowoyero vitatu vikuruvikuru vya ku Zimbabwe.<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe {{!}} History, Map, Flag, Population, Capital, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zimbabwe |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> == Wonaniso == * [[Index of Zimbabwe-related articles]] * [[Outline of Zimbabwe]] == Ukaboni == ===Vinyake vyakuona=== {{reflist|group=note}} === Mazgo === {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} === Vinyake === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |ref=Parsons |last=Parsons |first=Neil |year=1993 |title=A New History of Southern Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofsout0000pars |url-access=registration |edition=2nd |location=London, England |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-84195319-2 }} * {{Free-content attribution | title = UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 | author = | publisher = UNESCO | page numbers = | source = | documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf | license statement URL = | license = CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO }} {{refend}} == Wonani vinadi == * {{cite news |title='Hungry kids collapse as looters take millions': life in today's Zimbabwe |first=Jason |last=Burke |date=10 August 2019 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/10/zimbabwe-emmerson-mnangagwa-battle-to-survive}} * {{Citation |last=Barclay |first=Philip |title=Zimbabwe: Years of Hope and Despair |year=2010}}. * Bourne, Richard. ''Catastrophe: What Went Wrong in Zimbabwe?'' (2011); 302 pages. * {{Citation |editor1-first=JoAnn |editor1-last=McGregor |editor2-first=Ranka |editor2-last=Primorac |title=Zimbabwe's New Diaspora: Displacement and the Cultural Politics of Survival |publisher= [[Berghahn Books]] |year=2010}}, 286 pages. Scholarly essays on displacement as a result of Zimbabwe's continuing crisis, with a focus on diasporic communities in Britain and South Africa; also explores such topics as the revival of Rhodesian discourse. * [[Martin Meredith|Meredith, Martin]]. ''Mugabe: Power, Plunder, and the Struggle for Zimbabwe's Future'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003STCO04/ excerpt and text search]. * {{Citation |first1=Peter |last1=Orner |author1-link=Peter Orner |first2=Annie |last2=Holmes |title=Hope Deferred: Narratives of Zimbabwean Lives |year=2011 |publisher=Voice of witness |url= http://www.voiceofwitness.org/hope-deferred/}}. * Smith, Ian Douglas. ''Bitter Harvest: Zimbabwe and the Aftermath of its Independence'' (2008) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1857826043/ excerpt and text search]. * David Coltart. The struggle continues: 50 Years of Tyranny in Zimbabwe. Jacana Media (Pty) Ltd: South Africa, 2016. == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Zimbabwe}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171223174502/http://www.zim.gov.zw/ Official Government of Zimbabwe Web Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223174502/http://www.zim.gov.zw/ |date=23 December 2017 }} * [https://www.parlzim.gov.zw/ Parliament of Zimbabwe] * {{Curlie|Regional/Africa/Zimbabwe}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14113249 Zimbabwe profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{wikiatlas|Zimbabwe}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032849/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zimbabwe/ Zimbabwe]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081024133532/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/zimbabwe.htm Zimbabwe] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ZW Key Development Forecasts for Zimbabwe] from [[International Futures]] * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/ZWE/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Zimbabwe] {{Zimbabwean topics}} {{Navboxes |list= {{Geography of Zimbabwe}} {{Languages of Zimbabwe}} {{Africa}} {{G15}} {{Southern African Development Community}} {{African Union}} {{Territories of the British Empire}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|19|S|30|E|type:country_region:ZW|display=title}} [[Category:Zimbabwe| ]] [[Category:1980 establishments in Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa]] [[Category:G15 nations]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:Southeast African countries]] [[Category:Southern African countries]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1980]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] go97cjsmc5unvkocbjk4tuqhlifn3iq 4 13122 122952 122909 2026-10-06T12:12:32Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pp-move-indef|small=yes}} {{pp-30-500|small=yes}} {{see also|Citation needed}} {{Information page|pages= [[Wikipedia:Verifiability]] policy|shortcut=WP:CITENEED|shortcut2=WP:NEEDCITE}} {{Beginner version|Help:Referencing for beginners}} [[File:Webcomic xkcd - Wikipedian protester - Tumbuka.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Innovative application for the template in xkcd 285 (Wikipedian Protester)|Tempuleti ya {{Tl|Citation needed}} yikukhumba kukhozgera nkhani [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|zakujiyuyura]].]] To ensure that all Wikipedia content is [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]], Wikipedia provides a means for anyone to question an [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#When and why to cite sources|uncited claim]]. 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If this is the case, consider adding these articles to [[WP:Watchlist|your watchlist]] or a worklist so that you can revisit the article when you have the opportunity to fix any [[WP:V|verifiability issues]] yourself. ==When not to use this tag== Before adding a tag, at least consider the following alternatives, one of which may prove much more constructive: *Do not use this tag because you [[template:clarify|don't understand a statement]], or feel that [[template:confusing|"non-expert" readers are likely to be confused]]. Use {{tl|Clarify}}, {{tl|Explain}}, {{tl|Confusing}}, {{tl|Examples}}, {{tl|Why}} or {{tl|Non sequitur}}, as appropriate, instead. *If the content is nonsense or is unlikely to be true, [[WP:Be bold| be bold and delete it]]! *If the content is a common misconception, replace it with a cited contradictory statement. 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You may leave the [[Copy editing|copyediting]] or [[WP:Wikify|Wikifying]] to someone else, or learn more about [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing sources on Wikipedia]]. [[Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_VisualEditor/1|This beginners' referencing guide for Wikipedia]] provides a brief introduction on how to reference Wikipedia articles. *{{anchor|Consensus on the template}}{{Shortcut|WP:CITENEEDREMOVE|WP:NEEDCITEREMOVE}}If someone tagged your contributions with a "Citation needed" tag or tags, and you disagree, discuss the matter on the article's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]]. The most constructive thing to do in most cases is probably to supply the reference(s) requested, even if you feel the tags are "overdone" or unnecessary. ==Help reduce the backlog== There are {{PAGESINCATEGORY:All articles with unsourced statements}} articles with "Citation needed" statements. You can browse the whole list of these articles at [[:Category:All articles with unsourced statements]]. Frequently the authors of statements do not return to Wikipedia to support the statement with citations, so other Wikipedia editors have to do work checking those statements. With {{PAGESINCATEGORY:All articles with unsourced statements}} articles containing statements that need [[WP:Verification]], sometimes it's hard to choose which article to work on. The tool [https://tools.wmflabs.org/citationhunt/en Citation Hunt] makes that easier by suggesting random articles, which you can sort by topical category membership. <div class="plainlinks" style="text-align:center">[https://tools.wmflabs.org/citationhunt/tum <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" style ="margin:.1em">I can help! Give me a random citation to find!</span>]</div> ===Backlog counts=== * <!-- Do not remove the colon! If you do so, this page will be counted as unsourced. --> [[:Category:All articles with unsourced statements]] – list of all pages with {{tl|citation needed}} {{div col}} {{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles lacking sources}}|200|[[:Category:Articles lacking sources|Needs references]]|All articles lacking sources|{{DecreasePositive}}}} {{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All unreferenced BLPs}}|100|'''[[:Category:Unreferenced BLPs|Needs references (BLP)]]'''|All unreferenced BLPs|{{DecreasePositive}}}} {{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles needing additional references}}|200|[[:Category:Articles needing additional references|Needs more references]]|All articles needing additional references|{{IncreaseNegative}}}} {{BacklogCount|{{dated maintenance category count|BLP articles lacking sources}}|5|'''[[:Category:BLP articles lacking sources|Needs more references (BLP)]]'''||{{IncreaseNegative}}}} {{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles lacking in-text citations}}|100|[[:Category:Articles lacking in-text citations|Needs in-text citations]]|All articles lacking in-text citations|{{IncreaseNegative}}}} {{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles lacking reliable references}}|100|[[:Category:Articles lacking reliable references|Needs reliable references]]|All articles lacking reliable references|{{IncreaseNegative}}}} {{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:Articles with unsourced quotes}}|0|[[:Category:Articles with unsourced quotes|Has unsourced quotes]]|Articles with unsourced quotes|{{Steady}}}} {{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles with unsourced statements}}|100|[[:Category:Articles with unsourced statements|Has unsourced statements]]|All articles with unsourced statements|{{IncreaseNegative}}}} {{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles with broken or outdated citations}}|5|[[:Category:Articles with broken or outdated citations|Uses broken or outdated citations]]|All articles with broken or outdated citations|{{DecreasePositive}}}} {{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All pages needing factual verification}}|50|[[:Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification|Needs factual verification]]|All pages needing factual verification|{{IncreaseNegative}}}} {{div col end}} ==See also== * [[Template:Citation needed]] * [[Template:Citation needed span]] * [[Template:Verify source]] * [[Template:Unreferenced]] for an article (rather than an individual statement) that does not cite any references or sources. * [[Template:More citations needed]] for an article (rather than an individual statement) that has some citations, but not enough. * [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles|Template messages – Sources of articles]] * [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup#Inline with article text 6|Inline verifiability and sources cleanup templates]] * [[Wikipedia:Verification methods]] – listing examples of the most common ways that citations are used in Wikipedia articles * [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods]] – showing comparative edit mode representations for different citation methods and techniques. * [[Wikipedia:Citation templates]] – a full listing of various styles for citing all sorts of materials * [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability]] == External links == * {{commons category-inline|Citation needed}} {{Inline cleanup tags}} {{Wikipedia referencing|state=collapsed}} [[Category:Citation and verifiability maintenance templates|*{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Wikipedia basic information]] [[Category:Wikipedia quick introductions]] re43r1y7ilz6w7h9liyusn9cmkldi96 122953 122952 2026-10-06T12:12:56Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Image in tum 122953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pp-move-indef|small=yes}} {{pp-30-500|small=yes}} {{see also|Citation needed}} {{Information page|pages= [[Wikipedia:Verifiability]] policy|shortcut=WP:CITENEED|shortcut2=WP:NEEDCITE}} {{Beginner version|Help:Referencing for beginners}} [[File:Webcomic xkcd - Wikipedian protester - Tumbuka.png|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Innovative application for the template in xkcd 285 (Wikipedian Protester)|Tempuleti ya {{Tl|Citation needed}} yikukhumba kukhozgera nkhani [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|zakujiyuyura]].]] To ensure that all Wikipedia content is [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]], Wikipedia provides a means for anyone to question an [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#When and why to cite sources|uncited claim]]. If your work has been tagged, please provide a [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|reliable source]] for the statement, and [[Help:Using talk pages|discuss]] if needed. You can add a citation by selecting from the drop-down [[File:VisualEditor - Cite Pulldown.png|40px|alt="cite"]] menu at the top of the [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Editing|editing box]].<!--note that this is the same in markup or Visual Editor, hurrah for simplicity--> In [[Help:Wikitext|markup]], you can add a citation manually using [[Wikipedia:Citingsources#How to place an inline citation using ref tags|ref tags]]. There are also [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|more elaborate ways to cite sources]]. In [[Wiki#Editing|wiki markup]], you can question an uncited claim by inserting a simple <code>{{tl|Citation needed}}</code> tag, or a more comprehensive {{tnull|Citation needed|reason{{=}}''Your explanation here''|date{{=}}{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}. Alternatively, <code>{{tl|fact}}</code> and <code>{{tl|cn}}</code> will produce the same result. These all display as: {{quotation|'''Example:''' 87 percent of statistics are made up on the spot.<!--{{Citation needed}} begin-->{{fix |link=Wikipedia:Citations needed |text=ukaboni ukukhumbika apa |class=Template-Fact }}<!--{{Citation needed}} end--> }} For information on adding citations in articles, see [[Help:Referencing for beginners]]. For information on when to remove template messages, see [[Help:Maintenance template removal]]. ==When to use this tag== A "citation needed" tag is a request for another editor to supply a source for the tagged fact: a form of communication between members of a collaborative editing community. It is never, in itself, an "improvement" of an article. Though readers may be alerted by a "citation needed" that a particular statement is not supported, and even doubted by some, many readers don't fully understand the community's processes. Not all tags get addressed in a timely manner, staying in place for months or years, forming an [[:Category:Wikipedia backlog|ever-growing Wikipedia backlog]]—this itself can be a problem. Best practice recommends the following: *Tag thoughtfully. [[WP:TAGBOMB|Avoid "hit-and-run" or pointed tagging]]. Try to be courteous and consider the hypothetical fellow-editor who will, we hope, notice your tag and try to find the citation you have requested. When adding a tag, ask yourself: Is it clear just what information you want cited? Is the information probably factual? (If it is not, then it needs deletion or correction rather than citation!) Is the knowledge so [[WP:BLUE|self-evident]] that it really does not need to be cited at all? (Some things do not.) * Some tags are inserted by people well-placed to find a suitable citation themselves. If this is the case, consider adding these articles to [[WP:Watchlist|your watchlist]] or a worklist so that you can revisit the article when you have the opportunity to fix any [[WP:V|verifiability issues]] yourself. ==When not to use this tag== Before adding a tag, at least consider the following alternatives, one of which may prove much more constructive: *Do not use this tag because you [[template:clarify|don't understand a statement]], or feel that [[template:confusing|"non-expert" readers are likely to be confused]]. Use {{tl|Clarify}}, {{tl|Explain}}, {{tl|Confusing}}, {{tl|Examples}}, {{tl|Why}} or {{tl|Non sequitur}}, as appropriate, instead. *If the content is nonsense or is unlikely to be true, [[WP:Be bold| be bold and delete it]]! *If the content is a common misconception, replace it with a cited contradictory statement. This prevents the misconception from being added and removed repeatedly. *Do not tag controversial material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced. [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Remove unsourced or poorly sourced contentious material|Remove it immediately!]] *Per [[WP:DIARY]], do not tag excessively trivial claims. Remove them. *If you are sure the statement you want to tag is not factual, even if it does not come under either of the preceding headings, it may be more appropriate to simply remove the text (delete it!). Be sure to add a suitable edit summary, such as "Very doubtful – please add a citation if you return the content". If the original statement was accurate after all, this gives someone the chance to put it back, hopefully with a proper citation this time. *If a statement sounds plausible, and is consistent with other statements in the article, but you doubt that it is totally accurate, then consider making a reasonable effort to find a reference yourself. In the process, you may end up confirming that the statement needs to be edited or deleted to better reflect the best knowledge about the topic. *If an article, or a section within an article, is under-referenced, then consider adding an {{tl|Unreferenced}}, {{tl|Refimprove}}, or {{tl|Unreferenced section}} tag to the article or section concerned – these tags allow you to indicate more systemic problems to the page. *A reference at the end of a paragraph typically refers to the whole paragraph, and similarly a reference at the end of a sentence may almost always be taken as referring to the whole sentence. If a particular part of a sentence or paragraph seems to require a separate citation, or looks as if it may have been inserted into the text at a sentence or paragraph level, try to check the original reference rather than adding tags to text that may already be well referenced. The extra parameters available in the {{tl|Citation needed span}} template may allow you to indicate which section you want to refer to. *Do not insert a "Citation needed" tag to [[WP:Point|make a point, to "pay back" another editor, or because you "don't like" a subject, a particular article, or another editor]]. ==If your work has been tagged== *If you can provide a [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|reliable source]] for the claim, then please add it! If you are not sure how to do this, then [[Wikipedia:Be bold|give it your best try]] and [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Editing|replace]] the "Citation needed" template with enough information to locate the source. You may leave the [[Copy editing|copyediting]] or [[WP:Wikify|Wikifying]] to someone else, or learn more about [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing sources on Wikipedia]]. [[Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_VisualEditor/1|This beginners' referencing guide for Wikipedia]] provides a brief introduction on how to reference Wikipedia articles. *{{anchor|Consensus on the template}}{{Shortcut|WP:CITENEEDREMOVE|WP:NEEDCITEREMOVE}}If someone tagged your contributions with a "Citation needed" tag or tags, and you disagree, discuss the matter on the article's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]]. The most constructive thing to do in most cases is probably to supply the reference(s) requested, even if you feel the tags are "overdone" or unnecessary. ==Help reduce the backlog== There are {{PAGESINCATEGORY:All articles with unsourced statements}} articles with "Citation needed" statements. You can browse the whole list of these articles at [[:Category:All articles with unsourced statements]]. Frequently the authors of statements do not return to Wikipedia to support the statement with citations, so other Wikipedia editors have to do work checking those statements. With {{PAGESINCATEGORY:All articles with unsourced statements}} articles containing statements that need [[WP:Verification]], sometimes it's hard to choose which article to work on. The tool [https://tools.wmflabs.org/citationhunt/en Citation Hunt] makes that easier by suggesting random articles, which you can sort by topical category membership. <div class="plainlinks" style="text-align:center">[https://tools.wmflabs.org/citationhunt/tum <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" style ="margin:.1em">I can help! Give me a random citation to find!</span>]</div> ===Backlog counts=== * <!-- Do not remove the colon! If you do so, this page will be counted as unsourced. --> [[:Category:All articles with unsourced statements]] – list of all pages with {{tl|citation needed}} {{div col}} {{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles lacking sources}}|200|[[:Category:Articles lacking sources|Needs references]]|All articles lacking sources|{{DecreasePositive}}}} {{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All unreferenced BLPs}}|100|'''[[:Category:Unreferenced BLPs|Needs references (BLP)]]'''|All unreferenced BLPs|{{DecreasePositive}}}} {{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles needing additional references}}|200|[[:Category:Articles needing additional references|Needs more references]]|All articles needing additional references|{{IncreaseNegative}}}} {{BacklogCount|{{dated maintenance category count|BLP articles lacking sources}}|5|'''[[:Category:BLP articles lacking sources|Needs more references (BLP)]]'''||{{IncreaseNegative}}}} {{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles lacking in-text citations}}|100|[[:Category:Articles lacking in-text citations|Needs in-text citations]]|All articles lacking in-text citations|{{IncreaseNegative}}}} {{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles lacking reliable references}}|100|[[:Category:Articles lacking reliable references|Needs reliable references]]|All articles lacking reliable references|{{IncreaseNegative}}}} {{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:Articles with unsourced quotes}}|0|[[:Category:Articles with unsourced quotes|Has unsourced quotes]]|Articles with unsourced quotes|{{Steady}}}} {{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles with unsourced statements}}|100|[[:Category:Articles with unsourced statements|Has unsourced statements]]|All articles with unsourced statements|{{IncreaseNegative}}}} {{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All articles with broken or outdated citations}}|5|[[:Category:Articles with broken or outdated citations|Uses broken or outdated citations]]|All articles with broken or outdated citations|{{DecreasePositive}}}} {{BacklogCount|{{PAGESINCAT:All pages needing factual verification}}|50|[[:Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification|Needs factual verification]]|All pages needing factual verification|{{IncreaseNegative}}}} {{div col end}} ==See also== * [[Template:Citation needed]] * [[Template:Citation needed span]] * [[Template:Verify source]] * [[Template:Unreferenced]] for an article (rather than an individual statement) that does not cite any references or sources. * [[Template:More citations needed]] for an article (rather than an individual statement) that has some citations, but not enough. * [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles|Template messages – Sources of articles]] * [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup#Inline with article text 6|Inline verifiability and sources cleanup templates]] * [[Wikipedia:Verification methods]] – listing examples of the most common ways that citations are used in Wikipedia articles * [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods]] – showing comparative edit mode representations for different citation methods and techniques. * [[Wikipedia:Citation templates]] – a full listing of various styles for citing all sorts of materials * [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability]] == External links == * {{commons category-inline|Citation needed}} {{Inline cleanup tags}} {{Wikipedia referencing|state=collapsed}} [[Category:Citation and verifiability maintenance templates|*{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Wikipedia basic information]] [[Category:Wikipedia quick introductions]] 9oqnhzkrpqw2s3lym4xosnj2xba1jg5 0 18374 122979 122454 2026-10-07T00:05:57Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Chieftain|Mkulu]] | honorific_suffix = | name = Bola Tinubu | image = Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu (5980497975) (cropped).jpg | caption = Tinubu mu 2011 | imagesize = | order = <!-- [[List of heads of state of Nigeria|16th]] --> | office = [[President of Nigeria|President-elect of Nigeria]] | term_start = 29 May 2023 | vicepresident = [[Kashim Shettima]] (elect) | succeeding = [[Muhammadu Buhari]] | order1 = [[List of governors of Lagos State|12th]] | office1 = Governor of Lagos State | term_start1 = 29 May 1999 | term_end1 = 29 May 2007 | deputy1 = [[Kofoworola Bucknor]]<br>[[Femi Pedro]] | predecessor1 = [[Buba Marwa]] | successor1 = [[Babatunde Fashola]] | office2 = [[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for [[Lagos West Senatorial District|Lagos West]] | term_start2 = 5 December 1992 | term_end2 = 17 November 1993 | predecessor2 = | successor2 = [[Wahab Dosunmu]] (1999) | birth_name = Bola Ahmed Adekunle Tinubu | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|3|29|df=y}}<!-- Do NOT change this without first seeking consensus on the talk page --> | birth_place = [[Lagos]], [[Colonial Nigeria|British Nigeria]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressives Congress]]<br>(2013–present) | otherparty = {{plainlist| *[[Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Social Democratic Party]]<br>(1992–1993) *[[Alliance for Democracy (Nigeria)|Alliance for Democracy]]<br>(1998–2006) *[[Action Congress of Nigeria]]<br>(2006–2013) }} | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|accountant}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Oluremi Tinubu]]|1987}} | relations = [[Wale Tinubu]] (nephew) | mother = [[Abibatu Mogaji]] | children = 6, including [[Ìyál'ọ́jà|Folashade]] | residence = | awards = | alma_mater = {{plainlist| *[[Richard J. Daley College]] *[[Chicago State University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) }} | website = }} '''Bola Ahmed Adekunle Tinubu''' (wakubabika 29 Malichi 1952)<!--Do NOT change this without first seeking consensus on the talk page--><ref name="Legit">{{cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Fayemi salutes Tinubu at 69, says he is leader of leaders |url=https://www.legit.ng/1409396-bad-weather-disrupts-tinubus-69th-birthday-forces-gbajabiamila-aregbesola-u-turn.html |access-date=25 August 2021 |publisher=Legit}}</ref>ni nkhwantha ya vya ndalama, ndyali na purezidenti wa [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Premium |date=1 March 2023 |title=BREAKING: INEC declares APC's Bola Tinubu winner of Nigeria's presidential election |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/585443-breaking-inec-declares-apcs-bola-tinubu-winner-of-nigerias-presidential-election.html |access-date=1 March 2023 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wakaŵa kazembe wa boma la [[Lagos]] kufuma mu 1999 mpaka 2007 ndipo wakaŵa [[Senator]] wa [[Lagos]] West mu nyengo ya [[boma la Third Republic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu-1999-2007 – BabaJide Sanwo-Olu – Governor of Lagos State |url=https://governor.lagosstate.gov.ng/2019/04/25/asiwaju-bola-ahmed-tinubu-1999-2007/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605010622/https://governor.lagosstate.gov.ng/2019/04/25/asiwaju-bola-ahmed-tinubu-1999-2007/ |archive-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> Tinubu wakakhala ku South West Nigeria apo wakaŵa muchoko ndipo pamanyuma wakasamira ku United States uko wakasambira Accounting ku [[Chicago State University]]. Wakawelera ku Nigeria mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 ndipo wakagwiranga nchito ku kampani ya Mobil Nigeria nga ni accountant, pambere wandafike ku ndyali nga ni Senator wa [[Lagos West]] mu 1992 pasi pa [[Social Democratic Party]]. M'paka apo [[Sani Abacha]] wakapangiska kuti [[Nyumba ya Malamulo]] yileke kugwira ntchito mu 1993, Tinubu wakamba kulimbikira kuti boma liwelere ku demokilase. Nangauli wakacimbizgika mu 1994, Tinubu wakawelera pamanyuma pakuti Abacha wafwa mu 1998, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti boma la France liŵe na boma la Republic.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Tinubu at 69: His life story, from rugged early period, escape to exile, others |url=https://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2021/03/29/tinubu-at-69-his-life-story-from-rugged-early-period-escape-to-exile-others/ |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=The News Nigeria}}</ref> Mu chisankho chakwamba cha boma la Lagos, Tinubu wakathereska Dapo Sarumi wa chipani cha People Democratic Party na Nosirudeen Kekere-Ekun wa [[chipani cha All People's Party]].<ref>{{cite web |date=11 January 1999 |title=Nigeria: Tinubu Wins By Landslide |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/199901110186.html |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=[[P.M. News]] |publisher=[[AllAfrica]] |location=[[Lagos]]}}</ref> Pakati pajumpha vyaka vinayi, wakathereska [[Funsho Williams]] wa chipani cha [[PDP]]. Nyengo ziŵiri izo Tinubu wakalamuliranga zikaŵa za kuyezga kunozga msumba wa Lagos na mphindano zake na boma la boma ilo likulongozgeka na PDP. Wakati wafumapo pa udindo wake mu chaka cha 2007, wakawovwira chomene pakukhazikiska [[chipani cha All Progressives Congress]] mu chaka cha 2013. Ntchito ya Tinubu yikaŵa yitali kweniso yakusuzga, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamuyowoyeranga kuti ni munthu wankhaza.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ewepu |first1=Gabriel |date=25 October 2019 |title=CSOs calls on EFCC to investigate Tinubu over alleged money conveyed in bullion vans |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/10/csos-calls-on-efcc-to-investigate-tinubu-over-alleged-money-conveyed-in-bullion-vans/ |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Olu |first1=Tayo |date=29 July 2020 |title=Petition Details Alleged Corrupt Activities Of Tinubu Since 1999 |url=https://thewhistler.ng/petition-details-alleged-corrupt-activities-of-tinubu-since-1999/ |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=The Whistler}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kperogi |first1=Farooq |author-link=Farooq Kperogi |date=29 January 2022 |title=Clarity On Tinubu's Age And Post-Secondary Education |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/clarity-on-tinubus-age-and-post-secondary-education/ |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref> == Umoyo na masambiro == Mwakuyana na mauthenga agho ŵakayowoya, Tinubu wakababika pa 29 Malichi 1952. Amama ŵake, Abibatu Mogaji, ŵakaŵa ŵamalonda ndipo pamanyuma ŵakazgoka Iyaloja wa ku Lagos State. Wakasambira ku St. John's Primary School, Aroloya, Lagos na Children's Home School ku [[Ibadan]]. Tinubu wakaluta ku [[United States]] mu 1975, uko wakasambira ku Richard J. Nkhaluta ku koleji ya Daley ku [[Chicago]] ndipo pamanyuma nkhasambira pa yunivesite ya Chicago State. Wakamalizga masambiro ghake mu 1979 na digiri ya Bachelor of Science mu Accounting.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ufuoma |first1=Vincent |date=27 June 2022 |title=Chicago University replies ICIR on Tinubu's controversial certificate |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/chicago-university-replies-icir-on-tinubus-controversial-certificate/ |access-date=8 July 2022 |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting}}</ref> Mwakuyana na mauthenga agho ŵakayowoya, Tinubu wakababika pa 29 Malichi 1952. Amama ŵake, Abibatu Mogaji, ŵakaŵa ŵamalonda ndipo pamanyuma ŵakazgoka Iyaloja wa ku [[Lagos State]]. Wakasambira ku St. John's Primary School, Aroloya, Lagos na Children's Home School ku Ibadan. Tinubu wakaluta ku United States mu 1975, uko wakasambira ku Richard J. Nkhaluta ku koleji ya Daley ku Chicago ndipo pamanyuma nkhasambira pa yunivesite ya Chicago State. Wakamalizga masambiro ghake mu 1979 na digiri ya Bachelor of Science mu Accounting.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 June 2022 |title=2023: Controversy Trails Tinubu's INEC Filings |url=https://dailytrust.com/2023-controversy-trails-tinubus-inec-filings |access-date=26 June 2022 |website=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Essien |first1=Hillary |date=24 June 2022 |title=I didn't attend primary, secondary schools; my university certificates stolen by unknown soldiers, Tinubu tells INEC |url=https://gazettengr.com/just-in-i-didnt-attend-primary-secondary-schools-my-university-certificates-stolen-by-unknown-soldiers-tinubu-tells-inec/ |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=[[Peoples Gazette]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705084318/https://gazettengr.com/just-in-i-didnt-attend-primary-secondary-schools-my-university-certificates-stolen-by-unknown-soldiers-tinubu-tells-inec/ |archive-date=5 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=PT State of the Race: Tinubu's "lost" certificates and Wike's message to Atiku |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/539248-pt-state-of-the-race-tinubus-lost-certificates-and-wikes-message-to-atiku.html |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> == Ntchito yake yakwambilira na kukolerana na malonda gha minkhwala == Tinubu wakagwiranga nchito ku makampani gha ku America Arthur Andersen, Deloitte na GTE Services Corporation. Wati wawelera ku Nigeria mu 1983, wakanjira kampani ya Mobil Oil Nigeria, ndipo pamanyuma wakazgoka mulara wa kampani iyi. Pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa ku United States, Tinubu wakamanyikwanga cifukwa ca ndalama zake zikuru comene pambere boma la United States lindambe kumufumba; paumaliro katundu wake wakakhira mu 1993 cifukwa ca mulandu uwo boma la United States likati likaŵa na "cifukwa cakupulikikwa" ca kugomezga kuti ndalama izo Tinubu wakaguliskanga mu mabanki gha ku America zikaŵa za heroin. Wakakolerana na boma ndipo pamanyuma pa chaka chenechichi wakaleka ndalama zakukwana madola 460,000. Makalata gha ku khoti ndiposo nkhani zinyake izo zikalembeka pa mulandu uwu zikulongora kuti wakaŵa mupayiniya wa ŵamalonda ŵaŵiri ŵa heroin ku Chicago mu ma 1990.<ref name="Bloomberg News Graft">{{cite news|last1=Clowes|first1=William|title=Graft Allegations Dog Nigeria's Main Presidential Hopefuls|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-22/presidential-hopefuls-in-nigeria-can-t-shake-graft-allegations|website=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=22 June 2022|access-date=23 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hundeyin |first1=David |date=13 July 2022 |title=Bola Ahmed Tinubu: From Drug Lord To Presidential Candidate |url=https://westafricaweekly.substack.com/p/bola-ahmed-tinubu-from-drug-lord |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=West Africa Weekly}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Weiss|first1=Michael|title=Nigerian Pres' Svengali Tied to Heroin|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/nigerian-pres-svengali-tied-to-heroin|website=[[The Daily Beast]]|date=27 April 2015|access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> == Vya ndale vyakwambilila == Ntchito yake ya ndale idayamba mu 1992, pomwe adalowa nawo chipani cha Social Democratic pomwe anali membala wa gulu la People's Front lotsogozedwa ndi Shehu Musa Yar'Adua ndipo adapanga andale ena monga Umaru Yar'Adua, Atiku Abubakar, Baba Gana Kingibe, Rabiu Kwankwaso, Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila, Magaji Abdullahi, Dapo Sarumi ndi Yomi Edu. Wakasankhika ku Nyumba ya Mafumu, kwimira chigaŵa cha Lagos West mu charu cha Nigeria icho chikaŵa na boma lachitatu. Pamanyuma pakuti vyandulo vya mavoti gha pa 12 Juni 1993 vyakanangika, Tinubu wakazgoka yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska chipani cha pro-democracy National Democratic Coalition, gulu ilo likakhozga ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵawovwire kuwezgerapo demokilase na kuzomerezga Moshood Abiola kuti ndiyo watonda pa mavoti gha pa 12 Juni. Pamanyuma pakutora mazaza nga ni mulongozgi wa boma wa ŵasilikari wa Jenerale Sani Abacha, wakaluta ku ukapolo mu 1994 ndipo wakawelera ku chalo mu 1998 pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari, icho chikayambiska kusintha kwa chalo cha Nigeria. Mu nyengo ya viwoneskero vya 1999, Bola Tinubu wakaŵa munthu uyo wakendeskeka na ŵalongozgi ŵa Alliance for Democracy (AD) Abraham Adesanya na Ayo Adebanjo. Wakalutizga kuwina ma primaries gha AD pa mavoti gha boma la Lagos pakuthereska Funsho Williams na Wahab Dosunmu, uyo wakaŵa nduna ya milimo na nyumba. Mu Janyuwale 1999, wakasankha kuŵa kazembe wa boma la Lagos pa tikiti ya AD ndipo wakasankhika kuŵa kazembe.<ref>{{cite web |author=Olusola Balogun |date=25 October 2009 |title=PDP's insatiable thirst |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/oct/25/powergame-25-10-2009-001.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128145704/http://sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/oct/25/powergame-25-10-2009-001.html |archive-date=28 November 2010 |access-date=24 December 2009 |publisher=Daily Sun}}</ref> == Kazembe wa boma la Lagos == Wakati wamba kuwusa mu Meyi 1999, Tinubu wakapeleka nyumba zinandi ku ŵanthu ŵakavu ku Lagos. Mu vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri ivyo wakaŵira pa udindo wake, wakaŵika ndalama zinandi pa nkhani ya masambiro mu boma ili. Wakambaso kuzenga misewu yiphya kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici ŵakure mwaluŵiro. Tinubu, pamoza na wachiŵiri wa kazembe muphya, Femi Pedro, ŵakathereskeka mu April 2003. Vyaru vinyake vyose vya kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi vikathereskeka na chipani ca People's Democratic Party pa vigaŵa ivi. Wakachitanga kulimbana na boma la Olusegun Obasanjo pa nkhani ya usange boma la Lagos lili na wanangwa wa kupanga malo gha Local Council Development Areas (LCDAs) kuti ghakwaniske vyakukhumba vya ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ivi vikapangiska kuti boma la United States likore ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mu boma ili.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} Mu nyengo yaumaliro wa nyengo yake mu ofesi, wakachitanga kulimbana na banthu ba PDP nga ni Adeseye Ogunlewe, uyo wakaŵa Senator wa boma la Lagos uyo wakazgoka Minister of Works, na Bode George, uyo wakaŵa Chairman wa PDP. Ubwezi pakati pa Tinubu na wachiŵiri wa kazembe Femi Pedro ukaŵa wakusuzga comene pamanyuma pakuti Pedro wapharazga kuti wakukhumba kwimilira pa mavoti gha kazembe. Pedro wakathereskeka kuti waŵe mulongozgi wa chipani cha AC mu mavoti gha 2007, kweni wakaleka kunjira mu chipani ichi. Wakathera ku chipani cha Labour apo wakalutilira kuŵa movwiri wa kazembe. Nyengo iyo Tinubu wakaŵa kazembe wa boma la Lagos yikamara pa 29 Meyi 2007, apo uyo wakamulondezganga Babatunde Fashola wa Action Congress wakamba kuwusa.<ref>{{cite web |author=OLUSOLA BALOGUN |date=14 June 2009 |title=2011: South West politicians to watch |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/june/14/powergame-14-06-2009-001.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622150053/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/june/14/powergame-14-06-2009-001.htm |archive-date=22 June 2009 |access-date=24 December 2009 |publisher=Daily Sun}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=RAZAQ BAMIDELE |date=13 October 2006 |title=The making of Lagos AC |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/politics/2006/oct/13/politics-13-10-2006-001.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504125648/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/politics/2006/oct/13/politics-13-10-2006-001.htm |archive-date=4 May 2007 |access-date=24 December 2009 |publisher=Daily Sun}}</ref> === Post-governorship === Mu chaka cha 2006, Tinubu wakayezga kukhuŵilizga Atiku Abubakar uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa Nigeria kuti waŵe mulongozgi wa chipani chake, Action Congress (AC). Abubakar uyo wakaŵa wa chipani cha People's Democratic Party (PDP), wakasangana na President Olusegun Obasanjo chifukwa cha kukhumba kwa Abubakar kutolera Obasanjo pa udindo wa purezidenti. Tinubu wakapeleka mwaŵi kwa Abubakar kuti wasinthe chipani na kunjira chipani cha AC, kumuphalira kuti wapokere udindo wa chipani chakhe, na fundo yakuti iyo, Tinubu, waŵe mulwani wa Atiku Abubakar. Atiku wakakana ndipo wakasankha Senator Ben Obi uyo wakaŵa wa South East. Nangauli Atiku wakajipeleka ku thumba la Tinubu, kweni chipani cha PDP chikalutilira kuwina. Mu 2009, pamanyuma pa kutonda kwa chipani cha People's Democratic Party (PDP) mu mavoti gha mu mwezi wa Epulero 2007, Tinubu wakakhwaskika na vyamalonda kuti wawunjikane maboma ghakwimikana nagho mu "chipani chikuru" icho chingalimbana na chipani cha PDP. Mu February 2013, Tinubu wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵapolitiki awo ŵakapanga chipani cha "mega opposition" na kusangana kwa maphwando ghakuru ghatatu gha chipani cha opposition ku Nigeria ∙ Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP), chipani cha All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA) na chipani chiphya cha PDP (nPDP), chipani cha People's Democratic Party (PPD) ∙ mu All Progressives Congress (APC). Mu chaka cha 2014, Tinubu wakakhozgera wapampando wa boma wakale wa ŵasilikari General Muhammadu Buhari, mulongozgi wa chipani cha CPC cha APC uyo wakaŵa na ŵalondezgi ŵanandi ku Northern Nigeria. Pakwamba Tinubu wakakhumbanga kuŵa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wa Buhari kweni pamasinda wakazomera kwa Yemi Osibanjo, mubwezi wake ndipo kale wakaŵa Commissioner wa Justice. Mu chaka cha 2015, Buhari wakathereska chipani cha APC, kumalizga muwuso wa vyaka 16 wa chipani cha PDP, ndipo aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti pulezidenti wa ku Nigeria wathereskeke na munthu wakususka. Tinubu wakulutilira kugwira nchito yakuzirwa mu boma la Buhari, wakovwira ndondomeko za boma na kukora mphingilizgo za mu chipani, m'malo mwa kukhumba kwake kwa kukhala pulezidenti. Mu chaka cha 2019, wakakhozgera kampeni ya Buhari ya kuweleraso ku mavoti pakuthereska uyo wakatenge wafumengepo pa chipani cha PDP Atiku Abubakar. Mu 2020, pamanyuma pa suzgo la mukati mwa chipani ilo likapangiska kuti Adams Oshiomole uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chipani cha Tinubu wafumiskike pa udindo..<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2020 |title=EXCLUSIVE: APC Leader, Bola Tinubu's Presidential Ambition Crumbles, Unable To Visit Aso Villa As President Buhari Recognises Victor Giadom As Party's Acting National Chairman |url=http://saharareporters.com/2020/06/24/exclusive-apc-leader-bola-tinubus-presidential-ambition-crumbles-unable-visit-aso-villa |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref> == Pulezidenti wakusankhika wa Nigeria == === Makampeni gha purezidenti wa 2023 === Pa 10 January, 2022, Tinubu wakapharazga kuti wazamwimilira. Pa 8 June 2022, Tinubu wakathereska voti ya chipani cha ruling APC, na manambala 1,271, pakuthereska Vice President Yemi Osinbajo na Rotimi Amaechi awo ŵakasanga manambala 235 na 316. Pa 1 March 2023, INEC yikati Tinubu ndiyo watonda pa chisankho cha 2023. Wakasoleka kuŵa pulezidenti wati wapokera mavoti 8,794,726. Atiku Abubakar wa chipani cha opposition cha People's Democratic Party (PDP) uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri wakapokera mavoti 6,984,520. Peter Obi wa chipani cha Labour wakaŵa na mavoti 6,101,533 ndipo wakaŵa wachitatu.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 2023 |title=INEC declares Bola Tinubu winner of 2023 presidential election |url=https://guardian.ng/news/inec-declares-bola-tinubu-winner-of-2023-presidential-election/}}</ref> == Vyakususkana == === Kugwira ntchito mwambura kuzomerezgeka kwa maakaunti gha mu vyaru vinyake === Mu Epulero 2007, pamanyuma pa mavoti gha boma, kweni pambere Babatunde Fashola wandaŵe kazembe, boma la feduro likamutolera Tinubu panthazi pa Code of Conduct Bureau kuti wakeruzgike pa mulandu wa kugwiriska nchito mwakususkana na malango ya ma akaunti 16 gha ku vyaru vinyake..<ref>{{cite web |author=Ise-Oluwa Ige |date=25 April 2007 |title=FG Drags Tinubu to Conduct Tribunal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200704250041.html |access-date=24 December 2009 |publisher=Vanguard}}</ref> === Kugwiliskira nchito ndalama za Lagos pakugura masheya gha Econet === Mu Janyuwale 2009, Commission for Economic and Financial Crimes yikati Tinubu na maboma James Ibori wa ku Delta State na Obong Victor Attah wa ku Akwa Ibom State ŵalije mulandu wa uryarya, kuphanga ndarama, kusuzga milimo yawo na vimbundi vyakukhwaskana na kuguliska masheya gha Vmobile mu 2004. Mu Malichi 2009, pakaŵa malipoti ghakuti ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kukoma Tinubu. Wupu wa Alliance for Democracy ukachema Inspector General of Police, Mike Okiro, kuti wachite kafukufuku mwakukwana. Mu Seputembala 2009, pakaŵa malipoti ghakuti ŵapolisi ŵa ku Britain ŵakufufuza umo boma la Lagos likagwilira ntchito mu kampani ya Econet (iyo sono ni Airtel). Tinubu wakati malonda agha ghakaŵa ghapusu ndiposo ghakapelekanga candulo ku boma, ndipo pakaŵavya wakunjilirapo. Boma likakana pempho la Britain lakuti lipeleke ukaboni wakukhumbikwa pakufufuza na kweruzga ŵabali ŵatatu ŵa ku Nigeria ku khoti la ku London..<ref>{{cite web |author=Ise-Oluwa Ige |date=10 September 2009 |title=FG, UK at loggerheads over Tinubu, Ibori, Attah |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/09/10/fg-uk-at-loggerheads-over-tinubu-ibori-attah/comment-page-15/ |access-date=24 December 2009 |publisher=Vanguard}}</ref> == Umoyo wa munthu == Tinubu wakatorana na Oluremi Tinubu mu chaka cha 1987, ndipo ni senator uyo wakwimira chigaŵa cha Lagos Central. Wakaba na ŵana ŵatatu kufuma ku ubwezi wakudanga, Kazeem Olajide Tinubu (12 Okutobala 1974 - 31 Okutobala 2017), Folashade Tinubu (wakababika pa 17 Juni 1976) na Oluwaseyi Tinubu (wakababika pa 13 Okutobala 1985), uyo mama wake wakuyowoyeka kuti wakaŵa muteŵeti wa ndege na nchimi Bunmi Oshonike..<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ekowa |first1=Stephanie |date=17 March 2022 |title=Meet Bola Tinubu's Six Children |url=https://buzznigeria.com/meet-bola-tinubus-six-children/ |access-date=5 March 2023 |website=Buzz Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Madu |first=Golden |date=25 May 2022 |title=Full details of Bola Tinubu's marriage, wife and children |url=https://dnbstories.com/2022/05/full-details-of-bola-tinubus-marriage-wife-children.html |access-date=5 March 2023 |website=DNB Africa}}</ref> Amama ŵa Tinubu, Abibatu Mogaji, ŵakafwa pa 15 Juni 2013 apo ŵakaŵa na vyaka 96. Pa 31 Okutobala 2017, mwana wake, Jide Tinubu, wakafwira ku London. Tinubu ni Muslamu.<ref name="eco">{{cite news|date=20 July 2017|title=Would-be successors to the ailing Nigerian president are circling|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21725289-muhammadu-buhari-has-been-absent-london-clinic-months-would-be-successors|access-date=21 July 2017}}</ref> == Maufumu == Tinubu wali na maudindo ghaŵiri; ni "Asiwaju" wa ku Lagos na "Jagaban" wa Borgu Emirate ku Niger State.<ref name="eco" /> == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Timeline_of_Lagos#21st_century|Timeline of Lagos]], 2000s == Maukaboni == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> {{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-new|party}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Alliance for Democracy (Nigeria)|AD]] nominee for Governor of Lagos State|years=[[1999 Lagos State gubernatorial election|1999]], [[2003 Lagos State gubernatorial election|2003]]}} {{s-aft|after=Hakeem Akinola Gbajabiamila}} {{s-break}} {{s-bef|before=[[Muhammadu Buhari]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[All Progressives Congress|APC]] nominee for [[President of Nigeria]]|years=[[2023 Nigerian presidential election|2023]]}} {{s-inc|recent}} {{s-break}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Buba Marwa]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Lagos State]]|years=1999–2007}} {{s-aft|after=[[Babatunde Fashola]]}} {{s-end}}{{Governors of Lagos State}}{{Nigerian state governors 1999-2003 term}}{{Nigerian state governors 2003-2007 term}}{{Authority control}} 9fb9tzpi3bmuxati4vnta6u0mrm3hp9 10 18537 122976 115543 2026-10-06T17:35:58Z CommonsDelinker 72 Removing [[:c:File:Safavid_Flag.svg|Safavid_Flag.svg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by ConflictFan|]]. 122976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Iran | flag alias = Flag of Iran.svg | flag alias-official = Flag of Iran (official).svg | flag alias-1502 = | flag alias-1576 = | flag alias-1665 = Flag of Persia (1665).svg | flag alias-1736 = Nadir 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KwaZulu-Natal|uMhlanga]] | location_country = South Africa | location = | locations = | area_served = [[South Africa]], [[Mozambique]], [[Ireland]], [[United Kingdom]] | key_people = | industry = [[Kutchova njuga pa Intaneti]] | products = | services = Intaneti & Kugwira Ntchito Kuchita maseŵera | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | aum = | assets = | equity = | owner = | num_employees = 5500+ {{cn}} | parent = | divisions = | subsid = | footnotes = | intl = | website = {{url|www.hollywoodbets.net}} | alexa = }} '''Hollywoodbets''' ni kampani yakuchitiska maseŵero ya ku [[South Africa]]. Kweniso yikucemekaso kuti Hollywood Sportsbook. Pasono likugwira ntchito mu vyaru vya South Africa, Mozambique, Ireland na United Kingdom. Kampani iyi yikupanga ma bets pa webusayiti yake, mobisite, call center, na USSD. Lili na maofesi gha ku South Africa na Mozambique. Hollywoodbets yikupeleka maubet pa maseŵero gha mahachi, bola, cricket, rugby, tenisi, maseŵero gha magalimoto na vinyake. Hollywoodbets yikupereka ma lucky numbers ghakujumpha 1775 pa sabata kuti munthu waguliskepo ndalama. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵakuguliska ni Betgames Africa, Ezugi, Evolution, Live Instant Win, Jika Sports, Golden Race, na Spina Zonke. Hollywoodbets yikaŵa na malo gha nambara 8 pa chigaŵa cha Top 50 Gaming Sites Worldwide icho chikalembeka na iGaming Business Magazine mu Malichi 2019. <ref>{{cite web |title=Top 50 Gaming Sites Worldwide |url=https://magazine.igamingbusiness.com/2019/03/19/top-50-gaming-sites-worldwide-4/content.html |website=iGaming Business |access-date=19 March 2019 |date=19 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311162402/https://magazine.igamingbusiness.com/2019/03/19/top-50-gaming-sites-worldwide-4/content.html |archive-date=11 March 2022}}</ref> ==Viyowoyero== Zina lakuti Hollywoodbets likafuma ku [[Hollywood Park Racetrack]] ku [[Los Angeles]], [[USA]]. <ref>{{cite web|title=BetConstruct to power online sportsbook for South African bookmaker|url=http://www.gamingintelligence.com/business/39277-betconstruct-to-power-online-sportsbook-for-south-african-bookmaker|website=Gaming Intelligence|access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref> ==Mbiri== Hollywoodbets yikamba mu 1986 nga ni kampani ya ku South Africa yakuchemeka Winning Form iyo yikagwiranga ntchito ya kusindikiza na kugaŵira makadi gha mpikisano wa mahachi ku South Africa. Winning Form yikufumiska makadi gha masitima ghose gha ku South Africa. Hollywoodbets yikanjira mu vyakusungirako mabuku apo yikajura ofesi yake yakwamba ku Argyle Road, Durban mu 2000. Pamasinda, ofesi yikuru ya munthavi ya Hollywood Park yikajulika mu [[Springfield Park]], [[Durban]]. ==Charu== Pasono Hollywoodbets yikugwira nchito mu vyaru vinayi. Ku South Africa, Mozambique, Ireland, na United Kingdom. Hollywoodbets yikugwira ntchito mu malo gha 96 mu South Africa pasi pa malaisensi gha maseŵero agho ghapelekeka na boma la Gauteng, Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Free State, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, na KwaZulu-Natal. Pasono pali maofesi ghaŵiri gha Hollywoodbets ku Maputo, Mozambique; kweniso malo gha pa foni agho munthu wangabetapo. Mu Novembala 2018, Hollywoodbets yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito webusayiti yake ku Ireland. Mu Malichi 2019, kampani iyi yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito webusayiti yake ku United Kingdom. Ŵakaŵa na layisensi yakuchitira njuga iyo yikafuma ku UK Gambling. ==Kupeleka vyawanangwa== Kampani iyi ndiyo yikupwelelera timu ya [[Hollywoodbets Dolphins]]. Ŵakamba kuŵa ŵabwana ŵa timu iyi mu nyengo ya 2015/16, <ref>{{cite web|title=Sunfoil Dolphins sign associate sponsor|url=https://www.ecr.co.za/news/sport/sunfoil-dolphins-sign-associate-sponsor/|website=East Coast Radio|publisher=GamePlan Media|access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref> Pambere ŵandaŵe ŵalaŵiliri mu nyengo ya 2016/17. <ref>{{cite web|title=Dolphins and Hollywoodbets strike sponsorship deal|url=http://cricket.co.za/news/14364/Dolphins-and-Hollywoodbets-strike-sponsorship-deal|website=cricket.co.za|publisher=Cricket South Africa|access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref> Hollywoodbets yikagwiriska nchito ya kuzenga timu za KwaZulu-Natal Coastal na KwaZulu-Natal Inland ku Africa T20 Cup 2017. Hollywoodbets KZN Inland yikalutizga kuwina chiphalizgano ichi, pamanyuma pakuthereska boma la Free State mu chiphalizgano chaumaliro.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hollywoodbets KZN Inland win Africa T20 Cup final in style|url=https://northglennews.co.za/117560/hollywoodbets-kzn-inland-win-africa-t20-cup-final-style/|website=Northglen News|publisher=Gameplan Media|access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref> Pakwamba kwa nyengo ya cricket ya 2018/19, Hollywoodbets yikajipeleka kuti yikovwire timu ya KwaZulu-Natal Coastal na KwaZulu-Natal Inland senior provincial teams pa nyengo yose ya nyengo iyi. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hollywoodbets backing KZN’s senior provincial teams |url=https://dolphinscricket.co.za/hollywoodbets-backing-kzns-senior-provincial-teams/ |website=Hollywoodbets Dolphins |access-date=12 September 2018}}</ref> Hollywoodbets yikaŵa na udindo wakupeleka ndalama za [[Murray Cup mu 2018]]. <ref>{{cite web|title=KZN Rugby presents the Hollywoodbets Murray Cup|url=http://sharksrugby.co.za/kzn-rugby-presents-the-hollywoodbets-murray-cup/|website=Sharks Rugby|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817124906/http://sharksrugby.co.za/kzn-rugby-presents-the-hollywoodbets-murray-cup/|archive-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> Ichi ni chiphalizgano cha rugby icho chikusazgapo mabungwe gha ku KwaZulu-Natal Rugby Union. Hollywoodbets adakhala othandizira mutu wa Phaka rugby show pa SuperSport (South African TV channel) mu February 2019. Ubwezi uphya wa Hollywoodbets na seŵero ili uzamutovwira kovwira magulu gha rugby agho ghakukhumbikwira wovwiri na vinthu vinyake kuti ghasambizge makora ŵaseŵero ŵawo. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hollywoodbets new sponsor of SuperSport’s Phaka show |url=https://www.sport24.co.za/Rugby/hollywoodbets-new-sponsor-of-supersports-phaka-show-20190208 |website=Sport24 |access-date=8 February 2019}}</ref> Hollywoodbets ndiyo yikapweleleranga chiphalizgano cha 2019 COSAFA Cup, icho chikachitikira ku Durban kwambira pa 25 May mpaka 8 June 2019. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hollywoodbets to sponsor 2019 COSAFA Cup! |url=https://www.cosafa.com/hollywoodbets-to-sponsor-2019-cosafa-cup/ |website=COSAFA |access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref> Pa Chinkhondi, Juni 27, 2019, Hollywoodbets yikapharazgika kuti ndiyo yikwimira wanangwa wa kupika mazina gha malo gha Greyville Racecourse na Scottsville Racecourse mu phangano la vyaka vitatu. Malo agha sono ghazamumanyikwa kuti Hollywoodbets Greyville Racecourse na Hollywoodbets Scottsville Racecourse. <ref>{{cite web |title=KZN Racecourses - Groundbreaking Partnership Announced |url=https://www.sportingpost.co.za/2019/06/hollywoodbets-sponsor-kzn-racecourses/ |website=Sporting Post |access-date=27 June 2019 |language=en-ZA |date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020004213/https://www.sportingpost.co.za/2019/06/hollywoodbets-sponsor-kzn-racecourses/ |archive-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> Pa Mande, Okutobala 7, 2019, Hollywoodbets yikapharazgika kuti ndiyo yikwimira wanangwa wa zina la Kingsmead Cricket Ground mu chiphangano cha vyaka 5, icho chizamumara mu Ogasiti 2024. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury-south-africa/20191008/281633896986604|title=Hollywoodbets takes on stadium naming rights|last=Mercury Reporter|date=October 8, 2019|work=The Mercury|publisher=IOL}}</ref> Mu February 2020, Hollywoodbets wakazgoka mubwezi wa LaLiga ku South Africa. Mgwirizano uwu ukakhwaska chitukuko cha mpira na ntchito za mu chalo mu vigaŵa vyakutalulira vya South Africa, na cilato ca kukhwaska maseŵero agha. <ref>{{cite web |title=WATCH: LaLiga partners with Hollywoodbets to help football development in SA |url=https://citizen.co.za/phakaaathi/world-soccer/2235005/watch-laliga-partners-with-hollywoodbets-to-help-football-development-in-sa/ |website=The Citizen |language=en |date=29 January 2020}}</ref> Pa Sabata, 16 Meyi 2021, Hollywoodbets yikapharazgika nga ni mutu wa chipani cha South African Football Association (SAFA) cha SAFA Women's League (National Women's Soccer League), ndipo chiphalizgano ichi chikasinthika zina kuŵa Hollywoodbets Super League. <ref>{{cite web |title=SAFA Announce New Sponsor For National Women's Soccer League |url=https://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/local/categories/south-africa/safa-announce-new-sponsor-for-national-women-s-soccer-league/699292 |website=Soccer Laduma |access-date=16 May 2021 |date=16 May 2021}}</ref> Chizindikiro cha Hollywoodbets chiwonekerenso kutsogolo kwa ma jerseys a magulu onse a nyengo ya 2021/22. Pa Chisulo, 16 Julayi 2021, Hollywoodbets yikapharazgika nga ni munyamata wakudanga wa Brentford F.C. Kampani ya mpira ya Brentford. Chizindikiro cha Hollywoodbets chidzawonetsedwa kutsogolo kwa nyumba ya kilabu, kuchoka ndi malaya achitatu pa nyengo yonse ya Premier League. Phangano lakwamba likaŵa la vilimika viŵiri. <ref>{{cite web|date=16 July 2021|title=Brentford announce Hollywoodbets as new principal partner|url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2021/july/brentford-announce-hollywoodbets-as-new-principal-partner/|url-status=live|access-date=16 July 2021|website=www.brentfordfc.com|language=en-gb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716162004/https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2021/july/brentford-announce-hollywoodbets-as-new-principal-partner/|archive-date=16 July 2021}}</ref> Mu February 2022, Hollywoodbets yikatora udindo kufuma ku Vodacom pakuŵa mutu wa chiphalizgano cha Durban July Handicap, ndipo yikaŵa chiphalizgano chachitatu mu vyaka 59 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵakapeleka ndalama zinandi chomene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga maseŵera agha. Hollywoodbets Durban July yizamuchitika pa Chisulo 2 Julayi 2022. <ref>{{cite web |title=Durban July - New Sponsor & Increased Stake! |url=https://www.sportingpost.co.za/horse-racing/hollywoodbets-durban-july/durban-july-new-sponsor-increased-stake/ |website=Sporting Post |language=en-ZA |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327010455/https://www.sportingpost.co.za/horse-racing/hollywoodbets-durban-july/durban-july-new-sponsor-increased-stake/ |archive-date=27 March 2023}}</ref> Mu Juni 2022, wupu wa Council of Southern Africa Football Associations (COSAFA) ukalembeska chiphangano cha chaka chimoza na Hollywoodbets cha COSAFA Cup, COSAFA Women's Championship, COSAFA Women's Champions League na COSAFA Beach Soccer Championship. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-15 |title=COSAFA kicks off new season with Hollywoodbets as Title sponsor |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/cosafa-kicks-off-new-season-hollywoodbets-title-sponsor- |access-date= |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Udindo wa Umoyo== Nthambi yiliyose ya Hollywoodbets mu South Africa yikovwira wupu wakovwira ŵanthu, kweniso timu ya maseŵero, nga ni cigaŵa ca pulogiramu yawo ya Social Responsibility Programme, iyo yikumanyikwa kuti Hollywoodbets MyCommunity Programme. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni nyumba za ŵana. <ref>{{cite web|title=Hollywoodbets supports Children’s Care Centre|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Local/PE-Express/hollywoodbets-supports-childrens-care-centre-20170807|website=News24|publisher=Port Elizabeth Express|access-date=7 August 2017}}</ref> Vipinda vya ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika, nyumba za ŵacekuru na masukulu. Pa magulu gha maseŵero gha pa muzi, pali magulu gha bola, <ref>{{cite news|last1=Pienaar|first1=David|title=Hollywood Bets sponsors soccer kids|url=https://albertonrecord.co.za/142505/hollywood-bets-sponsors-soccer-kids/|access-date=1 May 2017|publisher=Alberton Record|date=1 May 2017}}</ref> magulu gha cricket,<ref>{{cite web|title=Interesting Facts around Hollywoodbets Dolphins|url=https://northglennews.co.za/103149/interesting-facts-around-hollywoodbets-dolphins/|website=Northglen News|publisher=Caxton Central|access-date=15 February 2017}}</ref> rugby, <ref>{{cite web |title=UHollywoodbets noNtunja bafunqula umbhoxo |url=https://www.isolezwelesixhosa.co.za/ezemidlalo/uhollywoodbets-nontunja-bafunqula-umbhoxo-2-19179615 |website=I'Solezwe lesiXhosa |access-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123930/https://www.isolezwelesixhosa.co.za/ezemidlalo/uhollywoodbets-nontunja-bafunqula-umbhoxo-2-19179615 |archive-date=13 February 2019}}</ref> na maseŵero ghanyake. Mu Seputembala 2021, a Hollywoodbets adalengeza zakukhazikitsidwa kwa Hollywood Foundation. Wupu wa Hollywood Foundation uzamucita milimo yake nga ni wupu wambura phindu uwo ukucitako milimo yake". Wupu uwu ukugwira nchito pa milimo yakukhwaskana na umoyo wa ŵanthu, masambiro, maseŵero, maluso na mitheto, kweniso ukuŵika ndalama mu makampani ghacoko na ghapakati. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hollywoodbets announces the launch of the Hollywood Foundation |url=https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/849/220508.html |website=Bizcommunity |language=en}}</ref> ==Chakurya== Maofesi gha Hollywood Bunny Bar, agho ghali pasi pa Hollywoodbets, sono ghali na maofesi 8 agho ghali mu vigaŵa vya South Africa nga ni Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape na Western Cape. Maofesi agha ghakumanyikwa na vyakurya vyawo vya Durban, ndipo ghakapokera chawanangwa cha Bunny Chow Best mu 2014 pamanyuma pakutonda Bunny Chow Barometer Challenge 2014. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Moodley|first1=Camara|title=Hollywood Bets crowned the Bunny Chow kings|url=https://risingsunoverport.co.za/11995/hollywood-bets-crowned-bunny-chow-kings/|website=Rising Sun Overport|publisher=Rising Sun Overport|access-date=19 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921144133/http://risingsunoverport.co.za/11995/hollywood-bets-crowned-bunny-chow-kings/|archive-date=21 September 2014}}</ref> ==Ŵamishonale== Mu chaka cha 2016, Jerry Sikhosana uyo wakachitanga maseŵera gha mpira wa Orlando Pirates na Bafana Bafana wakasankhika kuŵa thenga la Hollywoodbets. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Tseke|first1=Malebo|title=Company welcomes new brand ambassador|url=https://tembisan.co.za/45067/company-welcomes-new-brand-ambassador/|website=The Tembisan|publisher=The Tembisan|access-date=21 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422162943/http://tembisan.co.za/45067/company-welcomes-new-brand-ambassador/|archive-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> Mu 2017, Kaizer Chiefs F.C., Mamelodi Sundowns F.C. Mamelodi Sundowns na Brian Baloyi uyo ni msilikari wa Bafana Bafana nawo ŵakanjira mu gulu la Hollywoodbets. <ref>{{cite web|title=Brian Baloyi - New Hollywoodbets Brand Ambassador|url=http://blog.hollywoodbets.net/2017/09/brian-baloyi-brand-ambassador.html|website=Hollywoodbets Sports Blog|access-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2019, ŵana ŵaŵiri ŵa mpira wa rugby Akona Ndungane na Odwa Ndungane ŵakanjira mu gulu la Hollywoodbets nga mbamishonale ŵa Brand. Awiriwo akugwira nawo ntchito yogwirizana ndi Hollywood ndi pulogalamu ya mpira wa Phaka pa SuperSport (South African TV channel) SuperSport, komanso zoyeserera kudzera ku Ndungane Foundation. <ref>{{cite web |title=Former Springbok twins Akhona and Odwa Ndungane place their bets on young talent |url=https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/sport/former-springbok-twins-akhona-and-odwa-ndungane-place-their-bets-on-young-talent-46096249 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwezi wa Malichi 2020, Anthony Delpech, uyo wakachitanga maseŵero ghakukhozga njuga ku South Africa, wakaŵa thenga la Hollywoodbets. Ntchito yake yikuru njakuti wawovwire pakulongozga Hollywood Syndicate, gulu la Hollywoodbets ilo likwendeska maseŵera gha mahachi. <ref>{{cite web |title=Delpech joins Hollywoodbets {{!}} Turf Talk |url=https://www.turftalk.co.za/delpech-joins-hollywoodbets/ |website=Turf Talk |access-date=13 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705003915/https://www.turftalk.co.za/delpech-joins-hollywoodbets/ |archive-date=5 July 2020}}</ref> Mu mwezi wa Epulero 2020, Mike Procter uyo wakachitanga maseŵera gha cricket wa ku South Africa, wakajibatika ku Hollywoodbets. <ref>{{cite web |title=Mike Procter signs on as Hollywoodbets Brand Ambassador |url=https://blog.hollywoodbets.net/2020/04/mike-procter-hollywoodbets-brand-ambassador.html |website=Hollywoodbets Blog |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> Ntchito iyi yikachitika pamoza na wupu wa Mike Procter Foundation, kweniso sukulu ya Ottawa Primary School mu Durban, uko Procter wakwendeska pulogiramu ya kusambizga thupi. Mu chaka cha 2020, msungwana waku South Africa uyo wakuchemeka Nomzamo Mbatha, wakanjira gulu la Hollywoodbets nga ni nthumi ya brand. Hollywoodbets yikugwira nchito pamoza na actress uyu na Lighthouse Foundation yake mu milimo yakupambanapambana ya chitukuko cha chalo na vya ndalama. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hollywoodbets, Lighthouse Foundation pledge R1m towards bursary project |url=https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/627/211668.html |website=www.bizcommunity.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu Disembala 2021, Robert Marawa uyo wakwendeska nkhani za maseŵero gha pa wayilesi wakamanyikwa kuti ni thenga la Hollywoodbets. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hollywoodbets Signs Robert Marawa as Ambassador |url=https://sportindustryawards.co.za/hollywoodbets-signs-robert-marawa-as-ambassador/ |website=Sport Industry News |access-date=1 December 2021 |date=1 December 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Flames and a marching band: Touch of Hollywood as Marawa named brand ambassador |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sport/soccer/2021-12-01-watch--flames-and-a-marching-band-touch-of-hollywood-as-marawa-named-brand-ambassador/ |website=TimesLIVE |publisher=Times Live |access-date=1 December 2021 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Mu February wa 2022, Carol Tshabalala, uyo wakumanyikwa kuti "First Lady of Sport" wa South Africa, wakalemba chikalata kuŵa Brand Ambassador wa Hollywoodbets. <ref>{{cite web |title=First Lady Of Sport Joins Hollywoodbets |url=https://www.sportingpost.co.za/horse-racing/horse-racing-news/first-lady-of-sport-joins-hollywoodbets/ |website=Sporting Post |access-date=10 February 2022 |language=en-ZA |date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327010453/https://www.sportingpost.co.za/horse-racing/horse-racing-news/first-lady-of-sport-joins-hollywoodbets/ |archive-date=27 March 2023}}</ref> ==Mphotho== Mu chaka cha 2018 pa mphotho ya Gambling Industry Awards iyo yikachitika ku South Africa, Hollywoodbets yikapokera mphotho ya Best Corporate Social Investment (CSI), Best Sports Betting Campaign for 2018, Best Employer of the Year and Best CEO of the Year (Suren Rampersadh). <ref>{{cite web |title=GI AWARDS 2018 WINNERS |url=http://giawards.co.za/nominees/ |website=Gambling Industry Awards |access-date=2023-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416113342/http://giawards.co.za/nominees/ |archive-date=2019-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SA’s Leading Bookmaker Shows The Way |url=https://www.sportingpost.co.za/2018/09/sas-leading-bookmaker-shows-the-way/ |website=Sporting Post |access-date=6 September 2018 |language=en-ZA |date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416113341/https://www.sportingpost.co.za/2018/09/sas-leading-bookmaker-shows-the-way/ |archive-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> Mu 2021, Hollywoodbets yikasoleka kuŵa Brand ya KwaZulu-Natal ya Chaka pa Standard Bank KZN Top Business Awards. <ref>{{cite web |title=STANDARD BANK KZN TOP BUSINESS AWARDS Supplement-Mercury - eBook 2021 |url=https://online.flipbuilder.com/uczf/pqsh/ |website=online.flipbuilder.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Bola]] 269l34ud1ii0ac4zk2upy6l7yup4xtb 0 28791 122987 122585 2026-10-07T01:39:19Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}} Iyi ni ndandanda ya vigaŵa vya [[England]], mtundu wa vigaŵa ivyo vikulongozgeka na boma. Vigaŵa vinandi vya Chingelezi vikuchemeka kuti vigaŵa vyambura msumba ukuru ndipo vikusangika mu vigaŵa vya msumba ukuru yayi. Kweni mu matawuni ndimo muli vigaŵa vinyake. Chigaŵa chilichose chili na chigaŵa chimoza, kupaturako Stockton-on-Tees, icho chili kugaŵika. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ŵali nga ni awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi. {{United Kingdom statistics year|EnglandYYYY}} kufuma ku [[Office for National Statistics]].<ref>{{United Kingdom district population citation|England}}</ref> == Nomenclature == Pasono pali maboma {{English district total}} mu England. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vinandi ivyo vikulongosora mazaza na milimo ya boma. * 32 [[Mphanda za London]] * 36 [[Metropolitan borough|metropolitan districts]] * 181 [[Non-metropolitan district|non-metropolitan districts]] (in a two-tier county arrangement) * 58 [[Unitary authorities of England|unitary authorities]] (all also non-metropolitan districts, but with the combined powers of [[Non-metropolitan county|non-metropolitan counties]] and [[Districts of England|districts]]) * [[City of London]] (sui generis) * [[Isles of Scilly]] (sui generis) Chigaŵa chilichose chingaŵa na maudindo gha borough, city, na royal borough, kweni ichi chikukhwaska yayi mazaza na milimo ya boma. == Mndandanda wa maboma == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Zina ! class="unsortable" |Webusaiti !Wanthu<br />({{United Kingdom statistics year|EnglandYYYY}}) !Zina la mtundu !Mtundu !Charu cha mwambo wako |- |[[Adur (district)|Adur]] |[http://www.adur.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000223}} |District | |[[West Sussex]] |- |[[Allerdale]] |[http://www.allerdale.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000026}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Cumbria]] |- |[[Amber Valley]] |[http://www.ambervalley.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000032}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[Arun District|Arun]] |[http://www.arun.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000224}} |District | |[[West Sussex]] |- |[[Ashfield, Nottinghamshire|Ashfield]] |[http://www.ashfield-dc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000170}} |District | |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[Ashford (borough)|Ashford]] |[http://www.ashford.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000105}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Babergh District|Babergh]] |[http://www.babergh.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000200}} |District | |[[Suffolk]] |- |[[London Borough of Barking and Dagenham|Barking and Dagenham]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20051025163946/http://www.barking-dagenham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000002}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[London Borough of Barnet|Barnet]] |[http://www.barnet.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000003}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley|Barnsley]] |[http://www.barnsley.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000016}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[South Yorkshire]] |- |[[Barrow-in-Furness (borough)|Barrow-in-Furness]] |[http://www.barrowbc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000027}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Cumbria]] |- |[[Basildon (district)|Basildon]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130622025104/http://www.basildon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000066}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Basingstoke and Deane]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140328011058/http://www.basingstoke.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000084}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Bassetlaw District|Bassetlaw]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140530022511/http://www.bassetlaw.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000171}} |District | |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[Bath and North East Somerset]] |[http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000022}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Somerset]] |- |[[Borough of Bedford|Bedford]] |[http://www.bedford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000055}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Bedfordshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Bexley|Bexley]] |[http://www.bexley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000004}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[City of Birmingham|Birmingham]] |[http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000025}} |City (1889) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] |- |[[Blaby (district)|Blaby]] |[http://www.blaby.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000129}} |District | |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[Blackburn with Darwen]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20120208211710/http://www.blackburn.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000008}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Borough of Blackpool|Blackpool]] |[http://www.blackpool.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000009}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Bolsover (district)|Bolsover]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20200923022124/https://www.bolsover.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000033}} |District | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Bolton|Bolton]] |[http://www.bolton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000001}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Boston (borough)|Boston]] |[http://www.boston.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000136}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole]] |[http://www.bcpcouncil.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000058}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Dorset]] |- |[[Bracknell Forest]] |[http://www.bracknell-forest.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000036}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Berkshire]] |- |[[City of Bradford|Bradford]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20160509013149/http://www.bradford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000032}} |City (1897) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Yorkshire]] |- |[[Braintree (district)|Braintree]] |[http://www.braintree.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000067}} |District | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Breckland (district)|Breckland]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20051211091729/http://www.breckland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000143}} |District | |[[Norfolk]] |- |[[London Borough of Brent|Brent]] |[http://www.brent.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000005}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Brentwood (borough)|Brentwood]] |[http://www.brentwood.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000068}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Brighton and Hove]] |[http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000043}} |City (2000) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[East Sussex]] |- |[[Bristol]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080820043630/http://www.bristol-city.gov.uk/WardFinder/pdfs/cliftonmap-high.pdf website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000023}} |City (1542) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Bristol]] |- |[[Broadland]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140325021638/http://www.broadland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000144}} |District | |[[Norfolk]] |- |[[London Borough of Bromley|Bromley]] |[http://www.bromley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000006}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Bromsgrove (district)|Bromsgrove]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20150312185509/http://www.bromsgrove.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000234}} |District | |[[Worcestershire]] |- |[[Broxbourne (borough)|Broxbourne]] |[http://www.broxbourne.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000095}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[Borough of Broxtowe|Broxtowe]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20121102001122/http://www.broxtowe.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000172}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[Buckinghamshire (district)|Buckinghamshire]] |[https://www.buckinghamshire.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000060}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Buckinghamshire]] |- |[[Burnley (borough)|Burnley]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110704110756/http://www.burnley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000117}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Bury|Bury]] |[http://www.bury.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000002}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Calderdale]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140228042334/http://www.calderdale.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000033}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Yorkshire]] |- |[[Cambridge]] |[http://www.cambridge.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000008}} |City (1951) | |[[Cambridgeshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Camden|Camden]] |[http://www.camden.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000007}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Cannock Chase (district)|Cannock Chase]] |[http://www.cannockchasedc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000192}} |District | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[City of Canterbury|Canterbury]] |[http://www.canterbury.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000106}} |City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'') | |[[Kent]] |- |[[City of Carlisle|Carlisle]] |[http://www.carlisle.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000028}} |City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'') | |[[Cumbria]] |- |[[Castle Point]] |[http://www.castlepoint.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000069}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Central Bedfordshire]] |[http://www.centralbedfordshire.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000056}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Bedfordshire]] |- |[[Charnwood (borough)|Charnwood]] |[http://www.charnwood.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000130}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[City of Chelmsford|Chelmsford]] |[http://www.chelmsford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000070}} |City (2012) | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Cheltenham (borough)|Cheltenham]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140403232901/http://www.cheltenham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000078}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Gloucestershire]] |- |[[Cherwell (district)|Cherwell]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/19990125094139/http://www.cherwell-dc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000177}} |District | |[[Oxfordshire]] |- |[[Cheshire East]] |[http://www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000049}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Cheshire]] |- |[[Cheshire West and Chester]] |[http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000050}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Cheshire]] |- |[[Borough of Chesterfield|Chesterfield]] |[https://www.chesterfield.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000034}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[Chichester (district)|Chichester]] |[http://www.chichestercity.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000225}} |District | |[[West Sussex]] |- |[[Chorley (borough)|Chorley]] |[http://www.chorley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000118}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Colchester (borough)|Colchester]] |[http://www.colchester.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000071}} |City (2022) | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Copeland, Cumbria|Copeland]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060101020624/http://www.copelandbc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000029}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Cumbria]] |- |[[Cornwall]] |[http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000052}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[Cotswold (district)|Cotswold]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140529205712/http://www.cotswold.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000079}} |District | |[[Gloucestershire]] |- |[[City of Coventry|Coventry]] |[http://www.coventry.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000026}} |City (1345) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] |- |[[Craven District|Craven]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140327174650/http://www.cravendc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000163}} |District | |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[Crawley]] |[http://www.crawley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000226}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[West Sussex]] |- |[[London Borough of Croydon|Croydon]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20040715035518/http://www.croydon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000008}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Dacorum]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140410110649/http://www.dacorum.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000096}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[Darlington (borough)|Darlington]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20021130091335/http://www2.darlington.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000005}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[County Durham]] |- |[[Dartford (borough)|Dartford]] |[http://www.dartford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000107}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Derby]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110709115308/http://www.derby.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000015}} |City (1977) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[Derbyshire Dales]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140213192417/http://www.derbyshiredales.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000035}} |District | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster|Doncaster]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/19991126044042/http://www.doncaster.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000017}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[South Yorkshire]] |- |[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]] |[http://www.dorsetcouncil.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000059}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Dorset]] |- |[[Dover (district)|Dover]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20121105014846/http://www.dover.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000108}} |District | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Dudley|Dudley]] |[http://www.dudley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000027}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] |- |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |[http://www.durham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000047}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[County Durham]] |- |[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]] |[http://www.ealing.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000009}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[East Cambridgeshire]] |[http://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000009}} |District | |[[Cambridgeshire]] |- |[[East Devon]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20150501150845/http://eastdevon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000040}} |District | |[[Devon]] |- |[[East Hampshire]] |[http://www.easthants.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000085}} |District | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[East Hertfordshire]] |[http://www.eastherts.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000242}} |District | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[East Lindsey]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060427002503/http://www.e-lindsey.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000137}} |District | |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[East Riding of Yorkshire (district)|East Riding of Yorkshire]] |[http://www.eastriding.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000011}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[East Riding of Yorkshire]] |- |[[East Staffordshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140927183751/http://www.eaststaffsbc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000193}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[East Suffolk (district)|East Suffolk]] |[http://www.eastsuffolk.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000244}} |District | |[[Suffolk]] |- |[[Eastbourne]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20120817045556/http://www.eastbourne.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000061}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[East Sussex]] |- |[[Eastleigh (borough)|Eastleigh]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140320141424/http://www.eastleigh.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000086}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Eden, Cumbria|Eden]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20081105160240/http://www.eden.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000030}} |District | |[[Cumbria]] |- |[[Borough of Elmbridge|Elmbridge]] |[http://www.elmbridge.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000207}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[London Borough of Enfield|Enfield]] |[http://www.enfield.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000010}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Epping Forest (district)|Epping Forest]] |[http://www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000072}} |District | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Epsom and Ewell]] |[http://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000208}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Borough of Erewash|Erewash]] |[http://www.erewash.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000036}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[Exeter]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20200511205833/https://exeter.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000041}} |City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'') | |[[Devon]] |- |[[Fareham (borough)|Fareham]] |[http://www.fareham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000087}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Fenland District|Fenland]] |[http://www.fenland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000010}} |District | |[[Cambridgeshire]] |- |[[Folkestone and Hythe (District)|Folkestone and Hythe]] |[http://www.shepway.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000112}} |District | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Forest of Dean (district)|Forest of Dean]] |[http://www.fdean.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000080}} |District | |[[Gloucestershire]] |- |[[Fylde (borough)|Fylde]] |[http://www.fylde.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000119}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead|Gateshead]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130805223753/http://www.gateshead.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000037}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Tyne and Wear]] |- |[[Borough of Gedling|Gedling]] |[http://www.gedling.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000173}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[City of Gloucester|Gloucester]] |[http://www.gloucester.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000081}} |City (1541) | |[[Gloucestershire]] |- |[[Borough of Gosport|Gosport]] |[http://www.gosport.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000088}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Gravesham]] |[http://www.gravesham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000109}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Great Yarmouth (borough)|Great Yarmouth]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140228021952/http://www.great-yarmouth.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000145}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Norfolk]] |- |[[Royal Borough of Greenwich|Greenwich]] |[http://www.greenwich.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000011}} |[[List of place names with royal patronage in the United Kingdom|Royal Borough]] |[[London Borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Guildford (borough)|Guildford]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20030528204035/http://www.guildford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000209}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[London Borough of Hackney|Hackney]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20071222093915/http://www.hackney.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000012}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Halton (borough)|Halton]] |[http://www.halton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000006}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Cheshire]] |- |[[Hambleton District|Hambleton]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140706221940/http://www.hambleton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000164}} |District | |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham|Hammersmith and Fulham]] |[http://www.lbhf.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000013}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Harborough District|Harborough]] |[http://www.harborough.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000131}} |District | |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey]] |[http://www.haringey.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000014}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Harlow]] |[http://www.harlow.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000073}} |District | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Harrogate (borough)|Harrogate]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20161001220619/https://www.harrogate.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000165}} |District | |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]] |[http://www.harrow.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000015}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Hart (district)|Hart]] |[http://www.hart.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000089}} |District | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Hartlepool (borough)|Hartlepool]] |[http://www.hartlepool.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000001}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[County Durham]] |- |[[Hastings]] |[http://www.hastings.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000062}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[East Sussex]] |- |[[Havant (borough)|Havant]] |[http://www.havant.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000090}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Havering|Havering]] |[http://www.havering.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000016}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Herefordshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140407060243/http://www.herefordshire.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000019}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Herefordshire]] |- |[[Hertsmere]] |[http://www.hertsmere.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000098}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[High Peak, Derbyshire|High Peak]] |[http://www.highpeak.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000037}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Hillingdon|Hillingdon]] |[http://www.hillingdon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000017}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Hinckley and Bosworth]] |[http://www.hinckleyandbosworthonline.org.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000132}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[Horsham (district)|Horsham]] |[http://www.horsham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000227}} |District | |[[West Sussex]] |- |[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]] |[http://www.hounslow.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000018}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Kingston upon Hull]] |[http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000010}} |City (1299) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[East Riding of Yorkshire]] |- |[[Huntingdonshire]] |[http://www.huntsdc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000011}} |District | |[[Cambridgeshire]] |- |[[Hyndburn]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060530050349/http://www.hyndburnbc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000120}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Ipswich (borough)|Ipswich]] |[http://www.ipswich.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000202}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Suffolk]] |- |[[Isle of Wight]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20120324060334/http://www.iwight.com/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000046}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Isle of Wight]] |- |[[Isles of Scilly]] |[http://www.scilly.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000053}} | |''[[Sui generis]]'' |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[London Borough of Islington|Islington]] |[http://www.islington.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000019}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea|Kensington and Chelsea]] |[http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000020}} |[[List of place names with royal patronage in the United Kingdom|Royal borough]] |[[London Borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[King's Lynn and West Norfolk]] |[http://www.west-norfolk.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000146}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Norfolk]] |- |[[Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston upon Thames]] |[http://www.kingston.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000021}} |[[List of place names with royal patronage in the United Kingdom|Royal Borough]] |[[London Borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Kirklees]] |[http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/beta/default.aspx website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000034}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Yorkshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley|Knowsley]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090729122520/http://www.knowsley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000011}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Merseyside]] |- |[[London Borough of Lambeth|Lambeth]] |[http://www.lambeth.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000022}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[City of Lancaster|Lancaster]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140328022608/http://www.lancaster.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000121}} |City (1937) | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[City of Leeds|Leeds]] |[http://www.leeds.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000035}} |City (1895) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Yorkshire]] |- |[[Leicester]] |[http://www.leicester.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000016}} |City (1919) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[Lewes (district)|Lewes]] |[http://www.lewes.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000063}} |District | |[[East Sussex]] |- |[[London Borough of Lewisham|Lewisham]] |[http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000023}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Lichfield (district)|Lichfield]] |[http://www.lichfielddc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000194}} |District | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[Lincoln, Lincolnshire|Lincoln]] |[http://www.lincoln.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000138}} |City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'') | |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[Liverpool]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060328002145/http://www.liverpool.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000012}} |City (1880) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Merseyside]] |- |[[City of London]] |[http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000001}} |City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'') |''[[Sui generis]]'' |[[City of London]] |- |[[Borough of Luton|Luton]] |[http://www.luton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000032}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Bedfordshire]] |- |[[Maidstone (borough)|Maidstone]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20050522024129/http://www.digitalmaidstone.co.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000110}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Maldon (district)|Maldon]] |[http://www.maldon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000074}} |District | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140608095352/http://www.malvernhills.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000235}} |District | |[[Worcestershire]] |- |[[City of Manchester|Manchester]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110303042405/http://www.manchester.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000003}} |City (1853) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Mansfield (district)|Mansfield]] |[http://www.mansfield.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000174}} |District | |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[Medway]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20040124162034/http://www.medway.gov.uk/index/leisure/localhistory/timeline/17909.htm website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000035}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Kent]] |- |[[Melton (borough)|Melton]] |[http://www.melton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000133}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[Mendip District|Mendip]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130416233913/http://www.mendip.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000187}} |District | |[[Somerset]] |- |[[London Borough of Merton|Merton]] |[http://www.merton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000024}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Mid Devon]] |[http://www.middevon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000042}} |District | |[[Devon]] |- |[[Mid Suffolk]] |[http://www.midsuffolk.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000203}} |District | |[[Suffolk]] |- |[[Mid Sussex District|Mid Sussex]] |[http://www.midsussex.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000228}} |District | |[[West Sussex]] |- |[[Middlesbrough (borough)|Middlesbrough]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20191006165155/https://middlesbrough.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000002}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[City of Milton Keynes|Milton Keynes]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20120829214812/http://www.miltonkeynes.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000042}} |City (2022) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Buckinghamshire]] |- |[[Mole Valley]] |[http://www.molevalley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000210}} |District | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Newark and Sherwood]] |[http://www.newark-sherwooddc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000175}} |District | |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[Newcastle-under-Lyme (borough)|Newcastle-under-Lyme]] |[http://www.newcastle-staffs.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000195}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[City of Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle upon Tyne]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110208200135/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000021}} |City (1882) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Tyne and Wear]] |- |[[New Forest (district)|New Forest]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130525044829/http://nfdc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000091}} |District | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Newham|Newham]] |[http://www.newham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000025}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[North Devon]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090502233241/http://www.northdevon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000043}} |District | |[[Devon]] |- |[[North East Derbyshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110205101637/http://www.ne-derbyshire.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000038}} |District | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[North East Lincolnshire]] |[http://www.nelincs.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000012}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[North Hertfordshire]] |[https://www.north-herts.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000099}} |District | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[North Kesteven]] |[http://www.n-kesteven.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000139}} |District | |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[North Lincolnshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20160122041738/http://www.northlincs.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000013}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[North Norfolk]] |[http://www.north-norfolk.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000147}} |District | |[[Norfolk]] |- |[[North Northamptonshire]] |[https://www.northnorthants.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000154}} |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] | |[[Northamptonshire]] |- |[[North Somerset]] |[http://www.n-somerset.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000024}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Somerset]] |- |[[North Tyneside]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20200923012827/https://northtyneside.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000022}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Tyne and Wear]] |- |[[North Warwickshire]] |[http://www.northwarks.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000218}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Warwickshire]] |- |[[North West Leicestershire]] |[http://www.nwleics.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000134}} |District | |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[Northumberland]] |[http://www.northumberland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000057}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Northumberland]] |- |[[Norwich]] |[http://www.norwich.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000148}} |City (1195) | |[[Norfolk]] |- |[[Nottingham]] |[http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000018}} |City (1897) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[Nuneaton and Bedworth]] |[http://www.nuneatonandbedworth.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000219}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Warwickshire]] |- |[[Oadby and Wigston]] |[http://www.oadby-wigston.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000135}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Oldham|Oldham]] |[http://www.oldham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000004}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[City of Oxford|Oxford]] |[http://www.oxford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000178}} |City (1542) | |[[Oxfordshire]] |- |[[Borough of Pendle|Pendle]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722025859/http://www.pendle.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000122}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[City of Peterborough|Peterborough]] |[http://www.peterborough.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000031}} |City (1541) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Cambridgeshire]] |- |[[Plymouth]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130821085851/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000026}} |City (1928) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Devon]] |- |[[Portsmouth]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110208200226/http://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000044}} |City (1926) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[City of Preston, Lancashire|Preston]] |[http://www.preston.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000123}} |City (2002) | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Borough of Reading|Reading]] |[http://www.reading.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000038}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Berkshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Redbridge|Redbridge]] |[http://www.redbridge.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000026}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Redcar and Cleveland]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110902105910/http://www.redcar-cleveland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000003}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[Borough of Redditch|Redditch]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20160131040122/http://www.redditchbc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000236}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Worcestershire]] |- |[[Reigate and Banstead]] |[http://www.reigate-banstead.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000211}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Ribble Valley]] |[http://www.ribblevalley.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000124}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[London Borough of Richmond upon Thames|Richmond upon Thames]] |[http://www.richmond.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000027}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Richmondshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140327163824/http://www.richmondshire.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000166}} |District | |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale|Rochdale]] |[http://www.rochdale.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000005}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Rochford (district)|Rochford]] |[http://www.rochford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000075}} |District | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Borough of Rossendale|Rossendale]] |[http://www.rossendale.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000125}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Rother District|Rother]] |[http://www.rother.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000064}} |District | |[[East Sussex]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham|Rotherham]] |[http://www.rotherham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000018}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[South Yorkshire]] |- |[[Rugby (borough)|Rugby]] |[http://www.rugby.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000220}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Warwickshire]] |- |[[Runnymede (borough)|Runnymede]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20050618081206/http://www.runnymede.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000212}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Rushcliffe]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140326160416/http://www.rushcliffe.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000176}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[Rushmoor]] |[http://www.rushmoor.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000092}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Rutland]] |[http://www.rutland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000017}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Rutland]] |- |[[Ryedale]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140406211149/http://www.ryedale.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000167}} |District | |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[City and District of St Albans|St Albans]] |[http://www.stalbans.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000240}} |City (1877) | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of St Helens|St Helens]] |[http://www.sthelens.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000013}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Merseyside]] |- |[[City of Salford|Salford]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140327011636/http://www.salford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000006}} |City (1926) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Sandwell]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20020925171742/http://smbc.sandwell.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000028}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] |- |[[Scarborough (borough)|Scarborough]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20201005065205/https://www.scarborough.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000168}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[Sedgemoor]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140313080617/http://www.sedgemoor.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000188}} |District | |[[Somerset]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Sefton|Sefton]] |[http://www.sefton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000014}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Merseyside]] |- |[[Selby (district)|Selby]] |[http://www.selby.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000169}} |District | |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[Sevenoaks (district)|Sevenoaks]] |[http://www.sevenoaks.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000111}} |District | |[[Kent]] |- |[[City of Sheffield|Sheffield]] |[http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000019}} |City (1893) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[South Yorkshire]] |- |[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]] |[http://www.shropshire.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000051}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Shropshire]] |- |[[Borough of Slough|Slough]] |[http://www.slough.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000039}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Berkshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Solihull|Solihull]] |[http://www.solihull.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000029}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] |- |[[Somerset West and Taunton]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20230510081103/http://somersetwestandtaunton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000246}} |District | |[[Somerset]] |- |[[South Cambridgeshire]] |[http://www.scambs.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000012}} |District | |[[Cambridgeshire]] |- |[[South Derbyshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716012317/http://www.south-derbys.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000039}} |District | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[South Gloucestershire]] |[http://www.southglos.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000025}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Gloucestershire]] |- |[[South Hams]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/19990429120847/http://www.south-hams-dc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000044}} |District | |[[Devon]] |- |[[South Holland, Lincolnshire|South Holland]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110516050657/http://www.sholland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000140}} |District | |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[South Kesteven]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20000304023227/http://www.skdc.com/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000141}} |District | |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[South Lakeland]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130430031933/http://www.southlakeland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000031}} |District | |[[Cumbria]] |- |[[South Norfolk]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060102223444/http://www.south-norfolk.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000149}} |District | |[[Norfolk]] |- |[[South Oxfordshire]] |[http://www.southoxon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000179}} |District | |[[Oxfordshire]] |- |[[South Ribble]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20051025041957/http://www.south-ribblebc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000126}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[South Somerset]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140703124829/http://www.southsomerset.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000189}} |District | |[[Somerset]] |- |[[South Staffordshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060615101642/http://www.sstaffs.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000196}} |District | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[South Tyneside]] |[http://www.southtyneside.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000023}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Tyne and Wear]] |- |[[Southampton]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110218194008/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000045}} |City (1964) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Borough of Southend-on-Sea|Southend-on-Sea]] |[http://www.southend.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000033}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[London Borough of Southwark|Southwark]] |[http://www.southwark.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000028}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Borough of Spelthorne|Spelthorne]] |[http://www.spelthorne.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000213}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Stafford (borough)|Stafford]] |[http://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000197}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[Staffordshire Moorlands]] |[http://www.staffsmoorlands.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000198}} |District | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[Stevenage]] |[http://www.stevenage.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000243}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Stockport|Stockport]] |[http://www.stockport.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000007}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Stockton-on-Tees (borough)|Stockton-on-Tees]] |[http://www.stockton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000004}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[County Durham]] and [[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[Stoke-on-Trent]] |[http://www.stoke.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000021}} |City (1925) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[Stratford-on-Avon (district)|Stratford-on-Avon]] |[http://www.stratford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000221}} |District | |[[Warwickshire]] |- |[[Stroud (district)|Stroud]] |[http://www.stroud.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000082}} |District | |[[Gloucestershire]] |- |[[City of Sunderland|Sunderland]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20160203200247/http://www.sunderland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000024}} |City (1992) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Tyne and Wear]] |- |[[Surrey Heath]] |[http://www.surreyheath.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000214}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[London Borough of Sutton|Sutton]] |[http://www.sutton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000029}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Borough of Swale|Swale]] |[http://www.swale.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000113}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Swindon (borough)|Swindon]] |[http://www.swindon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000030}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Wiltshire]] |- |[[Tameside]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20150629115437/http://www.tameside.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000008}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Tamworth (borough)|Tamworth]] |[http://www.tamworth.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000199}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[Tandridge (district)|Tandridge]] |[http://www.tandridge.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000215}} |District | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Teignbridge]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20141020150805/http://www.teignbridge.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000045}} |District | |[[Devon]] |- |[[Telford and Wrekin]] |[http://www.telford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000020}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Shropshire]] |- |[[Tendring District|Tendring]] |[http://www.tendringdc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000076}} |District | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Test Valley]] |[http://www.testvalley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000093}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Tewkesbury (borough)|Tewkesbury]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024133610/http://www.tewkesburybc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000083}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Gloucestershire]] |- |[[Thanet (district)|Thanet]] |[http://www.thanet.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000114}} |District | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Three Rivers (district)|Three Rivers]] |[http://www.threerivers.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000102}} |District | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[Thurrock]] |[http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000034}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Tonbridge and Malling]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20071013112247/http://www.tmbc.gov.uk/cgi-bin/buildpage.pl?mysql=996 website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000115}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Torbay]] |[http://www.torbay.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000027}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Devon]] |- |[[Torridge District|Torridge]] |[http://www.torridge.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000046}} |District | |[[Devon]] |- |[[London Borough of Tower Hamlets|Tower Hamlets]] |[http://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000030}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Trafford]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130921184244/http://www.trafford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000009}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Tunbridge Wells (borough)|Tunbridge Wells]] |[http://www.tunbridgewells.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000116}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Uttlesford]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20050829190520/http://www.uttlesford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000077}} |District | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Vale of White Horse]] |[http://www.whitehorsedc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000180}} |District | |[[Oxfordshire]] |- |[[City of Wakefield|Wakefield]] |[http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000036}} |City (1888) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Yorkshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Walsall|Walsall]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20170905165129/https://www.walsall.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000030}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] |- |[[London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]] |[https://www.walthamforest.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000031}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[London Borough of Wandsworth|Wandsworth]] |[http://www.wandsworth.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000032}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Borough of Warrington|Warrington]] |[http://www.warrington.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000007}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Cheshire]] |- |[[Warwick (district)|Warwick]] |[http://www.warwickdc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000222}} |District | |[[Warwickshire]] |- |[[Watford]] |[http://www.watford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000103}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[Waverley, Surrey|Waverley]] |[http://www.waverley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000216}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Wealden District|Wealden]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20201009122858/https://www.wealden.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000065}} |District | |[[East Sussex]] |- |[[Welwyn Hatfield]] |[http://www.welhat.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000241}} |District | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[West Berkshire]] |[http://www.westberks.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000037}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Berkshire]] |- |[[West Devon]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060927031925/http://www.westdevon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000047}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Devon]] |- |[[West Lancashire]] |[https://www.westlancs.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000127}} |District | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[West Lindsey]] |[http://www.west-lindsey.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000142}} |District | |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[City of Westminster|Westminster]] |[http://www.westminster.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000033}} |City (1540) |[[London Borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[West Northamptonshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20230510095331/https://www.westnorthants.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000154}} |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] | |[[Northamptonshire]] |- |[[West Oxfordshire]] |[http://www.westoxon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000181}} |District | |[[Oxfordshire]] |- |[[West Suffolk (district)|West Suffolk]] |[http://www.westsuffolk.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000245}} |District | |[[Suffolk]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Wigan|Wigan]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20051203095320/http://www.wiganmbc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000010}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Wiltshire]] |[http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000054}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Wiltshire]] |- |[[City of Winchester|Winchester]] |[http://www.winchester.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000094}} |City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'') | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead|Windsor and Maidenhead]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20180925232902/http://www.rbwm.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000040}} |[[List of place names with royal patronage in the United Kingdom|Royal borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Berkshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Wirral|Wirral]] |[http://www.wirral.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000015}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Merseyside]] |- |[[Borough of Woking|Woking]] |[http://www.woking.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000217}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Borough of Wokingham|Wokingham]] |[http://www.wokingham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000041}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Berkshire]] |- |[[Wolverhampton]] |[http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000031}} |City (2000) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] |- |[[Worcester, England|Worcester]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20230510094146/https://www.worcester.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000237}} |City (1189) | |[[Worcestershire]] |- |[[Worthing]] |[http://www.worthing.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000229}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[West Sussex]] |- |[[Wychavon]] |[http://www.wychavon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000238}} |District | |[[Worcestershire]] |- |[[Borough of Wyre|Wyre]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060804091037/http://wyrebc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000128}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Wyre Forest (district)|Wyre Forest]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140406161721/http://wyreforestdc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000239}} |District | |[[Worcestershire]] |- |[[City of York|York]] |[http://www.york.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000014}} |City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'') |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[North Yorkshire]] |} == Maboma ghakale == Ndondomeko ya vigaŵa iyo yilipo sono yikamba mu 1974 mu England na Wales, ndipo yikanjira m'malo mwa vigaŵa vyakale nga ni municipalities, urban districts, rural districts na county boroughs. Ku England, vinthu vikasintha, kweni mu ndondomeko iyo yikaŵako. Malo ghakale gha Chingelezi ni agha: {| class="wikitable sortable" !District !Status !Date abolished !Former county !Successor |- |[[Alnwick (district)|Alnwick]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Northumberland]] |[[Northumberland]] |- |[[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] |non-metropolitan district, City |1 April 1996 |[[County of Avon|Avon]] |[[Bath and North East Somerset]] |- |[[Berwick-upon-Tweed (borough)|Berwick-upon-Tweed]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Northumberland]] |[[Northumberland]] |- |[[East Yorkshire Borough of Beverley]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[East Riding of Yorkshire]] |- |[[Blyth Valley]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Northumberland]] |[[Northumberland]] |- |[[Boothferry (district)|Boothferry]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[East Riding of Yorkshire]] and [[North Lincolnshire]] |- |[[Borough of Bournemouth|Bournemouth]] |unitary authority, borough |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole]] |- |[[Bridgnorth (district)|Bridgnorth]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Shropshire]] |[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]] |- |[[Brighton]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1997 |[[East Sussex]] |[[Brighton and Hove]] |- |[[Caradon]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Cornwall]] |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[Carrick, Cornwall|Carrick]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Cornwall]] |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[Castle Morpeth]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Northumberland]] |[[Northumberland]] |- |[[Chester (district)|Chester]] |non-metropolitan district, City |1 April 2009 |[[Cheshire]] |[[Cheshire West and Chester]] |- |[[Chester-le-Street (district)|Chester-le-Street]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[County Durham]] |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |- |[[Borough of Christchurch|Christchurch]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole]] |- |[[Cleethorpes (borough)|Cleethorpes]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[North East Lincolnshire]] |- |[[Congleton (borough)|Congleton]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Cheshire]] |[[Cheshire East]] |- |[[Corby (borough)|Corby]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2021 |[[Northamptonshire]] |[[North Northamptonshire]] |- |[[Crewe and Nantwich]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Cheshire]] |[[Cheshire East]] |- |[[Daventry (district)|Daventry]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2021 |[[Northamptonshire]] |[[West Northamptonshire]] |- |[[Derwentside]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[County Durham]] |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |- |[[Durham (district)|Durham]] |non-metropolitan district, City |1 April 2009 |[[County Durham]] |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |- |[[Easington (district)|Easington]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[County Durham]] |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |- |[[East Dorset]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]] |- |[[East Northamptonshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2021 |[[Northamptonshire]] |[[North Northamptonshire]] |- |[[East Yorkshire (district)|East Yorkshire]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[East Riding of Yorkshire]] |- |[[Ellesmere Port and Neston]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Cheshire]] |[[Cheshire West and Chester]] |- |[[Forest Heath]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Suffolk]] |[[West Suffolk (district)|West Suffolk]] |- |[[Gillingham, Medway|Gillingham]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1998 |[[Kent]] |[[Medway]] |- |[[Glanford (borough)|Glanford]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[North Lincolnshire]] |- |[[Great Grimsby (borough)|Great Grimsby]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[North East Lincolnshire]] |- |[[Hereford]] |non-metropolitan district, City |1 April 1998 |[[Hereford and Worcester]] |[[Herefordshire]] |- |[[Holderness (borough)|Holderness]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[East Riding of Yorkshire]] |- |[[Borough of Hove|Hove]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1997 |[[East Sussex]] |[[Brighton and Hove]] |- |[[Kennet (district)|Kennet]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Wiltshire]] |[[Wiltshire]] |- |[[Kerrier]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Cornwall]] |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[Borough of Kettering|Kettering]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2021 |[[Northamptonshire]] |[[North Northamptonshire]] |- |[[Kingswood (borough)|Kingswood]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[County of Avon|Avon]] |[[South Gloucestershire]] |- |[[Leominster (district)|Leominster]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 1998 |[[Hereford and Worcester]] |[[Herefordshire]] (part to [[Malvern Hills District|Malvern Hills]]) |- |[[Macclesfield (borough)|Macclesfield]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Cheshire]] |[[Cheshire East]] |- |[[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 1998 |[[Hereford and Worcester]] |[[Herefordshire]] and [[Malvern Hills District|Malvern Hills]] |- |[[Medina (borough)|Medina]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1995 |[[Isle of Wight]] |[[Isle of Wight]] |- |[[Mid Bedfordshire (district)|Mid Bedfordshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Bedfordshire]] |[[Central Bedfordshire]] |- |[[North Cornwall]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Cornwall]] |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[North Dorset]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]] |- |[[North Shropshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Shropshire]] |[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]] |- |[[North Wiltshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Wiltshire]] |[[Wiltshire]] |- |[[Borough of Northampton|Northampton]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2021 |[[Northamptonshire]] |[[West Northamptonshire]] |- |[[Northavon]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 1996 |[[County of Avon|Avon]] |[[South Gloucestershire]] |- |[[Oswestry (borough)|Oswestry]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Shropshire]] |[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]] |- |[[Penwith]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Cornwall]] |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[Borough of Poole|Poole]] |unitary authority, borough |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole]] |- |[[Purbeck (district)|Purbeck]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]] |- |[[Restormel]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Cornwall]] |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[City of Rochester-upon-Medway|Rochester-upon-Medway]] |non-metropolitan district, City |1 April 1998 |[[Kent]] |[[Medway]] |- |[[Salisbury (district)|Salisbury]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Wiltshire]] |[[Wiltshire]] |- |[[Scunthorpe (borough)|Scunthorpe]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[North Lincolnshire]] |- |[[Sedgefield (borough)|Sedgefield]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[County Durham]] |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |- |[[Shrewsbury and Atcham]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Shropshire]] |[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]] |- |[[South Bedfordshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Bedfordshire]] |[[Central Bedfordshire]] |- |[[South Herefordshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 1998 |[[Hereford and Worcester]] |[[Herefordshire]] |- |[[South Northamptonshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2021 |[[Northamptonshire]] |[[West Northamptonshire]] |- |[[South Shropshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Shropshire]] |[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]] |- |[[South Wight]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1995 |[[Isle of Wight]] |[[Isle of Wight]] |- |[[St Edmundsbury (borough)|St Edmundsbury]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2019 |[[Suffolk]] |[[West Suffolk (district)|West Suffolk]] |- |[[Suffolk Coastal]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Suffolk]] |[[East Suffolk (district)|East Suffolk]] |- |[[Taunton Deane]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2019 |[[Somerset]] |[[Somerset West and Taunton]] |- |[[Teesdale (district)|Teesdale]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[County Durham]] |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |- |[[Tynedale]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Northumberland]] |[[Northumberland]] |- |[[Vale Royal]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Cheshire]] |[[Cheshire West and Chester]] |- |[[Wansbeck District|Wansbeck]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Northumberland]] |[[Northumberland]] |- |[[Wansdyke (district)|Wansdyke]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 1996 |[[County of Avon|Avon]] |[[Bath and North East Somerset]] |- |[[Waveney District|Waveney]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Suffolk]] |[[East Suffolk (district)|East Suffolk]] |- |[[Wear Valley]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[County Durham]] |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |- |[[Borough of Wellingborough|Wellingborough]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2021 |[[Northamptonshire]] |[[North Northamptonshire]] |- |[[West Dorset]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]] |- |[[West Somerset]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Somerset]] |[[Somerset West and Taunton]] |- |[[West Wiltshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Wiltshire]] |[[Wiltshire]] |- |[[Weymouth and Portland]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]] |} In most cases, these districts were merged to form [[Unitary authority|unitary authorities]], which are indicated in the right. The exceptions were [[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills]] and [[Leominster (district)|Leominster]], which were both split between the new district of [[Herefordshire]] and a new district of [[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills]]. See [[List of rural and urban districts of England]] for a list of the districts as they stood immediately before 1 April 1974. <!-- ==New districts== Districts created post-1974, ignoring unitary authorities run as counties, are {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !District !Date created !Predecessor(s) |- |[[Bath and North East Somerset]] || 1 April 1996 || [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] and [[Wansdyke (district)|Wansdyke]] |- |[[Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole]] || 1 April 2019 || [[Borough of Bournemouth|Bournemouth]], [[Borough of Christchurch|Christchurch]] and [[Borough of Poole|Poole]] |- |[[Brighton and Hove]] || 1 April 1997 || [[Brighton]] and [[Borough of Hove|Hove]] |- |[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]] || 1 April 2019 || [[East Dorset]], [[North Dorset]], [[Purbeck (district)|Purbeck]], [[West Dorset]], [[Weymouth and Portland]] |- |[[East Riding of Yorkshire (district)|East Riding of Yorkshire]] || 1 April 1996 || [[Boothferry (district)|Boothferry]] (part), [[East Yorkshire Borough of Beverley]], [[East Yorkshire (district)|East Yorkshire]], [[Holderness (borough)|Holderness]] |- |[[East Suffolk (district)|East Suffolk]] || 1 April 2019 || [[Suffolk Coastal]], [[Waverney District|Waveney]] |- |[[Herefordshire]] || 1 April 1998 || [[Hereford]], [[Malvern Hills]] (part), [[Leominster (district)|Leominster]] (part) [[South Herefordshire]] |- |[[Isle of Wight]] || 1 April 1995 || [[Medina (borough)|Medina]], [[South Wight]] |- |[[Malvern Hills District|Malvern Hills]] || 1 April 1998 || [[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills]] (part) and [[Leominster (district)|Leominster]] (part) |- |[[Medway]] || 1 April 1998 || [[City of Rochester-upon-Medway|Rochester]] and [[Gillingham, Medway|Gillingham]] |- |[[North Lincolnshire]] || 1 April 1996 || [[Boothferry (district)|Boothferry]] (part), [[Glanford (borough)|Glanford]], [[Scunthorpe (borough)|Scunthorpe]] |- |[[North East Lincolnshire]] || 1 April 1996 || [[Cleethorpes (borough)|Cleethorpes]], [[Great Grimsby (borough)|Great Grimsby]] |- |[[Somerset West and Taunton]] || 1 April 2019 || [[Taunton Deane]], [[West Somerset]] |- |[[South Gloucestershire]] || 1 April 1996 || [[Kingswood, South Gloucestershire|Kingswood]], [[Northavon]] |- |[[City of York|York]] || 1 April 1996 || [[York]], [[Borough of Harrogate|Harrogate]] (part), [[Ryedale]], [[Selby District)|Selby]] |[[North East Lincolnshire]] || 1 April 1996 || [[Cleethorpes (borough)|Cleethorpes]], [[Great Grimsby (borough)|Great Grimsby]] |- |} --> == Renamings == Under section 74 of the [[Local Government Act 1972]], the council of a district, county or London borough (or [[county borough]] in Wales) may change its name, providing the resolution to do so gains two-thirds of the votes at a special meeting. Until 1 April 1978, the council had to have the permission of the Secretary of State, but since that date they may do so unilaterally. At least one district name change was vetoed: the shadow authority for North Wolds wished to become "Bridlington and Yorkshire Wolds" before 1974 at the same time as other name changes were allowed. Several English districts have done this, whilst others have been renamed under the [[1990s UK local government reform]]. A few districts have even changed names twice. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Original name !New name ! data-sort-type="date" |Date !Notes |- |Barking |[[London Borough of Barking and Dagenham|Barking and Dagenham]] |1 January 1980 |<ref name="bull8082" /> |- |Basingstoke |[[Basingstoke and Deane]] |20 January 1978 |<ref>* {{London Gazette|issue=47453|date=2 February 1978|page=1397}}</ref> |- |Beaconsfield |[[South Bucks]] |1 April 1980 |<ref name="7980bull">{{cite web |title=Alteration of Areas and Status of Local Authorities October 1979 to April 1980 |url=http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce-documents/research/clg-bulletins/bulletin79-80.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213221611/http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce-documents/research/clg-bulletins/bulletin79-80.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2011 |access-date=16 January 2012 |publisher=Department of the Environment}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Bedford |North Bedfordshire |15 October 1975 |<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=46725|date=31 October 1975|page=13813}}</ref> |- |[[Borough of Bedford|Bedford]] |1 October 1992 |<ref name="bulletin9293">{{cite web |title=Bulletin of Changes of Local Authority Status, Names and Areas 1 April 1992 – 31 March 1993 |url=https://www.lgbce.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/17517/bulletin92-93.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805150954/https://www.lgbce.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/17517/bulletin92-93.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2017 |access-date=5 August 2017 |publisher=Department of The Environment}}</ref> |- |Beverley |[[Beverley (borough)|East Yorkshire Borough of Beverley]] |12 May 1981 |<ref name="bull8082" /> |- |Blackburn |[[Blackburn with Darwen]] |2 May 1997 |(before unitary) |- |Bosworth |[[Hinckley and Bosworth]] |20 November 1973 |† |- |Bracknell |[[Bracknell Forest]] |27 April 1988 |<ref name="8788bull">{{cite web |title=Bulletin of Changes of Local Authority Status, Names and Areas 1st April 1987- 31st March 1988 |url=http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/records-and-resources/bulletins-published-by-dclg/change---bulletin-1987-1988.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033524/http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/records-and-resources/bulletins-published-by-dclg/change---bulletin-1987-1988.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=15 January 2012 |publisher=Department of the Environment}}</ref> |- |Crewe |[[Crewe and Nantwich]] |17 January 1974 |† |- |Ellesmere Port |[[Ellesmere Port and Neston]] |21 June 1976 | |- |Grimsby |[[Great Grimsby]] |1 January 1979 | |- |Hammersmith |[[London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham|Hammersmith and Fulham]] |1 April 1979 | |- |Hartley Wintney |[[Hart (district)|Hart]] |17 January 1974 |† |- |Herefordshire |[[Herefordshire|County of Herefordshire]] |20 June 1997 | |- |Huntingdon |[[Huntingdonshire]] |1 October 1984 |<ref name="bull8485">{{cite web |title=Alteration of Areas and Status of Local Authorities 1 April 1984 – 31 March 1985 |url=http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce-documents/research/clg-bulletins/bulletin84-85.pdf |access-date=15 January 2012 |publisher=Department of the Environment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226072726/http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce-documents/research/clg-bulletins/bulletin84-85.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2018}}{{dead link|date=June 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Langbaurgh |Langbaurgh-on-Tees |1 January 1988 |<ref name="8788bull" /> |- |[[Redcar and Cleveland]] |1 April 1996 |(with unitary) |- |Medway |[[Rochester-upon-Medway]] |3 December 1979 |<ref name="bull8082" /> |- |Medway Towns |[[Medway]] |1 April 1998 |(with unitary) |- |Newark |[[Newark and Sherwood]] |1 April 1985 |<ref name="bull8485" /> |- |Newbury |[[West Berkshire]] |1 April 1998 |(with unitary) |- |North Wolds |[[East Yorkshire (district)|East Yorkshire]] |1 February 1981 |<ref name="bull8082" /> |- |Nuneaton |[[Nuneaton and Bedworth]] |1 October 1980 |<ref name="bull8082" /> |- |Pastonacres |[[North Norfolk]] |20 September 1973 |† |- |Petersfield |[[East Hampshire]] |8 October 1973 |† |- |Poole |[[Poole|Borough and County of the Town of Poole]] |1 April 1997 |(with unitary) |- |Rutland |[[Rutland|Rutland County Council]] |1 April 1997 |(with unitary) |- |Shepway |[[Folkestone and Hythe (District)|Folkestone and Hythe]] |1 April 2018 |<ref>{{cite web |title=We've changed our name |url=https://www.shepway.gov.uk/news/name-change |website=www.shepway.gov.uk |language=EN}}</ref> |- |Shrewsbury |[[Shrewsbury and Atcham]] |12 June 1974 | |- |Thamesdown |[[Swindon (borough)|Swindon]] |effective 1 April 1997 |(soon before unitary)<ref>[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2003/20031924.htm The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area)(Borough of Swindon) Order 2003<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |- |Tiverton |[[Mid Devon]] |6 February 1978 |<ref name="1978bull">{{cite web |title=Alteration in Status and Areas of Local Authorities for Period February 1978 - September 1978 |url=http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/records-and-resources/bulletins-published-by-dclg/change---bulletin-1978-feb-to-sept.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603044241/http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/records-and-resources/bulletins-published-by-dclg/change---bulletin-1978-feb-to-sept.pdf |archive-date=3 June 2011 |access-date=15 January 2012 |publisher=Department of the Environment}}</ref> |- |Wallingford |[[South Oxfordshire]] |20 September 1973 |† |- |West Derbyshire |[[Derbyshire Dales]] |1 January 1987 | |- |West Norfolk |[[King's Lynn and West Norfolk]] |14 May 1981 |<ref name="bull8082">{{cite web |title=Bulletin of Changes in Local Authority Areas, Names and Status 1980-1982 |url=http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce-documents/research/clg-bulletins/bulletin80-82.pdf |access-date=15 January 2012 |publisher=Department of the Environment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226072710/http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce-documents/research/clg-bulletins/bulletin80-82.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2018}}{{dead link|date=June 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> |- |Wimborne |[[East Dorset]] |1 January 1988 |<ref name="8788bull" /> |- |Woodspring |[[North Somerset]] |1 April 1996 |(with unitary) |- | rowspan="2" |Wrekin |The Wrekin |7 February 1974 |† |- |[[Telford and Wrekin]] |1 April 1998 |(with unitary) |- |Yeovil |[[South Somerset]] |1 April 1985 |<ref name="bull8485" /> |} † Malango gha kusintha zina la cigaŵa ici ghakapelekeka na maboma gha "mithunzi" agho ghakasankhika pa 7 Juni 1973. Kweniso chigaŵa chinyake cha ku England ŵali kuchinthaso zina. Pakwamba, tawuni ya Shropshire yikacemekanga Salop. Zina lake likasintha kufuma pa Epulero 1, 1980. == Wonaniso == * [[List of rural and urban districts in England in 1973]] == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Vyakuona vya kuwalo == * [[wikisource:The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972|The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972]] (SI 1972/2039) {{Administrative geography of the United Kingdom}} {{Subdivisions of England}} [[Category:Districts of England|*02]] [[Category:England geography-related lists|Districts of England]] [[Category:Lists of subdivisions of the United Kingdom|English districts]] [[Category:Local government in the United Kingdom|Districts, English02]] [[fr:Liste des districts d'Angleterre]] [[no:Distrikt (England)]] jjamw17fd441e9ejbup9peajg7wp8rl 0 29350 122996 122738 2026-10-07T02:46:54Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Fix error 122996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Video-sharing platform owned by Google}} {{Nkhani iwemi}} {{Pp|small=yes}} {{Pp-move-indef}} {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2022}} {{Infobox website|name=YouTube LLC|logo=YouTube Logo 2017.svg|logo_caption=Logo used since 2017|logo_size=250px|logo_alt=The YouTube logo is made of a red round-rectangular box with a white "play" button inside and the word "YouTube" written in black.|screenshot=YouTube homepage.png|caption=Screenshot of homepage on November 2, 2022|collapsible=<!-- the "no" setting neither works nor prevents collapse -->|company_type=[[Subsidiary]]|type=[[Online video platform]]|founded={{start date and age|2005|2|14}}|location=901 Cherry Avenue<br />[[San Bruno, California]]|country=United States|area_served=Worldwide (excluding [[censorship of YouTube|blocked countries]])|owner=[[Google LLC]]|founder={{ubl|[[Steve Chen]]|[[Chad Hurley]]|[[Jawed Karim]]}}|key_people={{ubl|[[Neal Mohan]] (CEO)| Matt Halprin (vice president)|Chad Hurley (advisor)}}|industry={{ubl|[[Internet]]|[[Video hosting service]]}}|products={{ubl||[[YouTube Kids]]|[[YouTube Music]]|[[YouTube Premium]]|[[YouTube Shorts]]|[[YouTube TV]]}}|revenue={{increase}} {{USD|28.8 billion}} (2021)<ref name="Weprin">{{Cite web |last=Weprin |first=Alex |date=February 1, 2022 |title=YouTube Ad Revenue Tops $8.6B, Beating Netflix in the Quarter |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/youtube-ad-revenue-tops-8-6b-beating-netflix-in-the-quarter-1235085391/ |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>|parent=[[Google LLC]] (2006–present)|url={{URL|https://www.youtube.com/|youtube.com}}<br />(see [[#International_and_localization|list of localized domain names]])|content_license=Uploader holds copyright (standard license); [[Creative Commons]] can be selected.|programming_language=[[Python (programming language)|Python]] (core/API),<ref>{{cite web|last1=Claburn |first1=Thomas |title=Google's Grumpy code makes Python Go |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/01/05/googles_grumpy_makes_python_go/ |website=The Register |access-date=September 16, 2017 |language=en |date=January 5, 2017}}</ref> [[C (programming language)|C]] (through [[CPython]]), [[C++]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]] (through [[Guice]] platform),<ref>{{cite web|first=Jesse |last=Wilson |title=Guice Deuce |url=https://googlecode.blogspot.no/2009/05/guice-deuce.html |website=Official Google Code Blog |date=May 19, 2009 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://highscalability.com/blog/2008/3/12/youtube-architecture.html |title=YouTube Architecture |publisher=High Scalability |access-date=October 13, 2014 |archive-date=October 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004091618/http://highscalability.com/blog/2008/3/12/youtube-architecture.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Go (programming language)|Go]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Golang Vitess: a database wrapper written in Go as used by Youtube |website=[[GitHub]]|url=https://github.com/youtube/vitess|date=October 23, 2018}}</ref> [[JavaScript]] (UI)|advertising=[[Google AdSense]]|registration={{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal; text-align:left; background-color:transparent | title = Optional | Not required to watch most videos; required for certain tasks such as uploading videos, viewing flagged (18+) videos, creating playlists, liking or disliking videos, and posting comments }}|users={{increase}} 2.562 billion [[Monthly active user|MAU]] (January 2022)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=January 2022 |title=Most used social media 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users// |access-date= January 5, 2023 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref>|launched={{start date and age|2005|02|14}}|current_status=Active}} '''YouTube''' ni kampani yaku [[America]] iyo yikupanga mavidiyo pa intaneti ndipo yikukhala ku [[San Bruno]], [[California]], United States. Wakapangika pa Febuluwale 14, 2005, na Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, na Jawed Karim. Webusayiti iyi njakovwira chomene pa Intaneti. Pa mwezi, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.5 biliyoni ŵakuwonelera mavidiyo pa YouTube. Mu Meyi 2019, mavidiyo ghakaŵanga na maora ghakujumpha 500 pa miniti.<ref name="500 hours per minute">{{cite news|author=Loke Hale, James|date=May 7, 2019|title=More Than 500 Hours Of Content Are Now Being Uploaded To YouTube Every Minute|work=[[TubeFilter]]|location=Los Angeles, CA|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2019/05/07/number-hours-video-uploaded-to-youtube-per-minute/|access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Neufeld |first=Dorothy |date=January 27, 2021 |title=The 50 Most Visited Websites in the World |url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-50-most-visited-websites-in-the-world/ |access-date=December 6, 2021 |website=Visual Capitalist |language=en-US}}</ref> <!-- History -->Mu Okutobala 2006, Google yikagura YouTube pa mtengo wa madola 1.65 biliyoni. Google yikati yamba kugwiliskira ntchito YouTube, yikamba kupanga malonda ghanandi chomene. Kweniso likupeleka YouTube Premium, nthowa yakulipira kuti munthu wawonelerenge vinthu kwambura malonda. Kweniso YouTube yikazomerezga awo ŵakulemba nkhani kuti ŵachiteko nawo ntchito ya Google ya AdSense, iyo yikukhumba kuti wose ŵawovwirepo. Mu 2022, YouTube yikapeleka ndalama zakukwana $29.2 billion. Mu 2021, ndalama zakupanga malonda pa YouTube zakwera mpaka $ 28.8 biliyoni, kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama za 9 biliyoni kuchokera chaka chatha.<ref name="Weprin">{{Cite web |last=Weprin |first=Alex |date=February 1, 2022 |title=YouTube Ad Revenue Tops $8.6B, Beating Netflix in the Quarter |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/youtube-ad-revenue-tops-8-6b-beating-netflix-in-the-quarter-1235085391/ |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><!-- Content and operations --> Kufuma waka apo Google yikagulira YouTube, yikasazgikira kujumpha pa webusayiti yakwamba na kuŵa na ma app gha pa mafoni, ma TV gha pa Intaneti, kweniso yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinandi. Mavidiyo agho ghali pa YouTube ni mavidiyo gha sumu, mavidiyo, nkhani, mafilimu ghapafupi, mafilimu, sumu, mavidiyo ghapang'anamuliro gha mafilimu, ma teaser, ma livestreams, vlog, na vinyake vinandi. Vinthu vinandi vikupangika na ŵanthu ŵekhaŵekha, kusazgapo awo ŵakuwungana na makampani. Makampani agho ghakumanyikwa chomene nga ni Disney, Paramount, NBCUniversal, na Warner Bros. Kweniso ŵakamba na kusazgirako mawayilesi ghawo gha pa YouTube kuti ŵapharazgirenge ŵanthu ŵanandi. YouTube yikupangiska ŵanthu kuŵa na nkharo yiwemi chomene, yikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kutemwana pa Intaneti. Nangauli YouTube yikukura chomene ndipo yikwenda makora, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakususka. Ŵanthu awo ŵakususka YouTube ŵakugwiliskira ntchito webusayiti iyi kuti ŵapharazge mautesi, kuswa malango gha ŵanthu, kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa pa webusayiti iyi. == {{Anchor|Company history}}{{Anchor|Website history}}Mbiri == {{Main|Mbiri ya YouTube}} === Kukhazikiska na kukura kwapakwamba (2005~2006) === [[File:Youtube_founders.jpg|thumb|Kufuma kumazere kuya kumalyero: Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, na Jawed Karim, awo ŵakambiska YouTube]] YouTube yikapangika na Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, na Jawed Karim. Ŵanalume ŵatatu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵantchito ŵakwambilira ŵa PayPal, ndipo ŵakasambazga comene pamanyuma pakuti kampani iyi yagulika na eBay. Hurley wakasambira vya kupanga vinthu pa yunivesite ya Indiana ku Pennsylvania, ndipo Chen na Karim ŵakasambira vya kompyuta pa yunivesite ya Illinois ku Urbana-Champaign. Kuyana na nkhani iyo yikayowoyeka kanandi waka mu manyuzipepara, Hurley na Chen ŵakapanga pulani ya YouTube mu myezi yakwambilira ya 2005, pamanyuma pakuti ŵakasangana na masuzgo pakugwiliskira nchito mavidiyo agho ŵakajambura pa ciphikiro ca mu nyumba ya Chen ku San Francisco. Karim wakaluta yayi ku ciphikiro ici ndipo wakakana kuti vikacitika nadi, kweni Chen wakati maghanoghano ghakuti YouTube yikapangika pamanyuma pa ciphikiro "ghakwenera kuti ghakakhozga comene maghanoghano gha malonda ghakukhwaskana na kulenga nkhani iyo yikwenera kuti yikasangika makora". Karim wakati chenjezgo la YouTube likamba kufuma ku nkhani ya Super Bowl XXXVIII apo chifuŵa cha Janet Jackson chikavumbukwa na Justin Timberlake. Karim wakawona kuti ntchipusu yayi kusanga mavidiyo gha chindindindi icho chikachitika mu 2004 pa Intaneti. Hurley na Chen ŵakayowoya kuti maghanoghano ghakwambilira gha YouTube ghakaŵa gha chigaŵa cha mavidiyo gha pa Intaneti ndipo ghakafuma pa webusayiti ya Hot or Not. Ŵakalemba nkhani pa Craigslist, kupempha ŵanakazi ŵakutowa kuti ŵaŵikenge mavidiyo ghawo pa YouTube kuti ŵaŵape ndalama zakukwana madola 100. Chifukwa cha suzgo la kusanga mavidiyo ghakukwana gha ŵanthu ŵakutorana, ŵakasintha ivyo ŵakakhumbanga kuchita.<ref>{{cite news|first=Stuart|last=Dredge|title=YouTube was meant to be a video-dating website|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/mar/16/youtube-past-video-dating-website|work=The Guardian|date=March 16, 2016|access-date=March 15, 2019}}</ref> [[File:Youtube_logo.jpg|thumb|Chizindikiro cha YouTube chomwe chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira pomwe chinayambika mpaka 2007; chinabwerera mu 2008 chisanachotsedwe kachiwiri mu 2010. Chizindikiro chinyake icho pakaŵavya mazgu ghakuti "Sindikizgani Mwekha" chikagwiranga ntchito m'paka mu 2011.]] YouTube yikamba kuŵa kampani iyo yikagwiliskiranga nchito vinthu vya teknoloji. Pakati pa Novembala 2005 na Epulero 2006, kampani iyi yikasanga ndalama kufuma ku ŵamalonda ŵakupambanapambana, ndipo Sequoia Capital, $11.5 miliyoni, na Artis Capital Management, $8 miliyoni, ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakuru chomene. Malo ghakwambilira gha YouTube ghakaŵa pachanya pa malo gha pizza na malo gha vyakurya gha ku Japan mu San Mateo, California. Mu Febuluwale 2005, kampani iyi yikajura webusayiti ya www.youtube.com. Vidiyo yakwamba yikaŵa pa Epulero 23, 2005. Chithunzichi chili ndi mutu wakuti "Ine ku zoo" ndipo chikusonyeza woyambitsa mnzake Jawed Karim ku San Diego Zoo ndipo chikhoza kuwonedwabe pa webusaitiyi. Mu Meyi, kampani iyi yikambiska beta ya ŵanthu wose ndipo mu Novembala, chipharazgo cha Nike icho muli Ronaldinho chikaŵa vidiyo yakwamba kuwoneka pa intaneti. Webusayiti iyi yikamba kugwira ntchito pa Disembala 15, 2005, ndipo pa nyengo iyi ŵanthu 8 miliyoni ŵakayiwonanga zuŵa lililose. Pa nyengo iyo, vithuzithuzi ivi vikaŵa vya mameghabayiti 100, panji kuti masekondi 30. YouTube yikaŵa malo ghakwamba yayi kugaŵirako mavidiyo pa Intaneti. Vimeo yikambiska mu Novembala 2004, nangauli pa nyengo iyo, malo agha ghakaŵa ghapusu yayi. Sabata iyo YouTube yikambira, pa NBC-Universal pa Saturday Night Live pakaŵa sumu ya The Lonely Island yakuchemeka "Lazy Sunday". Padera pa kovwira kuti Saturday Night Live yiŵe na ŵanthu ŵanandi, "Lazy Sunday" yikawovwira kuti YouTube yiŵe malo ghakuzirwa. Pa February 2006, vidiyo iyi yikawonekerathu pa YouTube ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 5 miliyoni ŵakawonelera pambere ŵandayiwuskemo. Nangauli paumaliro ŵakawuskapo vidiyo iyi, kweni yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinandi pa YouTube. Webusayiti iyi yikakura mwaluŵiro chomene. Mu Julayi 2006, kampani iyi yikapharazga kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 65,000 ŵakujura mavidiyo zuŵa lililose. Kusankha zina lakuti www.youtube.com kukapangiska kuti webusayiti yinyake yiŵe na zina lakuyana waka lakuti www.youtube.com. Mweneko wa webusayiti iyi, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, wakadandawura na YouTube mu Novembala 2006 chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhumbanga waka kuwonelera vidiyo iyi. Universal Tube wakasintha webusayiti yake kuŵa www. utubeonline .com.<ref>{{cite news|title=Help! YouTube is killing my business!|author=Zappone, Christian|publisher=CNN|url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/10/12/news/companies/utube/index.htm|access-date=November 29, 2008|date=October 12, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Utube sues YouTube|author=Blakely, Rhys|work=The Times|location=London|url=https://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/media/article623050.ece|access-date=November 29, 2008|date=November 2, 2006|archive-date=April 3, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403234216/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/media/article623050.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Nyengo ya Broadcast Yourself (2006~2013) === [[File:901_Cherry_Avenue.jpg|left|thumb|Likulu la YouTube ku San Bruno, California]] Pa Okutobala 9, 2006, Google yikapharazga kuti yagura YouTube pa mtengo wa $1.65 biliyoni. Phangano ili likamara pa Novembala 13, 2006. IAC, iyo sono yikaŵa na Vimeo, yikamba kovwira awo ŵakupangiska mavidiyo kuti ŵapatukeko ku YouTube. Pa nyengo iyi, YouTube yikamba kuyowoya mazgu ghakuti "Jipharazgirani". Kampani iyi yikakura mwaluŵiro. The Daily Telegraph yikalemba kuti mu 2007, YouTube yikagwiliskiranga nchito bandwidth yinandi comene nga ni Intaneti yose mu 2000. Kufika mu 2010, kampani iyi yikaŵa na chiŵelengero cha mavidiyo pafupifupi 43 peresenti, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuwonelera mavidiyo ghakujumpha 14 biliyoni. Chaka chenechicho, kampani iyi yikasintha vinthu vinyake kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge nyengo yitali pa webusayiti iyi. Mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵakawoneleranga mavidiyo ghakujumpha mabiliyoni ghatatu zuŵa lililose. Ndipouli, mavidiyo ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵakawonanga ghakaŵa ghachoko chomene. Mu chaka chenechicho, kampani iyi yikasinthaso chigaŵa chake ndipo nyengo yeneyiyo, yikapelekaso logo yiphya ya mdima wakufipa. Mu 2013, pakaŵaso kusintha kwa kompyuta, TV, na foni. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pa Intaneti maora ghakujumpha 100 pa miniti yiliyose.<ref>{{cite web |last=Welch |first=Chris |date=May 19, 2013 |title=YouTube users now upload 100 hours of video every minute |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/5/19/4345514/youtube-users-upload-100-hours-video-every-minute |access-date=March 26, 2017 |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=E. Solsman |first=Joan |date=November 12, 2014 |title=YouTube's Music Key: Can paid streaming finally hook the masses? |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/youtube-music-key-googles-stab-at-taking-paid-streaming-songs-mainstream/ |access-date=March 25, 2017 |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref> [[File:Logo_of_YouTube_(2015-2017).svg|thumb|Chizindikiro cha YouTube kuyambira 2015 mpaka 2017]] Pa nyengo iyi, gulu likasintha vinthu vinyake. Mu Okutobala 2006, YouTube wakasamira ku ofesi yiphya ku San Bruno, California. Hurley wakapharazga kuti wafumengepo pa udindo wa CEO wa YouTube kuti waŵe na udindo wa kuphalira ŵanthu vya YouTube. Mu Disembala 2009, YouTube yikakolerana na Vevo. Mu Epulero 2010, sumu ya Lady Gaga ya "Bad Romance" yikaŵa vidiyo iyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakawonelera chomene, ndipo yikaŵa yakwamba kuwonelera ŵanthu mamiliyoni 200 pa Meyi 9, 2010.<ref>{{cite news|date=May 9, 2010|url=https://pulse2.com/bad-romance-by-lady-gaga-becomes-first-youtube-video-to-hit-200-million-views/|title=Bad Romance By Lady Gaga Becomes First YouTube Video To Hit 200 Million Views}}</ref> === Susan Wojcicki and going mainstream (2014–2018) === [[File:YouTube_Logo_2017.svg|thumb|Chizindikiro cha YouTube kuyambira 2017]] Susan Wojcicki wakasankhika kuŵa CEO wa YouTube mu Febuluwale 2014. Mu Janyuwale 2016, YouTube yikasazgirako ofesi yake yikuru ku San Bruno mwa kugura malo gha maofesi gha $215 miliyoni. Malo agha ghali na malo ghakukwana mamita 51,468 ndipo ghangakwana ŵanthu 2,800. YouTube yikamba kupanga vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukolerana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya pa Intaneti. Mu nyengo iyi, YouTube yikayezga nthowa zinandi zakupambanapambana kuti yisangirepo ndalama. Mu 2013, YouTube yikambiska pulogiramu ya viwoneskero kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakupanga vinthu vya pa Intaneti ŵapelekenge ma TV ghapachanya. Ntchito iyi yikamara mu Janyuwale 2018 ndipo yikambaso mu Juni, na maubwezi gha US$4.99. Kulembeska pa wayilesi iyi kukakhozga nthowa ya Super Chat, iyo yikamba mu 2017, iyo yikovwira kuti awo ŵakuwonelera ŵapeleke ndalama zakukwana $1 na $500 kuti ŵawonenge ivyo ŵakuyowoya. Mu 2014, YouTube yikapharazga za "Music Key", iyo yikaŵa na nkhani za sumu pa YouTube. Mu 2015, YouTube yikapharazga vya YouTube Red, yeneiyo yikaŵa nthowa yiphya yakupharazgira ŵanthu kwambura kuŵika malonda pa Intaneti. Kweniso YouTube yikafumiska YouTube Music, app yacitatu iyo yikovwira ŵanthu kumanya sumu izo zili pa YouTube. Kweniso kampani iyi yikayezga kupanga vinthu vyakuti viŵawovwire. Mu 2015, YouTube yikafumiska pulogiramu ya pa foni yakuchemeka YouTube Kids. Lili na nthowa yipusu yakugwiliskira ntchito TV iyi, na mavidiyo ghakwenelera ŵana awo ŵafika pa msinkhu wawo. Kweniso mu 2015, YouTube yikambiska YouTube Gaming, app ya mavidiyo na mavidyo gha pa Intaneti. Kampaniyi idaukiridwa pa Epulo 3, 2018, pomwe kuwombera kunachitika ku likulu la YouTube ku San Bruno, California, komwe kudavulaza anayi ndikupangitsa munthu m'modzi kufa (womenya).<ref name="shooting">{{Cite news|date=April 4, 2018|title=YouTube shooting: Suspect visited shooting range before attack|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-43645812|access-date=April 9, 2018}}</ref> === Mbiri yaposachedwapa (2019~pano) === Kuzakafika mu Febuluwale 2017, maora 1 biliyoni gha mavidiyo gha pa YouTube ghakawoneleranga zuŵa lililose, ndipo maora 400 gha mavidiyo ghakaŵikikanga pa intaneti miniti yiliyose. Pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri, ŵanthu ŵakakweranga mavidiyo agha maora ghakujumpha 500 pa miniti. Mu nyengo ya nthenda ya COVID-19, apo caru cose cikaŵa pasi pa dango la kukhala pa nyumba, kugwiliskira nchito vinthu nga ni YouTube kukakwera comene. Kampani yimoza ya data yikati YouTube yikupangiska 15% ya intaneti yose, kaŵiri kuluska umo yikaŵira pambere nthenda iyi yindambe. Pakuzgora ku ŵamazaza ŵa EU awo ŵakapempha kuti mautumiki agha ghachepeske bandwidth kuti ŵasimikizge kuti ŵantchito ŵa ku chipatala ŵali na bandwidth yakukwana kuti ŵagaŵiranenge fundo, YouTube na Netflix ŵakayowoya kuti ŵalutilirenge kuchepeska umanyi wa ma TV kwa mazuŵa 30 kuti ŵapepuske bandwidth ya mautumiki ghawo na 25%. Pamanyuma, YouTube yikati yilutizgenge mulimo uwu pa caru cose: "Tikulutilira kwenderana na maboma na ŵantchito ŵa pa caru cose kuti tileke kusuzgika comene na vinthu ivi". Pamasinda pa kudandawura uko kukacitika mu 2018 cifukwa ca kuswa malango gha Child's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), kampani iyi yikapika cilango ca $170 miliyoni na FTC cifukwa ca kupokera fundo za ŵanthu ŵacoko comene. Kweniso boma likalangura kuti YouTube yipange nthowa zakovwilira ŵana kuti ŵaleke kufipa mtima. Pamanyuma pa kususkika cifukwa ca ivyo vikacitika, pa Janyuwale 6, 2020, YouTube yikamba kuwona mavidiyo ghose agho ghakaŵa "ghakupangikira ŵana" nga nga nga nga nga ni malango gha COPPA. Pakunjira mu app ya YouTube Kids, kampani iyi yikapangiska kuti mu 2021 paŵe nthowa yakuwonera, iyo yikunozgekera ŵawukirano. Kweniso kuti yikolere TikTok, YouTube yikamba kupanga vidiyo yifupi yakuchemeka YouTube Shorts. Mu nyengo iyi, YouTube yikamba kulimbana na makampani ghanyake gha vya tekinoloje. Kwa chaka chimoza, mu 2018 na 2019, pakaŵavya app ya YouTube iyo yikagwiliskirika pa Amazon Fire. Mu 2020, Roku wakawuskamo app ya YouTube TV mu sitoro yake chifukwa chakuti makampani ghaŵiri agha ghakatondeka kukolerana. Pambuyo poyesa kale mu 2021, YouTube idachotsa kuwonetsera pagulu kwa kusakonda kwamavidiyo mu Novembala 2021, ponena kuti chifukwa chochotsera chinali, kutengera kafukufuku wake wamkati, kuti ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kusakonda ngati njira yochitira nkhanza pa intaneti. Nangauli ŵanyake ŵakulumba kuti nthowa iyi yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kutinkhana, kweni ŵanyake ŵakuti para munthu wangaleka kutinkhana, vingapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuwona mavidiyo ghambura kovwira. Uyo wakawovwira kukhazikiska YouTube, Jawed Karim, wakati kusintha uku "nkhuzeleza", ndipo cifukwa ceneko ca kusintha uku "nkhwakwenelera yayi, ndipo nchakuti ŵanthu ŵamanyenge yayi". Iyo wakawona kuti nchakuzirwa comene kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito Intaneti ŵamanye vinthu viheni. Iyo wakati: "Nthowa iyi yikugwira nchito, ndipo yili na zina lakuti vinjeru vya ŵanthu ŵanandi. Para pulogiramu yikususka, ndondomeko iyi yikumara. Para vyaŵa nthena, pulatifomu yikuleka kugwira ntchito". Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, Dmitry Selivanov, uyo wakapanganga mapulogiramu gha pa kompyuta, wakambiska pulogiramu ya Return YouTube Dislike. Mu kalata iyo yikapharazgika pa January 25, 2022 na Susan Wojcicki, CEO wa YouTube, wakazomerezga kuti kuwuskamo ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa yayi nkhani iyi chikaŵa chakujandizga, kweni wakawerezgapo kuti wakukhalilira na fundo iyi, wakati "yikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kutinkhana". Mu 2022, YouTube yikamba kuyezga umo yikulongolera ŵanthu awo ŵakuwonelera mavidiyo ghatali pa TV, malonda ghafupi ghambura kujumpha. Pamanyuma pakuti ŵanthu ŵakwiya chomene chifukwa cha unandi wa mapulogiramu ghaphya agho ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga yayi, pa Seputembala 19 wa chaka chenechichi, YouTube "yikamalizga" ntchito iyi. Mu Okutobala, YouTube yikapharazga kuti yizenge na vigaŵa vyakugwiliskira ntchito (nga ni @MrBeast6000) kusazgapo mazina gha wayilesi, agho ghangazgokaso ma URL gha wayilesi. Pa Febuluwale 16, 2023, Wojcicki wakapharazga kuti wafumenge pa udindo wake wa CEO, ndipo Neal Mohan ndiyo wamupenge malo. Wojcicki wazamovwira Google na Alphabet.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last1=Peters |first1=Jay |last2=Roth |first2=Emma |date=January 16, 2023 |title=YouTube CEO Susan Wojcicki steps down after nine years at the helm |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/16/23602759/youtube-ceo-susan-wojcicki-stepping-down-neal-mohan-google |access-date=February 16, 2023 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> == Ŵalara ŵa kamupani == YouTube yikulongozgeka na CEO kufuma waka apo yikambira mu 2005, ndipo yikalutilira kuŵa na mulongozgi nangauli Google yikayigura. CEO wa sono ni Neal Mohan, uyo wakasankhika pa February 16, 2023.<ref name=":15" /> === Mndandanda wa ma CEO === # [[Chad Hurley]] (2005–2010) # [[Salar Kamangar]] (2010–2014) # [[Susan Wojcicki]] (2014–2023)<ref name=":15" /> # [[Neal Mohan]] (since February 2023)<ref name=":15" /> == Vinthu vyake == === Vidiyo === YouTube yikugwiliskira nchito VP9 na H.264/MPEG-4 AVC codecs, na Dynamic Adaptive Streaming pa HTTP protocol. MPEG-4 Part 2 streams izo zili mu 3GP containers nazo zikupelekeka pa bandwidth yachepa. Mu Janyuwale 2019, YouTube yikamba kupanga mavidiyo mu AV1. Mu 2021, ŵakayowoya kuti kampani iyi yikughanaghana vya kukhumba AV1 mu hardware ya streaming kuti yichepeske bandwidth na kusazgirako quality. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mavidiyo pamoza na Opus na AAC. Pakwamba mu 2005, kuti munthu wawone mavidiyo gha pa YouTube pa kompyuta, wakeneranga kuŵa na Adobe Flash Player. Mu Janyuwale 2010, YouTube yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito webusayiti iyi pa chiyezgo. Ivi vikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵawonenge mavidiyo kwambura kuŵika Adobe Flash Player panji pulogini yinyake. Pa Janyuwale 27, 2015, YouTube yikapharazga kuti HTML5 ndiyo yizamuŵa nthowa yakulondezgera pa ma browser. Mavidiyo gha HTML5 ghakugwiliskira ntchito Dynamic Adaptive Streaming pa HTTP (MPEG-DASH), nthowa yakugwiliskira ntchito HTTP iyo yikovwira kuti munthu waŵe na vithuzi vinandi. Pa foni iyi, ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mavidiyo gha pa Intaneti gha mtundu wa 144p. Ungweru uwu ungasinthika mwakuyana na luŵiro lwa foni panji ungasinthika na mawoko. Kwambira mu 2008 m'paka mu 2017, ŵanthu ŵakaŵanga na mwaŵi wa kusazgako "mavidiyo" ku mavidiyo ghawo, nga ni mauthenga gha pa kompyuta na ma hyperlink. Kufika mu 2019 mazgu ghose gha mu mavidiyo ghakafumiskikapo, ndipo mavidiyo ghanyake ghakaŵa ghambura ntchito. YouTube yikamba kupanga vinthu vinyake kuti viwovwire ŵanthu pa Intaneti, nga ni vithuzithuzi vyakumalizgira. Mu 2018, YouTube yikazgoka rejisitala ya ISNI, ndipo yikapharazga kuti yikukhumba kwamba kupanga vimanyikwiro vya ISNI kuti yimanyiske ŵanyimbo awo mavidiyo ghawo ghalipo. Awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito foni iyi ŵakumanya kuti ŵangawoneseska kuti nkhani yawo njaunenesko. Apo YouTube yikambanga mu 2005, vikaŵa vyamachitiko kuŵika mavidiyo ghatali, kweni mu Malichi 2006 ŵakaŵikamo nyengo ya maminiti 10 pamanyuma pakuti YouTube yamanya kuti mavidiyo ghanandi agho ghakaŵa ghatali chomene ghakaŵa ghambura kuzomerezgeka. Mu Julayi 2010, nyengo ya maminiti 10 yikakwera kufika pa maminiti 15. Mavidiyo ghangaŵa ghakukwana 256 GB panji maora 12, kuyana na unandi wake. Kufumira mu 2021, mavidiyo agho ghali na mazgu agho ghangalembeka mu viyowoyero 13, ndipo ghangalembeka na mashini. YouTube yikupelekaso mazgu ghakupangika na ŵanthu nga ntchigaŵa cha makompyuta. Kale YouTube yikapelekanga fundo yakuti 'Community Captions' apo awo ŵakulaŵilira mavidiyo ŵakeneranga kulemba na kupeleka mazgu ghakupulikizga para munthu uyo wakujura mavidiyo wazomerezga. Kweni mu Seputembala 2020 ŵakaleka. YouTube yikuzomera mafayilo gha mtundu wa MP4, Matroska, FLV, AVI, WebM, 3GP, MPEG-PS, na QuickTime. Vyakupanga mavidiyo vinyake (nga ni ProRes) navyo vikuzomerezgeka. YouTube yikuphalira ŵanthu umo ŵangakopera. Vidiyo yiliyose yikumanyikwa na alphanumerical Base64 string ya vilembo 11 mu Uniform Resource Locator (URL) iyo yingaŵa na vilembo, manambara, chakukhozgera (_), na dash (-). Mu 2018, YouTube yikaŵaso na chigaŵa chakuchemeka Premiere icho chikupeleka uthenga kwa munthu uyo wakugwiliskira ntchito vidiyo. Para nyengo yakutemeka yakwana, vidiyo iyi yikuŵa pa TV ndipo yikutora maminiti ghaŵiri. Para mungakhumba, mungamba kuwonelera nyengo yeneyiyo.<ref>{{cite web |title=What are YouTube Premieres, and How Do You Use Them? |url=https://www.howtogeek.com/367588/what-are-youtube-premiers-and-how-do-you-use-them/}}</ref> ==== Maonekelo ==== Pakwamba YouTube yikapelekanga mavidiyo gha mtundu umoza pera, agho ghakaŵa na ma pixels 320×240 pakugwiliskira nchito codec ya Sorenson Spark (iyo ni H.263), pamoza na sumu za MP3 za mtundu umoza. Mu Juni 2007, YouTube yikaŵaso na mwaŵi wa kuwonelera mavidiyo mu 3GP pa mafoni. Mu Malichi 2008, ŵakasazgirako mtundu wa high-quality mode, uwo ukasazgirako ma pixels 480×360. Mu Disembala 2008, ŵakasazgirako vidiyo ya 720p. Pa nyengo ya kukhazikiskika kwa 720p, YouTube player yikasinthika kufuma ku 4:3 aspect ratio kuya ku widescreen 16:9. Na fundo iyi, YouTube yikamba kusintha kuti yiŵe na H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. Mu Novembala 2009, ŵakasazgirako vidiyo ya 1080p. Mu Julayi 2010, YouTube yikapharazga kuti yapanga mavidiyo ghanandi gha mtundu wa 4K, agho ghangaŵa na vithuzithuzi vyakukwana 4096×3072. Mu Julayi 2010, ŵakasazgirako vidiyo ya mtundu wa 4K. Mu Juni 2015, ŵakasazgirako vidiyo ya 8K, ndipo mavidiyo agha ghakaŵa na vithuzithuzi 7680×4320. Mu Novembala 2016, ŵakasazgirako vidiyo ya HDR iyo yingalembeka na HLG panji PQ. Vidiyo ya HDR yingalembeka na mtundu wa Rec. 2020. Mu Juni 2014, YouTube yikamba kovwirapo pa mavidiyo gha vithuzithuzi ivyo vikuŵa na vithuzithuzi vyakukwana vithuzithuzi 60 pa sekondi. YouTube yikati ivi viwovwirenge kuti ŵanthu ŵawonenge makora mavidiyo agho ghali na vithuzithuzi vinandi. Mavidiyo gha pa YouTube ghalipo mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuwonelera ŵakukhwaska waka kawonekero ka vidiyo. Mu mafoni agha, ŵanthu ŵakusankhapo "Auto", iyo yikusintha umo vinthu viliri pa Intaneti, "High Picture Quality" iyo yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵawonenge makora mavidiyo, "Data saver" iyo yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito makora mavidiyo, na "Advanced" iyo yikovwira kuti munthu wasankhenge makora. Pa kompyuta, ŵanthu ŵakusankha "Auto" panji mtundu unyake. Munthu uyo wakuwonelera vidiyo iyi wangasankha yayi vithuzi ivyo vili na vithuzi vinandi. Kwambira mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵakuwonelera mavidiyo gha 3D. Mu 2015, YouTube yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito mavidiyo gha madigiri 360. Kufuma mu Epulero 2016, yikapeleka mwaŵi wa kuwonelera mavidiyo gha pa 360°, kweniso mavidiyo gha pa 360° na gha pa 1440p. Chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakawoneleranga pa digirii zakujumpha 90, yikamba kukhozgera vidiyo yinyake yakuchemeka VR180. Chifukwa cha ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulaŵilira mavidiyo agha, YouTube yikasintha nyengo yichoko waka. YouTube yikapanga chip chake, chakuchemeka Argos, kuti chiwovwire pakukopera mavidiyo ghapachanya mu 2021. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, YouTube yikovwira munthu uyo wakujura kuti wasinthe mavidiyo agho ghakaŵako kale chomene. Ubwezi unyake uwo ŵakachita na Universal Music Group ukaŵa wa kupanga mavidiyo 1,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=June 19, 2019 |title=YouTube partners with Universal to upgrade nearly 1,000 classic music videos to HD |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/19/youtube-partners-with-universal-to-upgrade-nearly-1000-classic-music-videos-to-hd/ |access-date=March 9, 2022 |website=TechCrunch |language=en}}</ref> ==== Kuŵerenga pa Intaneti ==== YouTube yikachita viyezgo vyakwambilira pa nkhani ya kuwonelera vinthu vyamuyirayira, kusazgapo ungano wa U2 mu 2009, na ungano wa mafumbo na mazgoro na pulezidenti wa ku United States Barack Obama mu Febuluwale 2010. Kuyezgelera uku kukajintha pa maukadaulo gha ŵabwezi ŵachitatu, kweni mu Seputembala 2010, YouTube yikamba kuyezga nthowa yake yakwendeskera. Mu Epulero 2011, YouTube yikapharazga kuti yivulenge YouTube Live. Pakwamba, ŵanthu ŵekha ndiwo ŵakawoneleranga vidiyo iyi. Kanema uyu wakagwiliskirika ntchito pa nkhani za pa nyengo yake nga ni maseŵero gha ku London mu 2012. Mu Okutobala 2012, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 8 miliyoni ŵakawonelera umo Felix Baumgartner wakadukira kufuma ku mphepete mwa mlengalenga. Mu Meyi 2013, ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na chiŵelengero chakukwana 1,000 ndiwo ŵakazomerezgekanga kuwonelera pa Intaneti. Mu Febuluwale 2017, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwonelera vidiyo iyi pa foni. Pakwamba, ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito foni iyi ŵakaŵa waka na ŵanthu 10,000, kweni mu 2017 ŵakachepeskeka kufika pa ŵanthu 100. Vidiyo iyi yikovwira kuti munthu wawonenge vinthu mu HDR.<ref name="Verge 2016">{{cite web |last=Garun |first=Natt |date=November 30, 2016 |title=YouTube now supports 4K live-streaming for both 360-degree and standard video |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/30/13783272/youtube-update-4k-live-streaming-support-360-video |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Jon |date=December 8, 2020 |title=YouTube live streams now support HDR |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/8/22162889/youtube-live-stream-hdr-support |access-date=May 10, 2021 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> === Vinthu vya mugwiliski === ==== Comment system <span class="anchor" id="User_comments"></span> ==== {{See also|Criticism of Google#YouTube user comments}} Mu 2006, magazini ya Time yikalumba Web 2.0 cifukwa ca kovwira "ŵanthu kuti ŵateŵeterenge lumoza na kucitirana vinthu pamoza mu nthowa iyo yindacitikepo nakale", ndipo yikasazgirapo kuti YouTube "yikugwiliskira nchito ucindere wa ŵanthu kweniso vinjeru vyawo. Vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya pa YouTube vikupangiska munthu kulira chifukwa cha umo ŵanthu ŵakulemberana, kweniso chifukwa cha viheni ivyo ŵakuyowoya". Mu 2009, nyuzipepara ya The Guardian yikati:<ref>{{cite news|last=Owen|first=Paul|date=November 3, 2009|title=Our top 10 funniest YouTube comments – what are yours?|work=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2009/nov/03/youtube-funniest-comments|access-date=March 13, 2014}}</ref> {{blockquote|Ŵawukirano, ŵankhaza, ŵambura kupulikiska makora, ŵakususkana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi, ŵakutemwa ŵanthu ŵanyawo, ŵakukwiya chomene na ivyo vili mu vidiyo ndipo ŵakulongosora mwakupwelelera, ndipo pamasinda ŵakulemba mazgu ghakukhozga soni.}} Mu Seputembala 2008, nyuzipepara ya Daily Telegraph yikati YouTube "njakumanyikwa chomene" chifukwa cha "mauthenga ghakupambanapambana pa Intaneti". Mu Epulero 2012, nyuzipepara ya Huffington Post yikati ntchakusuzga yayi kusanga mazgu pa YouTube agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti "ngaheni, ngaubendezi, kweniso ngaheni". Pa Novembala 6, 2013, Google yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa yakuyowoyera pa Google+ iyo yikukhumba kuti wose awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito Google+ kuti ŵayowoyepo pa mavidiyo. Chilato cha kusintha uku chikaŵa chakuti awo ŵakulemba nkhani ŵasangenge nkhongono zakumazgira na kujandizga mazgu, na kumazga viheni ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya. Ndondomeko yiphya iyi yikawovwira kuti ma URL ghaŵeso mu mazgu, agho ghakaŵa kuti ghafumiskikapo chifukwa cha masuzgo. Pakuzgora, uyo wakambiska YouTube, Jawed Karim wakalemba fumbo lakuti "chifukwa wuli nkhwenera kuŵa na akaunti ya Google+ kuti niyowoyepo pa vidiyo?" pa YouTube kuti walongosore maghanoghano ghake ghambura kwenelera. Pa YouTube, ŵanthu 20,097 ŵakazomera ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 32,000 ŵakayowoyapo mu mazuŵa ghaŵiri. Chase Melvin wakalemba mu magazini ya Newsday ya Silicon Island kuti "Google+ njakutchuka yayi nga ni Facebook, kweni yikupangiska ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube kuti ŵaleke kuleka kuyowoyapo pa mavidiyo". Mu nkhani yeneyiyi, Melvin wakalutilira kuyowoya kuti:<ref>{{cite news|last=Chase|first=Melvin|date=November 20, 2013|title=YouTube comments require Google+ account, Google faces uproar|newspaper=Newsday|url=https://www.newsday.com/business/technology/silicon-island-1.1521604/youtube-comments-require-google-account-google-faces-uproar-1.6429420}} {{subscription}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000813/https://www.amny.com/silicon-island-1.1521604/youtube-comments-require-google-account-google-faces-uproar-1.6429420 Alternate link] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000813/https://www.amny.com/silicon-island-1.1521604/youtube-comments-require-google-account-google-faces-uproar-1.6429420|date=December 3, 2013}}.</ref> {{blockquote|Panyake ŵanthu ŵakudandawura, kweni fundo ya kunozgaso ndondomeko yakale njakofya yayi. Ghanaghanirani waka za vinthu viheni ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya pa YouTube mu vyaka 8 ivyo vyajumpha. Kasi palije cinthu cinyake ico tingacita kuti tileke kusesa ŵanthu? Ndondomeko iyi njambura kufikapo, kweni Google yikwenera kulumbika cifukwa ca kuyezga kuchepeska masuzgo agho ghakwiza cifukwa ca kukwiya kwa ŵanthu ŵa pa YouTubers awo ŵakujibisa na kutondeka kumanyikwa.}} Pamanyuma, pa Julayi 27, 2015, Google yikapharazga mu blog kuti yizamuwuskapo dango lakuti munthu wakwenera kuŵa na akaunti ya Google+ kuti walembepo ivyo wakuyowoya pa YouTube. Pa Novembala 3, 2016, YouTube yikapharazga ndondomeko ya kuyezga iyo yikovwira awo ŵakupanga mavidiyo kuti ŵasankhepo ŵekha usange ŵakukhumba kuzomerezga, kubisa, panji kupeleka lipoti pa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya. Awo ŵakulemba nkhani ŵangasankha kusunga panji kufumiska mazgu agho ghali na maulayizgano panji ma hashtag kuti ŵaleke kutumizga mauthenga ghaheni. Ŵangazomerezgaso ŵanthu ŵanyake kuti ŵaŵikengepo maghanoghano ghawo. Mu Disembala 2020, vikaŵa vyakuti YouTube yizenge na fundo yiphya iyo yizamucenjezga awo ŵakulemba mazgu agho "ngangaŵa ghakukhuŵazga ŵanji".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Julia |date=December 3, 2020 |title=YouTube will ask commenters to rethink posting if their message seems offensive |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/3/22150197/youtube-comments-posting-hurtful-hate-videos-discrimination-monetization-search |access-date=December 9, 2020 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 3, 2020 |title=YouTube introduces new feature to address toxic comments |url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/12/03/youtube-introduces-new-features-to-address-toxic-comments/ |access-date=December 9, 2020 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Mulimo wa kuzenga ==== Pa Seputembala 13, 2016, YouTube yikambiska chigaŵa cha "Community", icho chikovwira ŵanthu kutuma mauthenga, vithuzithuzi (nga ni GIF), mavidiyo, na vinyake mu chigaŵa cha "Community". Pambere ŵandafumiske vidiyo iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafumbika kuti ŵayowoyepo ivyo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa Vlogbrothers, AsapScience, Lilly Singh, The Game Theorists, Karmin, The Key of Awesome, The Kloons, Peter Hollens, Rosianna Halse Rojas, Sam Tsui, Threadbanger na Vsauce3. Chithunzi:Chinthu chinanso chofunikira Para chigaŵa ichi chafumiskika, chigaŵa ichi chikuŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵali na chigaŵa ichi. Pa nyengo iyi, chiŵelengero ichi chikakhira kufuma pa 10,000 kufika pa 1,500, kufuma pa 1,000 kufika pa 500. Malo agho gulu la ŵanthu likugwirako ntchito, ghazamumazga kudumbiskana kwawo, m'malo mwa kukhala pamoza panji kusama.<ref name="community-help">{{Cite web |title=Engage with creators on Community posts – Computer – YouTube Help |url=https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/7124175?co=GENIE.Platform=Desktop |website=support.google.com}}</ref> ==== TestTube ==== Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika pa YouTube mungaviwona pa webusayiti iyi. Mwachiyelezgero, mu Okutobala 2009, pakapangika pulogiramu yakupenja mazgu mu chigaŵa cha /comment_search. Kweni pamasinda ŵakawuskamo. Mu chaka chenechichi, YouTube Feather yikamba kugwiliskirika ntchito nga ni webusayiti yiphya ku vyaru ivyo vikuŵavya Intaneti.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 7, 2009 |title=Slow YouTube? Try Feather, Made for India |url=https://www.gtricks.com/youtube/slow-youtube-feather-india/ |website=Gtricks}}</ref> === Kuŵa na mwaŵi wa kuŵerenga === YouTube yikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵawonenge mavidiyo ghake pa Intaneti. Vidiyo yiliyose ya pa YouTube yili na code ya HTML iyo mungaŵika pa webusayiti yiliyose. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa iyi kuti ŵaŵikenge mavidiyo gha pa YouTube pa Intaneti. Awo ŵakukhumba kutumizga vidiyo iyo yikulongosora vya munthu munyake, panji iyo yikukolerana na vidiyo yake, ŵangalemba "video response". Chizindikiro cha mavidiyo a YouTube cha zilembo khumi ndi chimodzi (64 zilembo zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamalo aliwonse), zimalola chiwerengero chapamwamba cha 6411 kapena pafupifupi 73.8 quintillion (73.8 biliyoni biliyoni) ma ID apadera. Pa Ogasiti 27, 2013, YouTube yikapharazga kuti yizamuwuskapo mavidiyo agho ghakulongora ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita. Uyo wali na vidiyo wangatondeska kuŵikamo, kuŵika, na kuzgora. Kanandi YouTube yikupeleka yayi mavidiyo ghake kuti ghaŵikike pa Intaneti, ndipo yikukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵawone pa webusayiti yake. Mavidiyo ghachoko waka ghangakopereka nga ni MP4. Mawebusayiti ghanandi gha ŵanyawo, na mapulogiramu agho ghakovwira kuti munthu wawonenge mavidiyo gha pa YouTube. Mu Febuluwale 2009, YouTube yikapharazga vya uteŵeti wa kuyezgelera, uwo ukazomerezganga ŵantchito ŵanyake kuti ŵapelekenge mavidiyo kwaulere panji kulipira malipiro kwizira mu Google Checkout. Mu Juni 2012, Google yikatumizga makalata ghakukanizga mawebusaiti ghanyake kuti ghatolere na kusintha mavidiyo gha pa YouTube. Pakuzgora, Zamzar wakawuskapo mwaŵi wa kukopera mavidiyo gha pa YouTube. Awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito YouTube ŵakuŵa na wanangwa wa kugwiliskira nchito vinthu ivyo ŵali navyo mwakuyana na laisensi ya YouTube, kweni ŵangasankha kugwiliskira nchito vinthu vinyake mwakuyana na laisensi yiliyose iyo ŵangasankha. Kwambira mu Julayi 2012, ŵanthu ŵangasankha Creative Commons kuti ŵaŵe na layisensi yakupangira vinthu. ==== Malo ghakuliskako ŵanthu ==== Mazuŵa ghano, mafoni ghanandi gha m'manja ghangawoneska mavidiyo gha pa YouTube, kwali ni mu app panji pa webusayiti. YouTube Mobile yikamba kugwira ntchito mu Juni 2007, ndipo yikagwiliskiranga ntchito RTSP pakutumizga mavidiyo. Ni mavidiyo ghose yayi gha pa YouTube agho ghali pa foni. Kwambira mu Juni 2007, mavidiyo gha pa YouTube ghakusangika pa Apple. Ivi vikang'anamuranga kuti ivyo vikaŵa pa YouTube vikwenera kung'anamulika mu H.264 (H.264 standard) iyo Apple yikutemwa. Mavidiyo gha pa YouTube ghangawoneskeka pa vinthu nga ni Apple TV, iPod Touch na iPhone. Webusayiti iyi yikaŵa ya mafoni ndipo yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito HTML5 mu Julayi 2010. Kweniso pa foni pali app ya Android. Mu Seputembala 2012, YouTube yikambiska app yake yakwamba ya iPhone, pamanyuma pa kusankha kuleka YouTube nga ni app yimoza ya pre-loaded mu iPhone 5 na iOS 6. Kuyana na GlobalWebIndex, pa ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mafoni gha m'manja, 35% ŵakagwiliskira ntchito YouTube pakati pa Epulero na Juni 2013. Mu Julayi 2008, TiVo yikasintha ntchito yake ndipo yikatora mavidiyo gha pa YouTube. Mu Janyuwale 2009, YouTube yikambiska "YouTube for TV", mtundu wa webusayiti wakunozgekera ma set-top boxes na ma TV ghanyake agho ghali na ma web browser, ndipo pakwamba yikapeleka mwaŵi wakuti mavidiyo ghake ghawonekenge pa PlayStation 3 na Wii. Mu Juni chaka chenechichi, YouTube XL yikamba kusangika pa Intaneti. YouTube yikusangikaso nga ni app pa Xbox Live. Pa Novembala 15, 2012, Google yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito app ya Wii, iyo yikovwira ŵanthu kuwonelera mavidiyo gha pa YouTube kufuma pa Wii. Pakaŵa app ya Wii U na Nintendo 3DS, kweni yikamara mu Ogasiti 2019. Mavidiyo ghangawonekaso pa Wii U Internet Browser na HTML5. Google yikapanga YouTube pa Roku player pa December 17, 2013, ndipo, mu October 2014, pa Sony PlayStation 4. YouTube yikamba kugwiliskirika ntchito pa Nintendo Switch mu Novembala 2018. ==== Kufumira ku vyaru vinyake ==== Pa Juni 19, 2007, mulara wa Google, Eric Schmidt, wakawonekera ku Paris kuti wazakambiske nthowa yiphya yakupharazgira. Pa webusayiti iyi pali mabuku gha viyowoyero vinyake mu vyaru 104, chigaŵa chimoza (Hong Kong) na pa charu chose.<ref>See the YouTube localization list at the bottom of the YouTube website.</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin: 1em auto;" |+Countries with YouTube localization | colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |[[File:YouTube_Localisation.svg|600x600px]] |- ! scope="col" |Charu ! scope="col" style="width: 25% " |Viyowoyelo ! scope="col" data-sort-type="date" |Siku lakuyambiskila ! scope="col" |{{Reference heading}} |- ! scope="row" |[[United States]] (and worldwide launch) |[[American English|English]], [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |February 14, 2005 |<ref name="local" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Brazil]] |[[Brazilian Portuguese|Portuguese]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 19, 2007 |<ref name="local" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[France]] |[[French language|French]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Basque language|Basque]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 19, 2007 |<ref name="local">{{cite news|first=Peter|last=Sayer|url=https://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=9772|title=Google launches YouTube France News|publisher=PC Advisor|date=June 19, 2007|access-date=August 3, 2009}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] |[[Hiberno-English|English]], [[Irish language|Irish]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 19, 2007 |<ref name="local" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Italy]] |[[Italian language|Italian]], [[German language|German]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 19, 2007 |<ref name="local" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Japan]] |[[Japanese language|Japanese]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 19, 2007 |<ref name="local" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Netherlands]] |[[Dutch language|Dutch]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 19, 2007 |<ref name="local" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Poland]] |[[Polish language|Polish]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 19, 2007 |<ref name="local" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Spain]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Galician language|Galician]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Basque language|Basque]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 19, 2007 |<ref name="local" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[United Kingdom]] |[[British English|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 19, 2007 |<ref name="local" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Mexico]] |[[Mexican Spanish|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 11, 2007 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulos/43235.html|title=Presentan hoy YouTube México|newspaper=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]|date=October 11, 2007|access-date=September 9, 2010|language=es|trans-title=YouTube México launched today|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516063924/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulos/43235.html|archive-date=May 16, 2009}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Hong Kong]] |[[Traditional Chinese characters|Chinese]], [[Hong Kong English|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 17, 2007 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://stanley5.blogspot.com/2007/10/youtube.html|title=中文上線&nbsp;– YouTube 香港中文版登場！|publisher=Stanley5|date=October 17, 2007|access-date=January 2, 2012|archive-date=October 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011221455/https://stanley5.blogspot.com/2007/10/youtube.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Taiwan]] |[[Traditional Chinese characters|Chinese]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 18, 2007 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Australia]] |[[Australian English|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 22, 2007 |<ref name="AUS-NZ">{{cite news|first=Kristen|last=Nicole|url=https://mashable.com/2007/10/22/youtube-australia-new-zealand/|title=YouTube Launches in Australia & New Zealand|publisher=[[Mashable]]|date=October 22, 2007|access-date=August 3, 2009}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[New Zealand]] |[[New Zealand English|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 22, 2007 |<ref name="AUS-NZ" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Canada]] |[[Canadian English|English]], [[Canadian French|French]] | style="text-align: right;" |November 6, 2007 |<ref>{{cite news|first=Kristen|last=Nicole|url=https://mashable.com/2007/11/06/youtube-canada/|title=YouTube Canada Now Live|date=November 6, 2007|publisher=[[Mashable]]|access-date=August 3, 2009}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Germany]] |[[German language|German]] | style="text-align: right;" |November 8, 2007 |<ref>{{cite news|first=Adam|last=Ostrow|url=https://mashable.com/2007/11/08/youtube-germany/|title=YouTube Germany Launches|publisher=[[Mashable]]|date=November 8, 2007|access-date=August 3, 2009}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Russia]] |[[Russian language|Russian]] | style="text-align: right;" |November 13, 2007 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/824940/|title=YouTube перевелся на русский|language=ru|publisher=Kommersant Moscow|date=November 14, 2007|access-date=March 22, 2012}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[South Korea]] |[[Korean language|Korean]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 23, 2008 |<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Martyn|last=Williams|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/141684/youtube_launches_korean_site.html|magazine=[[PC World]]|date=January 23, 2008|access-date=March 22, 2012|title=YouTube Launches Korean Site|archive-date=April 28, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428184917/http://www.pcworld.com/article/141684/youtube_launches_korean_site.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[India]] |[[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Indian English|English]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]] | style="text-align: right;" |May 7, 2008 |<ref>{{cite news|first=Sandeep|last=Joshi|url=https://www.hindu.com/2008/05/08/stories/2008050857242200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510222042/https://www.hindu.com/2008/05/08/stories/2008050857242200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 10, 2008|title=YouTube now has an Indian incarnation|date=May 8, 2008|access-date=August 3, 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Israel]] |[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Arabic language in Israel|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |September 16, 2008 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Czech Republic]] |[[Czech language|Czech]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 9, 2008 |<ref>{{cite news|first=Petr|last=Bokuvka|url=https://czechdaily.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/czech-version-of-youtube-launched-and-its-crap-it-sucks/|title=Czech version of YouTube launched. And it's crap. It sucks|work=The Czech Daily Word|publisher=Wordpress.com|date=October 12, 2008|access-date=August 3, 2009}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Sweden]] |[[Swedish language|Swedish]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 22, 2008 |<ref>[https://www.kullin.net/2008/10/launch-video-unavailable-when-youtube-opens-up-in-sweden/ Launch video unavailable when YouTube opens up in Sweden] October 23, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2012.</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[South Africa]] |[[South African English|English]], [[Afrikaans]], [[Zulu language|Zulu]] | style="text-align: right;" |May 17, 2010 |<ref name="local" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Argentina]] |[[Rioplatense Spanish|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |September 8, 2010 |<ref name="countries">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2010 |title=YouTube launches in Argentina |url=https://www.typeboard.com/2010/09/youtube-launches-in-argentina/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912172902/https://www.typeboard.com/2010/09/youtube-launches-in-argentina/ |archive-date=September 12, 2010 |access-date=September 9, 2010}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Algeria]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 9, 2011 |<ref name="arabcrunch1">{{cite web |title=YouTube Launches Local Version For Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Yemen |url=https://arabcrunch.com/2011/03/youtube-launches-local-version-for-algeria-egypt-jordan-morocco-saudi-arabia-tunisia-and-yemen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314234447/https://arabcrunch.com/2011/03/youtube-launches-local-version-for-algeria-egypt-jordan-morocco-saudi-arabia-tunisia-and-yemen.html |archive-date=March 14, 2011 |access-date=March 13, 2011 |publisher=ArabCrunch}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Egypt]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 9, 2011 |<ref name="arabcrunch1" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Jordan]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 9, 2011 |<ref name="arabcrunch1" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Morocco]] |[[French language|French]], [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 9, 2011 |<ref name="arabcrunch1" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Saudi Arabia]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 9, 2011 |<ref name="arabcrunch1" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Tunisia]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 9, 2011 |<ref name="arabcrunch1" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Yemen]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 9, 2011 |<ref name="arabcrunch1" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Kenya]] |[[English language|English]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] | style="text-align: right;" |September 1, 2011 |<ref>{{cite news|first=Nmachi|last=Jidenma|url=https://thenextweb.com/africa/2011/10/05/google-launches-youtube-in-kenya/|title=Google launches YouTube in Kenya|publisher=The Next Web|date=September 1, 2011|access-date=March 22, 2012}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Philippines]] |[[Filipino language|Filipino]], [[Philippine English|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 13, 2011 |<ref name="philippines">{{cite news|first=Tam|last=Nod|url=https://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=737018&publicationSubCategoryId=200|title=YouTube launches 'The Philippines'|newspaper=The Philippine Star|date=October 13, 2011|access-date=October 13, 2011}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Singapore]] |[[Singapore English|English]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Simplified Chinese characters|Chinese]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 20, 2011 |<ref name="singapore">{{cite news|title=YouTube Launches Singapore Site|url=https://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC111020-0000359/YouTube-launches-Singapore-site|access-date=September 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021221603/https://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC111020-0000359/YouTube-launches-Singapore-site|archive-date=October 21, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Belgium]] |[[Belgian French|French]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[German language|German]] | style="text-align: right;" |November 16, 2011 |<ref name="local" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Colombia]] |[[Colombian Spanish|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |November 30, 2011 |<ref>[https://thenextweb.com/la/2011/12/01/youtube-launches-localized-website-for-columbia/ YouTube launches localized website for Colombia] December 1, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2011.</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Uganda]] |[[Ugandan English|English]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] | style="text-align: right;" |December 2, 2011 |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120104043549/http://pctechmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1069%3Agoogle-launches-youtube-uganda&catid=1%3Alatest-news&Itemid=162 Google Launches YouTube Uganda] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104043549/https://pctechmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1069%3Agoogle-launches-youtube-uganda&catid=1%3Alatest-news&Itemid=162|date=January 4, 2012}} December 2, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2012.</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Nigeria]] |[[Nigerian Standard English|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |December 7, 2011 |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120108001623/http://www.techmtaa.com/2011/12/07/google-to-launch-youtube-nigeria-today Google to Launch YouTube Nigeria Today] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108001623/https://www.techmtaa.com/2011/12/07/google-to-launch-youtube-nigeria-today|date=January 8, 2012}} December 7, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2012.</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Chile]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 20, 2012 |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120325080121/http://nextvlatam.com/index.php/5-otts/google-launches-youtube-chile/ Google launches YouTube Chile] March 19, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325080121/https://nextvlatam.com/index.php/5-otts/google-launches-youtube-chile/|date=March 25, 2012}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Hungary]] |[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | style="text-align: right;" |February 29, 2012 |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060628/http://kultura.hu/main.php?folderID=1094&articleID=323455&ctag=&iid=11 Google Launches Hungarian YouTube] March 12, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060628/https://kultura.hu/main.php?folderID=1094&articleID=323455&ctag=&iid=11|date=January 17, 2013}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Malaysia]] |[[Malaysian language|Malay]], [[Malaysian English|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 22, 2012 |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171010094750/https://www.webpronews.com/youtube-launches-local-domain-for-malaysia-2012-03/ YouTube Launches Local Domain For Malaysia] March 22, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012.</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Peru]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 25, 2012 |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171010095458/https://www.webpronews.com/youtube-peru-launched-expansion-continues-2012-03/ YouTube Peru Launched, Expansion continues] March 27, 2012. Retrieved April 1, 2012.</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[United Arab Emirates]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]], [[English language|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |April 1, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web |author=Bindu Suresh Rai |date=April 2, 2012 |title=UAE version of YouTube launched |url=https://www.emirates247.com/business/technology/uae-version-of-youtube-launched-2012-04-02-1.451741 |access-date=February 14, 2014 |publisher=Emirates 247 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225032636/http://www.emirates247.com/business/technology/uae-version-of-youtube-launched-2012-04-02-1.451741 |archive-date=February 25, 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Greece]] |[[Greek language|Greek]] | style="text-align: right;" |May 1, 2012 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Indonesia]] |[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[English language|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |May 17, 2012 |<ref>[https://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/youtube-launches-indonesian-version/524443 "YouTube Launches Indonesian Version"], June 15, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Ghana]] |[[English language|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 5, 2012 |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120624232254/http://www.humanipo.com/blog/713/Google-launches-YouTube-in-Ghana "Google launches YouTube in Ghana"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624232254/https://www.humanipo.com/blog/713/Google-launches-YouTube-in-Ghana|date=June 24, 2012}}, June 22, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Senegal]] |[[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |July 4, 2012 |<ref>[https://www.telecompaper.com/news/youtube-launches-local-portal-in-senegal "YouTube launches local portal in Senegal"], <br /> {{note|media_type_table_note_3}}[3] itag 120 is for live streaming and has metadata referring to "Elemental Technologies Live". July 16, 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2012.</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Turkey]] |[[Turkish language|Turkish]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 1, 2012 |<ref>[https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/86446--g "YouTube's Turkish version goes into service"], October 1, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2012.</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Ukraine]] |[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] | style="text-align: right;" |December 13, 2012 |<ref>{{cite news|first=Maryna|last=Tarasova|url=https://google-ukraine-blog.blogspot.com/2012/12/youtube.html|publisher=Google Ukraine Blog|title=YouTube приходить в Україну! (YouTube comes in Ukraine!)|date=December 13, 2012|location=Ukraine|language=uk}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Denmark]] |[[Danish language|Danish]] | style="text-align: right;" |February 1, 2013 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.iprospect.dk/youtube-lanceres-i-danmark|publisher=iProspect|title=YouTube lanceres i Danmark|access-date=April 17, 2013|location=Denmark|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507094859/https://www.iprospect.dk/youtube-lanceres-i-danmark|archive-date=May 7, 2013}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Finland]] |[[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]] | style="text-align: right;" |February 1, 2013 |<ref>{{cite news|first=Vilja|last=Sormunen|url=https://www.klok.fi/blog/youtube-launches-in-the-nordics/|publisher=KLOK|title=YouTube Launches in the Nordics|date=February 6, 2013|access-date=February 11, 2013|location=Nordic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728163345/https://www.klok.fi/blog/youtube-launches-in-the-nordics/|archive-date=July 28, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Norway]] |[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] | style="text-align: right;" |February 1, 2013 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tono.no/YouTube+lansert+i+Norge.12888.cms|publisher=[[TONO]]|title=YouTube Launched in Norway|access-date=April 17, 2013|location=Norway|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420134320/https://www.tono.no/YouTube+lansert+i+Norge.12888.cms|archive-date=April 20, 2013}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Switzerland]] |[[German language|German]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 29, 2013 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/YouTube_goes_Swiss.html?cid=35450210|publisher=[[swissinfo]]|title=YouTube goes Swiss|access-date=April 17, 2013|location=Swiss}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Austria]] |[[German language|German]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 29, 2013 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wienerzeitung.at/themen_channel/wz_digital/digital_news/538498_YouTube.at-seit-Donnerstag-online.html|publisher=[[Wiener Zeitung]]|title=YouTube.at since Thursday online|access-date=April 17, 2013|location=Austria}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Romania]] |[[Romanian language|Romanian]] | style="text-align: right;" |April 18, 2013 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zf.ro/zf-24/youtube-romania-se-lanseaza-intr-o-saptamana-10764820|publisher=ZF.ro|title=Youtube România se lansează într-o săptămână|access-date=May 14, 2013|location=Romania}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Portugal]] |[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] | style="text-align: right;" |April 25, 2013 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lusonoticias.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27764:google-lanca-versao-lusa-do-youtube&catid=343&Itemid=159|publisher=Luso Noticias|title=Google lança versão lusa do YouTube|access-date=May 14, 2013|location=Portugal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003223/https://www.lusonoticias.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27764:google-lanca-versao-lusa-do-youtube&catid=343&Itemid=159|archive-date=December 3, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Slovakia]] |[[Slovak language|Slovak]] | style="text-align: right;" |April 25, 2013 |<ref>{{cite web |author=tš |date=May 21, 2013 |title=Slováci už môžu oficiálne zarábať na tvorbe videí pre YouTube |url=https://vat.pravda.sk/obraz-a-zvuk/clanok/281254-slovaci-uz-mozu-oficialne-zarabat-na-tvorbe-videi-pre-youtube/ |access-date=February 14, 2014 |publisher=Vat Pravda |language=sk}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Bahrain]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |August 16, 2013 |<ref name="gcc">{{cite web |author=Nick Rego |date=September 16, 2013 |title=YouTube expands monetization and partnership in GCC |url=https://www.tbreak.ae/news/youtube-expands-monetization-partnership-gcc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140213233858/http://www.tbreak.ae/news/youtube-expands-monetization-partnership-gcc |archive-date=February 13, 2014 |access-date=February 14, 2014 |publisher=tbreak Media}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Kuwait]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |August 16, 2013 |<ref name="gcc" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Oman]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |August 16, 2013 |<ref name="gcc" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Qatar]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |August 16, 2013 |<ref name="gcc" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |[[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 17, 2014 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Bulgaria]] |[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 17, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web |author=Ивелина Атанасова |date=March 18, 2014 |title=YouTube рекламата става достъпна и за България |url=https://newtrend.bg/digital-company/youtube/youtube-reklama-bulgaria |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407082809/https://newtrend.bg/digital-company/youtube/youtube-reklama-bulgaria |archive-date=April 7, 2014 |access-date=April 5, 2014 |publisher=New Trend |language=bg}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Croatia]] |[[Croatian language|Croatian]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 17, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web |date=March 19, 2014 |title=Oglašavanje na video platformi YouTube od sad dostupno i u Hrvatskoj |url=https://liderpress.hr/poslovna-znanja/oglasavanje-na-video-platformi-youtube-od-sad-dostupno-i-u-hrvatskoj/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111014509/https://liderpress.hr/poslovna-znanja/oglasavanje-na-video-platformi-youtube-od-sad-dostupno-i-u-hrvatskoj/ |archive-date=January 11, 2015 |access-date=April 5, 2014 |publisher=Lider |language=hr}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Estonia]] |[[Estonian language|Estonian]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 17, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web |last=Oden |first=Siiri |date=March 19, 2014 |title=Youtube reklaamid – uued võimalused nüüd ka Eestis! |url=https://www.meedium.ee/blog/youtube-reklaamid-eestis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407094928/https://www.meedium.ee/blog/youtube-reklaamid-eestis |archive-date=April 7, 2014 |access-date=April 5, 2014 |publisher=Meedium |language=et}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Latvia]] |[[Latvian language|Latvian]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 17, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web |author=Marta |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Tagad reklāmas iespējas Youtube kanālā iespējams izmantot arī Latvijā |url=https://marketing.lv/tagad-reklamas-iespejas-youtube-kanala-iespejams-izmantot-ari-latvija/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321170116/https://marketing.lv/tagad-reklamas-iespejas-youtube-kanala-iespejams-izmantot-ari-latvija/ |archive-date=March 21, 2014 |access-date=April 5, 2014 |publisher=Marketing |language=lv}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Lithuania]] |[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 17, 2014 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[North Macedonia]] |[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 17, 2014 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Montenegro]] |[[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 17, 2014 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Serbia]] |[[Serbian language|Serbian]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 17, 2014 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Slovenia]] |[[Slovenian language|Slovenian]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 17, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web |author=STA |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Na Youtube prihajajo tudi slovenski video oglasi |url=https://www.dnevnik.si/magazin/znanost-in-tehnologija/na-youtube-prihajajo-tudi-slovenski-video-oglasi |access-date=April 5, 2014 |publisher=[[Dnevnik (Slovenia)|Dnevnik]] |language=sl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075431/http://www.dnevnik.si/magazin/znanost-in-tehnologija/na-youtube-prihajajo-tudi-slovenski-video-oglasi |archive-date=April 7, 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Thailand]] |[[Thai language|Thai]] | style="text-align: right;" |April 1, 2014 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/YouTube-introduces-homepage-especially-30230795.html|title=YouTube introduces homepage especially|newspaper=[[The Nation (Thailand)|The Nation]]|date=April 3, 2014|access-date=April 4, 2014|first=Asina|last=Pornwasin|archive-date=July 25, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725161948/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/YouTube-introduces-homepage-especially-30230795.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Lebanon]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |May 1, 2014 |<ref name="gcc" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Puerto Rico]] |[[Puerto Rican Spanish|Spanish]], [[American English|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |August 23, 2014 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Iceland]] |[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] | style="text-align: right;" |2014 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Luxembourg]] |[[French language|French]], [[German language|German]] | style="text-align: right;" |2014 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Vietnam]] |[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 1, 2014 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Libya]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |February 1, 2015 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Tanzania]] |[[English language|English]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 2, 2015 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Zimbabwe]] |[[English language|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 2, 2015 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Azerbaijan]] |[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 12, 2015 |<ref name="adriatics baltics">{{cite web |last=Hall |first=Stephen |date=October 12, 2015 |title=YouTube continues global expansion w/ versions of its site in 7 new locales |url=https://9to5google.com/2015/10/12/youtube-global-7-new-countries/ |access-date=March 18, 2016 |publisher=9to5 Google}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Belarus]] |[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 12, 2015 |<ref name="adriatics baltics" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] |[[Georgian language|Georgian]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 12, 2015 |<ref name="adriatics baltics" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Kazakhstan]] |[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Russian language|Russian]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 12, 2015 |<ref name="adriatics baltics" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Iraq]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |November 9, 2015 |{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Nepal]] |[[Nepali language|Nepali]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 12, 2016 |<ref name="himalayan">{{cite news|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/youtube-launches-specific-homepages-for-nepal-pakistan-sri-lanka/|title=YouTube launches Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka-specific homepages|newspaper=[[The Himalayan Times]]|date=January 13, 2016|access-date=January 31, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Pakistan]] |[[Urdu]], [[Pakistani English|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 12, 2016 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1026164/youtube-launches-country-specific-homepages-for-pakistan/|title=YouTube launches country-specific homepage for Pakistan|newspaper=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=January 12, 2016|access-date=January 31, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Sri Lanka]] |[[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Sri Lankan English|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 12, 2016 |<ref name="himalayan" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Jamaica]] |[[Jamaican English|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |August 4, 2016 |{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Malta]] |[[English language|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 19, 2018 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Launches Local Domain For Malta |url=https://www.maltachamber.org.mt/en/youtube-launches-local-domain-for-malta |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=www.maltachamber.org.mt |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307214942/https://www.maltachamber.org.mt/en/youtube-launches-local-domain-for-malta |archive-date=March 7, 2023}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Bolivia]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 30, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Costa Rica]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 30, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Ecuador]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 30, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[El Salvador]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 30, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Guatemala]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 30, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Honduras]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 30, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Nicaragua]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 30, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Panama]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 30, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Uruguay]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 30, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Paraguay]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Guarani language|Guarani]] | style="text-align: right;" |February 21, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Dominican Republic]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |February 21, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Cyprus]] |[[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 13, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Liechtenstein]] |[[German language|German]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 13, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Venezuela]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 10, 2020 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Papua New Guinea]] |[[English language|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |2020 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Bangladesh]] |[[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |September 2, 2020 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Cambodia]] |[[Khmer language|Khmer]] | style="text-align: right;" |August 25, 2022 |{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Laos]] |[[Lao language|Lao]] | style="text-align: right;" |August 25, 2022 |{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} |} Pa Intaneti, munthu wakusankha vidiyo iyo yikukolerana na adiresi ya IP ya munthu. Nyengo zinyake mungawona uthenga wakuti "Vidiyo iyi njambura kusangika mu caru cinu" cifukwa cakuti mulije wanangwa wa kupanga panji muli vinthu vinyake vyambura kwenelera. Webusayiti ya YouTube yili na viyowoyero 76, kusazgapo Chiamharic, Chialbaniya, Chiarmenia, Chibirma, Kyrgyz, Chimongoliya, Chiperesiya, na Chiuzbeki. Ku Turkey, YouTube yikajalika pakati pa 2008 na 2010, chifukwa cha nkhani zakukwesana pa nkhani ya kutumizga mavidiyo agho ghakaŵa ghakuyuyura Mustafa Kemal Atatürk na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikasuzga Ŵasilamu. Mu Okutobala 2012, YouTube yikamba kugwira ntchito ku Turkey, ndipo yikamba kumanyikwa na zina lakuti youtube.com.tr. Baibolo ili likukolerana na malango gha ku Turkey. Mu Malichi 2009, mphindano pakati pa YouTube na wupu wa British royalty collection agency PRS for Music ukapangiska kuti mavidiyo gha sumu gha premium ghaleke kugwiliskirika ntchito na ŵanthu ŵa ku United Kingdom. Ŵakapoka mavidiyo agho ghakalembeka na makampani ghakurughakuru gha vyakwimba para ŵaleka kukolerana. Nkhani iyi yikamara mu Seputembala 2009. Mu Epulero 2009, mphindano yakuyana waka yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Germany ŵaleke kuwonelera mavidiyo gha sumu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Now YouTube stops the music in Germany|work=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/pda/2009/apr/01/youtube-digital-music-and-audio|date=April 1, 2009|access-date=April 2, 2009}}</ref> == Ma vidiyo == Mu Janyuwale 2012, ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube ŵakugwiliskira ntchito maminiti 15 pa zuŵa. Mu 2017, ŵanthu awo ŵakawoneleranga pa foni ŵakawoneleranga pa YouTube kwa ora limoza zuŵa lililose. Mu Disembala 2012, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 2 biliyoni ŵakawonelera mavidiyo gha sumu gha Universal na Sony pa YouTube. Billboard yikasuska fundo iyi, yikati mavidiyo agho ŵanthu ŵakawonelera ghakafika pa Vevo, chifukwa pa YouTube pakaŵavya. Pa Ogasiti 5, 2015, YouTube yikamazga suzgo ilo likapangiska kuti vidiyo yiŵe na vithuzi 301 (panyuma pake "301+") m'paka apo yikapelekekera. Ŵakuwonelera pa YouTube ŵakuŵerenga nyengo yeneyiyo. Kwambira mu Seputembala 2019, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakulembeska chikuŵa chichoko. Ŵanthu ŵakuwona waka manambara ghatatu gha chiŵelengero cha awo ŵakutegherezga pa wayilesi iyi, ndipo ichi chikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuwona vinthu nga ni Social Blade. Awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu YouTube Studio ndiwo ŵangamanya unandi wawo. Pa Novembala 11, 2021, pamanyuma pa kuyezga kusintha uku mu Malichi chaka chenechichi, YouTube yikapharazga kuti yikwamba kubisa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutinkha pa mavidiyo, mwakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuwona. Kampani iyi yikati yikasankha nthena cifukwa ca kuyezgayezga uko kukalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵacoko waka awo ŵakupangiska mavidiyo gha pa YouTube ŵakusuzgika comene. Awo ŵakulemba nkhani ŵazamuwona unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakuŵatemwa na awo ŵakuŵatinkha mu YouTube Studio.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=March 30, 2021 |title=YouTube Launches Test to Hide Video 'Dislike' Counts |url=https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/youtube-test-hide-dislike-counts-1234940845/ |access-date=March 30, 2021 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2021 |title=YouTube tests hiding dislike counts on videos |url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2021/03/30/youtube-tests-hiding-dislike-counts-on-videos/ |access-date=March 30, 2021 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2021 |title=YouTube to hide dislike counts for all videos on the platform: Here's all you need to know |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/youtube-to-hide-dislike-counts-for-all-videos-on-the-platform-heres-all-you-need-to-know/ar-AAQAxJc |access-date=November 11, 2021 |website=MSN |language=en-US}}</ref> === Nkhani za Copyright === {{main|YouTube copyright issues}} {{further|#Revenue to copyright holders}} YouTube yikasangana na masuzgo ghanandi na kususkika pa ivyo yikakhumbanga kuchita pa nkhani ya copyright, kusazgapo vidiyo yakwamba ya pa webusayiti iyi, Lazy Sunday, iyo yikenera kuwuskikapo cifukwa ca kufipa mtima na nkhani za copyright. Para munthu waŵika vidiyo pa Intaneti, pa YouTube pakulongora uthenga wakuti waleke kuswa malango gha copyright. Nangauli pali ulongozgi uwu, kweni mavidiyo ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵandazomerezgeke kughaŵika pa YouTube. YouTube yikuwonelera yayi mavidiyo pambere ghandatumizgike pa Intaneti, ndipo awo ŵali na wanangwa uwu ndiwo ŵakwenera kukanizga munthu kuti waŵikemo pa Intaneti. Para munthu wazomera kudandawura cifukwa ca kuswa malango gha pa kompyuta, YouTube yikumususka. Para munthu walemba madandaulo ghatatu pa nkhani ya kuswa wanangwa wa munthu, nkhani yake na mavidiyo ghose agho walemba ghafumiskikenge. Kwambira mu 2007 m'paka mu 2009, mawupu ghanyake nga ni Viacom, Mediaset, na English Premier League, ghakatolera YouTube ku khoti, chifukwa ghakatenge yindachiteko kanthu kalikose kuti yivikilire vinthu ivyo vili na copyright. Mu Ogasiti 2008, khoti la ku United States likadumura mulandu wa Lenz v. Wupu wa Universal Music Corp. ukati awo ŵali na wanangwa uwu ŵangazomerezga yayi kuti nkhani yifumiskike pa Intaneti kwambura kumanya usange nkhani iyo yalembeka njakwenelera. Google, mwenecho wa YouTube, wakapharazga mu Novembala 2015 kuti ŵawovwirenge kulipira milandu iyo ŵakugomezga kuti njakwenelera. Mu 2011, mulandu wa Smith v. Summit Entertainment LLC, wakwimba Matt Smith wakadandawura ku Summit Entertainment cifukwa ca kugwiliskira nchito mwambura kwenelera mauthenga ghakufumiska vinthu pa YouTube. Wakadandawura pa milandu yinkhondi na yiŵiri, ndipo yinayi yikamovwira Smith. Mu Epulero 2012, khoti linyake ku Hamburg likadumura kuti YouTube ndiyo yikwenera kuŵa na mulandu pa nkhani izo ŵanthu ŵakulemba. Pa Novembala 1, 2016, mphindano na GEMA yikamara, ndipo Google content ID yikagwiliskirika nchito kuti yivwire kuŵika malonda pa mavidiyo agho ghali na fundo izo GEMA yikuvikilira. Mu Epulero 2013, vikayowoyeka kuti Universal Music Group na YouTube ŵali na phangano ilo likukanizga kuti vinthu ivyo vyajalika pa YouTube na UMG viwezgepo, nanga ni para munthu uyo wakugwiliskira ntchito vidiyo iyi walembapo dango lakuyana na dango la DMCA. Mu 2017, Universal na YouTube ŵakakolerana na mabungwe ghanyake ghakurughakuru kuti ŵagulirenge sumu pa YouTube. Kufika mu 2019, awo ŵakalenga mavidiyo ŵakamba kuwuskamo panji kulekeska kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama para Content ID yawona kuti sumu izo zili na copyright zili mu mavidiyo ghatali. Ŵadokotala ŵakasanga kuti vinyake mwa vinthu ivi vikaŵa vyakwenelera kugwiliskira ntchito.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Julia |date=May 24, 2019 |title=YouTubers and record labels are fighting, and record labels keep winning |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/24/18635904/copyright-youtube-creators-dmca-takedown-fair-use-music-cover |access-date=April 22, 2021 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> ==== Content ID ==== {{main|Content ID (system)}} Mu Juni 2007, YouTube yikamba kuyezga pulogiramu yakumanyirathu mavidiyo agho ghakuswa malango. Mubali Eric Schmidt, mulara wa Google, wakati nthowa iyi njakukhumbikwa kuti ŵeruzgenge milandu nga ni iyo yikamba na Viacom. Pakwamba, nthowa iyi yikachemekanga kuti "Video Identification" ndipo pamanyuma yikamanyikwa kuti Content ID. Para munthu waŵika vidiyo pa Intaneti, yikwendeskeka na database, ndipo para yikukolerana na ivyo walemba, yikulongora kuti yabuda. Para ivi vyacitika, mwenecho wa vidiyo wangasankha kujandizga vidiyo kuti waleke kuyiwonelera, panji kuŵikapo malonda. Mu 2009, munthu munyake wakayezga sumu yimoza pa YouTube, ndipo wakasanga kuti nangauli nthowa iyi yikaŵa "yakukhozga chomene" pakusanga vinthu ivyo vikuswa malango gha ŵanthu pa nkhani ya mavidiyo, kweni yikaŵa yambura kwananga. Kugwiliskira ntchito Content ID kuti munthu wafumiskemo vinthu vinyake mwamabuchi, kwapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano chifukwa ŵanthu ŵandawone usange mavidiyo agha ngawemi kugwiliskira ntchito. Usange munthu uyo wakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube wakususka ivyo Content ID yasankha, wangalemba fomu. Pambere chaka cha 2016 chindafike, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mavidiyo yayi kuti ŵasange ndalama. Kwambira mu Epulero 2016, mavidiyo ghakulutilira kusanga ndalama para mulandu uli mukati. Usange munthu uyo wakujura vidiyo wakukhumba kusanga ndalama pa vidiyo iyi, wangawuskamo mazgu agho ŵakususkana nagho mu "Video Manager". YouTube yikuyowoya kuti Content ID njimoza mwa vifukwa ivyo vikapangiska kuti mu Disembala 2010 ŵasinthe malango gha pa webusayiti iyi kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵaŵikenge mavidiyo ghambura kumara.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Siegel |first1=Joshua |last2=Mayle |first2=Doug |date=December 9, 2010 |title=Up, Up and Away – Long videos for more users |url=https://youtube.googleblog.com/2010/12/up-up-and-away-long-videos-for-more.html |access-date=March 25, 2017 |website=Official YouTube Blog}}</ref> === Kuŵa ŵakuzika na kuyuyura === {{See also|Criticism of Google#YouTube|Censorship by Google#YouTube}} YouTube yili na malango ghakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kusuzgika na vinthu vinyake. Kuŵika mavidiyo agho ghali na nkhani za kutuka, vyauzeleza, na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukhozgera nkharo ziheni kukukanizgika na "Malango gha YouTube". Vinthu ivyo vikukanizgika ni nkhani za kugonana, mavidiyo gha nkhaza za vinyama, mavidiyo ghakukhozga soni, nkhani izo zaŵikika pa Intaneti kwambura kuzomerezgeka na mwenecho wa nkhani, nkhani za kutinkhana, mauthenga ghaheni, na nkharo za kutinkhana. Ŵateŵeti ŵa pa YouTube ŵakuwona mavidiyo agho ghalembeka kuti ghaleke kukolerana na fundo za pa Intaneti. Nangauli pali ulongozgi uwu, kweni YouTube yikususkika cifukwa ca milimo yake, ndondomeko yake ya kucenjezga iyo yikovwira kuti mavidiyo agho ghakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵagomezge fundo za uryarya ghaleke kunangika, kuŵika mavidiyo agho ghakulongora kuti ghakuyowoya vya ŵana kweni ghakuyowoya vya nkhaza panji vya kugonana. Makampani gha pa YouTube ghakulemba ŵalaŵiliri ŵa vinthu, awo ŵakuwona kuti vinthu ivyo vyalembeka vikususkana na fundo za pa YouTube ndipo ŵakumanya usange vikwenera kuwuskikapo. Mu Seputembala 2020, munthu munyake uyo wakachitanga ntchito iyi wakapeleka dandawuro lakuti wali na suzgo la post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Mwanakazi uyu wakati kanandi waka wakawoneleranga vithuzi vyamuziro kwa maora ghanayi pa zuŵa. Pa mulandu uwu, ŵantchito ŵa pa YouTube ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakaŵasambizga viŵi yayi panji kuŵawovwira yayi pa nkhani ya umoyo wa maghanoghano wa awo ŵakuŵawovwira, ŵakaŵachichizga kuti ŵasayinire chikalata chakuphalira ŵantchito kuti ŵaleke kumanyikwa pambere ŵandaŵalongore nkhani izo ŵangaghanaghanirapo, kweniso ŵakaŵavikilira pa nkhani za masuzgo agho ŵanthu ŵakukumana nagho. Likayowoyaso kuti YouTube yikakana kupempha kuti nkhani izo zili na vithuzithuzi viheni chomene zifipiskike, kuchepeskeko ukuru wake, panji kuŵa za mtundu umoza. Kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kupuluskika na nkhani zautesi pa YouTube, ŵali na ndondomeko yikuru ya umo ŵangachitira na mavidiyo ghakubudika. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakususkana navyo ni ivyo vikuyowoya za ŵanthu awo ŵakukana kuti kuli Ciwowota ca Ŵayuda na soka la ku Hillsborough, apo ŵanthu 96 ŵa ku Liverpool ŵakakomeka mu 1989. Mu Julayi 2008, Komiti ya vya Chikhalidwe na Vyakuyowoya ya Nyumba ya Commons ya United Kingdom yikati "yikatondeka kukondwa" na ndondomeko ya YouTube ya kulaŵilira mavidiyo ghake, ndipo yikati "kuweleramo mwakukhazikika pa ivyo vili mu vidiyo kuyenera kuŵa kachitiro kawemi pa malo agho ghakuŵa na mavidiyo gha ŵanthu". YouTube yikazgora kuti: {{blockquote|Tili na malango ghakudunjika pa ivyo tingazomerezga, ndiposo ndondomeko iyo yikovwira waliyose uyo wawona vinthu vyambura kwenelera kuti wapharazge ku gulu lithu la awo ŵakuwona nkhani za mu nyuzipepara. Tikupharazgira ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa chithu pa malango agha na kuŵika chigaŵa chakudunjika kufuma pa peji lililose la YouTube kuti chiŵe chipusu kwa awo ŵakujambura. Chifukwa cha unandi wa mavidiyo agho ghakusangika pa webusayiti yithu, tikughanaghana kuti iyi ndiyo nthowa yiwemi chomene yakovwilira kuti mavidiyo ghachoko waka agho ghakuswa malango gha pa webusayiti ghasangike mwaluŵiro.<ref>{{cite news|first1=James |last1=Kirkup |first2=Nicole |last2=Martin |title=YouTube attacked by MPs over sex and violence footage |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3358061/YouTube-attacked-by-MPs-over-sex-and-violence-footage.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3358061/YouTube-attacked-by-MPs-over-sex-and-violence-footage.html |archive-date=2022-01-10 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=July 31, 2008 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> (July 2008)}} Mu Okutobala 2010, Muwupu wa United States Anthony Weiner wakapempha YouTube kuti yiwuskemo mavidiyo gha Imam Anwar al-Awlaki pa webusayiti yake. Mu 2018, YouTube yikayambiska ndondomeko iyo yikasazgirako mabokosi gha fundo ku mavidiyo agho ma algorithms ghake ghakasanga kuti ghangaŵikapo fundo za chiwembu na nkhani zinyake zautesi, ndipo yikasazgirapo fundo za mu buku la Encyclopædia Britannica na Wikipedia kuti yikamanyiske ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kusambizga ŵanthu unenesko kwambura kukhwaska wanangwa wa kuyowoya. Pakumalira moto wa Notre-Dame pa Epulero 15, 2019, ma video ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵakasungilira gha moto uwu ghakalembeka na ndondomeko ya YouTube. Pa April 18, 2023, YouTube yikaphara kusintha kwa ivyo yikusintha pa nkhani ya vyakurya. Pa social media platform iyi Community Guidelines sono yikuletsa vyakurya ivyo vingapangiska kuti ŵanthu awo ŵali na suzgo la kurya vinthu vinyake yayi. Vinthu ivi vikusazgapo vyakuchita ivyo vikulongora kuti munthu wakulondezga chomene calorie na kufumiska vyakurya. Kweni mavidiyo agho ghakuŵa na nkharo yiwemi nga nkhusanga kuti munthu wakuwona vinthu vinyake, ghazomerezgeka pa webusayiti iyi mu vinthu viŵiri - uyo wali na akaunti yakugwiliskira ntchito ndipo wakwenera kuŵa na vyaka vyakujumpha 18. ==== Kutinkhana na ŵanthu ŵanyawo ==== Ŵalongozgi ŵankhondi awo ŵakapangiska nkhani za ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBTQ+ ŵakadandawura ku boma la YouTube mu Ogasiti 2019, chifukwa ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ivyo YouTube yikugwiliskira ntchito vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kusanga vinthu ivyo vikusangika pa Intaneti. Mu Juni 2022, Media Matters, gulu ilo likuwona vya vyapa media, likati nkhani za ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanthu ŵanyawo (homophobic and transphobic content) izo zikuphalira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT kuti "predators" na "groomers" zikulutilira kusangika pa YouTube..<ref name="lawton_20220623">{{Cite web |last1=Lawton |first1=Sophie |date=June 23, 2022 |title=Right-wing clickbait pushing anti-LGBTQ 'groomer' smears are increasingly popular on YouTube |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/google/right-wing-clickbait-pushing-anti-lgbtq-groomer-smears-are-increasingly-popular-youtube |access-date=October 23, 2022 |website=Media Matters}}</ref> ==== YouTube ngati chida cholimbikitsira malingaliro a chiwembu ndi zokhutira ndi ufulu{{anchor|Promotion_of_conspiracy_theories_and_fringe_discourse|Conspiracy_theories_and_fringe_discourse}} ==== YouTube yikususkika cifukwa cakuti yikugwiliskira nchito nthowa iyo yikovwira kuti mavidiyo agho ghakukhuŵilizga vigomezgo vya uryarya, utesi, na nkhani zautesi ghaŵe pa malo ghapacanya. Mwakuyana na kafukufuku wa The Wall Street Journal, "Kanandi ivyo YouTube yikuphalira ŵanthu vikuŵalongozgera ku ma TV agho ghakuyowoya vya vimbundi, maghanoghano gha ŵandyali, na mavidiyo ghakupuluska, nangauli ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhumba yayi kuwona nkhani izi. Para ŵanthu ŵakutemwa vya ndyali pa ivyo ŵakutemwa kuwonelera, YouTube yikuŵaphalira kuti ŵawonelerenge mavidiyo agho ghakukolerana na ivyo ŵakutemwa". Para ŵanthu ŵakupenja mazgu gha ndyali panji gha sayansi, pa YouTube ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mautesi. YouTube yikati yapulika ŵanthu ŵakufumba nkhani zautesi pa nkhani ya kuwombera ŵanthu ku Las Vegas mu 2017, yikakwiya chomene chifukwa cha kuŵika chomene nkhani zautesi na za chiŵembu. Mu 2018, ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti pa YouTube pali nkhani zinyake izo zikuyowoya vya nyifwa ya Anthony Bourdain. Mu 2017, vikavumbukwa kuti ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga mavidiyo gha ŵanthu ŵakutemwa vinthu vyakututuzga. Pamanyuma pa nkhani iyi, makampani ghakamba kuleka kutandazga pa YouTube, ndipo YouTube yikadandawura na kuyowoya kuti yingawovwira makampani kuti ghaŵe na mazaza pa malo agho ghakutandazgira. Alex Jones, uyo wakumanyikwa cifukwa ca fundo zake za uryarya, wakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi pa YouTube. Mu 2018, YouTube yikadandawura apo yikawuskapo vidiyo iyo yikaŵa na mazgu ghaheni agho Jones wakayowoya. Kweni pa Ogasiti 6, 2018, YouTube yikawuskapo nkhani ya Alex Jones. Pulofesa munyake wa pa Yunivesite ya North Carolina, zina lake Zeynep Tufekci, wakati YouTube ni "nyambo yikuru yakupangiska ŵanthu kuŵa ŵankhaza". Jonathan Albright wa ku Tow Center for Digital Journalism ku Columbia University wakati YouTube ni "malo gha chiŵembu". Mu Janyuwale 2019, YouTube yikayowoya kuti yili na ndondomeko yiphya iyo yikamba kugwira ntchito ku United States. Pa YouTube pakaŵa nkhani za charu chachanya, vyakuchizga vyakuzizwiska, na vya pa Seputembala 11. Ivyo YouTube yikachita kuti yileke kuphalirako ŵanthu mavidiyo gha ŵanthu ŵakujikuzga agho ghakususkana na fundo zautesi, na kulondezga umo ŵanthu ŵakutemwera, ŵakakana chifukwa vikatimbanizganga ŵanthu. Kuumaliro wa chaka cha 2019, webusayiti iyi yikamba kuchita vinthu vyakovwira kuti "ŵanthu ŵamanye vinandi kweniso kuti ŵaleke kupuluskika". Kafukufuku munyake wakulongora kuti pa YouTube pali nkhani zinyake izo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya zautesi. Mu kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu Julayi 2019 ndipo wakalongosora ivyo ŵanthu 10 ŵakachita pa YouTube pa nkhani ya kusintha kwa nyengo. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na BBC mu 2019 pa nkhani ya kupenja vinthu pa YouTube mu viyowoyero 10, wakalongora kuti YouTube yikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye vinandi vyakukhwaskana na umoyo wawo. Ku Brazil, YouTube yikukolerana na kusambizga ŵanthu vinthu vyautesi vyakukhwaskana na umoyo wa ŵanthu, kweniso nkhani zakukhwaskana na viyezgo. Ku Philippines, mawayilesi ghanandi ghakapharazga uthenga wautesi wakukhwaskana na mavoti gha mu 2022. Kweniso, kafukufuku uyo wakachitika pa nkhani ya kuthandazga vigomezgo vya charu chapasi pa Intaneti, wakulongora kuti pa YouTube, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ivyo ŵakugomezga ni vyaunenesko.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Diaz Ruiz|first1=Carlos|last2=Nilsson|first2=Tomas|date=August 8, 2022|title=Disinformation and Echo Chambers: How Disinformation Circulates on Social Media Through Identity-Driven Controversies|journal=Journal of Public Policy & Marketing|volume=42|language=en|pages=18–35|doi=10.1177/07439156221103852|s2cid=248934562|issn=0743-9156|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Kugwiliskira nchito pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kusankhana mitundu ==== Pambere chaka cha 2019 chindafike, YouTube yikawuskapo mavidiyo panji tumavidiyo uto tukasuskanga fundo za ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa chomene kusankhana mitundu. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa masisiteri ku Christchurch mu Malichi 2019, YouTube na mawebusayiti ghanyake nga ni Facebook na Twitter agho ghakazomerezganga ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito ghakatambuzgika cifukwa ca kucita vinandi yayi kuti ŵaleke kutinkha ŵanthu. Mapulatifomu agha ghakacizgika kuti ghawuskemo vinthu ivi, kweni mu nkhani iyo wakapeleka ku nyuzipepara ya The New York Times, mulara wa YouTube, Neal Mohan, wakati, mwakupambana na mavidiyo gha ISIS agho ghali na mtundu unyake ndipo ghangawoneka makora na kompyuta, mazgu ghakutinkha ŵanthu ghakaŵa ghakusuzga kughapulika na kughapulikira. Mu Meyi 2019, YouTube yikajibatika ku chilato cha France na New Zealand pamoza na vyaru vinyake na makampani gha vya tekinoloje kuti ŵasange nthowa zakugwiliskira nchito kuti ŵaleke kutinkha ŵanthu pa intaneti na kupanga malango agho ghakwendeskeka pa caru cose. Pamanyuma, pa Juni 5, 2019, YouTube yikapharazga kuti yingasintha chomene malango ghake, "kwambura kuzomerezga mavidiyo agho ghakulongora kuti gulu linyake ndakuzirwa chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kusankhana mitundu, kupatulika, panji kusankhana chifukwa cha msinkhu wawo, mtundu wawo, mtundu, chisopa, kugonana kwawo, panji chifukwa cha umo ŵakuchitira". Pa YouTube pakaŵa mavidiyo ghanyake agho "ghakukhozga panji kuchindika visambizgo vya Nazi, ivyo ni vyakusankhana". YouTube yikayowoyaso kuti "yiwuskenge nkhani izo zikukana kuti vinthu vyakofya ivyo vili kulembeka makora, nga ni Holocaust panji kuwombera ku sukulu ya Sandy Hook, vikacitika". Mu Juni 2020, YouTube yikakanizga mawayilesi ghanandi agho ghakukolerana na kusankhana mitundu. Spencer, apo wakayowoyanga kuti mawayilesi agha ghakususkana na fundo zawo za kutinkha ŵanthu. Kulekelera uku kukacitika zuŵa leneilo Reddit yikapharazga kuti yikanizga maforamu gha nkhani za kutinkhana, kusazgapo r/The_Donald.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alexander |first=Julia |date=June 29, 2020 |title=YouTube bans Stefan Molyneux, David Duke, Richard Spencer, and more for hate speech |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/29/21307303/youtube-bans-molyneux-duke-richard-spencer-conduct-hate-speech |access-date=June 29, 2020 |work=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> ==== Umo tingachitira na nthenda ya COVID-19 na mauthenga ghanyake ghakubudika ==== Pamanyuma pa kutandazga pa YouTube mauthenga ghautesi ghakukhwaskana na nthenda ya COVID-19 kuti 5G technology ndiyo yikapangiska nthenda ya coronavirus 2019 iyo yikapangiska kuti 5G towers zinandi mu United Kingdom zikomeke na ŵaboma, YouTube yikawuskapo mavidiyo ghose agho ghakulongosora vya 5G na coronavirus mu nthowa iyi. YouTube yikasazgirako ndondomeko iyi mu Seputembala 2021 kuti yikore mavidiyo agho ghakupharazga uthenga wautesi wakukhwaskana na munkhwala uliwose, kusazgapo awo ŵavomerezgeka nyengo yitali kuti ŵakomenge nthomba panji Hepatitis B, awo ŵavomerezgeka na wupu wa vyaumoyo panji wupu wa vyaumoyo pa charu chose. Webusayiti iyi yikawuskamo nkhani za ŵanthu awo ŵakususka katemera nga ni Robert F. Kennedy Jr. na Joseph Mercola pa nyengo iyi. Maakaunti ghaŵiri agho ghakakolerana na RT Deutsch, wayilesi ya ku Germany ya RT ku Russia, ghakafumiskikaso chifukwa cha kuswa malango gha YouTube. Google na YouTube ŵakakhazikiska ndondomeko mu Okutobala 2021 kuti ŵaleke kupeleka ndalama panji ndalama ku ŵanthu awo ŵakupharazga panji awo ŵakupanga vinthu ivyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakane kusintha kwa nyengo. Mu Julayi 2022, YouTube yikapharazga fundo izo zikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kumanya vinandi pa nkhani ya kufumiska nthumbo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elias |first=Jennifer |date=July 21, 2022 |title=YouTube says it will crack down on abortion misinformation and remove videos with false claims |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/07/21/youtube-says-it-will-crack-down-on-abortion-misinformation.html |access-date=July 21, 2022 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> ==== Child safety and wellbeing ==== {{See also|FamilyOFive|Fantastic Adventures scandal|Elsagate}} Leading into 2017, there was a significant increase in the number of videos related to children, coupled between the popularity of parents vlogging their family's activities, and previous content creators moving away from content that often was criticized or demonetized into family-friendly material. In 2017, YouTube reported that time watching family vloggers had increased by 90%.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Luscombe|first=Belinda|date=May 18, 2017|title=The YouTube Parents Who are Turning Family Moments into Big Bucks|url=https://time.com/4783215/growing-up-in-public/|access-date=June 21, 2019|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Alexander |first=Julia |date=June 21, 2019 |title=YouTube can't remove kid videos without tearing a hole in the entire creator ecosystem |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/21/18651223/youtube-kids-harmful-content-predator-comments-family-vlogging |access-date=June 21, 2019 |work=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> However, with the increase in videos featuring children, the site began to face several controversies related to [[Child protection|child safety]]. During Q2 2017, the owners of popular channel [[FamilyOFive]], which featured themselves playing "pranks" on their children, were accused of [[child abuse]]. Their videos were eventually deleted, and two of their children were removed from their custody.<ref name="Ohlheiser2017">{{cite news|last=Ohlheiser|first=Abby|date=April 26, 2017|title=The saga of a YouTube family who pulled disturbing pranks on their own kids|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/04/25/the-saga-of-a-youtube-family-who-pulled-disturbing-pranks-on-their-own-kids/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="Cresci2017">{{Cite news|last=Cresci|first=Elena|date=May 7, 2017|title=Mean stream: how YouTube prank channel DaddyOFive enraged the internet|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2017/may/07/when-youtube-pranks-go-horribly-wrong|access-date=June 7, 2017|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="Dunphy2017">{{cite web |last=Dunphy |first=Rachel |date=April 28, 2017 |title=The Abusive 'Pranks' of YouTube Family Vloggers |url=https://nymag.com/selectall/2017/04/daddyofive-youtube-abuse-controversy-explained.html |access-date=July 9, 2017 |work=Select All |publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]]}}</ref><ref name="Gajanan2017">{{cite magazine|last=Gajanan|first=Mahita|date=May 3, 2017|title=YouTube Star DaddyOFive Loses Custody of 2 Children Shown in 'Prank' Videos|url=https://time.com/4763981/daddyofive-mike-martin-heather-martin-youtube-prank-custody/|access-date=July 9, 2017|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> A similar case happened in 2019 when the owners of the channel [[Fantastic Adventures scandal|Fantastic Adventures]] was accused of abusing her adopted children. Her videos would later be deleted.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Levenson |first1=Eric |last2=Alonso |first2=Mel |date=March 20, 2019 |title=A mom on a popular YouTube show is accused of pepper-spraying her kids when they flubbed their lines |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/20/us/youtube-fantastic-adventures-mom-arrest-trnd/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> Later that year, YouTube came under criticism for showing inappropriate videos targeted at children and often featuring popular characters in violent, sexual or otherwise disturbing situations, many of which appeared on [[YouTube Kids]] and attracted millions of views. The term "[[Elsagate]]" was coined on the Internet and then used by various news outlets to refer to this controversy.<ref>Ben Popper, [https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/20/14489052/youtube-kids-videos-superheroes-disney-characters-fart-jokes Adults dressed as superheroes is YouTube's new, strange, and massively popular genre], ''The Verge'', February 4, 2017</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=March 31, 2017 |title=Report: Thousands of videos mimicking popular cartoons on YouTube Kids contain inappropriate content |url=https://news10.com/2017/03/31/report-thousands-of-videos-mimicking-popular-cartoons-on-youtube-kids-contain-inappropriate-content/ |access-date=April 30, 2017 |website=NEWS10 ABC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819234642/http://news10.com/2017/03/31/report-thousands-of-videos-mimicking-popular-cartoons-on-youtube-kids-contain-inappropriate-content/ |archive-date=August 19, 2017}}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{Cite web |last=Maheshwari |first=Sapna |date=2017-11-04 |title=Child Friendly? Startling Videos Slip Past Filters |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/04/business/media/youtube-kids-paw-patrol.html |url-access=limited |website=The New York Times |id={{ProQuest|2463387110}}}}</ref><ref name="forbes">Dani Di Placido, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2017/11/28/youtubes-elsagate-illuminates-the-unintended-horrors-of-the-digital-age/#431289ed6ba7 YouTube's "Elsagate" Illuminates The Unintended Horrors Of The Digital Age], ''[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]]'', November 28, 2017</ref> On November 11, 2017, YouTube announced it was strengthening site security to protect children from unsuitable content. Later that month, the company started to mass delete videos and channels that made improper use of family-friendly characters. As part of a broader concern regarding child safety on YouTube, the wave of deletions also targeted channels that showed children taking part in inappropriate or dangerous activities under the guidance of adults. Most notably, the company removed ''[[Toy Freaks]]'', a channel with over 8.5&nbsp;million subscribers, that featured a father and his two daughters in odd and upsetting situations.<ref name="auto">Todd Spangler, [https://variety.com/2017/digital/news/youtube-toy-freaks-channel-terminated-1202617834/ YouTube Terminates Toy Freaks Channel Amid Broader Crackdown on Disturbing Kids' Content], ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', November 17, 2017</ref><ref name="verge">{{cite news|last=Popper|first=Ben|date=November 9, 2017|title=YouTube says it will crack down on bizarre videos targeting children|work=[[The Verge]]|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/9/16629788/youtube-kids-distrubing-inappropriate-flag-age-restrict|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116090955/https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/9/16629788/youtube-kids-distrubing-inappropriate-flag-age-restrict|archive-date=November 16, 2017|quote=In August of this year, YouTube announced that it would no longer allow creators to monetize videos which "made inappropriate use of family-friendly characters." Today it's taking another step to try to police this genre.}}</ref><ref>Sarah Templeton, [https://web.archive.org/web/20240401031704/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/entertainment/2017/11/disturbing-elsagate-toy-freaks-videos-removed-from-youtube-after-abuse-allegations.html Disturbing 'ElsaGate', 'Toy Freaks' videos removed from YouTube after abuse allegations], ''[[Newshub]]'', November 22, 2017</ref><ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/US/youtube-crack-videos-showing-child-endangerment/story?id=51336368 YouTube to crack down on videos showing child endangerment], ''[[ABC News]]'', November 22, 2017</ref><ref>Charlie Warzel, [https://www.buzzfeed.com/charliewarzel/youtube-is-addressing-its-massive-child-exploitation-problem YouTube Is Addressing Its Massive Child Exploitation Problem] [[BuzzFeed]], November 22, 2017</ref> According to analytics specialist SocialBlade, it earned up to £8.7&nbsp;million annually prior to its deletion.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bridge|first1=Mark|last2=Mostrous|first2=Alexi|date=November 18, 2017|title=Child abuse on YouTube|newspaper=The Times|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/child-abuse-on-youtube-q3x9zfkch|url-access=subscription|access-date=November 28, 2017}}</ref> Even for content that appears to be aimed at children and appears to contain only child-friendly content, YouTube's system allows for anonymity of who uploads these videos. These questions have been raised in the past, as YouTube has had to remove channels with children's content which, after becoming popular, then suddenly include inappropriate content masked as children's content.<ref name="WSJ kids love">{{Cite news|last1=Koh|first1=Yoree|last2=Morris|first2=Betsy|date=April 11, 2019|title=Kids Love These YouTube Channels. Who Creates Them Is a Mystery.|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/kids-love-these-youtube-channels-who-creates-them-is-a-mystery-11554975000|url-access=registration|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814180500/https://www.wsj.com/articles/kids-love-these-youtube-channels-who-creates-them-is-a-mystery-11554975000|archive-date=August 14, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2019}}</ref> Alternative, some of the most-watched children's programming on YouTube comes from channels that have no identifiable owners, raising concerns of intent and purpose. One channel that had been of concern was "[[Cocomelon – Nursery Rhymes|Cocomelon]]" which provided numerous mass-produced animated videos aimed at children. Up through 2019, it had drawn up to {{USD|10 million}} a month in ad revenue and was one of the largest kid-friendly channels on YouTube before 2020. Ownership of Cocomelon was unclear outside of its ties to "Treasure Studio", itself an unknown entity, raising questions as to the channel's purpose,<ref name="WSJ kids love" /><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Martineau|first=Paris|title=YouTube Has Kid Troubles Because Kids Are a Core Audience|url=https://www.wired.com/story/youtube-kid-troubles-kids-core-audience/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811205146/https://www.wired.com/story/youtube-kid-troubles-kids-core-audience/|archive-date=August 11, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2019|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Jefferson |date=June 22, 2019 |title=Why YouTube's kid issues are so serious |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/talkingtech/2019/06/22/nursery-rhymes-i-toy-story-porn-youtube-thats-kid-problem/1529724001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814181002/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/talkingtech/2019/06/22/nursery-rhymes-i-toy-story-porn-youtube-thats-kid-problem/1529724001/ |archive-date=August 14, 2019 |access-date=August 14, 2019 |website=USA Today}}</ref> but ''[[Bloomberg News]]'' had been able to confirm and interview the small team of American owners in February 2020 regarding "Cocomelon", who stated their goal for the channel was to simply entertain children, wanting to keep to themselves to avoid attention from outside investors.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bergan|first1=Mark|last2=Shaw|first2=Lucas|date=February 10, 2020|title=YouTube's Secretive Top Kids Channel Expands Into Merchandise|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-10/popular-youtube-kids-channel-cocomelon-gets-into-merch-and-toys|access-date=June 15, 2020|work=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> The anonymity of such channel raise concerns because of the lack of knowledge of what purpose they are trying to serve.<ref name="vice kids content">{{Cite web |last=Haskins |first=Caroline |date=March 19, 2019 |title=YouTubers Are Fighting Algorithms to Make Good Content for Kids |url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/mbznpy/youtubers-are-fighting-algorithms-to-make-good-content-for-kids |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814182839/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/mbznpy/youtubers-are-fighting-algorithms-to-make-good-content-for-kids |archive-date=August 14, 2019 |access-date=August 14, 2019 |website=[[Vice Media|Vice]]}}</ref> The difficulty to identify who operates these channels "adds to the lack of accountability", according to Josh Golin of the [[Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood]], and educational consultant Renée Chernow-O'Leary found the videos were designed to entertain with no intent to educate, all leading to critics and parents to be concerned for their children becoming too enraptured by the content from these channels.<ref name="WSJ kids love" /> Content creators that earnestly make child-friendly videos have found it difficult to compete with larger channels, unable to produce content at the same rate as them, and lacking the same means of being promoted through YouTube's recommendation algorithms that the larger animated channel networks have shared.<ref name="vice kids content" /> In January 2019, YouTube officially banned videos containing "challenges that encourage acts that have an inherent risk of severe physical harm" (such as the [[Consumption of Tide Pods|Tide Pod Challenge]]) and videos featuring pranks that "make victims believe they're in physical danger" or cause emotional distress in children.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palladino |first=Valentina |date=January 16, 2019 |title=YouTube updates policies to explicitly ban dangerous pranks, challenges |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/01/youtube-updates-policies-to-explicitly-ban-dangerous-pranks-challenges/ |access-date=January 16, 2019 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref> ===== Sexualization of children and pedophilia ===== {{see also|Elsagate}} Kweniso mu Novembala 2017, ŵapharazgi ŵakavumbura kuti mavidiyo ghanandi agho ghakulongosora vya ŵana, agho kanandi ghakutumika na ŵana ŵambura kufikapo, kweniso agho ghakulongora ŵana ŵakuseŵera na vyakusanguluska, ghakakopanga ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵana. Mavidiyo ghanyake agho ghakulongosora vya ŵana agho ghakaŵa pa YouTube ghakamba kuthandazgika pa webusayiti iyi. Chifukwa cha mphindano izi, izo zikasazgirako kwenjerwa pa nkhani ya "Elsagate", ŵapharazgi ŵanandi awo ŵakapharazganga na mavidiyo agha ŵakaleka kugwiliskira nchito YouTube. Mu Disembala 2018, nyuzipepara ya The Times yikasanga milandu yakujumpha 100 iyo ŵana ŵakachitiranga vinthu vyambura kwenelera (nga nkhuvura malaya, kujitozga mwakujumphizga, na kukhwaska ŵana ŵanyawo mwambura kwenelera). Mutolamakani munyake wakati wawona mavidiyo agha, hafu yikafumiskika. Mu Febuluwale 2019, munthu munyake uyo wakulemba mavidiyo pa YouTube, zina lake Matt Watson, wakamanya kuti pa YouTube pali "chidolo" icho chikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵawonenge mavidiyo agha. Mavidiyo ghanandi agha ghakaŵa na mazgu gha ŵanthu awo ŵakachitiranga nkhaza ŵana ŵawo. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakaŵikangaso mavidiyo agha mu nthowa yinyake, kweni ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mavidiyo ghanyake. Pamanyuma pa nkhani iyi, wupu uwu ukati wafumiskapo ma TV ghakujumpha 400 na mauthenga mamiliyoni ghanandi. Muyowoyeri munyake wakalongosora kuti "vinthu vyose ivyo vingananga umoyo wa ŵana ni viheni ndipo tili na malango ghakukanizga pa YouTube. Paliso vinandi vyakuti tichite, ndipo tikulutilira kuyezgayezga kuti tiŵawovwire kuti ŵamanye luŵiro ŵanthu awo ŵakusuzgika". Nangauli pakaŵa vinthu ivi, kweni AT&T, Disney, Dr. Oetker, Epic Games, na Nestlé wose ŵakafumiska malonda ghawo pa YouTube. Pamasinda, YouTube yikamba kulekeska malonda gha mavidiyo agho ghakaŵa na mazgu ghakutinkha ŵanthu. Wupu uwu ukalongosora kuti uwu ukaŵa wovwiri wakanyengo kachoko waka apo ŵakaghanaghaniranga nthowa zinyake zakumazgira suzgo ili. Kweniso YouTube yikamba kujara masiteshoni agho ghakuŵa na ŵana. "Ŵabwezi ŵakugomezgeka" ŵangapempha kuti ŵambeso kuyowoyapo, kweni para ŵamara kuyowoyapo, iyo ndiyo wazamupwelelera. Vinthu ivi vikovwira chomene ŵana ŵachoko, kweni ŵana ŵalara na ŵawukirano nawo ŵangavikilirika usange ŵakuchita vinthu ivyo vingawoneka nga ni vya kugonana, nga ni maseŵero ghakukhozga thupi. YouTube yikayowoya kuti yikugwiraso nchito pa nthowa yiwemi yakuwuskirapo ma comment pa masiteshoni ghanyake agho ghakukolerana na umo ŵanthu ŵakusuzgira ŵana. Kuyezga kulembapo mavidiyo agho ghakulongosora vya "CP" (chidule cha vithuzithuzi vyamuziro vya ŵana) kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye nkhani zinyake izo zikukolerana yayi na mavidiyo agha. YouTube yikadandawura na kuwezgerapo mavidiyo. Kweniso, ŵanthu awo ŵakuguliska mavidiyo pa Intaneti ŵakukhumba kuti mavidiyo ghawo ghafumiskike panji kuwuskikapo. YouTube yikayowoya kuti yikuchitapo kanthu yayi pa mavidiyo agho ghali na mazgu agha, kweni pa mavidiyo agho ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakuchita vinthu na ŵana. Mu Juni 2019, nyuzipepara ya The New York Times yikalemba vya ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasanga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakuwonelera mavidiyo gha vyauzeleza ŵangapika mavidiyo gha ŵana. Pa cifukwa ici, Senator Josh Hawley wakayowoya kuti wakukhumba kukhazikiska dango ilo lingakanizga YouTube na mawebusayiti ghanyake kuti ghaleke kulongora mavidiyo agho ghakulongora ŵana ŵacoko waka. YouTube yikayowoya kuti yikukhumba kuwuskamo mavidiyo ghose agho ghakulongora ŵana pa malo ghakuru gha YouTube na kughaŵika pa malo gha YouTube Kids uko ŵangakhozga chomene ndondomeko ya ndondomeko ya mavidiyo, kweniso kusintha vinyake vikuru pa malo ghakuru gha YouTube..<ref>{{cite web |last=Copeland |first=Rob |date=June 19, 2019 |title=YouTube, Under Fire, Considers Major Changes to Kids' Content |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/youtube-under-fire-considers-major-changes-to-kids-content-11560953721 |access-date=June 19, 2019 |work=[[Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> ==== Misogyny ==== Lipoti la mu Janyuwale 2022 la kampani ya Social Media Analytics Bot Sentinel likati ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube kuti ŵalembepo vinthu viheni vyakukhwaskana na Prince Harry na Meghan, kusazgapo fundo za chiŵembu vyakukhwaskana na banalume aŵa. Bot Sentinel nayo wakasanga kuti nkhani yinyake iyo yikayowoyanga kuti Meghan wakaŵa na nthumbo yayi, yikawoneka pafupifupi 19 miliyoni ndipo yikasanganga ndalama pafupifupi $44,000 pa chaka. Mu Malichi, YouTube yikajandizga nkhani iyi. Lipoti la mu Ogasiti 2022 ilo likapelekeka na wupu wa ku Britain wakuchemeka Center for Countering Digital Hate, likati kusuzga ŵanakazi kwazara chomene pa YouTube. Likayowoya kuti mawayilesi agho ghakukolerana na ivyo Andrew Tate wakuchita ghakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube kuti ghasazgireko ŵanthu awo ŵakughawonelera. Mu bukhu lake la 2022 Like, Comment, Subscribe: Inside YouTube's Chaotic Rise to World Domination, mtolankhani wa Bloomberg Mark Bergen wakati ŵanakazi ŵanandi awo ŵakupangiska nkhani ŵakusuzgika, kusuzgika na kusuzgika.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last=Lorenz|first=Taylor|author-link=Taylor Lorenz|date=September 18, 2022|title=YouTube remains rife with misogyny and harassment, creators say|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/09/18/you-tube-mysogyny-women-hate/|access-date=2022-12-26|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> === April Fools gags === {{See also|List of Google April Fools' Day jokes}} Pa YouTube pakaŵa nkhani ya ŵanthu ŵakujikuzga pa April Fools pa April 1, chaka chilichose kufuma mu 2008 m'paka 2016. Mu 2008, mavidiyo ghose agho ghakaŵa pa peji lakwamba ghakaŵa na vidiyo ya Rick Astley ya sumu yakuti "Never Gonna Give You Up". Chaka chakulondezgapo, para munthu wakudodoliska pa vidiyo pa peji lakwamba, peji lose likazgoka, ndipo YouTube yikati ni "ndondomeko yiphya". Mu 2010, YouTube yikafumiska nthowa ya "TEXTp" iyo yikung'anamura vithuzi mu ASCII kuti "vichepeske mtengo wa bandwidth na $1 pa sekondi". Chaka chakulondezgapo, malo agha ghakakondwelera "chaka cha 100" na mafilimu ghanandi ghambura mazgu gha kuuyambiro wa ma 1900, kusazgapo na gha Keyboard Cat. Mu 2012, para munthu wakudumura pa DVD iyo yili pafupi na logo ya webusayiti iyi, wakawonanga vidiyo iyo yikulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube kuti ŵapeleke mavidiyo ghose pa DVD. Mu 2013, YouTube yikakolerana na kampani ya nyuzipepara yakuchemeka The Onion, ndipo yikati pa vidiyo iyo yikaŵa pa webusayiti iyi, yikayowoya kuti yikamba na mpikisano. Mu vidiyo iyi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa pa YouTube, kusazgapo Antoine Dodson. Vidiyo ya ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakapharazga vya mavidiyo agho ghakapelekeka ku ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake, yikalongoreka kwa maora 12. Mu 2014, YouTube yikapharazga kuti ndiyo yikapangiska mavidiyo ghose agho ghakathandazgika pa Intaneti, ndipo yikavumbura mavidiyo ghanyake nga ni "Clocking", "Kissing Dad", na "Glub Glub Water Dance". Chaka chakulondezgapo, YouTube yikasazgirako batani la sumu ku vidiyo iyo yikaseŵeranga sumu ya Darude ya "Sandstorm". Mu 2016, YouTube yikapeleka mwaŵi wa kuwonelera mavidiyo ghose pa pulatifomu mu 360-degree mode na Snoop Dogg.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sini|first=Rozina|date=April 1, 2016|title=Snoopavision and other April Fools jokes going viral|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35941866|access-date=April 1, 2016}}</ref> == Services == === YouTube Premium === Nkhani ikulu: [[YouTube Premium]] YouTube Premium (yomwe kale yikaŵa YouTube Red) ni YouTube's premium subscription service. Yikuŵa yambura malonda, yikutora mavidiyo gha pa foni. YouTube Premium yikayowoyeka pa Novembala 12, 2014, nga ni "Music Key", ntchito ya kusindikiza sumu, ndipo yikaŵa yakuti yinganjilira mu Google Play Music "All Access". Pa Okutobala 28, 2015, YouTube Red yikambaso kupelekeka, ndipo yikupharazga mavidiyo ghose kwambura malonda. Mu Novembala 2016, ŵapharazgi ŵakukwana 1.5 miliyoni, ndipo ŵanyake 1 miliyoni ŵakuchita ivi kwaulere. Mu Juni 2017, nyengo yakwamba ya YouTube Originals yikawoneka na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 250 miliyoni. === YouTube ya Ŵana === Nkhani ikulu: YouTube Kids YouTube Kids ni vidiyo ya ŵana ya ku America iyo yikupangika na YouTube, kampani ya Google. App iyi yikapangika cifukwa cakuti ŵapapi na boma ŵakulaŵilira ivyo ŵana ŵangasambira. App iyi yikovwira ŵana kuti ŵawonenge mavidiyo ghakwenelera yayi, ndipo yikovwira kuti ŵapapi ŵachitenge vinthu mwamahara. Pakwamba yikang'anamulika pa Febuluwale 15, 2015, nga ni app ya Android na iOS, kufuma apo yikang'anamulika pa LG, Samsung, na Sony smart TV, kweniso pa Android TV. Pa Meyi 27, 2020, yikamba kusangika pa Apple TV. Kufika mu Seputembala 2019, app iyi yilipo mu vyaru 69, kusazgapo Hong Kong na Macau, na chigaŵa chimoza. Pa Ogasiti 30, 2019, YouTube yikamba ntchito ya pa intaneti ya YouTube Kids. === Sumu pa YouTube === Nkhani ikulu: YouTube Music Pa Seputembala 28, 2016, YouTube yikasankha Lyor Cohen, uyo wali kukhazikiska kampani ya 300 Entertainment ndipo wakaŵa mulara wa Warner Music Group, kuŵa mulara wa Global Head of Music. Kukwambilira kwa chaka cha 2018, Cohen wakamba kuyowoyapo kuti YouTube yingaŵa na pulogiramu yiphya ya sumu, iyo yinganjilirapo pa mpikisano na vinyake nga ni Spotify na Apple Music. Pa Meyi 22, 2018, wakajura YouTube Music. === Mafilimu gha pa YouTube === YouTube Movies ni uteŵeti wa YouTube uwo ukulongora mafilimu kwizira mu webusayiti yake. Pafupifupi mafilimu 100 500 ghakusangika kwaulere, pamoza na malonda. Mavidiyo ghanyake ghakusazgikako ndipo ghanyake ghakufumiskika, kwambura kuphalirika. YouTube TV Nkhani ikulu: [[YouTube TV]] Pa February 28, 2017, mu chipharazgo ku YouTube Space ku Los Angeles, YouTube yikapharazga za YouTube TV, yeneiyo yikaŵa ntchito ya kulembeska ya MVPD. Pakwamba kukhazikiska mu misika yikuru yinkhondi (New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia na San Francisco) pa Epulero 5, 2017, uteŵeti uwu ukupeleka vyalo vyamoyo vya mapulogiramu kufuma ku mabungwe ghankhondi ghakurughakuru (ABC, CBS, The CW, Fox na NBC), pamoza na ma TV pafupifupi 40 agho ghali na mabungwe ghakuru gha mabungwe agha, The Walt Disney Company, CBS Corporation, 21st Century Fox, NBCUniversal na Turner Broadcasting System (mwaŵanyake Bravo, USA Network, Syfy, Disney Channel, CNN, Cartoon Network, E!, Fox Sports 1, Freeform, FX na ESPN). Awo ŵali na mapulogiramu gha pa TV iyi, ŵangapokeraso mapulogiramu gha pa TV gha Showtime na Fox Soccer Plus. .<ref>{{cite news|title=YouTube takes on cable with new TV service|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39124092|first=Dave|last=Lee|publisher=BBC|date=March 1, 2017|access-date=March 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://fortune.com/2017/02/28/youtube-tv-live-streaming-subscription/|title=Meet YouTube TV: Google's Live TV Subscription Service|first=Tom Jr|last=Huddleston|work=Fortune|date=March 1, 2017|access-date=March 1, 2017}}</ref> === YouTube Go === [[File:YouTube_Go.svg|thumb|Chizindikiro cha YouTube Go]] YouTube Go yikaŵa app ya Android iyo yikapangika kuti yikovwire ŵanthu kusanga makora YouTube pa mafoni. Vidiyo iyi yikaŵa yakupambana na app yikuru ya Android ndipo yikapelekanga mwaŵi wakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵikengeko mavidiyo. Kweniso yikovwira ŵanthu kuwonelera mavidiyo, kugaŵana mavidiyo agho ŵali kukopera kwizira pa Bluetooth, kweniso yikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye umo ŵangachitira na mavidiyo. Mu Meyi 2022, Google yikapharazga kuti yizamujara YouTube Go mu Ogasiti 2022. YouTube yikapharazga vya pulogiramu iyi mu Seputembala 2016 pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku India. Iyo yikamba kugwira ntchito ku India mu Febuluwale 2017, ndipo mu Novembala 2017 yikasazgikira mu vyaru vinyake 14, kusazgapo Nigeria, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Philippines, Kenya, na South Africa. Pa Febuluwale 1, 2018, vidiyo iyi yikamba kusangika mu vyaru vyakujumpha 130, kusazgapo Brazil, Mexico, Turkey, na Iraq. Pambere yindaleke kugwira ntchito, ŵanthu pafupifupi 60 pa 100 pa caru cose ŵakaŵa na app iyi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/02/01/googles-data-friendly-app-youtube-go-expands-to-over-130-countries-now-supports-higher-quality-videos/|title=Google's data-friendly app YouTube Go expands to over 130 countries, now supports higher quality&nbsp;videos|last=Perez|first=Sarah|work=TechCrunch|access-date=February 2, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2018 |title=Google's 'offline first' YouTube Go app launches in 130 new markets, but not the U.S. |url=https://venturebeat.com/2018/02/01/googles-offline-first-youtube-go-app-launches-globally/ |access-date=February 2, 2018 |website=VentureBeat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308154302/https://venturebeat.com/2018/02/01/googles-offline-first-youtube-go-app-launches-globally/ |archive-date=March 8, 2021}}</ref> === YouTube Shorts === {{main|YouTube Shorts}} [[File:TikTok_and_YouTube_Shorts_example.webm|right|thumb|Chitsanzo cha vidiyo yomwe ili yoyenera pa YouTube Shorts, yomwe ikuwonetsa Crew Dragon Endeavour ikugwira ntchito pa International Space Station]] Mu Seputembala 2020, YouTube yikapharazga kuti yizenge na beta version ya vidiyo ya masekondi 15, yakuyana na TikTok, yakuchemeka YouTube Shorts. Pakwamba, pulogiramu iyi yikayezgeka mu India, kweni mu Malichi 2021 yikasazgikira ku vyaru vinyake nga ni United States. Pulogiramu iyi njekha yayi, kweni yikukolerana na app yikuru ya YouTube. Nga ni TikTok, yikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito vinthu vinyake, kusazgapo kuŵikamo sumu izo zili na laisensi mu mavidiyo ghawo. Mu Julayi 2021, kabuku aka kakamba kusangika pa charu chose. === Nkhani za YouTube === Mu 2018, YouTube yikamba kuyezga nthowa yiphya yakuchemeka "YouTube Reels". Chigaŵa ichi chili nga ni nkhani za pa Instagram na Snapchat. Pamanyuma, YouTube yikasintha zina lakuti "Nkhani za pa YouTube". Ŵekha awo ŵali na ŵabwezi ŵakujumpha 10,000 ndiwo ŵangawoneska vidiyo iyi. ==== Vinthu Vyakovwira Ŵanthu ==== Nkhani ikulu: Mmene YouTube Imakhudzira Anthu Ŵanthu na makampani ghakurughakuru ghakugwiliskira nchito YouTube kuti ŵamanye ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakulemba nkhani za mu manyuzipepara na pa wayilesi ŵali na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuŵalondezga kwambura kulipira ndalama zinandi. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito pa YouTube ŵakamba kusamira pa webusayiti iyi. Nangauli "Partner Program" ya YouTube yikovwira kuti munthu wasange ndalama zinandi pakuŵa mulembi wa mavidiyo, kweni ŵabwezi ŵake 500 awo waliyose wakusanga ndalama zakujumpha $100,000 pa chaka, kweniso masiteshoni 10 agho ghakusanga ndalama zinandi chomene, ghakusanga ndalama zakukwana $2.5 miliyoni m'paka $12 miliyoni. Mu 2012, mulembi wa nkhani za malonda wa CMU wakalemba kuti YouTube ni "pulogalamu yakupharazgira ŵanthu awo ŵakulemba sumu". Mu 2013, Katheryn Thayer wa pa Forbes wakati ntchito ya ŵanthu ŵavinjeru ŵa mu nyengo ya digito yikwenera kuŵa yapachanya chomene, kweniso yikwenera kukopa ŵanthu pa YouTube na pa Intaneti. Mavidiyo gha ŵanthu 2.5% awo ŵali mu gulu la "mega", "mainstream" na "medium-sized" ghakaŵa na vithuzithuzi 90.3% pa YouTube na Vevo. Kuuyambiro wa 2013, Billboard yikapharazga kuti yikugwiliskira nchito fundo za pa YouTube pakupanga mapu gha Billboard Hot 100 na ghanyake.<ref name="Billboard20130220">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1549399/hot-100-news-billboard-and-nielsen-add-youtube-video-streaming-to-platforms|title=Hot 100 News: Billboard and Nielsen Add YouTube Video Streaming to Platforms|author=''Billboard'' staff|date=February 20, 2013|magazine=Billboard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129170847/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1549399/hot-100-news-billboard-and-nielsen-add-youtube-video-streaming-to-platforms|archive-date=January 29, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Jordan_Hoffner_at_the_68th_Annual_Peabody_Awards_for_YouTube.jpg|thumb|Jordan Hoffner at the 68th Annual [[Peabody Awards]] accepting for YouTube]] Pakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵakudumbiskana maso na maso nga ni umo vikuŵira na mavidiyo gha pa Intaneti, "ŵali kusintha comene kwa vyaka vinandi", Chris Anderson, uyo wakulongozga pa TED, wakazunura ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulemba pa YouTube ndipo wakati: "Ivyo Gutenberg wakacita pakulemba mabuku, sono mavidiyo gha pa Intaneti ghangatovwira kuti tidumbiskane maso na maso". Anderson wakati ntchakubendera yayi kuyowoya kuti mavidiyo gha pa Intaneti ghapangiskenge kuti sayansi yilute panthazi chomene, ndipo awo ŵakujambura mavidiyo agha ŵangamba "kusambira vinthu vinandi chomene". Mwaciyelezgero, pa nkhani ya masambiro, sukulu ya Khan Academy yikakura kufuma pa vidiyo ya pa YouTube iyo yikasambizgiranga mubali wa Salman Khan ndipo yikamba kucemeka "sukulu yikuru comene pa caru cose". Mu 2008, YouTube wakapokera chawanangwa chakuchemeka George Foster Peabody Award, ndipo webusayiti iyi yikulongosoreka kuti ni malo ghakusambizgirako ŵanthu. Nyuzipepara ya Washington Post yikati pa YouTube pali ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakutemwa kuwonelera ma TV. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika ku Pew Research Center, wakalongosora kuti "ŵanthu ŵakuwona ivyo vikuchitika mu nyuzipepara", ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakuwona ivyo vikuchitika kweniso mawupu agho ghakupharazga nkhani, ndiwo ghakupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Kafukufuku uyu wakalongoraso kuti YouTube yikamba kuŵa nthowa yikuru yakuti ŵanthu ŵamanye nkhani. YouTube yawovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵayowoyenge na boma, nga umo vikaŵira pa nkhani ya maungano gha CNN na YouTube (2007) apo ŵanthu ŵakafumbira mafumbo awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la United States. Pakulongosora vya nyengo ya Arab Spring (2010~2012), Philip N. Howard wakalemba mazgu gha munthu munyake uyo wakachitanga vinthu mwakukolerana na ivyo vikachitikanga. Mu 2012, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ku United States Nyumba ya Senate yikapeleka fundo yakususka Joseph Kony pati pajumpha mazuŵa 16 kufuma apo vidiyo ya "Kony 2012" yikapelekeka pa YouTube, ndipo Senator Lindsey Graham uyo wakawovwirapo pa fundo iyi wakati vidiyo iyi "yichitenge vinandi kuti (Kony) wafwe kuluska vyose".<ref name="Politico20120322">{{cite web |last=Wong |first=Scott |date=March 22, 2012 |title=Joseph Kony captures Congress' attention |url=https://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=76ECD47B-6BE4-4703-BC79-E7955A4DE0D6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108184459/https://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=76ECD47B-6BE4-4703-BC79-E7955A4DE0D6 |archive-date=January 8, 2014 |website=Politico}}</ref> [[File:ObamaYouTubers307.png|right|thumb|Leading YouTube content creators met at the White House with U.S. President Obama to discuss how government could better connect with the "YouTube generation."<ref name="Tubefilter20140302">{{cite web |last=Cohen |first=Joshua |date=March 2, 2014 |title=Obama Meets With YouTube Advisors on How To Reach Online Audiences |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2014/03/02/obama-meets-with-youtube-advisors-on-how-to-reach-online-audiences/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306020608/https://www.tubefilter.com/2014/03/02/obama-meets-with-youtube-advisors-on-how-to-reach-online-audiences/ |archive-date=March 6, 2014 |website=Tubefilter}}</ref><ref name="WhiteHouse20140306">{{cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Brad L. |date=March 6, 2014 |title=YouTube Stars Talk Health Care (and Make History) at the White House |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2014/03/06/youtube-stars-talk-health-care-and-make-history-white-house |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128005716/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2014/03/06/youtube-stars-talk-health-care-and-make-history-white-house |archive-date=January 28, 2017 |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |location=Washington, D.C. |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}</ref>]] Kweniso, YouTube yawovwira boma kuti lipulikiskenge makora ŵanthu. Mu 2012, ofesi ya White House ndiyo yikaŵa pa malo gha nambara 7 pa malo gha nkhani pa YouTube. Mu 2013, kampani yinyake ya vyaumoyo yikapempha munthu munyake uyo wakujiyaniska na Obama, zina lake Iman Crosson, kuti waŵe na vidiyo ya sumu ya pa YouTube. Mu Febuluwale 2014, U.S. Pulezidenti Obama wakachita ungano ku White House na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene pa YouTube kuti ŵamanyiske ŵanthu vya Obamacare kweniso kuti ŵamanye umo boma lingacitira kuti liŵe paubwezi na ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa YouTube. Nangauli YouTube yikovwira kuti ŵalongozgi ŵa boma ŵaŵe paubwezi na ŵanthu bweka, kweni awo ŵakupangiska vinthu pa YouTube ŵakamanya kuti ntchakukhumbikwa chomene kuti ŵamanye makora umo ŵangapharazgira. Mavidiyo ghanyake gha pa YouTube ghakakhwaska chomene vinthu ivyo vikachitikanga pa charu, nga ni nkhani ya Innocence of Muslims (2012) iyo yikapangiska kuti pa charu chose paŵe vivulupi. Chris Anderson, mulongozgi wa pa TED, wakalongosora umo ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana ŵakugwiliskira ntchito maluso ghawo mu mavidiyo gha pa YouTube. Mu nyuzipepara ya The New York Times, Virginia Heffernan wakati mavidiyo agha "ghakukondweska comene" ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa sumu za ndembera. Nkhani yinyake ya mu 2017 mu magazini ya The New York Times Magazine yikati YouTube yazgoka "wayilesi yiphya iyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoyapo" ku ŵanthu ŵa ku malo ghakutali. Pafupifupi chaka chimoza pambere YouTube yindapharazge mu Janyuwale 2019 kuti yikwamba "kusintha pachokopachoko" kuti "yichepeske ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa na ivyo vingaŵapweteka", Zeynep Tufekci wakalemba mu nyuzipepara ya The New York Times kuti, "Chifukwa cha ŵanthu mabiliyoni ghanandi awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube, yingaŵa yimoza mwa vinthu vyakofya chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000". Chifukwa chakuti YouTube yikasintha nthowa yake yakupangira mauthenga, nthowa iyo yikayowoyeka chomene yikasintha kufuma kwa Alex Jones mu 2016 kuya ku Fox News mu 2019. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2020, "ŵapharazgi ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti vidiyo njakukhumbikwa chomene, kweni tikugomezga kuti ni viŵi yayi. M'malo mwake, tikukhumba kuti pa YouTube tiwonenge ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya pa nkhani za ndyali". Kafukufuku munyake wa mu 2022 wakulongora kuti "nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukayika kuti YouTube yikupeleka mavidiyo ghakukhuŵazga ŵanthu, kweni palije ukaboni wakukwana wakukhozgera fundo iyi", "ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuwonelera mavidiyo gha ŵanthu ŵambura kutemwana na ŵankhongono pa YouTube". Gulu la Ŵalendo Ŵakupambanapambana na gulu la YouTube Symphony Orchestra ŵakasankha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa mu gulu ili chifukwa cha mavidiyo agho ŵanthu ŵakawoneleranga. Kuwonjezera apo, vidiyo yachitukuko ya "We Are the World 25 for Haiti (YouTube edition) " yikapangika mwa kusakaniza machitidwe a oyimba 57 omwe amagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi mu ntchito imodzi ya nyimbo, ndi The Tokyo Times ikuwona kanema wa YouTube "Tipemphere kwa Inu" monga chitsanzo cha chizoloŵezi chogwiritsira ntchito gulu la anthu pazinthu zachifundo. Mu mwezi umoza pera, vidiyo iyi yikawovwira ŵawukirano ŵanandi ŵa LGBT awo ŵakakhumbanga kujikoma. Pulezidenti Barack Obama, Wachiŵiri kwa Pulezidenti Biden, ŵantchito ŵa ku White House, na ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵa mu nduna. Mwakuyana waka, cifukwa ca vidiyo ya Amanda Todd wa vyaka 15 yakucemeka "My story: Struggling, bullying, suicide, self-harm", boma likati lacitapo kanthu mwaluŵiro kuti lisambire umo ŵanthu ŵakusuzgikira na kupanga ndondomeko yakumazgira suzgo ili. Mu Meyi 2018, apo ŵapolisi ŵa ku London ŵakayowoya kuti mavidiyo gha sumu izo zikukhozga nkhaza zikachitiska kuti paŵe nkhaza za magulu gha vigeŵenga, YouTube yikawuskapo mavidiyo 30.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/may/29/youtube-deletes-30-music-videos-after-met-link-with-gang-violence|title=YouTube deletes 30 music videos after Met link with gang violence|last=Waterson|first=Jim|date=May 28, 2018|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321160833/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/may/29/youtube-deletes-30-music-videos-after-met-link-with-gang-violence|archive-date=March 21, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> == Environmental impacts == {{Main|Sustainability}} YouTube yikovwira kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Mphamvu ya YouTube yikufuma ku Google Data Centers, iyo yikugwiliskirika nchito na magesi gha Renewable Energy kufuma mu 2017. Pa nyengo yasono, kampani iyi yapanga vyakukwana "kuti vileke kunanga vyakumera vyose kufuma apo tikambira mu 1998". Mu Ogasiti 2023, kampani iyi yikapeleka ngongole zakukwana madola 5.75 biliyoni. Google yikukhumba "kuŵa kampani yikuru comene iyo yizamupeleka magesi kwambura vyakununkhira mu 2030".<ref>{{cite web |title=Advancing sustainability |url=https://www.youtube.com/howyoutubeworks/progress-impact/sustainability/ |access-date=7 May 2023 |website=Youtube}}</ref> == Finances == Pambere chaka cha 2020 chindafike, Google yikatondeka kupeleka manambara ghakukhwaskana na ndalama izo YouTube yikagwiliskiranga ntchito, ndipo ndalama izo YouTube yikasanganga mu 2007 zikaŵa zakuzirwa yayi. Mu Juni 2008, magazini ya Forbes yikalemba kuti mu 2008 ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga zikaŵa madola 200 miliyoni. Mu 2012, YouTube yikasanga ndalama zakukwana madola 3.7 biliyoni kufuma ku malonda agho ghakupanga. Mu 2013, ndalama izi zikasazgikira pafupifupi kaŵiri ndipo zikafika pa madola 5.6 biliyoni. Mavidiyo ghanandi gha pa YouTube ni ghaulere ndipo ghakwendeskeka na malonda. Mu Meyi 2013, YouTube yikapeleka nthowa yakuyezgelera ya mathirakiti 53 agho ghakaŵa na mtengo wa madola 0.99 m'paka 6.99 pa mwezi. Ŵanthu ŵakawonanga kuti nthowa iyi yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye umo ŵangagwilira ntchito pa Intaneti nga ni Netflix, Amazon Prime, na Hulu. Google yikamba kufumiska ndalama izo yikasanga pa YouTube mu Febuluwale 2020 mu lipoti la ndalama la Alphabet. Kuyana na Google, YouTube yikasanga ndalama zakukwana $15.1 biliyoni mu 2019 pakususkana na $8.1 biliyoni mu 2017 na $11.1 biliyoni mu 2018. Ndalama izo YouTube yikasanga zikaŵa pafupifupi 10% ya ndalama zose izo Alphabet yikasanga mu 2019. Ndalama izi zikawovwira ŵanthu pafupifupi 20 miliyoni awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube Premium na YouTube Music, kweniso ŵanthu 2 miliyoni awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube TV. YouTube yikasanga ndalama zakukwana $19.8 billion mu 2020.<ref name="2020revenue">{{Cite web |last=Alphabet Inc. |date=January 26, 2021 |title=Alphabet Inc. Form 10-K (2020) |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204421000010/goog-20201231.htm |access-date=April 16, 2021 |website=www.sec.gov}}</ref> === Partnership with corporations === Mu Juni 2006, YouTube yikachita ubwezi na NBC. Mu Malichi 2007, yikapangana na BBC kuti yiŵe na masiteshoni ghatatu, limoza la nkhani ndipo ghanyake ghaŵiri gha vyakusanguluska. Mu Novembala 2008, YouTube yikakolerana na MGM, Lions Gate Entertainment, na CBS, ndipo yikapeleka mwaŵi ku makampani agha kuti ghaŵikenge mafilimu na mavidiyo pa webusayiti iyi. Chilato cha ndondomeko iyi chikaŵa chakuti ŵanthu ŵachitenge mpikisano na mawebusayiti nga ni Hulu, agho ghakuŵa na nkhani za pa NBC, Fox, na Disney. Mu Novembala 2009, YouTube yikambiska chigaŵa cha "Shows" icho chikasangika ku ŵanthu ŵa ku UK, ndipo chikapelekanga vigaŵa 4,000 vyakufuma ku ŵabwezi ŵakujumpha 60. Mu Janyuwale 2010, YouTube yikamba kupeleka mavidiyo gha pa Intaneti, agho ghakovwira waka ŵanthu ŵa ku United States, Canada, na United Kingdom. Pa webusayiti iyi pali mafilimu ghakujumpha 6,000.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tsotsis |first=Alexia |date=May 9, 2011 |title=Google Partners With Sony Pictures, Universal And Warner Brothers For YouTube Movies |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/05/09/google-partners-with-sony-pictures-nbc-universal-and-warner-brothers-for-youtube-movies/ |access-date=March 26, 2017 |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]]}}</ref> ==== 2017 advertiser boycott ==== Mu Malichi 2017, boma la United Kingdom likafumiskapo malonda ghake pa YouTube, pamanyuma pakuti ŵapharazgi ŵayowoya kuti malonda agha ghakaŵa pa mavidiyo ghautesi. Boma likakhumbanga kuti ŵapharazgi ŵaŵasimikizgire kuti ŵapharazgi aŵa "ŵapharazgenge makora". Nyuzipepara ya The Guardian, pamoza na maburandi ghanyake ghakurughakuru gha ku Britain na ku America, nawo ŵakakanizga kutandazga pa YouTube cifukwa ca nkhani izo zikaŵa zakukwiyiska. Google yikati "yamba kughanaghanirapo comene pa ndondomeko yithu ya malonda ndipo yaŵikapo mtima kuti yivikilirenge malonda ghawo". Mu Epulero 2017, YouTube channel h3h3Productions yikapeleka ukaboni wakuti nkhani ya mu Wall Street Journal yikaŵa na vithuzithuzi ivyo vikulongora malonda gha vyamaseŵera pa vidiyo iyo yikaŵa na sumu za Johnny Rebel. Vidiyo iyi yikafumiskika pamanyuma pakuti ŵasanga kuti mapulogiramu agha ghakaŵako cifukwa ca kugwiliskira nchito vinthu ivyo vili na copyright. Pa April 6, 2017, YouTube yikapharazga kuti kuti "yiwoneseskenge kuti ndalama zikwendera waka ku ŵanthu awo ŵakuchita vinthu mwakuyana na malango", yikasinthenge nthowa zake kuti yikhumbiske kuti wayilesi yiŵe na ndondomeko yakuwonerapo, kweniso kuti yiŵe na ŵanthu 10,000 awo ŵayiwonelera pa umoyo wawo wose pambere ŵandaŵepo mu Pulogiramu ya Ŵabali.<ref name="verge-10kviewsrule">{{cite web |date=April 6, 2017 |title=YouTube will no longer allow creators to make money until they reach 10,000 views |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/4/6/15209220/youtube-partner-program-rule-change-monetize-ads-10000-views |access-date=April 6, 2017 |website=The Verge |publisher=Vox Media}}</ref> === YouTuber earnings === [[File:2017-_Top_earners_on_YouTube_-_column_chart.svg|thumb| ''Forbes'' has reported the total annual earnings of the top ten YouTuber accounts, and the income of the single highest-earning account.]] Mu Meyi 2007, YouTube yikambiska pulogiramu ya kuchezga nayo (Partner Program) (YPP), ndondomeko iyo yikukolerana na AdSense iyo yikovwira munthu uyo wakujura vidiyo kuti waŵe na mwaŵi wa kugaŵa ndalama izo zikufuma ku malonda pa webusayiti iyi. Kanandi YouTube yikutora 45 peresenti ya ndalama izo yikusangika na ŵanthu awo ŵakujambura mavidiyo. Pali ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni awo ŵali mu gulu la YouTube. Kuyana na TubeMogul, mu 2013, malonda agho ghakuŵa pa YouTube pambere vidiyo yindayambe, ghakaŵanga na mtengo wa madola 7.60 pa ŵanthu 1,000. Kanandi pa mavidiyo agha, ghaŵiri pera ndigho ghakuŵa na pharazgo pambere vidiyo yindambe kuwonekera. Ndondomeko ya YouTube yikukanizga vinthu vinyake kuti vileke kusangika mu mavidiyo agho ghakuŵa na ndalama chifukwa cha malonda, kusazgapo mavidiyo agho ghali na nkhaza, kayowoyero kaheni, vya kugonana, "vinthu vyakukhuŵazga panji vyakupweteka, kusazgapo vinthu vyakukhwaskana na nkhondo, viwawa vya ndyali, masoka ghacilengiwa na masoka, nanga ni para palije vithuzithuzi vyambura kulongosoreka" (panji usange ivyo vili mu mavidiyo agha "ni vya nkhani panji vyakusekeska ndipo uyo wakuvipanga wakukhumba kuvumbura panji kusanguluska"), ndiposo mavidiyo agho mazgu gha awo ŵakuvigwiliskira ntchito ghali na vinthu "vyambura kwenelera". Mu 2013, YouTube yikamba kupeleka mwaŵi wakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakuwonelera mavidiyo awo ŵali na ŵalembeska 1,000, ŵaŵikengepo ndalama. Mu Epulero 2017, YouTube yikakhazikiska fundo yakuti munthu wakwenera kuwonelera vidiyo 10,000 pa umoyo wake wose. Pa Janyuwale 16, 2018, ŵakasintha fundo yakuti munthu wakwenera kuwonelera TV kwa maora 4,000 mu myezi 12 iyo yajumpha na kuŵa na ŵanthu 1,000. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwona kuti fundo iyi yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukwesana pa nkhani ya mavidiyo. YouTube Play Buttons, chigaŵa cha YouTube Creator Rewards, ntchawanangwa icho YouTube wakupeleka ku ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kuwonelera mavidiyo. Vinthu ivi vikupelekeka ku ma TV agho ghali na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100,000, miliyoni, 10 miliyoni, 50 miliyoni, na 100 miliyoni. Ndondomeko ya YouTube pa nkhani ya "vinthu vyakovwira awo ŵakupharazga" yikukanizga ivyo vingaŵikika mu mavidiyo agho ghakwendeskeka na ndalama; ivi vikusazgapo nkhaza, kayowoyero, vya kugonana, na "vinthu vyakukhuŵazga panji vyakusuzga, kusazgapo vinthu vyakukhwaskana na nkhondo, viwawa vya ndyali, masoka ghacilengiwa na masoka, nangauli vithuzithuzi vyambura kulongosoreka", pekha usange ivyo vili mu mavidiyo "ni vya nkhani panji vyakusekeska ndipo uyo wakuvipanga wakukhumba kumanya panji kusanguluska". Mu Seputembala 2016, pamanyuma pa kukhazikiska ndondomeko yakupharazga yakusazgikira kuti yivumbulire ŵanthu za viheni ivi, malango gha YouTube ghakatambuzgika na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa, kusazgapo Phillip DeFranco na Vlogbrothers. DeFranco wakati para munthu wakutondeka kusanga ndalama pa mavidiyo agha, ndikuti "wakutondeka kujikora". Muyowoyi wa YouTube wakati nangauli fundo iyi yikaŵa yiphya yayi, kweni iyo "yikasintha ndondomeko ya kupempha wovwiri kuti ŵapharazgi ŵayowoyenge makora". Boing Boing yikalemba mu 2019 kuti mazgu gha LGBT ghakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama. Kufumira mu Novembala 2020 ku United States na Juni 2021 pa charu chose, YouTube yili na wanangwa wa kupanga ndalama pa vidiyo yiliyose pa pulatifomu, nangauli uyo wakuyiŵika pa intaneti ni munyawo yayi wa YouTube Partner Program. Ivi vicitikenge pa masiteshoni agho ghakuwoneka kuti "ghakukondweska ŵanthu", ndipo ndalama zose zizamuluta ku Google kwambura kupeleka ku awo ŵakujura.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Megan |date=November 19, 2020 |title=YouTube will put ads on non-partner videos but won't pay the creators |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/19/youtube-will-put-ads-on-non-partner-videos-but-wont-pay-the-creators.html |access-date=May 23, 2021 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> === Revenue to copyright holders === {{further|#Copyrighted material}} Ndalama zinandi izo YouTube yikusanga chifukwa cha malonda zikuluta ku ŵanthu awo ŵakulemba mavidiyo na kupanga mavidiyo. Mu 2010, vikaŵa vyakuti pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya mavidiyo agho ghakaŵa na malonda, ghakaŵikika pa Intaneti kwambura kuzomerezgeka na awo ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kupanga. YouTube yikupeleka mwaŵi ku awo ŵali na wanangwa wa kuwonelera mavidiyo kuti ŵamanye uko kuli mavidiyo ghawo na kughafumiska. Mu Meyi 2013, Nintendo wakamba kuvikilira wanangwa wake wa kupanga mavidiyo na kupoka ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Mu Febuluwale 2015, Nintendo wakazomerezga kugaŵana ndalama na awo ŵakalenga mavidiyo kwizira mu Nintendo Creators Program. Pa Malichi 20, 2019, Nintendo wakapharazga pa Twitter kuti kampani iyi yimarenge pulogiramu ya Creators. Mapulogalamuwa anasiya kugwira ntchito pa March 20, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plunkett |first=Luke |date=November 28, 2018 |title=Nintendo's Controversial Creators Program Is Shutting Down |url=https://kotaku.com/nintendos-controversial-creators-program-is-shutting-do-1830728813 |access-date=October 20, 2021 |website=Kotaku |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kent |first=Emma |date=November 29, 2018 |title=Nintendo scraps controversial Creators Program, making life easier for YouTubers |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2018-11-29-nintendo-scraps-creators-program-making-life-much-easier-for-youtubers |access-date=October 20, 2021 |website=Eurogamer |language=en}}</ref> == Censorship and bans == {{Main|Censorship of YouTube}} [[File:YouTube_Availability_2021.png|thumb|300x300px|Availability of YouTube as of January 2021:<br /> {{legend|#008000|Has local YouTube version}} {{legend|#B2B2B2|Accessible}} {{legend|#FF0000|Currently blocked}} {{legend|#FF8888|Previously blocked}}]] YouTube has been censored, filtered, or banned for a variety of reasons, including:<ref name="ONIYouTubeCensored">[https://opennet.net/youtube-censored-a-recent-history "YouTube Censored: A Recent History"], OpenNet Initiative. Retrieved September 23, 2012.</ref> * Limiting public access and exposure to content that may ignite social or political unrest. * Preventing criticism of a ruler (e.g. in [[North Korea]]), government (e.g. in [[Internet censorship in China|China]]) or its actions (e.g. in [[Morocco]]), government officials (e.g. in [[Turkey]] and [[Libya]]), or religion (e.g. in [[Pakistan]]). * Morality-based laws, e.g. in [[Internet censorship in Iran|Iran]]. Nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kuwonelera mavidiyo ghanyake chifukwa cha malango ghakukhwaskana na kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu (ku Germany), kuswa malango ghakukhwaskana na nkhani za kutinkha ŵanthu, na kutondeska kuwonelera mavidiyo agho ghakwenelera yayi ŵawukirano. Makampani, masukulu, maboma, na mawupu ghanyake ghakupambanapambana kanandi ghakukana mawebusayiti gha pa Intaneti, kusazgapo YouTube, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa bandwidth kweniso kuti ghangatimbanizga ŵanthu. Kufumira mu 2018, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube mu vyaru vinandi, kusazgapo China, North Korea, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Eritrea, Sudan na South Sudan. Mu vyaru vinyake, YouTube yikujalika kwa nyengo yichoko waka, nga ni para kuli vivulupi, pambere mavoti ghandambe, panji chifukwa cha viphikiro vya ndyali. Para webusayiti yose ya YouTube yalekeskeka chifukwa cha vidiyo yimoza, kanandi YouTube yikuzomerezga kuwuskamo panji kuchepeska nthowa yakugwiliskira ntchito vidiyo iyi. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti kwambira mu Okutobala 2019, mazgu agho ghalembeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku China agho ghakuyuyura chipani cha Communist Party of China (共?? panji kuti "chipani cha Communist bandit") panji (五毛 panji kuti "50 Cent Party", kung'anamura awo ŵakulemba nkhani izo boma likuŵawovwira) ghakufumiskika mu masekondi 15. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vyachitika apo YouTube yikakanizgika ni ivi: * [[Thailand]] blocked access in April 2007 over a video said to be insulting the [[Monarchy of Thailand|Thai king]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Thailand Bans YouTube|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/05/business/worldbusiness/05tube.html|work=The New York Times|date=April 5, 2007}}</ref> * Morocco blocked access in May 2007, possibly as a result of videos critical of [[Political status of Western Sahara|Morocco's occupation of Western Sahara]].<ref>{{cite news|title=YouTube site 'blocked' in Morocco|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6702973.stm|access-date=December 25, 2013|date=May 29, 2007}}</ref> YouTube became accessible again on May 30, 2007, after ''Maroc Telecom'' unofficially announced that the denied access to the website was a mere "technical glitch".<ref>{{cite web |date=May 30, 2007 |title=''YouTube again accessible via Maroc Telecom'' |url=https://ar.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=22322 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416003945/http://ar.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=22322 |archive-date=April 16, 2013 |access-date=May 30, 2007 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> * Turkey blocked access between 2008 and 2010 after controversy over videos deemed insulting to [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Jeffrey|last=Rosen|title=Google's Gatekeepers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 28, 2008|access-date=March 26, 2017|id={{ProQuest|905061951}}}}</ref><ref name="bbc turkey">{{cite news|title=Turkey goes into battle with Google|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/10480877.stm|work=BBC News|date=July 2, 2010|access-date=July 3, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey lifts two-year ban on YouTube|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11659816|date=October 30, 2010|access-date=October 31, 2010}}</ref> In November 2010, a video of the Turkish politician [[Deniz Baykal]] caused the site to be blocked again briefly, and the site was threatened with a new shutdown if it did not remove the video.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey Reinstates YouTube Ban|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704462704575590420251199614.html?mod=googlenews_wsj|date=November 2, 2010|access-date=November 2, 2010|first=Marc|last=Champion}}</ref> During the two and a half-year block of YouTube, the video-sharing website remained the eighth-most-accessed site in Turkey.<ref>[https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/turkey#_ftn21 "Turkey report"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927235933/https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/turkey#_ftn21|date=September 27, 2012}}, ''Freedom on the Net 2012'', Freedom House, September 24, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top Sites in Turkey |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/TR |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217112619/https://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/TR |archive-date=February 17, 2022 |access-date=February 17, 2022 |publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]}}</ref> In 2014, Turkey blocked the access for the second time, after "a high-level intelligence leak."<ref>{{cite web |last=B. Kelley |first=Michael |date=March 27, 2014 |title=YouTube Blocked in Turkey Amid High-Level Intelligence Leak |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-blocked-in-turkey-2014-3 |access-date=March 25, 2017 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26773702|title=Turkey moves to block YouTube access after 'audio leak'|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=March 27, 2014|access-date=March 27, 2014|newspaper=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Wagstaff, Keith |date=March 27, 2014 |title=YouTube Banned in Turkey |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/youtube-banned-turkey-n63776 |access-date=March 27, 2014 |work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> * Pakistan blocked access on February 23, 2008, because of "offensive material" towards the Islamic faith, including display of the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|Danish cartoons]] of [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan blocks YouTube website|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7261727.stm|access-date=November 30, 2008|date=February 24, 2008}}</ref> This led to a near global blackout of the YouTube site for around two hours, as the Pakistani block was inadvertently transferred to other countries. On February 26, 2008, the ban was lifted after the website had removed the objectionable content from its servers at the request of the government.<ref name="PAK-ban-lifted">{{cite news|title=Pakistan lifts YouTube ban|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/27/2173501.htm?section=world|agency=AFP|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)]]|date=February 26, 2008|access-date=February 26, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan lifts the ban on YouTube|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7262071.stm|access-date=November 30, 2008|date=February 26, 2008}}</ref> Many Pakistanis circumvented the three-day block by using [[virtual private network]] software.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan web users get round YouTube ban |url=https://www.siliconrepublic.com/news/news.nv?storyid=single10381 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629065235/https://www.siliconrepublic.com/news/news.nv?storyid=single10381 |archive-date=June 29, 2008 |access-date=November 30, 2008 |publisher=Silicon Republic}}</ref> In May 2010, following the [[Everybody Draw Mohammed Day]], Pakistan again blocked access to YouTube, citing "growing sacrilegious content".<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan blocks access to YouTube in internet crackdown|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/10130195.stm|access-date=May 20, 2010|date=May 20, 2010}}</ref> The ban was lifted on May 27, 2010, after the website removed the objectionable content from its servers at the request of the government. However, individual videos deemed offensive to Muslims posted on YouTube will continue to be blocked.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100722062958/http://www.metro.co.uk/news/828161-youtube-ban-lifted-by-pakistan-authorities "YouTube ban lifted by Pakistan authorities"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722062958/http://www.metro.co.uk/news/828161-youtube-ban-lifted-by-pakistan-authorities|date=July 22, 2010}}, Joanne McCabe, ''Metro'' (Associated Newspapers Limited, UK), May 27, 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2012</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130507082318/https://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-27/pakistan/28304621_1_blasphemous-caricatures-blasphemous-material-sacrilegious-content "Pakistan lifts ban on YouTube"], ''The Times of India'', May 27, 2010</ref> Pakistan again placed a ban on YouTube in September 2012, after the site refused to remove the film ''[[Innocence of Muslims]]''. The ban was lifted in January 2016 after YouTube launched a Pakistan-specific version.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan unblocks access to YouTube|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35345872|access-date=January 27, 2016|work=BBC News|date=January 18, 2016}}</ref> * Libya blocked access on January 24, 2010, because of videos that featured demonstrations in the city of [[Benghazi]] by families of detainees who were killed in [[Abu Salim prison]] in 1996, and videos of family members of Libyan leader [[Muammar Gaddafi]] at parties. The blocking was criticized by [[Human Rights Watch]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gMqNCaIpcd74x_33F16sT_6IDriw|title=Watchdog urges Libya to stop blocking websites|agency=Agence France-Presse|access-date=February 7, 2010}}</ref> In November 2011, after the [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]], YouTube was once again allowed in Libya.<ref>[https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/libya "Libya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927235826/https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/libya|date=September 27, 2012}}, ''Freedom on the Net 2012'', Freedom House, September 24, 2012</ref> * [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Sudan]] blocked access in September 2012 following [[Reactions to Innocence of Muslims|controversy]] over a 14-minute trailer for the film ''[[Innocence of Muslims]]'' which had been posted on the site.<ref>[https://www.afghanistantimes.af/news_details.php?id=1654&&cid=1 "Afghanistan to unblock YouTube – Afghanistan Times"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060611/https://www.afghanistantimes.af/news_details.php?id=1654&&cid=1|date=January 17, 2013}}, December 1, 2012.</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-youtube-idUSBRE88B0SC20120912 "Afghanistan bans YouTube to block anti-Muslim film"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924170643/https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/12/us-afghanistan-youtube-idUSBRE88B0SC20120912|date=September 24, 2015}}, Miriam Arghandiwal, Reuters (Kabul), September 12, 2012.</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/youtube-blocked-in-bangladesh-over-prophet-mohamed-video-8152056.html "YouTube blocked in Bangladesh over Prophet Mohamed video"], ''The Independent'' (AP), September 18, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Haley|last=Tsukayama|title=YouTube blocked in Pakistan|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/youtube-blocked-in-pakistan/2012/09/17/30081fa2-00ea-11e2-b257-e1c2b3548a4a_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 17, 2012|access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan, Bangladesh Block YouTube Amid Islam Film Protests|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-09-18/pakistan-bangladesh-block-youtube-to-restrict-anti-islam-film.html|access-date=September 18, 2012|date=September 18, 2012|first=Arun|last=Devnath}}</ref> A court in the southern Russian Republic of [[Chechnya]] ruled that ''Innocence of Muslims'' should be banned.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian court bans anti-Islam film|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-1-134721-Russian-court-bans-anti-Islam-film|newspaper=The News|date=September 29, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060611/https://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-1-134721-Russian-court-bans-anti-Islam-film|archive-date=January 17, 2013}}</ref> In Libya and [[Egypt]], it was blamed for violent protests. YouTube stated: "This video—which is widely available on the Web—is clearly within our guidelines and so will stay on YouTube. However, given the very difficult situation in Libya and Egypt we have temporarily restricted access in both countries."<ref>{{cite news|title='Innocence of Muslims': Mystery shrouds film's California origins|work=Los Angeles Times|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/12/world/la-fg-libya-filmmaker-20120913|access-date=March 1, 2019|date=September 12, 2012|first1=Phil|last1=Willon|first2=Rebecca|last2=Keegan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=YouTube restricts video access over Libyan violence|publisher=CNN|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/12/tech/web/youtube-violence-libya/index.html?hpt=hp_c3|access-date=September 13, 2012|date=September 12, 2012}}</ref> * Russia threatened to ban YouTube after the platform deleted two German RT channels in September 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 29, 2021|title=Russia threatens YouTube ban for deleting RT channels|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-58737433|access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref> Following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in February 2022, YouTube announced on March 1 the immediate removal of RT (and other Russian-government funded outlets) from its platform in Europe.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/youtube-block-channels-linked-russias-rt-sputnik-across-europe-2022-03-01/|title=YouTube to block channels linked to Russia's RT and Sputnik across Europe|work=Reuters|date=March 1, 2022|access-date=March 1, 2022}}</ref> == Wonaniso == {{Spoken Wikipedia|Youtube spoken word.ogg|date=March 26, 2011}} {{Portal|Companies|Internet|San Francisco Bay Area|United States}} {{div col}} * [[Alternative media]] * [[BookTube]] * [[BreadTube]] * [[CNN/YouTube presidential debates]] * [[Comparison of video hosting services]] * [[List of Google Easter eggs#YouTube]] * [[List of Internet phenomena]] * [[List of most-viewed online videos in the first 24 hours]] * [[List of most-disliked YouTube videos]] * [[List of most-liked YouTube videos]] * [[List of most-viewed YouTube videos]] * [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels]] * [[List of online video platforms]] * [[List of YouTubers]] * ''[[Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc.]]'' * [[Reply girl]] * ''[[Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.]]'' * [[YouTube Awards]] * [[YouTube Creator Awards]] * [[YouTube Instant]] * [[YouTube Live]] * [[Multi-channel network]] * [[YouTube Music Awards]] * [[YouTube Rewind]] * [[YouTube Theater]] * [[YouTube Poop]] {{div col end}} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist|30em}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book|last=Bergen|first=Mark|year=2022|title=Like, Comment, Subscribe: Inside YouTube's Chaotic Rise to World Dominance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zhTEAAAQBAJ|location=New York|publisher=Viking|isbn=9780593296349|oclc=1289250597}}* {{Cite web |last=Dickey |first=Megan Rose |date=February 15, 2013 |title=The 22 Key Turning Points in the History of YouTube |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/key-turning-points-history-of-youtube-2013-2 |access-date=March 25, 2017 |website=[[Business Insider]]}} * {{Cite web |last=Haran |first=Brady |author-link=Brady Haran |author2=Hamilton, Ted |title=Why do YouTube views freeze at 301? |url=https://www.numberphile.com/videos/301_views.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226033151/https://web.archive.org/web/20161226033151/https://www.numberphile.com/videos/301_views.html |archive-date=December 26, 2016 |access-date=April 8, 2013 |work=Numberphile |publisher=Brady Haran}} * {{Cite book|last=Kelsey|first=Todd|title=Social Networking Spaces: From Facebook to Twitter and Everything In Between|url=https://archive.org/details/socialnetworking0000kels|url-access=registration|year=2010|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-1-4302-2596-6}} * {{Cite book|last=Lacy|first=Sarah|title=The Stories of Facebook, YouTube and MySpace: The People, the Hype and the Deals Behind the Giants of Web 2.0|url=https://archive.org/details/storiesoffaceboo0000lacy|year=2008|publisher=Crimson|location=Richmond|isbn=978-1-85458-453-3}} * {{Cite news|last=Walker|first=Rob|title=On YouTube, Amateur Is the New Pro|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/01/magazine/on-youtube-amateur-is-the-new-pro.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 28, 2012|access-date=March 26, 2017}} {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links}} {{Scholia|topic}} * {{Official website}} {{YouTube navigation}} {{Google Inc.}} {{Alphabet Inc.}} {{Video digital distribution platforms}} {{Authority control}} {{Video game live streaming services}} [[Category:YouTube| ]] [[Category:2005 establishments in California]] [[Category:2006 mergers and acquisitions]] [[Category:Advertising video on demand]] [[Category:Alphabet Inc.]] [[Category:American companies established in 2005]] [[Category:Android (operating system) software]] [[Category:Companies based in San Mateo County, California]] [[Category:Go (programming language) software]] [[Category:Google acquisitions]] [[Category:Google services]] [[Category:Internet properties established in 2005]] [[Category:IOS software]] [[Category:Multilingual websites]] [[Category:PlayStation 4 software]] [[Category:PlayStation 5 software]] [[Category:Recommender systems]] [[Category:Social media]] [[Category:Transactional video on demand]] [[Category:Video game streaming services]] [[Category:Video hosting]] 94gduty504cs4dxabb92q13defxnltt 10 29670 122975 116049 2026-10-06T17:35:55Z CommonsDelinker 72 Removing [[:c:File:Safavid_Flag.svg|Safavid_Flag.svg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by ConflictFan|]]. 122975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Pahlavi dynasty | shortname alias = Persia | flag alias = Flag of Iran (1964).svg | flag alias-1502 = | flag alias-1524 = Naval flag of Persia, according to Encyclopedia Britannica 1771.svg | flag alias-1576 = | flag alias-1665 = Flag of Persia (1665).svg | flag alias-1736 = Nadir Shah Flag.svg | flag alias-1760 = Zand Dynasty flag.svg | border-1760 = | flag 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alias-air force =State Flag of Iran (1925).svg | flag alias-army = State Flag of Iran (1925).svg | link alias-army = Persian Army | flag alias-naval = Naval Ensign of Iran (1933–1964).svg | link alias-naval = Persian Navy | link alias-air force =Persian Air Force | flag alias-navy = Naval Ensign of Iran (1933–1964).svg | link alias-navy = Persian Navy | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1502 | var2 = 1524 | var3 = 1576 | var4 = 1665 | var5 = 1736 | var6 = 1760 | var7 = 1849 | var8 = 1855 | var9 = 1907 | var10 = 1933 </noinclude> | related1 = Iran | related2 = Pahlavi dynasty | related3 = Qajar dynasty }}<noinclude> [[Category:Country data templates of Iran]]</noinclude> lz9pjgxz6cu9i91ou5iodlmx02n9r1t 0 35543 122993 122694 2026-10-07T02:41:02Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in East Africa}} {{Redirect|Sudanese Republic|other uses|Sudan (disambiguation)}} {{Distinguish|Sudan (region)|the Sudans}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Sudan | common_name = Sudan | native_name = {{native name|ar|جمهورية سودان|italics=off}}<br />''{{transliteration|ar|Jumhūriyyat Sūdān}}'' | image_flag = Flag of Sudan.svg | flag_type = [[Flag of Sudan|Flag]] | religion_year = 2020 | image_coat = Emblem of Sudan.svg | symbol_type = [[Emblem of Sudan|Chidindo cha boma]] | national_motto = {{lang|ar|النصر لنا}}<br />{{transliteration|ar|an-Naṣr lanā}}<br />"Victory is ours" | national_anthem = {{lang|ar|نحن جند الله، جند الوطن}}<br />{{transliteration|ar|[[Nahnu Jund Allah Jund Al-watan|Naḥnu jund Allah, jund al-waṭan]]}}<br />"We are the soldiers of God, the soldiers of the Nation"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Sudanese national anthem, performed by the U.S. Navy Band (instrumental).oga]]}} | image_map = File:Sudan (orthographic projection) highlighted.svg | map_caption = Sudan displayed in dark green color, claimed territories in light green | image_map2 = | capital = [[Khartoum]] | coordinates = {{coord|15.5007|N|32.5599|E|type:city_region:SD}} | largest_city = [[Omdurman]] | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Arabic]]|[[English_language|English]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist |79% [[Sudanese Arab]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/| title = People and Society CIA world factbook| date = 10 May 2022| access-date = 7 June 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/| archive-date = 11 January 2021}}</ref> |5.5% [[Beja people|Beja]] |2.5% [[Nuba peoples|Nuba]] |2% [[Fur people|Fur]] |2% [[Egyptians|Egyptian]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/ShowPDF.aspx?page_id=%20/Admin/Pages%20Files/2017109143840cns.pdf| title = الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء}}</ref> |1% [[Hausa people|Hausa]] |0.5% [[Fula people|Fulani]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/11774/SU| title = Sudanese Fulani in Sudan}}</ref> |17.3% [[Demographics of Sudan|other]] }} | government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] republic under a [[military junta]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gavin |first1=Michelle |title=Junta and Public at Odds in Sudan |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/junta-and-public-odds-sudan |access-date=20 March 2023 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |date=8 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jeffrey |first1=Jack |title=Analysis: Year post-coup, cracks in Sudan's military junta |url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-africa-cairo-sudan-democracy-2b87ee19685ec2667ac05acff8b4ed9e |access-date=20 March 2023 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=23 October 2022 |location=[[Cairo, Egypt]]}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Transitional Sovereignty Council]] | leader_name1 = {{indented plainlist| *[[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]] (Chairman) *[[Malik Agar]] (Deputy chairman) }} {{Collapsible list |title=Others<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudan coup leader restores restructured Sovereignty Council |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-coup-leader-restores-restructured-transitional-sovereignty-council |access-date=26 March 2023 |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |date=11 November 2021 |location=[[Khartoum]]}}</ref> |bullets = true |1=Shams al-Din Khabbashi |2=Yasser al-Atta |3=Ibrahim Jabir Karim |5=El Hadi Idris Yahya |6=El Tahrir Abubakr Hajar |7=[[Raja Nicola]] |8=Abdulgasim Bortom |9=Yousef Jad Karim |10=Abdelbagi al-Zubeir |11=Salma Abdeljabbar }} | leader_title2 = [[List of heads of government of Sudan|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = {{indented plainlist|*[[Osman Hussein (politician)|Osman Hussein]] (acting)}} | legislature = [[Transitional Legislative Council (Sudan)|Transitional Legislative Council]] | religion = {{ublist||90.7% [[Islam in Sudan|Islam]] |5.5% [[Christianity in Sudan|Christianity]] |3.5% [[Traditional African religions|Traditional Faiths]] |1.0% [[Religion in Sudan|Others]]}} | sovereignty_type = [[History of Sudan|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Kerma culture|Kingdom of Kerma]] | established_date1 = 2500 BC | established_event2 = [[Kingdom of Kush]] | established_date2 = 1070 BC | established_event3 = [[Mahdist State]] | established_date3 = 1885 | established_event4 = [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Condominium]] | established_date4 = 1899 | established_event5 = Independence from the United Kingdom and the [[Kingdom of Egypt]] | established_date5 = 1 January 1956 | established_event6 = Secession of [[South Sudan]] | established_date6 = 9 July 2011 | established_event7 = [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|2019 coup d'état]] | established_date7 = 11 April 2019 | established_event8 = [[2019–2026 Sudanese transition to democracy#Draft Constitutional Declaration|2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration]] effective | established_date8 = 20 August 2019 | established_event9 = [[2021 Sudan coup d'état|2021 coup d'état]] | established_date9 = 25 October 2021 | area_km2 = 1886068 | area_rank = 15th | area_sq_mi = 728215 | percent_water = | population_estimate = 49,197,555<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Sudan|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 30th | population_density_km2 = 21.3 | population_density_sq_mi = 55.3 | population_density_rank = 202nd | GDP_PPP = {{decrease}}$207.7&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= 23 December 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 71st | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{decrease}}$4,450<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 151st | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}}$42.7&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 96th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}}$916<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 171st | Gini = 34.2 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2014 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.508 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 172nd | currency = [[Sudanese pound]] | currency_code = SDG | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy <!--numeric dates (dd-mm-yyyy, yyyy.mm.dd, etc.) plus era (AD, AH, etc.)--> | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[+249]] | iso3166code = SD | cctld = [[.sd]]<br />[[سودان.]] | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Profiles |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=211c |access-date=8 October 2022 |website=[[Association of Religion Data Archives]]}}</ref> | demonym = [[Demographics of Sudan|Sudanese]] }} '''Sudan''' ([[Chingelezi]]: /suːˈdɑːn/ panji /suːˈdæn/; Arabic: سودان, romanized: Sūdān), mwalamulo '''Republic of Sudan''' (Arabic: جمهورية سودان, romanized: Jumhūriyyat Sūdān), ni chalo icho chili ku [[North East Africa]]. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa [[Central African Republic]], kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Chad, kumpoto kwa [[Egypt]], kumpoto kwa [[Eritrea]], kumwera kwa [[Ethiopia]], kumwera kwa [[Libya]], kumwera kwa [[South Sudan]], na ku [[Nyanja Yiswesi]]. Mu 2022, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 45.7 miliyoni<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/sudan-population/ |title=Sudan Population 2021 (Live) |website=worldpopulationreview.com |access-date=26 July 2021 }}</ref> Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1,886,068 square kilometres (728,215 square miles), ndipo ntchigaŵa chachitatu mu Africa. Charu ichi chikaŵa chikuru chomene pa vyaru vya mu [[Afilika|Africa]] na vyaru vya [[Arab League]] m'paka apo South Sudan yikapatukira mu 2011. Msumba wake ukuru ni Khartoum, ndipo msumba wake ukuru ni [[Omdurman]]. Mbiri yikulongora kuti Ufumu wa Kerma (c. 2500-1500 B.C.E.), Ufumu Waphya wa Eguputo (c. 1500 BC~1070 BC), na Ufumu wa Kush (c. 785 BC~350 AD). Pamanyuma pakuti Kush wabwangandulika, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakamba kulamulira mu maufumu ghatatu gha Ŵakhristu gha Nobatia, Makuria, na Alodia. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1500, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Sudan. Kwambira mu ma 1500 m'paka m'ma 1800, chigaŵa chapakati na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Funj, apo Darfur wakaŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo Ottomans kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu 1811, Mamluks ŵakakhazikiska boma ku Dunqulah, ilo likaŵa likuru la malonda gha ŵazga. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Ŵaeguputo na Ŵaturuki mu charu cha Sudan, mu 1820, ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumwera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Walz |first1=Terence |url=https://oxfordre.com/abstract/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-8 |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 |chapter=Egyptian‐Sudanese Trade in the Ottoman Period to 1882 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.8}}</ref> Kwambira mu ma 1800, caru cose ca Sudan cikathereskeka na Ŵaegupto awo ŵakalongozgekanga na ufumu wa Muhammad Ali. Nkhondo iyi yikati yacitika, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Eguputo na Britain ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa ku [[Egypt|Eguputo]]. Mu 1899, ku Britain, Eguputo wakazomera kugaŵana mazaza pa Sudan na Britain. Nakuti charu cha Sudan chikaŵa pasi pa Britain.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Henehan |first=Alva D. Jr.|title=For Want Of A Camel: The Story of Britain's Failed Sudan Campaign, 1883–1885|date=2016|publisher=Outskirts Press|isbn=978-1-4787-6562-2|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=1007048089}}</ref>Nkhondo ya ku Eguputo ya mu 1952 yikawuskapo muwuso wa ufumu ndipo yikati ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵafumemo mu Eguputo na Sudan. Muhammad Naguib, yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵaciŵiri ŵa cigaluka ici, ndiposo pulezidenti wakwamba wa Egupto, uyo wakaŵa wa ku Sudan ndipo wakakulira mu Sudan, wakaŵika pakwamba kuti boma la Sudan liŵe na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Chaka chakulondezgapo, ku Eguputo na ku Sudan, United Kingdom yikakolerana na ivyo Eguputo wakakhumbanga. Pa Janyuwale 1, 1956, charu cha Sudan chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Boma la Jaafar Nimeiry likamba kulamulira charu cha Sudan. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe kugaŵikana pakati pa boma la kumpoto kwa caru ici, na ŵavisopa vya [[Cisilamu]] na Ŵakhristu ŵa kumwera. Nkhondo iyi yikamba pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa boma, awo ŵakakolerananga na gulu la National Islamic Front (NIF), na ŵakugaluka ŵa ku South Sudan, awo gulu lawo likuru chomene ni Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA).<ref>Collins, Robert O. (2008). ''A History of Modern Sudan''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-85820-5}}.</ref> Pakati pa 1989 na 2019, muwuso wa ŵasilikari wa vyaka 30 uwo ukalongozgekanga na Omar al-Bashir ndiwo ukalamuliranga Sudan ndipo ukachitanga viheni vinandi pa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kutambuzga, kutambuzga ŵanthu ŵachoko waka, kutemwera vigeŵenga pa caru cose, na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Darfur kwambira mu 2003 mpaka 2020. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti boma ili likakoma ŵanthu pakati pa 300,000 na 400,000. Chiwonetsero chinabuka mu 2018, chofuna kuti Bashir achoke, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti boma liwonongeke pa 11 April 2019 ndipo Bashir anamangidwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/12/10/world/africa/omar-al-bashir---fast-facts/index.html|title=Omar al-Bashir Fast Facts|website=CNN|date=10 December 2012}}</ref> Chisilamu chikaŵa chisopa cha boma la Sudan ndipo malango gha Chisilamu ghakaŵako kwambira mu 1983 m'paka mu 2020 apo charu chikazgoka charu cha charu.<ref name="sudan.gov.sd">{{cite web |title=عن السودان |url=http://sudan.gov.sd/ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=39&Itemid=75 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902160838/http://sudan.gov.sd/ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=39&Itemid=75 |archive-date=2 September 2013 |access-date=14 July 2017 |language=Arabic}}</ref> Sudan ni yimoza mwa vyaru vyakutukuka yayi ndipo yili pa malo 172 pa Human Development Index mu 2022. Chuma chake chimadalira kwambiri ulimi chifukwa cha ziletso zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kudzipatula, komanso mbiri yakusakhazikika kwamkati ndi ziwawa zamagulu. Charu chose cha Sudan ntchakomira ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 35 peresenti mbakavu. Charu cha Sudan chili mu wupu wa United Nations, Arab League, African Union, COMESA, Movement of Non-Aligned and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. ==Kwiza kwa zina== Zina lakuti Sudan ni zina ilo likapelekeka ku chigaŵa chikuru cha Sahel, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Sudan. Pakwamba, zina lakuti Sudan likang'anamuranga chigaŵa icho chikaŵa kufupi na nyanja ya Atlantic kufuma ku Senegal m'paka kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Zina ili lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chiarabu lakuti bilād as-sūdān (بلاد السودان), panji "Charu cha Ŵachibulumutira".<ref>{{citation |author=International Association for the History of Religions |title=Numen |publisher=EJ Brill |place=Leiden |year=1959 |page=131 |quote=West Africa may be taken as the country stretching from Senegal in the West to the Cameroons in the East; sometimes it has been called the central and western Sudan, the ''Bilad as-Sūdan'', 'Land of the Blacks', of the Arabs}}</ref> Ili ni zina linyake la malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala. Pambere ivi vindachitike, Ŵaeguputo ŵakale ŵakachemanga charu cha Sudan kuti Nubia na Ta Nehesi panji Ta Seti. ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Sudan}} === Charu cha Sudan (pambere c. 8000 B.C.E.) === [[File:Western Deffufa - Kerma.jpg|thumb|Tempile likuru la mathabwa, lakucemeka Deffufa wa ku Western, mu msumba wakale wa Kerma]] [[File:Fortress of the Middle Kingdom, reconstructed under the New Kingdom ( about 1200 B.C.).jpg|thumb|Linga la Buhen, la mu Ufumu wapakati, likazengekaso mu Ufumu uphya (pafupifupi 1200 BC)]] Kuzakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Neolithic ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya vyakukhora vya mathipa, ndipo ŵakalondezganga vyakurya na viŵeto.<ref name=locearlyhist>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/sudan |title=Sudan A Country Study |publisher=Countrystudies.us}}</ref> Neolithic peoples created cemeteries such as [[R12 (cemetery)|R12]]. During the fifth millennium BC, migrations from the drying Sahara brought neolithic people into the Nile Valley along with agriculture. The population that resulted from this cultural and genetic mixing developed a social hierarchy over the next centuries which became the [[Kingdom of Kush]] (with the capital at Kerma) at 1700 BC. Anthropological and archaeological research indicates that during the predynastic period Nubia and Nagadan Upper Egypt were ethnically and culturally nearly identical, and thus, simultaneously evolved systems of pharaonic kingship by 3300 BC.<ref name="Keita, S.O.Y. 1993 129–54">{{cite journal|title = Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian Biological Relationships| author = Keita, S.O.Y. |year = 1993| journal=History in Africa|volume=20| issue = 7 |pages=129–54|jstor=317196|doi = 10.2307/3171969| s2cid = 162330365 }}</ref> === Ufumu wa Kush (c. 1070 BC~350 AD) === {{main|Ufumu wa Kush|Ufumu wa Ŵaeguputo wa 25}} [[File:Sudan Meroe Pyramids 2001.JPG|thumb|[[Nubian pyramids]] ku [[Meroë]]]] [[File:Xerxes detail Ethiopian.jpg|thumb|Msilikari wa ku Kušiya wa ŵasilikari ŵa Achaemenid, c. 480 B.C.E. Ivyo vili pa dindi la Xerxes I.]] Ufumu wa Kush ukaŵa ufumu wakale wa ku Nubia uwo ukaŵa pa malo agho mukakumananga Mlonga wa Blue Nile na White Nile, kweniso Mlonga wa Atbarah na Nile. Likakhazikiskika mu nyengo ya Bronze apo ufumu uphya wa Eguputo ukamara. Fumu Kashta ("Mkhushite") yikati yaluta ku Eguputo mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 B.C.E., mathemba gha Kushite ghakawusa nga ni mafaro gha muwuso wa Ŵaeguputo wa vyaka pafupifupi 100 pambere Ŵaasiriya ŵandaŵathereske. Pa nyengo iyo Ŵakushi ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene, ŵakathereska ufumu uwo ukafumanga ku caru ico sono cikucemeka South Kordofan m'paka ku Sinayi. Farawo Piye wakayezga kusazgirako ufumu wake mu vyaru vya ku Near East, kweni themba la ku Asiriya, Sarigoni II, likamutondeska. Pakati pa 800 B.C.E. na 100 C.E. ŵakazenga mapiramidi gha Nubian, pakati pawo pali El-Kurru, Kashta, Piye, Tantamani, Shabaka, mapiramidi gha Gebel Barkal, mapiramidi gha Meroe (Begarawiyah), mapiramidi gha Sedeinga, na mapiramidi gha Nuri.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Takacs |first1=Sarolta Anna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPcvCgAAQBAJ&q=%22in+fact%2C+there+are+twice+as+many+Nubian+pyramids%22&pg=PA15 |title=The Ancient World |last2=Cline |first2=Eric H. |date=17 July 2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-45839-5 |language=en}}</ref> Baibolo likuyowoya za ufumu wa Kush kuti ndiwo ukaponoska Ŵaisrayeli ku ukali wa Ŵaasiriya. Nkhondo iyo yikacitika pakati pa Farawo Taharqa na Senakeribu themba la Asiriya yikaŵa yakuzirwa comene mu mbiri ya caru ca kumanjiliro gha dazi. Esarihadoni, uyo wakanjira mu malo gha Senakeribu, wakaluta patali comene ndipo wakawukira Egupto kuti wawuske caru ca Levant. Wakacita nthena cifukwa wakacimbizga Taharqa mu caru ca Lower Egypt. Taharqa wakachimbilira ku Upper Egypt na Nubia, uko wakafwira pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri. Ŵaegupto ŵakamba kulamulirika na Ŵaasiriya, kweni ŵakaleka kupulikira. Kufuma apo, themba Tantamani, ilo likakanjira mu malo gha Taharqa, likayezgapo kaumaliro kupoka caru ca Lower Egypt kwa Neko I, uyo wakaŵa kuti wawelerapo ku ufumu wake. Wakathereska msumba wa Memfisi na kukoma Neko. Ashurbanipal, uyo wakanjira mu malo gha Esarhaddon, wakatuma ŵasilikari ŵanandi ku Egupto kuti ŵakambeso kuwusa. Wakathereska Tantamani kufupi na Memfisi ndipo wakati wamulondezga, wakapoka msumba wa Thebes. Nangauli Ŵaasiriya ŵakafumako mwaluŵiro ku Upper Egypt pamanyuma pa vinthu ivi, kweni Thebes wakajipeleka kwa Psamtik I, mwana wa Neko. Ici cikapangiska kuti Ufumu wa Nubia uleke kuwuskika, ndipo ukalutilira kuŵa ufumu ucoko uwo ukaŵa ku Napata. Msumba uwu ukaparanyika na Ŵaeguputo ca. 590 B.C.E., ndipo nyengo yichoko waka pamanyuma paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 300 B.C.E., Ŵakushi ŵakasamukira ku Meroë.<ref name=Kelsey>{{cite book|chapter=A Cultural History of Kush: Politics, Economy, and Ritual Practice|url=https://lsa.umich.edu/content/dam/kelsey-assets/kelsey-publications/pdfs/Graffiti-as-Devotion.pdf|title=Graffiti as Devotion along the Nile and Beyond|last1=Emberling|first1=Geoff|last2=Davis|first2=Suzanne|publisher=[[Kelsey Museum of Archaeology]]|date=2019|access-date=3 November 2021|pages=5–6, 10–11|isbn=978-0-9906623-9-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lh4GBNLsCUsC|title=Forgotten Africa: An Introduction to Its Archaeology|last=Connah|first=Graham|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2004|access-date=3 November 2021|pages=52–53|isbn=0-415-30590-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Semantic Shift on a Geographical Term|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bible-translator_1998-07_49_3/page/323|last=Unseth|first=Peter|journal=[[The Bible Translator]]|date=1 July 1998|volume=49|issue=3|pages=323–324|doi=10.1177/026009359804900302|s2cid=131916337}}</ref> ===Medieval Christian Nubian kingdoms (c. 350–1500)=== {{main|Nobatia|Makuria|Alodia|Daju kingdom}} [[File:Christian Nubia.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Maufumu ghatatu gha Cikhristu gha ku Nubia. Mphaka ya kumpoto ya Alodia yikumanyikwa makora yayi, kweni yikwenera kuti yikaŵa kumpoto, pakati pa chigodobu chachinayi na chachisanu cha Nile.{{sfn|Welsby|2002|p=26}}]] Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E., Ŵablemmyes ŵakakhazikiska ufumu uwo ukakhala nyengo yichoko waka mu Upper Egypt na Lower Nubia, ndipo panyake ukaŵa kuzingilizga Talmis (Kalabsha). Kweni pambere chaka cha 450 C.E. chindafike, Ŵanobatiya ŵakaŵachimbizga kale mu Dambo la Nayelo. Paumaliro ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kuwusa mu ufumu wawo wa Nobatia. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E., pakaŵa maufumu ghatatu gha ku Nubia: Nobatia kumpoto, ilo likaŵa na msumba ukuru ku Pachoras (Faras); ufumu wapakati, Makuria uwo ukaŵa ku Tungul (Old Dongola), makilomita 13 kumwera kwa Dongola; na Alodia, uwo ukaŵa mu ufumu wakale wa Kushitic, uwo ukaŵa na msumba ukuru ku Soba (uno ni tawuni ya Khartoum). Ŵakazgoka Ŵakhristu mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 600 C.E., panyake pakati pa 628 na 642, Nobatia wakazgoka chigaŵa cha Makuria.{{sfn|Werner|2013|p=77}} Pakati pa 639 na 641, Ŵaarabu ŵa mu ufumu wa Rashidun ŵakathereska charu cha Byzantium. Mu 641 panji 642 kweniso mu 652 ŵakanjira mu Nubia, kweni ŵakaŵachimbizga. Pamanyuma, fumu ya Makuria na Ŵaarabu ŵakakolerana kuti ŵaleke kuwukira caru cawo. Nangauli Ŵaarabu ŵakatondeka kuthereska Nubia, kweni ŵakamba kukhala kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Nayelo.{{sfn|Welsby|2002|pp=77–78}} [[File:Queen Mother Repeatedly Mistaken as King.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Mozesi George, fumu ya Makuria na Alodia]] Kufuma pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 700 m'paka m'ma 1100, ufumu wa Chikhristu wa Nubia ukaŵa na nkhongono chomene. Mu 747, Makuria wakawukira Eguputo, uyo pa nyengo iyi wakaŵa wa Ŵaumaliyadi, ndipo wakawuskaso ufumu uwu mu ma 960, apo ukafika kumpoto kwa Akhmim. Makuria wakaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na Alodia, ndipo panji ici cikapangiska kuti maufumu ghaŵiri agha ghaŵe ufumu umoza. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo yakale ŵakachemekanga "Afro-Byzantine", kweni ŵakakhwaskikanga chomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia. Gulu la boma ili likaŵa lapakati chomene, ndipo likajintha pa ŵamazaza ŵa ku Byzantine ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 na 600. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kupenta vinthu vya ku dongo, chomenechomene vithuzithuzi vya ku viliŵa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakalemba vilembo vya chiyowoyero chawo, Old Nobiin, ivyo vikajintha pa vilembo vya Chigiriki, Chigiriki, Chigiriki, na Chiarabu. Ŵanakazi ŵakaŵa na udindo wapachanya: ŵakasambiranga, ŵakaguranga, kugura na kuguliska malo, ndipo kanandi ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito chuma chawo kuti ŵapeleke ndalama ku matchalitchi. Nanga mphapu ya fumu yingaŵa ya mu mbumba ya amama ŵake, ndipo mwana wa mudumbu wa fumu ndiyo wakeneranga kuŵa muhaliri. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1100 na 1200, msumba ukuru wa Makuria, Dongola, ukamba kuchepa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1500, mafuko gha Ŵabedouin ghakaŵa mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Sudan, ndipo ŵakaluta ku Butana, Gezira, Kordofan, na Darfur. Mu 1365, nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikapangiska ŵanthu ŵa ku Makuria kuti ŵachimbilire ku Gebel Adda ku Lower Nubia. Kufuma apo, Makuria wakalutilira kuŵa ufumu ucoko waka. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yitali kufuma apo themba Joel likawusira, charu cha Makuria chikamara. Malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja kufuma kumwera kwa Sudan m'paka ku tawuni ya Suakin ghakaŵa gha Adal Sultanate mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Kumwera, ufumu wa Alodia ukathereskeka na Ŵaarabu, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Abdallah Jamma, panji Funj, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakafuma kumwera. Vinthu ivi vikaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E. (c. 1396~1494 C.E.), mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., 1504 m'paka 1509. Ufumu wa alodian ungapona mu ufumu wa Fazughli, uwo ukakhalapo m'paka mu 1685.{{sfn|Spaulding|1974|pp=12–30}} === Ufumu wa Sennar na Darfur (c. 1500–1821) === {{main|Sultanate of Sennar|Tunjur kingdom|Sultanate of Darfur}} [[File:Sennar mosque (cropped).jpg|thumb|Mzikiti ukuru wa Sennar, uwo ukazengeka mu 17th century{{sfn|Holt|Daly|2000|p=25}}]] Mu 1504 Ŵafunj ŵakakhazikiska Ufumu wa Sennar, uwo ukaŵa chigaŵa cha Abdallah Jamma. Mu 1523, apo Muyuda munyake zina lake David Reubeni wakaluta ku Sudan, caru ca Funj cikafika ku Dongola. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Nile ŵakamba kupharazga vya cisopa ca Cisilamu. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa ku Funj ŵakalutilira kusunga mitheto iyo yikaŵa ya chisopa chautesi, nga nkhutora ufumu wa Chiuta panji kumwa moŵa m'paka mu 1800. Chisilamu cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan chikasungilira maluso ghanandi agho ghakafuma ku Chikhristu m'paka sono.{{sfn|Werner|2013|pp=177–184}} Mwaluŵiro Ŵafunj ŵakanjira mu nkhondo na Ŵaotomu, awo ŵakakora Suakin mu 1526 ndipo pamasinda ŵakaluta kumwera mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Nayelo, m'paka ŵakafika ku chigaŵa chachitatu mu 1583/1584. Ŵasilikari ŵa Ottoman ŵakayezga kupoka Dongola mu 1585. Pamanyuma pake, Hannik, uyo wakaŵa kumwera kwa nthenda ya katara, ndiyo wakaŵa mphaka pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa Ŵaotomu, ŵakayezga kupoka ufumu wa Ajib, themba lichoko la kumpoto kwa Nubia. Nangauli Funj ŵakamukoma mu 1611/1612, kweni Abdallab, awo ŵakamulondezganga, ŵakapika mazaza ghakulongozga vinthu vyose kumpoto kwa uko maji gha Blue na White Nile ghakukumana. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ufumu wa Funj ukafika paheni chomene, kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ukamba kuchepa. Kuwukira boma mu 1718 kukapangiska kuti muwuso wa mafuko usinthe, ndipo mu 1761 panji 1762, boma la Hamaj likamba kulamulira. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, ufumu uwu ukamba kupasuka; ndipo kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ukaŵa waka mu chigaŵa cha Gezira.{{sfn|Spaulding|1985|p=382}}[[File:Southern Sudan - 1800.png|thumb|Kumwera kwa Sudan mu c. 1800. Vikuwoneka kuti mazuŵa ghano pali mphaka.]] Kuwukira boma kwa mu 1718 kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kulondezga chisopa cha Cisilamu, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵambe kuŵa Ŵarabu. Kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia, Funj ŵakamba kusambizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Umayyad. Kumpoto kwa uko maji gha Blue na White Nile ghakusanganirana, kufupi na Al Dabbah, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakasankha mtundu wa Aarabu ŵa ku Jaalin. M'paka m'ma 1800, Chiarabu ndicho chikaŵa chiyowoyero chikuru chomene mu chigaŵa chapakati pa milonga ya Sudan na mu chigaŵa chikuru cha Kordofan. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Nayelo, ku Darfur, nyengo ya Chisilamu yikati yakwana, ufumu wa Tunjur ukawuka, uwo ukasintha ufumu wakale wa Daju mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tunjur ŵakwenera kuti ŵakaŵa Ŵaarabu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ndipo awo ŵakalongozganga ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ufumu wa Fur Keira ukachimbizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Tunjur. Boma la Keira, ilo likaŵa la Chisilamu kufuma mu nyengo ya Solomoni Solong (uyo wakawusa mu 1660 m'paka mu 1680), likaŵa ufumu uchoko kumpoto kwa Jebel Marra, kweni likakura kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumpoto mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 na kumafumiro gha dazi mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Muhammad Tayrab (uyo wakawusa mu 1751 m'paka mu 1786). Ufumu uwu ukaŵa ukuru chomene, ndipo ukaŵa ukuru wakuyana na wa Nigeria wa mazuŵa ghano.{{sfn|O'Fahey|Tubiana|2007|p=9}} === Turkiyah na Mahdist Sudan (1821-1899) === {{Main|Mbili ya Sudan (1821-1885)|Mahdist Sudan|Kuwukira kwa Anglo-Egypt kwa Sudan}} [[File:Ismail Pacha.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Ismail Pasha, Khedive wa Ottoman wa Egypt na Sudan kufuma 1863 mpaka 1879]] [[File:Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Muhammad Ahmad, muwusi wa Sudan (1881-1885)]] Mu 1821, muwusi wa ku Eguputo, Muhammad Ali, wakawukira na kuwukira kumpoto kwa Sudan. Nangauli Muhammad Ali wakaŵa fumu ya Eguputo mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Ottoman, kweni wakajiwonanga kuti ni khedive wa Eguputo. Pakukhumba kuti Sudan nayo waŵe chigaŵa chake, wakatuma mwana wake wacitatu Ismail (uyo wakwenera kutimbanizgika yayi na Isma'il Pasha uyo wazunulika kunthazi) kuti wakawuske caru ici, ndipo pamanyuma pake wakaciŵika mu Eguputo. Padera pa Shaiqiya na Darfur sultanate mu Kordofan, ŵakamususka yayi. Mwana wa Ibrahim Pasha, Ismaʻil, ndiyo wakalutilira kuthereska Eguputo. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wake, charu cha Sudan chikathereskeka. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma la Egypt ŵakanozga vinthu vinandi mu caru ca Sudan, comenecomene kumpoto kwa caru ici, comenecomene pa nkhani ya ulimi wa milonga na ulimi wa katoni. Mu 1879, maufumu ghakuru ghakachimbizga Ismail na kwimika mwana wake Tewfik Pasha. Uheni wa Tewfik ukapangiska kuti 'Urabi wagomezge kuti Khedive wafwa. Tewfik wakapempha ŵasilikari ŵa Britain kuti ŵamovwire. Charu cha Sudan chikakhala mu mawoko gha boma la Khedivial, na maboma agho ghakacitanga vinthu mwambura kwenelera ndiposo uheni. Mu nyengo ya Khedivial, ŵanthu ŵakamba kususkika chifukwa cha msonkho ukuru uwo ŵakakhomanga pa milimo yinandi. Malipiro gha msonkho pa visimi vya maji na vyakurya ghakaŵa ghanandi comene mwakuti ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakaleka minda yawo na viŵeto. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1870, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakasuskanga malonda gha ŵazga ŵakakhwaska chomene chuma cha kumpoto kwa Sudan. Muhammad ibn Abd Allah, Mahdi (Uyo Wakulongozgeka), wakapeleka mwaŵi ku Ansars (ŵalondezgi ŵake) na awo ŵakamupulikira kuti ŵasankhepo yumoza pakati pa kupokelera cisopa ca Ciisilamu panji kukomeka. Ufumu wa Mahdiyah ukakhazikiska malango gha Chisilamu. Pa Ogasiti 12, 1881, pakacitika cinthu cinyake pa cirwa ca Aba, ico cikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo ya Mahdist. Kufuma apo wakapharazgira vya Mahdiyya mu Juni 1881 m'paka apo msumba wa Khartoum ukaparanyikira mu Janyuwale 1885, Muhammad Ahmad wakalongozga nkhondo yakuluska ya nkhondo yakwimikana na boma la Turk-Egypt ku Sudan, ilo likamanyikwanga kuti Turkiyah. Muhammad Ahmad wakafwa pa Juni 22, 1885, myezi 6 pera kufuma apo ŵakathereskera Khartoum. Pamanyuma pa kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵake, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, na wovwiri wa Baggara ŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sudan, wakathereska ŵakususka ŵanyake na kuŵa mulongozgi wa Mahdiyah. Wakati wakhozga mazaza ghake, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad wakatora udindo wa Khalifa (wakulondezgapo) wa Mahdi, wakambiska boma, ndipo wakasora Ansar (ŵeneawo kanandi ŵakaŵa Baggara) kuŵa ma emirs pa chigaŵa chilichose.[[File:Battle of Omdurman-1.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Kuthawa kwa Khalifa wati wathereskeka ku Nkhondo ya Omdurman mu 1898]] Mu nyengo ya Mahdiyah, vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi mu chigaŵa ichi, chifukwa cha nkhaza izo Khalifa wakachitanga kuti wawuse charu chose. Mu 1887, ŵasilikari ŵa Ansar ŵakukwana 60,000 ŵakanjira mu Etiyopiya, ndipo ŵakafika m'paka ku Gondar. Mu Malichi 1889, fumu Yohannes IV ya ku Etiyopiya yikaluta ku Metemma. Kweni Yohannes wakati wafwa pa nkhondo, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakawerako. Abd ar-Rahman an-Nujumi, mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Khalifa, wakayezga kuti wawukire Eguputo mu 1889, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa ku Eguputo awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Britain ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Ansar ku Tushkah. Cifukwa ca kutondeka kwa nkhondo ya Ŵaegupto, ŵasilikari ŵa Ansar ŵakathera. Ŵa Belgian ŵakalekeska ŵanthu ŵa Mahdi kuwukira Equatoria, ndipo mu 1893, ŵa Italiya ŵakathereska ŵalwani ŵa Ansar ku Agordat (mu Eritrea) na kuŵachichizga kuti ŵafumemo mu Ethiopia. Mu ma 1890, ŵa ku Britain ŵakayezga kuwezgerapo mazaza ghawo pa Sudan, mwantheura ŵakambaso kulamulira mu zina la Khedive wa ku Egypt, kweni mu unenesko ŵakacitanga vinthu nga ni caru ca Britain. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1890, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain, France, na Belgium ŵakamba kudokera maji gha Nile. Britain wakafipanga mtima kuti maboma ghanyake ghacitenge vinthu mwambura kwenelera mu Sudan na kupoka malo agho ghakaŵa pasi pa Eguputo. Padera pa fundo za ndyali izi, Britain wakakhumbanga kuti wakhozge Nile kuti waleke kunanga chiziŵa cha Aswan. Herbert Kitchener wakalongozga nkhondo yakwimikana na Mahdist Sudan kufuma mu 1896 mpaka 1898. Nkhondo ya Kitchener yikamalira pa Nkhondo ya Omdurman pa Seputembala 2, 1898. Chaka chimoza pamanyuma, Nkhondo ya Umm Diwaykarat pa 25 November 1899 yikapangiska kuti Abdallahi ibn Muhammad wafwe, ndipo nkhondo ya Mahdist yikamara. ===Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)=== {{Main|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan}} [[File:The war in the Soudan.jpg|thumb|Nkhondo ya Mahdist yikacitika pakati pa gulu la Ŵasilamu ŵakucemeka Mahdists, awo ŵakathereska caru cose ca Sudan, na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain.]] Mu 1899, Britain na Egypt ŵakakolerana kuti Sudan walongozgekenge na kazembe uyo wakimikika na Eguputo. Nakuti caru ca Sudan cikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa boma. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakaŵa ŵakukhumbisiska kuti ŵamazge ndondomeko iyo yikamba mu muwuso wa Muhammad Ali Pasha ya kuwunganya Nile Valley pasi pa ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Eguputo. [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa] Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vya ku Sudan ŵakasuzgikanga kuti ŵamanye mphaka ya charu ichi na Abisini. Mu 1905, mulongozgi wa chigaŵa ichi, Sultan Yambio, wakaleka kurwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain awo ŵakakhalira mu chigaŵa cha Kordofan. Boma la Britain likalutilira kulamulira mu Sudan, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na boma la Egypt. Mu 1914, boma la Ottoman likati lamara, Sir Reginald Wingate wakatumika ku Sudan mu Disembala. Hussein Kamel wakapharazgika kuŵa Sultan wa ku Egypt na Sudan, nga umo vikaŵira na mubali wake Fuad I. Ŵakalutilira kukhumba boma limoza la ku Egypt na Sudan nanga ni apo ufumu wa Egypt ukasinthika zina kuŵa Ufumu wa Egypt na Sudan, kweni Saad Zaghloul ndiyo wakalutilira kukhuŵara na ivyo ŵakakhumbanga mpaka apo wakafwira mu 1927.{{sfn|Daly|p=346}}[[File:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan camel soldier of the British army.jpg|thumb|right|Msilikari wa ngamila wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain, kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900]] From 1924 until independence in 1956, the British had a policy of running Sudan as two essentially separate tMalo gha kumpoto na kumwera. Kukomeka kwa kazembe wa Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ku Cairo ndiko kukacitiska kuti boma la Wafd ilo likasoleka liŵe na ŵasilikari. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri mu msumba wa Khartoum likasinthika zina kuŵa Sudan Defence Force (SDF) ilo likateŵeteranga pasi pa boma la Sudan. Ŵa Wafist ŵakakana fundo yakuti Sarwat Pasha wakhalenge na Austen Chamberlain ku London. Kweni Cairo wakakhumbikwiranga ndalama. Ndalama za boma la Sudan zikafika pachanya mu 1928 pa £6.6 million, pamanyuma pa kusinthasintha kwa Wafdist, na kupoka kwa mphaka za Italy kufuma ku Somaliland, London wakadumura kuchepeska ndalama mu nyengo ya suzgo yikuru. Vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵakaguliskanga ku Britain vikapangiska kuti ku Khartoum kuŵe suzgo la ndalama. Mu Julayi 1936, mulongozgi wa Liberal Constitutional, Muhammed Mahmoud wakanyengelereka kuti wize na nthumwi za Wafd ku London kuti zizakasayine phangano la Anglo-Egypt, "kwamba kwa nyengo yiphya mu ubwezi wa Anglo-Egypt", wakalemba Anthony Eden. Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakazomerezgeka kuwelera ku Sudan kuti ŵavikilire cigaŵa ca Canal. Ŵakasanga malo ghakusambizgirako ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo ŵakendanga mwakufwatuka mu Eguputo. Ndipouli, likamazga yayi suzgo la ku Sudan: ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan ŵakamba kucitiska kuti boma la msumba uwu liwelere, ndipo ŵakakolerana na ŵantchito ŵa ku Germany. Mussolini wakalongosora makora kuti wangakananga yayi kuwukira Abyssinia kwambura kuwukira Eguputo na Sudan. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain ŵakanozgekera kuti ŵavikilire cigaŵa ici, ico cikaŵa cakusuzga comene. Mthenga wa ku Britain wakajandizga Italy kuti waleke kukolerana na Egypt na Sudan. Kweni Mahmoud wakaŵa movwiri wa Mufti Mukuru wa ku Yerusalemu.{{sfn|Morewood|pp=164–165}} Boma la Sudan likacitako nkhondo ya ku East Africa. Gulu la Sudan Defence Force likakhazikiskika mu 1925. Mu 1940, ŵasilikari ŵa Italy ŵakakora Kassala na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Somaliland. Mu 1942, SDF yikawovwiraso pa nkhondo ya ku Italy iyo yikacitika na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na ŵa Commonwealth. Kazembe waumaliro wa Britain wakaŵa Robert George Howe. Nkhondo ya ku Eguputo iyo yikacitika mu 1952, yikalongora kuti caru ca Sudan capokera wanangwa. Pakumazga muwuso wa ufumu mu 1953, ŵalongozgi ŵaphya ŵa ku Eguputo, Mohammed Naguib, uyo nyina wakaŵa wa ku Sudan, na Gamal Abdel Nasser, ŵakagomezganga kuti nthowa yimoza pera ya kumazgira muwuso wa Britain mu Sudan yikaŵa yakuti Eguputo waleke kujilambika. Kweniso Nasser wakamanyanga kuti cikaŵa cakusuzga kuti Eguputo wambe kuwusa caru cikavu ca Sudan para capokera wanangwa. Kweni ŵa ku Britain ŵakalutilira kovwira mu ndyali na vya ndyali muhaliri wa Mahdist, Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi, uyo ŵakagomezganga kuti walekelerenge kuyuzgika na Ŵaeguputo kuti charu cha Sudan chiŵe na wanangwa wa kusankha. Rahman wakaŵa wakwenelera kucita nthena, kweni boma lake likaŵa lambura mahara pa nkhani za ndyali. Ŵaegupto na Britain wose ŵakamanya kuti vinthu vikwenda makora yayi, ntheura ŵakasankha kuzomerezga vigaŵa vyose vya Sudan, kumpoto na kumwera kuti viŵe na wanangwa wa kuvota usange vikukhumba kujiyimira paŵekha panji kufumamo kwa Britain.. === Kujiyimira (1956~pano) === {{Main|Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)|Democratic Republic of the Sudan}} [[File:Sudan independence 2.png|upright=1.05|thumb|Ndembera ya Sudan yikakwezgeka pa ciphikiro ca kujithemba pa 1 Janyuwale 1956 na nduna yikuru Ismail al-Azhari ndipo pakunozgekera mulongozgi wakususka Mohamed Ahmed Almahjoub.]] Kuvota kukacitika ndipo pakapangika nyumba ya malango ya demokilase ndipo Ismail al-Azhari wakasankhika kuŵa nduna yikuru yakwamba na kulongozga boma lakwamba la ku Sudan. Pa Janyuwale 1, 1956, pa ciphikiro capadera ico cikacitikira mu Nyumba ya Ufumu, ndembera za Eguputo na Britain zikakhira ndipo ndembera yiphya ya Sudan, yakuŵa na viyuni, vyamabuluu na vyafipa, yikakwezgeka na nduna yikuru Ismail al-Azhari. Ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi na ivyo vikachitika ndipo pa Meyi 25, 1969, boma likapoka boma laciŵiri. Mulongozgi wa boma, Col. Gaafar Nimeiry, wakazgoka nduna yikuru, ndipo boma liphya likamazga Nyumba ya Malamulo na kukanizga vipani vyose vya ndyali. Mphindano pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa Marxist na ŵambura Marxist mukati mwa ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵa ku muwuso wa ŵasilikari, zikapangiska kuti boma lipoke boma mu July 1971. Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghacoko waka, ŵasilikari awo ŵakasuskanga boma la Communist ŵakawezgerapo Nimeiry ku mazaza. Mu 1972, phangano la Addis Ababa likawovwira kuti nkhondo ya kumpoto na kumwera yimare. Ivi vikapangiska kuti nkhondo ya pawenenawene yimare kwa vyaka 10, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa ku America ŵakaleka kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama pa mulimo wa kuzenga Jonglei Canal. Ivi vikaŵa vyakukhumbikwa chomene kuti maji gha mu chigaŵa cha Upper Nile ghaleke kunjira mu maji, kweniso kuti paleke kuŵa suzgo la vinthu vyakuthupi kweniso kuti paleke kuŵa njara yikuru pakati pa mafuko gha ku malo agha, chomenechomene Dinka. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikati yacitika, caru cawo cikapokeka, kupokeka, na kotcheka. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa fuko ili ŵakakomeka pa nkhondo ya pa cikaya iyo yikatora vilimika vyakujumpha 20.[[File:Hashem al Atta, 1971 Sudanese coup d'état.jpg|thumb|[[1971 Sudanese coup d'état]]]] M'paka m'ma 1970, vyakurya vinandi vya ku Sudan vikagwiliskirika ntchito mu charu. Mu 1972, boma la Sudan likamba kutemwera vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo likakhumbanga kuti vyakurya na vyakurya vinyake vifumiskike mu vyaru vinyake. Kweni mu ma 1970, mitengo ya vinthu yikakhira, ndipo vinthu vikamba kunangika mu Sudan. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakunozga vyakurya zikakwera. Mu 1978, IMF yikadumbiskana na boma za ndondomeko ya kusintha vinthu. Ici cikakhozga comene vyakurya ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto ŵa ku Sudan ŵasuzgikenge comene (wonani ŵanthu ŵa ku Nuba). Mu 1976, gulu la Ansars likayezga kutimbanizga boma, kweni likatondeka. Kweni mu Julayi 1977, Pulezidenti Nimeiry wakakumana na mulongozgi wa Ansar, Sadiq al-Mahdi, ndipo ivi vikajura nthowa yakuti paŵe mtende. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakakika cifukwa ca ndyali ŵakafwatulika, ndipo mu Ogasiti, ŵanthu wose ŵakususkana na boma ŵakafwatulika. ====Bashir era (1989–2019)==== [[File:Omar al-Bashir (2017-11-23) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Omar al-Bashir in 2017]] {{further|Republic of the Sudan (1985–2019)}} Pa Juni 30, 1989, Colonel Omar al-Bashir wakalongozga boma la nkhondo kwambura kuthiska ndopa. Boma liphya la ŵasilikari likakanizga vyaru vinyake vya ndyali ndipo likambiska dango la chisopa cha Cisilamu. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, al-Bashir wakayezga kukanizga magulu gha ŵasilikari, vyaru vya ndyali, na manyuzipepara ghakujiyimira pawekha, kweniso wakakaka ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ndyali na ŵamutolamakani. Pa Okutobala 16, 1993, al-Bashir wakajiŵika kuŵa "Mukuru wa Boma" ndipo wakasesa wupu wa Revolutionary Command Council. Al-Bashir ndiyo wakaŵa na mazaza gha kuwusa na kusora malango. Mu 1996, iyo wakaŵa yekha uyo wakaŵa wakwenelera kusankhapo. Charu cha Sudan chikaŵa na chipani chimoza icho chikaŵa pasi pa National Congress Party (NCP). Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, Hassan al-Turabi, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wa Nyumba ya Malango, wakawungana na magulu gha chisopa cha Cisilamu ndipo wakachema Osama bin Laden kuti wize mu caru ici. Pamanyuma pake, boma la United States likalemba kuti Sudan ni boma ilo likuwovwira vigeŵenga. Pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Al-Qaeda ŵaponya mabomba pa ofesi ya ufumiskiri wa ku United States ku Kenya na Tanzania, ŵasilikari ŵa United States ŵakamba ntchito ya Operation Infinite Reach ndipo ŵakakoma fakitare ya Al-Shifa, iyo boma la United States likagomezganga kuti yikupanga vilwero vya vyamizimu. Nkhongono ya Al-Turabi yikamba kuchepa, ndipo ŵanji awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵe makora ŵakayezga kusintha umo charu cha Sudan chikaŵira. Charu ichi chikagwiranga nchito kuti cikhozge ŵakususka ŵake mwa kufumiska ŵanthu ŵa ku Egypt ŵa Islamic Jihad na kukhuŵilizga bin Laden kuti wafumeko.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wright|first=Lawrence|title=The Looming Tower|url=https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig|url-access=registration|date=2006|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-26608-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig/page/221 221]–223}}</ref>[[File:Government Militia in Darfur.PNG|thumb|Gulu la boma ku Darfur]] Pambere chisankho cha 2000 chindachitike, al-Turabi wakapeleka dango lakukanizga mazaza gha pulezidenti, ndipo al-Bashir wakalangura kuti boma lileke kugwira ntchito. Apo al-Turabi wakaciskanga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kucita nawo phangano na gulu la Sudan People's Liberation Army, al-Bashir wakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakukhumba kuwuskapo boma. Hassan al-Turabi ŵakamujalira mu jele mu chaka chenechicho. Mu Febuluwale 2003, gulu la Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) na Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) mu Darfur ŵakanyamura vilwero, ŵakasuska boma la Sudan kuti likusuzga ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan awo ŵakaŵa Ŵarabu yayi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, nkhondo iyi yikucemeka kuti ni kukoma ŵanthu, ndipo Khoti la ku Hague (ICC) lili kupeleka malango ghaŵiri kuti al-Bashir wakomeke. Gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Janjaweed, ilo likuyowoya Ciarabu, likuyuyulika cifukwa ca vinthu viheni ivyo likucita. Pa 9 Janyuwale 2005, boma likasaina phangano la Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement na Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) na chilato cha kumazga Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Sudan. Wupu wa United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) ukakhazikiskika na UN Security Council Resolution 1590 kuti uwovwire pakugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko iyi. Phangano la mtende likaŵa chakukhumbikwa kuti paŵe referendum ya mu 2011: chilato chake chikaŵa chakuti South Sudan yipatulike.[[File:Southern Sudan Referendum1.jpg|thumb|Ŵanthu ŵa ku South Sudan ŵakulindilira kuvota pa 2011 South Sudanese independence referendum.]] Gulu la Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) ndilo likaŵa na mazaza pa Eastern Front. Pambuyo pa mgwirizano wamtendere, malo awo adatengedwa mu February 2004 pambuyo pa kuphatikiza kwa Fulani wamkulu ndi Beja Congress ndi Rashaida Free Lions yaying'ono. Pa Okutobala 14, 2006, boma la Sudan likasaina phangano la mtende na gulu la Eastern Front ku Asmara. Pa Meyi 5, 2006, pakalembeka phangano la mtende la ku Darfur, ilo likakhumbanga kumazga nkhondo iyo yikatora vyaka vitatu. Nkhondo ya Chad na Sudan (2005-2007) yikamba pamanyuma pakuti nkhondo ya Adré yikapangiska kuti Chad yipharazge nkhondo. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Sudan na Chad ŵakalembeska phangano ku Saudi Arabia pa 3 May 2007 kuti ŵaleke kurwa nkhondo ya ku Darfur iyo yikaŵa pa mphaka ya makilomita 1,000. Mu Julayi 2007, mu caru ici mukaŵa maji ghanandi agho ghakatimba ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 400,000. Kwambira mu 2009, nkhondo izo zikuchitika pakati pa mafuko gha visopa ku Sudan na South Sudan zakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi. ==== Kugaŵa na kuwezgerapo ==== Nkhondo ya ku Sudan ku South Kordofan na Blue Nile mu ma 2010s pakati pa Army of Sudan na Sudan Revolutionary Front yikamba nga nkhukwesana pa chigaŵa cha Abyei icho chili na mafuta ghanandi mu myezi yakulondezgapo pambere South Sudan yindaŵe na wanangwa mu 2011, nangauli yikukolerana na nkhondo ya ku Darfur iyo yili kumalizgika. Ivyo vikacitika pamanyuma pake vikacemeka kuti Sudanese Intifada, ndipo vikamara mu 2013 apo al-Bashir wakalayizga kuti wazamusankhikaso yayi mu 2015. Pamanyuma wakaleka kufiska ivyo wakalayizga ndipo wakakhumba kuwuskika mu 2015, ndipo wakawina cifukwa cakuti ŵakususka ŵakazomerezga yayi kuti mavoti ghaŵenge ghakufwatuka yayi. Kuvota kukaŵa kwacoko comene, 46%. Pa January 13, 2017, pulezidenti wa ku United States, Barack Obama, wakalembapo dango ilo likawuskapo vyeruzgo vinandi ivyo boma la Sudan likakanizga. Pa 6 Okutobala 2017, purezidenti wa US Donald Trump wakamazga vyeruzgo vinandi ivyo vikaŵapo pa charu ichi na mafuta, katundu wakunjira na kunjilira mu vyaru vinyake.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wadhams|first1=Nick|last2=Gebre|first2=Samuel|title=Trump Moves to Lift Most Sudan Sanctions|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-06/u-s-lifting-most-sudan-sanctions-on-progress-in-terrorism-fight|access-date=6 October 2017|work=Bloomberg Politics|date=6 October 2017}}</ref> ====2019 Sudanese Revolution and transitional government==== {{main|Sudanese Revolution|2019–2026 Sudanese transition to democracy}} {{see also|Sovereignty Council of Sudan}} [[File:Sudanese protestors celebrate signing of political agreement.png|thumb|Awo ŵakwimira boma la Sudan ŵakukondwelera kusazgikira kwa ndondomeko ya malango gha chalo pa 17 August 2019.]] Pa Disembala 19, 2018, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kususka ivyo boma likadumura vyakuti mitengo ya vinthu yikwane katatu. Kweniso, Pulezidenti al-Bashir, uyo wakaŵa pa mazaza kwa vilimika vyakujumpha 30, wakakana kufumapo, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti magulu gha ŵakususka ghaŵe pamoza. Boma likawezgera na kukora ŵanthu ŵakuwukira boma ŵakujumpha 800 na awo ŵakasuskanga, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 40 ŵakafwa, kuyana na wupu wa Human Rights Watch. Chiwonetserochi chinapitilizidwa pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa kwa boma lake pa 11 Epulo 2019 pambuyo pa chiwonetsero chachikulu kutsogolo kwa likulu la Sudanese Armed Forces, pambuyo pake atsogoleri a nduna adaganiza kulowererapo ndipo adalamula kumangidwa kwa Purezidenti al-Bashir ndikulengeza miyezi itatu yachilendo.<ref name="Sudan military coup topples Bashir">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47891470|title=Sudan military coup topples Bashir|date=11 April 2019|access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/sudan-crowds-rally-bashir-police-tear-gas-rival-protest-190109115845545.html |title=Sudan's Omar al-Bashir vows to stay in power as protests rage &#124; News |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=9 January 2019 |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Arwa Ibrahim|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/future-unclear-sudan-protesters-president-loggerheads-190108135021310.html |title=Future unclear as Sudan protesters and president at loggerheads &#124; News |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=8 January 2019 |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100 ŵakafwa pa Juni 3 pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵabwangandura ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga pasi na kugwiliskira nchito mafuta gha masozi na vilwero vyeneco. Ŵawukirano ŵa ku Sudan ndiwo ŵakapelekanga ulongozgi pa viyezgo ivi. Ungano uwu ukamara apo gulu la Forces for Freedom and Change (bungwe la magulu agho ghakachitiska ungweru uwu) na Transitional Military Council (boma la ŵasilikari) ŵakasaina chiphangano cha Julayi 2019.<ref name="raisethevoices_4Aug2019_const_dec" /><ref name="Const_Dec_En_unofficial" /> Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe wupu wa ŵasilikari na ŵanthu wose wa ku Sudan, kweniso kuti paŵe mulara wa boma, kweniso kuti paŵe mulara wa boma, Nemat Abdullah Khair. Mulara wa boma wakale, Abdalla Hamdok, wa vyaka 61, uyo wakagwiranga nchito ku wupu wa UN Economic Commission for Africa, wakapika nchito pa Ogasiti 21. Wakamba kudumbiskana na wupu wa IMF na World Bank kuti ŵamazge suzgo la vyakurya, mafuta na ndalama. Hamdok wakati ndalama zakukwana madola 10 biliyoni mu vyaka viŵiri zingamazga wofi. Maboma gha Saudi Arabia na United Arab Emirates ghakaŵika ndalama zinandi pakovwira wupu wa ŵasilikari kufuma apo Bashir wakathereskekera. Pa 3 Seputembala, Hamdok wakasora ŵanalume 14 kuŵa nduna za boma, kusazgapo mwanakazi wakwamba kuŵa nduna ya vyaru vinyake na Mkhristu wakwamba wa ku Coptic, uyo nayo wakaŵa mwanakazi. Mu Ogasiti 2021, chalo chikalongozgekanga na Chairman wa Transitional Sovereign Council, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, na Prime Minister Abdallah Hamdok.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/3136536/sudan-threatens-use-military-option-regain-control-over-border-ethiopia |title=Sudan Threatens to Use Military Option to Regain Control over Border with Ethiopia |work=Asharq Al-Awsat |date=17 August 2021 |access-date=23 August 2021 }}</ref> ====2021 coup and the al-Burhan regime ==== {{main|October–November 2021 Sudanese coup d'état}} Boma la Sudan likapharazga pa 21 Seputembala 2021 kuti pakaŵa chiyezgo chakutondeka cha boma kufuma ku ŵasilikari icho chikapangiska kuti ŵapolisi 40 ŵakakike. Pakati pajumpha mwezi umoza kufuma apo boma likayezga kutimbanizga boma, ŵasilikari ŵakambaso kuwukira boma pa Okutobala 25, 2021. Nkhondo iyi yikalongozgeka na Jenerale Abdel Fattah al-Burhan uyo pamasinda wakapharazga kuti kuli suzgo. Pa Novembala 21, 2021, Hamdok wakambaso kuŵa nduna yikuru pamanyuma pakuti Abdel Fattah al-Burhan wasayina phangano la ndyali kuti wawezgepo muwuso wa ŵanthu (nangauli Burhan wakalutilira kuwusa). Phangano la vigaŵa 14 likati ŵakayidi wose ŵa ndyali awo ŵakakakika pa nyengo ya vimbundi ŵafwatulike. Hamdok wakachimbizga mulara wa ŵapolisi Khaled Mahdi Ibrahim al-Emam na wachiŵiri wake Ali Ibrahim. Pa Janyuwale 2, 2022, Hamdok wakapharazga kuti wafumengepo pa udindo wake wa nduna yikuru pamanyuma pa umoza wa viphikiro ivyo vyapangiska ŵanthu ŵanandi kufwa. Kufika mu Malichi 2022 ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1,000 kusazgapo ŵana 148 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakakika cifukwa ca kukana boma la boma, ndipo pakaŵa milandu 25 yakucicizga ndipo ŵanthu 87 ŵakakomeka kusazgapo ŵana 11.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bachelet |first=Michelle |date=7 March 2022 |title=Oral update on the situation of human rights in the Sudan – Statement by United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/oral-update-situation-human-rights-sudan |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=ReliefWeb/ 49th Session of the UN Human Rights Council |language=en}}</ref> ====2023 internal conflict==== {{main|2023 Sudan conflict}} Mu Epulero chaka cha 2023, apo ŵanthu ŵa vyaru vyakupambanapambana ŵakadumbiskananga za ndondomeko ya kusinthira boma ku boma la ŵanthu ŵambura mulandu, nkhondo ya mazaza yikakura pakati pa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari (na mulongozgi wa charu) Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, na movwiri wake, Mohamed Hamdan Daglo, mulongozgi wa gulu la ŵasilikari la Rapid Support Forces & Rapid Strike Force ("RSF"), ilo likapangika kufuma ku Janjaweed. Pa 15 Epulero, 2023, nkhondo yawo yikazgoka nkhondo zaciwawa comene mu misewu ya mu Khartoum pakati pa ŵasilikari na RSF na ŵasilikari, matangi na ndege. Kuyana na wupu wa United Nations, pa zuŵa lacitatu, ŵanthu 400 ŵakafwa ndipo 3,500 ŵakapwetekeka. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa, pakaŵa ŵantchito ŵatatu ŵa WFP, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti wupu uwu uleke kugwira nchito mu Sudan, nangauli mu caru cose muli njara. Mulembi-mulongozgi wa UN, António Guterres, wakapempha "urunji" mwaluŵiro cifukwa ca kukoma ŵanthu aŵa, ndipo wakapempha kuti nkhondo yimare. Ŵadipuloma ŵa African Union na Saudi Arabia ŵaluta ku Sudan kuti ŵakayezge kuwezgerapo mtende. Ŵakaŵaphalira kuti ŵaleke kuwombera ŵanthu awo ŵapwetekeka, kweni nkhondo yikalutilira.<ref name="fighting_2023_04_16_france27_com">[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230416-death-toll-mounts-in-sudan-as-army-paramilitary-fight-for-power "Fighting continues in Sudan despite humanitarian pause,"] 16 April 2023, [[France24]], retrieved 16 April 2023</ref><ref name="clashes_2023_04_16_abc_news">[https://abcnews.go.com/International/clashes-erupt-sudan-army-paramilitary-group-government-transition/story?id=98607846 "Clashes erupt in Sudan between army, paramilitary group over government transition,"] 16 April 2023, [[ABC News]], retrieved 16 April 2023</ref> ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{Main|Geography of Sudan}} [[File:Map of Sudan (New).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Mapu gha Sudan. Chigaŵa cha Hala'ib Triangle chili pasi pa boma la Egypt kwambira mu 2000.]] [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map SDN present.svg|thumb|Mapu gha charu cha Sudan]] Charu cha Sudan chili kumpoto kwa Africa, ndipo chili na mtunda wa makilomita 853 kufupi na Nyanja Yiswesi. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na vyaru nga ni Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Central African Republic, Chad, na Libya. Na malo ghakukwana 1,886,068 km2 (728,215 sq mi), ni chalo chachitatu pakukura mu Africa (panyuma pa Algeria na Democratic Republic of Congo) na cha 15 pa vyaru vyose. Charu cha Sudan chili pakati pa 8° na 23°N. Malo agha ngakutowa chomene ndipo ghali na mapiri ghanandi. Kumanjiliro gha dazi, Deriba Caldera (3,042 m), iyo yili mu mapiri gha Marrah, ndiyo ni malo ghapacanya comene mu Sudan. Kumafumiro gha dazi kuli mapiri gha ku Nyanja Yiswesi. Mlonga wa Blue Nile na White Nile ukukumana ku Khartoum kuti uŵe Mlonga wa Nile, uwo ukufuma kumpoto kujumpha mu Eguputo kuya ku Nyanja ya Meditereniyani. Mlonga wa Blue Nile ukujumpha mu Sudan ndipo uli na utali wa makilomita pafupifupi 800. Mlonga wa White Nile mu Sudan ulije milonga yinandi. Pali madamu ghanandi pa Mlonga wa Blue na White Nile. Zina mwa madamu agha ni madamu gha Sennar na Roseires agho ghali pa Mlonga wa Blue Nile, kweniso madamu gha Jebel Aulia agho ghali pa Mlonga wa White Nile. Paliso Nyanja ya Nubia pa mphaka ya Sudan na Eguputo. Mu Sudan muli vinthu vinandi vyakukhumbikwa nga ni asibesiti, chromite, cobalt, mkuwa, golide, granite, gypsum, chisulo, kaolin, lead, manganese, mica, gasi, nikele, mafuta, siliva, tini, uranium na zinki..<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sudan-embassy.co.uk/infobook/geograph.php |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050930235450/http://www.sudan-embassy.co.uk/infobook/geograph.php |archive-date=30 September 2005 |title=Geography of Sudan |publisher=Sudan Embassy in London |date=n.d.}}</ref> ===Climate=== {{Main|Geography of Sudan#Climate|l1=Climate of Sudan}} Mvula yikukhilira kumwera. Ku chigaŵa chapakati na kumpoto kuli malo ghakomira chomene nga ni chipalamba cha Nubia kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi. Nyengo ya vula ku Sudan yikutora myezi yinayi (June m'paka September) kumpoto, ndipo myezi 6 (May m'paka October) kumwera. Ku vigaŵa vyakomira, kukuchitika chimphepo chikuru cha mchenga, icho chikuchemeka haboob. Ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi uko kuli mapopa ghacoko, ŵanthu ŵakuthemba comene vula izo zikulokwa yayi kuti ŵambe kulima. Pafupi na Mlonga wa Nayelo, pali minda iyo yili na maji ghanandi. Mu vyaru vinandi, zuŵa likuŵala nyengo yitali comene, kweni comenecomene mu mapopa uko likuŵala maora 4,000 pa caka..<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/kidsweb/world/sudan/sudgeog.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121001164348/http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/kidsweb/world/sudan/sudgeog.htm |archive-date= 1 October 2012 |title=Sudan – Geography & Environment |publisher=[[Oxfam GB]] |date=n.d. |access-date=13 January 2011}}</ref> ===Environmental issues=== Kuzgoka mapopa ni suzgo likuru comene mu Sudan. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakufipa mtima na kunangika kwa dongo. Vyaru vinandi vya boma na vya ŵanthu ŵekha vyalutilira kukura kwambura kuvikilirika. Vinthu ivi vyapangiska kuti makuni ghaphyoleke, dongo liwomire, kweniso kuti maji gha mu dongo ghaleke kuŵa ghawemi. Vinyama vyamuthondo vya mu caru ici vili pangozi cifukwa ca ulovi. Kuzakafika mu 2001, vyamoyo 21 vya vinyama na vyamoyo 9 vya viyuni vikaŵa pangozi. Viyuni vinyake ivyo vili pangozi ni: waldrapp, northern white rhinoceros, tora hartebeest, gazela wa masengwe ghafupi, na hawksbill turtle. Nyama ya Sahara oryx yili kumara mu ciŵaya.<ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2011|reason=appear to be user-generated site; how are entries vetted?}} {{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Sudan-ENVIRONMENT.html |title=Sudan – Environment |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Nations |date=n.d. |access-date=13 January 2011}}</ref> ==Politics== {{Main|Politics of Sudan}} Ndyali za ku Sudan zikaŵa za boma la Islamic Republic m'paka mu April 2019, apo boma la President Omar al-Bashir likathereskeka na boma la ŵasilikari. Pakwamba wakambiska wupu wa Transitional Military Council kuti uwuse vyalo vya mukati. Kweniso wakalekeska malango gha boma na kumazga nyumba za malango izo zikaŵanga na nyumba ziŵiri. Kweni Ibn Auf wakakhalako zuŵa limoza pera ndipo wakafumapo, ndipo Abdel Fattah al-Burhan ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa wupu wa Transitional Military Council. Pa 4 Ogasiti 2019, chikalata chiphya cha Constitution chikalembeka pakati pa ŵimiliri ŵa Transitional Military Council na Forces of Freedom and Change, ndipo pa 21 Ogasiti 2019 Transitional Military Council yikasinthika mwalamulo kuŵa mutu wa boma na wupu wa 11 wa Sovereignty Council, ndipo nga mutu wa boma na nduna yikuru. ===Sharia law=== ====Under al-Bashir==== Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Omar al-Bashir, malango gha mu Sudan ghakajintha pa Sharia. Mu 2005, pakaŵa phangano la Naivasha ilo likamazga nkhondo pakati pa kumpoto na kumwera kwa Sudan. Dango la Chisilamu la ku Sudan ndakupambana na vyaru vinyake. Ku Sudan, ŵanthu ŵakakomeranga munthu na malibwe. Pakati pa 2009 na 2012, ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na malibwe. Dango likatenge munthu wakwenera kukomeka. Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 2009 na 2014, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakalangika kuti ŵapike chilango cha kuŵatimba na mafayiti 40. Mu Ogasiti 2014, ŵanalume ŵanandi ŵa ku Sudan ŵakafwira mu jele chifukwa cha kutambuzgika. Mu 2001, Ŵakhristu 53 ŵakatimbika. Dango la boma la Sudan likazomerezganga ŵapolisi kuti ŵathyapure ŵanakazi awo ŵakuti ŵakuchita vinthu vyambura kwenelera. Kweniso dango likalanganga munthu para wakhomeka pa khuni. Mu 2002, ŵanthu 88 ŵakeruzgika kuti ŵakomeke cifukwa ca kukoma ŵanthu, kwiba na vilwero, na kurwa nkhondo. Wupu wa Amnesty International ukalemba kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵangakomeka na kukhomeka panji kukhomeka pa khuni. Khoti la pa caru cose likuzomera kuti ndise ŵakwenelera kweruzga. Kuyana na phangano la Naivasha, dango la Chisilamu likagwiranga nchito yayi mu South Sudan. Kufuma waka apo South Sudan yikapatukira, pakaŵa kukayika usange dango la Sharia lizamugwira nchito ku ŵanthu ŵacoko waka awo Mbasilamu yayi mu Sudan. Boma la Sudan lili na khoti la malango ilo lili na ŵeruzgi 9, Khoti Likuru Chomene, Khoti la Cassation, na makhoti ghanyake gha mu charu ichi..<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12033185 |title= Sharia law to be tightened if Sudan splits – president |work=BBC News |date=19 December 2010 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> ====After al-Bashir==== {{Main|2019–2024 Sudanese transition to democracy}} Following the ouster of al-Bashir, the interim constitution signed in August 2019 contained no mention of Sharia law.<ref name="MOM 09-2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200907-sudan-separates-religion-from-state-ending-30-years-of-islamic-rule/|title=Sudan separates religion from state ending 30 years of Islamic rule|date=7 September 2020}}</ref> As of 12 July 2020, Sudan abolished the apostasy law, public flogging and alcohol ban for non-Muslims. The draft of a new law was passed in early July. Sudan also criminalized [[female genital mutilation]] with a punishment of up to 3 years in jail.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53379733|title=Sudan scraps apostasy law and alcohol ban for non-Muslims|work=BBC News|date=12 July 2020|access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref> An accord between the transitional government and rebel group leadership was signed in September 2020, in which the government agreed to officially separate the state and religion, ending three decades of rule under Islamic law. It also agreed that no official state religion will be established.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/sudan-ends-30-years-of-islamic-law-by-separating-religion-state-1.1599359147751|title=Sudan ends 30 years of Islamic law by separating religion, state}}</ref><ref name="MOM 09-2020"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/islamic-world-at-decisive-point-in-history-will-it-take-the-path-of-emirates-or-turkey-8789981.html|title=Islamic world at decisive point in history: Will it take the path of Emirates or Turkey?|date=6 September 2020}}</ref> ===Foreign relations=== {{Main|Foreign relations of Sudan}} [[File:Al bashir1.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Bashir (right) and U.S. Deputy Secretary of State [[Robert Zoellick]], 2005]] Pakuti charu cha Sudan chili na visambizgo vya chisopa chautesi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimbira kwawo. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, charu cha Uganda, Kenya, na Ethiopia, vikaŵa mu wupu wa ad hoc uwo ukachemekanga "Front Line States" na wovwiri wa United States kuti uwonenge umo boma la National Islamic Front likuchitira. Boma la Sudan likapeleka wovwiri ku magulu gha ŵakugaluka gha ku Uganda nga ni Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). Apo boma la National Islamic Front ku Khartoum likamba kuwoneka nga ni suzgo ku chigaŵa ichi na caru cose, boma la United States likamba kuŵika Sudan pa ndondomeko ya vyaru ivyo vikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵacite vinthu vyakofya. Pamanyuma pakuti boma la United States lalemba kuti Sudan ni boma ilo likupeleka wovwiri ku vigeŵenga, wupu uwu ukaghanaghana vyakuti wambiske ubwezi na Iraq, ndipo pamanyuma Iran, vyaru viŵiri ivyo vili na mphindano mu cigaŵa ici. Kwamba m'ma 1990, Sudan yikamba kuchepeskako maghanoghano ghake cifukwa ca kukhuŵilizgika na boma la United States pamanyuma pa kuphulika kwa maboma gha United States mu 1998, ku Tanzania na Kenya, kweniso cifukwa ca kunozgaso malo gha mafuta agho ghakaŵa mu mawoko gha ŵakugaluka. Sudan nayo wali na mphindano na Egypt pa nkhani ya Hala'ib Triangle. Kufuma mu 2003, maubwezi gha ku vyaru vinyake gha Sudan ghakaŵa ghakuthemba pa wovwiri wa kumazga Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Sudan na kususka wovwiri wa boma ku magulu gha nkhondo mu Darfur. Charu cha Sudan chili paubwezi wakukhora na China. Charu cha China chikupokera mafuta 10 pa 100 gha mu Sudan. Kuyana na uyo wakaŵa nduna ya boma la Sudan, caru ca China ndico cikupeleka vilwero vinandi comene ku Sudan. Mu Disembala 2005, Sudan yikaŵa yimoza mwa vyaru vichoko ivyo vikazomera mazaza gha Morocco pa Western Sahara.<ref>{{cite news |archive-date=26 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226210429/http://www.moroccotimes.com/paper/article.asp?idr=2&id=11765 |url=http://www.moroccotimes.com/paper/article.asp?idr=2&id=11765 |title=Sudan supports Moroccan sovereignty over Southern Provinces |newspaper=Morocco Times |location=Casablanca |date=26 December 2005}}</ref>[[File:Secretary Pompeo Meets with Sudanese Sovereign Council Chair General Fattah el-Burhan (50267527813).jpg|thumb|The chairman of Sudan's sovereign council, General [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]], with U.S. Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]], 2020]] Mu 2015, Sudan yikawovwirapo pa nkhondo ya Saudi Arabia ku Yemen kwimikana na ma Houthi na ŵasilikari ŵakugomezgeka kwa pulezidenti wakale Ali Abdullah Saleh, uyo wakathereskeka mu 2011. Mu Juni 2019, charu cha Sudan chikalekeka kunjira mu wupu wa African Union chifukwa chakuti pakaŵavya icho chikachitika pakukhazikiska wupu wakulongozgeka na ŵanthu. Mu Julayi 2019, ŵimiliri ŵa vyaru 37 ku UN, kusazgapo Sudan, ŵakasaina kalata yakukolerana ku UNHRC kuvikilira umo China yikuchitira na ma Uyghur mu chigaŵa cha Xinjiang. Pa 23 Okutobala 2020, U.S. Pulezidenti Donald Trump wakapharazga kuti Sudan yikwamba kuwezgerapo ubwezi wake na Israel, ndipo yikaŵa chalo chachitatu cha ma Arab kuchita nthena mu chigaŵa cha Abraham Accords icho chikalembeka na United States. Pa Disembala 14 mu U.S. Boma la Sudan likawuskamo boma ili pa ndondomeko ya boma ilo likovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵachitenge vinthu vyakofya. Mkangano pakati pa Sudan na Ethiopia pa Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ukakura mu 2021. Munthu munyake uyo wakupeleka ulongozgi kwa mulongozgi wa Sudan, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, wakayowoya kuti nkhondo ya maji "yiŵenge yakofya comene kuluska umo munthu wangaghanaghanira". Mu Febuluwale 2022, ŵapharazgi ŵa ku Sudan ŵakaluta ku Israel kukakhozga ubwezi pakati pa vyaru ivi. Mu myezi yakwambilira ya 2023, nkhondo yikambaso, comenecomene pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa Gen. Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari na mulongozgi wa boma, pamoza na gulu la ŵasilikari la Rapid Support Forces ilo likulongozgeka na mulwani wake, Gen. Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo. Pa cifukwa ici, boma la United States na vyaru vinandi vya ku Europe vyajara maboma ghawo mu Khartoum na kuyezga kufumiska ŵanthu. Mu 2023, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ku Sudan kukaŵa ŵanthu 16,000 ŵa ku America awo ŵakakhumbikwiranga kufumamo. Pakuti ku United States kulije ndondomeko ya kufumiskako ŵanthu, Ku ofesi ya boma, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku America ŵakeneranga kuluta ku maboma gha vyaru vinyake kukapempha ulongozgi, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakachimbilira ku Nairobi. Vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa na mawupu ghanyake ghakovwira ŵanthu, ghakayezga kovwira. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku Turkey ŵati ŵazomerezga ŵanthu ŵa ku America kuti ŵafumemo mu charu chawo. TRAKboys, gulu la ndyali la ku South Africa ilo likususkana na Wagner Group, kampani yaku Russia iyo yikugwira ntchito ya usilikari mu Sudan kwambira mu 2017, yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵa ku America na ku Sudan ŵafumemo mu charu ichi na kuluta ku malo ghakukhora mu South Africa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Americans and other foreigners struggle to flee Sudan amid fierce fighting |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/04/26/sudan-fighting-evacuation-americans-british/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDS8IQSdZ-E | title=Trakboys David Mbatha, Blose begin peaceful talks w/ Mayor Kaunda about Durban Port tariff increase | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> === Wankhondo === {{Main|Sudanese Armed Forces}} Gulu la ŵasilikari la Sudan ni gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Sudan ndipo lili kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vinkhondi: Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Sudan, Navy ya Sudan (kukusazgapo Marine Corps), Air Force ya Sudan, Border Patrol na Internal Affairs Defence Force. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Sudan laŵa na vilwero viwemi comene; cifukwa ca kusazgikira kwa vilwero vizito na vyapacanya. Gulu ili likulongozgeka na wupu wa National Assembly ndipo fundo zake ni za kuvikilira mphaka za Sudan na kuvikilira wanangwa wa mukati. Kufuma waka pa suzgo la Darfur mu 2004, kuvikilira boma lapakati pa caru ku ŵanthu awo ŵakulimbana na gulu la ŵakugaluka nga ni Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA) na Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) ni vyakuzirwa comene. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa ku Sudan ŵakugwira ntchito yayi, kweni ŵakugwiliskira ntchito magulu gha ŵasilikari, ndipo ŵakumanyikwa chomene ni Janjaweed. Pakati pa 200,000 na 400,000<ref name="cia">{{cite web|title=Sudan|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/|access-date=10 July 2011|work=The World Factbook|publisher=U.S. Central Intelligence Agency|issn=1553-8133|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/|archive-date=11 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="peopledaily1">{{cite news |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200511/28/eng20051128_224254.html |title=Darfur Peace Talks To Resume in Abuja on Tuesday: AU |agency=Xinhua News Agency |newspaper=[[People's Daily]] |location =Beijing |date=28 November 2005 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/10/AR2007041001775.html |agency= Associated Press |newspaper=The Washington Post |title=Hundreds Killed in Attacks in Eastern Chad – U.N. Agency Says Sudanese Militia Destroyed Villages |date=11 April 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵali kufwa cifukwa ca nkhondo. ===International organisations ku Sudan=== Mabungwe ghanandi gha UN ghakugwira ntchito mu Sudan nga ni World Food Programme (WFP); Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO); United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF); United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR); United Nations Mine Service (UNMAS), United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) na World Bank. Kweniso pali wupu wa International Organization for Migration (IOM).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/activities/africa-and-middle-east/east-africa/sudan/cache/offonce/ |title=Sudan |publisher=International Organisation for Migration |date=2 May 2013 |access-date=31 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310183842/http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/activities/africa-and-middle-east/east-africa/sudan/cache/offonce/ |archive-date=10 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-cida/ACDI-CIDA.nsf/Eng/JUD-217124359-NT2 |title=The Sudans |publisher=Canadian International Development Agency |location=Gatineau, Quebec |date=29 January 2013 |access-date=31 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528183621/http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-cida/ACDI-CIDA.nsf/eng/JUD-217124359-NT2 |archive-date=28 May 2013 }}</ref> Pakuti mu Sudan muli nkhondo ya pawenenawene kwa vyaka vinandi, mabungwe ghanandi ghambura kwendera boma (NGO) ghakovwiraso ŵanthu awo ŵafumamo mu vikaya vyawo. Mabungwe ghambura vya boma ghakugwira nchito mu vigaŵa vyose vya Sudan, comenecomene kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya pawenenawene, mawupu gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana nga ni Red Cross ghakacitanga milimo yawo comene mu vigaŵa vya kumwera, kweni ghakaŵa mu msumba wa Khartoum. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kughanaghanira chomene nkhondo iyo yikacitika ku Darfur, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sudan. Wupu wakuwoneka comene mu South Sudan ni Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS). Wupu unyake wa vyamalonda ukuwona kuti charu cha Sudan chili ku chigaŵa cha Great Horn of Africa Nangauli mawupu ghanandi gha pa caru cose ghali mu vigaŵa vya South Sudan na Darfur, kweni ghanyake ghakugwira nchito mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto. Mwaciyerezgero, wupu wa United Nations Industrial Development Organization ukucita makora nchito yake mu msumba wa Khartoum. Ndimo viliriso na sukulu zinyake za ku Europe. Wupu wa Canada wakuwona vya Vyakusazgirako Vinthu pa Caru Cose ukucitako milimo yinandi kumpoto kwa Sudan.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.unido.org/media-centre/press-releases/news/article/date////eu-unido-set-up-centre-in-sudan-to-develop-industrial-skills-entrepreneurship-for-job-creation.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615200234/http://www.unido.org/media-centre/press-releases/news/article/date////eu-unido-set-up-centre-in-sudan-to-develop-industrial-skills-entrepreneurship-for-job-creation.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2013 |title=EU, UNIDO set up Centre in Sudan to develop industrial skills, entrepreneurship for job creation |publisher=UN Industrial Development Organisation |date=8 February 2011 |access-date=4 June 2013 }}</ref> ===Human rights=== {{Main|Human rights in Sudan|Freedom of religion in Sudan|Slavery in Sudan|Child marriage in Sudan}} SKwambira mu 1983, nkhondo ya pawenenawene na njara vyakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 2 miliyoni mu Sudan. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 200,000 ŵakakoleka wuzga pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Sudan. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa Reporters Without Borders, charu cha Sudan chili pa nambara 172 pa vyaru 180. Ŵakukhumba kuti ŵapharazgi ŵaleke kutangwanika na nkhani za vimbundi. Ŵasilamu awo ŵakung'anamukira ku Cikristu ŵangalangika na nyifwa cifukwa ca kusopa kwautesi, wonani Kutambuzgika kwa Ŵakristu mu Sudan na cilango ca nyifwa kwa Mariam Yahia Ibrahim Ishag (uyo wakakulira mu Cikristu). Lipoti la wupu wa UNICEF la mu 2013, likati ŵanakazi 88 pa 100 ŵaliwose ku Sudan ŵakomeka. Dango la ku Sudan lakukhwaskana na nthengwa likususkika cifukwa ca kukanizga wanangwa wa ŵanakazi na kuzomerezga nthengwa za ŵana. Ukaboni ukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuzomerezga kuti ŵanakazi ŵakomeke, comenecomene ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi kweniso awo ŵakusambira comene yayi. Kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhwakukanizgika; kwambira mu Julayi 2020 kulije chilango cha nyifwa. Lipoti la wupu wa Human Rights Watch ilo likalembeka mu 2018 likulongora kuti charu cha Sudan chindachitepo kanthu kuti ŵanthu ŵeruzgike chifukwa cha vinthu viheni ivyo vikachitikanga kale kweniso ivyo vikuchitika sono. Lipoti ili likulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵakusuzgikira mu Darfur, kumwera kwa Kordofan, na Blue Nile. Mu 2018, wupu wa National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) ukagwiliskira nchito nkhongono zinandi pakupatura ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma. Kweniso ŵasilikari ŵa ku Sudan ŵakakanizga mawupu gha United Nations-African Union Hybrid Operation na mawupu ghanyake gha pa caru cose kuti ghasangire ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika mu Darfur.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/sudan|title=World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Sudan|chapter=Sudan: Events of 2018 |date=17 January 2019 |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> ====Darfur==== {{Main|War in Darfur|International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur}} [[File:Darfur refugee camp in Chad.jpg|right|thumb|Darfur refugee camp ku [[Chad]], 2005]] Kalata yakufuma kwa mulara wa wupu wa Human Rights Watch ya pa Ogasiti 14, 2006, yikati boma la Sudan ndakutondeka kuvikilira ŵanthu ŵake mu Darfur kweniso likukhumba yayi kuvikilira ŵanthu ŵake. Kweniso ŵasilikari ŵake ŵali na mulandu wa kuswa malango gha boma. Kalata iyi yikayowoyaso kuti ŵanthu ŵakuswa wanangwa uwu kwambira mu 2004. Malipoti ghanyake ghakulongora kuti ŵakugaluka, boma, na gulu la Janjaweed ndiwo ŵakuswa malango. U.S. Lipoti la Dipatimenti Yakuwona vya Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu ilo likalembeka mu Malichi 2007, likati: "Ŵanthu wose awo ŵakanjilirapo pa nkhondo iyi ŵakachitanga vinthu viheni chomene, kusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi, kuyuzga ŵanalume na ŵanakazi, kutambuzga ŵanthu, kwiba na kulemba ŵana ŵankhondo". Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.8 miliyoni ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo ndipo ŵanthu 300,000 ŵali kufwa. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma na ŵasilikari awo ŵakukolerana na boma ŵakumanyikwa kuti ŵakuwukira ŵanthu bweka yayi mu Darfur, kweniso awo ŵakovwira ŵanthu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukolerana na magulu gha ŵakugaluka ŵakukakika mwambura kwenelera, nga mba nyuzipepara ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ŵakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ŵana ŵa sukulu, na ŵanthu awo ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vya mu msumba wa Khartoum na vigaŵa vyapafupi. Lipoti linyake la boma la United States likayowoya kuti gulu la ŵakugaluka likuwukira awo ŵakovwira ŵanthu na kukoma ŵanthu ŵambura mulandu. Wupu wa UNICEF ukati mu 2008, mu Darfur mukaŵa ŵana 6,000 awo ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7796507.stm|title=Africa – Sudan 'has 6,000 child soldiers'|access-date=15 February 2015}}</ref> ===Disputed areas and zones of conflict=== * In April 2012, the South Sudanese army captured the [[Heglig]] oil field from Sudan, which the Sudanese army later recaptured. * [[Kafia Kingi]] and [[Radom National Park]] was a part of [[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el Ghazal]] in 1956.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/upload/files/GoS%20Memorial.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415073643/http://www.pca-cpa.org/upload/files/GoS%20Memorial.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2012|page=xii |title=Memorial of the Government of Sudan |publisher=Permanent Court of Arbitration |location=The Hague |date=18 December 2008}}</ref> Sudan has recognised South Sudanese independence according to the borders for 1 January 1956.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.menasborders.com/menasborders/news/article/1956/South_Sudan_ready_to_declare_independence/ |title=South Sudan ready to declare independence |publisher=Menas Associates |date=8 July 2011 |access-date=4 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529175404/http://www.menasborders.com/menasborders/news/article/1956/South_Sudan_ready_to_declare_independence/ |archive-date=29 May 2013 }}</ref> * The [[Abyei Area]] is disputed region between Sudan and [[South Sudan]]. It is currently under Sudanese rule. * The states of [[South Kurdufan]] and [[Blue Nile (state)|Blue Nile]] are to hold "popular consultations" to determine their constitutional future within Sudan. * The [[Hala'ib Triangle]] is disputed region between Sudan and [[Egypt]]. It is currently under Egyptian administration. * [[Bir Tawil]] is a [[terra nullius]] occurring on the border between Egypt and Sudan, claimed by neither state. ===Administrative divisions=== {{main|States of Sudan|List of current state governors in Sudan|Districts of Sudan}} Sudan is divided into [[States of Sudan|18 states]] (''[[wilaya]]t'', [[Grammatical number|sing.]] ''[[wilayah]]''). They are further divided into 133 [[Districts of Sudan|districts]]. [[File:Political Regions of Sudan, July 2010.svg|thumb|{{legend|#f7931d|Central and northern states}} {{legend|#8cc63f|[[Darfur]]}} {{legend|#800080|[[Eastern Front (Sudan)|Eastern Front]]}} {{legend|#FFFF00|[[Abyei|Abyei Area]]}} {{legend|#fb6282|[[South Kurdufan]] and [[Blue Nile (state)|Blue Nile]] states}}]] {{div col|colwidth=10em|content= * [[Gezira (state)|Gezira]] * [[Al Qadarif (state)|Al Qadarif]] * [[Blue Nile (state)|Blue Nile]] * [[Central Darfur]] * [[East Darfur]] * [[Kassala (state)|Kassala]] * [[Khartoum (state)|Khartoum]] * [[North Darfur]] * [[North Kordofan]] * [[Northern state, Sudan|Northern]] * [[Red Sea (state)|Red Sea]] * [[River Nile (state)|River Nile]] * [[Sennar (state)|Sennar]] * [[South Darfur]] * [[South Kordofan]] * [[West Darfur]] * [[West Kordofan]] * [[White Nile (state)|White Nile]] }} ===Regional bodies=== Padera pa maboma, paliso maboma ghanyake agho ghakaŵako cifukwa ca mtende uwo ukaŵako pakati pa boma na gulu la ŵakugaluka. * Boma la Darfur likakhazikiskika na phangano la mtende la Darfur kuti liŵe wupu wakulongozga vyaru ivyo vili mu Darfur. * Wupu wakuwona vya vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan ukakhazikiskika na Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement pakati pa boma la Sudan na gulu la rebels la Eastern Front. * Chigaŵa cha Abyei, icho chili pa mphaka ya South Sudan na Republic of Sudan, pasono chili na mazaza ghapadera ndipo chikulongozgeka na boma la Abyei. Mu 2011, boma la Sudan likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵayowoyepo maghanoghano ghawo pa nkhani yakuti charu ichi chiŵe chigaŵa cha South Sudan panji cha Republic of Sudan. ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Sudan}} {{See also|Telecommunications in Sudan|Transport in Sudan}} [[File:Sudan Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Sudan exports, 2019]] [[File:Sudan Map Oelgas.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Petroleum|Oil]] and [[Natural gas|gas]] concessions in Sudan – 2004]] [[File:GDP per capita development in Sudan.svg|thumb|GDP per capita development in Sudan]] Mu 2010, charu cha Sudan chikaŵa pa nambara 17 pa vyaru ivyo vili na chuma chakukwera luŵiro chomene pa charu chose. Chifukwa cha kupatukana kwa South Sudan, komwe kunali pafupifupi 75 peresenti ya malo opangira mafuta ku Sudan, Sudan idalowa gawo la stagflation, kukula kwa GDP kudatsika mpaka 3.4 peresenti mu 2014, 3.1 peresenti mu 2015 ndipo zikuyembekezeka kuchira pang'onopang'ono mpaka 3.7 peresenti mu 2016 pomwe kukwera kwamitengo kudakhalabe kokwera mpaka 21.8% kuyambira 2015. GDP ya Sudan yikakhira kufuma pa US$123.053 billion mu 2017 kufika pa US$40.852 billion mu 2018. Nanga ni apo charu cha South Sudan chikaŵa kuti chindapatuke, chikaŵa na masuzgo ghakuru gha vyachuma. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, chuma cha ku Sudan chikakura chomene, ndipo lipoti la World Bank likati GDP yikakura chomene mu 2010. Kukura uku kukalutilira nanga ni mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Darfur kweniso apo charu cha South Sudan chikaŵa na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Mafuta ndigho ghakaŵa vyakurya vikuru ivyo Sudan wakuguliska ku vyaru vinyake. Chifukwa cha kunjira kwa mafuta, chuma cha Sudan chikakura chomene, ndipo mu 2007 chikakura na 9 peresenti. Kweni chifukwa chakuti charu cha South Sudan chikaŵa na mafuta ghanandi, chikaleka kulamulira boma la Sudan. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, mulimo wa kunozga vyakurya wawelera pa malo ghake ndipo pa chaka cha 2014-15 wafika pa 40,000 m3/d. Kuti charu cha South Sudan chipeleke mafuta, chikuthemba pa chitoliro icho chikulongozgera ku Port Sudan mumphepete mwa Nyanja Yiswesi. Mu Ogasiti 2012, Sudan na South Sudan ŵakakolerana kuti ŵagulire mafuta ku South Sudan kwizira mu mapaipi gha ku Sudan. Boma la China ndilo likwendeska malonda ku Sudan, ndipo China yili na masheya 40 pa 100 gha Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company. Charu ichi chikuguliskaso ku Sudan vilwero vichoko, ivyo vyagwiliskirika nchito pa nkhondo nga ni nkhondo za ku Darfur na South Kordofan. Nangauli kale vyakurya na vyakurya ndivyo vikaŵa vyakukhumbikwa chomene ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan, ndipo vikawovwira ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 80 pa 100 pa 100 pa caru cose. Pasono, wupu wa International Monetary Fund (IMF) ukuteŵetera lumoza na boma la Khartoum kuti viwovwire pakunozga vinthu. Ivi vikacitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 apo caru ca Sudan cikaŵa na suzgo la ngongoli, ndipo ubwezi wake na IMF na World Bank ukakhira. Lipoti linyake likati mu charu cha Sudan ndimo vimbundi vyazara chomene. Kuyana na Global Hunger Index ya 2013, charu cha Sudan chili na chiŵerengero cha GHI cha 27.0 icho chikulongora kuti charu ichi chili na 'njara yikuru.' Charu ichi chili pa nambara 5 pa vyaru ivyo vili na njara chomene pa charu chose. Kuyana na 2015 Human Development Index (HDI), charu cha Sudan chili pa malo 167. Ichi chikulongora kuti charu ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa charu chose. Mu 2014, ŵanthu 45 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakukhala na ndalama zakuchepera pa madola 3.20 gha ku United States pa zuŵa..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poverty headcount ratio at $3.20 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) – Sudan {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.LMIC?locations=SD|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref> === Science and research === Ku Sudan kuli ma yunivesite pafupifupi 25-30 ndipo ŵanthu ŵakusambira mu ciarabu panji Cingelezi. Masambiro gha ku sekondare na ku yunivesite ghakutimbanizgika comene cifukwa cakuti ŵanalume ŵanandi ŵakukhumbikwira kunjira usilikari pambere ŵandafike ku malizgo gha masambiro ghawo. Kweniso, "Chisisilamu" ico pulezidenti Al-Bashir wakakhwimiska cikapangiska kuti ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵaleke kusambira Baibolo. Ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakusanda vya sayansi zikumara. Wupu wa UNESCO ukati pakati pa 2002 na 2014, ŵanthu ŵakufufuza ŵakujumpha 3,000 ŵa ku Sudan ŵakafumamo mu charu ichi. Kuzakafika mu 2013, caru ici cikaŵa na ŵasayansi 19 pera pa ŵanthu 100,000, panji 1/30 ya ciŵelengero ca ku Eguputo, kuyana na Sudan National Center for Research. Mu 2015, ku Sudan kukalembeka nkhani za sayansi pafupifupi 500. Kuyaniska na caru ici, caru ca Poland, ico cili na ŵanthu ŵanandi, cikupanga manyuzipepara pafupifupi 10,000 pa caka. Ndondomeko ya vya mu mlengalenga ya ku Sudan yili kupanga mapulaneti ghanandi gha CubeSat, ndipo yili na mapulani gha kupanga mapulaneti gha kudumbiskirana gha ku Sudan (SUDASAT-1) na mapulaneti gha kudumbiskirana gha ku Sudan (SRSS-1). Boma la Sudan likapeleka ndalama zakugulira satellite yakuwona malo ya boma ya Arabsat 6A iyo yikugwira ntchito pachanya pa Sudan, iyo yikatoleka makora pa 11 April 2019, kufuma ku Kennedy Space Centre. Pulezidenti wa ku Sudan Omar Hassan al-Bashir wakapempha kuti mu 2012 paŵe wupu wakuwona vya mlengalenga wa ku Africa, kweni ivi vikamara yayi.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Smith |first1=David |last2=correspondent |first2=Africa |date=6 September 2012 |title=Sudanese president calls for African space agency |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/06/sudanese-president-african-space-agency |access-date=7 March 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Sudan}} {{see also|List of cities in Sudan}} [[File:Sudan 2010 population density2.png|thumb|Sudan 2010 estimated population density]] Ku Sudan, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 30 miliyoni ŵakukhala kumpoto, kumanjiliro gha dazi, na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Ivi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu cha Sudan kufuma apo charu cha South Sudan chikapatukira ŵalipo 30 miliyoni. Ichi ntchiŵelengero icho chikukwera comene mu vyaka 20 ivyo vyajumpha, cifukwa pa kalembera wa mu 1983, ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Sudan, kusazgapo awo sono ŵakucemeka South Sudan, ŵakaŵa 21.6 miliyoni. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu msumba wa Greater Khartoum (ukusazgapo Khartoum, Omdurman, na Khartoum North) ŵakukura mwaluŵiro ndipo ŵalipo 5.2 miliyoni. Padera pa kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimbira kwawo, mu Sudan muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimbira kwawo ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake. Kuyana na kafukufuku wa UNHCR, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.1 miliyoni awo ŵakacimbira kwawo na awo ŵakapempha civikiliro ŵakakhalanga mu Sudan mu Ogasiti 2019. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku South Sudan (ŵanthu 858,607), Eritrea (123,413), Syria (93,502), Ethiopia (14,201), Central African Republic (11,713) na Chad (3,100). Padera pa ŵanthu aŵa, wupu wa UNHCR ukayowoya kuti pali ŵanthu 1,864,195 awo ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo. Charu cha Sudan chili kunjilirapo pa phangano la mu 1951 lakukhwaskana na ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo. ===Ethnic groups=== [[File:Eisa shikawi.JPG|thumb|[[Sudanese Arab]] of [[manasir|Al-Manasir]]]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ciarabu ŵakukwana 70 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu caru ici. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa Mbasilamu ndipo ŵakuyowoya Chiarabic. Mitundu yinyake ni Beja, Fur, Nubians, Armenians, na Copts. Ŵanthu awo Mbambura Ciarabu kanandi ŵakupambana mitundu, viyowoyero, na mitheto. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Beja (ŵanandi chomene), Fur (ŵanandi chomene), Nuba (ŵanandi chomene), Moro, Masalit, Bornu, Tama, Fulani, Hausa, Songhay, Nubians, Berta, Zaghawa, Nyimang, Ingessana, Daju, Koalib, Gumuz, Midob na Tagale. Chi Hausa chikugwiliskirika ntchito nga chiyowoyero cha malonda. Paliso Ŵagiriki ŵachoko waka, kweni ŵakumanyikwa chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Arabia ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Awadia na Fadnia, na Bani Arak, awo ŵakuyowoya Chiarabic cha Najdi. Ŵabedouin ŵachoko waka ŵa kumpoto kwa Rizeigat ŵakuyowoya Chiarabu cha ku Sudan ndipo ŵali na mitheto yakuyana na ya Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Sudan. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Baggara na Tunjur ŵakuyowoya Chiarabic. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan awo ŵakukhala kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan ŵakuti ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakafuma ku Arabia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa Eguputo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mafuko gha Ŵaarabu ku Sudan ŵakasamukira ku Sudan mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 C.E., ndipo ŵakatorana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Africa. Kweniso, mafuko ghaciarabu agho ghakaŵako pambere Chisilamu cindafike ghakaŵako mu Sudan kufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira mu caru ici kufuma ku Arabia. Mu mabuku ghanandi agho ghakulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan ŵakazgoka Ŵaarabu, ŵanthu ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakudumbiskana za umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakawonekeranga. Mwaciyelezgero, Elena Vezzadini wakulemba mdauko wakuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana mu Sudan ŵakuthemba pa umo ŵakulongosolera nkhani iyi. Mwakudumura, iyo wakuti "Ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵako mu nyengo yira, ndipo ŵakazgoka "Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan". Mu nkhani yinyake yakulongosora za mbumba za ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan, Claude Rilly, uyo wakumanya vya mipukutu ya ŵanthu ŵa ku France, wakati Ŵarabu ŵanandi ŵa ku Sudan awo ŵakuti ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia, ŵakumanya yayi kuti DNA yawo yikupangika na ŵanakazi ŵa ku Africa na ŵana ŵawo.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Rilly |author-first=Claude |title=Le Soudan, de la Préhistoire à la conquête de Méhémet Ali |publisher=Soleb Bleu autour |year=2021 |isbn=978-2-35848-186-1 |editor-last=Rilly |editor-first=Claude |publication-place=Paris |pages=543–544 |language=fr |chapter=Aux racines de la population soudanaise |oclc=1298202018 |editor-last2=Francigny |editor-first2=Vincent |editor-last3=Maillot |editor-first3=Marc |editor-last4=Cabon |editor-first4=Olivier}}</ref><ref>See also: Spaulding, J. (2000) ''The chronology of Sudanese Arabic genealogical tradition''. In History in Africa 27, Cambridge University Press, pp. 325–337</ref> ===Urban areas=== {{Further|List of cities in Sudan}} {{Largest cities of Sudan|Osman=}} ===Viyowoyelo=== {{Main|Languages of Sudan}} Ku Sudan kuli viyowoyero pafupifupi 70. Mu charu cha Sudan muli viyowoyero vinandi vya mawoko ivyo vikupulikikwa yayi. Mu 2009, pakaŵa ndondomeko yakuti paŵe chiyowoyero chimoza cha mawoko cha ku Sudan. Pambere chaka cha 2005 chindafike, Chiarabic ndicho chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha boma. Mu 2005, Dango la Charu cha Sudan likati viyowoyero vya boma ni Chiarabic na Chingelezi. Ŵanalume ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba ni 79.6%, ŵanakazi 60.8%.<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|access-date=13 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/|archive-date=11 January 2021}}</ref> ===Chisopo=== {{Main|Religion in Sudan}} Mu 2011, apo charu cha South Sudan chikagaŵikana, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 97% ŵakasopanga Chisilamu. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵali kugaŵikana mu magulu ghaŵiri: Ŵasilamu ŵa Sufi na Salafi. Magulu ghaŵiri agho ghakumanyikwa na ŵanthu ŵanandi, Ansar na Khatmia, ghakukolerana na chipani cha Umma na Democratic Unionist. Malo gha Darfur pera ndigho ghakaŵavya magulu gha Sufi agho ghakusangika mu vyaru vinyake. Mu msumba wa Khartoum na misumba yinyake ya kumpoto, muli Ŵakhristu ŵa Coptic Orthodox na Greek Orthodox. Mu Khartoum na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan, mu vyaru ivi muli ŵanthu ŵa tchalitchi la Orthodox la Ethiopia na Eritrea. Tchalitchi la Armenian Apostolic nalo lilipo ndipo likuteŵetera ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan. Tchalitchi la Sudan Evangelical Presbyterian nalo lili na ŵanthu awo ŵali mu tchalitchi ili. Chisopa ndicho chikupangiska kuti mu charu ichi muŵe kugaŵikana. Ŵasilamu ŵa kumpoto na ŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi ndiwo ŵakulongozga ndyali na vyachuma mu charu ichi kufuma apo charu chikapokera wanangwa. Chipani cha NCP chikukhozgeka chomene na ŵa Islam, Salafis/Wahhabis na Ŵaarabu ŵanyake ŵa ku mpoto. Chipani cha Umma chakopa ŵalondezgi ŵa Aarabu ŵa gulu la Ansar la Sufism pamoza na Ŵasilamu ŵambura Aarabu kufuma ku Darfur na Kordofan. Chipani cha Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) chili na Ŵaarabu na Ŵasilamu ŵanyake ŵa kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, comenecomene awo ŵali mu cisopa ca Khatmia Sufi. ===Health=== {{Main|Health in Sudan}} Sudan has a [[life expectancy]] of 65.1 years according to the latest data for the year 2019 from macrotrends.net<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/SDN/sudan/life-expectancy|title=Sudan Life Expectancy) {{!}} Data|website=macrotrends.net|access-date=25 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807153431/https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/SDN/sudan/life-expectancy|archive-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> Infant mortality in 2016 was 44.8 per 1,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?locations=SD&year_high_desc=true|title=Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=25 August 2018}}</ref> [[UNICEF]] estimates that 87% of Sudanese females between the ages of 15 to 49 have had [[female genital mutilation]] performed on them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/country_profiles/Sudan/FGM_SDN.pdf|title=UNICEF FGM country profile for Sudan|website=UNICEF|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503130618/https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/country_profiles/Sudan/FGM_SDN.pdf|archive-date=3 May 2019}}</ref> ===Education=== {{Main|Education in Sudan}} [[File:Faculty of Science (University of Khartoum) 002.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[University of Khartoum]], established as [[Gordon Memorial College]] in 1902]] Sukulu mu Sudan njambura kulipira ndipo njakukakamira ku ŵana ŵa vyaka 6 m'paka 13, nangauli ŵana ŵakujumpha 40% ŵakuluta yayi ku sukulu cifukwa ca suzgo la vya cuma. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika pa umoyo wa ŵanthu vikupangiska kuti ŵana ŵasungwana ŵasuzgikenge kuluta ku sukulu. Masambiro gha ku pulayimale ghakukhala vyaka 8, ndipo gha sekondare ghakwenda vyaka vitatu. Mu 1990, masambiro ghakaŵa gha 6 + 3 + 3. Chiarabu ndicho chikuyowoyeka pa vigaŵa vyose. Masukulu ghanandi ghali mu matawuni, ndipo ghanyake gha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici ghatimbanizgika panji kunangika cifukwa ca nkhondo ya pa cikaya. Mu 2001, Banki ya Caru Cose yikati ŵana 46 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo ŵakeneranga kusambira masambiro gha ku pulayimale, ndipo 21 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo ŵakasambiranga masambiro gha ku sekondare. Ŵanandi ŵakunjira sukulu izi, ndipo mu vigaŵa vinyake ŵakujumpha 20 peresenti. Ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ni 70.2%, ŵanalume 79.6%, ŵanakazi 60.8%.<ref name="cia" /> ==Culture== {{Further|Visual arts of Sudan|Architecture of Sudan|Sudanese literature}} Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko pafupifupi 578 ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Africa. Ukaboni wasono ukulongora kuti nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakutemwa chomene vinthu vya ku Sudan na chisopa chawo, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia na ku Africa ŵakutemwana chomene..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bath.ac.uk/economics/research/working-papers/2014-papers/21-14.pdf|title=Hamilton, A. and Hudson, J. (2014) Bribery and Identity: Evidence from Sudan. Bath Economic Research Papers, No 21/14|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-date=2 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502003707/http://www.bath.ac.uk/economics/research/working-papers/2014-papers/21-14.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Music=== {{main|Music of Sudan}} [[File:Drummer at Hamed el-Nil Mosque (8625532075).jpg|thumb|A [[Sufi]] [[dervish]] drums up the Friday afternoon crowd in [[Omdurman]].]] Charu cha Sudan chili na mitheto ya sumu iyo yikasuzga chomene ŵanthu. Pakwamba na kukhazikiskika kwa dango la Salafi la Sharia mu 1983, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa mu charu ichi nga ni Mahjoub Sharif ŵakakakika apo ŵanyake nga ni Mohammed el Amin (uyo wakawelera ku Sudan pakati pa ma 1990s) na Mohammed Wardi (uyo wakawelera ku Sudan mu 2003), ŵakachimbilira ku Cairo. Sumu za mu nyengo yakale nazo zikapwetekeka, ndipo viphikiro vya mu nyengo yakale vya Zār vikamara. Nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Europe ŵakayambiska sumu za ku Sudan. Chiyelezgero ni ungano wa Shulkawi No. 1. Kumpoto kwa Sudan kuli sumu zakupambana na zinyake. Mu sumu yinyake iyo yikuchemeka Aldlayib, ŵakugwiliskira nchito cakwimbira cakucemeka Tambur. Chiŵiya ichi chili na vingwe vinkhondi, chili kupangika na khuni ndipo chikulizga sumu pamoza na ŵanthu awo ŵakwimba. ===Cinema === {{Main|Cinema of Sudan|Photography of Sudan}} Sinema ya ku Sudan yikamba na vithuzithuzi ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Pamanyuma pa kujithemba mu 1956, filimu yakulongosora vya mdauko yikaŵa yakukhora, kweni boma la Chisilamu likapangiska kuti mafilimu ghachepe mu ma 1990. Kwambira mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuwoneseska kuti mafilimu ghaŵaso ghakunozga kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene mafilimu. Kugwiliskira nchito vithuzi mu Sudan kukamba mu ma 1880 apo ufumu wa Britain na Eguputo ukalamuliranga. Nga ni umo vikaŵira mu vyaru vinyake, kucindikwa kwa vithuzithuzi pa nkhani za ŵanthu ŵanandi nga ni manyuzipepara, kweniso vya ŵanthu awo ŵakujambura vithuzithuzi, kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵamanye vinandi pa nkhani ya vithuzithuzi mu Sudan mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu charu cha Sudan, chomenechomene chifukwa cha vithuzi vya digito. ===Clothing=== [[File:Bedscha.jpg|thumb|Bejia men wearing galabiyas]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Sudan ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vya ku Europe na vyakumwera. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Sudan ŵakutemwa kuvwara malaya ghakuchemeka jalabiya. Kanandi jalabiya wakuvwara chisoti chikuru na chigudulu, ndipo chakuvwara ichi chingaŵa chituŵa, cha mitundu yakupambanapambana, cha mikwawu, ndiposo chakuvwara chakupambanapambana, kuyana na nyengo ya chaka na ivyo munthu wakukhumba. Chovala chofala kwambiri cha akazi a ku Sudan ndi thobe kapena thawb, chomwe chimatchulidwa kuti tobe m'chinenero cha ku Sudan. Thube ni salu yitali yituŵa panji ya mitundu yakupambanapambana iyo ŵanakazi ŵakuvwara mu malaya ghawo, ndipo kanandi ŵakubisa mutu na sisi. Chifukwa cha dango la milandu ilo likaŵako mu 1991, ŵanakazi ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kuvwara mathalauza pa wumba. Munthu uyo wakavwara mathalauza wakalangikanga kuti wapwetekenge na nthonga 40. Kweni mu 2009, mwanakazi munyake wakapika ndalama zakukwana madola 200.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/2009/09/06/woman_faces_40_lashes_for_wearing_trousers.html|title=Woman faces 40 lashes for wearing trousers|date=6 September 2009|newspaper=The Toronto Star|last1=Ross|first1=Oakland}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/08/world/africa/08sudan.html?_r=0| work=The New York Times |first1=Jeffrey |last1=Gettleman |first2=Waleed |last2=Arafat |title=Sudan Court Fines Woman for Wearing Trousers |date=8 September 2009}}</ref> ===Sport=== {{Main articles|Sudan national football team |Sudan women's national football team}} Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinandi, mpira ndiwo ngwakuzirwa comene mu Sudan. Bungwe la mpira la Sudan Football Association likakhazikiskika mu chaka cha 1936 ndipo ndi umo likakhalira limoza mwa mabungwe ghakale chomene mu Africa. Ndipouli, pambere wupu wa football Association undaŵeko, chalo cha Sudan chikamba kuseŵera mpira uwo ukatoleka na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain kufuma ku Egypt. Mabungwe ena a ku Sudan omwe adakhazikitsidwa panthawiyo akuphatikizapo Al-Hilal Omdurman, Al-Merrikh, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mpira ukhale wotchuka mdzikolo. Khartoum League ndiyo yikaŵa ligi yakwamba ku Sudan. Kufuma mu Seputembala 2019, pakaŵa ligi ya ŵanakazi ya mpira iyo yikamba kufuma ku magulu gha ŵanakazi ghambura kulembeka. Mu chaka cha 2021, timu ya mpira ya ku Sudan yikwenela kakwamba mu chiphalizgano cha Arab Women's Cup, icho chikachitikira ku Cairo, Egypt. Chikwata cha mpira wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja cha ku Sudan chikapikisana pa CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup ya 2018-2020 mu chigawo cha azimayi ndi amuna. Mu Juni 2022, Patricia Seif El Din El Haj, mwanakazi wakwamba wa ku Sudan uyo wakachitako maseŵero gha ku Africa, wakatoleka vithuzi na Mohamed Nureldin Abdallah wa ku Reuters, apo wakanozgekeranga kuluta ku Nigeria kunozgekera maseŵero gha Olimpiki mu 2024..<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2022 |title=Reuters Pictures – Sudan-Women/Martial art |url=https://pictures.reuters.com/CS.aspx?VP3=SearchResult&VBID=2C0BXZ1THRXCM&SMLS=1&RW=1498&RH=904&POPUPPN=25&POPUPIID=2C0FQED8J07WH |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=pictures.reuters.com}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Africa}} * [[Outline of Sudan]] * [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Sudan]] ==Ukaboni== {{notelist}} {{reflist|refs= <ref name="Const_Dec_En_unofficial">{{cite web |last = Reeves |first = Eric |author-link = Eric Reeves |others=[[Forces of Freedom and Change|FFC]], [[Transitional Military Council (2019)|TMC]], [[International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance|IDEA]] |title = Sudan: Draft Constitutional Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period |website= sudanreeves.org |date = 10 August 2019 |url = https://sudanreeves.org/2019/08/06/sudan-draft-constitutional-charter-for-the-2019-transitional-period/ |access-date = 10 August 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190810213233/https://sudanreeves.org/2019/08/06/sudan-draft-constitutional-charter-for-the-2019-transitional-period/ |archive-date= 10 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="raisethevoices_4Aug2019_const_dec">{{cite web |others=[[Forces of Freedom and Change|FFC]], [[Transitional Military Council (2019)|TMC]] |title = (الدستوري Declaration (العربية)) |trans-title = (Constitutional Declaration) |language = ar |website= raisethevoices.org |date =4 August 2019 |url = http://raisethevoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/sudan-amendment.pdf |access-date = 5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805170905/http://raisethevoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/sudan-amendment.pdf |archive-date= 5 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> }} ==Vyamu mabuku== {{Scholia}} ; Mabuku * {{cite book |last=Adams |first=William Y. |title=Nubia. Corridor to Africa |year=1977 |publisher=Princeton University |isbn=978-0691093703}} * Berry, LaVerle B., ed. (2015). ''[https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo63176 Sudan: A Country Study]''. [[Library of Congress]] (Washington, D.C.) {{ISBN|978-0-8444-0750-0}}. * {{cite book |last=Beswick |first=Stephanie |title=Sudan's Blood Memory |url=https://archive.org/details/sudansbloodmemor0000besw |year=2004 |publisher=University of Rochester |isbn=978-1580462310}} * {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Richard P. C.|year=1992|title=Public Debt and Private Wealth: Debt, Capital Flight and the IMF in Sudan |url=https://archive.org/details/publicdebtprivat00brow|publisher=Macmillan Publishers |location=London |isbn=978-0-333-57543-7}} * [[Winston Churchill|Churchill, Winston]] (1899; 2000). ''[[The River War|The River War: An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan]]''. 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Fage |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University |year=1978 |pages=556–588 |isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}} * {{cite book |last=Spaulding |first=Jay |title=The Heroic Age in Sennar |year=1985 |publisher=Red Sea |isbn=978-1569022603}} * {{cite book |last=Suliman |first=Osman |year=2010 |title=The Darfur Conflict: Geography or Institutions? |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-83616-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hrn-dkM00koC}} * {{cite book |last=Vantini |first=Giovanni |title=Oriental Sources concerning Nubia |year=1975 |publisher=Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften |url=http://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php/Giovanni_Vantini%27s_Oriental_Sources_Concerning_Nubia |oclc=174917032}} * {{cite book |last=Welsby |first=Derek |title=The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims Along the Middle Nile|url=https://archive.org/details/medievalkingdoms0000wels |year=2002 |publisher=British Museum |place=London |isbn=978-0714119472}} * {{cite book |last=Werner |first=Roland |title=Das Christentum in Nubien. Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche |year=2013 |publisher=Lit |isbn=978-3-643-12196-7|language=de}} * Zilfū, ʻIṣmat Ḥasan (translation: Clark, Peter) (1980). ''Karari: The Sudanese Account of the Battle of Omdurman''. Frederick Warne & Co (London). {{ISBN|978-0-7232-2677-2}}. ; Articles * "Sudan." Background Notes, U.S. Department of State, 2009. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A194470122/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=bb340529 online] * "Quo Vadis bilad as-Sudan? The Contemporary Framework for a National Interim Constitution". ''Law in Africa'' ([[Cologne]]; 2005). Vol. 8, pp.&nbsp;63–82. {{ISSN|1435-0963}}. * {{cite book |last=Lajtar |first=Adam |chapter=Qasr Ibrim's last land sale, AD 1463 (EA 90225) |title=Nubian Voices. 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Proceedings of the X International Conference of Nubian Studies Rome 9–14 September 2002 |editor= Alessandro Roccati and Isabella Caneva |year=2006 |chapter=Some new light on the end of Soba |pages=487–491 |publisher=Libreria Dello Stato |isbn=978-88-240-1314-7}} ; Intaneti * {{cite web |last1=O'Fahey |first1=R. S. |last2=Tubiana |first2=Jérôme |year=2007 |title=Darfur. Historical and Contemporary Aspects |url=https://org.uib.no/smi/darfur/A%20DARFUR%20WHOS%20WHO3.pdf |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228022400/https://org.uib.no/smi/darfur/A%20DARFUR%20WHOS%20WHO3.pdf |url-status=dead }} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|Sudan|voy=Sudan}} * [http://www.sudan.gov.sd/index.php/en Government of Sudan] website * [https://rainerebert.com/2017/08/25/archaeological-sites-in-sudan/ Archaeological sites in Sudan] * {{GovPubs|sudan}} * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Sudan}} * {{Wikiatlas|Sudan}} * {{osmrelation-inline|192789}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ Sudan]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Sudan |volume= 26 |last= Cana |first= Frank Richardson |author-link= |pages = 9–19 ||short= 1}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094995 Sudan profile] from [[BBC News]] * [https://www.scribd.com/doc/127199474/CIMIC-activities-int-he-African-Union-Mission-in-Sudan%20 CIMIC activities in the African Union Mission in Sudan] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FAYxXu53m04 The conflict in South Sudan] – ''[[The Economist]]'' * [https://unamid.unmissions.org/ UNAMID {{!}} UNITED NATIONS – AFRICAN UNION HYBRID OPERATION IN DARFUR] {{Sudan topics|state=collapsed}} {{coord|15|N|032|E|region:SD_type:country|display=title}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Sudan]] <!--Keep at top (category corresponding to article), with a blank space, to keep this article at the top of the category.--> [[Category:1956 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Arabic-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Federal republics]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Arab League]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Military dictatorships]] [[Category:Saharan countries]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1956]] ozvydzoz5etkwdfc16vgt7hksowj67w 0 47777 122986 122568 2026-10-07T01:23:16Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|palije}} <!-- Chigaŵa ichi cha malongosolekero ghafupi chili mwadala kuti chiŵe "palije" - chonde wonani WP:SDNONE pambere mundasinthenge! --> {{Incomplete list|date=June 2026}} Ichi ntchandanda wa [[political endorsement|vyakukhozgera ŵandyali]] ivyo vikapelekeka na [[Donald Trump]], pulezidenti wa nambara 45 na 47 wa [[United States|Charu cha United States]], pambere wandazgoke pulezidenti kweniso pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa pulezidenti, na pakati pa maulamuliro ghake ghaŵiri. <!-- MUNGASAZGIRAKO VYAKUKHOZGERA VINTHU VYAŴALIŴOSE YAYI KWAMBURA SOURCE NDIPO MUPALIRENDENGE NDANDANDA WA MAZINA KUTOLERA KU A KU Z! --> {{Donald Trump series|expanded=Views and ideology}} == Vyacharu chamukati == (''[[Italic type|Malembo ghakupendekeka]]'' ghakulongora [[incumbent|ŵandyali awo ŵali mu udindo sono]]) === Pambere wandazgoke pulezidenti === ==== 2008 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Udindo !Munthu uyo wakakhozgeka !Vyakafuma |- |{{flagicon|United States of America}} [[2008 United States presidential election|Pulezidenti]] |[[Hillary Clinton]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shabad |first=Rebecca |date=Dec 29, 2015 |title=Trump in 2008: Hillary Clinton would make a "great" president |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-in-2008-hillary-clinton-would-make-a-great-president/ |publisher=CBS News}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Wakathereskeka pa chisankho cha chipani |- |{{flagicon|United States of America}} [[2008 United States presidential election|Pulezidenti]] |[[John McCain]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Allen |first=Mike|date=Sep 17, 2008 |title=Trump endorses McCain on Larry King |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/09/trump-endorses-mccain-on-larry-king-013558 |work=Politico}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Wakathereskeka pa chisankho chikuru |} ==== 2012 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Udindo !Munthu uyo wakakhozgeka !Vyakafuma |- |{{flagicon|United States of America}} [[2012 United States presidential election|Pulezidenti]] |[[Mitt Romney]]<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Preston |first1=Mark |last2=Silverleib |first2=Alan |date=Feb 3, 2012 |title=Trump endorses Romney |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/02/02/politics/campaign-wrap |publisher=CNN}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Wakathereskeka pa chisankho chikuru |} ==== 2016 Chisankho cha Senate ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Boma !Munthu uyo wakakhozgeka !Vyakafuma |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2016 United States Senate election in Arizona|Arizona]] |''[[John McCain]]''<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Flores |first=Reena|date=Aug 5, 2016 |title=Donald Trump endorses Ryan, McCain, Ayotte ahead of primary races |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-paul-ryan-endorsement/ |publisher=CBS News}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika''' |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2016 United States Senate election in Florida|Florida]] |''[[Marco Rubio]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=736016335197458434 |date=May 26, 2016 |title=Poll data shows that @marcorubio does by far the best in holding onto his Senate seat in Florida. Important to keep the MAJORITY. Run Marco!}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika''' |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2016 United States Senate election in Louisiana|Louisiana]] |[[John Kennedy (Louisiana politician)|John Kennedy]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=805127720749383680 |date=Dec 3, 2016 |title=Our great VPE, @mike_pence, is in Louisiana campaigning for John Kennedy for US Senate. John will be a tremendous help to us in Washington.}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika''' |- |{{flagicon|New Hampshire}} [[2016 United States Senate election in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]] |''[[Kelly Ayotte]]''<ref name=":5" /> |{{Icon|no}} Wakathereskeka pa chisankho chikuru |} ==== 2016 Chisankho cha Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Chigaŵa !Munthu uyo wakakhozgeka !Vyakafuma |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 49th congressional district|CA-49]] |''[[Darrell Issa]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=793524189240188928 |date=November 1, 2016 |title=.@DarrellIssa is a very good man. Help him win his congressional seat in California.}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika''' |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 1st congressional district|WI-01]] |''[[Paul Ryan]]''<ref name=":5" /> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika''' |} === Nyengo yake yakwamba nga pulezidenti === ==== 2017 Chisankho cha ŵalongozgi ŵa maboma ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Boma !Munthu uyo wakakhozgeka !Vyakafuma |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[2017 Virginia gubernatorial election|Virginia]] |[[Ed Gillespie]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=916120435762266114 |date=Oct 5, 2017 |title=Ralph Northam,who is running for Governor of Virginia,is fighting for the violent MS-13 killer gangs & sanctuary cities. Vote Ed Gillespie!}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Wakathereskeka pa chisankho chikuru |} ==== 2017 Senate elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Result |- |rowspan="2"|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[2017 United States Senate special election in Alabama|Alabama (special)]] |''[[Luther Strange]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=910635327672512512 |date=Sep 20, 2017 |title=Alabama is sooo lucky to have a candidate like "Big" Luther Strange. Smart, tough on crime, borders & trade, loves Vets & Military. Tuesday!}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |[[Roy Moore]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump|number=937641904338063361 |date=Dec 4, 2017 |title=Democrats refusal to give even one vote for massive Tax Cuts is why we need Republican Roy Moore to win in Alabama. We need his vote on stopping crime, illegal immigration, Border Wall, Military, Pro Life, V.A., Judges 2nd Amendment and more. No to Jones, a Pelosi/Schumer Puppet!}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |} ==== 2017 House elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Chigaŵa !Munthu uyo wakapika !Ivyo vikachitika |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2017 Georgia's 6th congressional district special election|GA-06 (chisankho chapadera)]] |[[Karen Handel]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=876901304207069185 |date=Jun 19, 2017 |title=....because he doesn't even live there! He wants to raise taxes and kill healthcare. On Tuesday, #VoteKarenHandel.}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika''' |- |{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[2017 Kansas's 4th congressional district special election|KS-04 (chisankho chapadera)]] |[[Ron Estes]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=851781714028494849 |date=Apr 11, 2017 |title=Ron Estes is running TODAY for Congress in the Great State of Kansas. A wonderful guy, I need his help on Healthcare & Tax Cuts (Reform).}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika''' |- |{{flagicon|Montana}} [[2017 Montana's at-large congressional district special election|MT-AL (chisankho chapadera)]] |[[Greg Gianforte]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 May 2017 |title= First on CNN: Trump records robocall for Montana special election |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/05/24/politics/trump-robocall-montana-special-election-ryan-zinke/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika''' |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2017 South Carolina's 5th congressional district special election|SC-05 (chisankho chapadera)]] |[[Ralph Norman]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=876899176562524160 |date=June 19, 2017 |title=Ralph Norman, who is running for Congress in SC's 5th District, will be a fantastic help to me in cutting taxes, and....}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika''' |} ==== 2018 gubernatorial elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[2018 Alaska gubernatorial election|Alaska]] |[[Mike Dunleavy (politician)|Mike Dunleavy]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 25, 2018 |user=realDonaldTrump |number=1055555764901822466 |title=.@MikeDunleavyGov will make a fantastic Governor of Alaska. Mike is for Energy and Jobs, is tough on Crime, loves our Vets and our Great Second Amendment. Mike has my Complete and Total Endorsement!}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2018 Arizona gubernatorial election|Arizona]] |''[[Doug Ducey]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=1034128943480299521 |date=Aug 27, 2018 |title=Governor Doug Ducey of Arizona is doing a great job. It would be really nice to show your support tomorrow by voting for him in Tuesdays Primary. Doug is strong on Crime, the Border, and our Second Amendment. Loves our Military & our Vets. He has my full and complete Endorsement.}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[2018 Arkansas gubernatorial election|Arkansas]] |''[[Asa Hutchinson]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=998704493335334912 |date=May 21, 2018 |title=.@AsaHutchinson, the great Governor of Arkansas, is in a primary tomorrow. He has done an incredible job with a focus on lower taxes, border security, and crime prevention. Asa loves our military and our veterans. I fully endorse Asa for Governor!}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[2018 California gubernatorial election|California]] |[[John H. Cox]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=997597940444221440 |date=May 18, 2018 |title=California finally deserves a great Governor, one who understands borders, crime and lowering taxes. John Cox is the man - he'll be the best Governor you've ever had. I fully endorse John Cox for Governor and look forward to working with him to Make California Great Again!}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[2018 Colorado gubernatorial election|Colorado]] |[[Walker Stapleton]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 10, 2018 |user=realDonaldTrump |number=1050004777034309633 |title=Walker Stapleton is running as the highly respected Republican Candidate for Governor of the Great State of Colorado. His credentials and talents are impeccable. He has my complete and total Endorsement!}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Connecticut }} [[2018 Connecticut gubernatorial election|Connecticut]] |[[Bob Stefanowski]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=1029724286121074689 |date=Aug 15, 2018 |title=It is about time that Connecticut had a real and talented Governor. Bob Stefanowski is the person needed to do the job. Tough on crime, Bob is also a big cutter of Taxes. He will win in November and make a Great Governor, a major difference maker. Bob has my total Endorsement!}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2018 Florida gubernatorial election|Florida]] |[[Ron DeSantis]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 22, 2018 |title=Congressman Ron DeSantis, a top student at Yale and Harvard Law School, is running for Governor of the Great State of Florida. Ron is strong on Borders, tough on Crime & big on Cutting Taxes - Loves our Military & our Vets. He will be a Great Governor & has my full Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1010129956222001153}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2018 Georgia gubernatorial election|Georgia]] |[[Brian Kemp]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 21, 2018 |title=Brian Kemp, who is running for Governor of Georgia and has my full endorsement, is campaigning tonight with VP @mike_pence. Brian is very strong on Crime and Borders, LOVES our Military, Vets and the 2nd Amendment. He will be a GREAT Governor! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1020808378594054144}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[2018 Kansas gubernatorial election|Kansas]] |[[Kris Kobach]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 6, 2018 |title=Kris Kobach, a strong and early supporter of mine, is running for Governor of the Great State of Kansas. He is a fantastic guy who loves his State and our Country - he will be a GREAT Governor and has my full & total Endorsement! Strong on Crime, Border & Military. VOTE TUESDAY! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1026495277824401408}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[2018 Michigan gubernatorial election|Michigan]] |[[Bill Schuette]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 17, 2017 |title=Attorney General Bill Schuette will be a fantastic Governor for the great State of Michigan. I am bringing back your jobs and Bill will help |user=realDonalTrump |number=909381488445190145}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[2018 Minnesota gubernatorial election|Minnesota]] |[[Jeff Johnson (Minnesota politician)|Jeff Johnson]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 15, 2018 |title=Jeff Johnson of Minnesota had a big night in winning the Republican nomination for Governor against a very strong and well known opponent! Thanks for all of the support you showed me. You have my complete and total Endorsement. You will win in November! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1029717542842052608}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2018 Nevada gubernatorial election|Nevada]] |[[Adam Laxalt]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 12, 2018 |title=I strongly endorse Adam Laxalt for Governor of Nevada. Adam is smart, works hard, and knows how to win. He will be a great Governor. Also, will fight hard to lower your taxes and is tough on crime! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1006619872367804416}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2018 Ohio gubernatorial election|Ohio]] |[[Mike DeWine]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 30, 2018 |title=@MikeDeWine will be a great Governor for the People of Ohio. He is an outstanding man who loves his State – and always produces big.... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1057325714721124355}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2018 Oklahoma gubernatorial election|Oklahoma]] |[[Kevin Stitt]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 30, 2018 |title=Kevin Stitt ran a great winning campaign against a very tough opponent in Oklahoma. Kevin is a very successful businessman who will be a fantastic Governor. He is strong on Crime & Borders, the 2nd Amendment, & loves our Military & Vets. He has my complete and total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1035233203609657344}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2018 South Carolina gubernatorial election|South Carolina]] |''[[Henry McMaster]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 9, 2018 |title=Henry McMaster loves the people of South Carolina and was with me from the beginning. He is strong on Crime and Borders, great for our Military and our Vets. He is doing a fantastic job as your Governor, and has my full endorsement, a special guy. Vote on Tuesday! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1005548570332631040}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{Flagicon|South Dakota}} [[2018 South Dakota gubernatorial election|South Dakota]] |[[Kristi Noem]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Akhtar |first=Monica |date=September 7, 2018 |title=Trump endorses Noem in South Dakota |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/politics/trump-endorses-noem-in-south-dakota/2018/09/07/1b0b5e5a-b2f2-11e8-8b53-50116768e499_video.html}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[2018 Tennessee gubernatorial election|Tennessee]] |[[Bill Lee (Tennessee politician)|Bill Lee]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 3, 2018 |title=Congratulations to Bill Lee of Tennessee on his big primary win for Governor last night. He ran a great campaign and now will finish off the job in November. Bill has my total and enthusiastic Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1025386253892694016}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 Texas gubernatorial election|Texas]] |''[[Greg Abbott]]''<ref name=":7">{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 27, 2018 |title=I want to encourage all of my many Texas friends to vote in the primary for Governor Greg Abbott, Senator Ted Cruz, Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick, and Attorney General Ken Paxton. They are helping me to Make America Great Again! Vote early or on March 6th. |user=realDonalTrump |number=968549117625602054}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[2018 Wisconsin gubernatorial election|Wisconsin]] |''[[Scott Walker (politician)|Scott Walker]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 15, 2018 |title=Scott Walker is very special and will have another great win in November. He has done a fantastic job as Governor of Wisconsin and will always have my full support and Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1029716105420595200}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[2018 Wyoming gubernatorial election|Wyoming]] |[[Foster Friess]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 21, 2018|title=To the incredible people of the Great State of Wyoming: Go VOTE TODAY for Foster Friess - He will be a fantastic Governor! Strong on Crime, Borders & 2nd Amendment. Loves our Military & our Vets. He has my complete and total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1031917972099612673}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |} ==== 2018 Senate elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Arizona|Arizona]] |[[Martha McSally]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 29, 2018 |title=Martha McSally is an extraordinary woman. She was a very talented fighter jet pilot and is now a highly respected member of Congress. She is Strong on Crime, the Border and our under siege 2nd Amendment. Loves our Military and our Vets. Has my total and complete Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1034785759377727490}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Florida|Florida]] |[[Rick Scott]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 27, 2018 |title=Rick Scott of Florida is doing a fantastic job as Governor. Jobs are pouring into the State and its economic health is better than ever before. He is strong on Crime, Borders, and loves our Military and Vets. Vote for Rick on Tuesday! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1034128239579549696}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Indiana|Indiana]] |[[Mike Braun]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 30, 2018 |title=Will be going to Evansville, Indiana, tonight for a big crowd rally with Mike Braun, a very successful businessman who is campaigning to be Indiana's next U.S. Senator. He is strong on Crime & Borders, the 2nd Amendment, and loves our Military & Vets. Will be a big night! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1035162684633825286}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Michigan|Michigan]] |[[John James (Michigan politician)|John James]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 27, 2018 |title=.@JohnJamesMI, who is running in the Republican Primary in the great state of Michigan, is SPECTACULAR! Vote on August 7th. Rarely have I seen a candidate with such great potential. West Point graduate, successful businessman and an African American leader... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1022872574634729472}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[2018 United States Senate special election in Minnesota|Minnesota (special)]] |[[Karin Housley]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 4, 2018 |title=Just made my second stop in Minnesota for a MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN rally. We need to elect @KarinHousley to the U.S. Senate, and we need the strong leadership of @TomEmmer, @Jason2CD, @JimHagedornMN and @PeteStauber in the U.S. House! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1047984297607618565}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[2018 United States Senate special election in Mississippi|Mississippi (special)]] |''[[Cindy Hyde-Smith]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 25, 2018 |title=Mississippi, Vote for @cindyhydesmith on Tuesday. Respected by all. We need her in Washington!. Thanks! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1066786854643662848}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Mississippi|Mississippi]] |''[[Roger Wicker]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 5, 2018 |title=Senator @RogerWicker of Mississippi has done everything necessary to Make America Great Again! Get out and vote for Roger, he has my total support! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1003997350791188482}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Missouri|Missouri]] |[[Josh Hawley]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 13, 2018 |title=Senator Claire McCaskill of the GREAT State of Missouri flew around in a luxurious private jet during her RV tour of the state. RV's are not for her. People are really upset, so phony! Josh Hawley should win big, and has my full endorsement. |user=realDonalTrump |number=1006992524366503941}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Montana}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Montana|Montana]] |[[Matt Rosendale]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 7, 2018 |title=Matt Rosendale will be a Great Senator from a Great State, Montana! He is a fighter who will be tough on Crime and the Border, fight hard for our 2nd Amendment and loves our Military and our Vets. He has my full and complete Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1038022020691161088}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Nebraska|Nebraska]] |''[[Deb Fischer]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 15, 2018 |title=Nebraska - make sure you get out to the polls and VOTE for Deb Fischer today! |user=realDonalTrump |number=996442654568341505}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Nevada|Nevada]] |''[[Dean Heller]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 3, 2018 |title=Get out and VOTE for @DeanHeller! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1058758825300365312}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[2018 United States Senate election in New Jersey|New Jersey]] |[[Bob Hugin]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 6, 2018 |title=Bob Hugin, successful all of his life, would be a Great Senator from New Jersey. He has my complete and total Endorsement! Get out and Vote for Bob. |user=realDonalTrump |number=1059870147845017601}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|North Dakota}} [[2018 United States Senate election in North Dakota|North Dakota]] |[[Kevin Cramer]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 13, 2018 |title=Congratulations to @KevinCramer on his huge win in North Dakota. We need Kevin in the Senate, and I strongly endorse him. Heidi voted NO on our Tax Cuts, and always will vote no when we need her. Kevin is strong on Crime & Borders, big on Cutting Taxes! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1007002252467458048}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Ohio|Ohio]] |[[Jim Renacci]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 24, 2018 |title=.@JimRenacci has worked so hard on Tax Reductions, Illegal Immigration, the Border and Crime. I need Jim very badly to help our agenda and to keep MAKING AMERICA GREAT AGAIN! He will be a fantastic Senator for the Great State of Ohio, and has my full endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=988856839893897222}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]] |[[Lou Barletta]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 11, 2018 |title=Rep. Lou Barletta, a Great Republican from Pennsylvania who was one of my very earliest supporters, will make a FANTASTIC Senator. He is strong & smart, loves Pennsylvania & loves our Country! Voted for Tax Cuts, unlike Bob Casey, who listened to Tax Hikers Pelosi and Schumer! |user=realDonalTrump |number=962784821389996033}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Tennessee|Tennessee]] |[[Marsha Blackburn]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 19, 2018 |title=.@MarshaBlackburn is a wonderful woman who has always been there when we have needed her. Great on the Military, Border Security and Crime. Loves and works hard for the people of Tennessee. She has my full endorsement and I will be there to campaign with her! |user=realDonalTrump |number=987038167730552832}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Texas|Texas]] |''[[Ted Cruz]]''<ref name=":7" /> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Utah}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Utah|Utah]] |[[Mitt Romney]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 19, 2018 |title=.@MittRomney has announced he is running for the Senate from the wonderful State of Utah. He will make a great Senator and worthy successor to @OrrinHatch, and has my full support and endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=965773283554668544}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |rowspan="2"|{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[2018 United States Senate election in West Virginia|West Virginia]] |[[Evan Jenkins (politician)|Evan Jenkins]] ''(co-endorsement with Morrisey)''<ref name="auto">{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 7, 2018 |title=To the great people of West Virginia we have, together, a really great chance to keep making a big difference. Problem is, Don Blankenship, currently running for Senate, can't win the General Election in your State...No way! Remember Alabama. Vote Rep. Jenkins or A.G. Morrisey! |user=realDonalTrump |number=993443781281271808}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |[[Patrick Morrisey]] ''(co-endorsement with Jenkins)''<ref name="auto" /> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]] |[[Leah Vukmir]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 15, 2018 |title=Congratulations to Leah Vukmir of Wisconsin on your great win last night. You beat a very tough and good competitor and will make a fantastic Senator after winning in November against someone who has done very little. You have my complete and total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1029712857724792832}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Wyoming|Wyoming]] |''[[John Barrasso]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 31, 2018 |title=.@SenJohnBarrasso has a Primary on August 21st. He doesn't need any help because he is absolutely outstanding in every way, but I hope the great people of Wyoming will go out and show their support anyway. John is absolutely top of the line & has my Complete & Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1024342307624103937}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2018 House elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !District !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 2nd congressional district|AL-02]] |''[[Martha Roby]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 22, 2018 |title=Congresswoman Martha Roby of Alabama has been a consistent and reliable vote for our Make America Great Again Agenda. She is in a Republican Primary run-off against a recent Nancy Pelosi voting Democrat. I fully endorse Martha for Alabama 2nd Congressional District! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1010126805850902528|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 8th congressional district|AZ-08]] |''[[Debbie Lesko]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 24, 2018 |title=Arizona, please get out today and vote @DebbieLesko for Congress in #AZ08. Strong on Border, Immigration and Crime. Great on the Military. Time is ticking down - get out and VOTE today. We need Debbie in Congress! |user=realDonalTrump |number=988840512571441152|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 8th congressional district|CA-08]] |''[[Paul Cook (politician)|Paul Cook]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 4, 2018 |title=Paul Cook is a decorated Marine Corps Veteran who loves and supports our Military and Vets. He is Strong on Crime, the Border, and supported Tax Cuts for the people of California. Paul has my total and complete Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1037081791599915008|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 21st congressional district|CA-21]] |''[[Devin Nunes]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 5, 2018 |title=Vote for Congressman Devin Nunes, a true American Patriot the likes of which we rarely see in our modern day world....he truly loves our country and deserves everyone's support! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1003995933540044800|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 23rd congressional district|CA-23]] |''[[Kevin McCarthy]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 5, 2018 |title=Get the vote out in California today for Rep. Kevin McCarthy and all of the great GOP candidates for Congress. Keep our country out of the hands of High Tax, High Crime Nancy Pelosi. |user=realDonalTrump |number=1003987298072002565|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 48th congressional district|CA-48]] |''[[Dana Rohrabacher]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 5, 2018 |title=Dana Rohrabacher has been a great Congressman for his District and for the people of Cal. He works hard and is respected by all - he produces! Dems are desperate to replace Dana by spending vast sums to elect a super liberal who is weak on Crime and bad for our Military & Vets! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1059317426653933568|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 49th congressional district|CA-49]] |[[Diane Harkey]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 20, 2018 |title=.@DianeHarkey is an extraordinary woman of great accomplishment & potential. She is running as a very popular Republican for the Congressional seat of my friend Darrell Issa-with his complete support. Diane is strong on crime, loves our Military & Vets-has my total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1031719084680007680|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 1st congressional district|FL-01]] |''[[Matt Gaetz]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 13, 2018 |title=Congressman Matt Gaetz of Florida is one of the finest and most talented people in Congress. Strong on Crime, the Border, Illegal Immigration, the 2nd Amendment, our great Military & Vets, Matt worked tirelessly on helping to get our Massive Tax Cuts. He has my Full Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1017650505043140609|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 2nd congressional district|FL-02]] |''[[Neal Dunn]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 17, 2018 |title=Congressman Neal Dunn (@DunnCampaign) of Florida has done an outstanding job at everything having to do with #MAGA. Now working hard on hurricane relief and rebuild. Strong on Crime, strong on Borders, loves our Military and our Vets. Neal has my highest Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1052644447853453312|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 3rd congressional district|FL-03]] |''[[Ted Yoho]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 9, 2018 |title=Congressman Ted Yoho of Florida is doing a fantastic job and has my complete and total Endorsement! Tough on Crime and Borders, Ted was really helpful on Tax Cuts. Vote all the way for Ted in the upcoming Primary - he will never let you down! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1027600571530969088|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 6th congressional district|FL-06]] |[[Mike Waltz]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 6, 2018 |title=Florida, very important - get out and vote for Florida Congressional Candidate Michael Waltz (R). He has my Strong Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1059896399595225089|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 15th congressional district|FL-15]] |[[Ross Spano]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 24, 2018 |title=A vote for Ross Spano in FL-15 is a vote for more jobs and bigger paychecks for Florida families! It's also a vote for a leader who will stand up for our AMERICA FIRST agenda! Vote Spano on Nov. 6th! |url=https://www.facebook.com/DonaldTrump/videos/vote-ross-spano/255101881871360/ |via=Facebook}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Illinois}} [[Illinois's 14th congressional district|IL-14]] |''[[Randy Hultgren]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 6, 2018 |title=Congressman Randy Hultgren (R) of Illinois is doing a great job. Get out and Vote for Randy - Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1059897349005283334|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[Iowa's 1st congressional district|IA-01]] |''[[Rod Blum]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 29, 2018 |title=Congressman @RodBlum of Iowa got a desperately needed Flood Wall for Cedar Rapids that was almost impossible to get. He makes a BIG difference for Iowa! Border, Military, Vets etc. We need Rod in D.C. He has my Strong Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1057106631652196354|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[Kansas's 3rd congressional district|KS-03]] |''[[Kevin Yoder]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 18, 2018 |title=Thank you to Congressman Kevin Yoder! He secured $5 BILLION for Border Security. Now we need Congress to support. Kevin has been strong on Crime, the Border, the 2nd Amendment, and he loves our Military and Vets. @RepKevinYoder has my full and total endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1019695583853010944|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky's 6th congressional district|KY-06]] |''[[Andy Barr]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 13, 2018 |title=Heading to the Great State of Kentucky - Big Rally for Congressman Andy Barr - Fantastic guy, need his vote for MAGA! Strong on Crime, Tax Cuts, Military, Vets & 2nd A. His opponent will NEVER vote for us, only for Pelosi. Andy has my Strongest Endorsement!!! See you in Kentucky. |user=realDonalTrump |number=1051168800324931584|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 3rd congressional district|LA-03]] |''[[Clay Higgins]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 24, 2018 |title=.@RepClayHiggins has been a great help to me on Cutting Taxes, creating great new healthcare programs at low cost, fighting for Border Security, our Military and are Vets. He is tough on Crime and has my full Endorsement. The Great State of Louisiana, we want Clay! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1011053439575576576|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Maine}} [[Maine's 2nd congressional district|ME-02]] |''[[Bruce Poliquin]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 25, 2018 |title=.@BrucePoliquin from Maine is a great Congressman. He is in a tough fight against a very liberal Nancy Pelosi Democrat. Bruce has helped bring JOBS back to his State and totally protects your Great Second Amendment. We need to keep Bruce in Washington. He has my Full Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1055559438977900544|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 11th congressional district|MI-11]] |Lena Epstein<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 6, 2018 |title=Epstein all the way in Michigan House 11. She is a wonderful person and, at the same time, a real fighter. Has my Strong Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1059880322500833281|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 1st congressional district|MN-01]] |[[Jim Hagedorn]]<ref name=":9">{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 4, 2018 |title=Just made my second stop in Minnesota for a MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN rally. We need to elect @KarinHousley to the U.S. Senate, and we need the strong leadership of @TomEmmer, @Jason2CD, @JimHagedornMN and @PeteStauber in the U.S. House! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1047984297607618565|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 2nd congressional district|MN-02]] |''[[Jason Lewis (Minnesota politician)|Jason Lewis]]''<ref name=":9" /> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 3rd congressional district|MN-03]] |''[[Erik Paulsen]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 23, 2018 |title=Congressman Erik Paulsen of the Great State of Minnesota has done a fantastic job in cutting Taxes and Job Killing Regulations. Hard working and very smart. Keep Erik in Congress. He has my Strong Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1054588738641178624|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 6th congressional district|MN-06]] |''[[Tom Emmer]]''<ref name=":9" /> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 7th congressional district|MN-07]] |Dave Hughes<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 8, 2018 |title=Dave Hughes is running for Congress in the Great State of Minnesota. He will help us accomplish our America First policies, is strong on Crime, the Border, our 2nd Amendmen, Trade, Military and Vets. Running against Pelosi Liberal Puppet Petterson. Dave has my Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1038437927506923521|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 8th congressional district|MN-08]] |[[Pete Stauber]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 15, 2018 |title=.@PeteStauber won big last night in Minnesota. A big star in Hockey, he will be an even bigger star in politics. It all begins with a win in November. Pete has my complete and total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1029722249232826368|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Montana}} [[Montana's at-large congressional district|MT-AL]] |''[[Greg Gianforte]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 3, 2018 |title=If Chuck Schumer and Nancy Pelosi gain the majority, they will try to raise your taxes, restore job-killing regulations, shut down your coal mines and timber mills, take away your healthcare, impose socialism, and ERASE your borders. VOTE for @MattForMontana and @GregForMontana! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1058820790546821120|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[Nevada's 3rd congressional district|NV-03]] |[[Danny Tarkanian]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 15, 2018 |title=.@DannyTarkanian of Nevada is a great friend who supports the Trump Agenda. He is Strong on Crime, the Border and our under siege 2nd Amendment. Danny Loves our Military and our Vets. He has my total and complete Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1041068591527993344|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey's 11th congressional district|NJ-11]] |[[Jay Webber]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 20, 2018 |title=.@JayWebberNJ is running for Congress in the 11th District of New Jersey. He is outstanding in every way. Strong on Borders, loves our Military and our Vets. Big Crime fighter. Jay has my Full and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1042828275121369088|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 1st congressional district|NY-01]] |''[[Lee Zeldin]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 26, 2018 |title=Congressman Lee Zeldin is doing a fantastic job in D.C. Tough and smart, he loves our Country and will always be there to do the right thing. He has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1045003711104331776|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 2nd congressional district|NY-02]] |''[[Peter King (American politician)|Peter King]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 6, 2018 |title=Congressman Peter King of New York is a hardworking gem. Loves his Country and his State. Get out and VOTE for Peter! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1059833982777544705|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 11th congressional district|NY-11]] |''[[Dan Donovan (politician)|Dan Donovan]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 30, 2018 |title=There is no one better to represent the people of N.Y. and Staten Island (a place I know very well) than @RepDanDonovan, who is strong on Borders & Crime, loves our Military & our Vets, voted for Tax Cuts and is helping me to Make America Great Again. Dan has my full endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1001973090107248641|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 19th congressional district|NY-19]] |''[[John Faso]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 23, 2018 |title=Congressman John Faso of New York has worked hard and smart. Strong on Crime, Borders and our 2nd Amendment, John is respected by all. Vote for John. He has my complete and total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1054759617165754372|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 22nd congressional district|NY-22]] |''[[Claudia Tenney]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 5, 2018 |title=I need @claudiatenney of #NY22 to be re-elected in order to get our big plans moving. Her opponent would be a disaster. Nobody works harder than Claudia, and she is a producer. I look forward to working together with her - she has my Strongest Endorsement! Vote Claudia! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1059460759179198470|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 23rd congressional district|NY-23]] |''[[Tom Reed (politician)|Tom Reed]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 3, 2018 |title=Thank you to Congressman Tom Reed of New York for your wonderful comments on our great new Trade Deal with Mexico and Canada, the USMCA. I have long ago given you my Full Endorsement, and for good reason. Keep up the Great Work! @Varneyco |user=realDonalTrump |number=1047486972976095233|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 9th congressional district|NC-09]] |[[Mark Harris (North Carolina politician)|Mark Harris]]<ref name=":10">{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 26, 2018 |title=Fantastic evening in Charlotte, North Carolina with great PATRIOTS. Get out and VOTE for @buddforcongress and @MarkHarrisNC9! http://Vote.GOP #MAGARally replay: facebook.com/DonaldTrump/videos/1841987799204126/ |user=realDonalTrump |number=1055987125701742592|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 13th congressional district|NC-13]] |''[[Ted Budd]]''<ref name=":10" /> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2018 Ohio's 12th congressional district special election|OH-12 (special)]] |[[Troy Balderson]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 21, 2018 |title=Troy Balderson of Ohio is running for Congress against a Nancy Pelosi Liberal who is WEAK on Crime & Borders. Troy is the total opposite, and loves our Military, Vets & 2nd Amendment. EARLY VOTING just started with Election Day on August 7th. Troy has my Full & Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1020811550771294211}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 12th congressional district|OH-12]] |''[[Troy Balderson]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 25, 2018 |title=.@Troy_Balderson of Ohio is doing a great job as your Congressman, already very respected in Washington. Get out and VOTE for Troy - we need him – great guy – has my Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1055548549595873280}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district|PA-08]] |John Chrin<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 25, 2018 |title=.@JohnChrin of Pennsylvania is fantastic. He is strong on the Border, Crime, the Military, our Vets and the 2nd Amendment. He is a powerful vote for #MAGA and loves the Great State of Pennsylvania. Please get out and vote for John, he has my Total and very Strong Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1055548456469778432}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district|PA-10]] |''[[Scott Perry]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 2, 2018 |title=Scott Perry of Pennsylvania is fantastic. He is strong on the Border, Crime, the Military, our Vets and the Second Amendment. Scott has my Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1058553398172237824}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district|PA-11]] |''[[Lloyd Smucker]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 25, 2018 |title=.@LloydSmuckerPA is doing a great job for the people of Pennsylvania. He is strong on the Border, Crime, the Military, our Vets and the 2nd Amendment. Lloyd has my Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1055555312864952321}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 17th congressional district|PA-17]] |''[[Keith Rothfus]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 23, 2018 |title=.@VP Pence is heading to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania where we have both strongly endorsed one of the finest men around, Congressman Keith @RothfusForPA. He is running against #LambTheSham, who is telling... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1010522933498806278}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2018 Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district special election|PA-18 (special)]] |[[Rick Saccone]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jan 18, 2018 |title=Will be going to Pennsylvania today in order to give my total support to RICK SACCONE, running for Congress in a Special Election (March 13). Rick is a great guy. We need more Republicans to continue our already successful agenda! |user=realDonalTrump |number=953973568035086336}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina's 1st congressional district|SC-01]] |[[Katie Arrington]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 12, 2018 |title=Mark Sanford has been very unhelpful to me in my campaign to MAGA. He is MIA and nothing but trouble. He is better off in Argentina. I fully endorse Katie Arrington for Congress in SC, a state I love. She is tough on crime and will continue our fight to lower taxes. VOTE Katie! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1006630395067039744}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 8th congressional district|TN-08]] |''[[David Kustoff]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 27, 2018 |title=Congressman David Kustoff has been a champion for the Trump Agenda - I greatly appreciate his support. David is strong on crime and borders, loves our Military, Vets and Second Amendment. Get out and vote for David on Thursday, August 2nd. He has my full and total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1022936690267176971}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 8th congressional district|TX-08]] |''[[Kevin Brady]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 30, 2018 |title=Congressman Kevin Brady of Texas is so popular in his District, and far beyond, that he doesn't need any help - but I am giving it to him anyway. He is a great guy and the absolute "King" of Cutting Taxes. Highly respected by all, he loves his State & Country. Strong Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1057247021919297536}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 32nd congressional district|TX-32]] |''[[Pete Sessions]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 15, 2018 |title=Congressman Pete Sessions of Texas is doing a great job. He is a fighter who will be tough on Crime and the Border, fight hard for our Second Amendment and loves our Military and our Vets. He has my full and complete Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1041065107969777664}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 5th congressional district|VA-05]] |[[Denver Riggleman]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 29, 2018 |title=.@Denver4VA of the 5th District in Virginia is a popular guy who really knows how to get the job done! Really big help with Tax Cuts, the Military and our great Vets. He has my Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1057106123260678144}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 7th congressional district|VA-07]] |''[[Dave Brat]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 18, 2018 |title=Congressman @DaveBratVA7th is one of the hardest working, and smartest, people in Washington. He is strong on the Border, Crime, the Military, our Vets and the 2nd Amendment. He is a powerful vote for MAGA and loves the Great State of Virginia. Dave has my Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1052914382986973184}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington's 5th congressional district|WA-05]] |''[[Cathy McMorris Rodgers]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 29, 2018 |title=Congresswoman @cathymcmorris of Washington State is an incredible leader who is respected by everyone in Congress. We need her badly in D.C. to keep building on #MAGA. She has my Strong Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1057108130662899713}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[West Virginia's 3rd congressional district|WV-03]] |[[Carol Miller (politician)|Carol Miller]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 2, 2018 |title=I need the people of West Virginia to send a message to Chuck Schumer, Maxine Waters, Nancy Pelosi and the Radical Democrats by voting for Carol Miller and Patrick Morrisey! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1058498592208494592}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 1st congressional district|WI-01]] |[[Bryan Steil]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 15, 2018 |title=Congratulations to Bryan Steil on a wonderful win last night. You will be replacing a great guy in Paul Ryan, and your win in November will make the entire State of Wisconsin very proud. You have my complete and total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1029717928130818048}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2018 state executive elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Office !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2018 Georgia Secretary of State election|Georgia]] |[[Georgia Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] |[[Brad Raffensperger]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=July 21, 2018 |title=Brad Raffensperger will be a fantastic Secretary of State for Georgia - will work closely with @BrianKempGA. It is really important that you get out and vote for Brad - early voting.... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1020808378594054144}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 Texas elections#Commissioner of the General Land Office|Texas]] |[[Texas General Land Office#Texas Land Commissioner|Land Commissioner]] |''[[George P. Bush]]''<ref name=":8">{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 27, 2018 |title=Texas LC George P. Bush backed me when it wasn't the politically correct thing to do, and I back him now. Also, AC Sid Miller has been with me from the beginning, he is "Trump's Man in Texas." Also support Comptroller Glenn Hegar, and Railroad Commissioner Christi Craddick. |user=realDonalTrump |number=968620661349470209}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 Texas elections#Railroad Commissioner|Texas]] |[[Railroad Commission of Texas#Commissioners|Railroad Commissioner]] |''[[Christi Craddick]]''<ref name=":8" /> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 Texas elections#Comptroller of Public Accounts|Texas]] |[[Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts#List of Texas comptrollers|Comptroller of Public Accounts]] |''[[Glenn Hegar]]''<ref name=":8" /> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 Texas elections#Commissioner of Agriculture|Texas]] |[[Texas Department of Agriculture#Commissioners of the Texas Department of Agriculture|Commissioner of Agriculture]] |''[[Sid Miller (politician)|Sid Miller]]''<ref name=":8" /> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 Texas lieutenant gubernatorial election|Texas]] |[[Lieutenant Governor of Texas|Lieutenant Governor]] |''[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Dan Patrick]]''<ref name=":7" /> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 Texas Attorney General election|Texas]] |[[Texas Attorney General|Attorney General]] |''[[Ken Paxton]]''<ref name=":7" /> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2019 Speaker of the House of Representatives election ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Result |- |{{Flagicon|United States}} [[2019 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election|Speaker]] |[[Nancy Pelosi]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 7, 2018 |title=In all fairness, Nancy Pelosi deserves to be chosen Speaker of the House by the Democrats. If they give her a hard time, perhaps we will add some Republican votes. She has earned this great honor! |user=DonaldTrump |number=1060162807960870913}}</ref> ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]) |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2019 gubernatorial elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[2019 Kentucky gubernatorial election|Kentucky]] |''[[Matt Bevin]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 15, 2019 |title=Governor @MattBevin has done a wonderful job for the people of Kentucky! He continues to protect your very important Second Amendment. Matt is Strong on Crime and the Border, he Loves our Great Vets and Military. Matt has my Complete and Total Endorsement, and always has! | |user=realDonaldTrump |number=1184129465070297090}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- | rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2019 Louisiana gubernatorial election|Louisiana]] |[[Eddie Rispone]] ''(co-endorsement with Abraham)''<ref name="auto2">{{cite web | last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 1, 2019 |title=REPUBLICANS of Louisiana, it is really important for you to go out and vote on October 12th for either Eddie Rispone or Ralph Abraham (both Great), which will lead to a runoff against.... |url=https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1179157911374897166}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost runoff |- |[[Ralph Abraham (politician)|Ralph Abraham]] ''(co-endorsement with Rispone)''<ref name="auto2" /> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[2019 Mississippi gubernatorial election|Mississippi]] |[[Tate Reeves]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 2, 2019 |title=Mississippi, there is a VERY important election for Governor on November 5th. I need you to Get Out and Vote for our Great Republican nominee, @TateReeves. Tate is strong on Crime, tough on Illegal Immigration, and will protect your Second Amendment.... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1179538517992595458}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2019 House elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !District !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2019 North Carolina's 3rd congressional district special election|NC-03 (special)]] |[[Greg Murphy (politician)|Greg Murphy]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 4, 2019 |title=State Rep Greg Murphy is running for Congress in North Carolina, District 3. We really need Greg in Washington. He is great w/ the Military, our Vets, & your 2A. Strong on Crime and the Border, has had my Total Endorsement for a long time. Please vote for Greg on September 10th! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1169366511439552512}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2019 North Carolina's 9th congressional district special election|NC-09 (special)]] |[[Dan Bishop]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 16, 2019 |title=Congratulations to Dan Bishop on his big Republican Primary victory in the 9th Congressional District of North Carolina. Dan is strong on Crime, Loves our Military, Vets, 2A, and great Healthcare. He has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #MAGA |user=realDonalTrump |number=1129067332725297152}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2019 Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district special election|PA-12 (special)]] |[[Fred Keller (politician)|Fred Keller]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 20, 2019 |title=Fred Keller of the Great State of Pennsylvania has been an outstanding State Representative. Now he is running as the Republican Nominee for Congress, and has my Complete and Total Endorsement. He will do a fantastic job - I look forward to seeing everyone tonight! #MAGA |user=realDonalTrump |number=1130535532868571137}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2019 state court elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Office !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2019 Pennsylvania elections#Judge of the Superior Court|Pennsylvania]] |Superior Court Judge |[[Megan McCarthy King]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 20, 2019 |title=Megan King, who is running for Superior Court Judge in the Pennsylvania election, has my Full and Total Endorsement. She is tough on crime and fully understands all aspects of the law. Vote for Megan tomorrow (Tuesday). |user=realDonalTrump |number=1130655064631238658}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2019 state executive elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Office !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[2019 Kentucky Attorney General election|Kentucky]] |[[Attorney General of Kentucky|Attorney General]] |[[Daniel Cameron (American politician)|Daniel Cameron]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 29, 2019 |title=The Republican Party has a new STAR, his name is Daniel Cameron (@djaycameron), and he is running for Attorney General of the Commonwealth of Kentucky.... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1155938087886700544}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2019 state legislative elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Office !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[2019 Virginia Senate election#District 13|Virginia]] |State Senator |[[Geary Higgins]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 4, 2019 |title=Great Republican Geary Higgins has my complete and total Endorsement for Virginia Senate, 13th District. He is strong on Crime, the Border, our Military, Cutting Taxes, and protecting your 2nd Amendment. Dem John Bell will take your guns & raise your taxes. Vote for Geary Higgins |user=realDonalTrump |number=1191218806468820994}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |} ==== 2020 Senate elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Alabama|Alabama]] |[[Tommy Tuberville]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Mar 10, 2020 |title=....(which is under siege), is strong on Crime and the Border, and truly LOVES our Military and our Vets. He will be a great Senator for the people of Alabama. Coach Tommy Tuberville, a winner, has my Complete and Total Endorsement. I love Alabama! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1237557412048986120}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Alaska|Alaska]] |''[[Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)|Dan Sullivan]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Dec 17, 2019 |title=Senator Dan Sullivan is doing a great job for the people of Alaska while supporting our #MAGA Agenda. He fights hard everyday to support our Veterans and the Military. Dan is Strong on the #2A and is 100% pro-jobs. I give Dan Sullivan my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1207053956142292994}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2020 United States Senate special election in Arizona|Arizona (special)]] |''[[Martha McSally]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 25, 2019 |title=....Martha is strong on Crime and Borders, the 2nd Amendment, and loves our Military and Vets. She has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1143601087238172672}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Colorado|Colorado]] |''[[Cory Gardner]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 29, 2020 |title=Senator @CoryGardner from Colorado is a GREAT Senator who always fights for the people of his state. He protects your #2A, loves our Vets and Military, and cares deeply about our BEAUTIFUL public lands. Cory has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #COSEN |user=realDonalTrump |number=1277683493179400193}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2020–21 United States Senate election in Georgia|Georgia]] |''[[David Perdue]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 11, 2020 |title=We need our Great David Perdue (@PerdueSenate) in the Senate to Drain the Swamp & Make America Great Again! His Radical Liberal opponent, Jon Ossoff (who we beat in 2017), supports LAWLESS Sanctuary Cities, wants to raise your taxes, & weaken our Great Military. He is a puppet... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1271163756144279552}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost runoff |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2020–21 United States Senate special election in Georgia|Georgia (special)]] |''[[Kelly Loeffler]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 16, 2020 |title=I strongly stand with Kelly & David. They are both great and MUST WIN! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1328330303103000577}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost runoff |- |{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Idaho|Idaho]] |''[[Jim Risch]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 16, 2019 |title=Senator Jim Risch of the Great State of Idaho has been an incredible supporter of our Agenda! He is tough on Crime, Strong on Borders, and will continue to fight for our Second Amendment. Jim will never let you down. He has my Full and Complete Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1162414717505277952}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Iowa|Iowa]] |''[[Joni Ernst]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 11, 2020 |title=...Unlike her Radical Liberal opponent, Theresa Greenfield, and Theresa's failed record in real estate, Joni stands for Iowa. Vote for Joni Ernst on November 3rd, a big day for us all! #IASEN |user=realDonalTrump |number=1271166412019527680}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Kansas|Kansas]] |[[Roger Marshall]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 5, 2020 |title=A great race run by Roger against a very tough and smart opponent. Roger loves Kansas and will represent it incredibly well. He has my Complete and Total Endorsement. Will be a Big Win on November 3rd. This is not the opponent the Democrats wanted! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1290952940602130437}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Kentucky|Kentucky]] |''[[Mitch McConnell]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 19, 2020 |title=Senator Mitch McConnell (@Team_Mitch) always delivers for the people of Kentucky, who will hopefully re-elect their powerful Senate Majority Leader. Mitch has helped us Make America Great Again, and has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #KYSEN secure.winred.com/mitchmcconnell/ |user=realDonalTrump |number=1274074948743630853}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Louisiana|Louisiana]] |''[[Bill Cassidy]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Mar 2, 2020 |title=THANK YOU @BillCassidy for all of your support with our #MAGA Agenda. You are doing an outstanding job representing the people of Louisiana & the U.S.A. You have my Complete and Total Endorsement! #KAG2020 |user=realDonalTrump |number=1234566159774756864}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Michigan|Michigan]] |[[John James (Michigan politician)|John James]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 18, 2020 |title=John James will be a GREAT Senator for Michigan! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1251549076786733056}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Minnesota|Minnesota]] |[[Jason Lewis (Minnesota politician)|Jason Lewis]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 10, 2020 |title=Jason Lewis (@LewisForMN) will be an incredible Senator for the State of Minnesota! He is a proven leader who will help us Lower your Taxes, Protect our Communities and Defend your Second Amendment… |user=realDonalTrump |number=1292880641311334400}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Mississippi|Mississippi]] |''[[Cindy Hyde-Smith]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 21, 2020 |title=Senator @CindyHydeSmith delivers for Mississippi! She helped us Cut your Taxes, Secure our Border, and Defend the Second Amendment. Cindy's opponent, Mike Espy, is a Corrupt Politician who will Raise your Taxes and Open your Borders! Vote for Cindy! #MSSEN secure.winred.com/cindy-hyde-smith/donate |user=realDonalTrump |number=1319017749931319297}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Montana}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Montana|Montana]] |''[[Steve Daines]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 5, 2020 |title=True. Steve is a GREAT SENATOR. Need him badly in Washington. Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1268879488223522816}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Nebraska|Nebraska]] |''[[Ben Sasse]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 10, 2019 |title=Senator Ben Sasse has done a wonderful job representing the people of Nebraska. He is great with our Vets, the Military, and your very important Second Amendment. Strong on Crime and the Border, Ben has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1171595113673347072}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|New Hampshire}} [[2020 United States Senate election in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]] |Bryant "Corky" Messner<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 12, 2020 |title=Corky Messner (@CorkyForSenate) will be a fantastic Senator for New Hampshire! A West Point graduate, he served our Country in the Army with distinction. Strong on Jobs, Crime, Vets, Military and the Second Amendment... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1271482304716845057}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2020 United States Senate election in North Carolina|North Carolina]] |''[[Thom Tillis]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 25, 2019 |title=Senator Thom Tillis of North Carolina has really stepped up to the plate. Thom is tough on Crime, Strong on the Border and fights hard against Illegal Immigration. He loves our Military, our Vets and our great Second Amendment. I give Thom my Full and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1143645216907378695}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Oklahoma|Oklahoma]] |''[[Jim Inhofe]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Mar 9, 2020 |title=THANK YOU, Jim, for your incredible support of our #MAGA Agenda! You are a tremendous Senator for the people of the Great State of Oklahoma and you have my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1237130072571731968}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2020 United States Senate election in South Carolina|South Carolina]] |''[[Lindsey Graham]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 7, 2020 |title=Senator @LindseyGrahamSC is a good friend and strong voice for the people of South Carolina. He's helped us confirm GREAT Judges, rebuild the Military, and keep our Country SAFE. Strong on Life and our Vets. Lindsey has my Complete and Total Endorsement! secure.winred.com/team-graham/donate |user=realDonalTrump |number=1269703029588209665}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|South Dakota}} [[2020 United States Senate election in South Dakota|South Dakota]] |''[[Mike Rounds]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 2, 2020 |title=Senator Mike Rounds (@RoundsforSenate) continues to deliver for South Dakota! Mike is working hard for our incredible Farmers and he is strong on Trade, Military, our Vets, and the Second Amendment. Mike has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #SDSen secure.winred.com/rounds/home |user=realDonalTrump |number=1267809766627315712}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Tennessee|Tennessee]] |[[Bill Hagerty]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 12, 2019 |title=Tennessee loving Bill Hagerty, who was my Tennessee Victoy Chair and is now the very outstanding Ambassador to Japan, will be running for the U.S. Senate. He is strong on crime, borders & our 2nd A. Loves our Military & our Vets. Has my Complete & Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1149779387077791749}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Texas|Texas]] |''[[John Cornyn]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 21, 2019 |title=Senator John Cornyn has done an outstanding job for the people of Texas. He is strong on Crime, the Border, the Second Amendment and loves our Military and Vets. John has my complete and total endorsement. MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1098676390780719104}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[2020 United States Senate election in West Virginia|West Virginia]] |''[[Shelley Moore Capito]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 1, 2020 |title=....Together we will Fight for Small Businesses and Protect American Energy workers! Shelley has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1256313938247127041}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Wyoming|Wyoming]] |[[Cynthia Lummis]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 13, 2020 |title=...She will be a great Senator, and has my Complete and Total Endorsement! secure.winred.com/lummis-for-wyoming/senate_red?sc=winred-directory |user=realDonalTrump |number=1294051967933841415}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2020 House elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !District !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 1st congressional district|AL-01]] |[[Jerry Carl]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 23, 2020 |title=We need Jerry Carl (@CarlForAlabama) in Congress for the People of Alabama! He Loves our Veterans, Stands for Law & Order, and is Strong on Jobs and the Second Amendment. Jerry has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #AL01 |user=realDonalTrump |number=1308870438542508032}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 2nd congressional district|AL-02]] |[[Barry Moore (American politician)|Barry Moore]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 23, 2020 |title=Barry Moore (@RepBarryMoore) will be a terrific Congressman for Alabama! An early supporter of our #MAGA agenda, he is Strong on Jobs, Life, the Wall, Law & Order and the Second Amendment. Barry has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #AL02 secure.winred.com/barrymoore/donate |user=realDonalTrump |number=1308870520281104385}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 5th congressional district|AL-05]] |''[[Mo Brooks]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 14, 2020 |title=.@MoInTheHouse Brooks is running for Congress in the Great State of Alabama. He is a huge supporter of the #MAGA Agenda. Mo fully supports Securing our Border w/the WALL, he Loves our Military & Vets, & is Strong on the #2A. Mo has my Complete Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1228438881969885184}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[Alaska's at-large congressional district|AK-AL]] |''[[Don Young]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 13, 2020 |title=.@DonYoungAK really produces for Alaska. He is an incredible Congressman who loves his State and works tirelessly for it. Strong on Public Lands, Energy, and our Second Amendment. He will never let you down, and has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1294052825845182464}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 1st congressional district|AZ-01]] |Tiffany Shedd<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 10, 2020 |title=We need Tiffany Shedd (@Tiffany_Shedd) in Congress to fight for the people of Arizona! She will be a tremendous ally and advocate for Arizona's Farmers, the Second Amendment and the Border. Tiffany has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #AZ01 |user=realDonalTrump |number=1315091499823099909}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 4th congressional district|AZ-04]] |''[[Paul Gosar]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 3, 2020 |title=Congressman @DrPaulGosar is a tremendous supporter of our #MAGA agenda! He is Strong on the Wall, Law Enforcement and the Second Amendment, and he always puts America First! Paul has my Complete and Total Endorsement. #AZ04 |user=realDonalTrump |number=1279161110336278531}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 8th congressional district|AZ-08]] |''[[Debbie Lesko]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 8, 2020 |title=Total and complete Endorsement for Debbie Lesko! @RepDLesko Love Arizona. |user=realDonalTrump |number=1226231262928678915}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 4th congressional district|CA-04]] |''[[Tom McClintock]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 14, 2020 |title=.@TomMcClintock is a strong Conservative Leader who will always fight for the people of California. He fully supports our #MAGA Agenda, will continue to Secure Our Border, Loves our Military & Vets, & is Strong on the #2A. Tom has my Complete Endorsement! secure.winred.com/mcclintock/donate |user=realDonalTrump |number=1228442887081295873}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 8th congressional district|CA-08]] |[[Jay Obernolte]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 12, 2020 |title=.@JayObernolte of California is running for Congress in 2020. Jay will help me to continue securing the Southern Border, he Loves our GREAT Law Enforcement Officers, Military, Vets, and he will protect your #2A. Jay has my Complete and Total Endorsement! secure.winred.com/JayObernolte/donate |user=realDonalTrump |number=1227702453052813312}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[2020 California's 25th congressional district special election|CA-25]] |[[Mike Garcia (politician)|Mike Garcia]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 20, 2020 |title=...He is Strong on Crime, the Border, and Second Amendment. Mike has my Complete and Total Endorsement! Turn your Ballots in now and track them, watching for dishonesty. Report to Law Enforcement. secure.winred.com/mikegarcia/donate/ |user=realDonalTrump |number=1252417321685053440}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 43rd congressional district|CA-43]] |Joe Collins<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 12, 2020 |title=Maxine Waters has long been considered "the most corrupt person in Congress". Only habit keeps her there. Vote for Joe E. Collins lll and get this long time CROOK, Maxine Waters, out of office!!! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1315659219287314433}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 50th congressional district|CA-50]] |''[[Darrell Issa]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 2, 2020 |title=Darrell always has had my full support and complete and total Endorsement. We need him badly in Washington! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1278830576141729792}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 3rd congressional district|CO-03]] |[[Lauren Boebert]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 10, 2020 |title=.@LaurenBoebert is a tremendous fighter for the people of Colorado! A Rising Star, Lauren is Strong on the Second Amendment, Jobs, Energy, Healthcare and our incredible Military & Vets. Lauren has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #CO03 secure.winred.com/lauren-boebert-for-congress/donate |user=realDonalTrump |number=1304166640112881664}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 3rd congressional district|CO-03]] |''[[Scott Tipton]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Dec 20, 2019 |title=Congressman @ScottRTipton is a great supporter of the #MAGA Agenda! He fights for your #2A rights and the Border Wall. Scott is working hard for Colorado and has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1208129708690464771}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 4th congressional district|CO-04]] |''[[Ken Buck]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 21, 2020 |title=Congressman Ken Buck (@BuckForColorado) is a champion for the incredible People of Colorado! He is Strong on Law & Order, Low Taxes, Border Security, our Military & Vets, and he will always defend your Second Amendment. Ken has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #CO04 |user=realDonalTrump |number=1319017831766368259}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 3rd congressional district|FL-03]] |[[Kat Cammack]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 10, 2020 |title=.@Kat_Cammack will be an incredible Congresswoman and leader for Florida! A Successful Businesswoman, she strongly supports our Brave First Responders & Law Enforcement, Life and the Second Amendment! Kat has my Complete and Total Endorsement #FL03 secure.winred.com/katcammack/donate |user=realDonalTrump |number=1304166604972924929}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 4th congressional district|FL-04]] |''[[Bill Posey]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 23, 2020 |title=Congressman Bill Posey is a tremendous fighter for the Great State of Florida. He is a big supporter of our #MAGA Agenda – Strong on Crime, the Second Amendment, and Loves our Veterans and Law Enforcement. Bill has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1253467417482801154}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |} === Between presidential terms === ==== 2022 gubernatorial elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[2022 Alaska gubernatorial election|Alaska]] |''[[Mike Dunleavy (politician)|Mike Dunleavy]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Dec 28, 2021 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump:"Mike Dunleavy has been a strong and consistent Conservative since his time in the Alaska State Senate. I was proud to endorse his first run for Governor, and I am proud to support his reelection, too. From his handling of the virus, support... |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1475950916985630728}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2022 Arizona gubernatorial election|Arizona]] |[[Kari Lake]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Sep 28, 2021 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Kari Lake for Governor of Arizona |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1442973485395968005}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[2022 Arkansas gubernatorial election|Arkansas]] |[[Sarah Huckabee Sanders]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= Huckabee Sanders |first=Sarah |date=Jan 25, 2021 |title=Thank you President Trump for your endorsement and for always believing in me. As governor I will defend our freedom and lead with heart |url=https://x.com/SarahHuckabee/status/1353919930333327360}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2022 Georgia gubernatorial election|Georgia]] |[[David Perdue]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Dec 6, 2021 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of David Perdue for Governor of Georgia |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1468014176719314948}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[2022 Idaho gubernatorial election|Idaho]] |[[Janice McGeachin]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Nov 9, 2021 |title= NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Janice McGeachin for Governor of Idaho |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1458221166867501060}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |{{flagicon|Illinois}} [[2022 Illinois gubernatorial election|Illinois]] |[[Darren Bailey]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=Jun 25, 2022 |title=Former President Trump Endorses Darren Bailey in Race for Illinois Governor |url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/former-president-trump-endorses-darren-bailey-in-race-for-illinois-governor/2866296/ |publisher=NBC Chicago}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[2022 Iowa gubernatorial election|Iowa]] |''[[Kim Reynolds]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 4, 2022 |title=Kim Reynolds is a strong leader and fantastic Governor for the incredible people of Iowa!" Trump's statement read. "Kim Reynolds is an America First Conservative, and she has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news-k3xzvqrxbz0 |website=DonaldJTrump.com |access-date=July 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607080213/https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news-k3xzvqrxbz0 |archive-date=June 7, 2022}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[2022 Kansas gubernatorial election|Kansas]] |[[Derek Schmidt]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Harrington |first=Liz |user=realLizUSA |number=1458221166867501060 |date=November 9, 2021 |title= NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Derek Schmidt for Governor of Kansas}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Maryland}} [[2022 Maryland gubernatorial election|Maryland]] |[[Dan Cox]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Nov 22, 2021 |title= NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Dan Cox for Governor of Maryland |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1462906941257269259}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} [[2022 Massachusetts gubernatorial election|Massachusetts]] |[[Geoff Diehl]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Oct 5, 2021 |title= NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Geoff Diehl against "RINO" Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1445536859073908738}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[2022 Michigan gubernatorial election|Michigan]] |[[Tudor Dixon]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 22, 2022 |title=Tudor Dixon MUST defeat Gretchen Whitmer in November! I have talked to Tudor about the race and her choice of a running mate, Shane Hernandez. Since then, I have checked and found him to be an outstanding person. In fact, he was named Michigan's most Conservative legislator, and is strongly committed to Election Integrity. The MAGA movement should support the ticket! This is who Tudor wants and therefore, Shane is who I want as your next Lieutenant Governor… |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/108869239755629273 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[2022 Minnesota gubernatorial election|Minnesota]] |[[Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)|Scott Jensen]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 25, 2022 |title=Minnesota finally has a chance to have a great Governor. His name is Dr. Scott Jensen, the Republican Gubernatorial Candidate, and he will bring Minnesota back from the brink. Strong on both fighting Crime and delivering Solid and Sensible Education, the results will be quickly seen - and there won't be any more fiery takeovers of police precincts. Minnesota will be Great Again. Dr. Scott Jensen has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109232524594099405 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2022 Nebraska gubernatorial election|Nebraska]] |[[Charles Herbster]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 10, 2022 |title=Nebraska, go out and vote today for Charles W. Herbster. He will be a great Governor! |url=https://truthsocial.com/users/realDonaldTrump/statuses/108277388770242605 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2022 Nevada gubernatorial election|Nevada]] |[[Joe Lombardo]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Apr 27, 2022 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Joe Lombardo for Governor of Nevada |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1519477479974522880}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|New Mexico}} [[2022 New Mexico gubernatorial election|New Mexico]] |Mark Ronchetti<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 31, 2022 |title=New Mexico has an absolutely terrible Governor, Michelle Lujan Grisham. She is WEAK on Crime, bad on the Border where illegal aliens are pouring into our Country at record numbers, & has almost no support from Law Enforcement, which fully understands what a disaster she has been. Also, Drugs & Human Trafficking are OUT OF CONTROL. The good news is that Republican Nominee Mark Ronchetti is outstanding. He will be tough & smart on Crime, the Border & everything else. Mark as my Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109261470831895118 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[2022 New York gubernatorial election|New York]] |[[Lee Zeldin]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 16, 2022 |title=I have watched and known Congressman Lee Zeldin for many years. He is a great and brilliant lawyer who was a "must see" for others in Congress when they had a complex legal problem that was holding up legislation. Lee was strong on the Border, Crime, our great Military & Vets (like few others!), and fought hard to protect our 2nd Amendment, and succeeded. Lee Zeldin is a WINNER who GOT THINGS DONE. He will be a GREAT Governor of New York, and has my Complete & Total Endorsement. GOOD LUCK LEE! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109177903368464493 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2022 Ohio gubernatorial election|Ohio]] |''[[Mike DeWine]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last= DeWine |first=Mike |date=Sep 7, 2022 |title=Lt. Governor @JonHusted and I are grateful for President Trump's support! Thank you. #WinningForOH |url=https://x.com/MikeDeWine/status/1567651155504775169}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2022 Oklahoma gubernatorial election|Oklahoma]] |''[[Kevin Stitt]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Mar 14, 2022 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Governor Kevin Stitt |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1503475090666754055}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2022 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election|Pennsylvania]] |[[Doug Mastriano]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 16, 2022 |title=Doug Mastriano will be a GREAT Governor for Pennsylvania. I know him well and he is a fantastic guy who will fight totally out of control Violent Crime (his opponent is pathetic on fighting Crime), Strengthen our Borders, Protect Life, Defend our Second Amendment, and help our Military and our Vets. Doug is a fighter like few others, and has been with me right from the beginning. He will NEVER let you down. Doug Mastriano, an outstanding WARRIOR & PATRIOT, has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109192353202698867 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2022 South Carolina gubernatorial election|South Carolina]] |''[[Henry McMaster]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=McMaster |first=Henry |date=Mar 8, 2021 |title=My re-election campaign has been endorsed by President Donald J. Trump, and I am incredibly grateful. Now, I'm asking for your endorsement. Please make a donation today! #MAGA secure.winred.com/mcmaster-evette-2022/djt-endorsement-s/thank-you/preview |url=https://x.com/henrymcmaster/status/1369047979949232129}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|South Dakota}} [[2022 South Dakota gubernatorial election|South Dakota]] |''[[Kristi Noem]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Feb 8, 2022 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Governor Kristi Noem |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1491149829468160001}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[2022 Tennessee gubernatorial election|Tennessee]] |''[[Bill Lee (Tennessee politician)|Bill Lee]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Aug 13, 2021 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Tennessee Governor Bill Lee |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1426256022230945792}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2022 Texas gubernatorial election|Texas]] |''[[Greg Abbott]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abbott |first=Greg |date=Jun 30, 2021 |title=President Trump: "Thank you Greg. What a great partner you've been for 4 years… I gave him a complete & total endorsement… You have done a great job & it's an honor to be with you." Thank you, President Trump. TX is grateful for our shared commitment to secure the border. |url=https://x.com/GregAbbott_TX/status/1410375871005966340}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[2022 Wisconsin gubernatorial election|Wisconsin]] |Tim Michels<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 9, 2022 |title=Congratulations to Tim Michels on his win against a wonderful and highly-competitive opponent, Rebecca Kleefisch. I know both sides will come together and defeat one of the worst Governors in the Country, Tony Evers. |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/108796564343503982 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |} ==== 2022 Senate elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Result |- |rowspan="2"|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Alabama|Alabama]] |<s>[[Mo Brooks]]</s> ''(rescinded endorsement)''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Jul 10, 2021 |title="I see that the RINO Sen from Ala, close friend of Old Crow Mitch McConnell, Richard Shelby, is pushing hard to have his "assistant" fight the great Mo Brooks for his Senate seat. She is not in any way qualified and is certainly not what our Country needs...Vote for Mo Brooks!" |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1413991469380247556}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Mar 23, 2022 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump: "Mo Brooks of Alabama made a horrible mistake recently when he went "woke" and stated, referring to the 2020 Presidential Election Scam, "Put that behind you, put that behind you," despite the fact that the Election was rife with fraud and… |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1506604116662964232}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |[[Katie Britt]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britt |first=Katie |date=Jun 10, 2022 |title=President Trump knows that Alabamians are sick and tired of failed, do-nothing career politicians. In the Senate, I will fight to defend Alabama's values, advance the America First agenda, and preserve the American Dream for generations to come. #alsen |url=https://x.com/KatieBrittforAL/status/1535451426238906368}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Alaska|Alaska]] |Kelly Tshibaka<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 9, 2022 |title=On my way to Alaska to get rid of the horrible Alaska-Hating Lisa Murkowski. Speech honoring Kelly Tshibaka and Sarah Palin—big crowd (Alaska record-setting!) in Anchorage. See you soon! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/108619667749492625 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Arizona|Arizona]] |[[Blake Masters]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 29, 2022 |title=Blake Masters yes, all the way! Will be a BIG WIN FOR ARIZONA! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/108730475995354829 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Arkansas|Arkansas]] |''[[John Boozman]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boozman |first=John |date=Mar 8, 2021 |title=I'm grateful to have Pres. Trump's endorsement for my re-election to the Senate. We worked together to lower taxes, roll back regulations, secure our border, defend our Second Amendment rights and Protect Life. #arpx |url=https://x.com/Boozman4AR/status/1369088471785218049}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Connecticut}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Connecticut|Connecticut]] |[[Leora Levy]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 4, 2022 |title=Endorsement of Leora Levy… |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/108767642231474063 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Florida|Florida]] |''[[Marco Rubio]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 9, 2021 |title=It is my honor to give U.S. Senator Marco Rubio my Complete and Total Endorsement. Marco has been a tireless advocate for the people of Florida, fighting to cut taxes, supporting our Second Amendment, our Military and our Vets, a strong national defense, and all of the forgotten men and women of America. Together, we worked closely with the Cuban and Venezuelan communities, and have made great progress. He also ruled that 'President Trump was in no way involved with Russia,' as he presided over the Senate Intelligence Committee on the FAKE Russia, Russia, Russia Hoax. Marco will never let the great people of Florida, or our Country, down! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Georgia|Georgia]] |[[Herschel Walker]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Dec 5, 2022 |title=To the Great State of Georgia, Get Out and Vote for the WONDERFUL Herschel Walker TOMORROW. Herschel was a fantastic Athlete, and he will be an even greater United States Senator! To all MAGA Voters, that is, people that want to Make America Great Again and Put America First, tomorrow is a big day. Vote for Herschel! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109464232232767808 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost runoff |- |{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Idaho|Idaho]] |''[[Mike Crapo]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 18, 2022 |title=Mike Crapo has been a tremendous Senator for the Great State of Idaho, and a true champion for all Americans. Mike has been a strong leader on the issues that matter most to the Forgotten Men and Women of our Country, including fighting to secure our Border, unleashing American Energy Independence, and protecting our Second Amendment Rights. Mike has my Complete and Total Endorsement for re-election, and he has my full support in the General Election. A wonderful man who will never let you down! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Iowa|Iowa]] |''[[Chuck Grassley]]''<ref>{{Cite web |author=RSBN |date=Oct 9, 2021 |title=President Trump has given @ChuckGrassley his "complete and total endorsement for reelection!" #SaveAmericaRally #GrassleyWorks |url=https://x.com/rsbnetwork/status/1447019548230696961?s=46}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Kansas|Kansas]] |''[[Jerry Moran]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 25, 2021 |title=Senator Jerry Moran is doing a terrific job for the wonderful people of Kansas. Strong on Military, Vets, the Border, and our Second Amendment, Jerry has my Complete and Total Endorsement for his re-election in 2022! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Kentucky|Kentucky]] |''[[Rand Paul]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Mar 1, 2022 |title=Senator Rand Paul has been a great friend and ally to our America First Agenda, and has been a tremendous help in our efforts to Make America Great Again. He has been a Fighter for the Great People of Kentucky, and a Champion for our Military and our Veterans. Rand has a proven record of fighting against the Radical Left Democrats and their Socialist Agenda, and he will continue to be a strong voice against the Biden Border Crisis, the Weaponization of the Federal Government, and the Corrupt and Incompetent Biden Administration. Rand Paul has my Complete and Total Endorsement for re-election, and he will not let you down! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Louisiana|Louisiana]] |''[[John Kennedy (Louisiana politician)|John Kennedy]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 14, 2021 |title=Senator John Kennedy is a fantastic Senator, and a true Champion for the Great People of Louisiana. He has been a tireless advocate for our Farmers and Ranchers, our Energy Workers, and all Americans who want to Make America Great Again. John has fought hard against the Radical Left Democrats and their Socialist Agenda, and he will continue to be a strong voice for our Military, our Veterans, and our Second Amendment Rights. John Kennedy has my Complete and Total Endorsement for re-election, and he will not let you down! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |rowspan="2"|{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Missouri|Missouri]] |[[Eric Schmitt]] ''(co-endorsement with Greitens)''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 1, 2022 |title=President Trump on Truth Social |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/108749916238646651 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |[[Eric Greitens]] ''(co-endorsement with Schmitt)''<ref name=":1" /> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Nevada|Nevada]] |[[Adam Laxalt]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Aug 20, 2021 |title= NEW! President Trump announces endorsement of Adam Laxalt for Senate in Nevada |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1428903233578315777}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|New Hampshire}} [[2020 United States Senate election in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]] |[[Don Bolduc]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 31, 2022 |title=General Don Bolduc has run a great campaign to be the U.S. Senator from the beautiful State of New Hampshire. He was a strong and proud "Election Denier," a big reason that he won the Nomination, but he then disavowed. He has since come back, at least on busing, but that is only a small part of N.H. Election Fraud. Nevertheless, Don Bolduc has asked for my Endorsement, and he's got it, Complete & Total. His opponent is a disaster on Crime, the Border, Inflation, & all else. Vote for Don Bolduc! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109261581904146889 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2022 United States Senate election in North Carolina|North Carolina]] |[[Ted Budd]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Jan 25, 2022 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump: "Ted Budd, who I endorsed many months ago for the U.S. Senate, is now leading the pack in North Carolina. He is the true America First fighter who stands strong for the Second Amendment, fights for our great Military and Law Enforcement, and... |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1485950430228135936}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|North Dakota}} [[2022 United States Senate election in North Dakota|North Dakota]] |''[[John Hoeven]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Mar 18, 2022 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Senator John Hoeven |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1504961111300444165}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Ohio|Ohio]] |[[JD Vance]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Apr 28, 2022 |title=ICYMI: "Exclusive: Trump-Endorsed J.D. Vance Takes Commanding Lead in New Poll" breitbart.com/politics/2022/04/28/exclusive-trump-endorsed-j-d-vance-takes-commanding-lead-in-new-poll/ |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1519793342766358528}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Oklahoma|Oklahoma]] |''[[James Lankford]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 27, 2022 |title=Senator James Lankford ran a strong Campaign against highly credible opponents who fought hard but, ultimately, were unsuccessful. James was strongly committed to America First, and everything it stood for, and likewise strongly committed to me, as President. Sometimes we didn't exactly agree on everything, but we do now. He is a very good man with a fabulous wife and family, loves the great State of Oklahoma, and is working very hard on trying to Save our Country from the disaster that it is in. Interestingly, I won Oklahoma—77 of 77 Counties both times—so I have a serious obligation to do things right! James Lankford is Strong on the Border, Tough on Crime, and Very Smart on the Economy. He is fighting to Stop Inflation, Defend our under siege Second Amendment, and Restore American Energy Independence, just as we had it during the Trump Administration where we would soon be, in fact, Energy Dominant. Sadly, that went up in dust with the Biden Administration — but James will help us get it back. It is my great honor to give James Lankford my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2022 United States Senate special election in Oklahoma|Oklahoma (special)]] |[[Markwayne Mullin]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 17, 2022 |title=breitbart.com/politics/2022/07/16/exclusive-trump-endorsed-senate-candidate-rep-markwayne-mullin-red-wave-real-its-coming/ |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/108664329648361311 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |rowspan="2"|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]] |<s>[[Sean Parnell (spokesperson)|Sean Parnell]]</s> ''(withdrew candidacy)''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Sep 1, 2021 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces endorsement of Sean Parnell for U.S. Senate |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1433160563346059268}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Parnell |first=Sean |date=Nov 22, 2021 |title=Statement from Sean Parnell |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=448754716608737&id=100044226379595&set=a.407273740756835 |via=Facebook}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |[[Mehmet Oz]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Apr 9, 2022 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Dr. Oz |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1512933127878025221}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2022 United States Senate election in South Carolina|South Carolina]] |''[[Tim Scott]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 27, 2022 |title=It is my great honor to give Senator Tim Scott of South Carolina my complete and total endorsement. He is both an outstanding senator and person who works tirelessly for the people of his great state, and the USA. Strong on the military, law enforcement, loves our vets, protects our Second Amendment and our borders. Tim will continue to do an OUTSTANDING job for our country! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Utah}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Utah|Utah]] |''[[Mike Lee]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 2, 2022 |title=The Great People of Utah have a gem in Mike Lee. He will never let you down, whereas his opponent, McMuffin, will only let you down. Mike has long had my Complete and Total Endorsement, and even more strongly now! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109275109307282759 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Vermont}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Vermont|Vermont]] |Gerald Malloy<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 3, 2022 |title=Gerald Malloy is a Brave Veteran and American Patriot running to be the next U.S. Senator from the Great State of Vermont! Gerald will work very hard to Reduce Crime, Stop Inflation, Secure our Border, Protect our under siege Second Amendment, and Restore American Energy Independence, and even Dominance. His opponent, Radical Left Democrat Peter Welch, does not represent the values of the Great People of Vermont. Gerald Malloy has my Complete and Total Endorsement – WIN! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]] |''[[Ron Johnson]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 6, 2021 |title=Even though he has not yet announced that he is running, and I certainly hope he does, I am giving my Complete and Total Endorsement to Senator Ron Johnson of Wisconsin. He is brave, he is bold, and he loves our Country, our Military, and our Vets. Ron is very tough on the Border and Illegal Immigration, and never gives in to the Radical Left Democrats and their lunacy. Ron Johnson will continue to fight to Save America, and I strongly encourage him to run! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2022 House elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !District !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Primary result |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 3rd congressional district|MI-03]] |[[John Gibbs (government official)|John Gibbs]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dale |first=Daniel |title=Fact check: Trump-backed Michigan congressional candidate John Gibbs falsely claims 2020 election had 'mathematically impossible' anomalies |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/30/politics/fact-check-john-gibbs-michigan-mathematically-impossible/index.html |access-date=2022-08-08 |publisher=CNN|date=30 June 2022 }}</ref> |August 2, 2022 |Challenger (G) |{{Icon|no}} Lost election |- |{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington's 3rd congressional district|WA-03]] |[[Joe Kent]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hounshell |first=Blake |date=2022-07-25 |title=A Trump-Backed Veteran Ran Hard to the Right, Only to Be Outflanked |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/25/us/politics/joe-kent-house-trump.html |access-date=2022-08-08 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |August 2, 2022 |Challenger (G) |{{Icon|no}} Lost election |- |{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[Wyoming's at-large congressional district|WY-AL]] |[[Harriet Hageman]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goldmacher |first=Shane |date=2021-09-09 |title=Trump endorses a Cheney challenger, aiming to unseat a chief detractor. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/09/us/politics/trump-liz-cheney-harriet-hageman.html |access-date=2022-08-08 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |August 16, 2022 |Challenger (G) |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 10th congressional district|NY-10]] |[[Dan Goldman]] ''(Democrat)''<ref name="democrat-endorsements">{{Cite web |last=Vakil |first=Caroline |date=2022-08-17 |title=Trump gives backhanded endorsements to Democrats Dan Goldman, Carolyn Maloney in NY primaries |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3605847-trump-gives-back-handed-endorsements-to-democrats-dan-goldman-carolyn-maloney-in-ny-primaries/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref> |August 23, 2022 |Open seat |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 12th congressional district|NY-12]] |''[[Carolyn Maloney]]'' ''(Democrat)''<ref name="democrat-endorsements"/> |August 23, 2022 |Challenger/Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |} ==== 2022 state executive elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Office !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2022 Arizona Attorney General election|Arizona]] |[[Arizona Attorney General|Attorney General]] |[[Abraham Hamadeh]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 14, 2022 |title=Endorsement of Abraham Hamadeh |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news-mxajfuhsrg2137 |website=[[DonaldJTrump.com]] |access-date=July 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626194014/https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news-mxajfuhsrg2137 |archive-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2022 Arizona Secretary of State election|Arizona]] |[[Secretary of State of Arizona|Secretary of State]] |[[Mark Finchem]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Sep 13, 2021 |title= NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Mark Finchem for Arizona Secretary of State |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1437488757029081093}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |} ==== Other elections ==== * [[2022 Alaska's at-large congressional district special election]]: endorsed [[Sarah Palin]] (advanced to general election from nonpartisan blanket primary but lost general election).<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2022 |title=Trump endorses Palin in Alaska House special election |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/04/03/trump-endorses-palin-in-alaska-house-special-election-00022627 |access-date=April 3, 2022 |work=[[Politico]]}}</ref> * 2022 election to [[Arizona's 7th legislative district]]: endorsed [[Wendy Rogers (politician)|Wendy Rogers]] (won primary).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/opinion/op-ed/laurieroberts/2021/11/30/wendy-rogers-and-anthony-kern-get-trump-seal-endorsement/8808827002/ | title=Trump backing Wendy Rogers and Anthony Kern makes them the future of the GOP (Doesn't it?) }}</ref> * 2022 election to [[Miami-Dade County's 6th District]]: endorsed [[Kevin Marino Cabrera]] (won primary and general).<ref>[https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/article261148442.html Donald Trump dives into Miami-Dade politics with a county commission endorsement]</ref> ==== 2023 Speaker of the House of Representatives elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Election !Candidate !Result |- |{{Flagicon|United States}} [[January 2023 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election|January election]] |[[Kevin McCarthy]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jan 4, 2023 |title=Some really good conversations took place last night, and it's now time for all of our GREAT Republican House Members to VOTE FOR KEVIN, CLOSE THE DEAL, TAKE THE VICTORY, & WATCH CRAZY NANCY PELOSI FLY BACK HOME TO A VERY BROKEN CALIFORNIA,THE ONLY SPEAKER IN U.S. HISTORY TO HAVE LOST THE "HOUSE" TWICE! REPUBLICANS, DO NOT TURN A GREAT TRIUMPH INTO A GIANT & EMBARRASSING DEFEAT. IT'S TIME TO CELEBRATE, YOU DESERVE IT. Kevin McCarthy will do a good job, and maybe even a GREAT JOB - JUST WATCH! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109630978268932397 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |rowspan=2|{{Flagicon|United States}} [[October 2023 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election|October election]] |[[Jim Jordan]]{{efn|Until the House Republican Conference unselected him.}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 6, 2023 |title=Congressman Jim Jordan has been a STAR long before making his very successful journey to Washington, D.C., representing Ohio's 4th Congressional District. Respected by all, he is now Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee. As President, I had the honor of presenting Jim with our Country's highest civilian award, The Presidential Medal of Freedom. So much is learned from sports, and Jim was a master! While attending Graham High School, he won State Championships all four years, a rarity, and compiled an amazing 156-1 record. At the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Jim became a two-time NCAA Division l Wrestling Champion. He won his 1985-86 NCAA Championship Matches in his weight class. Jim has a masters degree in Education from Ohio State University & a Law Degree from Capital University. He is STRONG on Crime, Borders, our Military/Vets, & 2nd Amendment. Jim, his wife, Polly, & family are outstanding - He will be a GREAT Speaker of the House, & has my Complete & Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111186121976324259 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Unselected by the [[House Republican Conference]] |- |[[Mike Johnson]]{{efn|After the House Republican Conference unselected Jim Jordan.}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 25, 2023 |title=Congratulations to Congressional Republicans! Yesterday was a big and very important day. It gave us a quick and easy way forward with 5 candidates who are beyond reproach, and represent the absolute best there is in the Republican Party. Even the Fake News Media is impressed with what took place yesterday and, more importantly, with the Candidates themselves. Congratulations to Reps. Byron Donalds (Florida), Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann (Tennessee), Mark Green (Tennessee), & Roger Williams (Texas), & the ultimate winner of yesterday's vote, by a significant margin, Mike Johnson (Louisiana). I am not going to make an Endorsement in this race, because I COULD NEVER GO AGAINST ANY OF THESE FINE AND VERY TALENTED MEN, all of whom have supported me, in both mind and spirit, from the very beginning of our GREAT 2016 Victory. In 2024, we will have an even bigger, & more important, WIN! My strong SUGGESTION is to go with the leading candidate, Mike Johnson, & GET IT DONE, FAST! LOVE, DJT |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111295424273340966 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2023 gubernatorial elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[2023 Kentucky gubernatorial election|Kentucky]] |[[Daniel Cameron (American politician)|Daniel Cameron]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Daniel |date=Jun 16, 2022 |title=Thank you President Trump! |url=https://x.com/DanielCameronKY/status/1537580069517938688}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2023 Louisiana gubernatorial election|Louisiana]] |[[Jeff Landry]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 29, 2023 |title=Jeff Landry has my Complete and Total Endorsement for Governor of Louisiana. Now is the time for everyone to unite behind him to ensure he has a tremendous Victory! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/110976057612222715 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[2023 Mississippi gubernatorial election|Mississippi]] |''[[Tate Reeves]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 1, 2023 |title=To all my friends in Mississippi – you have a choice to make. Your great Governor, Tate Reeves, is under attack. The radical left maniacs who are attacking me are also after him… |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111335994521658174 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2023 state executive elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Office !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Primary result |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2023 Louisiana elections|Louisiana]] |[[Attorney general of Louisiana|Attorney General]] |[[Liz Murrill]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Finn |first=James |date=2023-11-16 |title=See Donald Trump's picks for Louisiana attorney general, treasurer, secretary of state |url=https://www.nola.com/news/politics/national_politics/see-donald-trumps-endorsements-in-louisiana-statewide-races/article_fd435852-84ae-11ee-b44e-2b2bdffacfde.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=NOLA.com |language=en}}</ref> |October 14, 2023 |Open |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2023 Louisiana elections|Louisiana]] |[[Treasurer of Louisiana|Treasurer]] |[[John Fleming (Louisiana politician)|John Fleming]]<ref name=":3" /> |October 14, 2023 |Open |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2023 Louisiana elections|Louisiana]] |[[Secretary of State of Louisiana|Secretary of State]] |[[Nancy Landry]]<ref name=":3" /> |October 14, 2023 |Open |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2024 gubernatorial elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2024 Indiana gubernatorial election|Indiana]] |[[Mike Braun]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 1, 2023 |title=Highly respected Senator Mike Braun is running for Governor of Indiana, a State I love and won by large margins in 2016 and 2020. In the Senate, Mike is working hard to Support our Law Enforcement, Secure our Borders, and Stop the Woke Fascist Mob trying to destroy our Country. Mike is an America First Conservative who knows how to Grow the Economy, Fight Inflation, and Champion "Hoosier" Values. I was proud to endorse Mike when he ran for the Senate in 2018, and I am proud to do so again — Mike Braun has my Complete and Total Endorsement to be the next Governor of the Great State of Indiana! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111337465637582727 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[2024 Missouri gubernatorial election|Missouri]] |[[Mike Kehoe]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 27, 2024 |title=I love the State of Missouri for every reason in the book, including the fact that it is "loaded up" with truly GREAT people. I also like Endorsing Candidates for Office if I think they're good, and usually there is a differentiation, usually a big one, where it is not that difficult to do. But Missouri has three great people running for Governor - Jay Ashcroft, Mike Kehoe, and Bill Eigel. All have had excellent careers, and have been with me from the beginning. They are MAGA and America First all the way! I can't hurt two of them by Endorsing one so, therefore, I'm going to Endorse, for Governor of the Great State of Missouri, Jay Ashcroft, Mike Kehoe, and Bill Eigel. Choose any one of them - You can't go wrong! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112861271255683848 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2024 North Carolina gubernatorial election|North Carolina]] |[[Mark Robinson (American politician)|Mark Robinson]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 23, 2023 |title=THANK YOU LT. GOV. MARK ROBINSON! WE WILL NOT LET NORTH CAROLINA DOWN. MAGA!!! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/110594579783535047 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|North Dakota}} [[2024 North Dakota gubernatorial election|North Dakota]] |[[Kelly Armstrong]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 30, 2024 |title=Congressman Kelly Armstrong is running for Governor of North Dakota, a State that I love, and WON BIG in 2016 and 2020. In Congress, Kelly strongly defended me through two SHAM Impeachments, and is 100% MAGA. As your next Governor, Kelly will work tirelessly to grow the Economy, stop Inflation, cut Taxes and Regulations, secure our Border, protect North Dakota from Federal Overreach, defend our always under siege Second Amendment, strengthen our Military/Vets, and put our Incredible Farmers, Ranchers, and Energy Producers FIRST. Kelly Armstrong has my Complete and Total Endorsement to be the next Governor of the Great State of North Dakota - HE WILL NOT LET YOU DOWN! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112531260144624029 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[2024 West Virginia gubernatorial election|West Virginia]] |[[Patrick Morrisey]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 21, 2024 |title=Highly Respected Attorney General Patrick Morrisey ran against two very talented and popular opponents for Governor of West Virginia, a State I love and won by large margins in 2016 and 2020. Patrick has been a wonderful Attorney General, and will now be an incredible Governor who will fight tirelessly to stop Inflation, grow the Economy, restore Energy DOMINANCE, secure our Border, strengthen our Military/Vets, and protect and defend our always under siege Second Amendment. Now is the time for all Republicans to unite behind Patrick Morrisey to ensure he has a tremendous Victory in November! Patrick will work closely with me to enact America First Policies, and is a FANTASTIC person to replace my friend and future U.S. Senator, Jim Justice. Patrick Morrisey has my Complete and Total Endorsement - HE WILL NOT LET YOU DOWN! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112477080295803405 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2024 lieutenant gubernatorial elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2024 Indiana gubernatorial election#Lieutenant governor selection|Indiana]] |[[Julie McGuire]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Niki |date=June 13, 2024 |title=Trump endorses GOP lieutenant governor candidate in Indiana |url=https://indianacapitalchronicle.com/briefs/trump-endorses-gop-lieutenant-governor-candidate-in-indiana/ |via=}}</ref> | '''{{Icon|no}}''' Lost convention |} ==== 2024 Senate elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Arizona|Arizona]] |[[Kari Lake]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 26, 2024 |title=Kari Lake will be an incredible Senator for the Great State of Arizona. She will fight tirelessly to Secure the Border, Stop Migrant Crime, End Inflation, Grow the Economy, Support our Great Military/Vets, and Strongly Defend our always under siege Second Amendment. Kari Lake is a spectacular woman, and has my Complete and Total Endorsement — She will not let you down! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112855095485231691 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Florida|Florida]] |''[[Rick Scott]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Dec 5, 2023 |title=I am proud to give my Complete and Total Endorsement to U.S. Senator Rick Scott of Florida in his bid for Re-Election. I have known Rick for a long time, as both a businessman and great Governor of FLORIDA, and there are few like him! Strong on the Border, Crime, our Great Military/Vets, our Second Amendment, and the only person who has been willing to take on the very destructive Super RINO, Mitch McConnell. Everyone in Florida should help Senator Rick Scott have a big win next year! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111529649299840132 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Indiana|Indiana]] |[[Jim Banks]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 1, 2023 |title=Jim Banks is running for the United States Senate from the Great State of Indiana. I know Jim well, have seen him tested at the highest and most difficult levels, and WIN! Strong on the Border, Crime, our Military and our Vets, Jim will fight for low taxes and regulations, Sanity in Government, and our under siege 2nd Amendment. Jim Banks is respected by all, will never let you down, and has my Complete & Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109789201422857786 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Maryland}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Maryland|Maryland]] |[[Larry Hogan]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cai |first=Sophia |date=Jun 13, 2024 |title=Trump endorses Larry Hogan in tight Maryland Senate race |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/06/13/trump-larry-hogan-endorsement-maryland-senate |website=Axios}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Michigan|Michigan]] |[[Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)|Mike Rogers]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Mar 11, 2024 |title=Highly respected former Congressman Mike Rogers is running for the United States Senate from the Great State of Michigan. Mike has served his Country during a career loaded up with accolades and wins, from the Army to Congress, and now, hopefully, the U.S. Senate. Mike will work closely with me to enact our America First Policies. He will tirelessly fight to Secure the Border, Stop Inflation, Grow the Economy, Strengthen our Military / Veteran Support, and Protect and Defend our always under siege Second Amendment. Mike Rogers will be a Great and Powerful Senator for Michigan, and has my Complete and Total Endorsement. HE KNOWS HOW TO WIN! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112078629652415384 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Mississippi|Mississippi]] |''[[Roger Wicker]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 29, 2024 |title=Senator Roger Wicker is a fantastic Senator for the Great State of Mississippi. As the Ranking Member of the Senate Armed Services Committee, Roger is working hard to Strengthen our Military, Defend our Country, and Support our Veterans. Roger is a Champion of Conservative Values, who fights to Uphold the Constitution, and Protect our Second Amendment. I was honored to receive Roger's Endorsement last year, and Senator Roger Wicker has my Complete and Total Endorsement for Re-Election. Vote Trump and Wicker on March 12th! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112016533287782692 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Missouri|Missouri]] |''[[Josh Hawley]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 26, 2024 |title=Senator Josh Hawley is a tremendous Senator for the Great State of Missouri. In 2018 I helped Josh Hawley win a highly competitive Senate race in Missouri, a state that I know and love. An America First Conservative and a True Fighter for our movement to Make America Great Again, Josh is working hard to Secure our Elections, Stop Illegal Immigration, Grow the Economy, Cut Taxes, Strengthen our Military, Support our Veterans, and Uphold the Rule of Law. Josh Hawley has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112509298845267871 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Montana}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Montana|Montana]] |[[Tim Sheehy]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 9, 2024 |title=I LOVE MONTANA! Tim Sheehy is an American Hero and highly successful Businessman from the Great State of Montana. He is strongly supported by our incredible Chairman of the NRSC, Steve Daines, and many other patriotic Senators and Republicans who have endorsed our Campaign to, MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN! I also respect Matt Rosendale, and was very happy to Endorse him in the past - and will Endorse him again in the future should he decide to change course and run for his Congressional Seat. But in this instance, Tim is the candidate who is currently best-positioned to DEFEAT Lazy Jon Tester, and Regain the Republican Majority in the United States Senate. Tim is a Political Outsider, Strong on the Border, the Military/Vets, and our constantly under siege Second Amendment. He will stand tall in the fight against the Radical Left Democrats, who are Destroying our Country. Also, he is far more likely to Defeat Lazy Jon. America First Patriot Tim Sheehy has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111903231780270558 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Nebraska|Nebraska]] |''[[Deb Fischer]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 9, 2024 |title=Senator Deb Fischer is doing a fantastic job in the United States Senate. Her Radical Left Opponent, Dan Osborn, would be absolutely TERRIBLE for the Great People of Nebraska. Dan is a "Bernie Sanders Democrat" who does not stand for Nebraska Values, and never will. He even supports Federal Benefits like Social Security for Illegal Aliens! This is a slap in the face to Nebraska Seniors. Deb Fischer, on the other hand, will always put NEBRASKA and AMERICA FIRST. As a key Member of the Senate Armed Services Committee, Deb is fighting to Protect our Country against the Marxists, Communists, and Lunatics on the Radical Left. Deb is working hard to Grow the Economy, Secure the Border, Stop Migrant Crime, Support our Great Military/Vets, Champion our Incredible Farmers and Ranchers, and Defend our always under siege Second Amendment. Deb Fischer has my Complete and Total Endorsement — SHE WILL NOT LET YOU DOWN! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/113110575417000422 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Nebraska|Nebraska (special)]] |''[[Pete Ricketts]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 11, 2024 |title=Senator Pete Ricketts is a Strong Advocate for the Great People of Nebraska, a State I love and won by large margins in 2016 and 2020! Pete is doing an outstanding job in the U.S. Senate, where he is fighting tirelessly to stop the disastrous Policies of Lyin' Kamala Harris and Crooked Joe Biden. Pete is a True Patriot, who is working hard to Create Jobs, Lower Inflation, Champion American Energy DOMINANCE, Uphold the Rule of Law, Secure our Border, Support our Amazing Farmers and Ranchers, and Defend our always under siege Second Amendment. Pete Ricketts has my Complete and Total Endorsement — HE WILL NOT LET YOU DOWN! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/113291341023269855 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Nevada|Nevada]] |[[Sam Brown (military)|Sam Brown]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 9, 2024 |title=Sam Brown is a FEARLESS AMERICAN PATRIOT, a Purple Heart Recipient, who has proven he has the "PURE GRIT" and COURAGE to take on our Enemies, both Foreign and Domestic. Sam is now running for U.S. Senate in the Great State of Nevada, primarily because he knows that Crooked Joe Biden and the Radical Left are A THREAT TO DEMOCRACY. Our Country can no longer stand with this Corrupt and Incompetent "President" calling the shots. As your next Senator, Sam will fight tirelessly to secure our Border, end Migrant Crime, stop Inflation, grow our Economy, STRONGLY SUPPORT OUR GREAT MILITARY/VETS, protect our always under siege Second Amendment, and restore PEACE THROUGH STRENGTH… |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112589851588761769 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[2024 United States Senate election in New Jersey|New Jersey]] |Christine Serrano Glassner<ref>{{Cite tweet <!-- |last=Trump |first=Donald --> |user=christine4nj |number=1789444772819505516 |date=May 11, 2024 |title=I'm extremely proud to be endorsed by President Trump! We can and will flip New Jersey red. Together we will work to change New Jersey and America for the better! |url=https://x.com/christine4nj/status/1789444772819505516|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[2024 United States Senate election in New York|New York]] |Mike Sapraicone<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Mar 2, 2024 |title=Congratulations to Mike Sapraicone on running against one of the worst Senators in the U.S. Senate, Kirsten Gillibrand. All you have to do is go back and look at her failed Presidential run, an embarrassment to all New Yorkers, after which I assumed she would never be able to even think about running for Office again. People's memories, however, are short, and here we go! Mike is a strong and successful person, and I look forward to working with him to take New York State away from the people who have destroyed it with hundreds of thousands of Migrants flowing in, and ruining our Schools, Hospitals, Parks, and increasing Crime many fold. Good luck to Mike - He has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112029505593758948 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|North Dakota}} [[2024 United States Senate election in North Dakota|North Dakota]] |''[[Kevin Cramer]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Mar 11, 2024 |title=Senator Kevin Cramer is doing a fantastic job representing the incredible people of North Dakota in the United States Senate. During my Administration, Kevin worked closely with me to create Space Force, which continues to Protect and Defend our Great Country. Kevin has been with me from the very beginning, helping advance our America First Agenda. In the Senate, he is working hard to Secure the Border, Grow the Economy, Cut your Taxes, Eliminate Needless Regulations, Support our Veterans, and Fight for our Constitutional Rights, including our under siege Second Amendment. Kevin Cramer has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112078462360004556 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Ohio|Ohio]] |[[Bernie Moreno]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Dec 19, 2023 |title=It's time for the entire Republican Party to UNITE around Bernie's campaign for Senate, so that we can have a BIG victory in what will be the most important Election in American History. Bernie is the Father of wonderful Emily, the wife of outstanding young Ohio Congressman, Max Miller. Bernie is Strong on the Border, Crime, Cutting Taxes, Election Integrity, the Military / Vets, and will always protect our under siege 2nd Amendment. Bernie Moreno will be an outstanding United States Senator, and has my Complete and Total Endorsement—He will never let you down! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111609405146073221 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]] |[[Dave McCormick]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 23, 2024 |title=Kamala Harris' sinking Campaign has become so TOXIC, that Democrat Senators in four different States are using me in their advertisements, and stating that they are with President Trump on Tariffs, and numerous other things. While it is a great compliment, it is not fair to those Republican Senate Candidates, Bernie Moreno, Dave McCormick, Eric Hovde, and Sam Brown, who are with me all the time. These Democrats have voted with Crooked Joe Biden almost 100% of the time. They only pretend to be on my side when Elections roll around. OHIO, PENNSYLVANIA, WISCONSIN, NEVADA: VOTE FOR BERNIE MORENO, DAVE MCCORMICK, ERIC HOVDE, AND SAM BROWN - THEY ARE THE ONES WHO ARE WITH US! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/113358155534960871 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Tennessee|Tennessee]] |''[[Marsha Blackburn]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 26, 2024 |title=Senator Marsha Blackburn is doing a terrific job representing the incredible people of Tennessee in the United States Senate! Marsha has been with me from the very beginning, helping advance our America First Agenda. In the Senate, she is working hard to Secure the Border, Grow the Economy, Cut your Taxes, Eliminate Needless Regulations, Support our Veterans, and Fight for our Constitutional Rights, including our always under siege Second Amendment. Marsha Blackburn has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112509274904589263 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Texas|Texas]] |''[[Ted Cruz]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 15, 2024 |title=While I have Endorsed Ted, on numerous occasions, verbally, because of the Importance of the Race, and Ted's Importance to the future of our Country, I thought the Endorsement should be memorialized in writing. Senator Ted Cruz is doing a tremendous job representing the Great People of Texas, a State I love and WON BIG in 2016 and 2020, and, based on the Polls, will win even bigger in November. To the people of Texas, I greatly appreciate your support, and, as you know, I HAVE NEVER LET YOU DOWN!… |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/113309551464797724 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Utah}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Utah|Utah]] |[[Trent Staggs]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 27, 2024 |title=Trent Staggs is 100% MAGA, and is running to fill The Mitt Romney, a Total Loser, Seat as the next Senator from the Great State of Utah! A Highly Successful Entrepreneur, who has served brilliantly as Mayor of Riverton for the past six years, Trent knows how to Create Jobs, Stop Inflation, Grow the Economy, and Secure the Border. As your next Senator, Trent will help us Unleash American Energy, Support our Military/Vets, and Protect our always under siege Second Amendment. Trent Staggs has my Complete and Total Endorsement - He will be a GREAT Senator, and never let you down! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112343373057495427 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Virginia|Virginia]] |[[Hung Cao]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 26, 2024 |title=Hung Cao is a highly respected retired Navy Captain running to represent the Great People of Virginia in the United States Senate. A Combat Veteran and Highly Decorated Special Operations Officer, Hung Cao will be a tireless fighter to stop Inflation, grow our Economy, secure our Border, strongly support our Incredible Military/Vets, and defend our always under siege Second Amendment. Hung Cao has my Complete and Total Endorsement - HE WILL NEVER LET YOU DOWN, AND WE WILL, AT THE SAME TIME, GET RID OF THE WORST PRESIDENT IN THE HISTORY OF OUR COUNTRY, CROOKED JOE BIDEN! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112510755568541501 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[2024 United States Senate election in West Virginia|West Virginia]] |[[Jim Justice]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 18, 2024 |title=Big Jim Justice, the Governor of the Great State of West Virginia (I LOVE WEST VIRGINIA!), is BIG in every way, but especially in his wonderful HEART❤ ! Strong on the Border, our Great Military & Vets, CLEAN COAL & Energy Dominance, the Economy, Stopping Inflation, & Protecting our 2nd Amendment, Big Jim will be a Great UNITED STATES SENATOR, and has my Complete & Total Endorsement. HE WILL NEVER LET YOU DOWN!!! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111258179235782329 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]] |Eric Hovde<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 11, 2024 |title=Eric Hovde is running strong for the U.S. Senate in Wisconsin. He has my Complete and Total Endorsement, and has, right from the beginning. Go Eric!!! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112943539377699454 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Wyoming|Wyoming]] |''[[John Barrasso]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 26, 2024 |title=Senator John Barrasso is an incredible advocate for the great people of Wyoming. John works hard to stop the disastrous policies of Crooked Joe Biden and to secure our border. John is a True Patriot who fights to Create Jobs, Lower Inflation, Promote American Energy, Uphold the Rule of Law, and Support our amazing Farmers and Ranchers. John Barrasso has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112509333535728345 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2024 House elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !District !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Primary result |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 3rd congressional district|AL-03]] |''[[Mike Rogers (Alabama politician)|Mike Rogers]]''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Bradley |title=Dale Strong receives Trump's endorsement — 'Dale was with us from the… |url=https://1819news.com/news/item/dale-strong-receives-trump-endorsement-dale-was-with-us-from-the-beginning |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=1819 News |language=en-US}}</ref> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 4th congressional district|AL-04]] |''[[Robert Aderholt]]''<ref name=":2" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}} Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 5th congressional district|AL-05]] |''[[Dale Strong]]''<ref name=":2" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 6th congressional district|AL-06]] |''[[Gary Palmer (politician)|Gary Palmer]]''<ref name=":2" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 20th congressional district|CA-20]] |[[Vince Fong]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Former President Donald Trump endorses Vince Fong for California's 20th District seat |url=https://abc30.com/vince-fong-california-20th-assembly-donald-trump-political-endorsement/14449484/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |publisher=ABC30 Fresno |language=en}}</ref> |March 5, 2024 |Open seat | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 5th congressional district|NC-05]] |''[[Virginia Foxx]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ken |date=2024-02-01 |title=President Donald J. Trump Endorses Virginia Foxx in 2024 Primary Election |url=https://www.hcpress.com/front-page/president-donald-j-trump-endorses-virginia-foxx-in-2024-primary-election.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=High Country Press |language=en-US}}</ref> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent |'''{{Icon|aa}} Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 6th congressional district|NC-06]] |[[Addison McDowell]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=Ex-President Trump endorses new candidate McDowell for central North Carolina congressional seat |url=https://apnews.com/article/north-carolina-congress-election-donald-trump-endorsement-b75aa28ecc72a3568fb3169036e184f8 |access-date=2023-12-14 |publisher=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> |March 5, 2024 |Open seat | '''{{Icon|aa}} Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 14th congressional district|NC-14]] |[[Tim Moore (North Carolina politician)|Tim Moore]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=WRAL |date=2024-02-20 |title=Trump endorses Speaker Tim Moore in congressional bid |url=https://www.wral.com/story/trump-endorses-speaker-tim-moore-in-congressional-bid/21292764/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |publisher=WRAL |language=en}}</ref> |March 5, 2024 |Open seat | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[TX-03]] |''[[Keith Self]]''<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Brad |date=2024-02-12 |title=Here's a List of Donald Trump's 2024 Texas Endorsements |url=https://thetexan.news/elections/2024/here-s-a-list-of-donald-trump-s-2024-texas-endorsements/article_d62bcf9e-c773-11ee-a894-4b9583d1a835.html |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=The Texan |language=en}}</ref> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 4th congressional district|TX-04]] |''[[Pat Fallon]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 5th congressional district|TX-05]] |''[[Lance Gooden]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 11th congressional district|TX-11]] |''[[August Pfluger]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 13th congressional district|TX-13]] |''[[Ronny Jackson]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 14th congressional district|TX-14]] |''[[Randy Weber]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 15th congressional district|TX-15]] |''[[Monica De La Cruz]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 17th congressional district|TX-17]] |''[[Pete Sessions]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 19th congressional district|TX-19]] |''[[Jodey Arrington]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 22nd congressional district|TX-22]] |''[[Troy Nehls]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 24th congressional district|TX-24]] |''[[Beth Van Duyne]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 25th congressional district|TX-25]] |''[[Roger Williams (Texas politician)|Roger Williams]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 26th congressional district|TX-26]] |[[Brandon Gill]]<ref>{{cite news |author=Wolf, Stephen |date=December 4, 2023 |title=Daily Kos Elections Live Digest: 12/4 |work=[[Daily Kos]] |url=https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2023/12/4/2209144/-Daily-Kos-Elections-Live-Digest-12-4#update-1701728297000 |access-date=December 4, 2023 |quote=TX-26: Donald Trump has endorsed far-right media website founder Brandon Gill}}</ref> |March 5, 2024 |Open seat | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 31st congressional district|TX-31]] |''[[John Carter (Texas politician)|John Carter]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 34th congressional district|TX-34]] |[[Mayra Flores]]<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Challenger | {{Icon|no}} Lost election |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 36th congressional district|TX-36]] |''[[Brian Babin]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 38th congressional district|TX-38]] |''[[Wesley Hunt]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[Mississippi's 4th congressional district|MS-04]] |''[[Mike Ezell]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-03 |title=Mike Ezell latest to pick up Trump endorsement with congressional primary looming - SuperTalk Mississippi |url=https://www.supertalk.fm/mike-ezell-latest-to-pick-up-trump-endorsement-with-congressional-primary-looming/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> |March 12, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Montana}} [[Montana's 1st congressional district|MT-01]] |''[[Ryan Zinke]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buffington |first1=Posie |title=Former Pres. Trump endorses Zinke for re-election in Montana's District 1 congressional race |url=https://www.montanarightnow.com/montana/former-pres-trump-endorses-zinke-for-re-election-in-montanas-district-1-congressional-race/article_19237e0a-e880-11ee-b72a-bb7f847d9024.html |access-date=March 22, 2024 |work=[[NonStop Local]] |date=March 22, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |June 4, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Montana}} [[Montana's 2nd congressional district|MT-02]] |[[Troy Downing]]<ref>{{cite news |author=Gorman, Reese |date=April 12, 2024 |work=[[NBC|NBC Montana]] |url=https://nbcmontana.com/news/local/trump-endorses-troy-downing-for-montanas-2nd-congressional-district |access-date=June 3, 2024 |title=Trump endorses Downing for U.S. House race}}</ref> |June 4, 2024 |Open seat | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Maine}} [[Maine's 2nd congressional district|ME-02]] |[[Austin Theriault]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schilke |first=Rachel |date=2024-03-27 |title=Trump endorses former NASCAR driver in Maine contest to unseat Jared Golden - Washington Examiner |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/campaigns/2942058/trump-endorses-former-nascar-driver-unseat-jared-golden/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> |June 11, 2024 |Challenger |{{Icon|no}} Lost election |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina's 1st congressional district|SC-01]] |''[[Nancy Mace]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=ALAFRIZ |first=OLIVIA |date=2024-03-09 |title=Trump endorses South Carolina Republican Nancy Mace |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/03/09/trump-endorses-south-carolina-republican-nancy-mace-00146142 |website=Politico}}</ref> |June 11, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina's 4th congressional district|SC-04]] |''[[William Timmons (politician)|William Timmons]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=SC4: William Timmons Endorsed By Donald Trump - FITSNews |url=https://www.fitsnews.com/2024/02/29/sc4-william-timmons-endorsed-by-donald-trump/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> |June 11, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 2nd congressional district|VA-02]] |''[[Jen Kiggans]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112509236487249242 |access-date=2024-10-30 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |June 18, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 4th congressional district|CO-04]] |''[[Lauren Boebert]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Robert |date=2024-03-03 |title=Trump endorses Lauren Boebert in contested GOP primary - Washington Examiner |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/campaigns/2900221/trump-endorses-boebert-contested-gop-primary/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> |June 25, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 4th congressional district|NY-04]] |''[[Anthony D'Esposito]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Herzlich |first=Taylor |date=2024-05-27 |title=Trump endorses Rep. D'Esposito in NY-04 re-election race - Featured |url=https://theisland360.com/featured/trump-endorses-rep-desposito-in-ny-04-re-election-race/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=The Island 360 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603210730/https://theisland360.com/featured/trump-endorses-rep-desposito-in-ny-04-re-election-race/ |archive-date=2024-06-03}}</ref> |June 25, 2024 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Lost election |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 22nd congressional district|NY-22]] |''[[Brandon Williams (politician)|Brandon Williams]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manore |first=Alexis |date=2024-05-28 |title=Donald Trump endorses Brandon Williams for Congress |url=https://www.romesentinel.com/news/donald-trump-brandon-williams-ny22/article_edd70908-1cf8-11ef-b12f-e3621b94289e.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=[[Rome Sentinel]] |language=en}}</ref> |June 25, 2024 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Lost election |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 24th congressional district|NY-24]] |''[[Claudia Tenney]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Stephen |date=2024-03-28 |title=Rep. Claudia Tenney receives endorsement of Donald J. Trump for re-election bid in 2024 |website=Newzjunky |url=https://www.newzjunky.com/rep-claudia-tenney-receives-endorsement-of-president-donald-j-trump-for-re-election-in-2024/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> |June 25, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 8th congressional district|AZ-08]] |[[Abraham Hamadeh]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alfred |first=Mark |date=2023-12-09 |title=Trump Turns on MAGA Sycophant Blake Masters |language=en |work=The Daily Beast |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/donaldtrump-turns-on-maga-sycophant-blake-masters-with-abe-hamadeh-endorsement |access-date=2023-12-10}}</ref> |July 30, 2024 |Open seat | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 5th congressional district|TN-05]] |''[[Andy Ogles]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Housler |first=Kaitlin |date=2023-05-12 |title=Donald Trump Endorses Tennessee U.S. Congressman Andy Ogles for Re-Election |url=https://tennesseestar.com/news/donald-trump-endorses-tennessee-u-s-congressman-andy-ogles-for-re-election/khousler/2023/05/12/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=Tennessee Star |language=en-US}}</ref> |August 1, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 7th congressional district|TN-07]] |''[[Mark Green (Tennessee politician)|Mark Green]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Olmsted |first=Edith |date=2024-02-29 |title=House Republican Reverses Retirement After Trump Endorsement |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/rep-mark-green-decides-not-to-retire-after-trump-promises-to-endorse-him |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Daily Beast |language=en}}</ref> |August 1, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- | rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[Alaska's at-large congressional district|AK-AL]] |[[Nancy Dahlstrom]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Downing |first=Suzanne |date=2024-06-17 |title=Trump endorses Dahlstrom for Congress |url=https://mustreadalaska.com/trump-endorses-dahlstrom-for-congress/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Must Read Alaska |language=en-US}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |August 20, 2024 | rowspan="2" |Challenger |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |[[Nick Begich III|Nick Begich]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Downing |first=Suzanne |date=2024-09-18 |title=Breaking: Donald Trump endorses Nick Begich for Congress |url=https://mustreadalaska.com/breaking-donald-trump-endorses-nick-begich-for-congress/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Must Read Alaska |language=en-US}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 7th congressional district|FL-07]] |''[[Cory Mills]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Trump |first1=Donald |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112509310575961624 |via=Truth Social |access-date=28 May 2024}}</ref> |August 20, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 11th congressional district|FL-11]] |''[[Daniel Webster (Florida politician)|Daniel Webster]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakich |first=Jackson |date=2023-12-01 |title=Webster Lands Official Trump Seal of Endorsement over Sabatini |url=https://floridianpress.com/2023/12/webster-lands-official-trump-seal-of-endorsement-over-sabatini/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204145918/https://floridianpress.com/2023/12/webster-lands-official-trump-seal-of-endorsement-over-sabatini/ |archive-date=2023-12-04 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=The Floridian |language=en-US}}</ref> |August 20, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 22nd congressional district|FL-22]] |Dan Franzese<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112911985701345199 |access-date=2024-11-21 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |August 20, 2024 |Challenger |{{Icon|no}} Lost election |- |{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[Wyoming's at-large congressional district|WY-AL]] |''[[Harriet Hageman]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112509331814214912 |access-date=2024-11-22 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |August 20, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 1st congressional district|LA-01]] |''[[Steve Scalise]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112509339275728338 |access-date=2024-11-22 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |November 5, 2024 |Incumbent |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 3rd congressional district|LA-03]] |''[[Clay Higgins]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ken |date=2024-02-01 |title=President Donald J. Trump Endorses Virginia Foxx in 2024 Primary Election |url=https://www.hcpress.com/front-page/president-donald-j-trump-endorses-virginia-foxx-in-2024-primary-election.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=High Country Press |language=en-US}}</ref> |November 5, 2024 |Incumbent |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 4th congressional district|LA-04]] |''[[Mike Johnson]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112509341407109396 |access-date=2024-11-22 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |November 5, 2024 |Incumbent |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 5th congressional district|LA-05]] |''[[Julia Letlow]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/111971849283205295 |access-date=2024-11-22 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |November 5, 2024 |Incumbent |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2024 state executive elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Office !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Primary result |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2024 North Carolina Attorney General election|North Carolina]] | [[North Carolina Attorney General|Attorney General]] |[[Dan Bishop]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=WRAL |date=2024-03-02 |title=Donald Trump endorses Mark Robinson in bid for North Carolina governor |url=https://www.wral.com/story/trump-endorses-robinson-in-bid-for-nc-governor/21310079/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |publisher=WRAL |language=en}}</ref> |March 5, 2024 |Open seat |{{Icon|no}} Lost election |} ==== 2024 state legislative elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Office !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |Barry Wernick<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |{{Icon|no}} |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |[[Caroline Fairly]]<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |''[[John T. Smithee]]''<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |[[Don McLaughlin]]<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |Stormy Bradley<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |{{Icon|no}} |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |Liz Case<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |{{Icon|no}} |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |[[Mike Olcott]]<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |[[Helen Kerwin]]<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |[[Hillary Hickland]]<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |[[Wesley Virdell]]<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |[[Alan Schoolcraft]]<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |''[[Gary Gates (politician)|Gary Gates]]''<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |David Covey<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |{{Icon|no}} |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |[[Janis Holt]]<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |''[[Steve Toth]]''<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |[[Brent Money]]<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |[[Brent Hagenbuch]]<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Senator |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |} ==== 2025 Speaker of the House of Representatives election ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Election !Candidate !Result |- |{{Flagicon|United States}} [[2025 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election|2025]] |''[[Mike Johnson]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-30 |title=Trump endorses Mike Johnson to stay on as House Speaker despite government funding turmoil |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-mike-johnson-house-speaker-gop-government-funding-8f4eef7f2b83d4c2d5db7fbce69f9368 |access-date=2025-01-02 |publisher=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} === Second term as president === ==== 2025 state judicial elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Result |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[2025 Wisconsin Supreme Court election|Wisconsin]] |[[Brad Schimel]]<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=January 22, 2026 |author=Vakil, Caroline |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/5208831-donald-trump-brad-schimel-wisconsin-supreme-court-race/ |date=March 22, 2025 |title=Trump endorses Schimel in high-stakes Wisconsin Supreme Court race}}</ref> |April 1, 2025 |Open |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |} ==== 2025 House special elections ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Election !Candidate !Result |- |{{Flagicon|Florida}}[[2025 Florida's 1st congressional district special election|FL-01]] |[[Jimmy Patronis]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sangal |first1=Aditi |first2=Antoinette |last2=Radford |first3=Maureen |last3=Chowdhury |date=2024-11-25 |title=November 25, 2024 - Presidential transition news |publisher=CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-transition-news-11-25-24#cm3x87d7h000z3b6nbs3akecr |access-date=2025-02-04 |language=en}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{Flagicon|Florida}}[[2025 Florida's 6th congressional district special election|FL-06]] |[[Randy Fine]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gancarski |first=A.G. |date=November 23, 2024 |title=Donald Trump backs Randy Fine as replacement for Mike Waltz in CD 6 |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/709287-trump-fine-cd6/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123213518/https://floridapolitics.com/archives/709287-trump-fine-cd6/ |archive-date=November 23, 2024 |access-date=February 4, 2025 |website=Florida Politics}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{Flagicon|Tennessee}}[[2025 Tennessee's 7th congressional district special election|TN-07]] |[[Matt Van Epps]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rau |first=Nate |date=2025-10-03 |title=On eve of election, Trump backs Matt Van Epps in District 7 race |url= https://www.axios.com/local/nashville/2025/10/03/on-eve-of-election-trump-backs-matt-van-epps-in-district-7-race |access-date=2025-10-03 |publisher=CNN |language=en}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2025 gubernatorial elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Result |- |{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[2025 New Jersey gubernatorial election|New Jersey]] |[[Jack Ciattarelli]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-13 |title=Trump endorses Jack Ciattarelli in New Jersey governor's race |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/trump-endorses-jack-ciattarelli-new-jersey-governors-race-rcna206404 |access-date=2025-05-15 |publisher=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> |June 10, 2025 |Open |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[2025 Virginia gubernatorial election|Virginia]] |[[Winsome Earle-Sears]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lance |first=David |date=Oct 20, 2025 |title=Winsome Earle-Sears receives support from President Trump in Va. Gov. campaign |url=https://www.wavy.com/news/politics/virginia-governors-race/winsome-earle-sears-receives-endorsement-from-president-trump-in-va-gov-campaign/ |access-date=July 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251025023018/https://www.wavy.com/news/politics/virginia-governors-race/winsome-earle-sears-receives-endorsement-from-president-trump-in-va-gov-campaign/ |archive-date=October 25, 2025 }}</ref> |June 17, 2025 |Open |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |} ==== 2025 state executive elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Office !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Primary result |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[2025 Virginia Attorney General election|Virginia]] | [[Attorney General of Virginia|Attorney General]] |''[[Jason Miyares]]''<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=2024-10-05 |title=Trump calls on Democratic attorney general nominee Jay Jones to drop out of race |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5539522-trump-calls-for-jones-exit-virginia-ag-race/ |website=The Hill |language=en}}</ref> |June 28, 2025 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |} ==== 2025 mayoral elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Result |- |{{flagicon|New York City}} [[2025 New York City mayoral election|New York City]] |[[Andrew Cuomo]] (Fight and Deliver party)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/11/03/nyregion/nyc-mayor-election-news/bfd49be5-e505-5a37-bb8e-629f35d8647a|title=Live Updates: Mayoral Candidates Make Urgent Appeals to N.Y.C. Voters in Race's Final Stretch|last=Gold|first=Michael|date=November 3, 2025|access-date=January 22, 2026|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> |June 24, 2025 |Challenger |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Miami}} [[2025 Miami mayoral election|Miami]] |[[Emilio T. Gonzalez]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://breakingthenews.net/Article/Trump-endorses-Emilio-Gonzales-for-Miami-mayor/65195195 |title=Trump endorses Emilio Gonzales for Miami mayor |date=November 16, 2025 |access-date=January 22, 2026}}</ref> |November 4, 2025 |Open |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |} ==== 2025 county executive elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Result |- |{{flagicon|Nassau County, New York}} [[2025 Nassau County Executive election|Nassau County]] |''[[Bruce Blakeman]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump endorsed his re-election, Bruce Blakeman: Thank you President! During my term, Nassau has become the safest county in the US |url=https://www.balkanweb.com/en/Trump-endorsed-his-re-election-Bruce-Blakeman--thank-you-President--during-my-term-Nassau-has-become-the-safest-county-in-the-US./#gsc.tab=0 |website=BW}}</ref> |November 4, 2025 |Incumbent |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2025-26 state legislative elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Result |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2025–26 Texas's 9th Senate district special election|TX SD-09]] |''[[Leigh Wambsganss]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2025/11/04/texas-senate-district-9-special-election-tarrant-county/ |title=Texas Senate District 9 special election pits Republicans against Democrat in Tarrant County |date=November 4, 2025 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=[[The Texas Tribune]]}}</ref> |November 4, 2025 |Open |{{Icon|no}} Lost runoff |} ==== 2026 House special elections ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Election !Candidate !Result |- |{{Flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}}[[2026 Georgia's 14th congressional district special election|GA-14]] |[[Clay Fuller]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brams |first1=Sophie |title=Trump endorses Clay Fuller to succeed Greene |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5723741-trump-endorses-clay-fuller-to-succeed-greene/ |website=The Hill |access-date=5 February 2026 |date=4 February 2026}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{Flagicon|California}}[[2026 California's 1st congressional district special election|CA-01]] |[[James Gallagher (California politician)|James Gallagher]]<ref name="the-downballot.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.the-downballot.com/p/morning-digest-republicans-have-their|title=Morning Digest: Republicans have their first shot at a special election flip on Saturday|last1=Nir|last2=Singer|first1=David|first2=Jeff|date=February 6, 2026|access-date=February 6, 2026}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |} ==== 2026 gubernatorial elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Primary result |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[2026 Alabama gubernatorial election|Alabama]] |[[Tommy Tuberville]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Darrington |first1=Patrick |title=Trump officially endorses Sen. Tommy Tuberville to be Alabama's next governor |url=https://www.al.com/news/2026/01/trump-officially-endorses-sen-tommy-tuberville-to-be-alabamas-next-governor.html |access-date=January 22, 2026 |work=Alabama News |date=January 22, 2026 |language=en}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2026 Arizona gubernatorial election|Arizona]] |<s>[[Karrin Taylor Robson]]</s> ''(withdrew)''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecentersquare.com/arizona/article_4867afd8-c093-11ef-9720-c72e70b03336.html|title=Trump endorses Robson in 2026 Arizona gubernatorial race|last=Arcand|first=Cameron|date=December 22, 2024|access-date=December 22, 2024|website=[[The Center Square]]}}</ref> |rowspan=2|July 21, 2026 |rowspan=2|Challenger |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |[[Andy Biggs]] ''(co-endorsement with Robson)''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Govindarao |first=Sejal |date=2025-04-22 |title=Trump adds second endorsement of Andy Biggs for Arizona governor race |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-endorsement-arizona-governor-596a7c7bc1129119b1c8e401bae987ad |access-date=2025-08-08 |publisher=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[2026 Arkansas gubernatorial election|Arkansas]] |''[[Sarah Huckabee Sanders]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-03 |title=Trump endorses dozens ahead of Tuesday elections — but doesn't name Earle-Sears |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/11/03/trump-endorses-republicans-earle-sears-00633218 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Politico |language=en}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[2026 California gubernatorial election|California]] |[[Steve Hilton]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Will |first1=Anthony |title=Trump Endorses Steve Hilton for California Governor, Slams Newsom's Leadership |url=https://www.ibtimes.com.au/trump-endorses-steve-hilton-california-governor-slams-newsoms-leadership-1865540 |website=International Business Times |access-date=6 April 2026 |language=en |date=6 April 2026}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to General |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida gubernatorial election|Florida]] |[[Byron Donalds]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dixon |first1=Matt |title=Trump backs Rep. Byron Donalds in his likely run for Florida governor in 2026 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-backs-rep-byron-donalds-likely-run-florida-governor-2026-rcna192534 |access-date=February 20, 2025 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=February 20, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2026 Georgia gubernatorial election|Georgia]] |[[Burt Jones]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bluestein |first=Greg |title=Trump endorses Burt Jones in Georgia governor's race |url=https://www.ajc.com/politics/2025/08/trump-endorses-burt-jones-in-georgia-governors-race/ |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |language=English |issn=1539-7459}}</ref> |June 16, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|no}} Lost Primary |- |{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[2026 Idaho gubernatorial election|Idaho]] |''[[Brad Little]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Governor Little receives official endorsement from Trump |url=https://idahonews.com/news/local/governor-little-receives-official-endorsement-from-trump |access-date=June 11, 2025 |date=June 11, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[2026 Iowa gubernatorial election|Iowa]] |[[Randy Feenstra]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Pfannenstiel|first=Brianne|date=May 29, 2026|title=Donald Trump endorses Randy Feenstra for governor in Iowa primary |url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/elections/2026/05/29/trump-endorses-feenstra-iowa-governor-primary/90316451007/?gnt-cfr=1&gca-cat=p&gca-uir=false&gca-epti=z116029p118550c118550u115129e110550v116029&gca-ft=7&gca-ds=sophi|website=[[The Des Moines Register]]|access-date=May 29, 2026}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|no}} Lost Primary |- |{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[2026 Kansas gubernatorial election|Kansas]] |[[Ty Masterson]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carter |first1=Aja |title=President Trump, Sen. Marshall endorse Ty Masterson for Kansas Governor |url=https://www.wibw.com/2026/05/24/president-trump-endorses-ty-masterson-kansas-governor/ |website=WIBW |access-date=25 May 2026 |language=en |date=24 May 2026}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[2026 Michigan gubernatorial election|Alabama]] |[[John James (Michigan politician)|John James]]{{citation needed|date=June 2026}} |August 4, 2026 |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2026 Nebraska gubernatorial election|Nebraska]] |''[[Jim Pillen]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olberding |first=Matt |title=Trump endorses Pillen in his run for reelection |url=https://nebraskapublicmedia.org/en/news/news-articles/trump-endorses-pillen-in-his-run-for-reelection/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |publisher=Nebraska Public Media |language=en}}</ref> |May 12, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2026 Nevada gubernatorial election|Nevada]] |''[[Joe Lombardo]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Robison |first1=Mark |title=President Trump endorses Lombardo in Nevada governor's race |url=https://www.rgj.com/story/news/politics/elections/2025/11/06/president-trump-endorses-lombardo-in-nevada-governors-race/87130472007/ |access-date=November 7, 2025 |work=[[Reno Gazette Journal]] |date=November 6, 2025}}</ref> |June 9, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[2026 New York gubernatorial election|New York]] |[[Bruce Blakeman]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-20 |title=Trump endorses in New York governor race the day after Stefanik drops out |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/12/20/trump-new-york-governor-endorsement-bruce-blakeman-00702013 |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=Politico |language=en}}</ref> |June 23, 2026 |Challenger |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2026 Ohio gubernatorial election|Ohio]] |[[Vivek Ramaswamy]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pelzer |first1=Jeremy |title=Vivek Ramaswamy launches 2026 Ohio governor campaign, picks up Trump endorsement |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2025/02/vivek-ramaswamy-launches-2026-ohio-governor-campaign-picks-up-trump-endorsement.html |website=[[The Plain Dealer]] |access-date=February 24, 2025|date=February 24, 2025}}</ref> |May 5, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2026 Oklahoma gubernatorial election|Oklahoma]] |[[Mike Mazzei]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hill |first1=April |title=President Donald Trump endorses and Oklahoma gubernatorial candidate |url=https://krmg.com/2026/05/29/president-donald-trump-endorses-and-oklahoma-gubernatorial-candidate/ |access-date=May 29, 2026 |work=[[KRMG-FM]] |date=May 29, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |June 16, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to Runoff |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2026 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election|Pennsylvania]] |<s>[[Dan Meuser]]</s> ''(declined to run)''<ref>{{cite web|last=Samuels|first=Brett|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5326615-trump-says-he-would-back-gop-rep-meuser-for-pennsylvania-governor-bid/|title=Trump says he would back GOP Rep. Meuser for Pennsylvania governor bid|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=May 30, 2025|accessdate=June 4, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Toth |first1=Matthew |title='My focus needs to remain on doing my job': Rep. Meuser won't run for Pa governor in 2026 |url=https://www.ldnews.com/story/news/local/2025/07/09/congressman-dan-meuser-says-he-wont-run-for-pa-governor-in-2026/84516461007/ |access-date=July 9, 2025 |work=[[Lebanon Daily News]] |date=July 9, 2025}}</ref> |rowspan=2|May 19, 2026 |rowspan=2|Challenger |{{Icon|no}} Declined |- |[[Stacy Garrity]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump endorses Stacy Garrity in her bid to oust Gov. Josh Shapiro |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/news/politics-state/2026/01/27/stacy-garrity-donald-trump-pennsylvania-josh-shapiro/stories/202601270093 |website=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |access-date=28 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2026 South Carolina gubernatorial election|South Carolina]] |[[Pamela Evette]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reynolds |first1=Nick |title=Friday night bombshell: Donald Trump endorses Pamela Evette for governor of South Carolina |url=https://www.postandcourier.com/politics/donald-trump-pamela-evette-endorsement-governor/article_821d67be-33be-46c4-b90c-5f78f8cd1653.html |website=[[The Post and Courier]] |access-date=May 29, 2026 |language=en |date=May 29, 2026}}</ref> |rowspan=2|June 9, 2026 |rowspan=2|Open Seat |{{Icon|no}} Lost Primary |- |[[Alan Wilson (politician)|Alan Wilson]] ''(co-endorsement with Evette in the Runoff)''{{citation needed|date=June 2026}} |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas gubernatorial election|Texas]] |''[[Greg Abbott]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Sneha |date=2025-11-12 |title=Donald Trump endorses Texas Gov. Greg Abbott for reelection |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2025/11/11/texas-governor-2026-elections-greg-abbott-donald-trump-endorsement/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=The Texas Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[2026 Wisconsin gubernatorial election|Wisconsin]] |[[Tom Tiffany]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Opoien |first1=Jessie |title=Donald Trump endorses Tom Tiffany in Wisconsin governor race |url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/2026/01/27/donald-triump-endorses-tom-tiffany-in-wisconsin-governor-race/88388133007/ |website=Journal Sentinel |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> |August 11, 2026 |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[2026 Wyoming gubernatorial election|Wyoming]] |[[Megan Degenfelder]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zahn |first=Noah |date=2026-01-12 |title=Degenfelder announces bid for governor after Trump endorsement |url=https://www.wyomingnews.com/news/local_news/degenfelder-announces-bid-for-governor-after-trump-endorsement/article_f5ec3cdb-7271-4c54-b1b1-a9ee8e6b17fd.html |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Wyoming News |language=en-US}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Open Seat |TBA |} ==== 2026 state executive elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Office !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Primary result |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[2026 Alabama lieutenant gubernatorial election|Alabama]] |[[Lieutenant Governor of Alabama|Lieutenant Governor]] |[[John Wahl]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://1819news.com/news/item/trump-endorses-algop-chair-wahl-as-possible-candidate-for-lieutenant-governor|title=Trump endorses ALGOP chair Wahl as possible candidate for lieutenant governor|last=Taylor|first=Caleb|work=1819 News|date=January 22, 2026|access-date=January 22, 2026}}</ref> |June 16, 2026 |Open |{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to Runoff |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida Attorney General election|Florida]] |[[Attorney General of Florida|Attorney General]] |''[[James Uthmeier]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-08 |title=Trump backs DeSantis-allied Uthmeier for Florida attorney general |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/10/08/trump-uthmeier-desantis-florida-ag-00597957 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=Politico |language=en}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida Chief Financial Officer election|Florida]] |[[Chief Financial Officer of Florida|Chief Financial Officer]] |<s>[[Joe Gruters]]</s> ''(Withdrew)''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rohrer |first=Gray |date=2025-04-01 |title=Who will be Florida's next CFO? DeSantis faces key decision |url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/news/local/state/2025/04/01/desantis-cfo-decision-patronis-gruters-ingoglia/82759721007/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=[[Tallahassee Democrat]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Russell |first1=Ty |title=RNC Chair Gruters to remain in Florida senate but bow out of CFO race |url=https://www.wfla.com/news/florida/rnc-chair-gruters-to-remain-in-florida-senate-but-bow-out-of-cfo-race/ |publisher=[[WFLA-TV]] |access-date=2 September 2025 |date=28 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828231453/https://www.wfla.com/news/florida/rnc-chair-gruters-to-remain-in-florida-senate-but-bow-out-of-cfo-race/ |archive-date=28 August 2025}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Challenger |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida Commissioner of Agriculture election|Florida]] |[[Florida Commissioner of Agriculture|Commissioner of Agriculture]] |''[[Wilton Simpson]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Leonard |first=Kimberly |date=October 23, 2025 |title=Simpson gets the pre-endorsement |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/florida-playbook/2025/10/23/simpson-gets-the-pre-endorsement-00619524 |work=[[Politico]] |access-date=October 24, 2025}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[2026 Idaho lieutenant gubernatorial election|Idaho]] |[[Lieutenant Governor of Idaho|Lieutenant Governor]] |''[[Scott Bedke]]''<ref name="Nitzberg">{{Cite news |last=Nitzberg |first=Alex |date=April 14, 2026 |title=Trump endorses neighboring state lieutenant governors for re-election |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-endorses-neighboring-state-lieutenant-governors-re-election |work=[[Fox News]] |access-date=April 14, 2026}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2026 Nebraska Attorney General election|Nebraska]] |[[Attorney General of Nebraska|Attorney General]] |''[[Mike Hilgers]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Mike Hilgers for Attorney General of Nebraska |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/116382124929663354 |access-date=April 11, 2026 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |May 12, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2026 Nevada lieutenant gubernatorial election|Nevada]] |[[Lieutenant Governor of Nevada|Lieutenant Governor]] |''[[Stavros Anthony]]''<ref name="Nitzberg"/> |June 9, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2026 Nevada Attorney General election|Nevada]] |[[Attorney General of Nevada|Attorney General]] |[[Adriana Guzmán Fralick]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Seeman |first1=Matthew |title=Trump endorses Nevada attorney general candidate in GOP primary race |url=https://news3lv.com/news/local/trump-endorses-republican-candidate-adriana-guzman-fralick-nevada-attorney-general-primary-election-politics-danny-tarkanian |website=KSNV |access-date=June 5, 2026 |language=en |date=June 3, 2026}}</ref> |June 9, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won primary |- |{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2026 Oklahoma lieutenant gubernatorial election|Oklahoma]] |[[Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma|Lieutenant Governor]] |[[T. W. Shannon]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tortorello |first1=Rarchar |title=Trump Endorsement Reshapes Oklahoma Lieutenant Governor Primary |url=https://www.citynewsokc.com/business/trump-endorsement-reshapes-oklahoma-lieutenant-governor-primary/article_1eff80c7-8307-4eca-a9dd-f462b7338466.html |website=Oklahoma City Sentinel |access-date=25 March 2026 |language=en |date=24 March 2026}}</ref> |June 16, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2026 South Carolina Commissioner of Agriculture election|South Carolina]] |[[South Carolina Department of Agriculture|Agriculture Commissioner]] |Cody Simpson<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adcox |first1=Seanna |title=McMaster and Trump endorse 3rd potential candidate for SC agriculture commissioner|url=https://scdailygazette.com/2026/02/05/mcmaster-and-trump-endorse-3rd-potential-candidate-for-agriculture-commissioner/ |website=SC Daily Gazette |access-date=4 April 2026 |date=5 February 2026}}</ref> |June 9, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas lieutenant gubernatorial election|Texas]] |[[Lieutenant Governor of Texas|Lieutenant Governor]] |''[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Dan Patrick]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kvue.com/article/news/politics/texas-dan-patrick-reelection-lieutenant-governor/269-3337d337-9158-4e15-983d-737465f662ea|title=Texas Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick announces re-election bid|last1=Eubank|last2=Carolan|first1=Britney|first2=Sam|date=April 11, 2025|access-date=April 11, 2025|publisher=[[KVUE]]}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts election|Texas]] |[[Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts|Comptroller]] |[[Don Huffines]]<ref name="Huffines">{{cite web |last=Yu |first=Issac |date=February 27, 2026 |title=Trump endorses against Abbott's picks for Texas Ag Commissioner and Comptroller ahead of GOP primary |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2026/article/trump-sid-miller-don-huffines-abbott-21946633.php |publisher=[[Houston Chronicle]] |access-date=February 28, 2025}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas elections|Texas]] |[[Texas General Land Office|General Land Commissioner]] |''[[Dawn Buckingham]]''<ref name="Huffines"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas Commissioner of Agriculture election|Texas]] |[[Texas Department of Agriculture|Agriculture Commissioner]] |''[[Sid Miller (politician)|Sid Miller]]''<ref name="Huffines"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |} ==== 2026 Senate elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Primary result |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Alabama|Alabama]] |[[Barry Moore (American politician)|Barry Moore]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Barry Moore? Trump's choice for Alabama's next US Senator; US President reveals key reasons behind his support for US Congressman|url=https://m.economictimes.com/us/news/who-is-barry-moore-trumps-choice-for-alabamas-next-us-senator-us-president-reveals-key-reasons-behind-his-support-for-us-congressman/articleshow/126639467.cms|access-date=2026-01-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> |June 16, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Alaska|Alaska]] |[[Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)|''Dan Sullivan'']]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Alaska U.S. Sen. Dan Sullivan |url=https://www.adn.com/politics/2025/07/21/trump-endorses-alaska-us-sen-dan-sullivan/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Anchorage Daily News}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Arkansas|Arkansas]] |''[[Tom Cotton]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-09 |title=Trump endorses Senator Tom Cotton's re-election bid |url=https://www.thv11.com/article/news/local/trump-endorses-tom-cotton-re-election-as-senator/91-fe400e4e-8f5c-4ad8-aeb4-c57409b8d0ee |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=thv11.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 United States Senate special election in Florida|Florida]] |''[[Ashley Moody]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/748780-donald-trump-endorses-ashley-moody-early/|title=Donald Trump endorses Ashley Moody's return to U.S. Senate|last=Gancarski|first=A.G.|date=July 25, 2025|access-date=September 15, 2025|website=[[Florida Politics]]}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Georgia|Georgia]] |[[Mike Collins (politician)|Mike Collins]]{{citation needed|date=June 2026}} |May 19, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Idaho|Idaho]] |''[[Jim Risch]]''<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ratliff|first1=Seth|title=President Trump endorses Senator Risch well ahead of mid-term elections|url=https://localnews8.com/news/top-stories/2025/03/20/president-trump-endorses-senator-risch-well-ahead-of-mid-term-elections/|date=March 20, 2025|access-date=September 13, 2025|publisher=[[KIFI-TV]]}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Iowa|Iowa]] |[[Ashley Hinson]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Rep. Ashley Hinson's campaign for Iowa's U.S. Senate seat |url=https://www.thegazette.com/campaigns-elections/trump-endorses-rep-ashley-hinsons-campaign-for-iowas-u-s-senate-seat/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Kansas|Kansas]] |''[[Roger Marshall]]''<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-09 |title=Trump endorses Kansas politicians Roger Marshall, Derek Schmidt, Tracey Mann|url=https://www.cjonline.com/story/news/politics/elections/2025/07/22/donald-trump-endorses-kansas-gop-congressmen-for-reelection-in-2026/85307235007/?gnt-cfr=1&gca-cat=p&gca-uir=false&gca-epti=z118570p115750c115750e002000v118570&gca-ft=160&gca-ds=sophi&gnt-djm=1 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=cjonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Kentucky|Kentucky]] |[[Andy Barr]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Rep. Andy Barr gets coveted Trump endorsement in Kentucky Senate race to replace McConnell |url=https://apnews.com/article/mcconnell-trump-barr-kentucky-senate-22cff179110a64691947a79f13e00c22 |website=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=May 1, 2026 |language=en |date=May 1, 2026}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Louisiana|Louisiana]] |[[Julia Letlow]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2026 |title=Trump Backs a Potential Primary Challenger to Bill Cassidy, a G.O.P. Senator |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/18/us/politics/trump-bill-cassidy-julia-letlow-primary-challenge-endorsement.html |access-date=January 18, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> |June 27, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Michigan|Michigan]] |[[Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)|Mike Rogers]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shelton |first=Shajaka |date=July 24, 2025 |title=Trump endorses Rogers for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.wlns.com/your-local-election-hq/trump-endorses-rogers-for-u-s-senate/ |access-date=September 13, 2025 |work=[[WLNS-TV|WLNS]]}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Mississippi|Mississippi]] |''[[Cindy Hyde-Smith]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title= Hyde-Smith draws GOP challenger as Democrats target her Mississippi U.S. Senate seat|url= https://magnoliatribune.com/2025/05/09/hyde-smith-draws-gop-challenger-as-democrats-target-her-mississippi-u-s-senate-seat/|access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Magnolia Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> |March 10, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Montana}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Montana|Montana]] |''<s>[[Steve Daines]]</s>'' (withdrew)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Blair |title=Daines gets Trump's endorsement as he readies 2026 Senate reelection bid |url=https://helenair.com/news/state-regional/government-politics/article_a8313a29-db4d-4506-957d-677f4882100e.html |access-date=September 13, 2025 |work=[[Independent Record]] |date=April 23, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |rowspan=2|June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |[[Kurt Alme]]<ref name=Bloomberg1>{{cite web |title=Trump Endorses Alme for Montana Senate as Daines Steps Aside |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-05/trump-endorses-alme-for-montana-senate-as-daines-steps-aside |website=Bloomberg |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref> |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Nebraska|Nebraska]] |''[[Pete Ricketts]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Salinas |first1=Juan |title= Nebraska's Dan Osborn statistically tied with U.S. Sen. Pete Ricketts in poll |url= https://nebraskaexaminer.com/2025/04/10/nebraskas-dan-osborn-statistically-tied-with-u-s-sen-pete-ricketts-in-poll/ |website=[[Nebraska Examiner]] |date=April 10, 2025 |access-date=September 13, 2025 }}</ref> |May 12, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New Hampshire}} [[2026 United States Senate election in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]] |[[John E. Sununu]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Manchester |first=Julia |title=Trump backs John Sununu in New Hampshire Senate race |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/5717664-trump-endorses-sununu-nh-senate/ |website=The Hill |date=February 1, 2026 |access-date=February 1, 2026}}</ref> |September 8, 2026 |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2026 United States Senate election in North Carolina|North Carolina]] |[[Michael Whatley]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RNC chair Michael Whatley to run for Senate in North Carolina with Trump's support |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/07/24/whatley-senate-north-carolina-trump-00473419 |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Politico}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Ohio|Ohio]] |''[[Jon Husted]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Lydia |title=Trump endorses Husted for 2026 Senate race |url=https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/cincinnati/news/2025/04/09/trump-endorses-husted-for-2026-senate-race |access-date=September 13, 2025 |work=[[Spectrum News]] |date=April 9, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Oklahoma|Oklahoma]] |''<s>[[Markwayne Mullin]]</s>'' (resigned to become [[United States Secretary of Homeland Security|DHS Secretary]])<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krehbiel |first1=Randy |title=Political notebook: Strong income tax receipts keep state revenue on track |url=https://tulsaworld.com/news/state-regional/government-politics/article_1e973cb9-33a2-46c9-bdf3-a9ffb024a44e.html |access-date=May 20, 2025 |work=Tulsa World |date=May 18, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |rowspan=2|June 16, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Resigned |- |[[Kevin Hern]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Onstot |first1=Evan |title=Trump endorses Kevin Hern for Oklahoma Senate seat |url=https://www.koco.com/article/trump-endorses-kevin-hern-oklahoma-senate-seat/70740280 |website=KOCO |access-date=14 March 2026 |language=en |date=14 March 2026}}</ref> |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2026 United States Senate election in South Carolina|South Carolina]] |''[[Lindsey Graham]]''<ref>{{cite news |work=[[WCIV]] |access-date=September 13, 2025 |author=Kayanja, Ian |title=President Trump endorses Lindsey Graham as senator eyes 2026 reelection bid |url=https://abcnews4.com/news/local/trump-endorses-sen-lindsey-graham-as-senator-eyes-2026-reelection-bid-donald-trump-lindsey-graham-reelection-wciv-abc-news-4-03-26-2025 |date=March 26, 2025}}</ref> |June 9, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|South Dakota}} [[2026 United States Senate election in South Dakota|South Dakota]] |''[[Mike Rounds]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rounds wins Trump endorsement after playing deal-making role in rescinding public media funds |url=https://southdakotasearchlight.com/briefs/rounds-wins-trump-endorsement-after-playing-deal-making-role-in-rescinding-public-media-funds/ |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=South Dakota Searchlight |language=en-US}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Tennessee|Tennessee]] |''[[Bill Hagerty]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Bill Hagerty for Senate |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114231344319625636 |access-date=September 14, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |August 6, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Texas|Texas]] |[[Ken Paxton]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Goldmacher |first1=Shane |title=Trump Endorses Paxton in Final Week of G.O.P. Senate Runoff in Texas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/05/19/us/politics/trump-paxton-endorsement-cornyn-texas-senate.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=May 19, 2026}}</ref> |May 26, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[2026 United States Senate election in West Virginia|West Virginia]] |''[[Shelley Moore Capito]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump endorses Capito | website=[[The Guardian.com]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2025/may/16/donald-trump-gulf-tax-bill-medicaid-us-politics-live-updates?CMP=share_btn_url&page=with%3Ablock-682756e28f0835109b839df2#block-682756e28f0835109b839df2 |date=May 15, 2025 |access-date=September 14, 2025}}</ref> |May 12, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Wyoming|Wyoming]] |''<s>[[Cynthia Lummis]]</s>'' (declined to run)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stingray |first1=River |title=Trump endorses Lummis for second term far ahead of 2026 election |url=https://buckrail.com/trump-endorses-lummis-for-second-term-far-ahead-of-2026-election/ |access-date=September 14, 2025 |work=Buckrail |date=March 27, 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mestas |first=Denise |date=December 19, 2025 |title=Lummis Announces Decision To Not Seek Re-Election in 2026 |url=https://www.wyomingnewsnow.tv/news/lummis-announces-decision-to-not-seek-re-election-in-2026/article_5c48a0b7-4d04-49cd-8ffd-9fc06138d339.html |access-date=January 23, 2026 |website=Wyoming News Now |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221192430/https://www.wyomingnewsnow.tv/news/lummis-announces-decision-to-not-seek-re-election-in-2026/article_5c48a0b7-4d04-49cd-8ffd-9fc06138d339.html |archive-date=December 21, 2025}}</ref> |rowspan=2|August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Declined |- |[[Harriet Hageman]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Steinhauser |first1=Paul |title=Trump ally who ousted Cheney launches Senate bid keep GOP seat in Republican hands |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/scoop-trump-ally-harriet-hageman-who-ousted-cheney-launches-senate-bid-keep-gop-seat-republican-hands |work=[[Fox News]] |date=December 23, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |Open Seat |TBA |} ==== 2026 House elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Primary result |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 3rd congressional district|AL-03]] |[[Mike Rogers (Alabama politician)|''Mike Rogers'']]<ref name="Alabama">{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Daniel |title='He will never let you down!' — Trump endorses Aderholt, Strong, Palmer, Rogers for reelection |url=https://1819news.com/news/item/he-will-never-let-you-down-trump-endorses-aderholt-strong-palmer-rogers-for-reelection |access-date=January 23, 2026 |work=[[1819 News]] |date=November 3, 2025}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 4th congressional district|AL-04]] |''[[Robert Aderholt]]''<ref name="Alabama"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 5th congressional district|AL-05]] |''[[Dale Strong]]''<ref name="Alabama"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 6th congressional district|AL-06]] |''[[Gary Palmer]]''<ref name="Alabama"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[Alaska's at-large congressional district|AK-AL]] |[[Nick Begich III|''Nick Begich'']]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brooks |first1=James |title=Trump backs Begich for reelection to Alaska's U.S. House seat in 2026 |url=https://alaskabeacon.com/briefs/trump-backs-begich-for-reelection-to-alaskas-u-s-house-seat-in-2026/ |access-date=September 14, 2025 |work=Alaska Beacon |date=May 8, 2025}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 1st congressional district|AZ-01]] |<s>[[Gina Swoboda]]</s> ''(withdrew)''<ref name=DualEndorsement/> |rowspan=2|July 21, 2026 |rowspan=2|Open Seat |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |[[Jay Feely]] ''(co-endorsement with Swoboda)''<ref name="DualEndorsement">{{cite web |last1=Gersony |first1=Laura |title=Trump issues rare dual endorsement in Arizona swing district |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2026/01/06/trump-issues-dual-endorsement-jay-feely-gina-swoboda-congress/87853100007/ |website=AZ Central |access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref> |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 2nd congressional district|AZ-02]] |''[[Eli Crane]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump's Endorsement of Eli Crane: Potential Boost for Energy Stocks and Sector Funds |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-eli-crane-potential-boost-for-energy-stocks-and-sector-funds#google_vignette |website=TipRanks Financial |access-date=23 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> |July 21, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 5th congressional district|AZ-05]] |[[Mark Lamb (sheriff)|Mark Lamb]]<ref>{{cite news |title= President Trump Endorses Former Pinal County Sheriff Mark Lamb For Congress |url= https://azfreenews.com/2025/11/president-trump-endorses-former-pinal-county-sheriff-mark-lamb-for-congress/ |access-date= January 23, 2026 |work= |date= November 5, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |July 21, 2026 |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 6th congressional district|AZ-06]] |''[[Juan Ciscomani]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nintzel |first1=Jim |title=Trump endorses Ciscomani; Az Dems have party problems|url= https://www.tucsonsentinel.com/local/report/042925_political_roundup/trump-endorses-ciscomani-az-dems-have-party-problems/ |work=Tucson Senteniel |date=April 29, 2025}}</ref> |July 21, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 8th congressional district|AZ-08]] |''[[Abraham Hamadeh]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nitzberg |first1=Alex |title= Trump endorses House freshman for reelection less than six months into the lawmaker's congressional tenure |url= https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-endorses-house-freshman-reelection-less-than-six-months-lawmakers-congressional-tenure |work=[[Fox News]] |date=June 16, 2025}}</ref> |July 21, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 9th congressional district|AZ-09]] |''[[Paul Gosar]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump's Endorsement of Gosar: Potential Boost for Energy Stocks and Sector Funds |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-gosar-potential-stock-market-impacts-on-energy-and-manufacturing-sectors#google_vignette |website=TipRanks Financial |access-date=23 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> |July 21, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[Arkansas's 1st congressional district|AR-01]] |''[[Rick Crawford (politician)|Rick Crawford]]''<ref name=Arkansaw>{{Cite web |title=- President Trump endorses Arkansas congressmen in reelection bids |url=https://www.5newsonline.com/article/news/local/president-trump-endorses-arkansas-congressmen-reelection-bids/527-e20394ee-aa92-4db0-b5f5-57080c02467b}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[Arkansas's 2nd congressional district|AR-02]] |''[[French Hill (politician)|French Hill]]''<ref name=Arkansaw/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[Arkansas's 3rd congressional district|AR-03]] |''[[Steve Womack]]''<ref name=Arkansaw/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[Arkansas's 4th congressional district|AR-04]] |''[[Bruce Westerman]]''<ref name=Arkansaw/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 5th congressional district|CA-05]] |''[[Tom McClintock]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to General |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 13th congressional district|CA-13]] |[[Kevin Lincoln (politician)|Kevin Lincoln]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Manchester |first=Julia |date=December 25, 2025 |title=Trump wades into House races, putting endorsement force to the test |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5662512-trump-midterm-endorsements-impact/ |access-date=December 26, 2025 |website=The Hill}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to General |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 20th congressional district|CA-20]] |''[[Vince Fong]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Vince Fong for House of Representatives|url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/115375108797044323 |access-date=January 23, 2026 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to General |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 23rd congressional district|CA-23]] |''[[Jay Obernolte]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to General |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 48th congressional district|CA-48]] |<s>''[[Darrell Issa]]''</s> (withdrew)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-darrell-issa-potential-tailwinds-for-u-s-energy-defense-and-industrial-stocks|title=Trump's Endorsement of Darrell Issa: Potential Tailwinds for U.S. Energy, Defense, and Industrial Stocks|date=January 23, 2026|access-date=February 17, 2026}}</ref> |rowspan=2|June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |[[Jim Desmond]]<ref name="ATEAPRIL"/> |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to General |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 3rd congressional district|CO-03]] |''[[Jeff Hurd]]'' (re-endorsed)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Luning |first1=Ernest |title=Donald Trump endorses Republican Jeff Hurd's bid for reelection in Colorado's 3rd CD |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/2025/10/28/donald-trump-endorses-republican-jeff-hurds-bid-for-reelection-in-colorados-3rd-cd/ |access-date=November 8, 2025 |work=[[Colorado Politics]] |date=October 28, 2025}}</ref> |rowspan=2|June 30, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |<s>Hope Scheppelman</s> ''(withdrew)''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brams |first1=Sophie |title=Trump pulls endorsement of Hurd over tariffs vote |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5749448-hurd-loses-trump-backing/ |access-date=February 21, 2026 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=February 21, 2026}}</ref> |Challenger |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 4th congressional district|CO-04]] |''[[Lauren Boebert]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luning |first=Ernest |date=2025-07-24 |title=Donald Trump endorses Republican Lauren Boebert's 2026 reelection bid in Colorado's deep red 4th CD |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/elections/2026/donald-trump-endorses-republican-lauren-boeberts-2026-reelection-bid-in-colorados-deep-red-4th-cd/article_2c9c1325-536e-4ee6-93bc-cc1a2fdf2d96.html |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Colorado Politics |language=en}}</ref> |June 30, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 5th congressional district|CO-05]] |''[[Jeff Crank]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luning |first=Ernest |date=2025-08-20 |title=Donald Trump endorses Colorado Republican Jeff Crank's bid for reelection |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/2025/08/20/donald-trump-endorses-colorado-republican-jeff-cranks-bid-for-reelection/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Colorado Politics |language=en-US}}</ref> |June 30, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 8th congressional district|CO-08]] |''[[Gabe Evans]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Luning |first1=Ernest |title=Donald Trump endorses Republican Gabe Evans in Colorado's tossup 8th Congressional District |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/elections/2026/donald-trump-endorses-republican-gabe-evans-in-colorados-tossup-8th-congressional-district/article_4b5aa753-3dd8-4910-b3d0-a1ca419d2919.html |access-date=September 14, 2025 |work=[[Colorado Politics]] |date=April 28, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |June 30, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 1st congressional district|FL-01]] |''[[Jimmy Patronis]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Jimmy Patronis snags Donald Trump endorsement |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/762317-jimmy-patronis-snags-donald-trump-endorsement/ |website=Florida Politics |date=October 25, 2025 |access-date=October 26, 2025}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 2nd congressional district|FL-02]] |''<s>[[Neal Dunn]]</s>'' (declined to run)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dixon |first1=Matt |title=Trump backs Rep. Anna Paulina Luna in her likely run for reelection in 2026 |url=https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2025/04/03/congress/trump-proxy-voting-support-00271110 |access-date=September 14, 2025 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=April 3, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Declined |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 3rd congressional district|FL-03]] |''[[Kat Cammack]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ogles |first1=Jacob |title=Kat Cammack secures valuable Donald Trump endorsement for third term |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/760947-kat-cammack-secures-valuable-donald-trump-endorsement-for-third-term/ |access-date=October 16, 2025 |work=[[Florida Politics]] |date=October 16, 2025}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 4th congressional district|FL-04]] |''[[Aaron Bean]]''<ref name="SevenMore">{{cite web |last1=Gancarski |first1=A. G. |title=Donald Trump endorses seven more Congressional incumbents in Florida |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/779269-donald-trump-endorses-seven-more-congressional-incumbents/ |website=Florida Politics |access-date=11 February 2026 |date=11 February 2026}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 5th congressional district|FL-05]] |''[[John Rutherford (Florida politician)|John Rutherford]]''<ref name="SevenMore"/> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 6th congressional district|FL-06]] |''[[Randy Fine]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Donald Trump backs 'MAGA Warrior' Randy Fine ahead of contested primary in CD 6 |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/762299-donald-trump-backs-maga-warrior-randy-fine-ahead-of-contested-primary-in-cd-6/ |website=Florida Politics |date=October 25, 2025 |access-date=October 26, 2025}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 7th congressional district|FL-07]] |''[[Cory Mills]]''<ref name="SevenMore"/> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 8th congressional district|FL-08]] |''[[Mike Haridopolos]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Donald Trump endorses 'America First Patriot' Mike Haridopolos for re-election |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/762300-donald-trump-endorses-mike-haridopolos-re-election/ |website=Florida Politics |date=October 25, 2025 |access-date=October 26, 2025 |quote=Haridopolos is actively campaigning for another term.}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 11th congressional district|FL-11]] |<s>''[[Daniel Webster (Florida politician)|Daniel Webster]]''</s> (withdrew)<ref name="SevenMore"/> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 12th congressional district|FL-12]] |''[[Gus Bilirakis]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 13th congressional district|FL-13]] |''[[Anna Paulina Luna]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dixon |first1=Matt |title=Trump backs Rep. Anna Paulina Luna in her likely run for reelection in 2026 |url=https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2025/04/03/congress/trump-proxy-voting-support-00271110 |access-date=September 14, 2025 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=April 3, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 15th congressional district|FL-15]] |''[[Laurel Lee]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 16th congressional district|FL-16]] |''<s>[[Vern Buchanan]]</s>'' (declined to run)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/florida-playbook/2026/01/28/another-retirement-more-jockeying-00751657|title=Another retirement, more jockeying|last1=Leonard|last2=Williams|first1=Kimberly|first2=Kylie|date=January 28, 2026|access-date=January 28, 2026|website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> |rowspan=2|August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Declined |- |Sydney Gruters<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-24 |title=Trump urges Sydney Gruters to run in Florida race to replace Buchanan |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2026/03/24/trump-sydney-gruters-replace-vern-buchanan-00842378 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref> |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 17th congressional district|FL-17]] |''[[Greg Steube]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Greg Steube secures another Donald Trump endorsement |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/762302-greg-steube-secures-another-donald-trump-endorsement/ |website=Florida Politics |date=October 25, 2025 |access-date=October 26, 2025}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 18th congressional district|FL-18]] |''[[Scott Franklin (politician)|Scott Franklin]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 21st congressional district|FL-21]] |''[[Brian Mast]]''<ref name="SevenMore"/> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 26th congressional district|FL-26]] |''[[Mario Díaz-Balart]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 27th congressional district|FL-27]] |''[[Maria Elvira Salazar]]''<ref name="SevenMore"/> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 28th congressional district|FL-28]] |''[[Carlos A. Giménez|Carlos Giménez]]''<ref name="SevenMore"/> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 1st congressional district|GA-01]] |Jim Kingston<ref name="ATEAPRIL"/> |May 19, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 3rd congressional district|GA-03]] |''[[Brian Jack]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/how-trumps-endorsement-of-brian-jack-could-nudge-agriculture-energy-and-defense-stocks |title=How Trump's Endorsement of Brian Jack Could Nudge Agriculture, Energy, and Defense Stocks |date=January 23, 2026|access-date=April 4, 2026}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 7th congressional district|GA-07]] |''[[Rich McCormick]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 8th congressional district|GA-08]] |''[[Austin Scott]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 9th congressional district|GA-09]] |''[[Andrew Clyde]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 10th congressional district|GA-10]] |[[Houston Gaines]]<ref name="ATEAPRIL"/> |May 19, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 11th congressional district|GA-11]] |''<s>[[Barry Loudermilk]]</s>'' (withdrew)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Barry Loudermilk for House |url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114876638674610838 |access-date=September 14, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 12th congressional district|GA-12]] |''[[Rick Allen (politician)|Rick Allen]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 14th congressional district|GA-14]] |''<s>[[Marjorie Taylor Greene]]</s>'' (endorsement rescinded,<br>resigned)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-withdraws-support-marjorie-taylor-greene-2025-11-15/|title=Trump withdraws support for Marjorie Taylor Greene|date=November 14, 2025|access-date=November 14, 2025|publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> |rowspan=2|May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Resigned |- |[[Clay Fuller]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Clay Fuller for House of Representatives|url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/116596785594736554 |access-date=May 20, 2026 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[Idaho's 1st congressional district|ID-01]] |''[[Russ Fulcher]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[Idaho's 2nd congressional district|ID-02]] |''[[Mike Simpson]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Illinois}} [[Illinois's 12th congressional district|IL-12]] |''[[Mike Bost]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mike Bost launches re-election campaign with Trump's endorsement|url=https://newschannel20.com/news/local/mike-bost-launches-re-election-campaign-with-trumps-endorsement|date=May 9, 2025|access-date=September 15, 2025|publisher=[[WICS]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002003115/https://newschannel20.com/news/local/mike-bost-launches-re-election-campaign-with-trumps-endorsement|archive-date=October 2, 2025}}</ref> |March 17, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Illinois}} [[Illinois's 15th congressional district|IL-15]] |[[Mary Miller (politician)|''Mary Miller'']]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Mary Miller for House of Representatives|url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/115057223325978530 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |March 17, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Illinois}} [[Illinois's 16th congressional district|IL-16]] |''[[Darin LaHood]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |March 17, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana's 2nd congressional district|IN-02]] |''[[Rudy Yakym]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana's 3rd congressional district|IN-03]] |''[[Marlin Stutzman]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana's 4th congressional district|IN-04]] |''[[Jim Baird (politician)|Jim Baird]]''<ref name="Firesoff">{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Ryan |title=Trump endorses Spartz, other Indiana members of Congress for re-election. Here's who else |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2026/01/23/trump-indiana-congress-representatives-for-re-election-truth-social-spartz-baird-houchins-shreve/88326534007/ |website=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=24 January 2026}}</ref> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana's 5th congressional district|IN-05]] |''[[Victoria Spartz]]''<ref name="Firesoff"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana's 6th congressional district|IN-06]] |''[[Jefferson Shreve]]''<ref name="Firesoff"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana's 8th congressional district|IN-08]] |''[[Mark Messmer]]''<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Langhorne|first1=Thomas B.|title=Messmer makes it official: He will seek re-election to Congress|url=https://www.courierpress.com/story/news/politics/2025/08/05/messmer-makes-it-official-he-will-seek-re-election-to-congress/85528535007/?gnt-cfr=1&gca-cat=p&gca-uir=true&gca-epti=z115130p000550c000550e004000v115130b0051xxd005165&gca-ft=178&gca-ds=sophi&gnt-djm=1|date=August 5, 2025|access-date=September 15, 2025|publisher=[[KIFI-TV]]}}</ref> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana's 9th congressional district|IN-09]] |''[[Erin Houchin]]''<ref name="Firesoff"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[Iowa's 1st congressional district|IA-01]] |''[[Mariannette Miller-Meeks]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Opsahl |first=Robin |date=2025-11-03 |title=President Donald Trump endorses U.S. Rep. Mariannette Miller-Meeks |url=https://iowacapitaldispatch.com/2025/11/03/president-donald-trump-endorses-u-s-rep-mariannette-miller-meeks/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Iowa Capital Dispatch |language=en-US}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[Iowa's 2nd congressional district|IA-02]] |[[Joe Mitchell (politician)|Joe Mitchell]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump endorsement reshapes Iowa's 2nd District race |url=https://www.thegazette.com/campaigns-elections/trump-speaker-mike-johnson-endorse-joe-mitchell-for-congress-as-iowa-gop-primary-field-narrows/ |website=The Gazette |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[Iowa's 3rd congressional district|IA-03]] |''[[Zach Nunn]]''<ref name="TrumpBooker">{{cite news |title=Trump backs Iowa Congressman in 2026, Sen. Cory Booker endorses Dem running in same race |url=https://cbs2iowa.com/news/local/trump-backs-nunn-booker-endorses-konfrst-as-iowas-3rd-congressional-race-heats-up-ach-nunn-republican-jennifer-sarah-trone-garriott-president-donald-booker-us-senator-reprehensive-washington-dc-vote-2026-election-truth-social-twitter-x-congress-democrats |access-date=September 16, 2025 |work=[[KGAN]] |date=May 9, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[Iowa's 4th congressional district|IA-04]] |Chris McGowan<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pfannenstiel |first1=Brianne |title=Donald Trump endorses Chris McGowan in Iowa's 4th District primary |url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/elections/2026/02/05/donald-trump-endorses-chris-mcgowan-in-iowas-4th-district-primary/88519517007/ |access-date=February 5, 2026 |work=[[The Des Moines Register]] |date=February 5, 2026}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[Kansas's 1st congressional district|KS-01]] |''[[Tracey Mann]]<ref name=":6" />'' |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[Kansas's 2nd congressional district|KS-02]] |''[[Derek Schmidt]]<ref name=":6" />'' |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[Kansas's 4th congressional district|KS-04]] |''[[Ron Estes]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Ron Estes for House |url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/115057228167480219 |access-date=September 20, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky's 1st congressional district|KY-01]] |''[[James Comer]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky's 2nd congressional district|KY-02]] |''[[Brett Guthrie]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky's 4th congressional district|KY-04]] |[[Ed Gallrein]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kashinsky |first1=Lisa |last2=Hill |first2=Meredith Lee |title=Trump endorses Massie challenger not yet in the primary race |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/10/17/massie-kentucky-trump-endorsement-00614778 |website=[[Politico]] |date=October 17, 2025 |access-date=October 18, 2025}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky's 5th congressional district|KY-05]] |''[[Hal Rogers]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mueller |first1=Caroline |title=Congressman Hal Rogers announces re-election bid |url=https://www.wymt.com/2025/11/07/congressman-hal-rogers-announces-re-election-bid/ |publisher=[[WYMT-TV]] |date=November 7, 2025 |access-date=November 19, 2025}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky's 6th congressional district|KY-06]] |[[Ralph Alvarado]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Horsley |first=McKenna |title= Trump causes political earthquake in KY, backing Barr, Alvarado in U.S. Senate, House races |url= https://kentuckylantern.com/2026/05/01/trump-causes-political-earthquake-in-ky-backing-barr-alvarado-in-u-s-senate-house-races/ |website=Kentucky Lantern |access-date=May 2, 2026 |language=en |date=May 1, 2026}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 1st congressional district|LA-01]] |''[[Steve Scalise]]''<ref name="Firesoff"/> |July 15, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 3rd congressional district|LA-03]] |''[[Clay Higgins]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |July 15, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 4th congressional district|LA-04]] |''[[Mike Johnson]]''<ref name="Firesoff"/> |July 15, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 5th congressional district|LA-05]] |[[Blake Miguez]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hilburn |first1=Greg |title=Trump endorses Blake Miguez for Louisiana's 5th District, shaking up race |url=https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/2026/02/04/trump-endorses-blake-miguez-for-louisianas-5th-congressional-district/88518646007/ |website=The Times |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> |July 15, 2026 |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Maine}} [[Maine's 2nd congressional district|ME-02]] |[[Paul LePage]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-19 |title=Democratic candidate responds to Pres. Trump's endorsement of Paul LePage |url=https://wgme.com/news/local/democratic-candidate-responds-to-president-donald-trump-endorsement-of-paul-lepage-matt-dunlap-jared-golden-jordan-wood |access-date=2025-12-26 |publisher=WGME |language=en}}</ref> |June 9, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 1st congressional district|MI-01]] |''[[Jack Bergman]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sargent |first1=Bud |title=Bergman re-election endorsed by president |url=https://www.miningjournal.net/news/front-page-news/2025/11/bergman-re-election-endorsed-by-president/ |access-date=November 2, 2025 |work=[[The Mining Journal]] |date=November 1, 2025}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 2nd congressional district|MI-02]] |''[[John Moolenaar]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 4th congressional district|MI-04]] |''[[Bill Huizenga]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solis |first=Ben |date=2025-07-25 |title=Trump endorses Michigan's Rogers in U.S. Senate race, gives nod to Huizenga for backing out |url=https://michiganadvance.com/briefs/trump-endorses-michigans-rogers-in-u-s-senate-race-gives-nod-to-huizenga-for-backing-out/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Michigan Advance |language=en-US}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 5th congressional district|MI-05]] |''[[Tim Walberg]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Tim Walberg for congress |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114480047403137321 |access-date=September 22, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 7th congressional district|MI-07]] |''[[Tom Barrett (Michigan politician)|Tom Barrett]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title= President Trump endorses Congressman Tom Barrett for re-election |url=https://www.nrcc.org/2025/05/09/president-trump-endorses-congressman-tom-barrett-for-re-election/ |access-date=September 22, 2025 |publisher=[[NRCC]] |date=9 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 9th congressional district|MI-09]] |''[[Lisa McClain]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 1st congressional district|MN-01]] |''[[Brad Finstad]]''<ref name="Minnesota">{{cite web |last1=Kramer |first1=Ethan |title=Trump endorses four Minnesota Republican House members for re-election in 2026 |url=https://www.valleynewslive.com/2025/11/04/trump-endorses-four-minnesota-republican-house-members-re-election-2026/ |website=Valley News |access-date=4 December 2025 |language=en |date=4 November 2025}}</ref> |August 11, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 6th congressional district|MN-06]] |''[[Tom Emmer]]''<ref name="Minnesota"/> |August 11, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 7th congressional district|MN-07]] |''[[Michelle Fischbach]]''<ref name="Minnesota"/> |August 11, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 8th congressional district|MN-08]] |''[[Pete Stauber]]''<ref name="Minnesota"/> |August 11, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[Mississippi's 1st congressional district|MS-01]] |''[[Trent Kelly]]''<ref name="MS">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-03 |title= Trump endorses Congressman Kelly and Guest ahead of 2026 midterms|url= https://magnoliatribune.com/2025/11/03/trump-endorses-congressmen-kelly-and-guest-ahead-of-2026-midterms/|access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Magnolia Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> |March 10, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[Mississippi's 3rd congressional district|MS-03]] |''[[Michael Guest (politician)|Michael Guest]]''<ref name="MS"/> |March 10, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[Mississippi's 4th congressional district|MS-04]] |''[[Mike Ezell]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Corder |first1=Frank |title=Trump endorses Ezell's midterm re-election bid |url=https://magnoliatribune.com/2025/10/27/trump-endorses-ezells-midterm-re-election-bid/ |access-date=October 28, 2025 |work=Magnolia Tribune |date=October 27, 2025}}</ref> |March 10, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[Missouri's 2nd congressional district|MO-02]] |''[[Ann Wagner]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Donald Trump Endorses Congresswoman Ann Wagner for Re-Election in Missouri's Second Congressional District: "She Will Not Let You Down" |url=https://themissouritimes.com/press-release-president-donald-trump-endorses-congresswoman-ann-wagner-for-re-election-in-missouris-second-congressional-district-she-will-not-let-you-down/ |access-date=September 29, 2025 |date=2025-07-22 |language=en}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[Missouri's 3rd congressional district|MO-03]] |''[[Bob Onder]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[Missouri's 4th congressional district|MO-04]] |''[[Mark Alford]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Mark Alford for Congress |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114231344319625636 |access-date=September 29, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[Missouri's 7th congressional district|MO-07]] |''[[Eric Burlison]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[Missouri's 8th congressional district|MO-08]] |''[[Jason Smith (American politician)|Jason Smith]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Montana}} [[Montana's 1st congressional district|MT-01]] |''<s>[[Ryan Zinke]]</s>'' (declined to run)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Drew |first1=Micah |title=Trump endorses Reps. Zinke, Downing for re-election |url=https://missoulacurrent.com/trump-zinke-downing/ |access-date=November 7, 2025 |work=[[Daily Montanan]] |publisher=Missoula Current |date=November 6, 2025}}</ref> |rowspan=2|June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Declined |- |Aaron Flint<ref name=Trump1>{{cite web |last1=Eavis |first1=Victoria |title=Trump endorses Aaron Flint in Montana's western congressional primary race |url=https://helenair.com/news/state-regional/government-politics/elections/article_badcdd88-1fef-45d5-bce7-be6b7abed695.html |website=The Independent Record |access-date=3 March 2026 |language=en |date=3 March 2026}}</ref> |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Montana}} [[Montana's 2nd congressional district|MT-02]] |''[[Troy Downing]]''<ref name="BBB">{{cite news |last=Nitzberg |first=Alex |title= Trump endorses House Republican who failed to vote on the One Big Beautiful Bill Act |url= https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-endorses-house-republican-who-failed-vote-one-big-beautiful-bill-act.amp |work=[[Fox News]] |access-date=29 September 2025 |date=May 26, 2025}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[Nebraska's 1st congressional district|NE-01]] |''[[Mike Flood (politician)|Mike Flood]]''<ref name="Nebraska">{{cite web |last1=Fischer |first1=Mark |title=President Donald Trump endorses two Nebraska congressmen for re-election |url=https://www.klkntv.com/president-donald-trump-endorses-two-nebraska-congressmen-for-re-election/ |access-date=November 6, 2025 |work=[[KLKN]] |date=November 3, 2025}}</ref> |May 12, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[Nebraska's 2nd congressional district|NE-02]] |Brinker Harding<ref name="ATEAPRIL">{{cite web |last1=Whedon |first1=Ben |title=Trump makes string of endorsements in key House races |url=https://justthenews.com/politics-policy/trump-makes-string-endorsements-key-house-races |website=Just The News |access-date=2026-04-14 |language=en |date=April 14, 2026}}</ref> |May 12, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[Nebraska's 3rd congressional district|NE-03]] |''[[Adrian Smith (politician)|Adrian Smith]]''<ref name="Nebraska"/> |May 12, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[Nevada's 1st congressional district|NV-01]] |[[Carrie A. Buck|Carrie Buck]]<ref name ="Racker">{{cite web |last1=Racker |first1=Mini |title=Trump endorses GOP candidates in 2 swingy Nevada House seats |url=https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/trump-endorses-gop-candidates-in-2-swingy-nevada-house-seats |website=[[The Nevada Independent]] |date=April 14, 2026 |access-date=April 14, 2026}}</ref> |June 9, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won primary |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[Nevada's 2nd congressional district|NV-02]] |''<s>[[Mark Amodei]]</s>'' (withdrew)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Torres-Cortez |first1=Ricardo |title=Trump endorses re-election bids from Lombardo, Amodei |url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/politics-and-government/nevada/trump-endorses-re-election-bids-from-lombardo-amodei-3533963/ |access-date=November 7, 2025 |work=[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]] |date=November 6, 2025}}</ref> |rowspan=2|June 9, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |David Flippo<ref>{{cite web|last=Racker|first=Mini|date=May 29, 2026|title=President Trump endorses in Nevada's most competitive GOP primary race |url=https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/president-trump-endorses-in-nevadas-most-competitive-gop-primary-race|website=Nevada Independent|access-date=May 29, 2026}}</ref> |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won primary |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[Nevada's 3rd congressional district|NV-03]] |[[Martin O'Donnell]]<ref name ="Racker"/> |June 9, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won primary |- |{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey's 2nd congressional district|NJ-02]] |''[[Jeff Van Drew]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/campaigns/congressional/4460164/trump-endorsement-tracker-gop-2026-election-primaries/|title=Trump endorsement tracker: Here's who the president has picked in GOP midterm election primaries|last=Carter|first=Claire|date=February 17, 2026|access-date=March 31, 2026|website=[[Washington Examiner]]}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey's 4th congressional district|NJ-04]] |''[[Chris Smith (New Jersey politician)|Chris Smith]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fox |first1=Joey |title=Brick Republican will challenge Chris Smith in NJ-4 GOP primary |url=https://newjerseyglobe.com/congress/brick-republican-will-challenge-chris-smith-in-nj-4-gop-primary/ |website=New Jersey Globe |access-date=January 21, 2026 |date=January 20, 2026}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey's 7th congressional district|NJ-07]] |''[[Thomas Kean Jr.]]''<ref>{{cite news |last=Fox |first=Joey |title= In a first, Trump gives Tom Kean Jr. his 'complete and total endorsement' |url= https://newjerseyglobe.com/congress/in-a-first-trump-gives-tom-kean-jr-his-complete-and-total-endorsement/ |work=New Jersey Globe |access-date=29 September 2025 |date=May 8, 2025}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New Mexico}} [[New Mexico's 2nd congressional district|NM-02]] |Greg Cunningham<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Trump Endorses Greg Cunningham for Congress |url=https://www.nrcc.org/2026/04/14/%F0%9F%9A%A8-president-trump-endorses-greg-cunningham-for-congress/ |access-date=April 14, 2026 |publisher=[[NRCC]] |date=14 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 1st congressional district|NY-01]] |''[[Nick LaLota]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 23, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 2nd congressional district|NY-02]] |''[[Andrew Garbarino]]<ref name="BBB" />'' |June 23, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 3rd congressional district|NY-03]] |[[Mike LiPetri]]<ref name="the-downballot.com"/> |June 23, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 17th congressional district|NY-17]] |''[[Mike Lawler]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=McKenna |first=Chris |title=Trump sends signal on NY governor race by backing Lawler for House re-election instead |url=https://www.lohud.com/story/news/politics/2025/05/07/ny-17-president-trump-backs-mike-lawler-for-house-reelection-not-for-ny-governor/83491582007/ |access-date=September 29, 2025 |website=The Journal News |language=en-US}}</ref> |June 23, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 19th congressional district|NY-19]] |[[Peter Oberacker]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump, Johnson Endorse Oberacker for Congress |url=https://www.allotsego.com/trump-johnson-endorse-oberacker-for-congress/ |website=All Otsego |access-date=5 February 2026 |language=en |date=5 February 2026}}</ref> |June 23, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 21st congressional district|NY-21]] |Anthony Constantino<ref>{{cite news |last=Parsnow |first=Luke |title=Trump endorses Anthony Constantino in NY-21 race, bucking GOP party elders' choice |url=https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/central-ny/politics/2026/04/21/trump-backs-anthony-constantino-in-ny-21-race |access-date=April 21, 2026 |date=April 21, 2026}}</ref> |June 23, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 23rd congressional district|NY-23]] |''[[Nick Langworthy]]''<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||last= Larson |first= Greg |date=October 25, 2025 |title= Langworthy Receives Trump's Endorsement for Re-Election in 2026 |url= https://www.chautauquatoday.com/news/details.cfm?id=365824 |access-date= January 24, 2026 |work=Chautauqua Today}}</ref> |June 23, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 24th congressional district|NY-24]] |''[[Claudia Tenney]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 23, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 1st congressional district|NC-01]] |[[Laurie Buckhout]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Trump Endorses Laurie Buckhout for Congress |url=https://www.nrcc.org/2026/03/12/%F0%9F%9A%A8-president-trump-endorses-laurie-buckhout-for-congress/ |access-date=March 12, 2026 |publisher=[[NRCC]] |date=12 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 3rd congressional district|NC-03]] |''[[Greg Murphy (politician)|Greg Murphy]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker">{{cite web|url=https://votehub.com/2026-endorsements|title=2026 Endorsement Tracker|access-date=January 27, 2026}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 5th congressional district|NC-05]] |''[[Virginia Foxx]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Rebecca |title=Rep. Virginia Foxx announces run for reelection in 2026 in North Carolina's 5th Congressional District |url=https://www.wxii12.com/article/rep-virginia-foxx-announces-run-reelection-2026/64736881 |access-date=October 1, 2025 |website=The Journal News |date=11 May 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 6th congressional district|NC-06]] |''[[Addison McDowell]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 7th congressional district|NC-07]] |''[[David Rouzer]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 8th congressional district|NC-08]] |''[[Mark Harris (North Carolina politician)|Mark Harris]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump's Endorsement of Mark Harris: Potential Boost for Energy Stocks |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-mark-harris-potential-boost-for-energy-stocks |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=TipRanks |language=en-US}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 9th congressional district|NC-09]] |''[[Richard Hudson (American politician)|Richard Hudson]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 10th congressional district|NC-10]] |''[[Pat Harrigan]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title= Trump's Endorsement of Pat Harrigan: Potential Boost for Energy and Industrial Stocks |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-pat-harrigan-potential-boost-for-energy-and-industrial-stocks#google_vignette |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=TipRanks |language=en-US}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 11th congressional district|NC-11]] |''[[Chuck Edwards]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hensley |first1=Dean |title=Republican Congressman Chuck Edwards gets President Trump's endorsement on social media |url=https://wlos.com/news/local/republican-congressman-chuck-edwards-gets-trumps-endorsement-on-social-media-president-donald-j-truth-x-henderson-buncombe-polk-rutherford-county-democratic-opposition-twitter |access-date=November 30, 2025 |work=[[WLOS]] |date=October 27, 2025}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 13th congressional district|NC-13]] |''[[Brad Knott]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 14th congressional district|NC-14]] |''[[Tim Moore (North Carolina politician)|Tim Moore]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Dakota}} [[North Dakota's at-large congressional district|ND-AL]] |''[[Julie Fedorchak]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Port |first=Rob |date=2025-08-19 |title=Port: Trump drops early endorsement of Fedorchak's reelection |url=https://www.inforum.com/opinion/columns/port-trump-drops-early-endorsement-of-fedorchaks-reelection |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=InForum |language=en}}</ref> |June 9, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 1st congressional district|OH-01]] |Eric Conroy<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |May 5, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 2nd congressional district|OH-02]] |''[[David Taylor (Ohio politician)|David Taylor]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses David Taylor for House of Representatives|url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/115057224448370906 |access-date=October 5, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 4th congressional district|OH-04]] |''[[Jim Jordan]]''<ref name="JTN">{{cite web |last1=Whedon |first1=Ben |title=Trump endorses 27 Republicans for reelection 2026 |url=https://justthenews.com/politics-policy/trump-endorses-27-republicans-reelection-2026 |website=Just The News |date=November 3, 2025 |access-date=December 29, 2025}}</ref> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 5th congressional district|OH-05]] |''[[Bob Latta]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 6th congressional district|OH-06]] |''[[Michael Rulli]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 7th congressional district|OH-07]] |''[[Max Miller (politician)|Max Miller]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump's Endorsement of Max Miller: Potential Boost for Energy and Defense Stocks |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-max-miller-potential-boost-for-energy-and-defense-stocks |access-date=October 5, 2025 |website=TipRanks |language=en-US}}</ref> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 8th congressional district|OH-08]] |''[[Warren Davidson]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 9th congressional district|OH-09]] |[[Derek Merrin]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jackson |first1=Tom |title=Trump endorses Merrin for Congress |url=https://sanduskyregister.com/news/996166/trump-endorses-merrin-for-congress/ |website=Sandusky Register |access-date=May 23, 2026 |language=en |date=May 22, 2026}}</ref> |May 5, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 10th congressional district|OH-10]] |''[[Mike Turner]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 12th congressional district|OH-12]] |''[[Troy Balderson]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 14th congressional district|OH-14]] |''[[David Joyce (politician)|David Joyce]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 15th congressional district|OH-15]] |''[[Mike Carey (politician)|Mike Carey]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |rowspan=3|{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[Oklahoma's 1st congressional district|OK-01]] |<s>''[[Kevin Hern]]''</s> (withdrew to run for the [[2026 United States Senate election in Oklahoma|senate]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump's Endorsement of Kevin Hern: Potential Impacts on Key U.S. Stocks and Sectors |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-kevin-hern-potential-impacts-on-key-u-s-stocks-and-sectors |access-date=October 5, 2025 |website=TipRanks |language=en-US}}</ref> |rowspan=3|June 16, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |<s>''Jackson Lahmeyer''</s> (endorsement rescinded)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/politics/elections/2026/05/07/oklahoma-elections-2026-trump-endorses-jackson-lahmeyer-ok-house-district-1/89983141007/|title=Donald Trump endorses Jackson Lahmeyer in key Oklahoma primary race|last=Gladden|first=Alex|date=May 7, 2026|access-date=May 7, 2026|website=[[The Oklahoman]]}}</ref> |Open Seat |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew before Runoff |- |Mark Tedford<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wagner |first1=Bayliss |title=Trump Rescinds Endorsement of Right-Wing Pastor After Texting Scandal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/17/us/politics/trump-lahmeyer-house-texting-scandal-tedford.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=June 19, 2026 |date=June 17, 2026}}</ref> |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district|OK-02]] |''[[Josh Brecheen]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 16, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[Oklahoma's 3rd congressional district|OK-03]] |[[Frank Lucas (Oklahoma politician)|''Frank Lucas'']]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Frank Lucas for House of Representatives|url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/115057223325978530 |access-date=October 25, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |June 16, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[Oklahoma's 4th congressional district|OK-04]] |''[[Tom Cole]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 16, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[Oklahoma's 5th congressional district|OK-05]] |''[[Stephanie Bice]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Stephanie Bice for House of Representatives|url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114876634662612316|access-date=October 25, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |June 16, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Oregon}} [[Oregon's 2nd congressional district|OR-02]] |''[[Cliff Bentz]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thorson |first1=Berit |title=Oregon Rep. Bentz prepares for reelection campaign |url=https://eastoregonian.com/2025/11/25/oregon-rep-bentz-prepares-for-reelection-campaign/ |website=East Oregonian |access-date=26 November 2025 |language=en |date=26 November 2025}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district|PA-07]] |''[[Ryan Mackenzie]]''<ref name="TrumpBresnahan"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district|PA-08]] |''[[Rob Bresnahan]]''<ref name="TrumpBresnahan">{{cite news |last1=Delfino |first1=Jessica |title=Bresnahan endorsed by Trump after Social Security 'concerns' letter |url=https://www.thetimes-tribune.com/2025/05/09/bresnahan-endorsed-by-trump-after-concerns-letter/ |access-date=November 2, 2025 |work=[[The Scranton Times-Tribune]] |date=May 9, 2025}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district|PA-09]] |''[[Dan Meuser]]''<ref name="Pennsylvania">{{cite news |last1=Roth |first1=Fallon |title=A year ahead of 2026 midterms, Trump backs Scott Perry, Rob Bresnahan, and other Pennsylvania Republicans |url=https://www.inquirer.com/politics/pennsylvania/trump-pennsylvania-2026-midterm-endorsements-20251103.html |access-date=December 31, 2025 |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=November 3, 2025}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district|PA-10]] |''[[Scott Perry]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walters |first1=Mark |title=Could we see Janelle Stelson take on Rep. Scott Perry again in 2026? |url=https://www.yorkdispatch.com/story/news/politics/elections/2025/03/28/could-we-see-janelle-stelson-take-on-rep-scott-perry-in-2026/82707531007/ |access-date=November 2, 2025 |work=[[The York Dispatch]] |date=March 28, 2025}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district|PA-11]] |''[[Lloyd Smucker]]''<ref name="Pennsylvania"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district|PA-13]] |''[[John Joyce (American politician)|John Joyce]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joyce announces bid for re-election |url=https://www.lewistownsentinel.com/news/local-news/2025/09/joyce-announces-bid-for-re-election/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=lewistownsentinel.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district|PA-14]] |''[[Guy Reschenthaler]]''<ref name="BBB" /> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district|PA-15]] |''[[Glenn Thompson (politician)|Glenn Thompson]]''<ref name="Pennsylvania"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 16th congressional district|PA-16]] |''[[Mike Kelly (Pennsylvania politician)|Mike Kelly]]''<ref name="Pennsylvania"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina's 2nd congressional district|SC-02]] |''[[Joe Wilson]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 9, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina's 3rd congressional district|SC-03]] |''[[Sheri Biggs]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump's Endorsement of Sheri Biggs: Potential Impacts on Key U.S. Stocks and Sectors |url= https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-sheri-biggs-potential-boost-for-energy-and-defense-stocks-2#google_vignette |access-date=December 29, 2025 |website=TipRanks |language=en-US}}</ref> |June 9, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina's 4th congressional district|SC-04]] |''[[William Timmons]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 9, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina's 7th congressional district|SC-07]] |''[[Russell Fry]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 9, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|South Dakota}} [[South Dakota's at-large congressional district|SD-AL]] |[[Marty Jackley]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dakota War College |date=March 12, 2026 |title=Trump endorses Marty Jackley for Congress |url=https://dakotawarcollege.com/trump-endorses-marty-jackley-for-congress/ |access-date=March 12, 2026 |website=Dakota War College}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 1st congressional district|TN-01]] |''[[Diana Harshbarger]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Murry |title=Trump endorses Diana Harshbarger for re-election |url=https://www.wjhl.com/news/your-local-election-hq/trump-endorses-diana-harshbarger-for-re-election/ |access-date=December 18, 2025 |work=[[WJHL]] |date=November 4, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219141517/https://www.wjhl.com/news/your-local-election-hq/trump-endorses-diana-harshbarger-for-re-election/ |archive-date=December 19, 2025}}</ref> |August 6, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 2nd congressional district|TN-02]] |''[[Tim Burchett]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Craik |first1=David |title=Trump's Endorsement of Burchett: A Potential Boost for Energy Stocks and ETFs |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-burchett-a-potential-boost-for-energy-stocks-and-etfs |website=TipRanks Premium |date=November 3, 2025 |access-date=November 3, 2025}}</ref> |August 6, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 3rd congressional district|TN-03]] |''[[Chuck Fleischmann]]''<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news |last1=Gilliland |first1=Lew |title=Trump endorses Fleischmann for reelection in 2026 |url=https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2025/nov/03/trump-endorses-fleischmann-for-reelection-in-2026/ |access-date=November 7, 2025 |work=[[Chattanooga Times Free Press]] |date=November 3, 2025}}</ref> |August 6, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 4th congressional district|TN-04]] |''[[Scott DesJarlais]]''<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |title=Trump's Endorsement of DesJarlais: Potential Boost for Industrial and Energy ETFs |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-desjarlais-potential-boost-for-industrial-and-energy-etfs |website=TipRanks |date=November 3, 2025 |access-date=April 6, 2025}}</ref> |August 6, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 5th congressional district|TN-05]] |''[[Andy Ogles]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rau |first1=Nate |title=President Trump endorses TN Rep. Andy Ogles |url=https://www.axios.com/local/nashville/2025/10/27/president-trump-endorses-rep-andy-ogles |website=Axios |access-date=6 January 2026 |language=en |date=27 October 2025}}</ref> |August 6, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 7th congressional district|TN-07]] |''[[Matt Van Epps]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1=|title=Trump endorses Matt Van Epps for re-election |url=https://trumpstruth.org/statuses/34261 |access-date=December 18, 2025 |date=December 18, 2025}}</ref> |August 6, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 8th congressional district|TN-08]] |''[[David Kustoff]]''<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=November 4, 2025|title=David Kustoff announces re-election campaign for U.S. Congress |url=https://www.actionnews5.com/2025/11/04/david-kustoff-announces-re-election-campaign-us-congress/# |location=[[Memphis, Tennessee]] |publisher=[[WMC-TV]] |access-date=April 6, 2026}}</ref> |August 6, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 1st congressional district|TX-01]] |''[[Nathaniel Moran]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Garcia |first1=Michael |title=Trump endorses East Texas Rep. Moran for reelection in 2026 |url=https://www.ketk.com/news/your-local-election-hq/trump-endorses-east-texas-rep-moran-for-reelection-in-2026/ |publisher=KETK |access-date=December 5, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220012916/https://www.ketk.com/news/your-local-election-hq/trump-endorses-east-texas-rep-moran-for-reelection-in-2026/ |archive-date=December 20, 2025}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 3rd congressional district|TX-03]] |''[[Keith Self]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 4th congressional district|TX-04]] |''[[Pat Fallon]]''<ref name="Holds Out">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/campaigns/congressional/4364124/trump-holds-out-key-texas-senate-endorsement/|title=Trump holds out on giving Cornyn key Texas Senate endorsement|last=Green|first=Lauren|date=December 30, 2025|access-date=January 3, 2026|website=[[Washington Examiner]]}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 5th congressional district|TX-05]] |''[[Lance Gooden]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 6th congressional district|TX-06]] |''[[Jake Ellzey]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 8th congressional district|TX-08]] |Jessica Steinmann<ref name="2/17 Downballot">{{cite web|url=https://www.the-downballot.com/p/morning-digest-2-live-crews-luther|title=Morning Digest: 2 Live Crew's Luther Campbell challenges Democratic congresswoman in South Florida|last1=Singer|last2=Nir|first1=Jeff|first2=David|date=February 17, 2026|access-date=February 17, 2026}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 9th congressional district|TX-09]] |[[Alex Mealer]]<ref name="2/17 Downballot"/> |May 26, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 10th congressional district|TX-10]] |Chris Gober<ref>{{cite web |last1=McCaig |first1=Mark |title=Trump's Latest Endorsements Include Three Texas Candidates |url=https://www.thetexasvoice.com/trumps-latest-endorsements-include-three-texas-candidates/ |website=The Texas Voice |access-date=January 3, 2026 |date=December 19, 2025}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 11th congressional district|TX-11]] |''[[August Pfluger]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 12th congressional district|TX-12]] |''[[Craig Goldman]]''<ref name="Holds Out"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 13th congressional district|TX-13]] |''[[Ronny Jackson]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 14th congressional district|TX-14]] |''[[Randy Weber]]''<ref name="Holds Out"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 15th congressional district|TX-15]] |''[[Monica De La Cruz]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 17th congressional district|TX-17]] |''[[Pete Sessions]]''<ref name="Holds Out"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 19th congressional district|TX-19]] |''<s>[[Jodey Arrington]]</s>'' (withdrew)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kinnard |first1=Meg |last2=Sweedler |first2=Maya |title=Tracking the retirement announcements of members of Congress |url=https://apnews.com/article/house-retirements-midterms-f638d386d4d1342e3a9671642dd883f6 |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=December 9, 2025 |language=en |date=December 8, 2025}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 21st congressional district|TX-21]] |[[Mark Teixeira]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/yankees/2026/02/trump-hails-ex-yankees-slugger-as-total-winner-in-endoresment-for-the-house.html|title=Trump hails ex-Yankees slugger as 'TOTAL WINNER' in endoresment for the House|last=Gómez|first=Manny|date=February 5, 2026|access-date=February 5, 2026|website=[[NJ.com]]}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 22nd congressional district|TX-22]] |''<s>[[Troy Nehls]]</s>'' (declined to run)<ref name="JTN"/> |rowspan=2|March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Declined |- |Trever Nehls<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5634396-nehls-retiring-twin-brother/|title=Trump endorses retiring Troy Nehls's identical twin for his House seat|last=Suter|first=Tara|date=December 4, 2025|access-date=December 4, 2025|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref> |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 23rd congressional district|TX-23]] |<s>''[[Tony Gonzales]]''</s> (withdrew before Runoff, resigned)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Esquivel |first1=Erika |title=Trump endorses Congressman Tony Gonzales for re-election in Texas |url=https://kfoxtv.com/news/local/trump-endorses-congressman-tony-gonzales-for-re-election-in-texas |access-date=December 18, 2025 |work=[[KFOX-TV]] |date=December 18, 2025}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Resigned |- |[[Brandon Herrera]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Davis |first1=Sarah |title=Trump backs Herrera for Texas House seat after Gonzales drops bid |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/5780189-trump-endorses-brandon-herrera/ |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=March 11, 2026}}</ref> |May 26, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 24th congressional district|TX-24]] |''[[Beth Van Duyne]]''<ref name="Holds Out"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 25th congressional district|TX-25]] |''[[Roger Williams (Texas politician)|Roger Williams]]''<ref name="Holds Out"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 26th congressional district|TX-26]] |''[[Brandon Gill]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 27th congressional district|TX-27]] |''[[Michael Cloud]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 28th congressional district|TX-28]] |Tano Tijerina<ref>{{cite web |last1=Coronell Uribe |first1=Raquel |title= Trump endorses candidate running against a lawmaker he pardoned |url= https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2026-election/trump-endorses-tano-tijerina-running-against-democrat-henry-cuellar-rcna252686 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |access-date=January 6, 2026 |date=January 6, 2026}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 31st congressional district|TX-31]] |''[[John Carter (Texas politician)|John Carter]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bahr |first1=Joseph |title=John Carter gets President Trump's endorsement|url=https://kdhnews.com/centerforpolitics/john-carter-gets-president-trump-s-endorsement/article_58701a72-5905-42e4-8a0d-b6494ba3ac9a.html/ |access-date=December 5, 2025 |work= KHD New |date=December 5, 2025}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 32nd congressional district|TX-32]] |Jace Yarbrough<ref name="the-downballot.com"/> |March 3, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 34th congressional district|TX-34]] |Eric Flores<ref name=":0" /> |March 3, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 35th congressional district|TX-35]] |Carlos De La Cruz<ref name="2/17 Downballot"/> |May 26, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 36th congressional district|TX-36]] |''[[Brian Babin]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 38th congressional district|TX-38]] |Jon Bonck<ref name="2/17 Downballot"/> |May 26, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Utah}} [[Utah's 2nd congressional district|UT-02]] |''[[Blake Moore]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 23, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Utah}} [[Utah's 3rd congressional district|UT-03]] |''[[Celeste Maloy]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 23, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Utah}} [[Utah's 4th congressional district|UT-04]] |''[[Mike Kennedy]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 23, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 1st congressional district|VA-01]] |''[[Rob Wittman]]''<ref name="Virginia2026">{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Claire |title=Trump endorsement tracker: Here's who the president has picked in GOP midterm election primaries |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/campaigns/congressional/4460164/trump-endorsement-tracker-gop-2026-election-primaries/ |website=Washington Examiner |date=February 17, 2026 |access-date=February 20, 2026}}</ref> |June 16, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 2nd congressional district|VA-02]] |''[[Jen Kiggans]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Delfino |first1=Jessica |title=Bresnahan endorsed by Trump after Social Security 'concerns' letter |url=https://www.thetimes-tribune.com/2025/05/09/bresnahan-endorsed-by-trump-after-concerns-letter/ |access-date=January 21, 2026 |work=[[The Scranton Times-Tribune]] |date=May 9, 2025}}</ref> |June 16, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 5th congressional district|VA-05]] |''[[John McGuire (Virginia politician)|John McGuire]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses John McGuire for House of Representatives|url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114231401205332854 |access-date=January 22, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |June 16, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 6th congressional district|VA-06]] |''[[Ben Cline]]''<ref name="Virginia2026"/> |June 16, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 9th congressional district|VA-09]] |''[[Morgan Griffith]]''<ref name="Virginia2026"/> |June 16, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington's 3rd congressional district|WA-03]] |[[John Braun]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Trump Endorses John Braun for Congress |date=April 14, 2026 |url=https://www.nrcc.org/2026/04/14/%F0%9F%9A%A8-president-trump-endorses-john-braun-for-congress/ |work=[[NRCC]]}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Challenger |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington's 4th congressional district|WA-04]] |Amanda McKinney<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nir |first=David |last2=Singer |first2=Jeff |title=Morning Digest: Here's how Republican Rep. Doug LaMalfa's seat will be filled |url=https://www.the-downballot.com/p/morning-digest-heres-how-republican |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=The Downballot |language=en}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington's 5th congressional district|WA-05]] |''[[Michael Baumgartner]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-baumgartner-potential-stock-market-impacts|title=Trump's Endorsement of Baumgartner: Potential Stock Market Impacts - TipRanks.com|website=TipRanks Financial}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[West Virginia's 1st congressional district|WV-01]] |''[[Carol Miller (politician)|Carol Miller]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leith |first=Micah |date=2025-08-19 |title=Miller officially launches re-election campaign, touts Trump endorsement |url=https://woay.com/miller-officially-launches-re-election-campaign-touts-trump-endorsement/,%20https://woay.com/miller-officially-launches-re-election-campaign-touts-trump-endorsement/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> |May 12, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[West Virginia's 2nd congressional district|WV-02]] |''[[Riley Moore]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congressman Riley Moore files for re-election in West Virginia |url=https://www.wtrf.com/top-stories/congressman-riley-moore-files-for-re-election-in-west-virginia/ |access-date=2026-01-22 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113114831/https://www.wtrf.com/top-stories/congressman-riley-moore-files-for-re-election-in-west-virginia/ |archive-date=2026-01-13}}</ref> |May 12, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 1st congressional district|WI-01]] |''[[Bryan Steil]]''<ref name="BBB" /> |August 11, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 3rd congressional district|WI-03]] |''[[Derrick Van Orden]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Van Orden campaign: President Donald Trump endorses Congressman Van Orden for re-election |url=https://www.wispolitics.com/2025/van-orden-campaign-president-donald-trump-endorses-congressman-van-orden-for-re-election/ |website=WisPolitics |access-date=17 November 2025 |date=29 April 2025}}</ref> |August 11, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 5th congressional district|WI-05]] |''[[Scott Fitzgerald (politician)|Scott Fitzgerald]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |August 11, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 6th congressional district|WI-06]] |''[[Glenn Grothman]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |August 11, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 7th congressional district|WI-07]] |Michael Alfonso<ref>{{cite web |last1=Styf |first1=Jon |title=Trump endorses Tiffany for Wisconsin governor, Alfonso for Congress |url=https://www.thecentersquare.com/wisconsin/article_4f76c73f-aae1-4fd9-b595-21af41afd309.html |website=The Center Square |access-date=28 January 2026 |language=en |date=27 January 2026}}</ref> |August 11, 2026 |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 8th congressional district|WI-08]] |''[[Tony Wied]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Wied campaign: President Donald J. Trump gives Congressman Tony Wied his "Complete and Total Endorsement” for re-election in 2026 |url=https://www.wispolitics.com/2025/wied-campaign-president-donald-j-trump-gives-congressman-tony-wied-his-complete-and-total-endorsement-for-re-election-in-2026/ |website=WisPolitics |access-date=17 November 2025 |date=3 November 2025}}</ref> |August 11, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |} ==== 2026 state legislative special elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Result |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida House of Representatives election|FL HD-87]] |Jon Maples<ref>{{cite web |last=Washington |first=Wayne |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/politics/elections/2026/01/14/maples-gregory-emerge-from-primaries-to-square-off-district-87-race/88177845007/?gnt-cfr=1&gca-cat=p&gca-uir=false&gca-epti=z116438p117250c117250e009450v116438&gca-ft=242&gca-ds=sophi&gnt-djm=1 |title=Maples, Gregory win District 87 primaries, move to special election |date=January 14, 2026 |access-date=March 4, 2026 |website=[[The Palm Beach Post]]}}</ref> |January 14, 2026 |Open |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |} ==== 2026 state legislative elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Office !Seat status !Primary result |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida Senate election|Florida]] |[[Rick Roth]]<ref name="Virginia2026"/> |Florida State Senator |Open Seat |TBD |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida Senate election|Florida]] |''[[Ileana Garcia]]''<ref name="Virginia2026"/> |Florida State Senator |Incumbent |TBD |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida Senate election|Florida]] |''[[Ana Maria Rodriguez (politician)|Ana Maria Rodriguez]]''<ref name="Virginia2026"/> |Florida State Senator |Incumbent |TBD |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida House of Representatives election|Florida]] |''[[Meg Weinberger]]''<ref>{{cite web |last=Kopylov |first=Frank |title=Trump endorses 'MAGA Meg' Weinberger for reelection to Florida House |url=https://flvoicenews.com/trump-endorses-maga-meg-weinberger-for-reelection-to-florida-house/|work=Florida's Voice |date=May 6, 2026}}</ref> |Florida State Representative |Incumbent |TBD |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |Trevor De Vries<ref name=TrumpHill>{{cite web |last=Vakil|first=Caroline|title=Trump announces slate of Indiana endorsements ahead of May primary |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5820541-trump-endorses-indiana-republicans/|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=April 7, 2026}}</ref> |Indiana State Senator |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |Brian Schmutzler<ref name ="TrumpHill"/> |Indiana State Senator |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |''[[Tyler Johnson (politician)|Tyler Johnson]]''<ref name=ISSE/> |Indiana State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |''[[Liz Brown (politician)|Liz Brown]]''<ref name=ISSE>{{cite web |last=Davis |first=Tom |title=Trump endorses Sen. Liz Brown, other Republicans who supported Indiana redistricting |url=https://indianacapitalchronicle.com/briefs/trump-endorses-sen-liz-brown-other-republicans-who-supported-indiana-redistricting/|work=[[States Newsroom|Indiana Capital Chronicle]] |date=March 24, 2026}}</ref> |Indiana State Senator |Incumbent |TBD |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |Blake Fiechter<ref>{{cite web |last=Rowley |first=Dick |title=President Trump endorses Bluffton councilman for Indiana State Senate race |url=https://www.wane.com/news/your-local-election-hq/president-trump-endorses-bluffton-councilman-for-indiana-state-senate-race/ |work=[[WANE-TV]] |date=January 22, 2026 |access-date=July 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124080505/https://www.wane.com/news/your-local-election-hq/president-trump-endorses-bluffton-councilman-for-indiana-state-senate-race/ |archive-date=January 24, 2026}}</ref> |Indiana State Senator |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |Tracey Powell<ref>{{cite web |last=Knox|first=Brady|title=Trump backs challenger to Indiana state senator who voted against redistricting|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/campaigns/state/4434813/trump-endorsement-indiana-state-senator-redistricting/|work=[[Washington Examiner]] |date=January 26, 2026}}</ref> |Indiana State Senator |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |''[[Ron Alting]]''<ref name=ISSE/> |Indiana State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |Paula Copenhaver <ref name=ISS_Hill>{{cite web |last=Vakil |first=Caroline |title=Trump endorses challengers to Indiana Republicans who opposed redistricting|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5710240-indiana-gop-senators-redistricting-trump/|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=January 28, 2026}}</ref> |Indiana State Senator |Challenger |TBD |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |''[[Mike Gaskill]]''<ref name=ISSE/> |Indiana State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |''[[Scott Alexander (Indiana politician)|Scott Alexander]]''<ref name=ISSE/> |Indiana State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |''[[Jeff Raatz]]''<ref name=ISSE/> |Indiana State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |Brenda Wilson<ref>{{cite web |last=Hanson |first=Austin |title=President Trump endorses candidate running against Indiana senator who voted no on redistricting |url=https://fox59.com/news/president-trump-endorses-candidate-running-against-indiana-senator-who-voted-no-on-redistricting/ |work=[[WXIN|Fox 59]] |date=January 27, 2026 |access-date=July 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260129051416/https://fox59.com/news/president-trump-endorses-candidate-running-against-indiana-senator-who-voted-no-on-redistricting/ |archive-date=January 29, 2026}}</ref> |Indiana State Senator |Challenger |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |[[Jeff Ellington]]<ref name=ISS_Hill/> |Indiana State Senator |Open seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |[[Michelle Davis (politician)|Michelle Davis]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Davies |first=Tom |title=Trump posts endorsement of Republican challenger to Indiana redistricting foe |url=https://indianacapitalchronicle.com/briefs/trump-posts-endorsement-of-republican-challenger-to-indiana-redistricting-foe/|work=[[States Newsroom|Indiana Capital Chronicle]] |date=January 26, 2026}}</ref> |Indiana State Senator |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |''[[Randy Maxwell]]''<ref name=ISSE/> |Indiana State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |''[[Chris Garten]]''<ref name=ISSE/> |Indiana State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |''[[Gary Byrne (politician)|Gary Byrne]]''<ref name=ISSE/> |Indiana State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |''[[Daryl Schmitt]]''<ref name=ISSE/> |Indiana State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |''[[Jim Tomes]]''<ref name=ISSE/> |Indiana State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]] |''[[Jim Pressel]]''<ref name ="TrumpHill"/> |Indiana State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]] |''[[Craig Snow]]''<ref name ="TrumpHill"/> |Indiana State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]] |''[[Jeff Thompson (Indiana politician)|Jeff Thompson]]''<ref name ="TrumpHill"/> |Indiana State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]] |''[[Heath VanNatter]]''<ref name ="TrumpHill"/> |Indiana State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]] |''[[Beau Baird]]''<ref name ="TrumpHill"/> |Indiana State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]] |''[[Bruce Borders]]''<ref name ="TrumpHill"/> |Indiana State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]] |''[[Bob Heaton]]''<ref name ="TrumpHill"/> |Indiana State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]] |''[[Tony Isa]]''<ref name ="TrumpHill"/> |Indiana State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]] |''[[Ben Smaltz]]''<ref name ="TrumpHill"/> |Indiana State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]] |''[[Martin Carbaugh]]''<ref name ="TrumpHill"/> |Indiana State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2026 North Carolina Senate election|North Carolina]] |''[[Phil Berger (politician)|Phil Berger]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Battaglia |first=Danielle |date=December 15, 2025 |title=Trump makes endorsement in Berger-Page race. How much does it matter? |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/article313622632.html |access-date=December 16, 2025 |website=[[Raleigh News & Observer]]}}</ref> |North Carolina State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[2026 Tennessee House of Representatives election|Tennessee]] |Kenny Cody<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wakerell-Cruz |first=Roberto |date=May 21, 2026 |title=BREAKING: President Trump endorses Human Events' Kenny Cody for Tennessee House — 'MAGA Warrior' |url=https://thepostmillennial.com/breaking-president-trump-endorses-human-events-kenny-cody-for-tennessee-house-maga-warrior |access-date=May 24, 2026 |website=[[The Post Millennial]]}}</ref> |Tennessee State Representative |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas Senate election|Texas]] |''[[Kevin Sparks]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cuviello |first=Michael |title=Texas Senator Kevin Sparks launches reelection bid with Trump endorsement |url=https://www.amarillo.com/story/news/2025/08/21/sen-kevin-sparks-seeks-reelection-to-texas-senate-with-trump-backing/85745327007/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Amarillo Globe-News |language=en-US}}</ref> |Texas State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas Senate election|Texas]] |[[David Cook (Texas politician)|David Cook]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Witherspoon |first=Tommy |date=2025-08-19 |title=Hewitt attorney Jon Ker drops out of state senate race after Trump endorses opponent |url=https://www.kwtx.com/2025/08/19/hewitt-attorney-jon-ker-drops-out-state-senate-race-after-trump-endorses-opponent/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |publisher=KWTX |language=en}}</ref> |Texas State Senator |Open seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas House of Representatives election|Texas]] |''[[Brian Harrison (Texas politician)|Brian Harrison]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-09 |title=Harrison announces for reelection to Texas house with "complete and total endorsement" from President Trump |url=https://www.waxahachiesun.com/news/local/harrison-announces-for-reelection-to-texas-house-with-complete-and-total-endorsement-from-president-trump/article_0b82c501-61bd-4c79-b719-f895cc0c092c.html |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Waxahachie Sun |language=en}}</ref> |Texas State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas House of Representatives election|Texas]] |''[[Angelia Orr]]''<ref name="Virginia2026"/> |Texas State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas House of Representatives election|Texas]] |''[[Jeff Leach (politician)|Jeff Leach]]''<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 24, 2025 |title=Jeff Leach launches re-election campaign for Texas House seat|url= https://princetonherald.com/2025/07/24/jeff-leach-launches-re-election-campaign-for-texas-house-seat/ |access-date= 2026-02-12}}</ref> |Texas State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas House of Representatives election|Texas]] |''[[Tom Craddick]]''<ref>{{cite web|last=Price|first=Tamlyn|url=https://www.firstalert7.com/2025/07/10/president-trump-endorses-state-rep-tom-craddick-re-election-texas-house/|title=President Trump endorses State Rep. Tom Craddick for re-election to Texas House|publisher=FirstAlert7 CBS|date=July 10, 2025|access-date=August 21, 2025}}</ref> |Texas State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas House of Representatives election|Texas]] |''[[Dustin Burrows]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-10 |title=U.S. President Trump endorses Texas House Speaker Rep. Burrows of Lubbock for re-election |url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/news/politics/government/2025/07/10/u-s-president-donald-trump-backs-texas-house-speaker-rep-dustin-burrows-of-lubbock-for-re-election/84527740007/ |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal |language=en}}</ref> |Texas State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas House of Representatives election|Texas]] |''[[Candy Noble]]''<ref name="Virginia2026"/> |Texas State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |} ==International== ===Argentina=== ==== 2027 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[President of Argentina]] |[[Javier Milei]]<BR>([[La Libertad Avanza]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/115254544745193117 |access-date=2025-09-23 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |[[2027 Argentine general election|TBA]] |} ===Armenia=== ==== 2026 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Prime Minister of Armenia]] |[[Nikol Pashinyan]]<br>([[Civil Contract (Armenia)|Civil Contract]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/116648998520896910 |access-date=2026-05-28 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''[[2026 Armenian parliamentary election|Elected prime minister]]''' |} ===Brazil=== ==== 2022 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[President of Brazil]] |[[Jair Bolsonaro]]<br>([[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|Liberal Party]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-endorses-bolsonaro-brazilian-president-9-criminal-charges-recommended-2021-10|title=Trump lauds 'great friend' Jair Bolsonaro, as the Brazilian president has 9 criminal charges recommended against him|website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| last1=Oshin | first1=Olafimihan |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/americas/578626-trump-issues-endorsement-for-bolsonaro/|title=Trump issues endorsement for Bolsonaro| work=The Hill |date=26 October 2021}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost [[2022 Brazilian general election|election]] |} === Colombia === ==== 2026 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[President of Colombia]] |[[Abelardo de la Espriella]]<br>([[Defenders of the Homeland (Colombia)|Defenders of the Homeland]])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Correal |first=Annie |date=2026-06-03 |title=Trump Endorses Abelardo De La Espriella, Right-Wing Presidential Candidate in Colombia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/02/world/americas/trump-endorses-colombia-de-la-espriella.html |access-date=2026-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''[[2026 Colombian presidential election|Elected President]]''' |} === Honduras === ==== 2025 ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{Flag icon|Honduras}} [[President of Honduras]] |[[Nasry Asfura]]<br>([[National Party of Honduras|National Party]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrada |first=Trisha Kae |date=2025-11-29 |title=Trump Says He Will Pardon Honduran Ex-President Juan Orlando Hernández and Backs Tito Asfura Ahead of Election |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/trump-says-he-will-pardon-honduran-ex-president-juan-orlando-hernandez-backs-tito-asfura-ahead-1758898 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=International Business Times UK |language=en}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''[[2025 Honduran general election|Elected president]]''' |} ===Hungary=== ==== 2022 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Prime Minister of Hungary]] |[[Viktor Orbán]]<BR>([[Fidesz]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/01/03/trump-endorses-viktor-orban-hungary-526383|title=Trump endorses Hungary's Orbán for reelection|website=[[Politico]]| date=January 3, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/03/us/politics/trump-endorses-viktor-orban-hungary.html|title=Trump Endorses Viktor Orban, Hungary's Far-Right Prime Minister|newspaper=The New York Times|date=3 January 2022|last1=Goldmacher|first1=Shane}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' [[Fidesz]] won the [[2022 Hungarian general election|election]] with a [[supermajority]] of seats and '''Orbán remained Prime Minister''' |} ==== 2026 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Prime Minister of Hungary]] |[[Viktor Orbán]]<BR>([[Fidesz]]) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Europe's right-wing elite (and Netanyahu) endorse Orbán in Hungary election race|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-right-wing-elite-netanyahu-endorse-orban-hungary-election/|website=Politico Europe |access-date=2026-01-23|language=en}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost [[2026 Hungarian parliamentary election|election]] |} ===Iraq=== ==== 2026 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Prime Minister of Iraq]] |[[Ali al-Zaidi]]<br>([[Coordination Framework]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/the-u-s-tied-his-bank-to-iran-proxies-now-hes-trumps-choice-to-run-iraq-ea6117ae?eafs_enabled=false|title=The U.S. Tied His Bank to Iran Proxies. Now He’s Trump’s Choice to Run Iraq.|website=[[Wall Street Journal]]|date=May 10, 2026}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' The office is selected by Iraq's parliamentary process rather than by direct popular election following the aftermath of the [[2025 Iraqi parliamentary election]]. |} ===Israel=== ==== 2013 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Prime Minister of Israel]] |[[Benjamin Netanyahu]]<br>([[Likud Yisrael Beiteinu]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/donald-trump-endorses-netanyahu-for-pm/|title=Donald Trump endorses Netanyahu for PM|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=January 15, 2013 }}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' [[Likud Yisrael Beiteinu]] won a plurality of seats in the [[2013 Israeli legislative election|election]] and formed a [[coalition government]] alongside other parties, with '''Netanyahu chosen as Prime Minister''' |} ==== 2019 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Prime Minister of Israel]] |[[Benjamin Netanyahu]]<br>([[Likud]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/elections/trump-endorses-netanyahu-campaign-billboard-featuring-himself-1.6910695|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205154900/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/elections/trump-endorses-netanyahu-campaign-billboard-featuring-himself-1.6910695|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 5, 2019|title=Trump Takes to Instagram to Endorse Netanyahu Campaign Billboard – Featuring Himself|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref> |{{Icon|aa}}/{{Icon|no}} [[Likud]] won a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]] of seats, but no party obtained an outright [[majority]], resulting in an [[hung Parliament]] and in the calling of a [[snap election]], which was held in [[September 2019 Israeli legislative election|September 2019]]; Netanyahu remained in office as [[caretaker government|caretaker]] Prime Minister |} === Italy === ==== 2022 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Prime Minister of Italy]] | [[Giuseppe Conte]]<br>([[Five Star Movement]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/politica/trump_conte_elezioni_endorsement_repubblicani_cinque_stelle-6911423.html|title=Donald Trump tifa per Conte: "Come sta andando il mio ragazzo Giuseppe". Ecco cosa c'è dietro l'endorsement|date=September 6, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2022/09/05/news/trump_conte_salvini_elezioni_italia-364337667/|title=A cena con Trump, che ignora Salvini e fa un endorsement per Conte: 'Come sta andando il mio Giuseppe?'|work=La Repubblica|language=it|date=5 September 2022|access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|no}}''' The Five Star Movement won a minority of seats in the [[2022 Italian general election|election]] and became part of the [[parliamentary opposition|opposition]] |} ===Japan=== ==== 2026 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Prime Minister of Japan]] |[[Sanae Takaichi]]<BR>([[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/116019257556623305 |access-date=2026-02-05 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{icon|aa}} [[2026 Japanese general election|Elected]]''' |} ===Poland=== ====2025==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Poland}} [[President of Poland]] | [[Karol Nawrocki]]<br>([[Law and Justice]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/trump-meets-polish-nationalist-candidate-ahead-presidential-election-2025-05-02/|title= Trump meets Polish nationalist candidate ahead of presidential election |date=2025-05-02|access-date=2025-05-02|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> | '''{{icon|aa}} [[2025 Polish presidential election|Elected]]''' |} ===UK=== ==== 2016 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Referendum !Option !Results |- |{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|United Kingdom European Union membership referendum]] |[[Brexit|"Leave the European Union"]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/may/05/donald-trump-brexit-uk-leaving-european-union|title=Donald Trump backs Brexit, saying UK would be 'better off' without EU|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=5 May 2016}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Won''' |} ==== 2019 ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Election !Position !Candidate !Result |- |{{Flag icon|United Kingdom}} [[2019 Conservative Party leadership election]] |[[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Leader of the Conservative Party]] |[[Boris Johnson]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rawlinson |first=Kevin |date=2019-07-19 |title=Donald Trump offers his backing to Boris Johnson to become PM |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jul/19/donald-trump-offers-his-backing-to-boris-johnson-to-become-pm |access-date=2025-12-02 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> |'''{{icon|aa}} [[2019 Conservative Party leadership election|Elected]]''' |- |{{Flag icon|United Kingdom}} [[2019 United Kingdom general election]] |[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] |Boris Johnson<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.the-independent.com/tv/news/trump-endorses-boris-election-politics-interference-b2635534.html |title=Donald Trump endorses Boris Johnson in 2019 general election, resurfaced clip shows |date=2024-10-25 |language=en |access-date=2025-12-02 |via=The Independent}}</ref> ([[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]) |'''{{icon|aa}} [[2019 United Kingdom general election|Elected]] with an outright majority''' |} ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Mazu ghakulongosora== {{Notelist}} ==Malo ghakuwalo== * {{Ballotpedia|Endorsements_by_Donald_Trump|Vyakukhozgera vya Donald Trump}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210621045706/https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news Chigaŵa cha nkhani pa DonaldJTrump.com] {{Donald Trump}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vyakukhozgera vya Donald Trump}} [[Category:Uteŵeti wa ndyali wa Donald Trump]] [[Category:Vyakukhozgera vya ndyali|Trump, Donald]] [[Category:Maŵanaŵaniro gha ndyali gha ŵapurezidenti ŵa United States|Trump, Donald]] [[Category:Trumpism]] gap141dy7o3yhgff5gzav89xwbyti0p 0 49848 122974 122870 2026-10-06T14:36:37Z AlphaVictorDelta0107 12305 122974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Smit Bhupendra Machchhar''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Apo wakateŵeteranga nga ni mulaŵiliri wa ndege ya [[Flydubai]] Flight 1073 pa 30 Seputembala 2026 pa ndege ya [[Boeing 737 MAX]], wakabayika na Hamam al-Hammami uyo wakamulongozganga nayo mu chipinda cha ndege.<ref name="CNN-2026-10-02">{{Cite news |last=Abbas Al Lawati, Tal Shalev, Kylie Atwood, Isaac Yee, Avery Schmitz, Thomas Bordeaux, Teele Rebane |date=2 October 2026 |title=Terrorist images found on Flydubai suspect's social media {{!}} CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2026/10/02/world/flydubai-attacker-pilot-intl?iid=cnn_buildContentRecirc_end_recirc&recs_exp=most-popular-article-end&tenant_id=popular.en |access-date=3 October 2026 |work=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CNN-2026-10-01">{{Cite news |last=Mitchell McCluskey, Tal Shalev |date=1 October 2026 |title=What happened inside the Flydubai flight to Israel? {{!}} CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/09/30/middleeast/flydubai-israel-plane-pilot-hijacking-incident-latam-hnk-intl |access-date=3 October 2026 |work=CNN |language=en}}</ref> ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu 1987 panji 1988 ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] iu50mwmvjo99g5ev9ixznfxqvwc8c5j 0 49851 122973 122926 2026-10-06T14:32:42Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' panji '''KSI''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Wakaŵa membala wa [[Sidemen]] mpaka mu 2026. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. Mubali wake ni [[Deji Olatunji|Deji]]. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{YouTube|user=KSIOlajidebt|KSI}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] 8jb40gqk4zuflotpfuu82ro3mgi1nbr 0 49858 122954 122951 2026-10-06T12:14:15Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Image in tum 122954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Reference to a source}} {{hatnote group| {{distinguish-redirect|Cite|Site}}{{for-multi|"&lt;cite>"|HTML element}} {{other uses|Citation (disambiguation)|Cité (disambiguation)|CITE (disambiguation)}} {{for|citations related to Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Citing sources|Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia|selfref=yes|Wikipedia:Citation templates}} }} [[File:Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester_-_Tumbuka.png|thumb|''xkcd'' webusayiti ya mutu wakuti "Wakususka wa Wikipedia". Chimanyikwiro ichi chikuti: "<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Citation needed|UKABONI UKUKHUMBIKA APA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Munroe |first=Randall |title=Wikipedian Protester |url=https://xkcd.com/285/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225215024/https://www.xkcd.com/285/ |archive-date=25 December 2011 |access-date=25 May 2020 |website=xkcd}}</ref>]] '''Ukaboni''' panji '''chiphara''' ni chibekero cha chinthu malo agho ghakulembeka. Kuyowoya mwakudunjika, ukaboni ni mazgu ghakufupikizgika gha afanumeriki agho ghali kuŵikika mu thupi la buku la vinjeru ilo likulongora kuti pali kulembeka mu chigaŵa cha vimanyikwiro vya mabuku gha buku ili na chilato cha kuzomerezga kuti milimo ya ŵanji yikukhwaskana na mutu wakudumbiskana pa malo agho ukaboni yikuyowoyeka. Kanandi, kuphatikizapo vyose viŵiri, ivyo vikulembeka mu thupi na ivyo vikulembeka mu mabuku, vikupanga ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti ni ukaboni (apo ivyo vikulembeka mu mabuku ghakulembeka paŵekha vikupangiska yayi). Mazgu ghakuzunurapo ghali na vilato vinandi vyakuzirwa. Nangauli kugwiriskira nchito kwawo pakukhozgera unenesko wa vinjeru na kukhozga ivyo ŵakuyowoya vikuwoneka comene mu vyakusambizga na vilongozgo vya mtundu (mwaciyelezgero,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://integrity.mit.edu/handbook/citing-your-sources/avoiding-plagiarism-cite-your-source |title=What Does it Mean to Cite? |publisher=MIT Academic Integrity |access-date=2015-09-28 |archive-date=2017-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710203103/http://integrity.mit.edu/handbook/citing-your-sources/avoiding-plagiarism-cite-your-source |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Association of Legal Writing Directors & Darby Dickerson, ''ALWD Citation Manual: A Professional System of Citation,'' 4th ed. (New York: Aspen, 2010), 3.</ref>), kupereka makora fundo zakumanyikwa ku magwero ghakale nchimoza mwa vifukwa ivi.<ref>Mansourizadeh, Kobra, and Ummul K. Ahmad. "Citation practices among non-native expert and novice scientific writers." ''Journal of English for Academic Purposes'' 10, no. 3 (2011): 152–161.</ref> Kusanda kwa chiyowoyero kwa ndondomeko ya kuzunura kwalongora kuti nawo ŵakugwira ntchito zikuru pakunozga umo chimanyisko chikuŵira pa mutu unyake, kusanga ivyo vikusoŵa mu chimanyisko icho chilipo ivyo vikwenera kuzuzgika panji kulongosora malo agho mafumbo ghakwenera kulutilira panji kuzgoŵezgeka.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Swales |first=John M. |orig-date=2004 |title=Research genres: Explorations and applications |journal= [[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139524827 |publication-date=October 2012 |isbn=978-1-139-52482-7}}</ref> Citation nayo yamanyikwa kuti ni nthowa yikuru iyo ŵakusanda ŵakuŵikirapo fundo: kujikolera panji kulimbana na magulu ghachokoghachoko gha ŵanyawo ŵakusanda awo ŵakugwira ntchito pa mapulojekiti ghakuyana waka na kuŵika mwaŵi wakuti ŵapange chimanyisko chiphya.<ref>Hyland, K., & Jiang, F. (2019). Points of reference: Changing patterns of academic citation. Applied Linguistics, 40(1), 64–85.</ref> [[File:Citations on p. 44 of The Byzantine empire by Finlay.png|thumb|right|Mazgu agho ghali mu ukaboni la ŵasambiri]] Mazgu ghakuzunulika (mwachiyelezgero, kuŵika mazuŵa mu vibokosi, mazgu ghakumalira ghakulembeka pachanya na mazgu ghapasi, makoloni panji makoma pa manambara gha masamba, na vinyake) ghakupambana na ndondomeko yakuzunulira ivyo vikugwiriskirika nchito (mwachiyelezgero, Oxford,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html |title=Oxford Referencing System |access-date=18 January 2011 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630023831/http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Harvard, MLA, NLM, Bungwe la Ŵanthu ŵa ku America (ASA), Bungwe la Ŵanthu ŵa ku America (APA), na vinyake). Nthowa yiliyose yikukolerana na visambizgo vyakupambanapambana vya masambiro, ndipo magazini gha masambiro agho ghakukolerana na visambizgo ivi ghakusunga mtundu wakukhumbikwa wa citational style mwa kukhozgera na kulondezga ndondomeko zakwenelera za mtundu. == Ghanoghano == A ''bibliographic citation'' is a reference to a book, [[article (publishing)|article]], [[web page]], or other published item. Citations should supply sufficient detail to identify the item uniquely.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm |title=Library glossary |date=August 22, 2008 |publisher=[[Benedictine University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430220849/http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm |archive-date=April 30, 2008 |access-date=2009-02-27}}</ref> Different citation systems and styles are used in [[scientific citation]], [[legal citation]], [[prior art]], [[the arts]], and the [[humanities]]. Regarding the use of citations in the scientific literature, some scholars also put forward "the right to refuse unwanted citations" in certain situations deemed inappropriate.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva|author2= Quan-Hoang Vuong|date=2021|title=The right to refuse unwanted citations: rethinking the culture of science around the citation | journal=Scientometrics |volume=126|issue=6|pages=5355–5360|doi=10.1007/s11192-021-03960-9|pmid= 33994602|pmc= 8105147|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Vyamukati == Citation content can vary depending on the type of source and may include: * ''Book:'' authors, book title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, and page numbers if appropriate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing |title=Anatomy of a Citation |website=LIU.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905125227/http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing |archive-date=2015-09-05 |access-date=2015-09-28 |ref=refLongIslandUni}}</ref> * ''Journal:'' authors, article title, journal title, date of publication, and page numbers. * ''Newspaper:'' authors, article title, name of newspaper, section title and page numbers if desired, date of publication. * ''Web site:'' authors, article, and publication title where appropriate, as well as a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]], and a date when the site was accessed. * ''Play:'' inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For example, "In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married" (Pushkin 4.452–53).<ref name="Brigham">{{Cite web |url=http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm |title=How to cite sources in the body of your paper |year=2008 |website=BYUI.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113174823/http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm |archive-date=November 13, 2011 |access-date=2008-02-08 |ref=refBrigham}}</ref> * ''Poem:'' spaced [[Slash (punctuation)#In English text|slashes]] are normally used to indicate separate lines of a poem, and [[Parenthetical referencing|parenthetical citations]] usually include the line numbers. For example: "For I must love because I live&nbsp;/ And life in me is what you give." (Brennan, lines 15–16).<ref name=Brigham/> * ''Interview:'' name of interviewer, interview descriptor (ex. personal interview), and date of interview. * ''Data:'' authors, dataset title, date of publication, and publisher. === Unique identifiers === Along with information such as authors, date of publication, title and page numbers, citations may also include [[unique identifier]]s depending on the type of work being referred to. * Citations of books may include an [[International Standard Book Number]] (ISBN). * Specific volumes, articles, or other identifiable parts of a periodical, may have an associated [[Serial Item and Contribution Identifier]] (SICI) or an [[International Standard Serial Number]] (ISSN). * Electronic documents may have a [[digital object identifier]] (DOI). * Biomedical research articles may have a PubMed Identifier ([[PMID]]). == Nthowa == Broadly speaking, there are two types of citation systems, the Vancouver system and parenthetical referencing.<ref name="ELhelpdesk">{{cite web |last=Pantcheva |first=Marina |date=nd |title=Citation styles: Vancouver and Harvard systems |url=https://site.uit.no/english/writing-style/citationstyles/ |website=site.uit.no |access-date=July 2, 2020 |archive-date=July 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701114257/https://site.uit.no/english/writing-style/citationstyles/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the [[Council of Science Editors]] (CSE) adds a third, the'' citation-name system''.<ref name="council2006scientific">Council of Science Editors, Style Manual Committee (2007). Scientific style and format: the CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers.</ref> === Vancouver system === {{main|Vancouver system}} The Vancouver system uses sequential numbers in the text, either bracketed or superscript or both.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vancouver (Numbering) |url=https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/as/libraryservices/library/referencing/icite/vancouver/index.aspx |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=University of Birmingham |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103130115/https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/as/libraryservices/library/referencing/icite/vancouver/index.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The numbers refer to either footnotes (notes at the end of the page) or endnotes (notes on a page at the end of the paper) that provide source detail. The notes system may or may not require a full bibliography, depending on whether the writer has used a full-note form or a shortened-note form. The organizational logic of the bibliography is that sources are listed in their order of appearance in-text, rather than alphabetically by author last name. For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a notes system ''without'' a full bibliography could look like: :"The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance."¹ The note, located either at the foot of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote) would look like this: :1. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'' (New York: Macmillan, 1969) 45–60. In a paper with a full bibliography, the shortened note might look like: :1. Kübler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'' 45–60. The bibliography entry, which is required with a shortened note, would look like this: :Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth. ''On Death and Dying''. New York: Macmillan, 1969. In the humanities, many authors also use footnotes or endnotes to supply anecdotal information. In this way, what looks like a citation is actually supplementary material, or suggestions for further reading.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm |title=How to Write Research Papers with Citations: MLA, APA, Footnotes, Endnotes |access-date=2010-01-31 |archive-date=2010-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616071855/http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> === Parenthetical referencing === {{main|Parenthetical referencing}} Parenthetical referencing, also known as Harvard referencing, has full or partial, in-text, citations enclosed in circular brackets and embedded in the paragraph.<ref>{{cite web|last1=libguides|first1=liu.cwp|title=Parenthetical Referencing|url=https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|access-date=26 July 2020|website=liu.cwp.libguides.com|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726214158/https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|url-status=live}}</ref> An example of a parenthetical reference: :"The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance" (Kübler-Ross, 1969, pp. 45–60). Depending on the choice of style, fully cited parenthetical references may require no end section. Other styles include a list of the citations, with complete bibliographical references, in an end section, sorted alphabetically by author. This section is often called "References", "Bibliography", "Works cited" or "Works consulted". In-text references for online publications may differ from conventional parenthetical referencing. A full reference can be hidden, only displayed when wanted by the reader, in the form of a [[tooltip]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210428140433/https://livereference.org/ Live Reference Initiative]}}. Retrieved 2012-04-28.</ref> This style makes citing easier and improves the reader's experience. == Masitayilo == {{Styles}} {{Further|APA style|The Chicago Manual of Style|Bluebook|MLA style|ASA style}} {{For|citation templates on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Citation templates|selfref=yes}} Citation styles can be broadly divided into styles common to the humanities and the sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Some style guides, such as [[the Chicago Manual of Style]], are quite flexible and cover both parenthetical and note citation systems. Others, such as [[MLA style manual|MLA]] and [[APA style|APA]] styles, specify formats within the context of a single citation system. These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html |title=Citation Formats & Style Manuals |year=2007 |website=CSUChico.edu |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refCaliforniaStateUni |archive-date=2008-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225232139/http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |year=2005 |website=Lesley.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228053242/http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html |archive-date=December 28, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refLesleyUni}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |year=2003 |website=RIT.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203115324/http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html |archive-date=February 3, 2008 |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refRIT}}</ref> The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page numbers following the author name, in addition to conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis, parenthesis, quotation marks, etc., particular to their style. A number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs; consequently, a number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations as well, and some works are so long-established as to have their own citation methods too: [[Stephanus pagination]] for [[Plato]]; [[Bekker numbers]] for [[Aristotle]]; citing the Bible by book, chapter and verse; or [[Shakespeare]] notation by play. The [[Citation Style Language]] (CSL) is an open XML-based language to describe the formatting of citations and bibliographies. === Humanities === * The [[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago style]] (CMOS) was developed and its guide is ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]''. It is most widely used in history and economics as well as some social sciences. The closely related [[Turabian]] style—which derives from it—is for student references, and is distinguished from the CMOS by omission of quotation marks in reference lists, and mandatory access date citation. * The Columbia style was created by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences. * ''Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace'' by Elizabeth Shown Mills covers primary sources not included in CMOS, such as censuses, court, land, government, business, and church records. Includes sources in electronic format. Used by genealogists and historians.<ref name="evidence">Elizabeth Shown Mills. ''Evidence Explained : Citing History Sources from Artifacts to cyberspace.'' 2d ed. Baltimore:Genealogical Pub. Co., 2009.</ref> * [[Harvard referencing]] (or author-date system) is a specific kind of [[parenthetical referencing]]. Parenthetical referencing is recommended by both the [[BSI Group|British Standards Institution]] and the [[Modern Language Association]]. Harvard referencing involves a short author-date reference, e.g., "(Smith, 2000)", being inserted after the cited text within parentheses and the full reference to the source being listed at the end of the article. * [[The MLA Style Manual|MLA style]] was developed by the Modern Language Association and is most often used in [[the arts]] and the [[humanities]], particularly in [[English studies]], other [[Literary criticism|literary studies]], including [[comparative literature]] and [[literary criticism]] in languages other than English ("foreign languages"), and some interdisciplinary studies, such as [[cultural studies]], [[drama]] and [[theatre]], film, and other [[Mass media|media]], including television. This style of citations and bibliographical format uses parenthetical referencing with author-page (Smith 395) or author-[short] title-page (Smith, ''Contingencies'' 42) in the case of more than one work by the same author within parentheses in the text, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources on a "works cited" page at the end of the paper, as well as notes (footnotes or endnotes).{{efn|The field of [[communication]] (or communications) overlaps with some of the disciplines also covered by the MLA and has its own disciplinary style recommendations for documentation format; the style guide recommended for use in student papers in such departments in American colleges and universities is often ''[[APA style|The Publication Manual of the APA]]'' ([[American Psychological Association]]); designated for short as "[[APA style]]".}} * The [[MHRA Style Guide]] is published by the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] (MHRA) and most widely used in the arts and humanities in the United Kingdom, where the MHRA is based. It is available for sale both in the UK and in the United States. It is similar to MLA style, but has some differences. For example, MHRA style uses footnotes that reference a citation fully while also providing a bibliography. Some readers find it advantageous that the footnotes provide full citations, instead of shortened references, so that they do not need to consult the bibliography while reading for the rest of the publication details.<ref>The 2nd edition (updated April 2008) of the ''[[MHRA Style Guide]]'' is downloadable for free from the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] official website. {{Cite web |url=http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ |title=MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors, Editors, and Writers of Theses |year=2008 |publisher=Modern Humanities Research Association |access-date=2009-02-05 |archive-date=2005-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050910055050/http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ }} (2nd ed.)</ref> In some areas of the humanities, footnotes are used exclusively for references, and their use for conventional [[footnotes]] (explanations or examples) is avoided. In these areas, the term ''footnote'' is actually used as a synonym for ''reference'', and care must be taken by editors and typesetters to ensure that they understand how the term is being used by their authors. === Law === {{Main|Legal citation}} * The [[Bluebook]] is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ |title=Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2007 ed.) |last=Martin |first=Peter W |date=May 2007 |website=Cornell.edu |orig-date=1993 |access-date=2008-02-03 |ref=refMartin2007 |archive-date=2018-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004233927/https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use inline citations, which are either separate sentences or separate clauses. Inline citations allow readers to quickly determine the strength of a source based on, for example, the court a case was decided in and the year it was decided. * The legal citation style used almost universally in Canada is based on the ''[[Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation]]'' (AKA ''McGill Guide''), published by ''McGill Law Journal''.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210184155/http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/citeguide.php|url=http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/citeguide.php|title=Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (Cite Guide)|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-02-10|access-date=2009-02-05|website=McGill Law Journal}}<!--Updated October 2008.--></ref> * British legal citation almost universally follows the ''[[Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities]]'' (OSCOLA). === Sciences, mathematics, engineering, physiology, and medicine === * The [[American Chemical Society]] style, or [[ACS style]], is often used in chemistry and some of the [[physical sciences]]. In ACS style references are numbered in the text and in the reference list, and numbers are repeated throughout the text as needed. * In the style of the [[American Institute of Physics]] ([[AIP style]]), references are also numbered in the text and in the reference list, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed. * Styles developed for the [[American Mathematical Society]] (AMS), or AMS styles, such as [[AMS-LaTeX]], are typically implemented using the [[BibTeX]] tool in the [[LaTeX]] typesetting environment. Brackets with the author's initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in line with alphabetic-label format, e.g. [AB90]. This type of style is also called an "authorship trigraph". * The [[Vancouver system]], recommended by the [[Council of Science Editors]] (CSE), is used in medical and scientific papers and research. ** In one major variant, that used by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number. ** The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) is reportedly the original kernel of this biomedical style, which evolved from the Vancouver 1978 editors' meeting.<ref>[http://www.icmje.org "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005051625/http://www.icmje.org/ |date=2019-10-05 }}.</ref> The [[MEDLINE]]/[[PubMed]] database uses this citation style and the [[National Library of Medicine]] provides "ICMJE [[Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals]] – Sample References".<ref>International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html "ICMJE Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals – Sample References"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061221120314/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html |date=2006-12-21 }}.</ref> * The American Medical Association has its own variant of Vancouver style with only minor differences. See [[AMA Manual of Style]]. * The style of the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE), or [[IEEE style]], encloses citation numbers within square brackets and numbers them consecutively, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.<ref>[http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf IEEE Style Manual] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043706/http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }}. Retrieved 2015-02-16.</ref> * In areas of biology that falls within the [[ICNafp]] (which itself uses this citation style throughout), a variant form of author-title citation is the primary method used when making nomenclatural citations and sometimes general citations (for example in code-related proposals published in ''[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]''), with the works in question not cited in the bibliography unless also cited in the text. Titles use standardized abbreviations following ''Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum'' for periodicals and ''Taxonomic Literature 2'' (later [[IPNI]]) for books. * Pechenik citation style is a style described in ''A Short Guide to Writing about Biology'', 6th ed. (2007), by [[Jan Pechenik|Jan A. Pechenik]].<ref>[http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/colleges-and-schools/college-of-arts-and-sciences/majors-programs/Biology/Undergraduate_Research/Forms/citation_guide.pdf "Pechenik Citation Style QuickGuide"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929032143/http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/colleges-and-schools/college-of-arts-and-sciences/majors-programs/Biology/Undergraduate_Research/Forms/citation_guide.pdf |date=2015-09-29 }} ([[PDF]]). [[University of Alberta]], Augustana Campus, Canada. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. November 2007.</ref> * In 1955, Eugene Garfield proposed a [[citation index|bibliographic system for scientific literature]], to consolidate the integrity of [[scientific publishing|scientific publications]].<ref name="cisn">{{Cite journal |last=Garfield |first=Eugene |year=2006 |title=Citation indexes for science. A new dimension in documentation through association of ideas |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1123–1127 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyl189 |pmid=16987841 |doi-access=}}</ref> === Social sciences === * The style of the [[American Psychological Association]], or [[APA style]], published in the [[Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association]], is most often used in [[social sciences]]. APA citation style is similar to [[Harvard referencing]], listing the author's name and year of publication, although these can take two forms: ''name citations'' in which the surnames of the authors appear in the text and the year of publication then appears in parentheses, and ''author-date citations'', in which the surnames of the authors and the year of publication all appear in parentheses. In both cases, in-text citations point to an alphabetical list of sources at the end of the paper in a "references" section. * The [[American Political Science Association]] publishes both a style manual and a style guide for publications in this field.<ref name="APSA">Stephen Yoder, ed. (2008). ''The APSA Guide to Writing and Publishing'' and ''Style Manual for Political Science''. Rev. ed. August 2006. [http://www.apsanet.org/PUBLICATIONS/Online-Store APSAnet.org Publications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929073143/http://www.apsanet.org/PUBLICATIONS/Online-Store |date=2015-09-29 }}. Retrieved 2015-09-28.</ref> The style is close to the CMOS. * The [[American Anthropological Association]] utilizes a modified form of the Chicago style laid out in their publishing style guide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm|title=Publishing Style Guide - Stay Informed|website=www.aaanet.org|access-date=Apr 28, 2020|archive-date=October 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009061048/http://aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref> * The [[ASA style]] of the [[American Sociological Association]] is one of the main styles used in [[sociological]] publications. == Mavuto == {{see also|Impact factor#Editorial policies that affect the impact factor}}In their research on footnotes in scholarly journals in the field of communication, Michael Bugeja and Daniela V. Dimitrova have found that citations to online sources have a rate of decay (as cited pages are taken down), which they call a "half-life", that renders footnotes in those journals less useful for scholarship over time.<ref>Bugeja, Michael and Daniela V. Dimitrova (2010). ''Vanishing Act: The Erosion of Online Footnotes and Implications for Scholarship in the Digital Age''. Duluth, Minnesota: Litwin Books. {{ISBN|978-1-936117-14-7}}</ref> Other experts have found that published replications do not have as many citations as original publications.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raymond Hubbard and J. Scott Armstrong |year=1994 |title=Replications and Extensions in Marketing: Rarely Published But Quite Contrary |url=http://cogprints.org/5199/1/Replications-and-Extensions-in-Marketing.pdf |journal=International Journal of Research in Marketing |s2cid-access=free |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=233–248 |doi=10.1016/0167-8116(94)90003-5 |s2cid=18205635 |access-date=2017-11-01 |archive-date=2017-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922010807/http://cogprints.org/5199/1/Replications%2Dand%2DExtensions%2Din%2DMarketing.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Another important issue is citation errors, which often occur due to carelessness on either the researcher or journal editor's part in the publication procedure.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Peoples | first1=Nicholas | last2=Østbye | first2=Truls | last3=Yan | first3=Lijing L. | title=Burden of proof: Combating inaccurate citation in biomedical literature | journal=BMJ | date=2023 | volume=383 | article-number=e076441 | doi=10.1136/bmj-2023-076441 | pmid=37931929 }}</ref> For example, a study that analyzed 1,200 randomly selected citations from three major business ethics journals concluded that an average article contains at least three plagiarized citations when authors copy and paste a citation entry from another publication without consulting the original source.<ref name="Serenko2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Serenko |first1=A. |last2=Dumay |first2=J. |last3=Hsiao |first3=P-C.K. |last4=Choo |first4=C.W. |date=2021 |title=Do They Practice What They Preach? The Presence of Problematic Citations in Business Ethics Research |url=http://www.aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Do_They_Practice.pdf |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=1304–1320 |doi=10.1108/JD-01-2021-0018 |s2cid=237823862 |access-date=2021-10-19 |archive-date=2021-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193000/http://www.aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Do_They_Practice.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Experts have found that simple precautions, such as consulting the author of a cited source about proper citations, reduce the likelihood of citation errors and thus increase the quality of research.<ref name="Wright2008">{{Cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Malcolm |last2=Armstrong |first2=J.&nbsp;Scott |author-link2=J. Scott Armstrong |date=2008 |title=The Ombudsman: Verification of Citations: Fawlty Towers of Knowledge? |journal=Interfaces |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1287/inte.1070.0317 |issn=0092-2102 |eissn=1526-551X |jstor=25062982 |oclc=5582131729 |ssrn=1941335 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Another study noted that approximately 25% citations do not support the claims made, a finding that affects many disciplines, including history.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cumberledge |first1=Aaron |last2=Smith |first2=Neal |last3=Riley |first3=Benjamin W. |date=2023-08-01 |title=Unverified history: an analysis of quotation accuracy in leading history journals |journal=Scientometrics |language=en |volume=128 |issue=8 |pages=4677–4687 |doi=10.1007/s11192-023-04755-w |s2cid=259519993 |issn=1588-2861}}</ref> Research suggests the impact of an article can be, partly, explained by superficial factors and not only by the scientific merits of an article.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Bornmann | first1=Lutz | last2=Daniel | first2=Hans-Dieter | title=What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior | journal=Journal of Documentation | date=2008 | volume=64 | pages=45–80 | doi=10.1108/00220410810844150 | hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0013-7A94-3 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> Field-dependent factors are usually listed as an issue to be tackled not only when comparisons across disciplines are made, but also when different fields of research of one discipline are being compared.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anauati |first1=Maria Victoria |last2=Galiani |first2=Sebastian |last3=Gálvez |first3=Ramiro H. |date=November 4, 2015 |title=Quantifying the Life Cycle of Scholarly Articles Across Fields of Economic Research |ssrn=2523078 |journal=Economic Inquiry |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=1339–1355}}</ref> For example, in medicine, among other factors, the number of authors, the number of references, the article length, and the presence of a colon in the title influence the impact; while in sociology the number of references, the article length, and title length are among the factors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van Wesel |first1=M. |last2=Wyatt |first2=S. |last3=ten Haaf |first3=J. |year=2014 |title=What a difference a colon makes: how superficial factors influence subsequent citation |url=https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/894334/art_3A10.1007_2Fs11192_013_1154_x.pdf |journal=Scientometrics |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=1601–1615 |doi=10.1007/s11192-013-1154-x |s2cid=18553863 |hdl=20.500.11755/2fd7fc12-1766-4ddd-8f19-1d2603d2e11d |hdl-access=free |access-date=2019-07-11 |archive-date=2021-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126035317/https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/894334/art_3A10.1007_2Fs11192_013_1154_x.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that "reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank".<ref name="Brembs2018">{{cite journal |last1=Brembs|first1=Björn|title=Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability |journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |volume=12 |article-number=37 |year=2018 |pmid=29515380 |pmc=5826185 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2018.00037 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Nature Index]] recognizes that citations remain a controversial and yet important metric for academics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.nature.com/2TdWoM6 |title=Studies suggest 5 ways to increase citation counts |last=Crew |first=Bec |date=7 August 2019 |website=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] Index |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218015207/https://www.natureindex.com/news-blog/studies-research-five-ways-increase-citation-counts |url-status=live }}</ref> They report five ways to increase citation counts: (1) watch the title length and punctuation;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hudson |first=John |year=2016 |title=An analysis of the titles of papers submitted to the UK REF in 2014: authors, disciplines, and stylistic details |journal=[[Scientometrics]] |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=871–889 |doi=10.1007/s11192-016-2081-4 |pmc=5065898 |pmid=27795594}}</ref> (2) release the results early as preprints;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fraser |first1=Nicholas |last2=Momeni |first2=Fakhri |last3=Mayr |first3=Philipp |last4=Peters |first4=Isabella |title=The relationship between bioRxiv preprints, citations and altmetrics |journal=Quantitative Science Studies |date=2020 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=618–638 |biorxiv=10.1101/673665 |doi=10.1162/qss_a_00043 |doi-access=free|hdl=11108/455 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> (3) avoid referring to a country in the title, abstract, or keywords;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abramo |first1=Giovanni |last2=D'Angelo |first2=Ciriaco Andrea |last3=Di Costa |first3=Flavia |year=2016 |title=The effect of a country's name in the title of a publication on its visibility and citability |journal=[[Scientometrics]] |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=1895–1909 |arxiv=1810.12657 |doi=10.1007/s11192-016-2120-1|s2cid=4354082 }}</ref> (4) link the article to supporting data in a repository;<ref>{{Cite journal|arxiv=1907.02565 |first1=Giovanni |last1=Colavizza |first2=Iain |last2=Hrynaszkiewicz |title=The citation advantage of linking publications to research data |first3=Isla |last3=Staden |first4=Kirstie |last4=Whitaker |first5=Barbara |last5=McGillivray |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2019|volume=15 |issue=4 |article-number=e0230416 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0230416 |pmid=32320428 |pmc=7176083 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1530416C |doi-access=free }}</ref> and (5) avoid hyphens in the titles of research articles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Zhi Quan |last2=Tse |first2=T.H. |last3=Witheridge |first3=Matt |year=2021 |title=Metamorphic robustness testing: Exposing hidden defects in citation statistics and journal impact factors |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering]] |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=1164–1183 |doi=10.1109/TSE.2019.2915065|bibcode=2021ITSEn..47.1164Z |doi-access=free }}</ref> Citation patterns are also known to be affected by unethical behavior of both the authors and journal staff. Such behavior is called impact factor boosting and was reported to involve even the top-tier journals. Specifically the high-ranking journals of medical science, including ''The Lancet'', ''JAMA'' and ''The New England Journal of Medicine'', are thought to be associated with such behavior, with up to 30% of citations to these journals being generated by commissioned opinion articles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heneberg |first=P. |year=2014 |title=Parallel Worlds of Citable Documents and Others: Inflated Commissioned Opinion Articles Enhance Scientometric Indicators |journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology |volume=65 |issue=3 |page=635 |doi=10.1002/asi.22997 |s2cid=3165853 |url=https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.22997 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-06-20 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202227/https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.22997 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, the phenomenon of citation cartels is rising. Citation cartels are defined as groups of authors that cite each other disproportionately more than they do other groups of authors who work on the same subject.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fister |first1=I. Jr. |last2=Fister |first2=I. |last3=Perc |first3=M. |year=2016 |title=Toward the Discovery of Citation Cartels in Citation Networks |journal=Frontiers in Physics |volume=4 |page=49 |bibcode=2016FrP.....4...49F |doi=10.3389/fphy.2016.00049 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Citation politics=== Another issue is citation politics, which describes how citation shapes power structures by dictating the legitimacy of published authors and their work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perkins-White |first=Amy |title=Library Guides: Citation politics: Getting Started |url=https://unimelb.libguides.com/citation-politics |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=unimelb.libguides.com |language=en |archive-date=2025-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216223059/https://unimelb.libguides.com/citation-politics |url-status=live }}</ref> As ideas are frequently reproduced through citation, they accrue increasing intellectual value.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Annabel L. |date=2020 |title=The Politics of Citation |journal=Diacritics |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1353/dia.2020.0016 |issn=1080-6539}}</ref> Research suggests that the number of times that an academic article gets cited has a direct impact on the author's academic prestige and recognition, promotion opportunities, and potential impact in their respective fields.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Christen A. |last2=Garrett-Scott |first2=Dominique |date=2021-04-05 |title="We are not named": Black women and the politics of citation in anthropology |journal=Feminist Anthropology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=18–37 |doi=10.1002/fea2.12038 |issn=2643-7961}}</ref> The [[Matthew effect|Matthew Effect]], [[Matilda effect|Matilda Effect]] and [[Reporting bias#Citation bias|citation bias]] describe phenomena to this effect.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Keisha S. |last2=Zurn |first2=Perry |last3=Dworkin |first3=Jordan D. |last4=Bassett |first4=Dani S. |last5=Resnik |first5=David B. |date=2022-08-18 |title=Citation bias, diversity, and ethics |journal=Accountability in Research |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=158–172 |doi=10.1080/08989621.2022.2111257 |pmid=35938378 |pmc=9938084 |issn=0898-9621}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kwon |first=Diana |date=2022-03-22 |title=The rise of citational justice: how scholars are making references fairer |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00793-1 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=603 |issue=7902 |pages=568–571 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00793-1 |pmid=35318470 |bibcode=2022Natur.603..568K }}</ref> However, evidence indicates that external factors may influence the likelihood of a paper getting cited.<ref name=":1" /> For example, citation counts have been shown to favor researchers from the Global North and thus can undervalue researchers from the Global South and from minority communities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lazarus |first=Suleman |date=2024-12-05 |title=An Autoethnographic Perspective on Scholarly Impact, Citation Politics, and North–South Power Dynamics |journal=Life Writing |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=603–629 |doi=10.1080/14484528.2024.2430666 |issn=1448-4528|doi-access=free }}</ref> In addition, male names tend to get cited disproportionately more frequently than female names.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rosa |first1=Fernanda R. |last2=Anastácio |first2=Kimberly |last3=Pereira de Jesus |first3=Maria Vitoria |last4=Veras |first4=Hemanuel Jhosé A. |date=June 2024 |title=Citation politics: The gender gap in internet governance |journal=Telecommunications Policy |volume=48 |issue=5 |article-number=102734 |doi=10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102734 |issn=0308-5961|doi-access=free |hdl=10919/124563 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Smith and Garrett-Scott have also argued that black women in the anthropological field are rarely ever cited by non-black women.<ref name=":0" /> Researchers have suggested combating inequality in citation politics with the use of a Citation Diversity Statement, a statement that would include the proportions of citations used in a scholarly article in terms of gender, race, and/or ethnicity.<ref name=":1" /> Another option is the formation of campaigns like #CiteBlackWomen that promote awareness of citational disparity.<ref name=":1" /> == Kafukufuku na kupanga == There is research about citations and development of related tools and systems, mainly relating to scientific citations. [[Citation analysis]] is a method widely used in [[metascience]]. ===Citation analysis=== {{Excerpt|Citation analysis|only=paragraphs|paragraphs=1-2}} ===Citation frequency=== {{See also|Metascience#Evaluation and incentives}} {{Excerpt|Scientific citation|Citation frequency|hat=no}} ===Progress and citation consolidation=== {{Excerpt|Scientific citation|Progress and citation consolidation|hat=no}} ===IT systems=== {{Excerpt|Scientific citation|IT systems|subsections=yes|hat=no}} == Wonaniso == <!-- New links in alpphabetial order please --> {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[Acknowledgment (creative arts)]] * [[Bible citation]] * [[Case citation]] * [[Citation creator]] * [[Citation index]] * [[Citation signal]] * [[Citationality]] * [[Coercive citation]] * [[Credit (creative arts)]] * [[Cross-reference]] * [[Drive-by citation]] * [[San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment]] * [[Scholarly method]] * [[Source evaluation]] * [[Style guide]] }} == Manotisi == {{Notelist}} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Kuŵerenga kwakusazgikira == * {{Wiktionary-inline}} * {{Wikiquote-inline}} *{{commonscatinline}} <!-- This list needs to be ordered alphabetically. --> {{refbegin}} * {{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=J Scott |date=July 1996 |title=The Ombudsman: Management Folklore and Management Science{{snd}}On Portfolio Planning, Escalation Bias, and Such |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1111&context=marketing_papers |journal=Interfaces |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=28–42 |doi=10.1287/inte.26.4.25 |oclc=210941768 |ref=refArmstrong 2007 |access-date=2019-07-11 |archive-date=2018-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720064706/https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1111&context=marketing_papers |url-status=live }} * <cite id=refPechenik2004>{{Cite book |last=Pechenik |first=Jan A |title=A Short Guide to Writing About Biology |publisher=Pearson/Longman |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-321-15981-6 |edition=5th |location=[[New York City|New York]] |oclc=52166026 |ref=refMHRA}}</cite> * {{Cite web |url=https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-are-there-different-citation-styles |title=Why Are There Different Citation Styles? |website=Yale.edu |access-date=2025-01-23 |ref=refYaleUni |author=Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning |date=25 June 2015 |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123155948/https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-are-there-different-citation-styles |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |title=Why Cite Sources in Your Academic Writing? |url=https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-cite |author=Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning |website=Yale.edu |access-date=2025-01-23 |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123160020/https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-cite |url-status=live }} {{refend}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Bibliography]] [[Category:Intellectual history]] [[Category:Reference]] [[Category:Sources]] [[Category:Elements of documents]] pe5y8ptdfajlbt01x3bh85f5tr9r8dv 122997 122954 2026-10-07T02:47:53Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Reference to a source}} {{hatnote group| {{distinguish-redirect|Cite|Site}}{{for-multi|"&lt;cite>"|HTML element}} {{other uses|Citation (disambiguation)|Cité (disambiguation)|CITE (disambiguation)}} {{for|citations related to Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Citing sources|Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia|selfref=yes|Wikipedia:Citation templates}} }} [[File:Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester_-_Tumbuka.png|thumb|''xkcd'' webusayiti ya mutu wakuti "Wakususka wa Wikipedia". Chimanyikwiro ichi chikuti: "<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Citation needed|UKABONI UKUKHUMBIKA APA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Munroe |first=Randall |title=Wikipedian Protester |url=https://xkcd.com/285/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225215024/https://www.xkcd.com/285/ |archive-date=25 December 2011 |access-date=25 May 2020 |website=xkcd}}</ref>]] '''Ukaboni''' panji '''chiphara''' ni chibekero cha chinthu malo agho ghakulembeka. Kuyowoya mwakudunjika, ukaboni ni mazgu ghakufupikizgika gha afanumeriki agho ghali kuŵikika mu thupi la buku la vinjeru ilo likulongora kuti pali kulembeka mu chigaŵa cha vimanyikwiro vya mabuku gha buku ili na chilato cha kuzomerezga kuti milimo ya ŵanji yikukhwaskana na mutu wakudumbiskana pa malo agho ukaboni yikuyowoyeka. Kanandi, kuphatikizapo vyose viŵiri, ivyo vikulembeka mu thupi na ivyo vikulembeka mu mabuku, vikupanga ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti ni ukaboni (apo ivyo vikulembeka mu mabuku ghakulembeka paŵekha vikupangiska yayi). Mazgu ghakuzunurapo ghali na vilato vinandi vyakuzirwa. Nangauli kugwiriskira nchito kwawo pakukhozgera unenesko wa vinjeru na kukhozga ivyo ŵakuyowoya vikuwoneka comene mu vyakusambizga na vilongozgo vya mtundu (mwaciyelezgero,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://integrity.mit.edu/handbook/citing-your-sources/avoiding-plagiarism-cite-your-source |title=What Does it Mean to Cite? |publisher=MIT Academic Integrity |access-date=2015-09-28 |archive-date=2017-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710203103/http://integrity.mit.edu/handbook/citing-your-sources/avoiding-plagiarism-cite-your-source |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Association of Legal Writing Directors & Darby Dickerson, ''ALWD Citation Manual: A Professional System of Citation,'' 4th ed. (New York: Aspen, 2010), 3.</ref>), kupereka makora fundo zakumanyikwa ku magwero ghakale nchimoza mwa vifukwa ivi.<ref>Mansourizadeh, Kobra, and Ummul K. Ahmad. "Citation practices among non-native expert and novice scientific writers." ''Journal of English for Academic Purposes'' 10, no. 3 (2011): 152–161.</ref> Kusanda kwa chiyowoyero kwa ndondomeko ya kuzunura kwalongora kuti nawo ŵakugwira ntchito zikuru pakunozga umo chimanyisko chikuŵira pa mutu unyake, kusanga ivyo vikusoŵa mu chimanyisko icho chilipo ivyo vikwenera kuzuzgika panji kulongosora malo agho mafumbo ghakwenera kulutilira panji kuzgoŵezgeka.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Swales |first=John M. |orig-date=2004 |title=Research genres: Explorations and applications |journal= [[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139524827 |publication-date=October 2012 |isbn=978-1-139-52482-7}}</ref> Citation nayo yamanyikwa kuti ni nthowa yikuru iyo ŵakusanda ŵakuŵikirapo fundo: kujikolera panji kulimbana na magulu ghachokoghachoko gha ŵanyawo ŵakusanda awo ŵakugwira ntchito pa mapulojekiti ghakuyana waka na kuŵika mwaŵi wakuti ŵapange chimanyisko chiphya.<ref>Hyland, K., & Jiang, F. (2019). Points of reference: Changing patterns of academic citation. Applied Linguistics, 40(1), 64–85.</ref> [[File:Citations on p. 44 of The Byzantine empire by Finlay.png|thumb|right|Mazgu agho ghali mu ukaboni la ŵasambiri]] Mazgu ghakuzunulika (mwachiyelezgero, kuŵika mazuŵa mu vibokosi, mazgu ghakumalira ghakulembeka pachanya na mazgu ghapasi, makoloni panji makoma pa manambara gha masamba, na vinyake) ghakupambana na ndondomeko yakuzunulira ivyo vikugwiriskirika nchito (mwachiyelezgero, Oxford,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html |title=Oxford Referencing System |access-date=18 January 2011 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630023831/http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Harvard, MLA, NLM, Bungwe la Ŵanthu ŵa ku America (ASA), Bungwe la Ŵanthu ŵa ku America (APA), na vinyake). Nthowa yiliyose yikukolerana na visambizgo vyakupambanapambana vya masambiro, ndipo magazini gha masambiro agho ghakukolerana na visambizgo ivi ghakusunga mtundu wakukhumbikwa wa citational style mwa kukhozgera na kulondezga ndondomeko zakwenelera za mtundu. == Ghanoghano == A ''bibliographic citation'' is a reference to a book, [[article (publishing)|article]], [[web page]], or other published item. Citations should supply sufficient detail to identify the item uniquely.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm |title=Library glossary |date=August 22, 2008 |publisher=[[Benedictine University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430220849/http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm |archive-date=April 30, 2008 |access-date=2009-02-27}}</ref> Different citation systems and styles are used in [[scientific citation]], [[legal citation]], [[prior art]], [[the arts]], and the [[humanities]]. Regarding the use of citations in the scientific literature, some scholars also put forward "the right to refuse unwanted citations" in certain situations deemed inappropriate.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva|author2= Quan-Hoang Vuong|date=2021|title=The right to refuse unwanted citations: rethinking the culture of science around the citation | journal=Scientometrics |volume=126|issue=6|pages=5355–5360|doi=10.1007/s11192-021-03960-9|pmid= 33994602|pmc= 8105147|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Vyamukati == Citation content can vary depending on the type of source and may include: * ''Book:'' authors, book title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, and page numbers if appropriate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing |title=Anatomy of a Citation |website=LIU.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905125227/http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing |archive-date=2015-09-05 |access-date=2015-09-28 |ref=refLongIslandUni}}</ref> * ''Journal:'' authors, article title, journal title, date of publication, and page numbers. * ''Newspaper:'' authors, article title, name of newspaper, section title and page numbers if desired, date of publication. * ''Web site:'' authors, article, and publication title where appropriate, as well as a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]], and a date when the site was accessed. * ''Play:'' inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For example, "In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married" (Pushkin 4.452–53).<ref name="Brigham">{{Cite web |url=http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm |title=How to cite sources in the body of your paper |year=2008 |website=BYUI.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113174823/http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm |archive-date=November 13, 2011 |access-date=2008-02-08 |ref=refBrigham}}</ref> * ''Poem:'' spaced [[Slash (punctuation)#In English text|slashes]] are normally used to indicate separate lines of a poem, and [[Parenthetical referencing|parenthetical citations]] usually include the line numbers. For example: "For I must love because I live&nbsp;/ And life in me is what you give." (Brennan, lines 15–16).<ref name=Brigham/> * ''Interview:'' name of interviewer, interview descriptor (ex. personal interview), and date of interview. * ''Data:'' authors, dataset title, date of publication, and publisher. === Unique identifiers === Along with information such as authors, date of publication, title and page numbers, citations may also include [[unique identifier]]s depending on the type of work being referred to. * Citations of books may include an [[International Standard Book Number]] (ISBN). * Specific volumes, articles, or other identifiable parts of a periodical, may have an associated [[Serial Item and Contribution Identifier]] (SICI) or an [[International Standard Serial Number]] (ISSN). * Electronic documents may have a [[digital object identifier]] (DOI). * Biomedical research articles may have a PubMed Identifier ([[PMID]]). == Nthowa == Broadly speaking, there are two types of citation systems, the Vancouver system and parenthetical referencing.<ref name="ELhelpdesk">{{cite web |last=Pantcheva |first=Marina |date=nd |title=Citation styles: Vancouver and Harvard systems |url=https://site.uit.no/english/writing-style/citationstyles/ |website=site.uit.no |access-date=July 2, 2020 |archive-date=July 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701114257/https://site.uit.no/english/writing-style/citationstyles/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the [[Council of Science Editors]] (CSE) adds a third, the'' citation-name system''.<ref name="council2006scientific">Council of Science Editors, Style Manual Committee (2007). Scientific style and format: the CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers.</ref> === Vancouver system === {{main|Vancouver system}} The Vancouver system uses sequential numbers in the text, either bracketed or superscript or both.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vancouver (Numbering) |url=https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/as/libraryservices/library/referencing/icite/vancouver/index.aspx |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=University of Birmingham |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103130115/https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/as/libraryservices/library/referencing/icite/vancouver/index.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The numbers refer to either footnotes (notes at the end of the page) or endnotes (notes on a page at the end of the paper) that provide source detail. The notes system may or may not require a full bibliography, depending on whether the writer has used a full-note form or a shortened-note form. The organizational logic of the bibliography is that sources are listed in their order of appearance in-text, rather than alphabetically by author last name. For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a notes system ''without'' a full bibliography could look like: :"The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance."¹ The note, located either at the foot of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote) would look like this: :1. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'' (New York: Macmillan, 1969) 45–60. In a paper with a full bibliography, the shortened note might look like: :1. Kübler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'' 45–60. The bibliography entry, which is required with a shortened note, would look like this: :Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth. ''On Death and Dying''. New York: Macmillan, 1969. In the humanities, many authors also use footnotes or endnotes to supply anecdotal information. In this way, what looks like a citation is actually supplementary material, or suggestions for further reading.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm |title=How to Write Research Papers with Citations: MLA, APA, Footnotes, Endnotes |access-date=2010-01-31 |archive-date=2010-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616071855/http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> === Parenthetical referencing === {{main|Parenthetical referencing}} Parenthetical referencing, also known as Harvard referencing, has full or partial, in-text, citations enclosed in circular brackets and embedded in the paragraph.<ref>{{cite web|last1=libguides|first1=liu.cwp|title=Parenthetical Referencing|url=https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|access-date=26 July 2020|website=liu.cwp.libguides.com|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726214158/https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|url-status=live}}</ref> An example of a parenthetical reference: :"The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance" (Kübler-Ross, 1969, pp. 45–60). Depending on the choice of style, fully cited parenthetical references may require no end section. Other styles include a list of the citations, with complete bibliographical references, in an end section, sorted alphabetically by author. This section is often called "References", "Bibliography", "Works cited" or "Works consulted". In-text references for online publications may differ from conventional parenthetical referencing. A full reference can be hidden, only displayed when wanted by the reader, in the form of a [[tooltip]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210428140433/https://livereference.org/ Live Reference Initiative]}}. Retrieved 2012-04-28.</ref> This style makes citing easier and improves the reader's experience. == Masitayilo == {{Styles}} {{Further|APA style|The Chicago Manual of Style|Bluebook|MLA style|ASA style}} {{For|citation templates on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Citation templates|selfref=yes}} Citation styles can be broadly divided into styles common to the humanities and the sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Some style guides, such as [[the Chicago Manual of Style]], are quite flexible and cover both parenthetical and note citation systems. Others, such as [[MLA style manual|MLA]] and [[APA style|APA]] styles, specify formats within the context of a single citation system. These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html |title=Citation Formats & Style Manuals |year=2007 |website=CSUChico.edu |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refCaliforniaStateUni |archive-date=2008-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225232139/http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |year=2005 |website=Lesley.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228053242/http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html |archive-date=December 28, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refLesleyUni}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |year=2003 |website=RIT.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203115324/http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html |archive-date=February 3, 2008 |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refRIT}}</ref> The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page numbers following the author name, in addition to conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis, parenthesis, quotation marks, etc., particular to their style. A number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs; consequently, a number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations as well, and some works are so long-established as to have their own citation methods too: [[Stephanus pagination]] for [[Plato]]; [[Bekker numbers]] for [[Aristotle]]; citing the Bible by book, chapter and verse; or [[Shakespeare]] notation by play. The [[Citation Style Language]] (CSL) is an open XML-based language to describe the formatting of citations and bibliographies. === Humanities === * The [[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago style]] (CMOS) was developed and its guide is ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]''. It is most widely used in history and economics as well as some social sciences. The closely related [[Turabian]] style—which derives from it—is for student references, and is distinguished from the CMOS by omission of quotation marks in reference lists, and mandatory access date citation. * The Columbia style was created by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences. * ''Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace'' by Elizabeth Shown Mills covers primary sources not included in CMOS, such as censuses, court, land, government, business, and church records. Includes sources in electronic format. Used by genealogists and historians.<ref name="evidence">Elizabeth Shown Mills. ''Evidence Explained : Citing History Sources from Artifacts to cyberspace.'' 2d ed. Baltimore:Genealogical Pub. Co., 2009.</ref> * [[Harvard referencing]] (or author-date system) is a specific kind of [[parenthetical referencing]]. Parenthetical referencing is recommended by both the [[BSI Group|British Standards Institution]] and the [[Modern Language Association]]. Harvard referencing involves a short author-date reference, e.g., "(Smith, 2000)", being inserted after the cited text within parentheses and the full reference to the source being listed at the end of the article. * [[The MLA Style Manual|MLA style]] was developed by the Modern Language Association and is most often used in [[the arts]] and the [[humanities]], particularly in [[English studies]], other [[Literary criticism|literary studies]], including [[comparative literature]] and [[literary criticism]] in languages other than English ("foreign languages"), and some interdisciplinary studies, such as [[cultural studies]], [[drama]] and [[theatre]], film, and other [[Mass media|media]], including television. This style of citations and bibliographical format uses parenthetical referencing with author-page (Smith 395) or author-[short] title-page (Smith, ''Contingencies'' 42) in the case of more than one work by the same author within parentheses in the text, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources on a "works cited" page at the end of the paper, as well as notes (footnotes or endnotes).{{efn|The field of [[communication]] (or communications) overlaps with some of the disciplines also covered by the MLA and has its own disciplinary style recommendations for documentation format; the style guide recommended for use in student papers in such departments in American colleges and universities is often ''[[APA style|The Publication Manual of the APA]]'' ([[American Psychological Association]]); designated for short as "[[APA style]]".}} * The [[MHRA Style Guide]] is published by the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] (MHRA) and most widely used in the arts and humanities in the United Kingdom, where the MHRA is based. It is available for sale both in the UK and in the United States. It is similar to MLA style, but has some differences. For example, MHRA style uses footnotes that reference a citation fully while also providing a bibliography. Some readers find it advantageous that the footnotes provide full citations, instead of shortened references, so that they do not need to consult the bibliography while reading for the rest of the publication details.<ref>The 2nd edition (updated April 2008) of the ''[[MHRA Style Guide]]'' is downloadable for free from the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] official website. {{Cite web |url=http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ |title=MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors, Editors, and Writers of Theses |year=2008 |publisher=Modern Humanities Research Association |access-date=2009-02-05 |archive-date=2005-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050910055050/http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ }} (2nd ed.)</ref> In some areas of the humanities, footnotes are used exclusively for references, and their use for conventional [[footnotes]] (explanations or examples) is avoided. In these areas, the term ''footnote'' is actually used as a synonym for ''reference'', and care must be taken by editors and typesetters to ensure that they understand how the term is being used by their authors. === Law === {{Main|Legal citation}} * The [[Bluebook]] is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ |title=Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2007 ed.) |last=Martin |first=Peter W |date=May 2007 |website=Cornell.edu |orig-date=1993 |access-date=2008-02-03 |ref=refMartin2007 |archive-date=2018-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004233927/https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use inline citations, which are either separate sentences or separate clauses. Inline citations allow readers to quickly determine the strength of a source based on, for example, the court a case was decided in and the year it was decided. * The legal citation style used almost universally in Canada is based on the ''[[Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation]]'' (AKA ''McGill Guide''), published by ''McGill Law Journal''.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210184155/http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/citeguide.php|url=http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/citeguide.php|title=Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (Cite Guide)|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-02-10|access-date=2009-02-05|website=McGill Law Journal}}<!--Updated October 2008.--></ref> * British legal citation almost universally follows the ''[[Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities]]'' (OSCOLA). === Sciences, mathematics, engineering, physiology, and medicine === * The [[American Chemical Society]] style, or [[ACS style]], is often used in chemistry and some of the [[physical sciences]]. In ACS style references are numbered in the text and in the reference list, and numbers are repeated throughout the text as needed. * In the style of the [[American Institute of Physics]] ([[AIP style]]), references are also numbered in the text and in the reference list, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed. * Styles developed for the [[American Mathematical Society]] (AMS), or AMS styles, such as [[AMS-LaTeX]], are typically implemented using the [[BibTeX]] tool in the [[LaTeX]] typesetting environment. Brackets with the author's initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in line with alphabetic-label format, e.g. [AB90]. This type of style is also called an "authorship trigraph". * The [[Vancouver system]], recommended by the [[Council of Science Editors]] (CSE), is used in medical and scientific papers and research. ** In one major variant, that used by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number. ** The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) is reportedly the original kernel of this biomedical style, which evolved from the Vancouver 1978 editors' meeting.<ref>[http://www.icmje.org "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005051625/http://www.icmje.org/ |date=2019-10-05 }}.</ref> The [[MEDLINE]]/[[PubMed]] database uses this citation style and the [[National Library of Medicine]] provides "ICMJE [[Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals]] – Sample References".<ref>International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html "ICMJE Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals – Sample References"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061221120314/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html |date=2006-12-21 }}.</ref> * The American Medical Association has its own variant of Vancouver style with only minor differences. See [[AMA Manual of Style]]. * The style of the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE), or [[IEEE style]], encloses citation numbers within square brackets and numbers them consecutively, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.<ref>[http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf IEEE Style Manual] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043706/http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }}. Retrieved 2015-02-16.</ref> * In areas of biology that falls within the [[ICNafp]] (which itself uses this citation style throughout), a variant form of author-title citation is the primary method used when making nomenclatural citations and sometimes general citations (for example in code-related proposals published in ''[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]''), with the works in question not cited in the bibliography unless also cited in the text. Titles use standardized abbreviations following ''Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum'' for periodicals and ''Taxonomic Literature 2'' (later [[IPNI]]) for books. * Pechenik citation style is a style described in ''A Short Guide to Writing about Biology'', 6th ed. (2007), by [[Jan Pechenik|Jan A. Pechenik]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150929032143/http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/colleges-and-schools/college-of-arts-and-sciences/majors-programs/Biology/Undergraduate_Research/Forms/citation_guide.pdf "Pechenik Citation Style QuickGuide"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929032143/http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/colleges-and-schools/college-of-arts-and-sciences/majors-programs/Biology/Undergraduate_Research/Forms/citation_guide.pdf |date=2015-09-29 }} ([[PDF]]). [[University of Alberta]], Augustana Campus, Canada. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. November 2007.</ref> * In 1955, Eugene Garfield proposed a [[citation index|bibliographic system for scientific literature]], to consolidate the integrity of [[scientific publishing|scientific publications]].<ref name="cisn">{{Cite journal |last=Garfield |first=Eugene |year=2006 |title=Citation indexes for science. A new dimension in documentation through association of ideas |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1123–1127 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyl189 |pmid=16987841 |doi-access=}}</ref> === Social sciences === * The style of the [[American Psychological Association]], or [[APA style]], published in the [[Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association]], is most often used in [[social sciences]]. APA citation style is similar to [[Harvard referencing]], listing the author's name and year of publication, although these can take two forms: ''name citations'' in which the surnames of the authors appear in the text and the year of publication then appears in parentheses, and ''author-date citations'', in which the surnames of the authors and the year of publication all appear in parentheses. In both cases, in-text citations point to an alphabetical list of sources at the end of the paper in a "references" section. * The [[American Political Science Association]] publishes both a style manual and a style guide for publications in this field.<ref name="APSA">Stephen Yoder, ed. (2008). ''The APSA Guide to Writing and Publishing'' and ''Style Manual for Political Science''. Rev. ed. August 2006. [http://www.apsanet.org/PUBLICATIONS/Online-Store APSAnet.org Publications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929073143/http://www.apsanet.org/PUBLICATIONS/Online-Store |date=2015-09-29 }}. Retrieved 2015-09-28.</ref> The style is close to the CMOS. * The [[American Anthropological Association]] utilizes a modified form of the Chicago style laid out in their publishing style guide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm|title=Publishing Style Guide - Stay Informed|website=www.aaanet.org|access-date=Apr 28, 2020|archive-date=October 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009061048/http://aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref> * The [[ASA style]] of the [[American Sociological Association]] is one of the main styles used in [[sociological]] publications. == Mavuto == {{see also|Impact factor#Editorial policies that affect the impact factor}}In their research on footnotes in scholarly journals in the field of communication, Michael Bugeja and Daniela V. Dimitrova have found that citations to online sources have a rate of decay (as cited pages are taken down), which they call a "half-life", that renders footnotes in those journals less useful for scholarship over time.<ref>Bugeja, Michael and Daniela V. Dimitrova (2010). ''Vanishing Act: The Erosion of Online Footnotes and Implications for Scholarship in the Digital Age''. Duluth, Minnesota: Litwin Books. {{ISBN|978-1-936117-14-7}}</ref> Other experts have found that published replications do not have as many citations as original publications.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raymond Hubbard and J. Scott Armstrong |year=1994 |title=Replications and Extensions in Marketing: Rarely Published But Quite Contrary |url=http://cogprints.org/5199/1/Replications-and-Extensions-in-Marketing.pdf |journal=International Journal of Research in Marketing |s2cid-access=free |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=233–248 |doi=10.1016/0167-8116(94)90003-5 |s2cid=18205635 |access-date=2017-11-01 |archive-date=2017-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922010807/http://cogprints.org/5199/1/Replications%2Dand%2DExtensions%2Din%2DMarketing.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Another important issue is citation errors, which often occur due to carelessness on either the researcher or journal editor's part in the publication procedure.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Peoples | first1=Nicholas | last2=Østbye | first2=Truls | last3=Yan | first3=Lijing L. | title=Burden of proof: Combating inaccurate citation in biomedical literature | journal=BMJ | date=2023 | volume=383 | article-number=e076441 | doi=10.1136/bmj-2023-076441 | pmid=37931929 }}</ref> For example, a study that analyzed 1,200 randomly selected citations from three major business ethics journals concluded that an average article contains at least three plagiarized citations when authors copy and paste a citation entry from another publication without consulting the original source.<ref name="Serenko2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Serenko |first1=A. |last2=Dumay |first2=J. |last3=Hsiao |first3=P-C.K. |last4=Choo |first4=C.W. |date=2021 |title=Do They Practice What They Preach? The Presence of Problematic Citations in Business Ethics Research |url=http://www.aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Do_They_Practice.pdf |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=1304–1320 |doi=10.1108/JD-01-2021-0018 |s2cid=237823862 |access-date=2021-10-19 |archive-date=2021-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193000/http://www.aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Do_They_Practice.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Experts have found that simple precautions, such as consulting the author of a cited source about proper citations, reduce the likelihood of citation errors and thus increase the quality of research.<ref name="Wright2008">{{Cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Malcolm |last2=Armstrong |first2=J.&nbsp;Scott |author-link2=J. Scott Armstrong |date=2008 |title=The Ombudsman: Verification of Citations: Fawlty Towers of Knowledge? |journal=Interfaces |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1287/inte.1070.0317 |issn=0092-2102 |eissn=1526-551X |jstor=25062982 |oclc=5582131729 |ssrn=1941335 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Another study noted that approximately 25% citations do not support the claims made, a finding that affects many disciplines, including history.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cumberledge |first1=Aaron |last2=Smith |first2=Neal |last3=Riley |first3=Benjamin W. |date=2023-08-01 |title=Unverified history: an analysis of quotation accuracy in leading history journals |journal=Scientometrics |language=en |volume=128 |issue=8 |pages=4677–4687 |doi=10.1007/s11192-023-04755-w |s2cid=259519993 |issn=1588-2861}}</ref> Research suggests the impact of an article can be, partly, explained by superficial factors and not only by the scientific merits of an article.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Bornmann | first1=Lutz | last2=Daniel | first2=Hans-Dieter | title=What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior | journal=Journal of Documentation | date=2008 | volume=64 | pages=45–80 | doi=10.1108/00220410810844150 | hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0013-7A94-3 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> Field-dependent factors are usually listed as an issue to be tackled not only when comparisons across disciplines are made, but also when different fields of research of one discipline are being compared.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anauati |first1=Maria Victoria |last2=Galiani |first2=Sebastian |last3=Gálvez |first3=Ramiro H. |date=November 4, 2015 |title=Quantifying the Life Cycle of Scholarly Articles Across Fields of Economic Research |ssrn=2523078 |journal=Economic Inquiry |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=1339–1355}}</ref> For example, in medicine, among other factors, the number of authors, the number of references, the article length, and the presence of a colon in the title influence the impact; while in sociology the number of references, the article length, and title length are among the factors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van Wesel |first1=M. |last2=Wyatt |first2=S. |last3=ten Haaf |first3=J. |year=2014 |title=What a difference a colon makes: how superficial factors influence subsequent citation |url=https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/894334/art_3A10.1007_2Fs11192_013_1154_x.pdf |journal=Scientometrics |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=1601–1615 |doi=10.1007/s11192-013-1154-x |s2cid=18553863 |hdl=20.500.11755/2fd7fc12-1766-4ddd-8f19-1d2603d2e11d |hdl-access=free |access-date=2019-07-11 |archive-date=2021-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126035317/https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/894334/art_3A10.1007_2Fs11192_013_1154_x.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that "reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank".<ref name="Brembs2018">{{cite journal |last1=Brembs|first1=Björn|title=Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability |journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |volume=12 |article-number=37 |year=2018 |pmid=29515380 |pmc=5826185 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2018.00037 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Nature Index]] recognizes that citations remain a controversial and yet important metric for academics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.nature.com/2TdWoM6 |title=Studies suggest 5 ways to increase citation counts |last=Crew |first=Bec |date=7 August 2019 |website=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] Index |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218015207/https://www.natureindex.com/news-blog/studies-research-five-ways-increase-citation-counts |url-status=live }}</ref> They report five ways to increase citation counts: (1) watch the title length and punctuation;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hudson |first=John |year=2016 |title=An analysis of the titles of papers submitted to the UK REF in 2014: authors, disciplines, and stylistic details |journal=[[Scientometrics]] |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=871–889 |doi=10.1007/s11192-016-2081-4 |pmc=5065898 |pmid=27795594}}</ref> (2) release the results early as preprints;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fraser |first1=Nicholas |last2=Momeni |first2=Fakhri |last3=Mayr |first3=Philipp |last4=Peters |first4=Isabella |title=The relationship between bioRxiv preprints, citations and altmetrics |journal=Quantitative Science Studies |date=2020 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=618–638 |biorxiv=10.1101/673665 |doi=10.1162/qss_a_00043 |doi-access=free|hdl=11108/455 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> (3) avoid referring to a country in the title, abstract, or keywords;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abramo |first1=Giovanni |last2=D'Angelo |first2=Ciriaco Andrea |last3=Di Costa |first3=Flavia |year=2016 |title=The effect of a country's name in the title of a publication on its visibility and citability |journal=[[Scientometrics]] |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=1895–1909 |arxiv=1810.12657 |doi=10.1007/s11192-016-2120-1|s2cid=4354082 }}</ref> (4) link the article to supporting data in a repository;<ref>{{Cite journal|arxiv=1907.02565 |first1=Giovanni |last1=Colavizza |first2=Iain |last2=Hrynaszkiewicz |title=The citation advantage of linking publications to research data |first3=Isla |last3=Staden |first4=Kirstie |last4=Whitaker |first5=Barbara |last5=McGillivray |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2019|volume=15 |issue=4 |article-number=e0230416 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0230416 |pmid=32320428 |pmc=7176083 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1530416C |doi-access=free }}</ref> and (5) avoid hyphens in the titles of research articles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Zhi Quan |last2=Tse |first2=T.H. |last3=Witheridge |first3=Matt |year=2021 |title=Metamorphic robustness testing: Exposing hidden defects in citation statistics and journal impact factors |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering]] |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=1164–1183 |doi=10.1109/TSE.2019.2915065|bibcode=2021ITSEn..47.1164Z |doi-access=free }}</ref> Citation patterns are also known to be affected by unethical behavior of both the authors and journal staff. Such behavior is called impact factor boosting and was reported to involve even the top-tier journals. Specifically the high-ranking journals of medical science, including ''The Lancet'', ''JAMA'' and ''The New England Journal of Medicine'', are thought to be associated with such behavior, with up to 30% of citations to these journals being generated by commissioned opinion articles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heneberg |first=P. |year=2014 |title=Parallel Worlds of Citable Documents and Others: Inflated Commissioned Opinion Articles Enhance Scientometric Indicators |journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology |volume=65 |issue=3 |page=635 |doi=10.1002/asi.22997 |s2cid=3165853 |url=https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.22997 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-06-20 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202227/https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.22997 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, the phenomenon of citation cartels is rising. Citation cartels are defined as groups of authors that cite each other disproportionately more than they do other groups of authors who work on the same subject.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fister |first1=I. Jr. |last2=Fister |first2=I. |last3=Perc |first3=M. |year=2016 |title=Toward the Discovery of Citation Cartels in Citation Networks |journal=Frontiers in Physics |volume=4 |page=49 |bibcode=2016FrP.....4...49F |doi=10.3389/fphy.2016.00049 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Citation politics=== Another issue is citation politics, which describes how citation shapes power structures by dictating the legitimacy of published authors and their work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perkins-White |first=Amy |title=Library Guides: Citation politics: Getting Started |url=https://unimelb.libguides.com/citation-politics |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=unimelb.libguides.com |language=en |archive-date=2025-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216223059/https://unimelb.libguides.com/citation-politics |url-status=live }}</ref> As ideas are frequently reproduced through citation, they accrue increasing intellectual value.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Annabel L. |date=2020 |title=The Politics of Citation |journal=Diacritics |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1353/dia.2020.0016 |issn=1080-6539}}</ref> Research suggests that the number of times that an academic article gets cited has a direct impact on the author's academic prestige and recognition, promotion opportunities, and potential impact in their respective fields.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Christen A. |last2=Garrett-Scott |first2=Dominique |date=2021-04-05 |title="We are not named": Black women and the politics of citation in anthropology |journal=Feminist Anthropology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=18–37 |doi=10.1002/fea2.12038 |issn=2643-7961}}</ref> The [[Matthew effect|Matthew Effect]], [[Matilda effect|Matilda Effect]] and [[Reporting bias#Citation bias|citation bias]] describe phenomena to this effect.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Keisha S. |last2=Zurn |first2=Perry |last3=Dworkin |first3=Jordan D. |last4=Bassett |first4=Dani S. |last5=Resnik |first5=David B. |date=2022-08-18 |title=Citation bias, diversity, and ethics |journal=Accountability in Research |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=158–172 |doi=10.1080/08989621.2022.2111257 |pmid=35938378 |pmc=9938084 |issn=0898-9621}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kwon |first=Diana |date=2022-03-22 |title=The rise of citational justice: how scholars are making references fairer |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00793-1 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=603 |issue=7902 |pages=568–571 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00793-1 |pmid=35318470 |bibcode=2022Natur.603..568K }}</ref> However, evidence indicates that external factors may influence the likelihood of a paper getting cited.<ref name=":1" /> For example, citation counts have been shown to favor researchers from the Global North and thus can undervalue researchers from the Global South and from minority communities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lazarus |first=Suleman |date=2024-12-05 |title=An Autoethnographic Perspective on Scholarly Impact, Citation Politics, and North–South Power Dynamics |journal=Life Writing |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=603–629 |doi=10.1080/14484528.2024.2430666 |issn=1448-4528|doi-access=free }}</ref> In addition, male names tend to get cited disproportionately more frequently than female names.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rosa |first1=Fernanda R. |last2=Anastácio |first2=Kimberly |last3=Pereira de Jesus |first3=Maria Vitoria |last4=Veras |first4=Hemanuel Jhosé A. |date=June 2024 |title=Citation politics: The gender gap in internet governance |journal=Telecommunications Policy |volume=48 |issue=5 |article-number=102734 |doi=10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102734 |issn=0308-5961|doi-access=free |hdl=10919/124563 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Smith and Garrett-Scott have also argued that black women in the anthropological field are rarely ever cited by non-black women.<ref name=":0" /> Researchers have suggested combating inequality in citation politics with the use of a Citation Diversity Statement, a statement that would include the proportions of citations used in a scholarly article in terms of gender, race, and/or ethnicity.<ref name=":1" /> Another option is the formation of campaigns like #CiteBlackWomen that promote awareness of citational disparity.<ref name=":1" /> == Kafukufuku na kupanga == There is research about citations and development of related tools and systems, mainly relating to scientific citations. [[Citation analysis]] is a method widely used in [[metascience]]. ===Citation analysis=== {{Excerpt|Citation analysis|only=paragraphs|paragraphs=1-2}} ===Citation frequency=== {{See also|Metascience#Evaluation and incentives}} {{Excerpt|Scientific citation|Citation frequency|hat=no}} ===Progress and citation consolidation=== {{Excerpt|Scientific citation|Progress and citation consolidation|hat=no}} ===IT systems=== {{Excerpt|Scientific citation|IT systems|subsections=yes|hat=no}} == Wonaniso == <!-- New links in alpphabetial order please --> {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[Acknowledgment (creative arts)]] * [[Bible citation]] * [[Case citation]] * [[Citation creator]] * [[Citation index]] * [[Citation signal]] * [[Citationality]] * [[Coercive citation]] * [[Credit (creative arts)]] * [[Cross-reference]] * [[Drive-by citation]] * [[San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment]] * [[Scholarly method]] * [[Source evaluation]] * [[Style guide]] }} == Manotisi == {{Notelist}} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Kuŵerenga kwakusazgikira == * {{Wiktionary-inline}} * {{Wikiquote-inline}} *{{commonscatinline}} <!-- This list needs to be ordered alphabetically. --> {{refbegin}} * {{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=J Scott |date=July 1996 |title=The Ombudsman: Management Folklore and Management Science{{snd}}On Portfolio Planning, Escalation Bias, and Such |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1111&context=marketing_papers |journal=Interfaces |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=28–42 |doi=10.1287/inte.26.4.25 |oclc=210941768 |ref=refArmstrong 2007 |access-date=2019-07-11 |archive-date=2018-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720064706/https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1111&context=marketing_papers |url-status=live }} * <cite id=refPechenik2004>{{Cite book |last=Pechenik |first=Jan A |title=A Short Guide to Writing About Biology |publisher=Pearson/Longman |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-321-15981-6 |edition=5th |location=[[New York City|New York]] |oclc=52166026 |ref=refMHRA}}</cite> * {{Cite web |url=https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-are-there-different-citation-styles |title=Why Are There Different Citation Styles? |website=Yale.edu |access-date=2025-01-23 |ref=refYaleUni |author=Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning |date=25 June 2015 |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123155948/https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-are-there-different-citation-styles |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |title=Why Cite Sources in Your Academic Writing? |url=https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-cite |author=Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning |website=Yale.edu |access-date=2025-01-23 |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123160020/https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-cite |url-status=live }} {{refend}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Bibliography]] [[Category:Intellectual history]] [[Category:Reference]] [[Category:Sources]] [[Category:Elements of documents]] kddi7g4mufd904a7ovbrtzhf6m98v9g 0 49869 122959 122942 2026-10-06T13:32:53Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vikram Barn''', wakumanyikwa chomene kuti '''Vikkstar123''' panji kuti '''Vikkstar''' waka, ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku [[Ufumu Ubanyi]]. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]] na [[DJ]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=vikkstar123&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir0Y-S4fmTAxXoUWwGHQbgD98Q6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Sidemen: The Book: The subject of the hit new Netflix documentary |date=2016-10-18 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |language=en}}</ref> Ntchito ya Barn pa YouTube yikamba mu 2010. Kufuma mu Juni 2025, nthowa yake yikuru ya pa YouTube yili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7.58 miliyoni awo ŵakulembeska ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.18 biliyoni ŵakuwona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikkstar123 |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvwgF_0NOZe2vN4Q3g1bY-A |access-date=2025-06-13 |language=en |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Umoyo wakwamba na masambiro == Barn ni wa mtundu wa ku [[India]]<ref>{{cite tweet|title=... Ethnicity and Nationality are two completely separate things, I've lived in England for all my life. My ethnic background is Indian.|date=10 May 2013|user=Vikkstar123|number=332869254871408642}}</ref> ndipo wakababika pa 2 Ogasiti 1995<ref name="birthday tweet">{{Cite tweet |number=1290025072539779072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=25 years on this big rock. Super happy & grateful. Thanks for all the Birthday wishes! |date=2 August 2020 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802204243/https://twitter.com/Vikkstar123/status/1290025072539779072 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> mu [[Guildford]], Surrey, England,<ref name="Sidemen Quiz">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFz7xy-UkVo |title=Which of the Sidemen knows Vik the best? |date=23 July 2019 |type=video |publisher=MoreSidemen |time=14:44 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211024144652/rFz7xy-UkVo |archive-date=24 October 2021 |accessdate=4 April 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> uko wakakhalanga m'paka apo wakaŵa na vilimika 8.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=590545266308227072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=It's always nostalgic coming back to Guildford. I lived here until I was 8 |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=6 April 2021 |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> Wakasamira ku [[Sheffield]] uko wakasambira ku Sukulu ya Silverdale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Alana |date=20 December 2019 |title=YouTube star encourages students to work hard during visit to his old school in Sheffield |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723150002/https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |archive-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> Barn wakapika malo ghakuti wakasambire sayansi ya ku [[University College London]], kweni paumaliro wakakana malo agha kuti walutilire nchito yake ya pa [[YouTube]] nyengo zose.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 November 2016 |title=Sheffield YouTube star explains why he could retire - aged just 21 |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803052031/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ni mwana waumaliro pa ŵana ŵatatu.<ref name="SidemenBook">{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |title=Sidemen: The Book |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327052928/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{YouTube|user=Vikkstar123|Vikkstar123}} {{Sidemen}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Sidemen]] mjkpaa32d4w8trg8vrfxq1qkah72fsv 122960 122959 2026-10-06T13:35:33Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vikram Barn''', wakumanyikwa chomene kuti '''Vikkstar123''' panji kuti '''Vikkstar''' waka, ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku [[Ufumu Ubanyi]]. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]] na [[DJ]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=vikkstar123&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir0Y-S4fmTAxXoUWwGHQbgD98Q6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Sidemen: The Book: The subject of the hit new Netflix documentary |date=2016-10-18 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |language=en}}</ref> Ntchito ya Barn pa YouTube yikamba mu 2010. Kufuma mu Juni 2025, nthowa yake yikuru ya pa YouTube yili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7.58 miliyoni awo ŵakulembeska ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.18 biliyoni ŵakuwona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikkstar123 |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvwgF_0NOZe2vN4Q3g1bY-A |access-date=2025-06-13 |language=en |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Umoyo wakwamba na masambiro == Barn ni wa mtundu wa ku [[India]]<ref>{{cite tweet|title=... Ethnicity and Nationality are two completely separate things, I've lived in England for all my life. My ethnic background is Indian.|date=10 May 2013|user=Vikkstar123|number=332869254871408642}}</ref> ndipo wakababika pa 2 Ogasiti 1995<ref name="birthday tweet">{{Cite tweet |number=1290025072539779072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=25 years on this big rock. Super happy & grateful. Thanks for all the Birthday wishes! |date=2 August 2020 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802204243/https://twitter.com/Vikkstar123/status/1290025072539779072 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> mu [[Guildford]], Surrey, England,<ref name="Sidemen Quiz">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFz7xy-UkVo |title=Which of the Sidemen knows Vik the best? |date=23 July 2019 |type=video |publisher=MoreSidemen |time=14:44 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211024144652/rFz7xy-UkVo |archive-date=24 October 2021 |accessdate=4 April 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> uko wakakhalanga m'paka apo wakaŵa na vilimika 8.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=590545266308227072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=It's always nostalgic coming back to Guildford. I lived here until I was 8 |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=6 April 2021 |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> Wakasamira ku [[Sheffield]] uko wakasambira ku Sukulu ya Silverdale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Alana |date=20 December 2019 |title=YouTube star encourages students to work hard during visit to his old school in Sheffield |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723150002/https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |archive-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> Barn wakapika malo ghakuti wakasambire sayansi ya ku [[University College London]], kweni paumaliro wakakana malo agha kuti walutilire nchito yake ya pa [[YouTube]] nyengo zose.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 November 2016 |title=Sheffield YouTube star explains why he could retire - aged just 21 |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803052031/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ni mwana waumaliro pa ŵana ŵatatu.<ref name="SidemenBook">{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |title=Sidemen: The Book |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327052928/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Umoyo wa munthu payekha == Barn payekha wakamba chibwezi na mwanakazi munyake zina lake Ellie Harlow mu 2019, nangauli pamanyuma wakawoneka mu vyakulemba vya Barn kwamba mu 2020.<ref name="ES Barn marriage">{{cite web |last1=Brahma |first1=Nilendu |title=Sidemen Member Vikkstar Starts New Journey With His Long Time Girlfriend Ellie Harlow |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/esports-news-sidemen-member-vikkstar-starts-new-journey-with-his-long-time-girlfriend-ellie-harlow/ |website=EssentiallySports |access-date=2025-02-28 |date=2023-09-27|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ŵakapangana ku [[Burj Al Arab]] mu Disembala 2021, ndipo ŵakatorana mu Seputembala 2023.<ref name="ES Barn marriage"/><ref>{{cite AV media|title=WE'RE MARRIED!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O413-LjM30g|date= 26 September 2023|access-date= 25 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mr & Mrs 🤍 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CxqUxSsIOTf/ |website=Instagram |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> Mu vidiyo ya [[Sidemen]] iyo yikafumiskika mu Malichi 2024, Barn wakavumbura kuti wali na [[nthenda ya Crohn]].<ref>{{cite AV media|date=10 March 2024|title=SIDEMEN HOW FAR CAN YOU GET IN 24 HOURS|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqIpDyrJndw|access-date=10 March 2024|time=1:20:20|publisher=Sidemen|via=YouTube}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{YouTube|user=Vikkstar123|Vikkstar123}} {{Sidemen}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Sidemen]] j5gb0cedrddbi194nj0ijefggslzo9f 122961 122960 2026-10-06T13:40:36Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Section "Filmography" 122961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vikram Barn''', wakumanyikwa chomene kuti '''Vikkstar123''' panji kuti '''Vikkstar''' waka, ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku [[Ufumu Ubanyi]]. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]] na [[DJ]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=vikkstar123&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir0Y-S4fmTAxXoUWwGHQbgD98Q6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Sidemen: The Book: The subject of the hit new Netflix documentary |date=2016-10-18 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |language=en}}</ref> Ntchito ya Barn pa YouTube yikamba mu 2010. Kufuma mu Juni 2025, nthowa yake yikuru ya pa YouTube yili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7.58 miliyoni awo ŵakulembeska ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.18 biliyoni ŵakuwona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikkstar123 |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvwgF_0NOZe2vN4Q3g1bY-A |access-date=2025-06-13 |language=en |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Umoyo wakwamba na masambiro == Barn ni wa mtundu wa ku [[India]]<ref>{{cite tweet|title=... Ethnicity and Nationality are two completely separate things, I've lived in England for all my life. My ethnic background is Indian.|date=10 May 2013|user=Vikkstar123|number=332869254871408642}}</ref> ndipo wakababika pa 2 Ogasiti 1995<ref name="birthday tweet">{{Cite tweet |number=1290025072539779072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=25 years on this big rock. Super happy & grateful. Thanks for all the Birthday wishes! |date=2 August 2020 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802204243/https://twitter.com/Vikkstar123/status/1290025072539779072 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> mu [[Guildford]], Surrey, England,<ref name="Sidemen Quiz">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFz7xy-UkVo |title=Which of the Sidemen knows Vik the best? |date=23 July 2019 |type=video |publisher=MoreSidemen |time=14:44 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211024144652/rFz7xy-UkVo |archive-date=24 October 2021 |accessdate=4 April 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> uko wakakhalanga m'paka apo wakaŵa na vilimika 8.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=590545266308227072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=It's always nostalgic coming back to Guildford. I lived here until I was 8 |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=6 April 2021 |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> Wakasamira ku [[Sheffield]] uko wakasambira ku Sukulu ya Silverdale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Alana |date=20 December 2019 |title=YouTube star encourages students to work hard during visit to his old school in Sheffield |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723150002/https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |archive-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> Barn wakapika malo ghakuti wakasambire sayansi ya ku [[University College London]], kweni paumaliro wakakana malo agha kuti walutilire nchito yake ya pa [[YouTube]] nyengo zose.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 November 2016 |title=Sheffield YouTube star explains why he could retire - aged just 21 |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803052031/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ni mwana waumaliro pa ŵana ŵatatu.<ref name="SidemenBook">{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |title=Sidemen: The Book |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327052928/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Umoyo wa munthu payekha == Barn payekha wakamba chibwezi na mwanakazi munyake zina lake Ellie Harlow mu 2019, nangauli pamanyuma wakawoneka mu vyakulemba vya Barn kwamba mu 2020.<ref name="ES Barn marriage">{{cite web |last1=Brahma |first1=Nilendu |title=Sidemen Member Vikkstar Starts New Journey With His Long Time Girlfriend Ellie Harlow |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/esports-news-sidemen-member-vikkstar-starts-new-journey-with-his-long-time-girlfriend-ellie-harlow/ |website=EssentiallySports |access-date=2025-02-28 |date=2023-09-27|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ŵakapangana ku [[Burj Al Arab]] mu Disembala 2021, ndipo ŵakatorana mu Seputembala 2023.<ref name="ES Barn marriage"/><ref>{{cite AV media|title=WE'RE MARRIED!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O413-LjM30g|date= 26 September 2023|access-date= 25 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mr & Mrs 🤍 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CxqUxSsIOTf/ |website=Instagram |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> Mu vidiyo ya [[Sidemen]] iyo yikafumiskika mu Malichi 2024, Barn wakavumbura kuti wali na [[nthenda ya Crohn]].<ref>{{cite AV media|date=10 March 2024|title=SIDEMEN HOW FAR CAN YOU GET IN 24 HOURS|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqIpDyrJndw|access-date=10 March 2024|time=1:20:20|publisher=Sidemen|via=YouTube}}</ref> == Mafilimu == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Filimu ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" | 2022 | scope="row" | ''[[Talk to Me (2022 film)|Talk to Me]]'' |rowspan="2"| Himself | [[Uncredited role|Uncredited]]; [[archival footage]] |style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Talk to Me Summary, Latest News, Trailer, Cast, Where to Watch and More |url=https://screenrant.com/db/movie/talk-to-me/ |website=Screen Rant |date=23 March 2023 |access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2023 | scope="row" |''[[KSI: In Real Life]]'' | [[Documentary film|Documentary]] | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=KSI: In Real Life to Launch Exclusively on Prime Video on 26th January |url=https://press.amazonmgmstudios.com/us/en/press-release/iksi-in-real-lifei-to-launch-exclusively-on-prime- |website=Amazon MGM Studios |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |''The Naughty List'' | The Baker | [[Short film]] | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=The World's Best Christmas Movie: The Naughty List| date=24 December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5I1Gmbw6BLk|access-date=25 July 2024|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| 2024 | scope="row" |''[[The Sidemen Story]]'' | Himself | Documentary | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Sidemen Doc">{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Furvah |title=Sidemen's Netflix documentary: Release date, trailer, cast and more |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a46623709/sidemen-netflix-documentary-release-date-trailer-cast/ |website=Cosmopolitan |date=2 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Webu |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2014 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Experience, The" | ''The Sidemen Experience'' | rowspan="4"| Himself | [[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|Comedy Central UK]] | Main role; 5 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2014 |title=Who Are The Sidemen? {{!}} The Sidemen Experience |url=https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119023349/https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019 |website=[[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|CCUK]]}}</ref> |- | 2016–2017 ! scope="row" | ''[[YouTube Rewind]]'' | [[YouTube]] | Episode: "The Ultimate 2016 Challenge"<br>Episode: "The Shape of 2017" | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Ultimate 2016 Challenge| date=7 December 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GuOjXYl5ew |access-date=3 April 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Shape of 2017| date=6 December 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlsCjmMhFmw |access-date=26 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | 2018 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Show, The" | ''[[The Sidemen Show]]'' | [[YouTube Premium]] | Main role; 7 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=2 June 2018 |title='The Sidemen Show': YouTube Debuts First Trailer & Dates Premium Reality Challenge Format |url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120042324/https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |archive-date=20 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref> |- | 2020 ! scope="row" | ''[[How to Be Behzinga]]'' | rowspan="2"| YouTube | 1 episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2020|title=How To Be Behzinga|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|access-date=29 June 2021|website=YouTube|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629201510/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |- | 2024 ! scope="row" | ''[[The Chase (British game show)|The Chase: Sidemen Edition]]'' | The Chaser | Special spin-off episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|title=ITV's The Chase to face major format shake-up for epic special episode|url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1865358/the-chase-format-shake-up-sidemen-youtube-special|access-date=10 February 2024|website=EXPRESS.co.uk|date=10 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Televishoni |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2021 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Wheel, The" | ''[[The Wheel (game show)|The Wheel]]'' | Himself / Celebrity expert (Gaming) | [[BBC One]] | Series 1, episode 6 | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2021 |title=Michael McIntyre's The Wheel – Series 1: Episode 6 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000r0dw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103113539/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m000r0dw/michael-mcintyres-the-wheel-series-1-episode-6 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=[[BBC iPlayer]]}}</ref> |- | 2023 !scope="row"| ''Untold'' | Himself | [[Channel 4]] | Episode: The Cost of Being A YouTuber |style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cost of Being a YouTuber UNTOLD Channel 4| date=February 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjhO4kzYEUs|access-date= 14 March 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- | 2024–present !scope="row"| ''[[Inside (reality show)|Inside]]'' | rowspan="2"| Host | [[YouTube]], [[Side+]],{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Series 1 was shown on the Sidemen and Moresidemen YouTube channels with extras and unseen moments being shown on Side+. Series 2 onwards will be exclusively on Netflix with companion shows being shown on Side+}} [[Netflix]] | [[Reality show]] created by the [[Sidemen]] | <ref name="Inside">{{cite web |last1=Copson |first1=Josie |title=YouTube gameshow with staggering £1,000,000 prize fund rivals traditional TV |url=https://metro.co.uk/2024/05/27/youtube-gameshow-staggering-1-000-000-prize-fund-rivals-traditional-tv-20917431/ |website=Metro |date=27 May 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> |- | 2025–present !scope="row"|''[[Inside USA]]'' |Netflix |American reality show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hudspeth |first=Christopher |date=13 September 2025 |title=Inside: USA's Cast Will Vie for $1M, but First They Have to Pay for the Basics |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910163644/https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Tudum}}</ref> |- | 2026 ! scope="row"| ''[[Sidemen|SideMenu]]'' | Contestant | YouTube, [[Amazon Prime Video]] | Cooking show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Sidemenu">{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=Prime Video & YouTube To Share Release Of The Sidemen’s Culinary Series ‘Sidemen Present: SideMenu’ |url=https://deadline.com/2026/05/sidemen-presents-sidemenu-prime-video-youtube-release-plan-1236927613/ |website=DeadLine |publisher=DeadLine |access-date=29 July 2026}}</ref> |- |scope="row"| 2026-present ! scope="row"| ''[[Inside (TV series)|Outside]]'' | Host | Netflix | Spin off series of [[Inside (TV series)|Inside]], created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=THE SIDEMEN TAKE INSIDE 'OUTSIDE' FOR NEXT SERIES OF REALITY FORMAT ON NETFLIX |url=https://www.tvzoneuk.com/post/thesidement-inside-outside |website=TV Zone UK |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Let’s take this Outside 🏕 |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DcWL90rsI9f/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsi=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |website=Instagram |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |+ Mavidiyo gha sumu |- ! scope="col"| Chaka ! scope="col"| Mutu ! scope="col"| Waluso !Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" |2018 | "Manchild" | Randolph | rowspan="3"| Himself | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Randolph - MANCHILD (Deji Diss Track) Official Video | date=24 November 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YgfMRfMxzY |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2022 | "Don't Lie" | [[A1 x J1]] featuring [[Nemzzz]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A1 x J1 - Don't Lie (Official Video) ft. Nemzzz | date=14 October 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T91yz8kMy8 |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2025 |"365" | [[Talia Mar]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Talia Mar - 365 (Official Video)| date=24 January 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqdUBkO-zjo|access-date= 24 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{YouTube|user=Vikkstar123|Vikkstar123}} {{Sidemen}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Sidemen]] b9jhru88jws8l5brn39swnn058pvost 122962 122961 2026-10-06T13:41:28Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Section "Notes" 122962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vikram Barn''', wakumanyikwa chomene kuti '''Vikkstar123''' panji kuti '''Vikkstar''' waka, ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku [[Ufumu Ubanyi]]. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]] na [[DJ]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=vikkstar123&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir0Y-S4fmTAxXoUWwGHQbgD98Q6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Sidemen: The Book: The subject of the hit new Netflix documentary |date=2016-10-18 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |language=en}}</ref> Ntchito ya Barn pa YouTube yikamba mu 2010. Kufuma mu Juni 2025, nthowa yake yikuru ya pa YouTube yili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7.58 miliyoni awo ŵakulembeska ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.18 biliyoni ŵakuwona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikkstar123 |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvwgF_0NOZe2vN4Q3g1bY-A |access-date=2025-06-13 |language=en |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Umoyo wakwamba na masambiro == Barn ni wa mtundu wa ku [[India]]<ref>{{cite tweet|title=... Ethnicity and Nationality are two completely separate things, I've lived in England for all my life. My ethnic background is Indian.|date=10 May 2013|user=Vikkstar123|number=332869254871408642}}</ref> ndipo wakababika pa 2 Ogasiti 1995<ref name="birthday tweet">{{Cite tweet |number=1290025072539779072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=25 years on this big rock. Super happy & grateful. Thanks for all the Birthday wishes! |date=2 August 2020 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802204243/https://twitter.com/Vikkstar123/status/1290025072539779072 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> mu [[Guildford]], Surrey, England,<ref name="Sidemen Quiz">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFz7xy-UkVo |title=Which of the Sidemen knows Vik the best? |date=23 July 2019 |type=video |publisher=MoreSidemen |time=14:44 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211024144652/rFz7xy-UkVo |archive-date=24 October 2021 |accessdate=4 April 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> uko wakakhalanga m'paka apo wakaŵa na vilimika 8.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=590545266308227072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=It's always nostalgic coming back to Guildford. I lived here until I was 8 |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=6 April 2021 |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> Wakasamira ku [[Sheffield]] uko wakasambira ku Sukulu ya Silverdale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Alana |date=20 December 2019 |title=YouTube star encourages students to work hard during visit to his old school in Sheffield |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723150002/https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |archive-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> Barn wakapika malo ghakuti wakasambire sayansi ya ku [[University College London]], kweni paumaliro wakakana malo agha kuti walutilire nchito yake ya pa [[YouTube]] nyengo zose.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 November 2016 |title=Sheffield YouTube star explains why he could retire - aged just 21 |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803052031/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ni mwana waumaliro pa ŵana ŵatatu.<ref name="SidemenBook">{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |title=Sidemen: The Book |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327052928/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Umoyo wa munthu payekha == Barn payekha wakamba chibwezi na mwanakazi munyake zina lake Ellie Harlow mu 2019, nangauli pamanyuma wakawoneka mu vyakulemba vya Barn kwamba mu 2020.<ref name="ES Barn marriage">{{cite web |last1=Brahma |first1=Nilendu |title=Sidemen Member Vikkstar Starts New Journey With His Long Time Girlfriend Ellie Harlow |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/esports-news-sidemen-member-vikkstar-starts-new-journey-with-his-long-time-girlfriend-ellie-harlow/ |website=EssentiallySports |access-date=2025-02-28 |date=2023-09-27|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ŵakapangana ku [[Burj Al Arab]] mu Disembala 2021, ndipo ŵakatorana mu Seputembala 2023.<ref name="ES Barn marriage"/><ref>{{cite AV media|title=WE'RE MARRIED!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O413-LjM30g|date= 26 September 2023|access-date= 25 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mr & Mrs 🤍 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CxqUxSsIOTf/ |website=Instagram |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> Mu vidiyo ya [[Sidemen]] iyo yikafumiskika mu Malichi 2024, Barn wakavumbura kuti wali na [[nthenda ya Crohn]].<ref>{{cite AV media|date=10 March 2024|title=SIDEMEN HOW FAR CAN YOU GET IN 24 HOURS|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqIpDyrJndw|access-date=10 March 2024|time=1:20:20|publisher=Sidemen|via=YouTube}}</ref> == Mafilimu == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Filimu ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" | 2022 | scope="row" | ''[[Talk to Me (2022 film)|Talk to Me]]'' |rowspan="2"| Himself | [[Uncredited role|Uncredited]]; [[archival footage]] |style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Talk to Me Summary, Latest News, Trailer, Cast, Where to Watch and More |url=https://screenrant.com/db/movie/talk-to-me/ |website=Screen Rant |date=23 March 2023 |access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2023 | scope="row" |''[[KSI: In Real Life]]'' | [[Documentary film|Documentary]] | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=KSI: In Real Life to Launch Exclusively on Prime Video on 26th January |url=https://press.amazonmgmstudios.com/us/en/press-release/iksi-in-real-lifei-to-launch-exclusively-on-prime- |website=Amazon MGM Studios |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |''The Naughty List'' | The Baker | [[Short film]] | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=The World's Best Christmas Movie: The Naughty List| date=24 December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5I1Gmbw6BLk|access-date=25 July 2024|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| 2024 | scope="row" |''[[The Sidemen Story]]'' | Himself | Documentary | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Sidemen Doc">{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Furvah |title=Sidemen's Netflix documentary: Release date, trailer, cast and more |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a46623709/sidemen-netflix-documentary-release-date-trailer-cast/ |website=Cosmopolitan |date=2 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Webu |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2014 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Experience, The" | ''The Sidemen Experience'' | rowspan="4"| Himself | [[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|Comedy Central UK]] | Main role; 5 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2014 |title=Who Are The Sidemen? {{!}} The Sidemen Experience |url=https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119023349/https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019 |website=[[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|CCUK]]}}</ref> |- | 2016–2017 ! scope="row" | ''[[YouTube Rewind]]'' | [[YouTube]] | Episode: "The Ultimate 2016 Challenge"<br>Episode: "The Shape of 2017" | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Ultimate 2016 Challenge| date=7 December 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GuOjXYl5ew |access-date=3 April 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Shape of 2017| date=6 December 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlsCjmMhFmw |access-date=26 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | 2018 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Show, The" | ''[[The Sidemen Show]]'' | [[YouTube Premium]] | Main role; 7 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=2 June 2018 |title='The Sidemen Show': YouTube Debuts First Trailer & Dates Premium Reality Challenge Format |url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120042324/https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |archive-date=20 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref> |- | 2020 ! scope="row" | ''[[How to Be Behzinga]]'' | rowspan="2"| YouTube | 1 episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2020|title=How To Be Behzinga|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|access-date=29 June 2021|website=YouTube|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629201510/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |- | 2024 ! scope="row" | ''[[The Chase (British game show)|The Chase: Sidemen Edition]]'' | The Chaser | Special spin-off episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|title=ITV's The Chase to face major format shake-up for epic special episode|url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1865358/the-chase-format-shake-up-sidemen-youtube-special|access-date=10 February 2024|website=EXPRESS.co.uk|date=10 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Televishoni |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2021 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Wheel, The" | ''[[The Wheel (game show)|The Wheel]]'' | Himself / Celebrity expert (Gaming) | [[BBC One]] | Series 1, episode 6 | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2021 |title=Michael McIntyre's The Wheel – Series 1: Episode 6 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000r0dw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103113539/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m000r0dw/michael-mcintyres-the-wheel-series-1-episode-6 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=[[BBC iPlayer]]}}</ref> |- | 2023 !scope="row"| ''Untold'' | Himself | [[Channel 4]] | Episode: The Cost of Being A YouTuber |style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cost of Being a YouTuber UNTOLD Channel 4| date=February 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjhO4kzYEUs|access-date= 14 March 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- | 2024–present !scope="row"| ''[[Inside (reality show)|Inside]]'' | rowspan="2"| Host | [[YouTube]], [[Side+]],{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Series 1 was shown on the Sidemen and Moresidemen YouTube channels with extras and unseen moments being shown on Side+. Series 2 onwards will be exclusively on Netflix with companion shows being shown on Side+}} [[Netflix]] | [[Reality show]] created by the [[Sidemen]] | <ref name="Inside">{{cite web |last1=Copson |first1=Josie |title=YouTube gameshow with staggering £1,000,000 prize fund rivals traditional TV |url=https://metro.co.uk/2024/05/27/youtube-gameshow-staggering-1-000-000-prize-fund-rivals-traditional-tv-20917431/ |website=Metro |date=27 May 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> |- | 2025–present !scope="row"|''[[Inside USA]]'' |Netflix |American reality show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hudspeth |first=Christopher |date=13 September 2025 |title=Inside: USA's Cast Will Vie for $1M, but First They Have to Pay for the Basics |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910163644/https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Tudum}}</ref> |- | 2026 ! scope="row"| ''[[Sidemen|SideMenu]]'' | Contestant | YouTube, [[Amazon Prime Video]] | Cooking show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Sidemenu">{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=Prime Video & YouTube To Share Release Of The Sidemen’s Culinary Series ‘Sidemen Present: SideMenu’ |url=https://deadline.com/2026/05/sidemen-presents-sidemenu-prime-video-youtube-release-plan-1236927613/ |website=DeadLine |publisher=DeadLine |access-date=29 July 2026}}</ref> |- |scope="row"| 2026-present ! scope="row"| ''[[Inside (TV series)|Outside]]'' | Host | Netflix | Spin off series of [[Inside (TV series)|Inside]], created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=THE SIDEMEN TAKE INSIDE 'OUTSIDE' FOR NEXT SERIES OF REALITY FORMAT ON NETFLIX |url=https://www.tvzoneuk.com/post/thesidement-inside-outside |website=TV Zone UK |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Let’s take this Outside 🏕 |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DcWL90rsI9f/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsi=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |website=Instagram |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |+ Mavidiyo gha sumu |- ! scope="col"| Chaka ! scope="col"| Mutu ! scope="col"| Waluso !Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" |2018 | "Manchild" | Randolph | rowspan="3"| Himself | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Randolph - MANCHILD (Deji Diss Track) Official Video | date=24 November 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YgfMRfMxzY |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2022 | "Don't Lie" | [[A1 x J1]] featuring [[Nemzzz]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A1 x J1 - Don't Lie (Official Video) ft. Nemzzz | date=14 October 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T91yz8kMy8 |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2025 |"365" | [[Talia Mar]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Talia Mar - 365 (Official Video)| date=24 January 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqdUBkO-zjo|access-date= 24 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |} == Manotisi == <references group="lower-alpha"></references> {{notelist-ua}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{YouTube|user=Vikkstar123|Vikkstar123}} {{Sidemen}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Sidemen]] iwd2hxibvfghk0ggvu878r0kriebfvu 122963 122962 2026-10-06T13:43:19Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} {{Databox}} '''Vikram Barn''', wakumanyikwa chomene kuti '''Vikkstar123''' panji kuti '''Vikkstar''' waka, ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku [[Ufumu Ubanyi]]. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]] na [[DJ]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=vikkstar123&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir0Y-S4fmTAxXoUWwGHQbgD98Q6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Sidemen: The Book: The subject of the hit new Netflix documentary |date=2016-10-18 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |language=en}}</ref> Ntchito ya Barn pa YouTube yikamba mu 2010. Kufuma mu Juni 2025, nthowa yake yikuru ya pa YouTube yili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7.58 miliyoni awo ŵakulembeska ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.18 biliyoni ŵakuwona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikkstar123 |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvwgF_0NOZe2vN4Q3g1bY-A |access-date=2025-06-13 |language=en |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Umoyo wakwamba na masambiro == Barn ni wa mtundu wa ku [[India]]<ref>{{cite tweet|title=... Ethnicity and Nationality are two completely separate things, I've lived in England for all my life. My ethnic background is Indian.|date=10 May 2013|user=Vikkstar123|number=332869254871408642}}</ref> ndipo wakababika pa 2 Ogasiti 1995<ref name="birthday tweet">{{Cite tweet |number=1290025072539779072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=25 years on this big rock. Super happy & grateful. Thanks for all the Birthday wishes! |date=2 August 2020 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802204243/https://twitter.com/Vikkstar123/status/1290025072539779072 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> mu [[Guildford]], Surrey, England,<ref name="Sidemen Quiz">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFz7xy-UkVo |title=Which of the Sidemen knows Vik the best? |date=23 July 2019 |type=video |publisher=MoreSidemen |time=14:44 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211024144652/rFz7xy-UkVo |archive-date=24 October 2021 |accessdate=4 April 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> uko wakakhalanga m'paka apo wakaŵa na vilimika 8.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=590545266308227072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=It's always nostalgic coming back to Guildford. I lived here until I was 8 |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=6 April 2021 |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> Wakasamira ku [[Sheffield]] uko wakasambira ku Sukulu ya Silverdale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Alana |date=20 December 2019 |title=YouTube star encourages students to work hard during visit to his old school in Sheffield |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723150002/https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |archive-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> Barn wakapika malo ghakuti wakasambire sayansi ya ku [[University College London]], kweni paumaliro wakakana malo agha kuti walutilire nchito yake ya pa [[YouTube]] nyengo zose.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 November 2016 |title=Sheffield YouTube star explains why he could retire - aged just 21 |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803052031/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ni mwana waumaliro pa ŵana ŵatatu.<ref name="SidemenBook">{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |title=Sidemen: The Book |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327052928/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Umoyo wa munthu payekha == Barn payekha wakamba chibwezi na mwanakazi munyake zina lake Ellie Harlow mu 2019, nangauli pamanyuma wakawoneka mu vyakulemba vya Barn kwamba mu 2020.<ref name="ES Barn marriage">{{cite web |last1=Brahma |first1=Nilendu |title=Sidemen Member Vikkstar Starts New Journey With His Long Time Girlfriend Ellie Harlow |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/esports-news-sidemen-member-vikkstar-starts-new-journey-with-his-long-time-girlfriend-ellie-harlow/ |website=EssentiallySports |access-date=2025-02-28 |date=2023-09-27|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ŵakapangana ku [[Burj Al Arab]] mu Disembala 2021, ndipo ŵakatorana mu Seputembala 2023.<ref name="ES Barn marriage"/><ref>{{cite AV media|title=WE'RE MARRIED!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O413-LjM30g|date= 26 September 2023|access-date= 25 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mr & Mrs 🤍 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CxqUxSsIOTf/ |website=Instagram |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> Mu vidiyo ya [[Sidemen]] iyo yikafumiskika mu Malichi 2024, Barn wakavumbura kuti wali na [[nthenda ya Crohn]].<ref>{{cite AV media|date=10 March 2024|title=SIDEMEN HOW FAR CAN YOU GET IN 24 HOURS|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqIpDyrJndw|access-date=10 March 2024|time=1:20:20|publisher=Sidemen|via=YouTube}}</ref> == Mafilimu == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Filimu ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" | 2022 | scope="row" | ''[[Talk to Me (2022 film)|Talk to Me]]'' |rowspan="2"| Himself | [[Uncredited role|Uncredited]]; [[archival footage]] |style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Talk to Me Summary, Latest News, Trailer, Cast, Where to Watch and More |url=https://screenrant.com/db/movie/talk-to-me/ |website=Screen Rant |date=23 March 2023 |access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2023 | scope="row" |''[[KSI: In Real Life]]'' | [[Documentary film|Documentary]] | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=KSI: In Real Life to Launch Exclusively on Prime Video on 26th January |url=https://press.amazonmgmstudios.com/us/en/press-release/iksi-in-real-lifei-to-launch-exclusively-on-prime- |website=Amazon MGM Studios |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |''The Naughty List'' | The Baker | [[Short film]] | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=The World's Best Christmas Movie: The Naughty List| date=24 December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5I1Gmbw6BLk|access-date=25 July 2024|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| 2024 | scope="row" |''[[The Sidemen Story]]'' | Himself | Documentary | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Sidemen Doc">{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Furvah |title=Sidemen's Netflix documentary: Release date, trailer, cast and more |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a46623709/sidemen-netflix-documentary-release-date-trailer-cast/ |website=Cosmopolitan |date=2 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Webu |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2014 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Experience, The" | ''The Sidemen Experience'' | rowspan="4"| Himself | [[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|Comedy Central UK]] | Main role; 5 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2014 |title=Who Are The Sidemen? {{!}} The Sidemen Experience |url=https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119023349/https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019 |website=[[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|CCUK]]}}</ref> |- | 2016–2017 ! scope="row" | ''[[YouTube Rewind]]'' | [[YouTube]] | Episode: "The Ultimate 2016 Challenge"<br>Episode: "The Shape of 2017" | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Ultimate 2016 Challenge| date=7 December 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GuOjXYl5ew |access-date=3 April 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Shape of 2017| date=6 December 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlsCjmMhFmw |access-date=26 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | 2018 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Show, The" | ''[[The Sidemen Show]]'' | [[YouTube Premium]] | Main role; 7 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=2 June 2018 |title='The Sidemen Show': YouTube Debuts First Trailer & Dates Premium Reality Challenge Format |url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120042324/https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |archive-date=20 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref> |- | 2020 ! scope="row" | ''[[How to Be Behzinga]]'' | rowspan="2"| YouTube | 1 episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2020|title=How To Be Behzinga|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|access-date=29 June 2021|website=YouTube|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629201510/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |- | 2024 ! scope="row" | ''[[The Chase (British game show)|The Chase: Sidemen Edition]]'' | The Chaser | Special spin-off episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|title=ITV's The Chase to face major format shake-up for epic special episode|url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1865358/the-chase-format-shake-up-sidemen-youtube-special|access-date=10 February 2024|website=EXPRESS.co.uk|date=10 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Televishoni |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2021 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Wheel, The" | ''[[The Wheel (game show)|The Wheel]]'' | Himself / Celebrity expert (Gaming) | [[BBC One]] | Series 1, episode 6 | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2021 |title=Michael McIntyre's The Wheel – Series 1: Episode 6 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000r0dw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103113539/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m000r0dw/michael-mcintyres-the-wheel-series-1-episode-6 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=[[BBC iPlayer]]}}</ref> |- | 2023 !scope="row"| ''Untold'' | Himself | [[Channel 4]] | Episode: The Cost of Being A YouTuber |style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cost of Being a YouTuber UNTOLD Channel 4| date=February 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjhO4kzYEUs|access-date= 14 March 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- | 2024–present !scope="row"| ''[[Inside (reality show)|Inside]]'' | rowspan="2"| Host | [[YouTube]], [[Side+]],{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Series 1 was shown on the Sidemen and Moresidemen YouTube channels with extras and unseen moments being shown on Side+. Series 2 onwards will be exclusively on Netflix with companion shows being shown on Side+}} [[Netflix]] | [[Reality show]] created by the [[Sidemen]] | <ref name="Inside">{{cite web |last1=Copson |first1=Josie |title=YouTube gameshow with staggering £1,000,000 prize fund rivals traditional TV |url=https://metro.co.uk/2024/05/27/youtube-gameshow-staggering-1-000-000-prize-fund-rivals-traditional-tv-20917431/ |website=Metro |date=27 May 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> |- | 2025–present !scope="row"|''[[Inside USA]]'' |Netflix |American reality show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hudspeth |first=Christopher |date=13 September 2025 |title=Inside: USA's Cast Will Vie for $1M, but First They Have to Pay for the Basics |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910163644/https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Tudum}}</ref> |- | 2026 ! scope="row"| ''[[Sidemen|SideMenu]]'' | Contestant | YouTube, [[Amazon Prime Video]] | Cooking show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Sidemenu">{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=Prime Video & YouTube To Share Release Of The Sidemen’s Culinary Series ‘Sidemen Present: SideMenu’ |url=https://deadline.com/2026/05/sidemen-presents-sidemenu-prime-video-youtube-release-plan-1236927613/ |website=DeadLine |publisher=DeadLine |access-date=29 July 2026}}</ref> |- |scope="row"| 2026-present ! scope="row"| ''[[Inside (TV series)|Outside]]'' | Host | Netflix | Spin off series of [[Inside (TV series)|Inside]], created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=THE SIDEMEN TAKE INSIDE 'OUTSIDE' FOR NEXT SERIES OF REALITY FORMAT ON NETFLIX |url=https://www.tvzoneuk.com/post/thesidement-inside-outside |website=TV Zone UK |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Let’s take this Outside 🏕 |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DcWL90rsI9f/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsi=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |website=Instagram |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |+ Mavidiyo gha sumu |- ! scope="col"| Chaka ! scope="col"| Mutu ! scope="col"| Waluso !Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" |2018 | "Manchild" | Randolph | rowspan="3"| Himself | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Randolph - MANCHILD (Deji Diss Track) Official Video | date=24 November 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YgfMRfMxzY |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2022 | "Don't Lie" | [[A1 x J1]] featuring [[Nemzzz]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A1 x J1 - Don't Lie (Official Video) ft. Nemzzz | date=14 October 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T91yz8kMy8 |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2025 |"365" | [[Talia Mar]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Talia Mar - 365 (Official Video)| date=24 January 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqdUBkO-zjo|access-date= 24 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |} == Manotisi == <references group="lower-alpha"></references> {{notelist-ua}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{YouTube|user=Vikkstar123|Vikkstar123}} {{Sidemen}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Sidemen]] lgnkr0uk15tdycr0vn0ppw5pcrvrrfi 122965 122963 2026-10-06T13:45:06Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Mafilimu */ 122965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} {{Databox}} '''Vikram Barn''', wakumanyikwa chomene kuti '''Vikkstar123''' panji kuti '''Vikkstar''' waka, ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku [[Ufumu Ubanyi]]. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]] na [[DJ]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=vikkstar123&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir0Y-S4fmTAxXoUWwGHQbgD98Q6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Sidemen: The Book: The subject of the hit new Netflix documentary |date=2016-10-18 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |language=en}}</ref> Ntchito ya Barn pa YouTube yikamba mu 2010. Kufuma mu Juni 2025, nthowa yake yikuru ya pa YouTube yili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7.58 miliyoni awo ŵakulembeska ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.18 biliyoni ŵakuwona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikkstar123 |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvwgF_0NOZe2vN4Q3g1bY-A |access-date=2025-06-13 |language=en |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Umoyo wakwamba na masambiro == Barn ni wa mtundu wa ku [[India]]<ref>{{cite tweet|title=... Ethnicity and Nationality are two completely separate things, I've lived in England for all my life. My ethnic background is Indian.|date=10 May 2013|user=Vikkstar123|number=332869254871408642}}</ref> ndipo wakababika pa 2 Ogasiti 1995<ref name="birthday tweet">{{Cite tweet |number=1290025072539779072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=25 years on this big rock. Super happy & grateful. Thanks for all the Birthday wishes! |date=2 August 2020 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802204243/https://twitter.com/Vikkstar123/status/1290025072539779072 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> mu [[Guildford]], Surrey, England,<ref name="Sidemen Quiz">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFz7xy-UkVo |title=Which of the Sidemen knows Vik the best? |date=23 July 2019 |type=video |publisher=MoreSidemen |time=14:44 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211024144652/rFz7xy-UkVo |archive-date=24 October 2021 |accessdate=4 April 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> uko wakakhalanga m'paka apo wakaŵa na vilimika 8.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=590545266308227072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=It's always nostalgic coming back to Guildford. I lived here until I was 8 |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=6 April 2021 |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> Wakasamira ku [[Sheffield]] uko wakasambira ku Sukulu ya Silverdale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Alana |date=20 December 2019 |title=YouTube star encourages students to work hard during visit to his old school in Sheffield |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723150002/https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |archive-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> Barn wakapika malo ghakuti wakasambire sayansi ya ku [[University College London]], kweni paumaliro wakakana malo agha kuti walutilire nchito yake ya pa [[YouTube]] nyengo zose.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 November 2016 |title=Sheffield YouTube star explains why he could retire - aged just 21 |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803052031/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ni mwana waumaliro pa ŵana ŵatatu.<ref name="SidemenBook">{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |title=Sidemen: The Book |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327052928/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Umoyo wa munthu payekha == Barn payekha wakamba chibwezi na mwanakazi munyake zina lake Ellie Harlow mu 2019, nangauli pamanyuma wakawoneka mu vyakulemba vya Barn kwamba mu 2020.<ref name="ES Barn marriage">{{cite web |last1=Brahma |first1=Nilendu |title=Sidemen Member Vikkstar Starts New Journey With His Long Time Girlfriend Ellie Harlow |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/esports-news-sidemen-member-vikkstar-starts-new-journey-with-his-long-time-girlfriend-ellie-harlow/ |website=EssentiallySports |access-date=2025-02-28 |date=2023-09-27|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ŵakapangana ku [[Burj Al Arab]] mu Disembala 2021, ndipo ŵakatorana mu Seputembala 2023.<ref name="ES Barn marriage"/><ref>{{cite AV media|title=WE'RE MARRIED!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O413-LjM30g|date= 26 September 2023|access-date= 25 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mr & Mrs 🤍 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CxqUxSsIOTf/ |website=Instagram |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> Mu vidiyo ya [[Sidemen]] iyo yikafumiskika mu Malichi 2024, Barn wakavumbura kuti wali na [[nthenda ya Crohn]].<ref>{{cite AV media|date=10 March 2024|title=SIDEMEN HOW FAR CAN YOU GET IN 24 HOURS|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqIpDyrJndw|access-date=10 March 2024|time=1:20:20|publisher=Sidemen|via=YouTube}}</ref> == Mafilimu == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Filimu ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" | 2022 | scope="row" | ''[[Talk to Me (2022 film)|Talk to Me]]'' |rowspan="2"| Himself | [[Uncredited role|Uncredited]]; [[archival footage]] |style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Talk to Me Summary, Latest News, Trailer, Cast, Where to Watch and More |url=https://screenrant.com/db/movie/talk-to-me/ |website=Screen Rant |date=23 March 2023 |access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2023 | scope="row" |''[[KSI: In Real Life]]'' | [[Documentary film|Documentary]] | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=KSI: In Real Life to Launch Exclusively on Prime Video on 26th January |url=https://press.amazonmgmstudios.com/us/en/press-release/iksi-in-real-lifei-to-launch-exclusively-on-prime- |website=Amazon MGM Studios |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |''The Naughty List'' | The Baker | [[Short film]] | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=The World's Best Christmas Movie: The Naughty List| date=24 December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5I1Gmbw6BLk|access-date=25 July 2024|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| 2024 | scope="row" |''[[The Sidemen Story]]'' | Himself | Documentary | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Sidemen Doc">{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Furvah |title=Sidemen's Netflix documentary: Release date, trailer, cast and more |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a46623709/sidemen-netflix-documentary-release-date-trailer-cast/ |website=Cosmopolitan |date=2 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Webu |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2014 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Experience, The" | ''The Sidemen Experience'' | rowspan="4"| Himself | [[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|Comedy Central UK]] | Main role; 5 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2014 |title=Who Are The Sidemen? {{!}} The Sidemen Experience |url=https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119023349/https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019 |website=[[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|CCUK]]}}</ref> |- | 2016–2017 ! scope="row" | ''[[YouTube Rewind]]'' | [[YouTube]] | Episode: "The Ultimate 2016 Challenge"<br>Episode: "The Shape of 2017" | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Ultimate 2016 Challenge| date=7 December 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GuOjXYl5ew |access-date=3 April 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Shape of 2017| date=6 December 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlsCjmMhFmw |access-date=26 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | 2018 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Show, The" | ''[[The Sidemen Show]]'' | [[YouTube Premium]] | Main role; 7 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=2 June 2018 |title='The Sidemen Show': YouTube Debuts First Trailer & Dates Premium Reality Challenge Format |url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120042324/https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |archive-date=20 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref> |- | 2020 ! scope="row" | ''[[How to Be Behzinga]]'' | rowspan="2"| YouTube | 1 episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2020|title=How To Be Behzinga|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|access-date=29 June 2021|website=YouTube|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629201510/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |- | 2024 ! scope="row" | ''[[The Chase (British game show)|The Chase: Sidemen Edition]]'' | The Chaser | Special spin-off episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|title=ITV's The Chase to face major format shake-up for epic special episode|url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1865358/the-chase-format-shake-up-sidemen-youtube-special|access-date=10 February 2024|website=EXPRESS.co.uk|date=10 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Televishoni |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2021 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Wheel, The" | ''[[The Wheel (game show)|The Wheel]]'' | Himself / Celebrity expert (Gaming) | [[BBC One]] | Series 1, episode 6 | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2021 |title=Michael McIntyre's The Wheel – Series 1: Episode 6 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000r0dw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103113539/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m000r0dw/michael-mcintyres-the-wheel-series-1-episode-6 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=[[BBC iPlayer]]}}</ref> |- | 2023 !scope="row"| ''Untold'' | Himself | [[Channel 4]] | Episode: The Cost of Being A YouTuber |style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cost of Being a YouTuber UNTOLD Channel 4| date=February 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjhO4kzYEUs|access-date= 14 March 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- | 2024–present !scope="row"| ''[[Inside (reality show)|Inside]]'' | rowspan="2"| Host | [[YouTube]], [[Side+]],{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Mndandanda 1 ukalongosoreka pa nthowa za Sidemen na Moresidemen za YouTube na vyakusazgikira na nyengo zambura kuwoneka zikulongosoreka pa Side+. Mndandanda 2 kuya panthazi uzamuŵa pa Netflix pera na vithuzithuzi vya ŵanyake ivyo vikulongoreka pa Side+}} [[Netflix]] | [[Reality show]] created by the [[Sidemen]] | <ref name="Inside">{{cite web |last1=Copson |first1=Josie |title=YouTube gameshow with staggering £1,000,000 prize fund rivals traditional TV |url=https://metro.co.uk/2024/05/27/youtube-gameshow-staggering-1-000-000-prize-fund-rivals-traditional-tv-20917431/ |website=Metro |date=27 May 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> |- | 2025–present !scope="row"|''[[Inside USA]]'' |Netflix |American reality show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hudspeth |first=Christopher |date=13 September 2025 |title=Inside: USA's Cast Will Vie for $1M, but First They Have to Pay for the Basics |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910163644/https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Tudum}}</ref> |- | 2026 ! scope="row"| ''[[Sidemen|SideMenu]]'' | Contestant | YouTube, [[Amazon Prime Video]] | Cooking show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Sidemenu">{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=Prime Video & YouTube To Share Release Of The Sidemen’s Culinary Series ‘Sidemen Present: SideMenu’ |url=https://deadline.com/2026/05/sidemen-presents-sidemenu-prime-video-youtube-release-plan-1236927613/ |website=DeadLine |publisher=DeadLine |access-date=29 July 2026}}</ref> |- |scope="row"| 2026-present ! scope="row"| ''[[Inside (TV series)|Outside]]'' | Host | Netflix | Spin off series of [[Inside (TV series)|Inside]], created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=THE SIDEMEN TAKE INSIDE 'OUTSIDE' FOR NEXT SERIES OF REALITY FORMAT ON NETFLIX |url=https://www.tvzoneuk.com/post/thesidement-inside-outside |website=TV Zone UK |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Let’s take this Outside 🏕 |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DcWL90rsI9f/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsi=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |website=Instagram |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |+ Mavidiyo gha sumu |- ! scope="col"| Chaka ! scope="col"| Mutu ! scope="col"| Waluso !Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" |2018 | "Manchild" | Randolph | rowspan="3"| Himself | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Randolph - MANCHILD (Deji Diss Track) Official Video | date=24 November 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YgfMRfMxzY |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2022 | "Don't Lie" | [[A1 x J1]] featuring [[Nemzzz]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A1 x J1 - Don't Lie (Official Video) ft. Nemzzz | date=14 October 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T91yz8kMy8 |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2025 |"365" | [[Talia Mar]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Talia Mar - 365 (Official Video)| date=24 January 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqdUBkO-zjo|access-date= 24 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |} == Manotisi == <references group="lower-alpha"></references> {{notelist-ua}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{YouTube|user=Vikkstar123|Vikkstar123}} {{Sidemen}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Sidemen]] fzz3oso36q1b5q1tdbm3czoqm4qfvjt 122966 122965 2026-10-06T13:47:03Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Section "Bibliography" 122966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} {{Databox}} '''Vikram Barn''', wakumanyikwa chomene kuti '''Vikkstar123''' panji kuti '''Vikkstar''' waka, ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku [[Ufumu Ubanyi]]. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]] na [[DJ]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=vikkstar123&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir0Y-S4fmTAxXoUWwGHQbgD98Q6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Sidemen: The Book: The subject of the hit new Netflix documentary |date=2016-10-18 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |language=en}}</ref> Ntchito ya Barn pa YouTube yikamba mu 2010. Kufuma mu Juni 2025, nthowa yake yikuru ya pa YouTube yili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7.58 miliyoni awo ŵakulembeska ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.18 biliyoni ŵakuwona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikkstar123 |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvwgF_0NOZe2vN4Q3g1bY-A |access-date=2025-06-13 |language=en |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Umoyo wakwamba na masambiro == Barn ni wa mtundu wa ku [[India]]<ref>{{cite tweet|title=... Ethnicity and Nationality are two completely separate things, I've lived in England for all my life. My ethnic background is Indian.|date=10 May 2013|user=Vikkstar123|number=332869254871408642}}</ref> ndipo wakababika pa 2 Ogasiti 1995<ref name="birthday tweet">{{Cite tweet |number=1290025072539779072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=25 years on this big rock. Super happy & grateful. Thanks for all the Birthday wishes! |date=2 August 2020 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802204243/https://twitter.com/Vikkstar123/status/1290025072539779072 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> mu [[Guildford]], Surrey, England,<ref name="Sidemen Quiz">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFz7xy-UkVo |title=Which of the Sidemen knows Vik the best? |date=23 July 2019 |type=video |publisher=MoreSidemen |time=14:44 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211024144652/rFz7xy-UkVo |archive-date=24 October 2021 |accessdate=4 April 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> uko wakakhalanga m'paka apo wakaŵa na vilimika 8.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=590545266308227072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=It's always nostalgic coming back to Guildford. I lived here until I was 8 |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=6 April 2021 |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> Wakasamira ku [[Sheffield]] uko wakasambira ku Sukulu ya Silverdale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Alana |date=20 December 2019 |title=YouTube star encourages students to work hard during visit to his old school in Sheffield |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723150002/https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |archive-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> Barn wakapika malo ghakuti wakasambire sayansi ya ku [[University College London]], kweni paumaliro wakakana malo agha kuti walutilire nchito yake ya pa [[YouTube]] nyengo zose.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 November 2016 |title=Sheffield YouTube star explains why he could retire - aged just 21 |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803052031/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ni mwana waumaliro pa ŵana ŵatatu.<ref name="SidemenBook">{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |title=Sidemen: The Book |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327052928/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Umoyo wa munthu payekha == Barn payekha wakamba chibwezi na mwanakazi munyake zina lake Ellie Harlow mu 2019, nangauli pamanyuma wakawoneka mu vyakulemba vya Barn kwamba mu 2020.<ref name="ES Barn marriage">{{cite web |last1=Brahma |first1=Nilendu |title=Sidemen Member Vikkstar Starts New Journey With His Long Time Girlfriend Ellie Harlow |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/esports-news-sidemen-member-vikkstar-starts-new-journey-with-his-long-time-girlfriend-ellie-harlow/ |website=EssentiallySports |access-date=2025-02-28 |date=2023-09-27|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ŵakapangana ku [[Burj Al Arab]] mu Disembala 2021, ndipo ŵakatorana mu Seputembala 2023.<ref name="ES Barn marriage"/><ref>{{cite AV media|title=WE'RE MARRIED!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O413-LjM30g|date= 26 September 2023|access-date= 25 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mr & Mrs 🤍 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CxqUxSsIOTf/ |website=Instagram |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> Mu vidiyo ya [[Sidemen]] iyo yikafumiskika mu Malichi 2024, Barn wakavumbura kuti wali na [[nthenda ya Crohn]].<ref>{{cite AV media|date=10 March 2024|title=SIDEMEN HOW FAR CAN YOU GET IN 24 HOURS|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqIpDyrJndw|access-date=10 March 2024|time=1:20:20|publisher=Sidemen|via=YouTube}}</ref> == Mafilimu == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Filimu ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" | 2022 | scope="row" | ''[[Talk to Me (2022 film)|Talk to Me]]'' |rowspan="2"| Himself | [[Uncredited role|Uncredited]]; [[archival footage]] |style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Talk to Me Summary, Latest News, Trailer, Cast, Where to Watch and More |url=https://screenrant.com/db/movie/talk-to-me/ |website=Screen Rant |date=23 March 2023 |access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2023 | scope="row" |''[[KSI: In Real Life]]'' | [[Documentary film|Documentary]] | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=KSI: In Real Life to Launch Exclusively on Prime Video on 26th January |url=https://press.amazonmgmstudios.com/us/en/press-release/iksi-in-real-lifei-to-launch-exclusively-on-prime- |website=Amazon MGM Studios |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |''The Naughty List'' | The Baker | [[Short film]] | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=The World's Best Christmas Movie: The Naughty List| date=24 December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5I1Gmbw6BLk|access-date=25 July 2024|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| 2024 | scope="row" |''[[The Sidemen Story]]'' | Himself | Documentary | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Sidemen Doc">{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Furvah |title=Sidemen's Netflix documentary: Release date, trailer, cast and more |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a46623709/sidemen-netflix-documentary-release-date-trailer-cast/ |website=Cosmopolitan |date=2 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Webu |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2014 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Experience, The" | ''The Sidemen Experience'' | rowspan="4"| Himself | [[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|Comedy Central UK]] | Main role; 5 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2014 |title=Who Are The Sidemen? {{!}} The Sidemen Experience |url=https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119023349/https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019 |website=[[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|CCUK]]}}</ref> |- | 2016–2017 ! scope="row" | ''[[YouTube Rewind]]'' | [[YouTube]] | Episode: "The Ultimate 2016 Challenge"<br>Episode: "The Shape of 2017" | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Ultimate 2016 Challenge| date=7 December 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GuOjXYl5ew |access-date=3 April 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Shape of 2017| date=6 December 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlsCjmMhFmw |access-date=26 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | 2018 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Show, The" | ''[[The Sidemen Show]]'' | [[YouTube Premium]] | Main role; 7 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=2 June 2018 |title='The Sidemen Show': YouTube Debuts First Trailer & Dates Premium Reality Challenge Format |url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120042324/https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |archive-date=20 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref> |- | 2020 ! scope="row" | ''[[How to Be Behzinga]]'' | rowspan="2"| YouTube | 1 episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2020|title=How To Be Behzinga|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|access-date=29 June 2021|website=YouTube|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629201510/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |- | 2024 ! scope="row" | ''[[The Chase (British game show)|The Chase: Sidemen Edition]]'' | The Chaser | Special spin-off episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|title=ITV's The Chase to face major format shake-up for epic special episode|url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1865358/the-chase-format-shake-up-sidemen-youtube-special|access-date=10 February 2024|website=EXPRESS.co.uk|date=10 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Televishoni |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2021 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Wheel, The" | ''[[The Wheel (game show)|The Wheel]]'' | Himself / Celebrity expert (Gaming) | [[BBC One]] | Series 1, episode 6 | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2021 |title=Michael McIntyre's The Wheel – Series 1: Episode 6 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000r0dw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103113539/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m000r0dw/michael-mcintyres-the-wheel-series-1-episode-6 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=[[BBC iPlayer]]}}</ref> |- | 2023 !scope="row"| ''Untold'' | Himself | [[Channel 4]] | Episode: The Cost of Being A YouTuber |style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cost of Being a YouTuber UNTOLD Channel 4| date=February 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjhO4kzYEUs|access-date= 14 March 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- | 2024–present !scope="row"| ''[[Inside (reality show)|Inside]]'' | rowspan="2"| Host | [[YouTube]], [[Side+]],{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Mndandanda 1 ukalongosoreka pa nthowa za Sidemen na Moresidemen za YouTube na vyakusazgikira na nyengo zambura kuwoneka zikulongosoreka pa Side+. Mndandanda 2 kuya panthazi uzamuŵa pa Netflix pera na vithuzithuzi vya ŵanyake ivyo vikulongoreka pa Side+}} [[Netflix]] | [[Reality show]] created by the [[Sidemen]] | <ref name="Inside">{{cite web |last1=Copson |first1=Josie |title=YouTube gameshow with staggering £1,000,000 prize fund rivals traditional TV |url=https://metro.co.uk/2024/05/27/youtube-gameshow-staggering-1-000-000-prize-fund-rivals-traditional-tv-20917431/ |website=Metro |date=27 May 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> |- | 2025–present !scope="row"|''[[Inside USA]]'' |Netflix |American reality show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hudspeth |first=Christopher |date=13 September 2025 |title=Inside: USA's Cast Will Vie for $1M, but First They Have to Pay for the Basics |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910163644/https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Tudum}}</ref> |- | 2026 ! scope="row"| ''[[Sidemen|SideMenu]]'' | Contestant | YouTube, [[Amazon Prime Video]] | Cooking show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Sidemenu">{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=Prime Video & YouTube To Share Release Of The Sidemen’s Culinary Series ‘Sidemen Present: SideMenu’ |url=https://deadline.com/2026/05/sidemen-presents-sidemenu-prime-video-youtube-release-plan-1236927613/ |website=DeadLine |publisher=DeadLine |access-date=29 July 2026}}</ref> |- |scope="row"| 2026-present ! scope="row"| ''[[Inside (TV series)|Outside]]'' | Host | Netflix | Spin off series of [[Inside (TV series)|Inside]], created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=THE SIDEMEN TAKE INSIDE 'OUTSIDE' FOR NEXT SERIES OF REALITY FORMAT ON NETFLIX |url=https://www.tvzoneuk.com/post/thesidement-inside-outside |website=TV Zone UK |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Let’s take this Outside 🏕 |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DcWL90rsI9f/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsi=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |website=Instagram |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |+ Mavidiyo gha sumu |- ! scope="col"| Chaka ! scope="col"| Mutu ! scope="col"| Waluso !Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" |2018 | "Manchild" | Randolph | rowspan="3"| Himself | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Randolph - MANCHILD (Deji Diss Track) Official Video | date=24 November 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YgfMRfMxzY |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2022 | "Don't Lie" | [[A1 x J1]] featuring [[Nemzzz]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A1 x J1 - Don't Lie (Official Video) ft. Nemzzz | date=14 October 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T91yz8kMy8 |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2025 |"365" | [[Talia Mar]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Talia Mar - 365 (Official Video)| date=24 January 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqdUBkO-zjo|access-date= 24 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |} ==Mabuku== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Chaka !Mutu !Mupharazgi ![[ISBN]] chimanyikwiro !Ukaboni |- |2016 |''[[Sidemen: The Book]]'' |Coronet Books |{{ISBN|978-1473648166}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2016 |title=YouTube stars the Sidemen are frontrunners in race for Christmas books No 1 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/oct/26/youtube-stars-the-sidemen-are-frontrunners-in-race-for-books-christmas-no-1 |access-date=29 June 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> |} == Manotisi == <references group="lower-alpha"></references> {{notelist-ua}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{YouTube|user=Vikkstar123|Vikkstar123}} {{Sidemen}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Sidemen]] 4a44yub7695sit4sqtgwdnrr5jyh5h8 122988 122966 2026-10-07T02:17:25Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Section "Discography" 122988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} {{Databox}} '''Vikram Barn''', wakumanyikwa chomene kuti '''Vikkstar123''' panji kuti '''Vikkstar''' waka, ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku [[Ufumu Ubanyi]]. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]] na [[DJ]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=vikkstar123&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir0Y-S4fmTAxXoUWwGHQbgD98Q6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Sidemen: The Book: The subject of the hit new Netflix documentary |date=2016-10-18 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |language=en}}</ref> Ntchito ya Barn pa YouTube yikamba mu 2010. Kufuma mu Juni 2025, nthowa yake yikuru ya pa YouTube yili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7.58 miliyoni awo ŵakulembeska ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.18 biliyoni ŵakuwona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikkstar123 |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvwgF_0NOZe2vN4Q3g1bY-A |access-date=2025-06-13 |language=en |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Umoyo wakwamba na masambiro == Barn ni wa mtundu wa ku [[India]]<ref>{{cite tweet|title=... Ethnicity and Nationality are two completely separate things, I've lived in England for all my life. My ethnic background is Indian.|date=10 May 2013|user=Vikkstar123|number=332869254871408642}}</ref> ndipo wakababika pa 2 Ogasiti 1995<ref name="birthday tweet">{{Cite tweet |number=1290025072539779072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=25 years on this big rock. Super happy & grateful. Thanks for all the Birthday wishes! |date=2 August 2020 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802204243/https://twitter.com/Vikkstar123/status/1290025072539779072 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> mu [[Guildford]], Surrey, England,<ref name="Sidemen Quiz">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFz7xy-UkVo |title=Which of the Sidemen knows Vik the best? |date=23 July 2019 |type=video |publisher=MoreSidemen |time=14:44 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211024144652/rFz7xy-UkVo |archive-date=24 October 2021 |accessdate=4 April 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> uko wakakhalanga m'paka apo wakaŵa na vilimika 8.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=590545266308227072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=It's always nostalgic coming back to Guildford. I lived here until I was 8 |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=6 April 2021 |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> Wakasamira ku [[Sheffield]] uko wakasambira ku Sukulu ya Silverdale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Alana |date=20 December 2019 |title=YouTube star encourages students to work hard during visit to his old school in Sheffield |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723150002/https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |archive-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> Barn wakapika malo ghakuti wakasambire sayansi ya ku [[University College London]], kweni paumaliro wakakana malo agha kuti walutilire nchito yake ya pa [[YouTube]] nyengo zose.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 November 2016 |title=Sheffield YouTube star explains why he could retire - aged just 21 |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803052031/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ni mwana waumaliro pa ŵana ŵatatu.<ref name="SidemenBook">{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |title=Sidemen: The Book |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327052928/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Umoyo wa munthu payekha == Barn payekha wakamba chibwezi na mwanakazi munyake zina lake Ellie Harlow mu 2019, nangauli pamanyuma wakawoneka mu vyakulemba vya Barn kwamba mu 2020.<ref name="ES Barn marriage">{{cite web |last1=Brahma |first1=Nilendu |title=Sidemen Member Vikkstar Starts New Journey With His Long Time Girlfriend Ellie Harlow |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/esports-news-sidemen-member-vikkstar-starts-new-journey-with-his-long-time-girlfriend-ellie-harlow/ |website=EssentiallySports |access-date=2025-02-28 |date=2023-09-27|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ŵakapangana ku [[Burj Al Arab]] mu Disembala 2021, ndipo ŵakatorana mu Seputembala 2023.<ref name="ES Barn marriage"/><ref>{{cite AV media|title=WE'RE MARRIED!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O413-LjM30g|date= 26 September 2023|access-date= 25 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mr & Mrs 🤍 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CxqUxSsIOTf/ |website=Instagram |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> Mu vidiyo ya [[Sidemen]] iyo yikafumiskika mu Malichi 2024, Barn wakavumbura kuti wali na [[nthenda ya Crohn]].<ref>{{cite AV media|date=10 March 2024|title=SIDEMEN HOW FAR CAN YOU GET IN 24 HOURS|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqIpDyrJndw|access-date=10 March 2024|time=1:20:20|publisher=Sidemen|via=YouTube}}</ref> == Mafilimu == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Filimu ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" | 2022 | scope="row" | ''[[Talk to Me (2022 film)|Talk to Me]]'' |rowspan="2"| Himself | [[Uncredited role|Uncredited]]; [[archival footage]] |style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Talk to Me Summary, Latest News, Trailer, Cast, Where to Watch and More |url=https://screenrant.com/db/movie/talk-to-me/ |website=Screen Rant |date=23 March 2023 |access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2023 | scope="row" |''[[KSI: In Real Life]]'' | [[Documentary film|Documentary]] | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=KSI: In Real Life to Launch Exclusively on Prime Video on 26th January |url=https://press.amazonmgmstudios.com/us/en/press-release/iksi-in-real-lifei-to-launch-exclusively-on-prime- |website=Amazon MGM Studios |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |''The Naughty List'' | The Baker | [[Short film]] | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=The World's Best Christmas Movie: The Naughty List| date=24 December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5I1Gmbw6BLk|access-date=25 July 2024|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| 2024 | scope="row" |''[[The Sidemen Story]]'' | Himself | Documentary | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Sidemen Doc">{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Furvah |title=Sidemen's Netflix documentary: Release date, trailer, cast and more |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a46623709/sidemen-netflix-documentary-release-date-trailer-cast/ |website=Cosmopolitan |date=2 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Webu |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2014 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Experience, The" | ''The Sidemen Experience'' | rowspan="4"| Himself | [[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|Comedy Central UK]] | Main role; 5 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2014 |title=Who Are The Sidemen? {{!}} The Sidemen Experience |url=https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119023349/https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019 |website=[[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|CCUK]]}}</ref> |- | 2016–2017 ! scope="row" | ''[[YouTube Rewind]]'' | [[YouTube]] | Episode: "The Ultimate 2016 Challenge"<br>Episode: "The Shape of 2017" | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Ultimate 2016 Challenge| date=7 December 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GuOjXYl5ew |access-date=3 April 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Shape of 2017| date=6 December 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlsCjmMhFmw |access-date=26 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | 2018 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Show, The" | ''[[The Sidemen Show]]'' | [[YouTube Premium]] | Main role; 7 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=2 June 2018 |title='The Sidemen Show': YouTube Debuts First Trailer & Dates Premium Reality Challenge Format |url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120042324/https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |archive-date=20 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref> |- | 2020 ! scope="row" | ''[[How to Be Behzinga]]'' | rowspan="2"| YouTube | 1 episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2020|title=How To Be Behzinga|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|access-date=29 June 2021|website=YouTube|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629201510/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |- | 2024 ! scope="row" | ''[[The Chase (British game show)|The Chase: Sidemen Edition]]'' | The Chaser | Special spin-off episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|title=ITV's The Chase to face major format shake-up for epic special episode|url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1865358/the-chase-format-shake-up-sidemen-youtube-special|access-date=10 February 2024|website=EXPRESS.co.uk|date=10 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Televishoni |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2021 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Wheel, The" | ''[[The Wheel (game show)|The Wheel]]'' | Himself / Celebrity expert (Gaming) | [[BBC One]] | Series 1, episode 6 | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2021 |title=Michael McIntyre's The Wheel – Series 1: Episode 6 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000r0dw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103113539/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m000r0dw/michael-mcintyres-the-wheel-series-1-episode-6 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=[[BBC iPlayer]]}}</ref> |- | 2023 !scope="row"| ''Untold'' | Himself | [[Channel 4]] | Episode: The Cost of Being A YouTuber |style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cost of Being a YouTuber UNTOLD Channel 4| date=February 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjhO4kzYEUs|access-date= 14 March 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- | 2024–present !scope="row"| ''[[Inside (reality show)|Inside]]'' | rowspan="2"| Host | [[YouTube]], [[Side+]],{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Mndandanda 1 ukalongosoreka pa nthowa za Sidemen na Moresidemen za YouTube na vyakusazgikira na nyengo zambura kuwoneka zikulongosoreka pa Side+. Mndandanda 2 kuya panthazi uzamuŵa pa Netflix pera na vithuzithuzi vya ŵanyake ivyo vikulongoreka pa Side+}} [[Netflix]] | [[Reality show]] created by the [[Sidemen]] | <ref name="Inside">{{cite web |last1=Copson |first1=Josie |title=YouTube gameshow with staggering £1,000,000 prize fund rivals traditional TV |url=https://metro.co.uk/2024/05/27/youtube-gameshow-staggering-1-000-000-prize-fund-rivals-traditional-tv-20917431/ |website=Metro |date=27 May 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> |- | 2025–present !scope="row"|''[[Inside USA]]'' |Netflix |American reality show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hudspeth |first=Christopher |date=13 September 2025 |title=Inside: USA's Cast Will Vie for $1M, but First They Have to Pay for the Basics |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910163644/https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Tudum}}</ref> |- | 2026 ! scope="row"| ''[[Sidemen|SideMenu]]'' | Contestant | YouTube, [[Amazon Prime Video]] | Cooking show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Sidemenu">{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=Prime Video & YouTube To Share Release Of The Sidemen’s Culinary Series ‘Sidemen Present: SideMenu’ |url=https://deadline.com/2026/05/sidemen-presents-sidemenu-prime-video-youtube-release-plan-1236927613/ |website=DeadLine |publisher=DeadLine |access-date=29 July 2026}}</ref> |- |scope="row"| 2026-present ! scope="row"| ''[[Inside (TV series)|Outside]]'' | Host | Netflix | Spin off series of [[Inside (TV series)|Inside]], created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=THE SIDEMEN TAKE INSIDE 'OUTSIDE' FOR NEXT SERIES OF REALITY FORMAT ON NETFLIX |url=https://www.tvzoneuk.com/post/thesidement-inside-outside |website=TV Zone UK |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Let’s take this Outside 🏕 |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DcWL90rsI9f/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsi=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |website=Instagram |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |+ Mavidiyo gha sumu |- ! scope="col"| Chaka ! scope="col"| Mutu ! scope="col"| Waluso !Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" |2018 | "Manchild" | Randolph | rowspan="3"| Himself | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Randolph - MANCHILD (Deji Diss Track) Official Video | date=24 November 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YgfMRfMxzY |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2022 | "Don't Lie" | [[A1 x J1]] featuring [[Nemzzz]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A1 x J1 - Don't Lie (Official Video) ft. Nemzzz | date=14 October 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T91yz8kMy8 |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2025 |"365" | [[Talia Mar]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Talia Mar - 365 (Official Video)| date=24 January 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqdUBkO-zjo|access-date= 24 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |} ==Masumu== === Singles === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+List of singles, with selected peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="3"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|HUN]]<br><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2024/4|title=Rádiós Top 40 slágerlista|website=slagerlistak.hu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202074900/https://slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2024/4|archive-date=2 February 2024|access-date=2 February 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[BMAT Music Company|MLT<br>Dom.<br>Air.]]<br><ref>{{Cite web|title=PRS Malta on Facebook: BMAT PRS Malta Top 10 Airplay Chart {{ndash}} 14 January 2024|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=791852216289274|access-date=14 January 2024|publisher=[[The Malta Independent]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240114145423/https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=791852216289274|archive-date=14 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://topplista.no/charts/singles/2023-w40/|title=Singel 2023 uke 40|publisher=[[VG-lista]]|access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "[[Better Off (Alone, Pt. III)]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Better Off (Alone, Pt. III) – Single by Alan Walker, Bash Berlin & Vikkstar |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/better-off-alone-pt-iii-single/1706858191 |access-date=27 September 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Dash Berlin]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2023 | 1 || — || 30 | * [[Music Canada|MC]]: Gold{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Canada|type=single|title=Better Off Alone|artist=Vikkstar}} | ''[[Walkerworld]]''{{Efn|"Better Off (Alone, Pt. III)" is absent from the [[Apple Music]] release of ''Walkerworld''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Walkerworld – Album by Alan Walker |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/walkerworld/1719118752 |access-date=10 November 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" | "[[Humans (song)|Humans]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Humans – Single by Vikkstar |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/humans-single/1716329682 |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Shaun Farrugia)</span> | — || 1 || — | | rowspan="7" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Know Me Better"<ref>{{cite web |title=Know Me Better (feat. Jme) – Single by Vikkstar & Masked Wolf featuring Jme |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/know-me-better-feat-jme-single/1740619433 |access-date=25 April 2024 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Masked Wolf]] featuring [[Jme]])</span> | rowspan="3"| 2024 | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Have It All"<ref name=":22"/><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with RetroVision and Dyson)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Where Do I Go"<ref>{{cite web |title=Where Do I Go – Single by Nicky Romero, Vikkstar, Alpharock, and Oaks |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/where-do-i-go-single/1774566167 |access-date=8 November 2024 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Nicky Romero]], Alpharock, and [[Winona Oak|Oaks]])</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Another Way"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/another-way-feat-joe-jury-single/1796157672 |access-date=23 March 2025 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |title=Another Way (Feat. Joe Jury) - Single by Vikkstar, Syn Cole & KDH on Apple Music }}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Syn Cole]] and KDH featuring Joe Jury)</span> | rowspan="6" | 2025 | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Chemical"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Adalaide Adams)</span> | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Hole in the Head"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Sick Individuals]])</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "All This Time"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Steve Aoki]] featuring Ekko)</span> | — || — || — | | ''Hiroquest 3: Paragon'' |- ! scope="row" | "Lonely Together"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Sickick and [[Aloe Blacc]])</span> | — || — || — | | rowspan="7" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Before We Say Goodbye" <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Madism and Wukong)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Where Have You Been"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Arty (musician)|ARTY]] featuring Annie Schindel)</span> | rowspan="5" | 2026 | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Bigger Than Dreams"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Matt Pridgyn and Jex)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Your Mind" | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Call My Bluff"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Brooks (DJ)|Brooks]] and Jex)</span> | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Back To Me"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Afrojack]] featuring [[Laura White (singer)|Laura White]])</span> |_ |_ |_ | |- | colspan="10" style="font-size:90%" | "—" denotes single that did not chart or were not released in that territory. |} === Charity singles === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ List of charity singles, with selected chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="4"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Notes |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/56873/sidemen/ |title=UK Singles Chart |date=26 December 2019 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220192010/https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/56873/sidemen/ |archive-date=20 December 2019 |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[UK Independent Singles and Albums Charts|UK<br />Ind.]]<br /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-singles-chart/20221209/130 |title=UK Independent Singles Chart (09 December 2022 – 15 December 2022) |date=9 December 2022 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209192815/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-singles-chart/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://irma.ie/index.cfm?page=irish-charts&chart=Singles|title=IRMA – Irish Charts|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ<br />Hot]]<br /><ref>Peaks on the NZ Hot Singles Chart: * "Christmas Drillings": {{Cite web |url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2022-12-09 |title=New Zealand Hot Singles Chart |date=12 December 2022 |publisher=Recorded Music NZ |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> |- |- ! scope="row"| "[[Christmas Drillings]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Christmas Drillings – Single by the Sidemen |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/christmas-drillings/1660098764?i=1660099096 |access-date=5 December 2022 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220061527/https://music.apple.com/us/album/christmas-drillings/1660098764?i=1660099096 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />{{small|(as part of [[Sidemen (YouTube group)|Sidemen]] featuring [[Jme (rapper)|Jme]])}} | 2022 | 3 || 2 || 25 || 7 | * Produced for a Sidemen Sunday video and raised money for [[FareShare]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Carl |date=7 December 2022 |title=Christmas Number 1 2022 contenders revealed: LadBaby, Sidemen, Stormzy, Mariah Carey and more |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/christmas-number-1-2022-contenders-revealed-ladbaby-sidemen-stormzy-mariah-carey-and-more__37932/ |website=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref> |} === Remixes === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ List of remixes ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Album |- !scope="row"| "Barcelona" (Vikkstar Remix)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Ina Wroldsen]])</span> | 2024 | ''Barcelona (Remixes)'' |- !scope="row"| "[[Man Don't Care]]" (Vikkstar Remix)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Jme]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2026 | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Where Have You Been" (Vikkstar Remix) <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Arty (musician)|Arty]] featuring Annie Schindel)</span> |} === Music videos === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ List of music videos ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"| Director(s) ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| {{Ref.}} |- ! scope="col" colspan="4"| As lead artist |- !scope="row"| "The End" | 2017 | PimpJuiceK | <ref name="Disstrack"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Better Off (Alone, Pt. III)" <br>{{small|(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Dash Berlin]])}} | rowspan="2"| 2023 | Mads Neset | <ref>{{cite web|title=Alan Walker, Dash Berlin & Vikkstar - Better Off (Alone, Pt. III) - Official Music Video | date=28 September 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouEl3qTLc0M|access-date=28 September 2023|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Humans" <br>{{small|(with Shaun Farrugia)}} | Troy Roscoe | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Humans (feat. Shaun Farrugia) [Official Music Video] | date=December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9XJV8CQjQ0|access-date=1 December 2023|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Know Me Better"<br>{{small|(with [[Masked Wolf]] featuring [[Jme]])}} | rowspan="2"| 2024 | Guy Davies |<ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar & Masked Wolf - Know Me Better (feat. Jme) [Official Music Video] | date=25 April 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKLHR7UdLbs|access-date=27 April 2024|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Where Do I Go"<br>{{small|(with [[Nicky Romero]], Alpharock and Oaks)}} | rowspan="2" {{N/A|Unknown}} | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar x Nicky Romero x Alpharock x Oaks - Where Do I Go [Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvUrKWPMQYc|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Chemical" (AI Video)<br>{{small|(with Adalaide Adams)}} |rowspan="2"| 2025 | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Chemical (feat. Adalaide Adams) [AI Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfjrhUKAMis|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Chemical"<br>{{small|(with Adalaide Adams)}} | [[TBJZL|Tobi Brown]] |<ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Chemical (feat. Adalaide Adams) [Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAKU_WAkBvM|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="col" colspan="4"| As featured artist |- !scope="row"| "Merry Merry Christmas"<br>{{small|(as part of [[Sidemen]] featuring [[Jme]] and LayZ)}} | 2019 | rowspan="2"| Konstantin | <ref name="Merry Christmas">{{cite web|title=Sidemen - Merry Merry Christmas Ft. Jme & LayZ (Official Music Video)|date=15 December 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1JKzHPCGso&list=RDh1JKzHPCGso&start_radio=1|access-date=28 August 2025|via=[[YouTube]]|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207142203/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1JKzHPCGso&list=RDh1JKzHPCGso&start_radio=1|url-status=live}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Christmas Drillings"<br>{{small|(as part of Sidemen featuring Jme)}} | 2022 | <ref>{{cite web|access-date=5 December 2022|title=Sidemen - Christmas Drillings Ft. JME (Official Music Video)|date=4 December 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXDBXVjKbp8|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Barcelona"<br>{{small|([[Alan Walker]] and [[Ina Wroldsen]] featuring Vikkstar)}} | 2024 | {{N/A|Unknown}} | <ref>{{cite web|title=Alan Walker & Ina Wroldsen - Barcelona (Vikkstar Remix)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsCJcX_R7kM|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |} ==Mabuku== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Chaka !Mutu !Mupharazgi ![[ISBN]] chimanyikwiro !Ukaboni |- |2016 |''[[Sidemen: The Book]]'' |Coronet Books |{{ISBN|978-1473648166}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2016 |title=YouTube stars the Sidemen are frontrunners in race for Christmas books No 1 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/oct/26/youtube-stars-the-sidemen-are-frontrunners-in-race-for-books-christmas-no-1 |access-date=29 June 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> |} == Manotisi == <references group="lower-alpha"></references> {{notelist-ua}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{YouTube|user=Vikkstar123|Vikkstar123}} {{Sidemen}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Sidemen]] 7my3th60zajqd3ezrialkl3o7d7uuie 122989 122988 2026-10-07T02:18:46Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Masumu */ 122989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} {{Databox}} '''Vikram Barn''', wakumanyikwa chomene kuti '''Vikkstar123''' panji kuti '''Vikkstar''' waka, ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku [[Ufumu Ubanyi]]. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]] na [[DJ]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=vikkstar123&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir0Y-S4fmTAxXoUWwGHQbgD98Q6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Sidemen: The Book: The subject of the hit new Netflix documentary |date=2016-10-18 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |language=en}}</ref> Ntchito ya Barn pa YouTube yikamba mu 2010. Kufuma mu Juni 2025, nthowa yake yikuru ya pa YouTube yili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7.58 miliyoni awo ŵakulembeska ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.18 biliyoni ŵakuwona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikkstar123 |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvwgF_0NOZe2vN4Q3g1bY-A |access-date=2025-06-13 |language=en |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Umoyo wakwamba na masambiro == Barn ni wa mtundu wa ku [[India]]<ref>{{cite tweet|title=... Ethnicity and Nationality are two completely separate things, I've lived in England for all my life. My ethnic background is Indian.|date=10 May 2013|user=Vikkstar123|number=332869254871408642}}</ref> ndipo wakababika pa 2 Ogasiti 1995<ref name="birthday tweet">{{Cite tweet |number=1290025072539779072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=25 years on this big rock. Super happy & grateful. Thanks for all the Birthday wishes! |date=2 August 2020 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802204243/https://twitter.com/Vikkstar123/status/1290025072539779072 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> mu [[Guildford]], Surrey, England,<ref name="Sidemen Quiz">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFz7xy-UkVo |title=Which of the Sidemen knows Vik the best? |date=23 July 2019 |type=video |publisher=MoreSidemen |time=14:44 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211024144652/rFz7xy-UkVo |archive-date=24 October 2021 |accessdate=4 April 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> uko wakakhalanga m'paka apo wakaŵa na vilimika 8.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=590545266308227072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=It's always nostalgic coming back to Guildford. I lived here until I was 8 |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=6 April 2021 |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> Wakasamira ku [[Sheffield]] uko wakasambira ku Sukulu ya Silverdale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Alana |date=20 December 2019 |title=YouTube star encourages students to work hard during visit to his old school in Sheffield |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723150002/https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |archive-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> Barn wakapika malo ghakuti wakasambire sayansi ya ku [[University College London]], kweni paumaliro wakakana malo agha kuti walutilire nchito yake ya pa [[YouTube]] nyengo zose.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 November 2016 |title=Sheffield YouTube star explains why he could retire - aged just 21 |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803052031/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ni mwana waumaliro pa ŵana ŵatatu.<ref name="SidemenBook">{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |title=Sidemen: The Book |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327052928/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Umoyo wa munthu payekha == Barn payekha wakamba chibwezi na mwanakazi munyake zina lake Ellie Harlow mu 2019, nangauli pamanyuma wakawoneka mu vyakulemba vya Barn kwamba mu 2020.<ref name="ES Barn marriage">{{cite web |last1=Brahma |first1=Nilendu |title=Sidemen Member Vikkstar Starts New Journey With His Long Time Girlfriend Ellie Harlow |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/esports-news-sidemen-member-vikkstar-starts-new-journey-with-his-long-time-girlfriend-ellie-harlow/ |website=EssentiallySports |access-date=2025-02-28 |date=2023-09-27|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ŵakapangana ku [[Burj Al Arab]] mu Disembala 2021, ndipo ŵakatorana mu Seputembala 2023.<ref name="ES Barn marriage"/><ref>{{cite AV media|title=WE'RE MARRIED!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O413-LjM30g|date= 26 September 2023|access-date= 25 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mr & Mrs 🤍 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CxqUxSsIOTf/ |website=Instagram |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> Mu vidiyo ya [[Sidemen]] iyo yikafumiskika mu Malichi 2024, Barn wakavumbura kuti wali na [[nthenda ya Crohn]].<ref>{{cite AV media|date=10 March 2024|title=SIDEMEN HOW FAR CAN YOU GET IN 24 HOURS|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqIpDyrJndw|access-date=10 March 2024|time=1:20:20|publisher=Sidemen|via=YouTube}}</ref> == Mafilimu == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Filimu ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" | 2022 | scope="row" | ''[[Talk to Me (2022 film)|Talk to Me]]'' |rowspan="2"| Himself | [[Uncredited role|Uncredited]]; [[archival footage]] |style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Talk to Me Summary, Latest News, Trailer, Cast, Where to Watch and More |url=https://screenrant.com/db/movie/talk-to-me/ |website=Screen Rant |date=23 March 2023 |access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2023 | scope="row" |''[[KSI: In Real Life]]'' | [[Documentary film|Documentary]] | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=KSI: In Real Life to Launch Exclusively on Prime Video on 26th January |url=https://press.amazonmgmstudios.com/us/en/press-release/iksi-in-real-lifei-to-launch-exclusively-on-prime- |website=Amazon MGM Studios |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |''The Naughty List'' | The Baker | [[Short film]] | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=The World's Best Christmas Movie: The Naughty List| date=24 December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5I1Gmbw6BLk|access-date=25 July 2024|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| 2024 | scope="row" |''[[The Sidemen Story]]'' | Himself | Documentary | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Sidemen Doc">{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Furvah |title=Sidemen's Netflix documentary: Release date, trailer, cast and more |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a46623709/sidemen-netflix-documentary-release-date-trailer-cast/ |website=Cosmopolitan |date=2 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Webu |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2014 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Experience, The" | ''The Sidemen Experience'' | rowspan="4"| Himself | [[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|Comedy Central UK]] | Main role; 5 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2014 |title=Who Are The Sidemen? {{!}} The Sidemen Experience |url=https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119023349/https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019 |website=[[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|CCUK]]}}</ref> |- | 2016–2017 ! scope="row" | ''[[YouTube Rewind]]'' | [[YouTube]] | Episode: "The Ultimate 2016 Challenge"<br>Episode: "The Shape of 2017" | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Ultimate 2016 Challenge| date=7 December 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GuOjXYl5ew |access-date=3 April 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Shape of 2017| date=6 December 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlsCjmMhFmw |access-date=26 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | 2018 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Show, The" | ''[[The Sidemen Show]]'' | [[YouTube Premium]] | Main role; 7 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=2 June 2018 |title='The Sidemen Show': YouTube Debuts First Trailer & Dates Premium Reality Challenge Format |url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120042324/https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |archive-date=20 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref> |- | 2020 ! scope="row" | ''[[How to Be Behzinga]]'' | rowspan="2"| YouTube | 1 episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2020|title=How To Be Behzinga|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|access-date=29 June 2021|website=YouTube|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629201510/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |- | 2024 ! scope="row" | ''[[The Chase (British game show)|The Chase: Sidemen Edition]]'' | The Chaser | Special spin-off episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|title=ITV's The Chase to face major format shake-up for epic special episode|url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1865358/the-chase-format-shake-up-sidemen-youtube-special|access-date=10 February 2024|website=EXPRESS.co.uk|date=10 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Televishoni |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2021 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Wheel, The" | ''[[The Wheel (game show)|The Wheel]]'' | Himself / Celebrity expert (Gaming) | [[BBC One]] | Series 1, episode 6 | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2021 |title=Michael McIntyre's The Wheel – Series 1: Episode 6 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000r0dw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103113539/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m000r0dw/michael-mcintyres-the-wheel-series-1-episode-6 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=[[BBC iPlayer]]}}</ref> |- | 2023 !scope="row"| ''Untold'' | Himself | [[Channel 4]] | Episode: The Cost of Being A YouTuber |style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cost of Being a YouTuber UNTOLD Channel 4| date=February 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjhO4kzYEUs|access-date= 14 March 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- | 2024–present !scope="row"| ''[[Inside (reality show)|Inside]]'' | rowspan="2"| Host | [[YouTube]], [[Side+]],{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Mndandanda 1 ukalongosoreka pa nthowa za Sidemen na Moresidemen za YouTube na vyakusazgikira na nyengo zambura kuwoneka zikulongosoreka pa Side+. Mndandanda 2 kuya panthazi uzamuŵa pa Netflix pera na vithuzithuzi vya ŵanyake ivyo vikulongoreka pa Side+}} [[Netflix]] | [[Reality show]] created by the [[Sidemen]] | <ref name="Inside">{{cite web |last1=Copson |first1=Josie |title=YouTube gameshow with staggering £1,000,000 prize fund rivals traditional TV |url=https://metro.co.uk/2024/05/27/youtube-gameshow-staggering-1-000-000-prize-fund-rivals-traditional-tv-20917431/ |website=Metro |date=27 May 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> |- | 2025–present !scope="row"|''[[Inside USA]]'' |Netflix |American reality show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hudspeth |first=Christopher |date=13 September 2025 |title=Inside: USA's Cast Will Vie for $1M, but First They Have to Pay for the Basics |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910163644/https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Tudum}}</ref> |- | 2026 ! scope="row"| ''[[Sidemen|SideMenu]]'' | Contestant | YouTube, [[Amazon Prime Video]] | Cooking show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Sidemenu">{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=Prime Video & YouTube To Share Release Of The Sidemen’s Culinary Series ‘Sidemen Present: SideMenu’ |url=https://deadline.com/2026/05/sidemen-presents-sidemenu-prime-video-youtube-release-plan-1236927613/ |website=DeadLine |publisher=DeadLine |access-date=29 July 2026}}</ref> |- |scope="row"| 2026-present ! scope="row"| ''[[Inside (TV series)|Outside]]'' | Host | Netflix | Spin off series of [[Inside (TV series)|Inside]], created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=THE SIDEMEN TAKE INSIDE 'OUTSIDE' FOR NEXT SERIES OF REALITY FORMAT ON NETFLIX |url=https://www.tvzoneuk.com/post/thesidement-inside-outside |website=TV Zone UK |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Let’s take this Outside 🏕 |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DcWL90rsI9f/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsi=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |website=Instagram |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |+ Mavidiyo gha sumu |- ! scope="col"| Chaka ! scope="col"| Mutu ! scope="col"| Waluso !Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" |2018 | "Manchild" | Randolph | rowspan="3"| Himself | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Randolph - MANCHILD (Deji Diss Track) Official Video | date=24 November 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YgfMRfMxzY |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2022 | "Don't Lie" | [[A1 x J1]] featuring [[Nemzzz]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A1 x J1 - Don't Lie (Official Video) ft. Nemzzz | date=14 October 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T91yz8kMy8 |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2025 |"365" | [[Talia Mar]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Talia Mar - 365 (Official Video)| date=24 January 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqdUBkO-zjo|access-date= 24 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |} ==Masumu== === Ŵambura kutora === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+Mndandanda wa ŵambura kutora, na malo ghakusankhika ghapachanya ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="3"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|HUN]]<br><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2024/4|title=Rádiós Top 40 slágerlista|website=slagerlistak.hu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202074900/https://slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2024/4|archive-date=2 February 2024|access-date=2 February 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[BMAT Music Company|MLT<br>Dom.<br>Air.]]<br><ref>{{Cite web|title=PRS Malta on Facebook: BMAT PRS Malta Top 10 Airplay Chart {{ndash}} 14 January 2024|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=791852216289274|access-date=14 January 2024|publisher=[[The Malta Independent]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240114145423/https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=791852216289274|archive-date=14 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://topplista.no/charts/singles/2023-w40/|title=Singel 2023 uke 40|publisher=[[VG-lista]]|access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "[[Better Off (Alone, Pt. III)]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Better Off (Alone, Pt. III) – Single by Alan Walker, Bash Berlin & Vikkstar |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/better-off-alone-pt-iii-single/1706858191 |access-date=27 September 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Dash Berlin]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2023 | 1 || — || 30 | * [[Music Canada|MC]]: Gold{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Canada|type=single|title=Better Off Alone|artist=Vikkstar}} | ''[[Walkerworld]]''{{Efn|"Better Off (Alone, Pt. III)" is absent from the [[Apple Music]] release of ''Walkerworld''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Walkerworld – Album by Alan Walker |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/walkerworld/1719118752 |access-date=10 November 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" | "[[Humans (song)|Humans]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Humans – Single by Vikkstar |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/humans-single/1716329682 |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Shaun Farrugia)</span> | — || 1 || — | | rowspan="7" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Know Me Better"<ref>{{cite web |title=Know Me Better (feat. Jme) – Single by Vikkstar & Masked Wolf featuring Jme |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/know-me-better-feat-jme-single/1740619433 |access-date=25 April 2024 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Masked Wolf]] featuring [[Jme]])</span> | rowspan="3"| 2024 | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Have It All"<ref name=":22"/><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with RetroVision and Dyson)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Where Do I Go"<ref>{{cite web |title=Where Do I Go – Single by Nicky Romero, Vikkstar, Alpharock, and Oaks |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/where-do-i-go-single/1774566167 |access-date=8 November 2024 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Nicky Romero]], Alpharock, and [[Winona Oak|Oaks]])</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Another Way"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/another-way-feat-joe-jury-single/1796157672 |access-date=23 March 2025 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |title=Another Way (Feat. Joe Jury) - Single by Vikkstar, Syn Cole & KDH on Apple Music }}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Syn Cole]] and KDH featuring Joe Jury)</span> | rowspan="6" | 2025 | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Chemical"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Adalaide Adams)</span> | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Hole in the Head"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Sick Individuals]])</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "All This Time"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Steve Aoki]] featuring Ekko)</span> | — || — || — | | ''Hiroquest 3: Paragon'' |- ! scope="row" | "Lonely Together"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Sickick and [[Aloe Blacc]])</span> | — || — || — | | rowspan="7" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Before We Say Goodbye" <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Madism and Wukong)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Where Have You Been"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Arty (musician)|ARTY]] featuring Annie Schindel)</span> | rowspan="5" | 2026 | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Bigger Than Dreams"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Matt Pridgyn and Jex)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Your Mind" | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Call My Bluff"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Brooks (DJ)|Brooks]] and Jex)</span> | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Back To Me"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Afrojack]] featuring [[Laura White (singer)|Laura White]])</span> |_ |_ |_ | |- | colspan="10" style="font-size:90%" | "—" denotes single that did not chart or were not released in that territory. |} === Nyimbo zachisungusungu === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ List of charity singles, with selected chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="4"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Notes |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/56873/sidemen/ |title=UK Singles Chart |date=26 December 2019 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220192010/https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/56873/sidemen/ |archive-date=20 December 2019 |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[UK Independent Singles and Albums Charts|UK<br />Ind.]]<br /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-singles-chart/20221209/130 |title=UK Independent Singles Chart (09 December 2022 – 15 December 2022) |date=9 December 2022 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209192815/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-singles-chart/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://irma.ie/index.cfm?page=irish-charts&chart=Singles|title=IRMA – Irish Charts|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ<br />Hot]]<br /><ref>Peaks on the NZ Hot Singles Chart: * "Christmas Drillings": {{Cite web |url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2022-12-09 |title=New Zealand Hot Singles Chart |date=12 December 2022 |publisher=Recorded Music NZ |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> |- |- ! scope="row"| "[[Christmas Drillings]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Christmas Drillings – Single by the Sidemen |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/christmas-drillings/1660098764?i=1660099096 |access-date=5 December 2022 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220061527/https://music.apple.com/us/album/christmas-drillings/1660098764?i=1660099096 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />{{small|(as part of [[Sidemen (YouTube group)|Sidemen]] featuring [[Jme (rapper)|Jme]])}} | 2022 | 3 || 2 || 25 || 7 | * Produced for a Sidemen Sunday video and raised money for [[FareShare]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Carl |date=7 December 2022 |title=Christmas Number 1 2022 contenders revealed: LadBaby, Sidemen, Stormzy, Mariah Carey and more |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/christmas-number-1-2022-contenders-revealed-ladbaby-sidemen-stormzy-mariah-carey-and-more__37932/ |website=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref> |} === Kusakanizga === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ List of remixes ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Album |- !scope="row"| "Barcelona" (Vikkstar Remix)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Ina Wroldsen]])</span> | 2024 | ''Barcelona (Remixes)'' |- !scope="row"| "[[Man Don't Care]]" (Vikkstar Remix)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Jme]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2026 | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Where Have You Been" (Vikkstar Remix) <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Arty (musician)|Arty]] featuring Annie Schindel)</span> |} === Mavidiyo gha sumu === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ List of music videos ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"| Director(s) ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| {{Ref.}} |- ! scope="col" colspan="4"| As lead artist |- !scope="row"| "The End" | 2017 | PimpJuiceK | <ref name="Disstrack"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Better Off (Alone, Pt. III)" <br>{{small|(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Dash Berlin]])}} | rowspan="2"| 2023 | Mads Neset | <ref>{{cite web|title=Alan Walker, Dash Berlin & Vikkstar - Better Off (Alone, Pt. III) - Official Music Video | date=28 September 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouEl3qTLc0M|access-date=28 September 2023|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Humans" <br>{{small|(with Shaun Farrugia)}} | Troy Roscoe | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Humans (feat. Shaun Farrugia) [Official Music Video] | date=December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9XJV8CQjQ0|access-date=1 December 2023|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Know Me Better"<br>{{small|(with [[Masked Wolf]] featuring [[Jme]])}} | rowspan="2"| 2024 | Guy Davies |<ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar & Masked Wolf - Know Me Better (feat. Jme) [Official Music Video] | date=25 April 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKLHR7UdLbs|access-date=27 April 2024|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Where Do I Go"<br>{{small|(with [[Nicky Romero]], Alpharock and Oaks)}} | rowspan="2" {{N/A|Unknown}} | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar x Nicky Romero x Alpharock x Oaks - Where Do I Go [Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvUrKWPMQYc|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Chemical" (AI Video)<br>{{small|(with Adalaide Adams)}} |rowspan="2"| 2025 | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Chemical (feat. Adalaide Adams) [AI Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfjrhUKAMis|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Chemical"<br>{{small|(with Adalaide Adams)}} | [[TBJZL|Tobi Brown]] |<ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Chemical (feat. Adalaide Adams) [Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAKU_WAkBvM|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="col" colspan="4"| As featured artist |- !scope="row"| "Merry Merry Christmas"<br>{{small|(as part of [[Sidemen]] featuring [[Jme]] and LayZ)}} | 2019 | rowspan="2"| Konstantin | <ref name="Merry Christmas">{{cite web|title=Sidemen - Merry Merry Christmas Ft. Jme & LayZ (Official Music Video)|date=15 December 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1JKzHPCGso&list=RDh1JKzHPCGso&start_radio=1|access-date=28 August 2025|via=[[YouTube]]|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207142203/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1JKzHPCGso&list=RDh1JKzHPCGso&start_radio=1|url-status=live}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Christmas Drillings"<br>{{small|(as part of Sidemen featuring Jme)}} | 2022 | <ref>{{cite web|access-date=5 December 2022|title=Sidemen - Christmas Drillings Ft. JME (Official Music Video)|date=4 December 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXDBXVjKbp8|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Barcelona"<br>{{small|([[Alan Walker]] and [[Ina Wroldsen]] featuring Vikkstar)}} | 2024 | {{N/A|Unknown}} | <ref>{{cite web|title=Alan Walker & Ina Wroldsen - Barcelona (Vikkstar Remix)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsCJcX_R7kM|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |} ==Mabuku== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Chaka !Mutu !Mupharazgi ![[ISBN]] chimanyikwiro !Ukaboni |- |2016 |''[[Sidemen: The Book]]'' |Coronet Books |{{ISBN|978-1473648166}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2016 |title=YouTube stars the Sidemen are frontrunners in race for Christmas books No 1 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/oct/26/youtube-stars-the-sidemen-are-frontrunners-in-race-for-books-christmas-no-1 |access-date=29 June 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> |} == Manotisi == <references group="lower-alpha"></references> {{notelist-ua}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{YouTube|user=Vikkstar123|Vikkstar123}} {{Sidemen}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Sidemen]] pgwnezi9zx3t97cm3cb713n76kxdvkd 122990 122989 2026-10-07T02:21:30Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Masumu */ 122990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} {{Databox}} '''Vikram Barn''', wakumanyikwa chomene kuti '''Vikkstar123''' panji kuti '''Vikkstar''' waka, ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku [[Ufumu Ubanyi]]. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]] na [[DJ]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=vikkstar123&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir0Y-S4fmTAxXoUWwGHQbgD98Q6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Sidemen: The Book: The subject of the hit new Netflix documentary |date=2016-10-18 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |language=en}}</ref> Ntchito ya Barn pa YouTube yikamba mu 2010. Kufuma mu Juni 2025, nthowa yake yikuru ya pa YouTube yili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7.58 miliyoni awo ŵakulembeska ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.18 biliyoni ŵakuwona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikkstar123 |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvwgF_0NOZe2vN4Q3g1bY-A |access-date=2025-06-13 |language=en |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Umoyo wakwamba na masambiro == Barn ni wa mtundu wa ku [[India]]<ref>{{cite tweet|title=... Ethnicity and Nationality are two completely separate things, I've lived in England for all my life. My ethnic background is Indian.|date=10 May 2013|user=Vikkstar123|number=332869254871408642}}</ref> ndipo wakababika pa 2 Ogasiti 1995<ref name="birthday tweet">{{Cite tweet |number=1290025072539779072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=25 years on this big rock. Super happy & grateful. Thanks for all the Birthday wishes! |date=2 August 2020 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802204243/https://twitter.com/Vikkstar123/status/1290025072539779072 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> mu [[Guildford]], Surrey, England,<ref name="Sidemen Quiz">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFz7xy-UkVo |title=Which of the Sidemen knows Vik the best? |date=23 July 2019 |type=video |publisher=MoreSidemen |time=14:44 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211024144652/rFz7xy-UkVo |archive-date=24 October 2021 |accessdate=4 April 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> uko wakakhalanga m'paka apo wakaŵa na vilimika 8.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=590545266308227072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=It's always nostalgic coming back to Guildford. I lived here until I was 8 |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=6 April 2021 |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> Wakasamira ku [[Sheffield]] uko wakasambira ku Sukulu ya Silverdale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Alana |date=20 December 2019 |title=YouTube star encourages students to work hard during visit to his old school in Sheffield |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723150002/https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |archive-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> Barn wakapika malo ghakuti wakasambire sayansi ya ku [[University College London]], kweni paumaliro wakakana malo agha kuti walutilire nchito yake ya pa [[YouTube]] nyengo zose.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 November 2016 |title=Sheffield YouTube star explains why he could retire - aged just 21 |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803052031/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ni mwana waumaliro pa ŵana ŵatatu.<ref name="SidemenBook">{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |title=Sidemen: The Book |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327052928/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Umoyo wa munthu payekha == Barn payekha wakamba chibwezi na mwanakazi munyake zina lake Ellie Harlow mu 2019, nangauli pamanyuma wakawoneka mu vyakulemba vya Barn kwamba mu 2020.<ref name="ES Barn marriage">{{cite web |last1=Brahma |first1=Nilendu |title=Sidemen Member Vikkstar Starts New Journey With His Long Time Girlfriend Ellie Harlow |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/esports-news-sidemen-member-vikkstar-starts-new-journey-with-his-long-time-girlfriend-ellie-harlow/ |website=EssentiallySports |access-date=2025-02-28 |date=2023-09-27|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ŵakapangana ku [[Burj Al Arab]] mu Disembala 2021, ndipo ŵakatorana mu Seputembala 2023.<ref name="ES Barn marriage"/><ref>{{cite AV media|title=WE'RE MARRIED!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O413-LjM30g|date= 26 September 2023|access-date= 25 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mr & Mrs 🤍 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CxqUxSsIOTf/ |website=Instagram |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> Mu vidiyo ya [[Sidemen]] iyo yikafumiskika mu Malichi 2024, Barn wakavumbura kuti wali na [[nthenda ya Crohn]].<ref>{{cite AV media|date=10 March 2024|title=SIDEMEN HOW FAR CAN YOU GET IN 24 HOURS|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqIpDyrJndw|access-date=10 March 2024|time=1:20:20|publisher=Sidemen|via=YouTube}}</ref> == Mafilimu == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Filimu ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" | 2022 | scope="row" | ''[[Talk to Me (2022 film)|Talk to Me]]'' |rowspan="2"| Himself | [[Uncredited role|Uncredited]]; [[archival footage]] |style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Talk to Me Summary, Latest News, Trailer, Cast, Where to Watch and More |url=https://screenrant.com/db/movie/talk-to-me/ |website=Screen Rant |date=23 March 2023 |access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2023 | scope="row" |''[[KSI: In Real Life]]'' | [[Documentary film|Documentary]] | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=KSI: In Real Life to Launch Exclusively on Prime Video on 26th January |url=https://press.amazonmgmstudios.com/us/en/press-release/iksi-in-real-lifei-to-launch-exclusively-on-prime- |website=Amazon MGM Studios |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |''The Naughty List'' | The Baker | [[Short film]] | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=The World's Best Christmas Movie: The Naughty List| date=24 December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5I1Gmbw6BLk|access-date=25 July 2024|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| 2024 | scope="row" |''[[The Sidemen Story]]'' | Himself | Documentary | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Sidemen Doc">{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Furvah |title=Sidemen's Netflix documentary: Release date, trailer, cast and more |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a46623709/sidemen-netflix-documentary-release-date-trailer-cast/ |website=Cosmopolitan |date=2 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Webu |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2014 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Experience, The" | ''The Sidemen Experience'' | rowspan="4"| Himself | [[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|Comedy Central UK]] | Main role; 5 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2014 |title=Who Are The Sidemen? {{!}} The Sidemen Experience |url=https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119023349/https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019 |website=[[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|CCUK]]}}</ref> |- | 2016–2017 ! scope="row" | ''[[YouTube Rewind]]'' | [[YouTube]] | Episode: "The Ultimate 2016 Challenge"<br>Episode: "The Shape of 2017" | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Ultimate 2016 Challenge| date=7 December 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GuOjXYl5ew |access-date=3 April 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Shape of 2017| date=6 December 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlsCjmMhFmw |access-date=26 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | 2018 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Show, The" | ''[[The Sidemen Show]]'' | [[YouTube Premium]] | Main role; 7 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=2 June 2018 |title='The Sidemen Show': YouTube Debuts First Trailer & Dates Premium Reality Challenge Format |url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120042324/https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |archive-date=20 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref> |- | 2020 ! scope="row" | ''[[How to Be Behzinga]]'' | rowspan="2"| YouTube | 1 episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2020|title=How To Be Behzinga|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|access-date=29 June 2021|website=YouTube|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629201510/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |- | 2024 ! scope="row" | ''[[The Chase (British game show)|The Chase: Sidemen Edition]]'' | The Chaser | Special spin-off episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|title=ITV's The Chase to face major format shake-up for epic special episode|url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1865358/the-chase-format-shake-up-sidemen-youtube-special|access-date=10 February 2024|website=EXPRESS.co.uk|date=10 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Televishoni |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2021 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Wheel, The" | ''[[The Wheel (game show)|The Wheel]]'' | Himself / Celebrity expert (Gaming) | [[BBC One]] | Series 1, episode 6 | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2021 |title=Michael McIntyre's The Wheel – Series 1: Episode 6 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000r0dw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103113539/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m000r0dw/michael-mcintyres-the-wheel-series-1-episode-6 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=[[BBC iPlayer]]}}</ref> |- | 2023 !scope="row"| ''Untold'' | Himself | [[Channel 4]] | Episode: The Cost of Being A YouTuber |style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cost of Being a YouTuber UNTOLD Channel 4| date=February 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjhO4kzYEUs|access-date= 14 March 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- | 2024–present !scope="row"| ''[[Inside (reality show)|Inside]]'' | rowspan="2"| Host | [[YouTube]], [[Side+]],{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Mndandanda 1 ukalongosoreka pa nthowa za Sidemen na Moresidemen za YouTube na vyakusazgikira na nyengo zambura kuwoneka zikulongosoreka pa Side+. Mndandanda 2 kuya panthazi uzamuŵa pa Netflix pera na vithuzithuzi vya ŵanyake ivyo vikulongoreka pa Side+}} [[Netflix]] | [[Reality show]] created by the [[Sidemen]] | <ref name="Inside">{{cite web |last1=Copson |first1=Josie |title=YouTube gameshow with staggering £1,000,000 prize fund rivals traditional TV |url=https://metro.co.uk/2024/05/27/youtube-gameshow-staggering-1-000-000-prize-fund-rivals-traditional-tv-20917431/ |website=Metro |date=27 May 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> |- | 2025–present !scope="row"|''[[Inside USA]]'' |Netflix |American reality show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hudspeth |first=Christopher |date=13 September 2025 |title=Inside: USA's Cast Will Vie for $1M, but First They Have to Pay for the Basics |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910163644/https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Tudum}}</ref> |- | 2026 ! scope="row"| ''[[Sidemen|SideMenu]]'' | Contestant | YouTube, [[Amazon Prime Video]] | Cooking show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Sidemenu">{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=Prime Video & YouTube To Share Release Of The Sidemen’s Culinary Series ‘Sidemen Present: SideMenu’ |url=https://deadline.com/2026/05/sidemen-presents-sidemenu-prime-video-youtube-release-plan-1236927613/ |website=DeadLine |publisher=DeadLine |access-date=29 July 2026}}</ref> |- |scope="row"| 2026-present ! scope="row"| ''[[Inside (TV series)|Outside]]'' | Host | Netflix | Spin off series of [[Inside (TV series)|Inside]], created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=THE SIDEMEN TAKE INSIDE 'OUTSIDE' FOR NEXT SERIES OF REALITY FORMAT ON NETFLIX |url=https://www.tvzoneuk.com/post/thesidement-inside-outside |website=TV Zone UK |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Let’s take this Outside 🏕 |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DcWL90rsI9f/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsi=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |website=Instagram |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |+ Mavidiyo gha sumu |- ! scope="col"| Chaka ! scope="col"| Mutu ! scope="col"| Waluso !Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" |2018 | "Manchild" | Randolph | rowspan="3"| Himself | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Randolph - MANCHILD (Deji Diss Track) Official Video | date=24 November 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YgfMRfMxzY |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2022 | "Don't Lie" | [[A1 x J1]] featuring [[Nemzzz]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A1 x J1 - Don't Lie (Official Video) ft. Nemzzz | date=14 October 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T91yz8kMy8 |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2025 |"365" | [[Talia Mar]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Talia Mar - 365 (Official Video)| date=24 January 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqdUBkO-zjo|access-date= 24 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |} ==Masumu== === Ŵambura kutora === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+Mndandanda wa ŵambura kutora, na malo ghakusankhika ghapachanya ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="3"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|HUN]]<br><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2024/4|title=Rádiós Top 40 slágerlista|website=slagerlistak.hu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202074900/https://slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2024/4|archive-date=2 February 2024|access-date=2 February 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[BMAT Music Company|MLT<br>Dom.<br>Air.]]<br><ref>{{Cite web|title=PRS Malta on Facebook: BMAT PRS Malta Top 10 Airplay Chart {{ndash}} 14 January 2024|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=791852216289274|access-date=14 January 2024|publisher=[[The Malta Independent]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240114145423/https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=791852216289274|archive-date=14 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://topplista.no/charts/singles/2023-w40/|title=Singel 2023 uke 40|publisher=[[VG-lista]]|access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "[[Better Off (Alone, Pt. III)]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Better Off (Alone, Pt. III) – Single by Alan Walker, Bash Berlin & Vikkstar |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/better-off-alone-pt-iii-single/1706858191 |access-date=27 September 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Dash Berlin]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2023 | 1 || — || 30 | * [[Music Canada|MC]]: Gold{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Canada|type=single|title=Better Off Alone|artist=Vikkstar}} | ''[[Walkerworld]]''{{Efn|"Better Off (Alone, Pt. III)" is absent from the [[Apple Music]] release of ''Walkerworld''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Walkerworld – Album by Alan Walker |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/walkerworld/1719118752 |access-date=10 November 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" | "[[Humans (song)|Humans]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Humans – Single by Vikkstar |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/humans-single/1716329682 |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Shaun Farrugia)</span> | — || 1 || — | | rowspan="7" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Know Me Better"<ref>{{cite web |title=Know Me Better (feat. Jme) – Single by Vikkstar & Masked Wolf featuring Jme |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/know-me-better-feat-jme-single/1740619433 |access-date=25 April 2024 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Masked Wolf]] featuring [[Jme]])</span> | rowspan="3"| 2024 | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Have It All"<ref name=":22"/><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with RetroVision and Dyson)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Where Do I Go"<ref>{{cite web |title=Where Do I Go – Single by Nicky Romero, Vikkstar, Alpharock, and Oaks |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/where-do-i-go-single/1774566167 |access-date=8 November 2024 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Nicky Romero]], Alpharock, and [[Winona Oak|Oaks]])</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Another Way"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/another-way-feat-joe-jury-single/1796157672 |access-date=23 March 2025 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |title=Another Way (Feat. Joe Jury) - Single by Vikkstar, Syn Cole & KDH on Apple Music }}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Syn Cole]] and KDH featuring Joe Jury)</span> | rowspan="6" | 2025 | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Chemical"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Adalaide Adams)</span> | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Hole in the Head"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Sick Individuals]])</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "All This Time"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Steve Aoki]] featuring Ekko)</span> | — || — || — | | ''Hiroquest 3: Paragon'' |- ! scope="row" | "Lonely Together"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Sickick and [[Aloe Blacc]])</span> | — || — || — | | rowspan="7" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Before We Say Goodbye" <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Madism and Wukong)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Where Have You Been"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Arty (musician)|ARTY]] featuring Annie Schindel)</span> | rowspan="5" | 2026 | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Bigger Than Dreams"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Matt Pridgyn and Jex)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Your Mind" | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Call My Bluff"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Brooks (DJ)|Brooks]] and Jex)</span> | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Back To Me"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Afrojack]] featuring [[Laura White (singer)|Laura White]])</span> |_ |_ |_ | |- | colspan="10" style="font-size:90%" | "—" denotes single that did not chart or were not released in that territory. |} === Nyimbo zachisungusungu === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Mndandanda wa sumu za lusungu, na malo ghakusankhika gha pa chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="4"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Notes |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/56873/sidemen/ |title=UK Singles Chart |date=26 December 2019 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220192010/https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/56873/sidemen/ |archive-date=20 December 2019 |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[UK Independent Singles and Albums Charts|UK<br />Ind.]]<br /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-singles-chart/20221209/130 |title=UK Independent Singles Chart (09 December 2022 – 15 December 2022) |date=9 December 2022 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209192815/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-singles-chart/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://irma.ie/index.cfm?page=irish-charts&chart=Singles|title=IRMA – Irish Charts|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ<br />Hot]]<br /><ref>Peaks on the NZ Hot Singles Chart: * "Christmas Drillings": {{Cite web |url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2022-12-09 |title=New Zealand Hot Singles Chart |date=12 December 2022 |publisher=Recorded Music NZ |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> |- |- ! scope="row"| "[[Christmas Drillings]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Christmas Drillings – Single by the Sidemen |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/christmas-drillings/1660098764?i=1660099096 |access-date=5 December 2022 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220061527/https://music.apple.com/us/album/christmas-drillings/1660098764?i=1660099096 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />{{small|(as part of [[Sidemen (YouTube group)|Sidemen]] featuring [[Jme (rapper)|Jme]])}} | 2022 | 3 || 2 || 25 || 7 | * Produced for a Sidemen Sunday video and raised money for [[FareShare]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Carl |date=7 December 2022 |title=Christmas Number 1 2022 contenders revealed: LadBaby, Sidemen, Stormzy, Mariah Carey and more |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/christmas-number-1-2022-contenders-revealed-ladbaby-sidemen-stormzy-mariah-carey-and-more__37932/ |website=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref> |} === Kusakanizga === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Mndandanda wa vyakusazgapo ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Album |- !scope="row"| "Barcelona" (Vikkstar Remix)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Ina Wroldsen]])</span> | 2024 | ''Barcelona (Remixes)'' |- !scope="row"| "[[Man Don't Care]]" (Vikkstar Remix)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Jme]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2026 | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Where Have You Been" (Vikkstar Remix) <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Arty (musician)|Arty]] featuring Annie Schindel)</span> |} === Mavidiyo gha sumu === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Mndandanda wa mavidiyo gha sumu ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"| Director(s) ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| {{Ref.}} |- ! scope="col" colspan="4"| As lead artist |- !scope="row"| "The End" | 2017 | PimpJuiceK | <ref name="Disstrack"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Better Off (Alone, Pt. III)" <br>{{small|(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Dash Berlin]])}} | rowspan="2"| 2023 | Mads Neset | <ref>{{cite web|title=Alan Walker, Dash Berlin & Vikkstar - Better Off (Alone, Pt. III) - Official Music Video | date=28 September 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouEl3qTLc0M|access-date=28 September 2023|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Humans" <br>{{small|(with Shaun Farrugia)}} | Troy Roscoe | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Humans (feat. Shaun Farrugia) [Official Music Video] | date=December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9XJV8CQjQ0|access-date=1 December 2023|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Know Me Better"<br>{{small|(with [[Masked Wolf]] featuring [[Jme]])}} | rowspan="2"| 2024 | Guy Davies |<ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar & Masked Wolf - Know Me Better (feat. Jme) [Official Music Video] | date=25 April 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKLHR7UdLbs|access-date=27 April 2024|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Where Do I Go"<br>{{small|(with [[Nicky Romero]], Alpharock and Oaks)}} | rowspan="2" {{N/A|Unknown}} | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar x Nicky Romero x Alpharock x Oaks - Where Do I Go [Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvUrKWPMQYc|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Chemical" (AI Video)<br>{{small|(with Adalaide Adams)}} |rowspan="2"| 2025 | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Chemical (feat. Adalaide Adams) [AI Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfjrhUKAMis|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Chemical"<br>{{small|(with Adalaide Adams)}} | [[TBJZL|Tobi Brown]] |<ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Chemical (feat. Adalaide Adams) [Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAKU_WAkBvM|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="col" colspan="4"| As featured artist |- !scope="row"| "Merry Merry Christmas"<br>{{small|(as part of [[Sidemen]] featuring [[Jme]] and LayZ)}} | 2019 | rowspan="2"| Konstantin | <ref name="Merry Christmas">{{cite web|title=Sidemen - Merry Merry Christmas Ft. Jme & LayZ (Official Music Video)|date=15 December 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1JKzHPCGso&list=RDh1JKzHPCGso&start_radio=1|access-date=28 August 2025|via=[[YouTube]]|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207142203/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1JKzHPCGso&list=RDh1JKzHPCGso&start_radio=1|url-status=live}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Christmas Drillings"<br>{{small|(as part of Sidemen featuring Jme)}} | 2022 | <ref>{{cite web|access-date=5 December 2022|title=Sidemen - Christmas Drillings Ft. JME (Official Music Video)|date=4 December 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXDBXVjKbp8|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Barcelona"<br>{{small|([[Alan Walker]] and [[Ina Wroldsen]] featuring Vikkstar)}} | 2024 | {{N/A|Unknown}} | <ref>{{cite web|title=Alan Walker & Ina Wroldsen - Barcelona (Vikkstar Remix)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsCJcX_R7kM|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |} ==Mabuku== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Chaka !Mutu !Mupharazgi ![[ISBN]] chimanyikwiro !Ukaboni |- |2016 |''[[Sidemen: The Book]]'' |Coronet Books |{{ISBN|978-1473648166}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2016 |title=YouTube stars the Sidemen are frontrunners in race for Christmas books No 1 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/oct/26/youtube-stars-the-sidemen-are-frontrunners-in-race-for-books-christmas-no-1 |access-date=29 June 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> |} == Manotisi == <references group="lower-alpha"></references> {{notelist-ua}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{YouTube|user=Vikkstar123|Vikkstar123}} {{Sidemen}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Sidemen]] lj6ahje7x1es2hk58z62hkrk9cus03i 122991 122990 2026-10-07T02:22:11Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Ŵambura kutora */ 122991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} {{Databox}} '''Vikram Barn''', wakumanyikwa chomene kuti '''Vikkstar123''' panji kuti '''Vikkstar''' waka, ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku [[Ufumu Ubanyi]]. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]] na [[DJ]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=vikkstar123&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir0Y-S4fmTAxXoUWwGHQbgD98Q6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Sidemen: The Book: The subject of the hit new Netflix documentary |date=2016-10-18 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |language=en}}</ref> Ntchito ya Barn pa YouTube yikamba mu 2010. Kufuma mu Juni 2025, nthowa yake yikuru ya pa YouTube yili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7.58 miliyoni awo ŵakulembeska ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.18 biliyoni ŵakuwona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikkstar123 |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvwgF_0NOZe2vN4Q3g1bY-A |access-date=2025-06-13 |language=en |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Umoyo wakwamba na masambiro == Barn ni wa mtundu wa ku [[India]]<ref>{{cite tweet|title=... Ethnicity and Nationality are two completely separate things, I've lived in England for all my life. My ethnic background is Indian.|date=10 May 2013|user=Vikkstar123|number=332869254871408642}}</ref> ndipo wakababika pa 2 Ogasiti 1995<ref name="birthday tweet">{{Cite tweet |number=1290025072539779072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=25 years on this big rock. Super happy & grateful. Thanks for all the Birthday wishes! |date=2 August 2020 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802204243/https://twitter.com/Vikkstar123/status/1290025072539779072 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> mu [[Guildford]], Surrey, England,<ref name="Sidemen Quiz">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFz7xy-UkVo |title=Which of the Sidemen knows Vik the best? |date=23 July 2019 |type=video |publisher=MoreSidemen |time=14:44 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211024144652/rFz7xy-UkVo |archive-date=24 October 2021 |accessdate=4 April 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> uko wakakhalanga m'paka apo wakaŵa na vilimika 8.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=590545266308227072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=It's always nostalgic coming back to Guildford. I lived here until I was 8 |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=6 April 2021 |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> Wakasamira ku [[Sheffield]] uko wakasambira ku Sukulu ya Silverdale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Alana |date=20 December 2019 |title=YouTube star encourages students to work hard during visit to his old school in Sheffield |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723150002/https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |archive-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> Barn wakapika malo ghakuti wakasambire sayansi ya ku [[University College London]], kweni paumaliro wakakana malo agha kuti walutilire nchito yake ya pa [[YouTube]] nyengo zose.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 November 2016 |title=Sheffield YouTube star explains why he could retire - aged just 21 |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803052031/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ni mwana waumaliro pa ŵana ŵatatu.<ref name="SidemenBook">{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |title=Sidemen: The Book |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327052928/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Umoyo wa munthu payekha == Barn payekha wakamba chibwezi na mwanakazi munyake zina lake Ellie Harlow mu 2019, nangauli pamanyuma wakawoneka mu vyakulemba vya Barn kwamba mu 2020.<ref name="ES Barn marriage">{{cite web |last1=Brahma |first1=Nilendu |title=Sidemen Member Vikkstar Starts New Journey With His Long Time Girlfriend Ellie Harlow |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/esports-news-sidemen-member-vikkstar-starts-new-journey-with-his-long-time-girlfriend-ellie-harlow/ |website=EssentiallySports |access-date=2025-02-28 |date=2023-09-27|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ŵakapangana ku [[Burj Al Arab]] mu Disembala 2021, ndipo ŵakatorana mu Seputembala 2023.<ref name="ES Barn marriage"/><ref>{{cite AV media|title=WE'RE MARRIED!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O413-LjM30g|date= 26 September 2023|access-date= 25 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mr & Mrs 🤍 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CxqUxSsIOTf/ |website=Instagram |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> Mu vidiyo ya [[Sidemen]] iyo yikafumiskika mu Malichi 2024, Barn wakavumbura kuti wali na [[nthenda ya Crohn]].<ref>{{cite AV media|date=10 March 2024|title=SIDEMEN HOW FAR CAN YOU GET IN 24 HOURS|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqIpDyrJndw|access-date=10 March 2024|time=1:20:20|publisher=Sidemen|via=YouTube}}</ref> == Mafilimu == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Filimu ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" | 2022 | scope="row" | ''[[Talk to Me (2022 film)|Talk to Me]]'' |rowspan="2"| Himself | [[Uncredited role|Uncredited]]; [[archival footage]] |style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Talk to Me Summary, Latest News, Trailer, Cast, Where to Watch and More |url=https://screenrant.com/db/movie/talk-to-me/ |website=Screen Rant |date=23 March 2023 |access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2023 | scope="row" |''[[KSI: In Real Life]]'' | [[Documentary film|Documentary]] | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=KSI: In Real Life to Launch Exclusively on Prime Video on 26th January |url=https://press.amazonmgmstudios.com/us/en/press-release/iksi-in-real-lifei-to-launch-exclusively-on-prime- |website=Amazon MGM Studios |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |''The Naughty List'' | The Baker | [[Short film]] | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=The World's Best Christmas Movie: The Naughty List| date=24 December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5I1Gmbw6BLk|access-date=25 July 2024|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| 2024 | scope="row" |''[[The Sidemen Story]]'' | Himself | Documentary | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Sidemen Doc">{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Furvah |title=Sidemen's Netflix documentary: Release date, trailer, cast and more |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a46623709/sidemen-netflix-documentary-release-date-trailer-cast/ |website=Cosmopolitan |date=2 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Webu |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2014 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Experience, The" | ''The Sidemen Experience'' | rowspan="4"| Himself | [[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|Comedy Central UK]] | Main role; 5 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2014 |title=Who Are The Sidemen? {{!}} The Sidemen Experience |url=https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119023349/https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019 |website=[[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|CCUK]]}}</ref> |- | 2016–2017 ! scope="row" | ''[[YouTube Rewind]]'' | [[YouTube]] | Episode: "The Ultimate 2016 Challenge"<br>Episode: "The Shape of 2017" | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Ultimate 2016 Challenge| date=7 December 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GuOjXYl5ew |access-date=3 April 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Shape of 2017| date=6 December 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlsCjmMhFmw |access-date=26 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | 2018 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Show, The" | ''[[The Sidemen Show]]'' | [[YouTube Premium]] | Main role; 7 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=2 June 2018 |title='The Sidemen Show': YouTube Debuts First Trailer & Dates Premium Reality Challenge Format |url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120042324/https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |archive-date=20 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref> |- | 2020 ! scope="row" | ''[[How to Be Behzinga]]'' | rowspan="2"| YouTube | 1 episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2020|title=How To Be Behzinga|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|access-date=29 June 2021|website=YouTube|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629201510/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |- | 2024 ! scope="row" | ''[[The Chase (British game show)|The Chase: Sidemen Edition]]'' | The Chaser | Special spin-off episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|title=ITV's The Chase to face major format shake-up for epic special episode|url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1865358/the-chase-format-shake-up-sidemen-youtube-special|access-date=10 February 2024|website=EXPRESS.co.uk|date=10 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Televishoni |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2021 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Wheel, The" | ''[[The Wheel (game show)|The Wheel]]'' | Himself / Celebrity expert (Gaming) | [[BBC One]] | Series 1, episode 6 | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2021 |title=Michael McIntyre's The Wheel – Series 1: Episode 6 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000r0dw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103113539/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m000r0dw/michael-mcintyres-the-wheel-series-1-episode-6 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=[[BBC iPlayer]]}}</ref> |- | 2023 !scope="row"| ''Untold'' | Himself | [[Channel 4]] | Episode: The Cost of Being A YouTuber |style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cost of Being a YouTuber UNTOLD Channel 4| date=February 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjhO4kzYEUs|access-date= 14 March 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- | 2024–present !scope="row"| ''[[Inside (reality show)|Inside]]'' | rowspan="2"| Host | [[YouTube]], [[Side+]],{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Mndandanda 1 ukalongosoreka pa nthowa za Sidemen na Moresidemen za YouTube na vyakusazgikira na nyengo zambura kuwoneka zikulongosoreka pa Side+. Mndandanda 2 kuya panthazi uzamuŵa pa Netflix pera na vithuzithuzi vya ŵanyake ivyo vikulongoreka pa Side+}} [[Netflix]] | [[Reality show]] created by the [[Sidemen]] | <ref name="Inside">{{cite web |last1=Copson |first1=Josie |title=YouTube gameshow with staggering £1,000,000 prize fund rivals traditional TV |url=https://metro.co.uk/2024/05/27/youtube-gameshow-staggering-1-000-000-prize-fund-rivals-traditional-tv-20917431/ |website=Metro |date=27 May 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> |- | 2025–present !scope="row"|''[[Inside USA]]'' |Netflix |American reality show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hudspeth |first=Christopher |date=13 September 2025 |title=Inside: USA's Cast Will Vie for $1M, but First They Have to Pay for the Basics |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910163644/https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Tudum}}</ref> |- | 2026 ! scope="row"| ''[[Sidemen|SideMenu]]'' | Contestant | YouTube, [[Amazon Prime Video]] | Cooking show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Sidemenu">{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=Prime Video & YouTube To Share Release Of The Sidemen’s Culinary Series ‘Sidemen Present: SideMenu’ |url=https://deadline.com/2026/05/sidemen-presents-sidemenu-prime-video-youtube-release-plan-1236927613/ |website=DeadLine |publisher=DeadLine |access-date=29 July 2026}}</ref> |- |scope="row"| 2026-present ! scope="row"| ''[[Inside (TV series)|Outside]]'' | Host | Netflix | Spin off series of [[Inside (TV series)|Inside]], created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=THE SIDEMEN TAKE INSIDE 'OUTSIDE' FOR NEXT SERIES OF REALITY FORMAT ON NETFLIX |url=https://www.tvzoneuk.com/post/thesidement-inside-outside |website=TV Zone UK |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Let’s take this Outside 🏕 |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DcWL90rsI9f/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsi=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |website=Instagram |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |+ Mavidiyo gha sumu |- ! scope="col"| Chaka ! scope="col"| Mutu ! scope="col"| Waluso !Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" |2018 | "Manchild" | Randolph | rowspan="3"| Himself | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Randolph - MANCHILD (Deji Diss Track) Official Video | date=24 November 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YgfMRfMxzY |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2022 | "Don't Lie" | [[A1 x J1]] featuring [[Nemzzz]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A1 x J1 - Don't Lie (Official Video) ft. Nemzzz | date=14 October 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T91yz8kMy8 |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2025 |"365" | [[Talia Mar]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Talia Mar - 365 (Official Video)| date=24 January 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqdUBkO-zjo|access-date= 24 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |} ==Masumu== === Ŵambura kutora === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+Mndandanda wa ŵambura kutora, na malo ghakusankhika ghapachanya ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="3"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|HUN]]<br><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2024/4|title=Rádiós Top 40 slágerlista|website=slagerlistak.hu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202074900/https://slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2024/4|archive-date=2 February 2024|access-date=2 February 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[BMAT Music Company|MLT<br>Dom.<br>Air.]]<br><ref>{{Cite web|title=PRS Malta on Facebook: BMAT PRS Malta Top 10 Airplay Chart {{ndash}} 14 January 2024|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=791852216289274|access-date=14 January 2024|publisher=[[The Malta Independent]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240114145423/https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=791852216289274|archive-date=14 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://topplista.no/charts/singles/2023-w40/|title=Singel 2023 uke 40|publisher=[[VG-lista]]|access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "[[Better Off (Alone, Pt. III)]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Better Off (Alone, Pt. III) – Single by Alan Walker, Bash Berlin & Vikkstar |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/better-off-alone-pt-iii-single/1706858191 |access-date=27 September 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Dash Berlin]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2023 | 1 || — || 30 | * [[Music Canada|MC]]: Gold{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Canada|type=single|title=Better Off Alone|artist=Vikkstar}} | ''[[Walkerworld]]''{{Efn|"Better Off (Alone, Pt. III)" is absent from the [[Apple Music]] release of ''Walkerworld''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Walkerworld – Album by Alan Walker |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/walkerworld/1719118752 |access-date=10 November 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" | "[[Humans (song)|Humans]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Humans – Single by Vikkstar |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/humans-single/1716329682 |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Shaun Farrugia)</span> | — || 1 || — | | rowspan="7" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Know Me Better"<ref>{{cite web |title=Know Me Better (feat. Jme) – Single by Vikkstar & Masked Wolf featuring Jme |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/know-me-better-feat-jme-single/1740619433 |access-date=25 April 2024 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Masked Wolf]] featuring [[Jme]])</span> | rowspan="3"| 2024 | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Have It All"<ref name=":22"/><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with RetroVision and Dyson)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Where Do I Go"<ref>{{cite web |title=Where Do I Go – Single by Nicky Romero, Vikkstar, Alpharock, and Oaks |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/where-do-i-go-single/1774566167 |access-date=8 November 2024 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Nicky Romero]], Alpharock, and [[Winona Oak|Oaks]])</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Another Way"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/another-way-feat-joe-jury-single/1796157672 |access-date=23 March 2025 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |title=Another Way (Feat. Joe Jury) - Single by Vikkstar, Syn Cole & KDH on Apple Music }}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Syn Cole]] and KDH featuring Joe Jury)</span> | rowspan="6" | 2025 | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Chemical"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Adalaide Adams)</span> | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Hole in the Head"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Sick Individuals]])</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "All This Time"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Steve Aoki]] featuring Ekko)</span> | — || — || — | | ''Hiroquest 3: Paragon'' |- ! scope="row" | "Lonely Together"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Sickick and [[Aloe Blacc]])</span> | — || — || — | | rowspan="7" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Before We Say Goodbye" <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Madism and Wukong)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Where Have You Been"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Arty (musician)|ARTY]] featuring Annie Schindel)</span> | rowspan="5" | 2026 | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Bigger Than Dreams"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Matt Pridgyn and Jex)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Your Mind" | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Call My Bluff"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Brooks (DJ)|Brooks]] and Jex)</span> | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Back To Me"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Afrojack]] featuring [[Laura White (singer)|Laura White]])</span> |_ |_ |_ | |- | colspan="10" style="font-size:90%" | "—" yikung’anamura sumu yimoza iyo yikaŵa kuti yindalembeke pa chati panji iyo yikafumiskika yayi mu chigaŵa chira. |} === Nyimbo zachisungusungu === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Mndandanda wa sumu za lusungu, na malo ghakusankhika gha pa chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="4"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Notes |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/56873/sidemen/ |title=UK Singles Chart |date=26 December 2019 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220192010/https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/56873/sidemen/ |archive-date=20 December 2019 |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[UK Independent Singles and Albums Charts|UK<br />Ind.]]<br /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-singles-chart/20221209/130 |title=UK Independent Singles Chart (09 December 2022 – 15 December 2022) |date=9 December 2022 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209192815/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-singles-chart/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://irma.ie/index.cfm?page=irish-charts&chart=Singles|title=IRMA – Irish Charts|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ<br />Hot]]<br /><ref>Peaks on the NZ Hot Singles Chart: * "Christmas Drillings": {{Cite web |url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2022-12-09 |title=New Zealand Hot Singles Chart |date=12 December 2022 |publisher=Recorded Music NZ |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> |- |- ! scope="row"| "[[Christmas Drillings]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Christmas Drillings – Single by the Sidemen |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/christmas-drillings/1660098764?i=1660099096 |access-date=5 December 2022 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220061527/https://music.apple.com/us/album/christmas-drillings/1660098764?i=1660099096 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />{{small|(as part of [[Sidemen (YouTube group)|Sidemen]] featuring [[Jme (rapper)|Jme]])}} | 2022 | 3 || 2 || 25 || 7 | * Produced for a Sidemen Sunday video and raised money for [[FareShare]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Carl |date=7 December 2022 |title=Christmas Number 1 2022 contenders revealed: LadBaby, Sidemen, Stormzy, Mariah Carey and more |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/christmas-number-1-2022-contenders-revealed-ladbaby-sidemen-stormzy-mariah-carey-and-more__37932/ |website=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref> |} === Kusakanizga === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Mndandanda wa vyakusazgapo ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Album |- !scope="row"| "Barcelona" (Vikkstar Remix)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Ina Wroldsen]])</span> | 2024 | ''Barcelona (Remixes)'' |- !scope="row"| "[[Man Don't Care]]" (Vikkstar Remix)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Jme]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2026 | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Where Have You Been" (Vikkstar Remix) <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Arty (musician)|Arty]] featuring Annie Schindel)</span> |} === Mavidiyo gha sumu === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Mndandanda wa mavidiyo gha sumu ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"| Director(s) ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| {{Ref.}} |- ! scope="col" colspan="4"| As lead artist |- !scope="row"| "The End" | 2017 | PimpJuiceK | <ref name="Disstrack"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Better Off (Alone, Pt. III)" <br>{{small|(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Dash Berlin]])}} | rowspan="2"| 2023 | Mads Neset | <ref>{{cite web|title=Alan Walker, Dash Berlin & Vikkstar - Better Off (Alone, Pt. III) - Official Music Video | date=28 September 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouEl3qTLc0M|access-date=28 September 2023|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Humans" <br>{{small|(with Shaun Farrugia)}} | Troy Roscoe | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Humans (feat. Shaun Farrugia) [Official Music Video] | date=December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9XJV8CQjQ0|access-date=1 December 2023|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Know Me Better"<br>{{small|(with [[Masked Wolf]] featuring [[Jme]])}} | rowspan="2"| 2024 | Guy Davies |<ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar & Masked Wolf - Know Me Better (feat. Jme) [Official Music Video] | date=25 April 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKLHR7UdLbs|access-date=27 April 2024|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Where Do I Go"<br>{{small|(with [[Nicky Romero]], Alpharock and Oaks)}} | rowspan="2" {{N/A|Unknown}} | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar x Nicky Romero x Alpharock x Oaks - Where Do I Go [Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvUrKWPMQYc|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Chemical" (AI Video)<br>{{small|(with Adalaide Adams)}} |rowspan="2"| 2025 | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Chemical (feat. Adalaide Adams) [AI Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfjrhUKAMis|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Chemical"<br>{{small|(with Adalaide Adams)}} | [[TBJZL|Tobi Brown]] |<ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Chemical (feat. Adalaide Adams) [Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAKU_WAkBvM|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="col" colspan="4"| As featured artist |- !scope="row"| "Merry Merry Christmas"<br>{{small|(as part of [[Sidemen]] featuring [[Jme]] and LayZ)}} | 2019 | rowspan="2"| Konstantin | <ref name="Merry Christmas">{{cite web|title=Sidemen - Merry Merry Christmas Ft. Jme & LayZ (Official Music Video)|date=15 December 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1JKzHPCGso&list=RDh1JKzHPCGso&start_radio=1|access-date=28 August 2025|via=[[YouTube]]|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207142203/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1JKzHPCGso&list=RDh1JKzHPCGso&start_radio=1|url-status=live}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Christmas Drillings"<br>{{small|(as part of Sidemen featuring Jme)}} | 2022 | <ref>{{cite web|access-date=5 December 2022|title=Sidemen - Christmas Drillings Ft. JME (Official Music Video)|date=4 December 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXDBXVjKbp8|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Barcelona"<br>{{small|([[Alan Walker]] and [[Ina Wroldsen]] featuring Vikkstar)}} | 2024 | {{N/A|Unknown}} | <ref>{{cite web|title=Alan Walker & Ina Wroldsen - Barcelona (Vikkstar Remix)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsCJcX_R7kM|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |} ==Mabuku== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Chaka !Mutu !Mupharazgi ![[ISBN]] chimanyikwiro !Ukaboni |- |2016 |''[[Sidemen: The Book]]'' |Coronet Books |{{ISBN|978-1473648166}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2016 |title=YouTube stars the Sidemen are frontrunners in race for Christmas books No 1 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/oct/26/youtube-stars-the-sidemen-are-frontrunners-in-race-for-books-christmas-no-1 |access-date=29 June 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> |} == Manotisi == <references group="lower-alpha"></references> {{notelist-ua}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{YouTube|user=Vikkstar123|Vikkstar123}} {{Sidemen}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Sidemen]] 66u7dzxk5oh6u40091sz4fl9mfkygvh 122992 122991 2026-10-07T02:30:31Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} {{Databox}} '''Vikram Barn''', wakumanyikwa chomene kuti '''Vikkstar123''' panji kuti '''Vikkstar''' waka, ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku [[Ufumu Ubanyi]]. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]] na [[DJ]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=vikkstar123&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir0Y-S4fmTAxXoUWwGHQbgD98Q6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Sidemen: The Book: The subject of the hit new Netflix documentary |date=2016-10-18 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |language=en}}</ref> Ntchito ya Barn pa YouTube yikamba mu 2010. Kufuma mu Juni 2025, nthowa yake yikuru ya pa YouTube yili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7.58 miliyoni awo ŵakulembeska ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.18 biliyoni ŵakuwona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikkstar123 |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvwgF_0NOZe2vN4Q3g1bY-A |access-date=2025-06-13 |language=en |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Umoyo wakwamba na masambiro == Barn ni wa mtundu wa ku [[India]]<ref>{{cite tweet|title=... Ethnicity and Nationality are two completely separate things, I've lived in England for all my life. My ethnic background is Indian.|date=10 May 2013|user=Vikkstar123|number=332869254871408642}}</ref> ndipo wakababika pa 2 Ogasiti 1995<ref name="birthday tweet">{{Cite tweet |number=1290025072539779072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=25 years on this big rock. Super happy & grateful. Thanks for all the Birthday wishes! |date=2 August 2020 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802204243/https://twitter.com/Vikkstar123/status/1290025072539779072 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> mu [[Guildford]], Surrey, England,<ref name="Sidemen Quiz">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFz7xy-UkVo |title=Which of the Sidemen knows Vik the best? |date=23 July 2019 |type=video |publisher=MoreSidemen |time=14:44 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211024144652/rFz7xy-UkVo |archive-date=24 October 2021 |accessdate=4 April 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> uko wakakhalanga m'paka apo wakaŵa na vilimika 8.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=590545266308227072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=It's always nostalgic coming back to Guildford. I lived here until I was 8 |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=6 April 2021 |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> Wakasamira ku [[Sheffield]] uko wakasambira ku Sukulu ya Silverdale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Alana |date=20 December 2019 |title=YouTube star encourages students to work hard during visit to his old school in Sheffield |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723150002/https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |archive-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> Barn wakapika malo ghakuti wakasambire sayansi ya ku [[University College London]], kweni paumaliro wakakana malo agha kuti walutilire nchito yake ya pa [[YouTube]] nyengo zose.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 November 2016 |title=Sheffield YouTube star explains why he could retire - aged just 21 |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803052031/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ni mwana waumaliro pa ŵana ŵatatu.<ref name="SidemenBook">{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |title=Sidemen: The Book |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327052928/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Umoyo wa munthu payekha == Barn payekha wakamba chibwezi na mwanakazi munyake zina lake Ellie Harlow mu 2019, nangauli pamanyuma wakawoneka mu vyakulemba vya Barn kwamba mu 2020.<ref name="ES Barn marriage">{{cite web |last1=Brahma |first1=Nilendu |title=Sidemen Member Vikkstar Starts New Journey With His Long Time Girlfriend Ellie Harlow |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/esports-news-sidemen-member-vikkstar-starts-new-journey-with-his-long-time-girlfriend-ellie-harlow/ |website=EssentiallySports |access-date=2025-02-28 |date=2023-09-27|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ŵakapangana ku [[Burj Al Arab]] mu Disembala 2021, ndipo ŵakatorana mu Seputembala 2023.<ref name="ES Barn marriage"/><ref>{{cite AV media|title=WE'RE MARRIED!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O413-LjM30g|date= 26 September 2023|access-date= 25 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mr & Mrs 🤍 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CxqUxSsIOTf/ |website=Instagram |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> Mu vidiyo ya [[Sidemen]] iyo yikafumiskika mu Malichi 2024, Barn wakavumbura kuti wali na [[nthenda ya Crohn]].<ref>{{cite AV media|date=10 March 2024|title=SIDEMEN HOW FAR CAN YOU GET IN 24 HOURS|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqIpDyrJndw|access-date=10 March 2024|time=1:20:20|publisher=Sidemen|via=YouTube}}</ref> == Mafilimu == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Filimu ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" | 2022 | scope="row" | ''[[Talk to Me (2022 film)|Talk to Me]]'' |rowspan="2"| Himself | [[Uncredited role|Uncredited]]; [[archival footage]] |style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Talk to Me Summary, Latest News, Trailer, Cast, Where to Watch and More |url=https://screenrant.com/db/movie/talk-to-me/ |website=Screen Rant |date=23 March 2023 |access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2023 | scope="row" |''[[KSI: In Real Life]]'' | [[Documentary film|Documentary]] | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=KSI: In Real Life to Launch Exclusively on Prime Video on 26th January |url=https://press.amazonmgmstudios.com/us/en/press-release/iksi-in-real-lifei-to-launch-exclusively-on-prime- |website=Amazon MGM Studios |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |''The Naughty List'' | The Baker | [[Short film]] | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=The World's Best Christmas Movie: The Naughty List| date=24 December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5I1Gmbw6BLk|access-date=25 July 2024|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| 2024 | scope="row" |''[[The Sidemen Story]]'' | Himself | Documentary | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Sidemen Doc">{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Furvah |title=Sidemen's Netflix documentary: Release date, trailer, cast and more |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a46623709/sidemen-netflix-documentary-release-date-trailer-cast/ |website=Cosmopolitan |date=2 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Webu |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2014 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Experience, The" | ''The Sidemen Experience'' | rowspan="4"| Himself | [[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|Comedy Central UK]] | Main role; 5 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2014 |title=Who Are The Sidemen? {{!}} The Sidemen Experience |url=https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119023349/https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019 |website=[[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|CCUK]]}}</ref> |- | 2016–2017 ! scope="row" | ''[[YouTube Rewind]]'' | [[YouTube]] | Episode: "The Ultimate 2016 Challenge"<br>Episode: "The Shape of 2017" | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Ultimate 2016 Challenge| date=7 December 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GuOjXYl5ew |access-date=3 April 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Shape of 2017| date=6 December 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlsCjmMhFmw |access-date=26 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | 2018 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Show, The" | ''[[The Sidemen Show]]'' | [[YouTube Premium]] | Main role; 7 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=2 June 2018 |title='The Sidemen Show': YouTube Debuts First Trailer & Dates Premium Reality Challenge Format |url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120042324/https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |archive-date=20 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref> |- | 2020 ! scope="row" | ''[[How to Be Behzinga]]'' | rowspan="2"| YouTube | 1 episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2020|title=How To Be Behzinga|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|access-date=29 June 2021|website=YouTube|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629201510/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |- | 2024 ! scope="row" | ''[[The Chase (British game show)|The Chase: Sidemen Edition]]'' | The Chaser | Special spin-off episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|title=ITV's The Chase to face major format shake-up for epic special episode|url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1865358/the-chase-format-shake-up-sidemen-youtube-special|access-date=10 February 2024|website=EXPRESS.co.uk|date=10 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Televishoni |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2021 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Wheel, The" | ''[[The Wheel (game show)|The Wheel]]'' | Himself / Celebrity expert (Gaming) | [[BBC One]] | Series 1, episode 6 | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2021 |title=Michael McIntyre's The Wheel – Series 1: Episode 6 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000r0dw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103113539/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m000r0dw/michael-mcintyres-the-wheel-series-1-episode-6 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=[[BBC iPlayer]]}}</ref> |- | 2023 !scope="row"| ''Untold'' | Himself | [[Channel 4]] | Episode: The Cost of Being A YouTuber |style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cost of Being a YouTuber UNTOLD Channel 4| date=February 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjhO4kzYEUs|access-date= 14 March 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- | 2024–present !scope="row"| ''[[Inside (reality show)|Inside]]'' | rowspan="2"| Host | [[YouTube]], [[Side+]],{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Mndandanda 1 ukalongosoreka pa nthowa za Sidemen na Moresidemen za YouTube na vyakusazgikira na nyengo zambura kuwoneka zikulongosoreka pa Side+. Mndandanda 2 kuya panthazi uzamuŵa pa Netflix pera na vithuzithuzi vya ŵanyake ivyo vikulongoreka pa Side+}} [[Netflix]] | [[Reality show]] created by the [[Sidemen]] | <ref name="Inside">{{cite web |last1=Copson |first1=Josie |title=YouTube gameshow with staggering £1,000,000 prize fund rivals traditional TV |url=https://metro.co.uk/2024/05/27/youtube-gameshow-staggering-1-000-000-prize-fund-rivals-traditional-tv-20917431/ |website=Metro |date=27 May 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> |- | 2025–present !scope="row"|''[[Inside USA]]'' |Netflix |American reality show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hudspeth |first=Christopher |date=13 September 2025 |title=Inside: USA's Cast Will Vie for $1M, but First They Have to Pay for the Basics |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910163644/https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Tudum}}</ref> |- | 2026 ! scope="row"| ''[[Sidemen|SideMenu]]'' | Contestant | YouTube, [[Amazon Prime Video]] | Cooking show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Sidemenu">{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=Prime Video & YouTube To Share Release Of The Sidemen’s Culinary Series ‘Sidemen Present: SideMenu’ |url=https://deadline.com/2026/05/sidemen-presents-sidemenu-prime-video-youtube-release-plan-1236927613/ |website=DeadLine |publisher=DeadLine |access-date=29 July 2026}}</ref> |- |scope="row"| 2026-present ! scope="row"| ''[[Inside (TV series)|Outside]]'' | Host | Netflix | Spin off series of [[Inside (TV series)|Inside]], created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=THE SIDEMEN TAKE INSIDE 'OUTSIDE' FOR NEXT SERIES OF REALITY FORMAT ON NETFLIX |url=https://www.tvzoneuk.com/post/thesidement-inside-outside |website=TV Zone UK |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Let’s take this Outside 🏕 |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DcWL90rsI9f/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsi=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |website=Instagram |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |+ Mavidiyo gha sumu |- ! scope="col"| Chaka ! scope="col"| Mutu ! scope="col"| Waluso !Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" |2018 | "Manchild" | Randolph | rowspan="3"| Himself | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Randolph - MANCHILD (Deji Diss Track) Official Video | date=24 November 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YgfMRfMxzY |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2022 | "Don't Lie" | [[A1 x J1]] featuring [[Nemzzz]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A1 x J1 - Don't Lie (Official Video) ft. Nemzzz | date=14 October 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T91yz8kMy8 |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2025 |"365" | [[Talia Mar]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Talia Mar - 365 (Official Video)| date=24 January 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqdUBkO-zjo|access-date= 24 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |} ==Masumu== === Ŵambura kutora === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+Mndandanda wa ŵambura kutora, na malo ghakusankhika ghapachanya ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="3"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|HUN]]<br><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2024/4|title=Rádiós Top 40 slágerlista|website=slagerlistak.hu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202074900/https://slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2024/4|archive-date=2 February 2024|access-date=2 February 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[BMAT Music Company|MLT<br>Dom.<br>Air.]]<br><ref>{{Cite web|title=PRS Malta on Facebook: BMAT PRS Malta Top 10 Airplay Chart {{ndash}} 14 January 2024|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=791852216289274|access-date=14 January 2024|publisher=[[The Malta Independent]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240114145423/https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=791852216289274|archive-date=14 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://topplista.no/charts/singles/2023-w40/|title=Singel 2023 uke 40|publisher=[[VG-lista]]|access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "[[Better Off (Alone, Pt. III)]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Better Off (Alone, Pt. III) – Single by Alan Walker, Bash Berlin & Vikkstar |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/better-off-alone-pt-iii-single/1706858191 |access-date=27 September 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Dash Berlin]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2023 | 1 || — || 30 | * [[Music Canada|MC]]: Gold{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Canada|type=single|title=Better Off Alone|artist=Vikkstar}} | ''[[Walkerworld]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Walkerworld – Album by Alan Walker |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/walkerworld/1719118752 |access-date=10 November 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "[[Humans (song)|Humans]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Humans – Single by Vikkstar |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/humans-single/1716329682 |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Shaun Farrugia)</span> | — || 1 || — | | rowspan="7" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Know Me Better"<ref>{{cite web |title=Know Me Better (feat. Jme) – Single by Vikkstar & Masked Wolf featuring Jme |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/know-me-better-feat-jme-single/1740619433 |access-date=25 April 2024 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Masked Wolf]] featuring [[Jme]])</span> | rowspan="3"| 2024 | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Have It All"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with RetroVision and Dyson)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Where Do I Go"<ref>{{cite web |title=Where Do I Go – Single by Nicky Romero, Vikkstar, Alpharock, and Oaks |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/where-do-i-go-single/1774566167 |access-date=8 November 2024 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Nicky Romero]], Alpharock, and [[Winona Oak|Oaks]])</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Another Way"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/another-way-feat-joe-jury-single/1796157672 |access-date=23 March 2025 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |title=Another Way (Feat. Joe Jury) - Single by Vikkstar, Syn Cole & KDH on Apple Music }}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Syn Cole]] and KDH featuring Joe Jury)</span> | rowspan="6" | 2025 | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Chemical"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Adalaide Adams)</span> | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Hole in the Head"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Sick Individuals]])</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "All This Time"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Steve Aoki]] featuring Ekko)</span> | — || — || — | | ''Hiroquest 3: Paragon'' |- ! scope="row" | "Lonely Together"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Sickick and [[Aloe Blacc]])</span> | — || — || — | | rowspan="7" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Before We Say Goodbye" <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Madism and Wukong)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Where Have You Been"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Arty (musician)|ARTY]] featuring Annie Schindel)</span> | rowspan="5" | 2026 | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Bigger Than Dreams"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Matt Pridgyn and Jex)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Your Mind" | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Call My Bluff"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Brooks (DJ)|Brooks]] and Jex)</span> | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Back To Me"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Afrojack]] featuring [[Laura White (singer)|Laura White]])</span> |_ |_ |_ | |- | colspan="10" style="font-size:90%" | "—" yikung’anamura sumu yimoza iyo yikaŵa kuti yindalembeke pa chati panji iyo yikafumiskika yayi mu chigaŵa chira. |} === Nyimbo zachisungusungu === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Mndandanda wa sumu za lusungu, na malo ghakusankhika gha pa chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="4"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Notes |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/56873/sidemen/ |title=UK Singles Chart |date=26 December 2019 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220192010/https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/56873/sidemen/ |archive-date=20 December 2019 |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[UK Independent Singles and Albums Charts|UK<br />Ind.]]<br /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-singles-chart/20221209/130 |title=UK Independent Singles Chart (09 December 2022 – 15 December 2022) |date=9 December 2022 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209192815/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-singles-chart/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://irma.ie/index.cfm?page=irish-charts&chart=Singles|title=IRMA – Irish Charts|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ<br />Hot]]<br /><ref>Peaks on the NZ Hot Singles Chart: * "Christmas Drillings": {{Cite web |url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2022-12-09 |title=New Zealand Hot Singles Chart |date=12 December 2022 |publisher=Recorded Music NZ |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> |- |- ! scope="row"| "[[Christmas Drillings]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Christmas Drillings – Single by the Sidemen |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/christmas-drillings/1660098764?i=1660099096 |access-date=5 December 2022 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220061527/https://music.apple.com/us/album/christmas-drillings/1660098764?i=1660099096 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />{{small|(as part of [[Sidemen (YouTube group)|Sidemen]] featuring [[Jme (rapper)|Jme]])}} | 2022 | 3 || 2 || 25 || 7 | * Produced for a Sidemen Sunday video and raised money for [[FareShare]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Carl |date=7 December 2022 |title=Christmas Number 1 2022 contenders revealed: LadBaby, Sidemen, Stormzy, Mariah Carey and more |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/christmas-number-1-2022-contenders-revealed-ladbaby-sidemen-stormzy-mariah-carey-and-more__37932/ |website=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref> |} === Kusakanizga === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Mndandanda wa vyakusazgapo ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Album |- !scope="row"| "Barcelona" (Vikkstar Remix)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Ina Wroldsen]])</span> | 2024 | ''Barcelona (Remixes)'' |- !scope="row"| "[[Man Don't Care]]" (Vikkstar Remix)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Jme]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2026 | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Where Have You Been" (Vikkstar Remix) <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Arty (musician)|Arty]] featuring Annie Schindel)</span> |} === Mavidiyo gha sumu === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Mndandanda wa mavidiyo gha sumu ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"| Director(s) ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| {{Ref.}} |- ! scope="col" colspan="4"| As lead artist |- !scope="row"| "The End" | 2017 | PimpJuiceK | |- ! scope="row"| "Better Off (Alone, Pt. III)" <br>{{small|(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Dash Berlin]])}} | rowspan="2"| 2023 | Mads Neset | <ref>{{cite web|title=Alan Walker, Dash Berlin & Vikkstar - Better Off (Alone, Pt. III) - Official Music Video | date=28 September 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouEl3qTLc0M|access-date=28 September 2023|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Humans" <br>{{small|(with Shaun Farrugia)}} | Troy Roscoe | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Humans (feat. Shaun Farrugia) [Official Music Video] | date=December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9XJV8CQjQ0|access-date=1 December 2023|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Know Me Better"<br>{{small|(with [[Masked Wolf]] featuring [[Jme]])}} | rowspan="2"| 2024 | Guy Davies |<ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar & Masked Wolf - Know Me Better (feat. Jme) [Official Music Video] | date=25 April 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKLHR7UdLbs|access-date=27 April 2024|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Where Do I Go"<br>{{small|(with [[Nicky Romero]], Alpharock and Oaks)}} | rowspan="2" {{N/A|Unknown}} | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar x Nicky Romero x Alpharock x Oaks - Where Do I Go [Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvUrKWPMQYc|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Chemical" (AI Video)<br>{{small|(with Adalaide Adams)}} |rowspan="2"| 2025 | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Chemical (feat. Adalaide Adams) [AI Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfjrhUKAMis|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Chemical"<br>{{small|(with Adalaide Adams)}} | [[TBJZL|Tobi Brown]] |<ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Chemical (feat. Adalaide Adams) [Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAKU_WAkBvM|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="col" colspan="4"| As featured artist |- !scope="row"| "Merry Merry Christmas"<br>{{small|(as part of [[Sidemen]] featuring [[Jme]] and LayZ)}} | 2019 | rowspan="2"| Konstantin | <ref name="Merry Christmas">{{cite web|title=Sidemen - Merry Merry Christmas Ft. Jme & LayZ (Official Music Video)|date=15 December 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1JKzHPCGso&list=RDh1JKzHPCGso&start_radio=1|access-date=28 August 2025|via=[[YouTube]]|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207142203/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1JKzHPCGso&list=RDh1JKzHPCGso&start_radio=1|url-status=live}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Christmas Drillings"<br>{{small|(as part of Sidemen featuring Jme)}} | 2022 | <ref>{{cite web|access-date=5 December 2022|title=Sidemen - Christmas Drillings Ft. JME (Official Music Video)|date=4 December 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXDBXVjKbp8|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Barcelona"<br>{{small|([[Alan Walker]] and [[Ina Wroldsen]] featuring Vikkstar)}} | 2024 | {{N/A|Unknown}} | <ref>{{cite web|title=Alan Walker & Ina Wroldsen - Barcelona (Vikkstar Remix)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsCJcX_R7kM|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |} ==Mabuku== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Chaka !Mutu !Mupharazgi ![[ISBN]] chimanyikwiro !Ukaboni |- |2016 |''[[Sidemen: The Book]]'' |Coronet Books |{{ISBN|978-1473648166}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2016 |title=YouTube stars the Sidemen are frontrunners in race for Christmas books No 1 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/oct/26/youtube-stars-the-sidemen-are-frontrunners-in-race-for-books-christmas-no-1 |access-date=29 June 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> |} == Manotisi == <references group="lower-alpha"></references> {{notelist-ua}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * {{YouTube|user=Vikkstar123|Vikkstar123}} {{Sidemen}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Sidemen]] 87lh725mhk6x9kkpmxarpd3nnyoahb8 122994 122992 2026-10-07T02:43:57Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Malinki gha kuwaro */ 122994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} {{Databox}} '''Vikram Barn''', wakumanyikwa chomene kuti '''Vikkstar123''' panji kuti '''Vikkstar''' waka, ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku [[Ufumu Ubanyi]]. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]] na [[DJ]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=vikkstar123&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir0Y-S4fmTAxXoUWwGHQbgD98Q6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Sidemen: The Book: The subject of the hit new Netflix documentary |date=2016-10-18 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |language=en}}</ref> Ntchito ya Barn pa YouTube yikamba mu 2010. Kufuma mu Juni 2025, nthowa yake yikuru ya pa YouTube yili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7.58 miliyoni awo ŵakulembeska ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.18 biliyoni ŵakuwona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikkstar123 |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvwgF_0NOZe2vN4Q3g1bY-A |access-date=2025-06-13 |language=en |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Umoyo wakwamba na masambiro == Barn ni wa mtundu wa ku [[India]]<ref>{{cite tweet|title=... Ethnicity and Nationality are two completely separate things, I've lived in England for all my life. My ethnic background is Indian.|date=10 May 2013|user=Vikkstar123|number=332869254871408642}}</ref> ndipo wakababika pa 2 Ogasiti 1995<ref name="birthday tweet">{{Cite tweet |number=1290025072539779072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=25 years on this big rock. Super happy & grateful. Thanks for all the Birthday wishes! |date=2 August 2020 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802204243/https://twitter.com/Vikkstar123/status/1290025072539779072 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> mu [[Guildford]], Surrey, England,<ref name="Sidemen Quiz">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFz7xy-UkVo |title=Which of the Sidemen knows Vik the best? |date=23 July 2019 |type=video |publisher=MoreSidemen |time=14:44 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211024144652/rFz7xy-UkVo |archive-date=24 October 2021 |accessdate=4 April 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> uko wakakhalanga m'paka apo wakaŵa na vilimika 8.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=590545266308227072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=It's always nostalgic coming back to Guildford. I lived here until I was 8 |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=6 April 2021 |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> Wakasamira ku [[Sheffield]] uko wakasambira ku Sukulu ya Silverdale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Alana |date=20 December 2019 |title=YouTube star encourages students to work hard during visit to his old school in Sheffield |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723150002/https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |archive-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> Barn wakapika malo ghakuti wakasambire sayansi ya ku [[University College London]], kweni paumaliro wakakana malo agha kuti walutilire nchito yake ya pa [[YouTube]] nyengo zose.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 November 2016 |title=Sheffield YouTube star explains why he could retire - aged just 21 |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803052031/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ni mwana waumaliro pa ŵana ŵatatu.<ref name="SidemenBook">{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |title=Sidemen: The Book |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327052928/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Umoyo wa munthu payekha == Barn payekha wakamba chibwezi na mwanakazi munyake zina lake Ellie Harlow mu 2019, nangauli pamanyuma wakawoneka mu vyakulemba vya Barn kwamba mu 2020.<ref name="ES Barn marriage">{{cite web |last1=Brahma |first1=Nilendu |title=Sidemen Member Vikkstar Starts New Journey With His Long Time Girlfriend Ellie Harlow |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/esports-news-sidemen-member-vikkstar-starts-new-journey-with-his-long-time-girlfriend-ellie-harlow/ |website=EssentiallySports |access-date=2025-02-28 |date=2023-09-27|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ŵakapangana ku [[Burj Al Arab]] mu Disembala 2021, ndipo ŵakatorana mu Seputembala 2023.<ref name="ES Barn marriage"/><ref>{{cite AV media|title=WE'RE MARRIED!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O413-LjM30g|date= 26 September 2023|access-date= 25 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mr & Mrs 🤍 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CxqUxSsIOTf/ |website=Instagram |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> Mu vidiyo ya [[Sidemen]] iyo yikafumiskika mu Malichi 2024, Barn wakavumbura kuti wali na [[nthenda ya Crohn]].<ref>{{cite AV media|date=10 March 2024|title=SIDEMEN HOW FAR CAN YOU GET IN 24 HOURS|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqIpDyrJndw|access-date=10 March 2024|time=1:20:20|publisher=Sidemen|via=YouTube}}</ref> == Mafilimu == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Filimu ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" | 2022 | scope="row" | ''[[Talk to Me (2022 film)|Talk to Me]]'' |rowspan="2"| Himself | [[Uncredited role|Uncredited]]; [[archival footage]] |style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Talk to Me Summary, Latest News, Trailer, Cast, Where to Watch and More |url=https://screenrant.com/db/movie/talk-to-me/ |website=Screen Rant |date=23 March 2023 |access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2023 | scope="row" |''[[KSI: In Real Life]]'' | [[Documentary film|Documentary]] | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=KSI: In Real Life to Launch Exclusively on Prime Video on 26th January |url=https://press.amazonmgmstudios.com/us/en/press-release/iksi-in-real-lifei-to-launch-exclusively-on-prime- |website=Amazon MGM Studios |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |''The Naughty List'' | The Baker | [[Short film]] | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=The World's Best Christmas Movie: The Naughty List| date=24 December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5I1Gmbw6BLk|access-date=25 July 2024|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| 2024 | scope="row" |''[[The Sidemen Story]]'' | Himself | Documentary | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Sidemen Doc">{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Furvah |title=Sidemen's Netflix documentary: Release date, trailer, cast and more |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a46623709/sidemen-netflix-documentary-release-date-trailer-cast/ |website=Cosmopolitan |date=2 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Webu |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2014 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Experience, The" | ''The Sidemen Experience'' | rowspan="4"| Himself | [[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|Comedy Central UK]] | Main role; 5 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2014 |title=Who Are The Sidemen? {{!}} The Sidemen Experience |url=https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119023349/https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019 |website=[[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|CCUK]]}}</ref> |- | 2016–2017 ! scope="row" | ''[[YouTube Rewind]]'' | [[YouTube]] | Episode: "The Ultimate 2016 Challenge"<br>Episode: "The Shape of 2017" | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Ultimate 2016 Challenge| date=7 December 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GuOjXYl5ew |access-date=3 April 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Shape of 2017| date=6 December 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlsCjmMhFmw |access-date=26 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | 2018 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Show, The" | ''[[The Sidemen Show]]'' | [[YouTube Premium]] | Main role; 7 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=2 June 2018 |title='The Sidemen Show': YouTube Debuts First Trailer & Dates Premium Reality Challenge Format |url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120042324/https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |archive-date=20 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref> |- | 2020 ! scope="row" | ''[[How to Be Behzinga]]'' | rowspan="2"| YouTube | 1 episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2020|title=How To Be Behzinga|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|access-date=29 June 2021|website=YouTube|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629201510/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |- | 2024 ! scope="row" | ''[[The Chase (British game show)|The Chase: Sidemen Edition]]'' | The Chaser | Special spin-off episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|title=ITV's The Chase to face major format shake-up for epic special episode|url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1865358/the-chase-format-shake-up-sidemen-youtube-special|access-date=10 February 2024|website=EXPRESS.co.uk|date=10 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Televishoni |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2021 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Wheel, The" | ''[[The Wheel (game show)|The Wheel]]'' | Himself / Celebrity expert (Gaming) | [[BBC One]] | Series 1, episode 6 | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2021 |title=Michael McIntyre's The Wheel – Series 1: Episode 6 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000r0dw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103113539/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m000r0dw/michael-mcintyres-the-wheel-series-1-episode-6 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=[[BBC iPlayer]]}}</ref> |- | 2023 !scope="row"| ''Untold'' | Himself | [[Channel 4]] | Episode: The Cost of Being A YouTuber |style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cost of Being a YouTuber UNTOLD Channel 4| date=February 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjhO4kzYEUs|access-date= 14 March 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- | 2024–present !scope="row"| ''[[Inside (reality show)|Inside]]'' | rowspan="2"| Host | [[YouTube]], [[Side+]],{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Mndandanda 1 ukalongosoreka pa nthowa za Sidemen na Moresidemen za YouTube na vyakusazgikira na nyengo zambura kuwoneka zikulongosoreka pa Side+. Mndandanda 2 kuya panthazi uzamuŵa pa Netflix pera na vithuzithuzi vya ŵanyake ivyo vikulongoreka pa Side+}} [[Netflix]] | [[Reality show]] created by the [[Sidemen]] | <ref name="Inside">{{cite web |last1=Copson |first1=Josie |title=YouTube gameshow with staggering £1,000,000 prize fund rivals traditional TV |url=https://metro.co.uk/2024/05/27/youtube-gameshow-staggering-1-000-000-prize-fund-rivals-traditional-tv-20917431/ |website=Metro |date=27 May 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> |- | 2025–present !scope="row"|''[[Inside USA]]'' |Netflix |American reality show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hudspeth |first=Christopher |date=13 September 2025 |title=Inside: USA's Cast Will Vie for $1M, but First They Have to Pay for the Basics |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910163644/https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Tudum}}</ref> |- | 2026 ! scope="row"| ''[[Sidemen|SideMenu]]'' | Contestant | YouTube, [[Amazon Prime Video]] | Cooking show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Sidemenu">{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=Prime Video & YouTube To Share Release Of The Sidemen’s Culinary Series ‘Sidemen Present: SideMenu’ |url=https://deadline.com/2026/05/sidemen-presents-sidemenu-prime-video-youtube-release-plan-1236927613/ |website=DeadLine |publisher=DeadLine |access-date=29 July 2026}}</ref> |- |scope="row"| 2026-present ! scope="row"| ''[[Inside (TV series)|Outside]]'' | Host | Netflix | Spin off series of [[Inside (TV series)|Inside]], created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=THE SIDEMEN TAKE INSIDE 'OUTSIDE' FOR NEXT SERIES OF REALITY FORMAT ON NETFLIX |url=https://www.tvzoneuk.com/post/thesidement-inside-outside |website=TV Zone UK |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Let’s take this Outside 🏕 |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DcWL90rsI9f/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsi=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |website=Instagram |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |+ Mavidiyo gha sumu |- ! scope="col"| Chaka ! scope="col"| Mutu ! scope="col"| Waluso !Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" |2018 | "Manchild" | Randolph | rowspan="3"| Himself | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Randolph - MANCHILD (Deji Diss Track) Official Video | date=24 November 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YgfMRfMxzY |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2022 | "Don't Lie" | [[A1 x J1]] featuring [[Nemzzz]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A1 x J1 - Don't Lie (Official Video) ft. Nemzzz | date=14 October 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T91yz8kMy8 |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2025 |"365" | [[Talia Mar]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Talia Mar - 365 (Official Video)| date=24 January 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqdUBkO-zjo|access-date= 24 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |} ==Masumu== === Ŵambura kutora === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+Mndandanda wa ŵambura kutora, na malo ghakusankhika ghapachanya ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="3"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|HUN]]<br><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2024/4|title=Rádiós Top 40 slágerlista|website=slagerlistak.hu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202074900/https://slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2024/4|archive-date=2 February 2024|access-date=2 February 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[BMAT Music Company|MLT<br>Dom.<br>Air.]]<br><ref>{{Cite web|title=PRS Malta on Facebook: BMAT PRS Malta Top 10 Airplay Chart {{ndash}} 14 January 2024|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=791852216289274|access-date=14 January 2024|publisher=[[The Malta Independent]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240114145423/https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=791852216289274|archive-date=14 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://topplista.no/charts/singles/2023-w40/|title=Singel 2023 uke 40|publisher=[[VG-lista]]|access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "[[Better Off (Alone, Pt. III)]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Better Off (Alone, Pt. III) – Single by Alan Walker, Bash Berlin & Vikkstar |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/better-off-alone-pt-iii-single/1706858191 |access-date=27 September 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Dash Berlin]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2023 | 1 || — || 30 | * [[Music Canada|MC]]: Gold{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Canada|type=single|title=Better Off Alone|artist=Vikkstar}} | ''[[Walkerworld]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Walkerworld – Album by Alan Walker |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/walkerworld/1719118752 |access-date=10 November 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "[[Humans (song)|Humans]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Humans – Single by Vikkstar |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/humans-single/1716329682 |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Shaun Farrugia)</span> | — || 1 || — | | rowspan="7" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Know Me Better"<ref>{{cite web |title=Know Me Better (feat. Jme) – Single by Vikkstar & Masked Wolf featuring Jme |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/know-me-better-feat-jme-single/1740619433 |access-date=25 April 2024 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Masked Wolf]] featuring [[Jme]])</span> | rowspan="3"| 2024 | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Have It All"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with RetroVision and Dyson)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Where Do I Go"<ref>{{cite web |title=Where Do I Go – Single by Nicky Romero, Vikkstar, Alpharock, and Oaks |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/where-do-i-go-single/1774566167 |access-date=8 November 2024 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Nicky Romero]], Alpharock, and [[Winona Oak|Oaks]])</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Another Way"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/another-way-feat-joe-jury-single/1796157672 |access-date=23 March 2025 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |title=Another Way (Feat. Joe Jury) - Single by Vikkstar, Syn Cole & KDH on Apple Music }}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Syn Cole]] and KDH featuring Joe Jury)</span> | rowspan="6" | 2025 | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Chemical"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Adalaide Adams)</span> | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Hole in the Head"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Sick Individuals]])</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "All This Time"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Steve Aoki]] featuring Ekko)</span> | — || — || — | | ''Hiroquest 3: Paragon'' |- ! scope="row" | "Lonely Together"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Sickick and [[Aloe Blacc]])</span> | — || — || — | | rowspan="7" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Before We Say Goodbye" <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Madism and Wukong)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Where Have You Been"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Arty (musician)|ARTY]] featuring Annie Schindel)</span> | rowspan="5" | 2026 | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Bigger Than Dreams"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Matt Pridgyn and Jex)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Your Mind" | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Call My Bluff"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Brooks (DJ)|Brooks]] and Jex)</span> | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Back To Me"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Afrojack]] featuring [[Laura White (singer)|Laura White]])</span> |_ |_ |_ | |- | colspan="10" style="font-size:90%" | "—" yikung’anamura sumu yimoza iyo yikaŵa kuti yindalembeke pa chati panji iyo yikafumiskika yayi mu chigaŵa chira. |} === Nyimbo zachisungusungu === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Mndandanda wa sumu za lusungu, na malo ghakusankhika gha pa chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="4"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Notes |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/56873/sidemen/ |title=UK Singles Chart |date=26 December 2019 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220192010/https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/56873/sidemen/ |archive-date=20 December 2019 |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[UK Independent Singles and Albums Charts|UK<br />Ind.]]<br /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-singles-chart/20221209/130 |title=UK Independent Singles Chart (09 December 2022 – 15 December 2022) |date=9 December 2022 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209192815/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-singles-chart/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://irma.ie/index.cfm?page=irish-charts&chart=Singles|title=IRMA – Irish Charts|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ<br />Hot]]<br /><ref>Peaks on the NZ Hot Singles Chart: * "Christmas Drillings": {{Cite web |url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2022-12-09 |title=New Zealand Hot Singles Chart |date=12 December 2022 |publisher=Recorded Music NZ |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> |- |- ! scope="row"| "[[Christmas Drillings]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Christmas Drillings – Single by the Sidemen |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/christmas-drillings/1660098764?i=1660099096 |access-date=5 December 2022 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220061527/https://music.apple.com/us/album/christmas-drillings/1660098764?i=1660099096 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />{{small|(as part of [[Sidemen (YouTube group)|Sidemen]] featuring [[Jme (rapper)|Jme]])}} | 2022 | 3 || 2 || 25 || 7 | * Produced for a Sidemen Sunday video and raised money for [[FareShare]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Carl |date=7 December 2022 |title=Christmas Number 1 2022 contenders revealed: LadBaby, Sidemen, Stormzy, Mariah Carey and more |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/christmas-number-1-2022-contenders-revealed-ladbaby-sidemen-stormzy-mariah-carey-and-more__37932/ |website=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref> |} === Kusakanizga === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Mndandanda wa vyakusazgapo ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Album |- !scope="row"| "Barcelona" (Vikkstar Remix)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Ina Wroldsen]])</span> | 2024 | ''Barcelona (Remixes)'' |- !scope="row"| "[[Man Don't Care]]" (Vikkstar Remix)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Jme]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2026 | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Where Have You Been" (Vikkstar Remix) <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Arty (musician)|Arty]] featuring Annie Schindel)</span> |} === Mavidiyo gha sumu === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Mndandanda wa mavidiyo gha sumu ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"| Director(s) ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| {{Ref.}} |- ! scope="col" colspan="4"| As lead artist |- !scope="row"| "The End" | 2017 | PimpJuiceK | |- ! scope="row"| "Better Off (Alone, Pt. III)" <br>{{small|(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Dash Berlin]])}} | rowspan="2"| 2023 | Mads Neset | <ref>{{cite web|title=Alan Walker, Dash Berlin & Vikkstar - Better Off (Alone, Pt. III) - Official Music Video | date=28 September 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouEl3qTLc0M|access-date=28 September 2023|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Humans" <br>{{small|(with Shaun Farrugia)}} | Troy Roscoe | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Humans (feat. Shaun Farrugia) [Official Music Video] | date=December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9XJV8CQjQ0|access-date=1 December 2023|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Know Me Better"<br>{{small|(with [[Masked Wolf]] featuring [[Jme]])}} | rowspan="2"| 2024 | Guy Davies |<ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar & Masked Wolf - Know Me Better (feat. Jme) [Official Music Video] | date=25 April 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKLHR7UdLbs|access-date=27 April 2024|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Where Do I Go"<br>{{small|(with [[Nicky Romero]], Alpharock and Oaks)}} | rowspan="2" {{N/A|Unknown}} | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar x Nicky Romero x Alpharock x Oaks - Where Do I Go [Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvUrKWPMQYc|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Chemical" (AI Video)<br>{{small|(with Adalaide Adams)}} |rowspan="2"| 2025 | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Chemical (feat. Adalaide Adams) [AI Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfjrhUKAMis|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Chemical"<br>{{small|(with Adalaide Adams)}} | [[TBJZL|Tobi Brown]] |<ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Chemical (feat. Adalaide Adams) [Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAKU_WAkBvM|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="col" colspan="4"| As featured artist |- !scope="row"| "Merry Merry Christmas"<br>{{small|(as part of [[Sidemen]] featuring [[Jme]] and LayZ)}} | 2019 | rowspan="2"| Konstantin | <ref name="Merry Christmas">{{cite web|title=Sidemen - Merry Merry Christmas Ft. Jme & LayZ (Official Music Video)|date=15 December 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1JKzHPCGso&list=RDh1JKzHPCGso&start_radio=1|access-date=28 August 2025|via=[[YouTube]]|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207142203/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1JKzHPCGso&list=RDh1JKzHPCGso&start_radio=1|url-status=live}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Christmas Drillings"<br>{{small|(as part of Sidemen featuring Jme)}} | 2022 | <ref>{{cite web|access-date=5 December 2022|title=Sidemen - Christmas Drillings Ft. JME (Official Music Video)|date=4 December 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXDBXVjKbp8|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Barcelona"<br>{{small|([[Alan Walker]] and [[Ina Wroldsen]] featuring Vikkstar)}} | 2024 | {{N/A|Unknown}} | <ref>{{cite web|title=Alan Walker & Ina Wroldsen - Barcelona (Vikkstar Remix)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsCJcX_R7kM|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |} ==Mabuku== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Chaka !Mutu !Mupharazgi ![[ISBN]] chimanyikwiro !Ukaboni |- |2016 |''[[Sidemen: The Book]]'' |Coronet Books |{{ISBN|978-1473648166}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2016 |title=YouTube stars the Sidemen are frontrunners in race for Christmas books No 1 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/oct/26/youtube-stars-the-sidemen-are-frontrunners-in-race-for-books-christmas-no-1 |access-date=29 June 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> |} == Manotisi == <references group="lower-alpha"></references> {{notelist-ua}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{Commons category}} * {{YouTube|user=Vikkstar123|Vikkstar123}} * {{IMDb name|7158704|name=Vikkstar123}} {{Sidemen}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Sidemen]] 8tc18j40vhmzbl3zm7ezv6n7pf66kfw 122998 122994 2026-10-07T02:52:39Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} {{Databox}} '''Vikram Barn''', wakumanyikwa chomene kuti '''Vikkstar123''' panji kuti '''Vikkstar''' waka, ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku [[Ufumu Ubanyi]]. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]] na [[DJ]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=vikkstar123&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir0Y-S4fmTAxXoUWwGHQbgD98Q6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Sidemen: The Book: The subject of the hit new Netflix documentary |date=2016-10-18 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |language=en}}</ref> Ntchito ya Barn pa YouTube yikamba mu 2010. Kufuma mu Juni 2025, nthowa yake yikuru ya pa YouTube yili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7.58 miliyoni awo ŵakulembeska ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.18 biliyoni ŵakuwona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikkstar123 |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvwgF_0NOZe2vN4Q3g1bY-A |access-date=2025-06-13 |language=en |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Umoyo wakwamba na masambiro == Barn ni wa mtundu wa ku [[India]]<ref>{{cite tweet|title=... Ethnicity and Nationality are two completely separate things, I've lived in England for all my life. My ethnic background is Indian.|date=10 May 2013|user=Vikkstar123|number=332869254871408642}}</ref> ndipo wakababika pa 2 Ogasiti 1995<ref name="birthday tweet">{{Cite tweet |number=1290025072539779072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=25 years on this big rock. Super happy & grateful. Thanks for all the Birthday wishes! |date=2 August 2020 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802204243/https://twitter.com/Vikkstar123/status/1290025072539779072 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> mu [[Guildford]], Surrey, England,<ref name="Sidemen Quiz">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFz7xy-UkVo |title=Which of the Sidemen knows Vik the best? |date=23 July 2019 |type=video |publisher=MoreSidemen |time=14:44 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211024144652/rFz7xy-UkVo |archive-date=24 October 2021 |accessdate=4 April 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> uko wakakhalanga m'paka apo wakaŵa na vilimika 8.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=590545266308227072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=It's always nostalgic coming back to Guildford. I lived here until I was 8 |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=6 April 2021 |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> Wakasamira ku [[Sheffield]] uko wakasambira ku Sukulu ya Silverdale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Alana |date=20 December 2019 |title=YouTube star encourages students to work hard during visit to his old school in Sheffield |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723150002/https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |archive-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> Barn wakapika malo ghakuti wakasambire sayansi ya ku [[University College London]], kweni paumaliro wakakana malo agha kuti walutilire nchito yake ya pa [[YouTube]] nyengo zose.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 November 2016 |title=Sheffield YouTube star explains why he could retire - aged just 21 |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803052031/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ni mwana waumaliro pa ŵana ŵatatu.<ref name="SidemenBook">{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |title=Sidemen: The Book |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327052928/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Umoyo wa munthu payekha == Barn payekha wakamba chibwezi na mwanakazi munyake zina lake Ellie Harlow mu 2019, nangauli pamanyuma wakawoneka mu vyakulemba vya Barn kwamba mu 2020.<ref name="ES Barn marriage">{{cite web |last1=Brahma |first1=Nilendu |title=Sidemen Member Vikkstar Starts New Journey With His Long Time Girlfriend Ellie Harlow |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/esports-news-sidemen-member-vikkstar-starts-new-journey-with-his-long-time-girlfriend-ellie-harlow/ |website=EssentiallySports |access-date=2025-02-28 |date=2023-09-27|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ŵakapangana ku [[Burj Al Arab]] mu Disembala 2021, ndipo ŵakatorana mu Seputembala 2023.<ref name="ES Barn marriage"/><ref>{{cite AV media|title=WE'RE MARRIED!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O413-LjM30g|date= 26 September 2023|access-date= 25 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mr & Mrs 🤍 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CxqUxSsIOTf/ |website=Instagram |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> Mu vidiyo ya [[Sidemen]] iyo yikafumiskika mu Malichi 2024, Barn wakavumbura kuti wali na [[nthenda ya Crohn]].<ref>{{cite AV media|date=10 March 2024|title=SIDEMEN HOW FAR CAN YOU GET IN 24 HOURS|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqIpDyrJndw|access-date=10 March 2024|time=1:20:20|publisher=Sidemen|via=YouTube}}</ref> == Mafilimu == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Filimu ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" | 2022 | scope="row" | ''[[Talk to Me (2022 film)|Talk to Me]]'' |rowspan="2"| Himself | [[Uncredited role|Uncredited]]; [[archival footage]] |style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Talk to Me Summary, Latest News, Trailer, Cast, Where to Watch and More |url=https://screenrant.com/db/movie/talk-to-me/ |website=Screen Rant |date=23 March 2023 |access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2023 | scope="row" |''[[KSI: In Real Life]]'' | [[Documentary film|Documentary]] | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=KSI: In Real Life to Launch Exclusively on Prime Video on 26th January |url=https://press.amazonmgmstudios.com/us/en/press-release/iksi-in-real-lifei-to-launch-exclusively-on-prime- |website=Amazon MGM Studios |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |''The Naughty List'' | The Baker | [[Short film]] | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=The World's Best Christmas Movie: The Naughty List| date=24 December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5I1Gmbw6BLk|access-date=25 July 2024|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| 2024 | scope="row" |''[[The Sidemen Story]]'' | Himself | Documentary | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Sidemen Doc">{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Furvah |title=Sidemen's Netflix documentary: Release date, trailer, cast and more |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a46623709/sidemen-netflix-documentary-release-date-trailer-cast/ |website=Cosmopolitan |date=2 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Webu |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2014 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Experience, The" | ''The Sidemen Experience'' | rowspan="4"| Himself | [[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|Comedy Central UK]] | Main role; 5 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2014 |title=Who Are The Sidemen? {{!}} The Sidemen Experience |url=https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119023349/https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019 |website=[[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|CCUK]]}}</ref> |- | 2016–2017 ! scope="row" | ''[[YouTube Rewind]]'' | [[YouTube]] | Episode: "The Ultimate 2016 Challenge"<br>Episode: "The Shape of 2017" | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Ultimate 2016 Challenge| date=7 December 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GuOjXYl5ew |access-date=3 April 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Shape of 2017| date=6 December 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlsCjmMhFmw |access-date=26 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | 2018 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Show, The" | ''[[The Sidemen Show]]'' | [[YouTube Premium]] | Main role; 7 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=2 June 2018 |title='The Sidemen Show': YouTube Debuts First Trailer & Dates Premium Reality Challenge Format |url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120042324/https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |archive-date=20 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref> |- | 2020 ! scope="row" | ''[[How to Be Behzinga]]'' | rowspan="2"| YouTube | 1 episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2020|title=How To Be Behzinga|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|access-date=29 June 2021|website=YouTube|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629201510/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |- | 2024 ! scope="row" | ''[[The Chase (British game show)|The Chase: Sidemen Edition]]'' | The Chaser | Special spin-off episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|title=ITV's The Chase to face major format shake-up for epic special episode|url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1865358/the-chase-format-shake-up-sidemen-youtube-special|access-date=10 February 2024|website=EXPRESS.co.uk|date=10 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Televishoni |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2021 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Wheel, The" | ''[[The Wheel (game show)|The Wheel]]'' | Himself / Celebrity expert (Gaming) | [[BBC One]] | Series 1, episode 6 | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2021 |title=Michael McIntyre's The Wheel – Series 1: Episode 6 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000r0dw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103113539/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m000r0dw/michael-mcintyres-the-wheel-series-1-episode-6 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=[[BBC iPlayer]]}}</ref> |- | 2023 !scope="row"| ''Untold'' | Himself | [[Channel 4]] | Episode: The Cost of Being A YouTuber |style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cost of Being a YouTuber UNTOLD Channel 4| date=February 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjhO4kzYEUs|access-date= 14 March 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- | 2024–present !scope="row"| ''[[Inside (reality show)|Inside]]'' | rowspan="2"| Host | [[YouTube]], [[Side+]],{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Mndandanda 1 ukalongosoreka pa nthowa za Sidemen na Moresidemen za YouTube na vyakusazgikira na nyengo zambura kuwoneka zikulongosoreka pa Side+. Mndandanda 2 kuya panthazi uzamuŵa pa Netflix pera na vithuzithuzi vya ŵanyake ivyo vikulongoreka pa Side+}} [[Netflix]] | [[Reality show]] created by the [[Sidemen]] | <ref name="Inside">{{cite web |last1=Copson |first1=Josie |title=YouTube gameshow with staggering £1,000,000 prize fund rivals traditional TV |url=https://metro.co.uk/2024/05/27/youtube-gameshow-staggering-1-000-000-prize-fund-rivals-traditional-tv-20917431/ |website=Metro |date=27 May 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> |- | 2025–present !scope="row"|''[[Inside USA]]'' |Netflix |American reality show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hudspeth |first=Christopher |date=13 September 2025 |title=Inside: USA's Cast Will Vie for $1M, but First They Have to Pay for the Basics |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910163644/https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Tudum}}</ref> |- | 2026 ! scope="row"| ''[[Sidemen|SideMenu]]'' | Contestant | YouTube, [[Amazon Prime Video]] | Cooking show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Sidemenu">{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=Prime Video & YouTube To Share Release Of The Sidemen’s Culinary Series ‘Sidemen Present: SideMenu’ |url=https://deadline.com/2026/05/sidemen-presents-sidemenu-prime-video-youtube-release-plan-1236927613/ |website=DeadLine |publisher=DeadLine |access-date=29 July 2026}}</ref> |- |scope="row"| 2026-present ! scope="row"| ''[[Inside (TV series)|Outside]]'' | Host | Netflix | Spin off series of [[Inside (TV series)|Inside]], created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=THE SIDEMEN TAKE INSIDE 'OUTSIDE' FOR NEXT SERIES OF REALITY FORMAT ON NETFLIX |url=https://www.tvzoneuk.com/post/thesidement-inside-outside |website=TV Zone UK |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Let’s take this Outside 🏕 |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DcWL90rsI9f/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsi=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |website=Instagram |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |+ Mavidiyo gha sumu |- ! scope="col"| Chaka ! scope="col"| Mutu ! scope="col"| Waluso !Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" |2018 | "Manchild" | Randolph | rowspan="3"| Himself | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Randolph - MANCHILD (Deji Diss Track) Official Video | date=24 November 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YgfMRfMxzY |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2022 | "Don't Lie" | [[A1 x J1]] featuring [[Nemzzz]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A1 x J1 - Don't Lie (Official Video) ft. Nemzzz | date=14 October 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T91yz8kMy8 |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2025 |"365" | [[Talia Mar]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Talia Mar - 365 (Official Video)| date=24 January 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqdUBkO-zjo|access-date= 24 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |} ==Masumu== === Ŵambura kutora === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+Mndandanda wa ŵambura kutora, na malo ghakusankhika ghapachanya ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Mutu ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Chaka ! scope="col" colspan="3"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|HUN]]<br><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2024/4|title=Rádiós Top 40 slágerlista|website=slagerlistak.hu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202074900/https://slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2024/4|archive-date=2 February 2024|access-date=2 February 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[BMAT Music Company|MLT<br>Dom.<br>Air.]]<br><ref>{{Cite web|title=PRS Malta on Facebook: BMAT PRS Malta Top 10 Airplay Chart {{ndash}} 14 January 2024|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=791852216289274|access-date=14 January 2024|publisher=[[The Malta Independent]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240114145423/https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=791852216289274|archive-date=14 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://topplista.no/charts/singles/2023-w40/|title=Singel 2023 uke 40|publisher=[[VG-lista]]|access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "[[Better Off (Alone, Pt. III)]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Better Off (Alone, Pt. III) – Single by Alan Walker, Bash Berlin & Vikkstar |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/better-off-alone-pt-iii-single/1706858191 |access-date=27 September 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Dash Berlin]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2023 | 1 || — || 30 | * [[Music Canada|MC]]: Gold{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Canada|type=single|title=Better Off Alone|artist=Vikkstar}} | ''[[Walkerworld]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Walkerworld – Album by Alan Walker |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/walkerworld/1719118752 |access-date=10 November 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "[[Humans (song)|Humans]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Humans – Single by Vikkstar |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/humans-single/1716329682 |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Shaun Farrugia)</span> | — || 1 || — | | rowspan="7" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Know Me Better"<ref>{{cite web |title=Know Me Better (feat. Jme) – Single by Vikkstar & Masked Wolf featuring Jme |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/know-me-better-feat-jme-single/1740619433 |access-date=25 April 2024 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Masked Wolf]] featuring [[Jme]])</span> | rowspan="3"| 2024 | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Have It All"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with RetroVision and Dyson)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Where Do I Go"<ref>{{cite web |title=Where Do I Go – Single by Nicky Romero, Vikkstar, Alpharock, and Oaks |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/where-do-i-go-single/1774566167 |access-date=8 November 2024 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Nicky Romero]], Alpharock, and [[Winona Oak|Oaks]])</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Another Way"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/another-way-feat-joe-jury-single/1796157672 |access-date=23 March 2025 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |title=Another Way (Feat. Joe Jury) - Single by Vikkstar, Syn Cole & KDH on Apple Music }}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Syn Cole]] and KDH featuring Joe Jury)</span> | rowspan="6" | 2025 | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Chemical"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Adalaide Adams)</span> | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Hole in the Head"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Sick Individuals]])</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "All This Time"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Steve Aoki]] featuring Ekko)</span> | — || — || — | | ''Hiroquest 3: Paragon'' |- ! scope="row" | "Lonely Together"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Sickick and [[Aloe Blacc]])</span> | — || — || — | | rowspan="7" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Before We Say Goodbye" <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Madism and Wukong)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Where Have You Been"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Arty (musician)|ARTY]] featuring Annie Schindel)</span> | rowspan="5" | 2026 | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Bigger Than Dreams"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Matt Pridgyn and Jex)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Your Mind" | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Call My Bluff"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Brooks (DJ)|Brooks]] and Jex)</span> | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Back To Me"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Afrojack]] featuring [[Laura White (singer)|Laura White]])</span> |_ |_ |_ | |- | colspan="10" style="font-size:90%" | "—" yikung’anamura sumu yimoza iyo yikaŵa kuti yindalembeke pa chati panji iyo yikafumiskika yayi mu chigaŵa chira. |} === Nyimbo zachisungusungu === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Mndandanda wa sumu za lusungu, na malo ghakusankhika gha pa chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Mutu ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Chaka ! scope="col" colspan="4"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Notes |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/56873/sidemen/ |title=UK Singles Chart |date=26 December 2019 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220192010/https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/56873/sidemen/ |archive-date=20 December 2019 |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[UK Independent Singles and Albums Charts|UK<br />Ind.]]<br /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-singles-chart/20221209/130 |title=UK Independent Singles Chart (09 December 2022 – 15 December 2022) |date=9 December 2022 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209192815/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-singles-chart/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://irma.ie/index.cfm?page=irish-charts&chart=Singles|title=IRMA – Irish Charts|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ<br />Hot]]<br /><ref>Peaks on the NZ Hot Singles Chart: * "Christmas Drillings": {{Cite web |url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2022-12-09 |title=New Zealand Hot Singles Chart |date=12 December 2022 |publisher=Recorded Music NZ |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> |- |- ! scope="row"| "[[Christmas Drillings]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Christmas Drillings – Single by the Sidemen |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/christmas-drillings/1660098764?i=1660099096 |access-date=5 December 2022 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220061527/https://music.apple.com/us/album/christmas-drillings/1660098764?i=1660099096 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />{{small|(as part of [[Sidemen (YouTube group)|Sidemen]] featuring [[Jme (rapper)|Jme]])}} | 2022 | 3 || 2 || 25 || 7 | * Produced for a Sidemen Sunday video and raised money for [[FareShare]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Carl |date=7 December 2022 |title=Christmas Number 1 2022 contenders revealed: LadBaby, Sidemen, Stormzy, Mariah Carey and more |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/christmas-number-1-2022-contenders-revealed-ladbaby-sidemen-stormzy-mariah-carey-and-more__37932/ |website=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref> |} === Kusakanizga === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Mndandanda wa vyakusazgapo ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Album |- !scope="row"| "Barcelona" (Vikkstar Remix)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Ina Wroldsen]])</span> | 2024 | ''Barcelona (Remixes)'' |- !scope="row"| "[[Man Don't Care]]" (Vikkstar Remix)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Jme]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2026 | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Where Have You Been" (Vikkstar Remix) <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Arty (musician)|Arty]] featuring Annie Schindel)</span> |} === Mavidiyo gha sumu === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Mndandanda wa mavidiyo gha sumu ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Chaka ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"| Director(s) ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| {{Ref.}} |- ! scope="col" colspan="4"| As lead artist |- !scope="row"| "The End" | 2017 | PimpJuiceK | |- ! scope="row"| "Better Off (Alone, Pt. III)" <br>{{small|(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Dash Berlin]])}} | rowspan="2"| 2023 | Mads Neset | <ref>{{cite web|title=Alan Walker, Dash Berlin & Vikkstar - Better Off (Alone, Pt. III) - Official Music Video | date=28 September 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouEl3qTLc0M|access-date=28 September 2023|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Humans" <br>{{small|(with Shaun Farrugia)}} | Troy Roscoe | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Humans (feat. Shaun Farrugia) [Official Music Video] | date=December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9XJV8CQjQ0|access-date=1 December 2023|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Know Me Better"<br>{{small|(with [[Masked Wolf]] featuring [[Jme]])}} | rowspan="2"| 2024 | Guy Davies |<ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar & Masked Wolf - Know Me Better (feat. Jme) [Official Music Video] | date=25 April 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKLHR7UdLbs|access-date=27 April 2024|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Where Do I Go"<br>{{small|(with [[Nicky Romero]], Alpharock and Oaks)}} | rowspan="2" {{N/A|Unknown}} | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar x Nicky Romero x Alpharock x Oaks - Where Do I Go [Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvUrKWPMQYc|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Chemical" (AI Video)<br>{{small|(with Adalaide Adams)}} |rowspan="2"| 2025 | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Chemical (feat. Adalaide Adams) [AI Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfjrhUKAMis|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Chemical"<br>{{small|(with Adalaide Adams)}} | [[TBJZL|Tobi Brown]] |<ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Chemical (feat. Adalaide Adams) [Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAKU_WAkBvM|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="col" colspan="4"| As featured artist |- !scope="row"| "Merry Merry Christmas"<br>{{small|(as part of [[Sidemen]] featuring [[Jme]] and LayZ)}} | 2019 | rowspan="2"| Konstantin | <ref name="Merry Christmas">{{cite web|title=Sidemen - Merry Merry Christmas Ft. Jme & LayZ (Official Music Video)|date=15 December 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1JKzHPCGso&list=RDh1JKzHPCGso&start_radio=1|access-date=28 August 2025|via=[[YouTube]]|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207142203/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1JKzHPCGso&list=RDh1JKzHPCGso&start_radio=1|url-status=live}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Christmas Drillings"<br>{{small|(as part of Sidemen featuring Jme)}} | 2022 | <ref>{{cite web|access-date=5 December 2022|title=Sidemen - Christmas Drillings Ft. JME (Official Music Video)|date=4 December 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXDBXVjKbp8|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Barcelona"<br>{{small|([[Alan Walker]] and [[Ina Wroldsen]] featuring Vikkstar)}} | 2024 | {{N/A|Unknown}} | <ref>{{cite web|title=Alan Walker & Ina Wroldsen - Barcelona (Vikkstar Remix)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsCJcX_R7kM|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |} ==Mabuku== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Chaka !Mutu !Mupharazgi ![[ISBN]] chimanyikwiro !Ukaboni |- |2016 |''[[Sidemen: The Book]]'' |Coronet Books |{{ISBN|978-1473648166}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2016 |title=YouTube stars the Sidemen are frontrunners in race for Christmas books No 1 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/oct/26/youtube-stars-the-sidemen-are-frontrunners-in-race-for-books-christmas-no-1 |access-date=29 June 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> |} == Manotisi == <references group="lower-alpha"></references> {{notelist-ua}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{Commons category}} * {{YouTube|user=Vikkstar123|Vikkstar123}} * {{IMDb name|7158704|name=Vikkstar123}} {{Sidemen}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Sidemen]] oi18i1wn06p5hmvdrdef66uk8zquzbf 123017 122998 2026-10-07T06:21:19Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 123017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} {{Databox}} '''Vikram Barn''', wakumanyikwa chomene kuti '''Vikkstar123''' panji kuti '''Vikkstar''' waka, ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku [[Ufumu Ubanyi]]. Iyo ni [[YouTube|YouTuber]] na [[DJ]]. Iyo ni membala wa gulu la [[Sidemen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=vikkstar123&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir0Y-S4fmTAxXoUWwGHQbgD98Q6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Sidemen: The Book: The subject of the hit new Netflix documentary |date=2016-10-18 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |language=en}}</ref> Ntchito ya Barn pa YouTube yikamba mu 2010. Kufuma mu Juni 2025, nthowa yake yikuru ya pa YouTube yili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7.58 miliyoni awo ŵakulembeska ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.18 biliyoni ŵakuwona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikkstar123 |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvwgF_0NOZe2vN4Q3g1bY-A |access-date=2025-06-13 |language=en |via=YouTube}}</ref> == Umoyo wakwamba na masambiro == Barn ni wa mtundu wa ku [[India]]<ref>{{cite tweet|title=... Ethnicity and Nationality are two completely separate things, I've lived in England for all my life. My ethnic background is Indian.|date=10 May 2013|user=Vikkstar123|number=332869254871408642}}</ref> ndipo wakababika pa 2 Ogasiti 1995<ref name="birthday tweet">{{Cite tweet |number=1290025072539779072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=25 years on this big rock. Super happy & grateful. Thanks for all the Birthday wishes! |date=2 August 2020 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802204243/https://twitter.com/Vikkstar123/status/1290025072539779072 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> mu [[Guildford]], Surrey, England,<ref name="Sidemen Quiz">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFz7xy-UkVo |title=Which of the Sidemen knows Vik the best? |date=23 July 2019 |type=video |publisher=MoreSidemen |time=14:44 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211024144652/rFz7xy-UkVo |archive-date=24 October 2021 |accessdate=4 April 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> uko wakakhalanga m'paka apo wakaŵa na vilimika 8.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=590545266308227072 |user=Vikkstar123 |title=It's always nostalgic coming back to Guildford. I lived here until I was 8 |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=6 April 2021 |last=Barn |first=Vikram}}</ref> Wakasamira ku [[Sheffield]] uko wakasambira ku Sukulu ya Silverdale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Alana |date=20 December 2019 |title=YouTube star encourages students to work hard during visit to his old school in Sheffield |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723150002/https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/youtube-star-encourages-students-work-hard-during-visit-his-old-school-sheffield-1346565 |archive-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> Barn wakapika malo ghakuti wakasambire sayansi ya ku [[University College London]], kweni paumaliro wakakana malo agha kuti walutilire nchito yake ya pa [[YouTube]] nyengo zose.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 November 2016 |title=Sheffield YouTube star explains why he could retire - aged just 21 |work=[[Sheffield Star|The Star]] |publisher=Sheffield Newspapers Ltd |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803052031/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffield-youtube-star-explains-why-he-could-retire-aged-just-21-454425 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ni mwana waumaliro pa ŵana ŵatatu.<ref name="SidemenBook">{{Cite book |last=Sidemen |first=The |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |title=Sidemen: The Book |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4736-4819-7 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327052928/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1A-DAAAQBAJ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Umoyo wa munthu payekha == Barn payekha wakamba chibwezi na mwanakazi munyake zina lake Ellie Harlow mu 2019, nangauli pamanyuma wakawoneka mu vyakulemba vya Barn kwamba mu 2020.<ref name="ES Barn marriage">{{cite web |last1=Brahma |first1=Nilendu |title=Sidemen Member Vikkstar Starts New Journey With His Long Time Girlfriend Ellie Harlow |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/esports-news-sidemen-member-vikkstar-starts-new-journey-with-his-long-time-girlfriend-ellie-harlow/ |website=EssentiallySports |access-date=2025-02-28 |date=2023-09-27|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ŵakapangana ku [[Burj Al Arab]] mu Disembala 2021, ndipo ŵakatorana mu Seputembala 2023.<ref name="ES Barn marriage"/><ref>{{cite AV media|title=WE'RE MARRIED!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O413-LjM30g|date= 26 September 2023|access-date= 25 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mr & Mrs 🤍 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CxqUxSsIOTf/ |website=Instagram |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> Mu vidiyo ya [[Sidemen]] iyo yikafumiskika mu Malichi 2024, Barn wakavumbura kuti wali na [[nthenda ya Crohn]].<ref>{{cite AV media|date=10 March 2024|title=SIDEMEN HOW FAR CAN YOU GET IN 24 HOURS|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqIpDyrJndw|access-date=10 March 2024|time=1:20:20|publisher=Sidemen|via=YouTube}}</ref> == Mafilimu == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Filimu ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" | 2022 | scope="row" | ''[[Talk to Me (2022 film)|Talk to Me]]'' |rowspan="2"| Himself | [[Uncredited role|Uncredited]]; [[archival footage]] |style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Talk to Me Summary, Latest News, Trailer, Cast, Where to Watch and More |url=https://screenrant.com/db/movie/talk-to-me/ |website=Screen Rant |date=23 March 2023 |access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2023 | scope="row" |''[[KSI: In Real Life]]'' | [[Documentary film|Documentary]] | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=KSI: In Real Life to Launch Exclusively on Prime Video on 26th January |url=https://press.amazonmgmstudios.com/us/en/press-release/iksi-in-real-lifei-to-launch-exclusively-on-prime- |website=Amazon MGM Studios |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |''The Naughty List'' | The Baker | [[Short film]] | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=The World's Best Christmas Movie: The Naughty List| date=24 December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5I1Gmbw6BLk|access-date=25 July 2024|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| 2024 | scope="row" |''[[The Sidemen Story]]'' | Himself | Documentary | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Sidemen Doc">{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Furvah |title=Sidemen's Netflix documentary: Release date, trailer, cast and more |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a46623709/sidemen-netflix-documentary-release-date-trailer-cast/ |website=Cosmopolitan |date=2 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Webu |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2014 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Experience, The" | ''The Sidemen Experience'' | rowspan="4"| Himself | [[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|Comedy Central UK]] | Main role; 5 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2014 |title=Who Are The Sidemen? {{!}} The Sidemen Experience |url=https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119023349/https://www.comedycentral.co.uk/the-sidemen-experience/videos/who-are-the-sidemen |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019 |website=[[Comedy Central (British TV channel)|CCUK]]}}</ref> |- | 2016–2017 ! scope="row" | ''[[YouTube Rewind]]'' | [[YouTube]] | Episode: "The Ultimate 2016 Challenge"<br>Episode: "The Shape of 2017" | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Ultimate 2016 Challenge| date=7 December 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GuOjXYl5ew |access-date=3 April 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Rewind: The Shape of 2017| date=6 December 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlsCjmMhFmw |access-date=26 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | 2018 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Sidemen Show, The" | ''[[The Sidemen Show]]'' | [[YouTube Premium]] | Main role; 7 episodes | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=2 June 2018 |title='The Sidemen Show': YouTube Debuts First Trailer & Dates Premium Reality Challenge Format |url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120042324/https://deadline.com/2018/06/the-sidemen-show-youtube-debuts-first-trailer-dates-premium-reality-challenge-format-1202401935/ |archive-date=20 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref> |- | 2020 ! scope="row" | ''[[How to Be Behzinga]]'' | rowspan="2"| YouTube | 1 episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2020|title=How To Be Behzinga|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|access-date=29 June 2021|website=YouTube|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629201510/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBHuR7fUesrsFp3OhJ1jbknGl7b2W9j4S|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |- | 2024 ! scope="row" | ''[[The Chase (British game show)|The Chase: Sidemen Edition]]'' | The Chaser | Special spin-off episode | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|title=ITV's The Chase to face major format shake-up for epic special episode|url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1865358/the-chase-format-shake-up-sidemen-youtube-special|access-date=10 February 2024|website=EXPRESS.co.uk|date=10 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Televishoni |- ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Ntchito ! scope="col" | Netiweki ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Manotisi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- | 2021 ! scope="row" data-sort-value="Wheel, The" | ''[[The Wheel (game show)|The Wheel]]'' | Himself / Celebrity expert (Gaming) | [[BBC One]] | Series 1, episode 6 | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2021 |title=Michael McIntyre's The Wheel – Series 1: Episode 6 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000r0dw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103113539/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m000r0dw/michael-mcintyres-the-wheel-series-1-episode-6 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=[[BBC iPlayer]]}}</ref> |- | 2023 !scope="row"| ''Untold'' | Himself | [[Channel 4]] | Episode: The Cost of Being A YouTuber |style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cost of Being a YouTuber UNTOLD Channel 4| date=February 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjhO4kzYEUs|access-date= 14 March 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- | 2024–present !scope="row"| ''[[Inside (reality show)|Inside]]'' | rowspan="2"| Host | [[YouTube]], [[Side+]],{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Mndandanda 1 ukalongosoreka pa nthowa za Sidemen na Moresidemen za YouTube na vyakusazgikira na nyengo zambura kuwoneka zikulongosoreka pa Side+. Mndandanda 2 kuya panthazi uzamuŵa pa Netflix pera na vithuzithuzi vya ŵanyake ivyo vikulongoreka pa Side+}} [[Netflix]] | [[Reality show]] created by the [[Sidemen]] | <ref name="Inside">{{cite web |last1=Copson |first1=Josie |title=YouTube gameshow with staggering £1,000,000 prize fund rivals traditional TV |url=https://metro.co.uk/2024/05/27/youtube-gameshow-staggering-1-000-000-prize-fund-rivals-traditional-tv-20917431/ |website=Metro |date=27 May 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> |- | 2025–present !scope="row"|''[[Inside USA]]'' |Netflix |American reality show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hudspeth |first=Christopher |date=13 September 2025 |title=Inside: USA's Cast Will Vie for $1M, but First They Have to Pay for the Basics |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910163644/https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/inside-usa-season-1-cast |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Tudum}}</ref> |- | 2026 ! scope="row"| ''[[Sidemen|SideMenu]]'' | Contestant | YouTube, [[Amazon Prime Video]] | Cooking show created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Sidemenu">{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=Prime Video & YouTube To Share Release Of The Sidemen’s Culinary Series ‘Sidemen Present: SideMenu’ |url=https://deadline.com/2026/05/sidemen-presents-sidemenu-prime-video-youtube-release-plan-1236927613/ |website=DeadLine |publisher=DeadLine |access-date=29 July 2026}}</ref> |- |scope="row"| 2026-present ! scope="row"| ''[[Inside (TV series)|Outside]]'' | Host | Netflix | Spin off series of [[Inside (TV series)|Inside]], created by the Sidemen | style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=THE SIDEMEN TAKE INSIDE 'OUTSIDE' FOR NEXT SERIES OF REALITY FORMAT ON NETFLIX |url=https://www.tvzoneuk.com/post/thesidement-inside-outside |website=TV Zone UK |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Let’s take this Outside 🏕 |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DcWL90rsI9f/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsi=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |website=Instagram |access-date=23 August 2026}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |+ Mavidiyo gha sumu |- ! scope="col"| Chaka ! scope="col"| Mutu ! scope="col"| Waluso !Ntchito ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ukaboni |- ! scope="row" |2018 | "Manchild" | Randolph | rowspan="3"| Himself | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Randolph - MANCHILD (Deji Diss Track) Official Video | date=24 November 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YgfMRfMxzY |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2022 | "Don't Lie" | [[A1 x J1]] featuring [[Nemzzz]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A1 x J1 - Don't Lie (Official Video) ft. Nemzzz | date=14 October 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T91yz8kMy8 |access-date=17 March 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2025 |"365" | [[Talia Mar]] | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Talia Mar - 365 (Official Video)| date=24 January 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqdUBkO-zjo|access-date= 24 January 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |} ==Masumu== === Ŵambura kutora === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+Mndandanda wa ŵambura kutora, na malo ghakusankhika ghapachanya ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Mutu ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Chaka ! scope="col" colspan="3"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|HUN]]<br><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2024/4|title=Rádiós Top 40 slágerlista|website=slagerlistak.hu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202074900/https://slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2024/4|archive-date=2 February 2024|access-date=2 February 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[BMAT Music Company|MLT<br>Dom.<br>Air.]]<br><ref>{{Cite web|title=PRS Malta on Facebook: BMAT PRS Malta Top 10 Airplay Chart {{ndash}} 14 January 2024|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=791852216289274|access-date=14 January 2024|publisher=[[The Malta Independent]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240114145423/https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=791852216289274|archive-date=14 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://topplista.no/charts/singles/2023-w40/|title=Singel 2023 uke 40|publisher=[[VG-lista]]|access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "[[Better Off (Alone, Pt. III)]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Better Off (Alone, Pt. III) – Single by Alan Walker, Bash Berlin & Vikkstar |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/better-off-alone-pt-iii-single/1706858191 |access-date=27 September 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Dash Berlin]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2023 | 1 || — || 30 | * [[Music Canada|MC]]: Gold{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Canada|type=single|title=Better Off Alone|artist=Vikkstar}} | ''[[Walkerworld]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Walkerworld – Album by Alan Walker |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/walkerworld/1719118752 |access-date=10 November 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "[[Humans (song)|Humans]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Humans – Single by Vikkstar |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/humans-single/1716329682 |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Shaun Farrugia)</span> | — || 1 || — | | rowspan="7" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Know Me Better"<ref>{{cite web |title=Know Me Better (feat. Jme) – Single by Vikkstar & Masked Wolf featuring Jme |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/know-me-better-feat-jme-single/1740619433 |access-date=25 April 2024 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Masked Wolf]] featuring [[Jme]])</span> | rowspan="3"| 2024 | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Have It All"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with RetroVision and Dyson)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Where Do I Go"<ref>{{cite web |title=Where Do I Go – Single by Nicky Romero, Vikkstar, Alpharock, and Oaks |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/where-do-i-go-single/1774566167 |access-date=8 November 2024 |publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Nicky Romero]], Alpharock, and [[Winona Oak|Oaks]])</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Another Way"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/another-way-feat-joe-jury-single/1796157672 |access-date=23 March 2025 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |title=Another Way (Feat. Joe Jury) - Single by Vikkstar, Syn Cole & KDH on Apple Music }}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Syn Cole]] and KDH featuring Joe Jury)</span> | rowspan="6" | 2025 | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Chemical"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Adalaide Adams)</span> | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Hole in the Head"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Sick Individuals]])</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "All This Time"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Steve Aoki]] featuring Ekko)</span> | — || — || — | | ''Hiroquest 3: Paragon'' |- ! scope="row" | "Lonely Together"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Sickick and [[Aloe Blacc]])</span> | — || — || — | | rowspan="7" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Before We Say Goodbye" <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Madism and Wukong)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Where Have You Been"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Arty (musician)|ARTY]] featuring Annie Schindel)</span> | rowspan="5" | 2026 | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Bigger Than Dreams"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Matt Pridgyn and Jex)</span> | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Your Mind" | — || — || — | |- ! scope="row" | "Call My Bluff"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Brooks (DJ)|Brooks]] and Jex)</span> | — || — || — | |- !scope="row"| "Back To Me"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Afrojack]] featuring [[Laura White (singer)|Laura White]])</span> |_ |_ |_ | |- | colspan="10" style="font-size:90%" | "—" yikung’anamura sumu yimoza iyo yikaŵa kuti yindalembeke pa chati panji iyo yikafumiskika yayi mu chigaŵa chira. |} === Nyimbo zachisungusungu === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Mndandanda wa sumu za lusungu, na malo ghakusankhika gha pa chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Mutu ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Chaka ! scope="col" colspan="4"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Notes |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/56873/sidemen/ |title=UK Singles Chart |date=26 December 2019 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220192010/https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/56873/sidemen/ |archive-date=20 December 2019 |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[UK Independent Singles and Albums Charts|UK<br />Ind.]]<br /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-singles-chart/20221209/130 |title=UK Independent Singles Chart (09 December 2022 – 15 December 2022) |date=9 December 2022 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209192815/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-singles-chart/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://irma.ie/index.cfm?page=irish-charts&chart=Singles|title=IRMA – Irish Charts|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ<br />Hot]]<br /><ref>Peaks on the NZ Hot Singles Chart: * "Christmas Drillings": {{Cite web |url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2022-12-09 |title=New Zealand Hot Singles Chart |date=12 December 2022 |publisher=Recorded Music NZ |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> |- |- ! scope="row"| "[[Christmas Drillings]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Christmas Drillings – Single by the Sidemen |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/christmas-drillings/1660098764?i=1660099096 |access-date=5 December 2022 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220061527/https://music.apple.com/us/album/christmas-drillings/1660098764?i=1660099096 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />{{small|(as part of [[Sidemen (YouTube group)|Sidemen]] featuring [[Jme (rapper)|Jme]])}} | 2022 | 3 || 2 || 25 || 7 | * Produced for a Sidemen Sunday video and raised money for [[FareShare]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Carl |date=7 December 2022 |title=Christmas Number 1 2022 contenders revealed: LadBaby, Sidemen, Stormzy, Mariah Carey and more |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/christmas-number-1-2022-contenders-revealed-ladbaby-sidemen-stormzy-mariah-carey-and-more__37932/ |website=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref> |} === Kusakanizga === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Mndandanda wa vyakusazgapo ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" | Chaka ! scope="col" | Album |- !scope="row"| "Barcelona" (Vikkstar Remix)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Ina Wroldsen]])</span> | 2024 | ''Barcelona (Remixes)'' |- !scope="row"| "[[Man Don't Care]]" (Vikkstar Remix)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Jme]])</span> | rowspan="2"| 2026 | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Where Have You Been" (Vikkstar Remix) <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Arty (musician)|Arty]] featuring Annie Schindel)</span> |} === Mavidiyo gha sumu === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Mndandanda wa mavidiyo gha sumu ! scope="col" | Mutu ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Chaka ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"| Director(s) ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| {{Ref.}} |- ! scope="col" colspan="4"| As lead artist |- !scope="row"| "The End" | 2017 | PimpJuiceK | |- ! scope="row"| "Better Off (Alone, Pt. III)" <br>{{small|(with [[Alan Walker]] and [[Dash Berlin]])}} | rowspan="2"| 2023 | Mads Neset | <ref>{{cite web|title=Alan Walker, Dash Berlin & Vikkstar - Better Off (Alone, Pt. III) - Official Music Video | date=28 September 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouEl3qTLc0M|access-date=28 September 2023|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Humans" <br>{{small|(with Shaun Farrugia)}} | Troy Roscoe | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Humans (feat. Shaun Farrugia) [Official Music Video] | date=December 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9XJV8CQjQ0|access-date=1 December 2023|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Know Me Better"<br>{{small|(with [[Masked Wolf]] featuring [[Jme]])}} | rowspan="2"| 2024 | Guy Davies |<ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar & Masked Wolf - Know Me Better (feat. Jme) [Official Music Video] | date=25 April 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKLHR7UdLbs|access-date=27 April 2024|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Where Do I Go"<br>{{small|(with [[Nicky Romero]], Alpharock and Oaks)}} | rowspan="2" {{N/A|Unknown}} | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar x Nicky Romero x Alpharock x Oaks - Where Do I Go [Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvUrKWPMQYc|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Chemical" (AI Video)<br>{{small|(with Adalaide Adams)}} |rowspan="2"| 2025 | <ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Chemical (feat. Adalaide Adams) [AI Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfjrhUKAMis|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Chemical"<br>{{small|(with Adalaide Adams)}} | [[Tobi Brown]] |<ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar - Chemical (feat. Adalaide Adams) [Music Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAKU_WAkBvM|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="col" colspan="4"| As featured artist |- !scope="row"| "Merry Merry Christmas"<br>{{small|(as part of [[Sidemen]] featuring [[Jme]] and LayZ)}} | 2019 | rowspan="2"| Konstantin | <ref name="Merry Christmas">{{cite web|title=Sidemen - Merry Merry Christmas Ft. Jme & LayZ (Official Music Video)|date=15 December 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1JKzHPCGso&list=RDh1JKzHPCGso&start_radio=1|access-date=28 August 2025|via=[[YouTube]]|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207142203/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1JKzHPCGso&list=RDh1JKzHPCGso&start_radio=1|url-status=live}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Christmas Drillings"<br>{{small|(as part of Sidemen featuring Jme)}} | 2022 | <ref>{{cite web|access-date=5 December 2022|title=Sidemen - Christmas Drillings Ft. JME (Official Music Video)|date=4 December 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXDBXVjKbp8|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Barcelona"<br>{{small|([[Alan Walker]] and [[Ina Wroldsen]] featuring Vikkstar)}} | 2024 | {{N/A|Unknown}} | <ref>{{cite web|title=Alan Walker & Ina Wroldsen - Barcelona (Vikkstar Remix)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsCJcX_R7kM|access-date=7 May 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |} ==Mabuku== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Chaka !Mutu !Mupharazgi ![[ISBN]] chimanyikwiro !Ukaboni |- |2016 |''[[Sidemen: The Book]]'' |Coronet Books |{{ISBN|978-1473648166}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2016 |title=YouTube stars the Sidemen are frontrunners in race for Christmas books No 1 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/oct/26/youtube-stars-the-sidemen-are-frontrunners-in-race-for-books-christmas-no-1 |access-date=29 June 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> |} == Manotisi == <references group="lower-alpha"></references> {{notelist-ua}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{Commons category}} * {{YouTube|user=Vikkstar123|Vikkstar123}} * {{IMDb name|7158704|name=Vikkstar123}} {{Sidemen}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Sidemen]] lspzrw79m83mxifm2hfrw65hqchg9c3 0 49873 123001 122949 2026-10-07T04:25:52Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 123001 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Llanfair­pwllgwyngyll­gogery­chwyrn­drobwll­llan­tysilio­gogo­goch '''ni zina lose la msumba unyake ku [[Wales]] ndipo ni zina litali chomene la msumba ku [[Europe]]. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuti msumba iyi ni '''Llanfair '''para ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya zuŵa na zuŵa. Nanga ni mazina ghatali gha misumba: * [[Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu]] mu [[New Zealand]] *[[Krungthepmahanakhonamonrattanakosinmahintharayuthayamahadilokphopnoppharatratchathaniburirouudomratchaniwetmahasathanamonpimanawatansathitsakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit]] mu [[Thailand]] == Malinki gha kuwaro == * {{official website|http://www.llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch.co.uk}} [[Category:United Kingdom]] [[Category:Wales]] e6a292otp4nv6hnmr6cm5zscvlvjs7x 4 49874 122955 2026-10-06T12:24:21Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Paste from English 122955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nutshell|Wikipedia [[WP:ORIGINALITY|does not publish original thought]]. All material in Wikipedia must be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|attributable]] to a [[WP:RS|reliable, published source]]. Articles must not contain any new analysis or synthesis of published material that reaches or implies a conclusion not clearly stated by the sources themselves. Simple calculations are not original research, see {{section link||Routine calculations}}.}} {{Content policy list}} [[File:Manusingmicroscope.jpg|thumb|Outside Wikipedia, original research is a key part of scholarly work. However, Wikipedia editors must base their contributions on reliable, published sources, not their {{em|own}} original research.|alt=A microbiologist conducting scientific research using a microscope.]] {{strong|Wikipedia articles must not contain original research.}} On [[Wikipedia]], ''original research'' means material—such as facts, allegations, and ideas—for which no [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources|reliable source]] has ever been published. By this, the community means that the reliable source must [[Wikipedia:Published|have been published and still exist]]—somewhere in the world, in any language, whether or not it is reachable online—even if no source is currently named in the article. Articles that currently name zero references of any type may be fully compliant with this policy—so long as there is a {{em|reasonable expectation}} that editors could ''find'' a published, reliable source to support every bit of material. The definition of original research includes any analysis or synthesis of published material that [[#Synthesis of published material| reaches or implies a conclusion not stated by the sources]]. 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For questions about whether any particular edit constitutes original research, see the [[WP:NORN|No original research noticeboard]]. {{visible anchor|ORTP|NORTP|text=This policy does not apply to [[Help:Using talk pages|talk pages]] and other pages which evaluate article content and sources, such as deletion discussions or policy noticeboards.}} == Using sources == {{Shortcut|WP:STICKTOTHESOURCE}} Wikipedia is fundamentally built on research that has been collected and organized from [[Wikipedia:reliable sources|reliable sources]], as described in content policies such as this one. If no reliable [[Wikipedia:Independent sources|independent sources]] can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article about it. If a user discovers something new, Wikipedia is not the place to announce such a discovery. The best practice is to research the most reliable sources on the topic and summarize what they say [[Wikipedia:Use our own words|in one's own words]], with each statement in the article being verifiable in a source that makes that statement explicitly. Source material should be carefully summarized or rephrased without changing its meaning or implication, going beyond what the sources express, or using them in ways inconsistent with the intention of the source, such as using material [[out of context]]. In short, one must {{em|stick to the sources.}} === Reliable sources === {{See|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Reliable sources}} Material for which no reliable source can be found is considered original research. The only way one can show that an edit is not original research is to cite a reliable published source that contains the same material. Even with well-sourced material, if one uses it out of context, or to state or imply a conclusion not ''directly and explicitly'' supported by the source, one is engaging in original research, [[Quod vide|which see]] [[#Synthesis of published material|below]]. Information in an article must be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] in the references cited. In general, article statements should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages or on passing comments. Any passages open to multiple interpretations should be precisely cited or avoided. A summary of extensive discussion should reflect the conclusions of the source. Conclusions which are not evident in the source are original research regardless of the type of source. Sources must be cited in context and on topic. === <span class="anchor" id="Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources"></span>Primary, secondary and tertiary sources === {{shortcut|WP:PSTS}} {{See|Wikipedia:Identifying and using primary sources|Wikipedia:Based upon|Wikipedia:Published}} Wikipedia articles should be based on [[WP:Reliable sources|reliable]], published [[secondary source]]s, and to a lesser extent, on [[tertiary source]]s and [[primary source]]s. Secondary or tertiary sources are needed to establish the topic's [[WP:N|notability]] and avoid novel interpretations of primary sources. All analyses and interpretive or synthetic claims about primary sources must be referenced to a secondary or tertiary source and must not be an original analysis of the primary-source material by Wikipedia editors. Appropriate sourcing can be a complicated issue, and these are general rules. {{vanchor|psort1|psort2|text=Deciding whether primary, secondary, or tertiary sources are appropriate in any given instance is a matter of good editorial judgment and [[WP:COMMONSENSE|common sense]], and should be discussed on article talk pages. A source may be considered primary for one statement but secondary for a different one. Even a given source can contain both primary and secondary source material for one particular statement. For this policy, primary, secondary and tertiary sources are defined as follows}}:{{efn|The [[University of Maryland Libraries]] provides typical examples of primary, secondary and tertiary sources.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sources |url=http://www.lib.umd.edu/ues/guides/primary-sources |publisher=University of Maryland Libraries |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201122612/http://www.lib.umd.edu/ues/guides/primary-sources |archivedate=1 February 2013}}</ref>}} {{shortcut|WP:PRIMARY}}{{Anchor|Primary}} {{Redirect|WP:PRIMARY|the article naming guideline|Wikipedia:Disambiguation#Is there a primary topic?}} *'''[[Primary source]]s''' are original materials that are close to an event, and are often accounts written by people who are directly involved. They offer an insider's view of an event, a period of history, a work of art, a political decision, and so on. Primary sources may or may not be [[Wikipedia:Independent sources|independent sources]]. An account of a traffic incident written by a witness is a primary source of information about the event; similarly, a scientific paper documenting a new experiment conducted by the author is a primary source for the outcome of that experiment. For Wikipedia's purposes, breaking news stories are also [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources#Breaking news|considered]] to be primary sources.{{efn| {{Anchor|defs|NORPS|NOROPED}}Further examples of primary sources include: diaries; archeological artifacts; census results; video or transcripts of surveillance, public hearings, etc.; investigative reports; trial/litigation in any country (including material—which relates to either the trial or to any of the parties involved in the trial—published/authored by any involved party, before, during or after the trial); editorials, op-eds, columns, blogs, and other opinion pieces, including (depending on context) reviews and interviews {{crossref|(see {{section link|Wikipedia:Reliable sources#News organizations}})}}; tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires; original philosophical works; religious scripture; medieval and ancient works, even if they cite earlier known or lost writings; tomb plaques and gravestones; and artistic and fictional works such as poems, scripts, screenplays, novels, motion pictures, videos, and television programs. For definitions of primary sources: {{bulleted list |The [[University of Nevada, Reno]] Libraries define primary sources as providing "an inside view of a particular event". They offer as examples: '''original documents''', such as autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, and speeches; '''creative works''', such as art, drama, films, music, novels, and poetry; and '''relics or artifacts''', such as buildings, clothing, DNA, furniture, jewelry, and pottery.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is a Primary Source? |url=http://www.library.unr.edu/instruction/help/primary.html |publisher=University of Nevada, Reno Libraries |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209235512/http://www.library.unr.edu/instruction/help/primary.html |archivedate=9 February 2007}}</ref> |The [[University of California, Berkeley Libraries]] offers this definition: "Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs). They reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer. Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period".<ref name=Berkeley>{{cite web |title=Finding Historical Primary Sources |url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html|publisher=University of California, Berkeley Libraries |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702201241/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html |archivedate=2 July 2012}}</ref> |[[Duke University Libraries]] offers this definition: "A primary source is a first-hand account of an event. Primary sources may include newspaper articles, letters, diaries, interviews, laws, reports of government commissions, and many other types of documents."<ref>{{cite web |title=How to Find Primary Sources |url=http://library.duke.edu/research/finding/primarysource.html |publisher=Duke University Libraries |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313082729/http://library.duke.edu/research/finding/primarysource.html |archivedate=13 March 2012}}</ref>}}}} *:{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Unless restricted by another policy, *:# Primary sources that have been '''[[WP:RS|reputably published]]''' may be used in Wikipedia, but only with care, because it is easy to misuse them.{{efn|Any exceptional claim would require [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Exceptional claims require exceptional sources|exceptional sources]].}} *:# Any ''interpretation'' {{vanchor|anyinterpret1|anyinterpret2|text=of primary source material requires a reliable secondary source for that interpretation. While a primary source is generally the best source for its own contents, even over a summary of the primary source elsewhere, do not put [[WP:UNDUE|undue weight]] on its contents.}} *:# A primary source may be used on Wikipedia only to make straightforward, descriptive '''statements of facts''' that can be '''verified by any educated person with access''' to the primary source but without further, specialized knowledge.<!--That wording is quoted in full at Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction#Primary – please update it if the text here is changed.--> For example, an article about a musician may cite discographies and track listings published by the record label, and an article about a novel may cite passages to [[WP:PLOTREF|describe the plot]], but any interpretation needs a secondary source. *:# {{strong|Do not}} {{vanchor|nointerpretself1|nointerpretself2|text=analyze, evaluate, interpret, or synthesize material found in a primary source yourself; instead, refer to reliable secondary sources that do so.}}<!--That wording is quoted in full at Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction#Primary – please update it if the text here is changed.--> *:# {{strong|Do not}} base an entire article on primary sources, and be cautious about basing large passages on them. *:# {{Anchor|I-SAW-IT}}<!--Anchor used by Wikipedia:I-SAW-IT.-->{{strong|Do not}} add unsourced material from your personal experience, because that would make Wikipedia a primary source of that material. *:# Use {{strong|extra caution}} when handling primary sources about {{strong|living people}}; see {{section link|WP:Biographies of living persons|Avoid misuse of primary sources}}. {{Anchor|Secondary|AEIS|aeis}}<!--Anchor used by Template:AEIS and WP:AEIS.-->{{shortcut|WP:SECONDARY}} *A '''[[secondary source]]''' provides thought and reflection based on primary sources, generally at least one step removed from an event. It contains ''analysis, evaluation, interpretation, or synthesis'' of the facts, evidence, concepts, and ideas taken from primary sources. [[Wikipedia:Secondary does not mean independent|Secondary sources are not necessarily independent sources]]. They rely on primary sources for their material, making analytic or evaluative claims about them.{{efn|The [[University of California, Berkeley Libraries]] defines "secondary source" as "a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one step removed from the event".<ref name=Berkeley/>}} For example, a review article that analyzes research papers in a field is a secondary source for the research.{{efn|The Ithaca College Library's page on primary and secondary sources compares research articles to review articles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary and secondary sources |url=http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary |publisher=Ithaca College Library |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006053234/http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary |archivedate=6 October 2013}}</ref> Be aware that either type of article can be both a primary and secondary source, although research articles tend to be more useful as primary sources and review articles as secondary sources.}} Whether a source is primary or secondary depends on context. A book by a military historian about the Second World War might be a secondary source about the war, but where it includes details of the author's own war experiences, it would be a primary source about those experiences. A book review too can be an opinion, summary, or scholarly review.{{efn|Book reviews may be found listed under separate sections within a news source or might be embedded within larger news reports. Having multiple coverages in book reviews is considered one of the [[WP:Notability (books)|notability criteria for books]]; book reviews should be considered as supporting sources in articles about books. Avoid using book reviews as reliable sources for the topics covered in the book. A book review is intended to be an independent review of the book, the author, and related writing issues, not a secondary source for the topics covered within the book. For definitions of book reviews: {{bulleted list |Princeton's Wordnet 2011 defines book review as "a critical review of a book (usually, [of] a recently published book)".<ref>{{cite web |title=book review |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=book%20review |website=WordNet Search 3.1 |publisher=Princeton University |access-date=2011-09-22 |archive-date=2011-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105055403/http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=book%20review |url-status=live }}</ref> |Virginia Tech University Libraries provides the following definition: "A book review is an article that is published in a newspaper, magazine, or scholarly work that describes and evaluates a book.{{nbsp}}... Reviews differ from literary critiques of books. Critiques explore the style and themes used by an author or genre."<ref>{{cite web |title=Book Reviews |url=http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html |publisher=Virginia Tech University Libraries |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105100902/http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html |archivedate=5 January 2013}}</ref>}}}} *:{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Wikipedia articles usually rely on material from reliable secondary sources. Articles may make an analytic, evaluative, interpretive, or synthetic claim ''only if'' it has been published by a reliable secondary source. {{Anchor|Tertiary}}{{shortcut|WP:TERTIARY}} *'''[[Tertiary source]]s''' are publications such as encyclopedias and other [[Compendium|compendia]] that summarize, and often quote, primary and secondary sources. Wikipedia is considered to be a tertiary source.{{efn|While it is a tertiary source, Wikipedia is not considered a reliable source for Wikipedia articles; see {{section link|WP:Verifiability#Wikipedia and sources that mirror or use it}}, and {{section link|WP:Reliable sources|User-generated content}}.}} Many introductory undergraduate-level textbooks are regarded as tertiary sources because they sum up multiple secondary sources. *:{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Reliable tertiary sources can help provide broad summaries of topics that involve many primary and secondary sources and may help evaluate [[WP:DUE|due weight]], especially when primary or secondary sources contradict each other. Some tertiary sources are more reliable than others. Within any given tertiary source, some entries may be more reliable than others. Wikipedia articles may not be used as tertiary sources in other Wikipedia articles, but are sometimes used as primary sources in articles about Wikipedia itself (see [[:Category:Wikipedia]] and [[:Category:WikiProject Wikipedia articles]]). == Synthesis of published material == {{Anchor|Synthesis of published material that advances a position}} <!--Note: If this heading is changed, update [[Template:Syn]] and the link in the lead section.-->{{shortcut|WP:SYNTH}} {{Seealso|Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not|Wikipedia:Combining sources|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Text–source integrity}} Do not synthesize meaning from multiple sources to state or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by any of those sources. Similarly, do not combine different parts of one source to state or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by that source. If one reliable source says A and another reliable source says B, do not join A and B together to imply a conclusion C not mentioned by either of the sources. This would be an improper editorial ''synthesis'' of published material to imply a new conclusion, which is '''not allowed'''.{{efn|Synthesis often constitutes original research, as defined in this policy. Even in cases where it does not, it is a form of misuse of the cited source(s) and is disallowed anyway.}}{{efn|Jimmy Wales has said of synthesized historical theories: "Some who completely understand why Wikipedia ought not create novel theories of physics by citing the results of experiments and so on and synthesizing them into something new, may fail to see how the same thing applies to history."<ref>{{cite web |last=Wales |first=Jimmy |title=Original research |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikien-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/ZMPYZNORFFA7QOPXZDJIVT5Q6B4RJQNE/ |website=WikiEN-l Mailing List |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |date=6 December 2004}}</ref>}} "A and B, therefore, C" is acceptable ''only if'' a [[WP:RS|reliable source]] has published the same argument concerning the topic of the article. If a single source says "A" in one context, and "B" in another, without connecting them, and does not provide an argument of "therefore C", then "therefore C" cannot be used in any article. Here are two sentences showing simple examples of improper editorial synthesis. Both halves of the first sentence may be reliably sourced but are combined to imply that the UN has failed to maintain world peace. ''If no reliable source has combined the material in this way, it is original research.'' {{Quote box|style=background-color:#FFFF0010;color:inherit;width:70%;|align=center|salign=right |quote={{xmark}} '''The United Nations' stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, but since its creation there have been 160 wars throughout the world.''' }} In this second sentence, the opposite is implied using the same material, illustrating how easily such material can be manipulated when the sources are not adhered to: {{Quote box | style=background-color:#FFFF0010;color:inherit;width:70%; | align = center | salign = right | quote = {{xmark}} '''The United Nations' stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, and since its creation there have been only 160 wars throughout the world.''' }} Here are two paragraphs showing more complex examples of editorial synthesis. They are based on an actual Wikipedia article about a dispute between two authors, here called Smith and Jones. This first paragraph is fine because each of the sentences is carefully sourced, using a source that refers to the same dispute: {{Quote box | style=background-color:#FFFF0010;color:inherit;width:70%; | align = center | salign = right | quote = {{tick}} '''Smith stated that Jones committed plagiarism by copying references from another author's book. Jones responded that it is acceptable scholarly practice to use other people's books to find new references.''' }} This second paragraph demonstrates improper editorial synthesis: {{Quote box | style=background-color:#FFFF0010;color:inherit;width:70%; | align = center | salign = right | quote = {{xmark}} '''If Jones did not consult the original sources, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Harvard ''Writing with Sources'' manual, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The Harvard manual does not call violating this rule "plagiarism". Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing them.''' }} The second paragraph is original research because it expresses a Wikipedia editor's opinion that, given the Harvard manual's definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. Making the second paragraph policy-compliant would require a reliable source ''specifically commenting on the Smith and Jones dispute and making the same point about the Harvard manual and plagiarism''. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source concerning the topic before it can be published on Wikipedia. == What is not original research == {{shortcut|WP:WINOR}} === Using own words === {{shortcut|WP:OWNWORDSNOR}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Editing policy#Copyright|Wikipedia:Verifiability#Copyright and plagiarism|}} Describing the information from cited material in one's own words while retaining the substance (i.e., not introducing ideas or arguments absent from the source) is not original research. In fact, writing in your own words is strongly encouraged to avoid [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism#Avoiding plagiarism|plagiarism]], [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|close paraphrasing]], and [[Wikipedia:Copyright violations|copyright violations]]. === Translations and transcriptions === {{shortcut|WP:TRANSCRIPTION}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Translation}} Faithfully translating sourced material into English, or transcribing spoken words from audio or video sources, is not considered original research. For information on how to handle sources that require translation, see {{section link|WP:Verifiability#Non-English sources}}. [[Transliteration]] is not considered original research. See [[Wikipedia:Romanization]] for links to language-specific advice. === Routine calculations === {{shortcut|WP:CALC|WP:BASICMATH}} Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is consensus that the results of the calculations are correct, and a meaningful reflection of the [[WP:Verifiability#Reliable sources|sources]]. [[Basic arithmetic]], such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age, is almost always permissible. See also [[:Category:Conversion templates]]. Numeracy might be necessary to follow a "routine" calculation, particularly for articles on mathematics or in the [[Hard science|hard sciences]]. Consider showing your work in a [[Wikipedia:Explanatory notes|footnote]]. Comparisons of statistics present particular difficulties. Do not compare statistics from sources that use different methodologies. === Acceptable media === {{shortcut|WP:ORMEDIA}} Source information does not need to be in [[prose]] form: Any form of information, such as maps, charts, graphs, and tables may be used to provide source information. Any straightforward reading of such media is not original research provided that there is [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] among editors that the techniques used are correctly applied and a meaningful reflection of the sources. === Original images === {{shortcut|WP:OI|WP:IMAGEOR}} {{See also|WP:Image use policy#Diagrams and other images|WP:Manual of Style/Images#Pertinence and encyclopedic nature}} Because of copyright laws in several countries, there may be relatively few images available for use on Wikipedia. Editors are therefore encouraged to upload their own images, releasing them under appropriate [[Creative Commons license]]s or other free licenses. Original images created by a Wikimedian are not considered original research, so long as they, or their captions, ''do not illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments''. Examples of {{em|not}} fulfilling this requirement include: * using [[photo manipulation]] to distort the facts or position illustrated by an image; see [[Wikipedia:Image use policy#NOPHOTOMANIPULATION|clause in WP:Image use policy]] * presenting living persons in a false or disparaging light; see {{section link|WP:Biographies of living persons|Images}} * using AI to wholly generate the image (in most cases); see {{section link|WP:Image use policy|AI-generated images}} == Related policies == === Verifiability === {{Main|Wikipedia:Verifiability}} {{shortcut|WP:VERIFYOR}} Wikipedia's content is determined by '''previously published information''' rather than by the personal beliefs or experiences of its editors. Even if you're sure something is {{em|true}}, it {{em|must}} be verifiable before you can add it. The policy says that all challenged or likely to be challenged material and all quotations need a reliable source; what counts as a reliable source is described at {{section link|WP:Verifiability#Reliable sources}}. === Neutral point of view === {{shortcut|WP:NPOVOR}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view}} The prohibition against original research limits the extent to which editors may present their own points of view in articles. By reinforcing the importance of including verifiable research produced by others, this policy promotes the inclusion of multiple points of view. Consequently, this policy reinforces our neutrality policy. In many cases, there are multiple established views of any given topic. In such cases, no single position, no matter how well researched, is authoritative. It is not the responsibility of any individual editor to research {{em|all}} points of view. But when incorporating research into an article, editors must provide context for this point of view by indicating how prevalent the position is and whether it is held by a majority or minority. The inclusion of a view that is held by only a tiny minority may constitute original research. [[Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]] has said of this: * If your viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with references to commonly accepted reference texts; * If your viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name prominent adherents; * If your viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, then—whether it's true or not, whether you can prove it, or not—it doesn't belong in Wikipedia, except perhaps in some ancillary article. Wikipedia is not the place for original research.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wales |first=Jimmy |url=http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html |website=WikiEN-l Mailing List |title=roy_q_royce@hotmail.com: --A Request RE a WIKIArticle-- |date=29 September 2003 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=17 September 2006 |archive-date=22 September 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040922204751/http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html |url-status=live }}</ref> == See also == === Guidelines === * [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]] * [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest#Citing yourself|Conflict of interest § Citing yourself]] * [[Wikipedia:No original research/Examples|No original research examples]] * [[Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]{{mdash}}discussions of specific article content suspected of being OR * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not for things made up one day|Wikipedia is not for things made up one day]] === Templates === {{div col}} * {{Tl|Original research}}{{mdash}}used to warn of original research * {{Tl|Original research section}}{{mdash}}to warn of original research in an article section * {{Tl|OR}}{{mdash}}inline tag used to warn of original research * {{Tl|Synthesis}}{{mdash}}used to warn of unpublished synthesis * {{Tl|AEIS}}{{mdash}}used in talk/noticeboards to remind that ''analytic, evaluative, interpretive, or synthetic'' claims require secondary sources * [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Disputes|Template messages/Disputes]]{{mdash}}lists other warning templates related to OR, among others {{div col end}} === Supplemental pages === {{div col}} * [[Wikipedia:Core content policies#History|Core content policies § History]], an overview of the origin of this policy * [[Wikipedia:Identifying and using independent sources|Identifying and using independent sources]] * [[Wikipedia:Identifying and using primary sources|Identifying and using primary sources]] * [[Wikipedia:These are not original research|These are not original research]] * [[Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not|What SYNTH is not]] * [[Wikipedia:When to cite#When a source or citation may not be needed|When to cite &sect;&nbsp;When a source or citation may not be needed]] {{div col end}} === Essays === {{div col}} * [[Wikipedia:Cherrypicking|Cherrypicking]] * [[Wikipedia:Dictionaries as sources|Dictionaries as sources]] * [[Wikipedia:Identifying and using style guides|Identifying and using style guides]] * [[Wikipedia:Identifying and using tertiary sources|Identifying and using tertiary sources]] * [[Wikipedia:Party and person|Party and person]] * [[Wikipedia:POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields|POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields]] * [[Wikipedia:Using maps and similar sources in Wikipedia articles|Using maps and similar sources in Wikipedia articles]] * [[Wikipedia:1.5 sources|1.5 sources]] * [[Wikipedia:You don't need to cite that the sky is blue|You don't need to cite that the sky is blue]] {{div col end}} === Research help === {{div col}} * [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request|WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request]] * [[Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] {{div col end}} == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == {{Refbegin}} * Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005288.html Crackpot articles], mailing list, July 12, 2003. * Wales, Jimmy. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikien-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/WGCTIJNSFHVWGTV5IZCR3LBGXKNHZXQO/ "NPOV and 'new physics'"], mailing list, September 26, 2003. * Wales, Jimmy. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikien-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/QITEOZ47CS3YU2ELEYVHDDDNH64IDSIG/ "NPOV and 'new physics'"], mailing list, September 26, 2003 (followup to above) * Wales, Jimmy. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikien-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/J5YNBK754O43GRXCB47MKAH4OTJW4P6A/ "Original research"], mailing list, December 3, 2004 {{Refend}} == External links == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mlGDZ1ZDFI YouTube video demonstrating the dangers of original research] {{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}} [[Category:Wikipedia content policies]] [[Category:Wikipedia verifiability]] jen9xczpuk0xonliguph1uexef9szg1 122956 122955 2026-10-06T12:26:06Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nutshell|Wikipedia [[WP:ORIGINALITY|does not publish original thought]]. All material in Wikipedia must be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|attributable]] to a [[WP:RS|reliable, published source]]. Articles must not contain any new analysis or synthesis of published material that reaches or implies a conclusion not clearly stated by the sources themselves. Simple calculations are not original research, see {{section link||Routine calculations}}.}} {{Content policy list}} [[File:Manusingmicroscope.jpg|thumb|Kuwalo kwa Wikipediya, kafukufuku wakwamba ni chigaŵa chikuru cha ntchito ya ŵasambiri. Kweni awo ŵakulemba pa Wikipediya ŵakwenera kukhazikiska ivyo ŵakulemba pa vinthu vyakugomezgeka, ivyo vyalembeka, pa kafukufuku {{em|wawo}} wakwamba yayi.|alt=A microbiologist conducting scientific research using a microscope.]] {{strong|Wikipedia articles must not contain original research.}} On [[Wikipedia]], ''original research'' means material—such as facts, allegations, and ideas—for which no [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources|reliable source]] has ever been published. By this, the community means that the reliable source must [[Wikipedia:Published|have been published and still exist]]—somewhere in the world, in any language, whether or not it is reachable online—even if no source is currently named in the article. Articles that currently name zero references of any type may be fully compliant with this policy—so long as there is a {{em|reasonable expectation}} that editors could ''find'' a published, reliable source to support every bit of material. The definition of original research includes any analysis or synthesis of published material that [[#Synthesis of published material| reaches or implies a conclusion not stated by the sources]]. To demonstrate that one is not adding original research, one must be able to cite – even if not yet expressly cited – reliable, published sources that are {{em|directly related}} to the topic of the article and {{em|directly support}}{{efn|A source "directly supports" a given piece of material if the information is present {{em|explicitly}} in the source so that using this source to support the material is not a violation of this policy. For questions about where and how to place citations, see [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]], {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|Citations}}, etc.}} the material being presented. The prohibition against original research means that it must be possible for editors to {{em|find}} a reliable, [[Wikipedia:Published|published]] source that [[Wikipedia:Directly supports|directly supports]] any given bit of material. Uncited material does not automatically violate this policy because it can be [[Wikipedia:Glossary#verifiable|''verifi{{em|able}}'']] even though it is not ''[[Wikipedia:Glossary#cited|cited]]''. For example, the statement <!-- DO NOT CHANGE THE WORD ORDER IN THE Paris-France SENTENCE -->"the capital of France is Paris"<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THE WORD ORDER IN THE Paris-France SENTENCE - it was chosen deliberately because some other cities called Paris are not capitals of France --> [[Wikipedia:You don't need to cite that the sky is blue|does not require a source to be cited]], nor is it original research, because editors could {{em|find}} a reliable source that directly supports this sentence if they tried to. Despite the need for reliable sources, one must not [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism|plagiarize]] them or [[Wikipedia:Copyright violations|violate their copyrights]]. Rewriting source material in one's own words while retaining the substance is not considered original research. "No original research" (NOR) is one of three core content policies that, along with [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] and [[Wikipedia:verifiability|Verifiability]], determine the type and quality of material acceptable in articles. Because these policies work in harmony, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another, and editors should familiarize themselves with all three. For questions about whether any particular edit constitutes original research, see the [[WP:NORN|No original research noticeboard]]. {{visible anchor|ORTP|NORTP|text=This policy does not apply to [[Help:Using talk pages|talk pages]] and other pages which evaluate article content and sources, such as deletion discussions or policy noticeboards.}} == Using sources == {{Shortcut|WP:STICKTOTHESOURCE}} Wikipedia is fundamentally built on research that has been collected and organized from [[Wikipedia:reliable sources|reliable sources]], as described in content policies such as this one. If no reliable [[Wikipedia:Independent sources|independent sources]] can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article about it. If a user discovers something new, Wikipedia is not the place to announce such a discovery. The best practice is to research the most reliable sources on the topic and summarize what they say [[Wikipedia:Use our own words|in one's own words]], with each statement in the article being verifiable in a source that makes that statement explicitly. Source material should be carefully summarized or rephrased without changing its meaning or implication, going beyond what the sources express, or using them in ways inconsistent with the intention of the source, such as using material [[out of context]]. In short, one must {{em|stick to the sources.}} === Reliable sources === {{See|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Reliable sources}} Material for which no reliable source can be found is considered original research. The only way one can show that an edit is not original research is to cite a reliable published source that contains the same material. Even with well-sourced material, if one uses it out of context, or to state or imply a conclusion not ''directly and explicitly'' supported by the source, one is engaging in original research, [[Quod vide|which see]] [[#Synthesis of published material|below]]. Information in an article must be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] in the references cited. In general, article statements should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages or on passing comments. Any passages open to multiple interpretations should be precisely cited or avoided. A summary of extensive discussion should reflect the conclusions of the source. Conclusions which are not evident in the source are original research regardless of the type of source. Sources must be cited in context and on topic. === <span class="anchor" id="Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources"></span>Primary, secondary and tertiary sources === {{shortcut|WP:PSTS}} {{See|Wikipedia:Identifying and using primary sources|Wikipedia:Based upon|Wikipedia:Published}} Wikipedia articles should be based on [[WP:Reliable sources|reliable]], published [[secondary source]]s, and to a lesser extent, on [[tertiary source]]s and [[primary source]]s. Secondary or tertiary sources are needed to establish the topic's [[WP:N|notability]] and avoid novel interpretations of primary sources. All analyses and interpretive or synthetic claims about primary sources must be referenced to a secondary or tertiary source and must not be an original analysis of the primary-source material by Wikipedia editors. Appropriate sourcing can be a complicated issue, and these are general rules. {{vanchor|psort1|psort2|text=Deciding whether primary, secondary, or tertiary sources are appropriate in any given instance is a matter of good editorial judgment and [[WP:COMMONSENSE|common sense]], and should be discussed on article talk pages. A source may be considered primary for one statement but secondary for a different one. Even a given source can contain both primary and secondary source material for one particular statement. For this policy, primary, secondary and tertiary sources are defined as follows}}:{{efn|The [[University of Maryland Libraries]] provides typical examples of primary, secondary and tertiary sources.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sources |url=http://www.lib.umd.edu/ues/guides/primary-sources |publisher=University of Maryland Libraries |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201122612/http://www.lib.umd.edu/ues/guides/primary-sources |archivedate=1 February 2013}}</ref>}} {{shortcut|WP:PRIMARY}}{{Anchor|Primary}} {{Redirect|WP:PRIMARY|the article naming guideline|Wikipedia:Disambiguation#Is there a primary topic?}} *'''[[Primary source]]s''' are original materials that are close to an event, and are often accounts written by people who are directly involved. They offer an insider's view of an event, a period of history, a work of art, a political decision, and so on. Primary sources may or may not be [[Wikipedia:Independent sources|independent sources]]. An account of a traffic incident written by a witness is a primary source of information about the event; similarly, a scientific paper documenting a new experiment conducted by the author is a primary source for the outcome of that experiment. For Wikipedia's purposes, breaking news stories are also [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources#Breaking news|considered]] to be primary sources.{{efn| {{Anchor|defs|NORPS|NOROPED}}Further examples of primary sources include: diaries; archeological artifacts; census results; video or transcripts of surveillance, public hearings, etc.; investigative reports; trial/litigation in any country (including material—which relates to either the trial or to any of the parties involved in the trial—published/authored by any involved party, before, during or after the trial); editorials, op-eds, columns, blogs, and other opinion pieces, including (depending on context) reviews and interviews {{crossref|(see {{section link|Wikipedia:Reliable sources#News organizations}})}}; tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires; original philosophical works; religious scripture; medieval and ancient works, even if they cite earlier known or lost writings; tomb plaques and gravestones; and artistic and fictional works such as poems, scripts, screenplays, novels, motion pictures, videos, and television programs. For definitions of primary sources: {{bulleted list |The [[University of Nevada, Reno]] Libraries define primary sources as providing "an inside view of a particular event". They offer as examples: '''original documents''', such as autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, and speeches; '''creative works''', such as art, drama, films, music, novels, and poetry; and '''relics or artifacts''', such as buildings, clothing, DNA, furniture, jewelry, and pottery.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is a Primary Source? |url=http://www.library.unr.edu/instruction/help/primary.html |publisher=University of Nevada, Reno Libraries |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209235512/http://www.library.unr.edu/instruction/help/primary.html |archivedate=9 February 2007}}</ref> |The [[University of California, Berkeley Libraries]] offers this definition: "Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs). They reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer. Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period".<ref name=Berkeley>{{cite web |title=Finding Historical Primary Sources |url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html|publisher=University of California, Berkeley Libraries |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702201241/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html |archivedate=2 July 2012}}</ref> |[[Duke University Libraries]] offers this definition: "A primary source is a first-hand account of an event. Primary sources may include newspaper articles, letters, diaries, interviews, laws, reports of government commissions, and many other types of documents."<ref>{{cite web |title=How to Find Primary Sources |url=http://library.duke.edu/research/finding/primarysource.html |publisher=Duke University Libraries |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313082729/http://library.duke.edu/research/finding/primarysource.html |archivedate=13 March 2012}}</ref>}}}} *:{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Unless restricted by another policy, *:# Primary sources that have been '''[[WP:RS|reputably published]]''' may be used in Wikipedia, but only with care, because it is easy to misuse them.{{efn|Any exceptional claim would require [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Exceptional claims require exceptional sources|exceptional sources]].}} *:# Any ''interpretation'' {{vanchor|anyinterpret1|anyinterpret2|text=of primary source material requires a reliable secondary source for that interpretation. While a primary source is generally the best source for its own contents, even over a summary of the primary source elsewhere, do not put [[WP:UNDUE|undue weight]] on its contents.}} *:# A primary source may be used on Wikipedia only to make straightforward, descriptive '''statements of facts''' that can be '''verified by any educated person with access''' to the primary source but without further, specialized knowledge.<!--That wording is quoted in full at Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction#Primary – please update it if the text here is changed.--> For example, an article about a musician may cite discographies and track listings published by the record label, and an article about a novel may cite passages to [[WP:PLOTREF|describe the plot]], but any interpretation needs a secondary source. *:# {{strong|Do not}} {{vanchor|nointerpretself1|nointerpretself2|text=analyze, evaluate, interpret, or synthesize material found in a primary source yourself; instead, refer to reliable secondary sources that do so.}}<!--That wording is quoted in full at Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction#Primary – please update it if the text here is changed.--> *:# {{strong|Do not}} base an entire article on primary sources, and be cautious about basing large passages on them. *:# {{Anchor|I-SAW-IT}}<!--Anchor used by Wikipedia:I-SAW-IT.-->{{strong|Do not}} add unsourced material from your personal experience, because that would make Wikipedia a primary source of that material. *:# Use {{strong|extra caution}} when handling primary sources about {{strong|living people}}; see {{section link|WP:Biographies of living persons|Avoid misuse of primary sources}}. {{Anchor|Secondary|AEIS|aeis}}<!--Anchor used by Template:AEIS and WP:AEIS.-->{{shortcut|WP:SECONDARY}} *A '''[[secondary source]]''' provides thought and reflection based on primary sources, generally at least one step removed from an event. It contains ''analysis, evaluation, interpretation, or synthesis'' of the facts, evidence, concepts, and ideas taken from primary sources. [[Wikipedia:Secondary does not mean independent|Secondary sources are not necessarily independent sources]]. They rely on primary sources for their material, making analytic or evaluative claims about them.{{efn|The [[University of California, Berkeley Libraries]] defines "secondary source" as "a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one step removed from the event".<ref name=Berkeley/>}} For example, a review article that analyzes research papers in a field is a secondary source for the research.{{efn|The Ithaca College Library's page on primary and secondary sources compares research articles to review articles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary and secondary sources |url=http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary |publisher=Ithaca College Library |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006053234/http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary |archivedate=6 October 2013}}</ref> Be aware that either type of article can be both a primary and secondary source, although research articles tend to be more useful as primary sources and review articles as secondary sources.}} Whether a source is primary or secondary depends on context. A book by a military historian about the Second World War might be a secondary source about the war, but where it includes details of the author's own war experiences, it would be a primary source about those experiences. A book review too can be an opinion, summary, or scholarly review.{{efn|Book reviews may be found listed under separate sections within a news source or might be embedded within larger news reports. Having multiple coverages in book reviews is considered one of the [[WP:Notability (books)|notability criteria for books]]; book reviews should be considered as supporting sources in articles about books. Avoid using book reviews as reliable sources for the topics covered in the book. A book review is intended to be an independent review of the book, the author, and related writing issues, not a secondary source for the topics covered within the book. For definitions of book reviews: {{bulleted list |Princeton's Wordnet 2011 defines book review as "a critical review of a book (usually, [of] a recently published book)".<ref>{{cite web |title=book review |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=book%20review |website=WordNet Search 3.1 |publisher=Princeton University |access-date=2011-09-22 |archive-date=2011-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105055403/http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=book%20review |url-status=live }}</ref> |Virginia Tech University Libraries provides the following definition: "A book review is an article that is published in a newspaper, magazine, or scholarly work that describes and evaluates a book.{{nbsp}}... Reviews differ from literary critiques of books. Critiques explore the style and themes used by an author or genre."<ref>{{cite web |title=Book Reviews |url=http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html |publisher=Virginia Tech University Libraries |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105100902/http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html |archivedate=5 January 2013}}</ref>}}}} *:{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Wikipedia articles usually rely on material from reliable secondary sources. Articles may make an analytic, evaluative, interpretive, or synthetic claim ''only if'' it has been published by a reliable secondary source. {{Anchor|Tertiary}}{{shortcut|WP:TERTIARY}} *'''[[Tertiary source]]s''' are publications such as encyclopedias and other [[Compendium|compendia]] that summarize, and often quote, primary and secondary sources. Wikipedia is considered to be a tertiary source.{{efn|While it is a tertiary source, Wikipedia is not considered a reliable source for Wikipedia articles; see {{section link|WP:Verifiability#Wikipedia and sources that mirror or use it}}, and {{section link|WP:Reliable sources|User-generated content}}.}} Many introductory undergraduate-level textbooks are regarded as tertiary sources because they sum up multiple secondary sources. *:{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Reliable tertiary sources can help provide broad summaries of topics that involve many primary and secondary sources and may help evaluate [[WP:DUE|due weight]], especially when primary or secondary sources contradict each other. Some tertiary sources are more reliable than others. Within any given tertiary source, some entries may be more reliable than others. Wikipedia articles may not be used as tertiary sources in other Wikipedia articles, but are sometimes used as primary sources in articles about Wikipedia itself (see [[:Category:Wikipedia]] and [[:Category:WikiProject Wikipedia articles]]). == Synthesis of published material == {{Anchor|Synthesis of published material that advances a position}} <!--Note: If this heading is changed, update [[Template:Syn]] and the link in the lead section.-->{{shortcut|WP:SYNTH}} {{Seealso|Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not|Wikipedia:Combining sources|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Text–source integrity}} Do not synthesize meaning from multiple sources to state or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by any of those sources. Similarly, do not combine different parts of one source to state or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by that source. If one reliable source says A and another reliable source says B, do not join A and B together to imply a conclusion C not mentioned by either of the sources. This would be an improper editorial ''synthesis'' of published material to imply a new conclusion, which is '''not allowed'''.{{efn|Synthesis often constitutes original research, as defined in this policy. Even in cases where it does not, it is a form of misuse of the cited source(s) and is disallowed anyway.}}{{efn|Jimmy Wales has said of synthesized historical theories: "Some who completely understand why Wikipedia ought not create novel theories of physics by citing the results of experiments and so on and synthesizing them into something new, may fail to see how the same thing applies to history."<ref>{{cite web |last=Wales |first=Jimmy |title=Original research |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikien-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/ZMPYZNORFFA7QOPXZDJIVT5Q6B4RJQNE/ |website=WikiEN-l Mailing List |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |date=6 December 2004}}</ref>}} "A and B, therefore, C" is acceptable ''only if'' a [[WP:RS|reliable source]] has published the same argument concerning the topic of the article. If a single source says "A" in one context, and "B" in another, without connecting them, and does not provide an argument of "therefore C", then "therefore C" cannot be used in any article. Here are two sentences showing simple examples of improper editorial synthesis. Both halves of the first sentence may be reliably sourced but are combined to imply that the UN has failed to maintain world peace. ''If no reliable source has combined the material in this way, it is original research.'' {{Quote box|style=background-color:#FFFF0010;color:inherit;width:70%;|align=center|salign=right |quote={{xmark}} '''The United Nations' stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, but since its creation there have been 160 wars throughout the world.''' }} In this second sentence, the opposite is implied using the same material, illustrating how easily such material can be manipulated when the sources are not adhered to: {{Quote box | style=background-color:#FFFF0010;color:inherit;width:70%; | align = center | salign = right | quote = {{xmark}} '''The United Nations' stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, and since its creation there have been only 160 wars throughout the world.''' }} Here are two paragraphs showing more complex examples of editorial synthesis. They are based on an actual Wikipedia article about a dispute between two authors, here called Smith and Jones. This first paragraph is fine because each of the sentences is carefully sourced, using a source that refers to the same dispute: {{Quote box | style=background-color:#FFFF0010;color:inherit;width:70%; | align = center | salign = right | quote = {{tick}} '''Smith stated that Jones committed plagiarism by copying references from another author's book. Jones responded that it is acceptable scholarly practice to use other people's books to find new references.''' }} This second paragraph demonstrates improper editorial synthesis: {{Quote box | style=background-color:#FFFF0010;color:inherit;width:70%; | align = center | salign = right | quote = {{xmark}} '''If Jones did not consult the original sources, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Harvard ''Writing with Sources'' manual, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The Harvard manual does not call violating this rule "plagiarism". Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing them.''' }} The second paragraph is original research because it expresses a Wikipedia editor's opinion that, given the Harvard manual's definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. Making the second paragraph policy-compliant would require a reliable source ''specifically commenting on the Smith and Jones dispute and making the same point about the Harvard manual and plagiarism''. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source concerning the topic before it can be published on Wikipedia. == What is not original research == {{shortcut|WP:WINOR}} === Using own words === {{shortcut|WP:OWNWORDSNOR}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Editing policy#Copyright|Wikipedia:Verifiability#Copyright and plagiarism|}} Describing the information from cited material in one's own words while retaining the substance (i.e., not introducing ideas or arguments absent from the source) is not original research. In fact, writing in your own words is strongly encouraged to avoid [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism#Avoiding plagiarism|plagiarism]], [[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|close paraphrasing]], and [[Wikipedia:Copyright violations|copyright violations]]. === Translations and transcriptions === {{shortcut|WP:TRANSCRIPTION}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Translation}} Faithfully translating sourced material into English, or transcribing spoken words from audio or video sources, is not considered original research. For information on how to handle sources that require translation, see {{section link|WP:Verifiability#Non-English sources}}. [[Transliteration]] is not considered original research. See [[Wikipedia:Romanization]] for links to language-specific advice. === Routine calculations === {{shortcut|WP:CALC|WP:BASICMATH}} Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is consensus that the results of the calculations are correct, and a meaningful reflection of the [[WP:Verifiability#Reliable sources|sources]]. [[Basic arithmetic]], such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age, is almost always permissible. See also [[:Category:Conversion templates]]. Numeracy might be necessary to follow a "routine" calculation, particularly for articles on mathematics or in the [[Hard science|hard sciences]]. Consider showing your work in a [[Wikipedia:Explanatory notes|footnote]]. Comparisons of statistics present particular difficulties. Do not compare statistics from sources that use different methodologies. === Acceptable media === {{shortcut|WP:ORMEDIA}} Source information does not need to be in [[prose]] form: Any form of information, such as maps, charts, graphs, and tables may be used to provide source information. Any straightforward reading of such media is not original research provided that there is [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] among editors that the techniques used are correctly applied and a meaningful reflection of the sources. === Original images === {{shortcut|WP:OI|WP:IMAGEOR}} {{See also|WP:Image use policy#Diagrams and other images|WP:Manual of Style/Images#Pertinence and encyclopedic nature}} Because of copyright laws in several countries, there may be relatively few images available for use on Wikipedia. Editors are therefore encouraged to upload their own images, releasing them under appropriate [[Creative Commons license]]s or other free licenses. Original images created by a Wikimedian are not considered original research, so long as they, or their captions, ''do not illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments''. Examples of {{em|not}} fulfilling this requirement include: * using [[photo manipulation]] to distort the facts or position illustrated by an image; see [[Wikipedia:Image use policy#NOPHOTOMANIPULATION|clause in WP:Image use policy]] * presenting living persons in a false or disparaging light; see {{section link|WP:Biographies of living persons|Images}} * using AI to wholly generate the image (in most cases); see {{section link|WP:Image use policy|AI-generated images}} == Related policies == === Verifiability === {{Main|Wikipedia:Verifiability}} {{shortcut|WP:VERIFYOR}} Wikipedia's content is determined by '''previously published information''' rather than by the personal beliefs or experiences of its editors. Even if you're sure something is {{em|true}}, it {{em|must}} be verifiable before you can add it. The policy says that all challenged or likely to be challenged material and all quotations need a reliable source; what counts as a reliable source is described at {{section link|WP:Verifiability#Reliable sources}}. === Neutral point of view === {{shortcut|WP:NPOVOR}} {{Main|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view}} The prohibition against original research limits the extent to which editors may present their own points of view in articles. By reinforcing the importance of including verifiable research produced by others, this policy promotes the inclusion of multiple points of view. Consequently, this policy reinforces our neutrality policy. In many cases, there are multiple established views of any given topic. In such cases, no single position, no matter how well researched, is authoritative. It is not the responsibility of any individual editor to research {{em|all}} points of view. But when incorporating research into an article, editors must provide context for this point of view by indicating how prevalent the position is and whether it is held by a majority or minority. The inclusion of a view that is held by only a tiny minority may constitute original research. [[Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]] has said of this: * If your viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with references to commonly accepted reference texts; * If your viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name prominent adherents; * If your viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, then—whether it's true or not, whether you can prove it, or not—it doesn't belong in Wikipedia, except perhaps in some ancillary article. Wikipedia is not the place for original research.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wales |first=Jimmy |url=http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html |website=WikiEN-l Mailing List |title=roy_q_royce@hotmail.com: --A Request RE a WIKIArticle-- |date=29 September 2003 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=17 September 2006 |archive-date=22 September 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040922204751/http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html |url-status=live }}</ref> == See also == === Guidelines === * [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]] * [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest#Citing yourself|Conflict of interest § Citing yourself]] * [[Wikipedia:No original research/Examples|No original research examples]] * [[Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]{{mdash}}discussions of specific article content suspected of being OR * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not for things made up one day|Wikipedia is not for things made up one day]] === Templates === {{div col}} * {{Tl|Original research}}{{mdash}}used to warn of original research * {{Tl|Original research section}}{{mdash}}to warn of original research in an article section * {{Tl|OR}}{{mdash}}inline tag used to warn of original research * {{Tl|Synthesis}}{{mdash}}used to warn of unpublished synthesis * {{Tl|AEIS}}{{mdash}}used in talk/noticeboards to remind that ''analytic, evaluative, interpretive, or synthetic'' claims require secondary sources * [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Disputes|Template messages/Disputes]]{{mdash}}lists other warning templates related to OR, among others {{div col end}} === Supplemental pages === {{div col}} * [[Wikipedia:Core content policies#History|Core content policies § History]], an overview of the origin of this policy * [[Wikipedia:Identifying and using independent sources|Identifying and using independent sources]] * [[Wikipedia:Identifying and using primary sources|Identifying and using primary sources]] * [[Wikipedia:These are not original research|These are not original research]] * [[Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not|What SYNTH is not]] * [[Wikipedia:When to cite#When a source or citation may not be needed|When to cite &sect;&nbsp;When a source or citation may not be needed]] {{div col end}} === Essays === {{div col}} * [[Wikipedia:Cherrypicking|Cherrypicking]] * [[Wikipedia:Dictionaries as sources|Dictionaries as sources]] * [[Wikipedia:Identifying and using style guides|Identifying and using style guides]] * [[Wikipedia:Identifying and using tertiary sources|Identifying and using tertiary sources]] * [[Wikipedia:Party and person|Party and person]] * [[Wikipedia:POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields|POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields]] * [[Wikipedia:Using maps and similar sources in Wikipedia articles|Using maps and similar sources in Wikipedia articles]] * [[Wikipedia:1.5 sources|1.5 sources]] * [[Wikipedia:You don't need to cite that the sky is blue|You don't need to cite that the sky is blue]] {{div col end}} === Research help === {{div col}} * [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request|WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request]] * [[Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] {{div col end}} == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == {{Refbegin}} * Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005288.html Crackpot articles], mailing list, July 12, 2003. * Wales, Jimmy. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikien-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/WGCTIJNSFHVWGTV5IZCR3LBGXKNHZXQO/ "NPOV and 'new physics'"], mailing list, September 26, 2003. * Wales, Jimmy. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikien-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/QITEOZ47CS3YU2ELEYVHDDDNH64IDSIG/ "NPOV and 'new physics'"], mailing list, September 26, 2003 (followup to above) * Wales, Jimmy. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikien-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/J5YNBK754O43GRXCB47MKAH4OTJW4P6A/ "Original research"], mailing list, December 3, 2004 {{Refend}} == External links == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mlGDZ1ZDFI YouTube video demonstrating the dangers of original research] {{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}} [[Category:Wikipedia content policies]] [[Category:Wikipedia verifiability]] b4w8os0d784dweifcb8x4bepkcr10cv 4 49875 122957 2026-10-06T12:27:56Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Redirected page to [[Wikipedia:No original research]] 122957 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:No original research]] r3krw0ykwx0cuokujgqdaoz83uqs2zs 0 49876 122958 2026-10-06T12:55:30Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi mu [[chigaŵa cha Figuig]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}.<ref>https://geonames.org</ref> Muli ŵanthu 10,872 (2014).<ref>http://www.ville-figuig.info/index.php/2013-08-03-10-07-25/demographie</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== *[http://www.ville-figuig.info/ Malo ghakuzomerezgeka gha Figuig] [[Category:Morocco]]" 122958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi mu [[chigaŵa cha Figuig]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}.<ref>https://geonames.org</ref> Muli ŵanthu 10,872 (2014).<ref>http://www.ville-figuig.info/index.php/2013-08-03-10-07-25/demographie</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== *[http://www.ville-figuig.info/ Malo ghakuzomerezgeka gha Figuig] [[Category:Morocco]] 62wg3hn1gas8ybhhg9xr0b2j7lfyc9l 122984 122958 2026-10-07T00:48:23Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi mu [[chigaŵa cha Figuig]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}.<ref>https://geonames.org</ref> Muli ŵanthu 10,872 (2014).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210805170302/https://ville-figuig.info/index.php/2013-08-03-10-07-25/demographie</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== *[http://www.ville-figuig.info/ Malo ghakuzomerezgeka gha Figuig] [[Category:Morocco]] 3v16a39102n2o1x8bzr489fs0crk60z 123008 122984 2026-10-07T04:46:14Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 123008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni msumba mu [[chigaŵa cha Figuig]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}.<ref>https://geonames.org</ref> Muli ŵanthu 10,872 (2014).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210805170302/https://ville-figuig.info/index.php/2013-08-03-10-07-25/demographie</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== *[http://www.ville-figuig.info/ Malo ghakuzomerezgeka gha Figuig] [[Category:Morocco]] lip83sis3rs6bi29hdmbxdax88eraj7 1 49877 122964 2026-10-06T13:43:37Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 122964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 0 49878 122967 2026-10-06T13:56:24Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Redirected page to [[Vikram Barn]] 122967 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vikram Barn]] 6scefi4nsf2les79lsp9xtqqjdsa068 0 49879 122968 2026-10-06T14:22:20Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Sidemen '''ni gulu la [[YouTube|YouTuber]] ilo likupanga mavidiyo pamoza. Kuwalo kwa YouTube, ŵakugwiraso ntchito na nthambi zakupambanapambana za bizinesi. ==Ma membala== Gulu ili lili na ŵanthu aŵa:<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=IiVeDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45</ref> *[[Simon Minter]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Miniminter *[[Joshua Bradley|Joshua "Josh" Bradley]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Zerkaa *[[Vikram Barn]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti..." 122968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sidemen '''ni gulu la [[YouTube|YouTuber]] ilo likupanga mavidiyo pamoza. Kuwalo kwa YouTube, ŵakugwiraso ntchito na nthambi zakupambanapambana za bizinesi. ==Ma membala== Gulu ili lili na ŵanthu aŵa:<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=IiVeDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45</ref> *[[Simon Minter]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Miniminter *[[Joshua Bradley|Joshua "Josh" Bradley]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Zerkaa *[[Vikram Barn]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Vikkstar123 *[[Tobit John Brown|Tobit "Tobi" Brown]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Tobjizzle panji TBJZL *[[Tobit John Brown|Tobit "Tobi" Brown]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Tobjizzle panji TBJZL *[[Ethan Payne]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Behzinga *[[Harry Lewis]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Wroetoshaw panji W2S Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa mamembala: *[[Olajide Olatunji|Olajide "JJ" Olatunji]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti KSI {{small|(2013–2026)}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{Commons category}} * {{Official website}} {{Sidemen}} [[Category:Sidemen| ]] [[Category:YouTube]] [[Category:Magulu gha pa YouTube]] 9v1g9pfkox4ehpt5m04odhf3pg1pmg2 122969 122968 2026-10-06T14:27:31Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122969 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sidemen_Logo.svg|right|250px]] [[File:Sidemen_collage_5.jpg|right|250px]] '''Sidemen '''ni gulu la [[YouTube|YouTuber]] ilo likupanga mavidiyo pamoza. Kuwalo kwa YouTube, ŵakugwiraso ntchito na nthambi zakupambanapambana za bizinesi. ==Ma membala== Gulu ili lili na ŵanthu aŵa:<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=IiVeDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45</ref> *[[Simon Minter]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Miniminter *[[Joshua Bradley|Joshua "Josh" Bradley]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Zerkaa *[[Vikram Barn]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Vikkstar123 *[[Tobit John Brown|Tobit "Tobi" Brown]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Tobjizzle panji TBJZL *[[Tobit John Brown|Tobit "Tobi" Brown]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Tobjizzle panji TBJZL *[[Ethan Payne]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Behzinga *[[Harry Lewis]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Wroetoshaw panji W2S Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa mamembala: *[[Olajide Olatunji|Olajide "JJ" Olatunji]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti KSI {{small|(2013–2026)}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{Commons category}} * {{Official website}} {{Sidemen}} [[Category:Sidemen| ]] [[Category:YouTube]] [[Category:Magulu gha pa YouTube]] eazvbwmhtvdqqlwt2iw8k43wv8acqs5 122970 122969 2026-10-06T14:28:56Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122970 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sidemen_Logo.svg|right|250px]] [[File:Sidemen_collage_5.jpg|right|250px]] '''Sidemen '''ni gulu la [[YouTube|YouTuber]] ilo likupanga mavidiyo pamoza. Kuwalo kwa YouTube, ŵakugwiraso ntchito na nthambi zakupambanapambana za bizinesi. ==Ma membala== Gulu ili lili na ŵanthu aŵa:<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=IiVeDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45</ref> *[[Simon Minter]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Miniminter *[[Joshua Bradley|Joshua "Josh" Bradley]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Zerkaa *[[Vikram Barn]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Vikkstar123 *[[Tobit John Brown|Tobit "Tobi" Brown]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Tobjizzle panji TBJZL *[[Ethan Payne]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Behzinga *[[Harry Lewis]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Wroetoshaw panji W2S Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa mamembala: *[[Olajide Olatunji|Olajide "JJ" Olatunji]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti KSI {{small|(2013–2026)}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{Commons category}} * {{Official website}} {{Sidemen}} [[Category:Sidemen| ]] [[Category:YouTube]] [[Category:Magulu gha pa YouTube]] m2ffehv5qzexdrqfyi8phiheb6bt1ye 122971 122970 2026-10-06T14:29:57Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Ma membala */ Most expanded article to the top 122971 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sidemen_Logo.svg|right|250px]] [[File:Sidemen_collage_5.jpg|right|250px]] '''Sidemen '''ni gulu la [[YouTube|YouTuber]] ilo likupanga mavidiyo pamoza. Kuwalo kwa YouTube, ŵakugwiraso ntchito na nthambi zakupambanapambana za bizinesi. ==Ma membala== Gulu ili lili na ŵanthu aŵa:<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=IiVeDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45</ref> *[[Vikram Barn]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Vikkstar123 *[[Simon Minter]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Miniminter *[[Joshua Bradley|Joshua "Josh" Bradley]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Zerkaa *[[Tobit John Brown|Tobit "Tobi" Brown]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Tobjizzle panji TBJZL *[[Ethan Payne]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Behzinga *[[Harry Lewis]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti Wroetoshaw panji W2S Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa mamembala: *[[Olajide Olatunji|Olajide "JJ" Olatunji]], ŵakumanyikwa pa intaneti kuti KSI {{small|(2013–2026)}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{Commons category}} * {{Official website}} {{Sidemen}} [[Category:Sidemen| ]] [[Category:YouTube]] [[Category:Magulu gha pa YouTube]] a43mbqutbr5044da67y3xyzfzmvnsgj 0 49880 122980 2026-10-07T00:33:00Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Languages using Ethnologue.com 122980 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ChiLadin Dolomitan''' ni chiyowoyero cha ku [[ChiLadin]] icho chikuyowoyeka pa chirwa cha [[Amrum]] ku [[Germany]]. Lili mu banja la chiyowoyero cha Indo-European. ==Banja== Lili mu banja la chiyowoyero cha Indo-European. [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] 81oxrl41h2g7dr93817dtojy3o7h9dl 122981 122980 2026-10-07T00:33:55Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122981 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ChiLadin Dolomitan''' ni chiyowoyero cha ku [[ChiLadin]]. Lili mu banja la chiyowoyero cha Indo-European. ==Banja== Lili mu banja la chiyowoyero cha Indo-European. [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] 89qnj2o2fx1jun1hrohwqqliylq52ej 0 49881 122982 2026-10-07T00:36:10Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Languages using Ethnologue.com 122982 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ChiLadin kwa Gherdëina''' (''Ladin gherdëina'') ni chiyowoyero cha ku [[ChiLadin]]. Likuyowoyeka ku [[Gherdëina]]. Lili mu banja la chiyowoyero cha Indo-European. ==Banja== Lili mu banja la chiyowoyero cha Indo-European. [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] 71rzbprtdfb1lgn5ue35wx74xth5tvi 0 49882 122995 2026-10-07T02:46:00Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Redirected page to [[YouTube]] 122995 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[YouTube]] hws3bj0ube7uq7abq72ewsdt1pc8yjv 0 49883 123000 2026-10-07T04:11:33Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Great Australian Bight''' ni nyanja yikuru uwo uli pakati na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumwera kwa [[Australia]]. Nyanja iyi yikasangika na ŵasayansi ŵa ku Europe mu 1627, ndipo pamanyuma pake yikalembeka makora na munthu wa ku England uyo wakalongozganga pa nyanja [[Matthew Flinders]] mu 1802. Great Australian Bight yikaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 50 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha apo chigaŵa chikuru cha Gondwana chikagaŵikana, ndipo chikap..." 123000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Great Australian Bight''' ni nyanja yikuru uwo uli pakati na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumwera kwa [[Australia]]. Nyanja iyi yikasangika na ŵasayansi ŵa ku Europe mu 1627, ndipo pamanyuma pake yikalembeka makora na munthu wa ku England uyo wakalongozganga pa nyanja [[Matthew Flinders]] mu 1802. Great Australian Bight yikaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 50 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha apo chigaŵa chikuru cha Gondwana chikagaŵikana, ndipo chikapatuska [[Antarctica]] na Australia. Maji gha Bight ghali na vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana, chomenechomene mu zooplankton, chifukwa cha maji ghanyake agho ghakwenda mu nyanja. Kweni, kafukufuku wakusazgikira wakukhumbikwa kuti ŵamanye makora umo vyakumera na vinyama vikukhalira mu chigaŵa ichi ndiposo ivyo vingachitika chifukwa cha ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita, nga nkhusanga vinthu vyakuthupi. Southern bluefin tuna ndiyo yikumanyikwa chomene pakukolera somba mu Bight, ndipo pakaŵa kuyezgayezga kufufuza malo agha kuti ŵasange mafuta na gasi kufuma mu 1960s. Kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakususkika chomene na ivyo ŵakughanaghana ivi chifukwa chakuti vingakhwaska chilengiwa. ==Malinka gha kuwaro== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070702235742/http://www.tep.com.au/nationalparks/np_bight.htm Great Australian Bight Marine Park – Eyre Peninsula]- chigaŵa cha South Australia cha paki *[http://www.aerialvideo.com.au/nullabor.html vidiyo ya mlengalenga ya Great Australian Bight] [[Category:Australia]] [[Category:Nyanja]] hbapjp3rwzhos5ds6d2nxxj17ah8z4z 0 49884 123002 2026-10-07T04:27:46Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Bangkok's official longest name 123002 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Bangkok]] tgyzl2zru7nilbnp90l7d1eyt5bazup 0 49885 123003 2026-10-07T04:29:09Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Bangkok's official longest name 123003 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Bangkok]] tgyzl2zru7nilbnp90l7d1eyt5bazup 0 49886 123004 2026-10-07T04:31:14Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Redirected page to [[ChiEsperanto]] 123004 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ChiEsperanto]] iu4jtydmt3vbe8c3h8gwilrrktx91o2 0 49887 123005 2026-10-07T04:42:16Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} [[File:Iran and Israel (without West Bank and Gaza).png|right|250px]] '''Nkhondo ya Iran na Israel''' ni nkhondo ya nyengo yitali ya ndale na nkhondo pakati pa [[Iran]] na [[Israel]], iyo yikukhwaskana na nkhondo zakuyimira kufuma mu 1985 na nkhondo zakukhozga kufuma mu 2024.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/feb/28/iran-vows-no-leniency-reprisal-attacks-israel-us-air-bases|title=Iran vows 'no leniency' as it launches rep..." 123005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Iran and Israel (without West Bank and Gaza).png|right|250px]] '''Nkhondo ya Iran na Israel''' ni nkhondo ya nyengo yitali ya ndale na nkhondo pakati pa [[Iran]] na [[Israel]], iyo yikukhwaskana na nkhondo zakuyimira kufuma mu 1985 na nkhondo zakukhozga kufuma mu 2024.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/feb/28/iran-vows-no-leniency-reprisal-attacks-israel-us-air-bases|title=Iran vows 'no leniency' as it launches reprisal attacks on Israel and US air bases|first1=Patrick|last1=Wintour|date=February 28, 2026|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2026/mar/19/iran-war-live-updates-oil-prices-gas-field-strikes-pentagon-more-funds-trump-news|title=Israel denies 'dragging' US into war – as it happened|first1=Callum|last1=Jones|first2=Lucy|last2=Campbell|first3=Tom|last3=Ambrose|first4=Taz|last4=Ali|first5=Hamish|last5=Mackay|first6=Adam|last6=Fulton|date=20 March 2026|work=The Guardian}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Nkhondo]] [[Category:Iran]] [[Category:Israel]] mlku15z0wcvc4s2klw96jpgoxfyje25 123006 123005 2026-10-07T04:43:09Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 123006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Iran and Israel (without West Bank and Gaza).png|right|270px]] '''Nkhondo ya Iran na Israel''' ni nkhondo ya nyengo yitali ya ndale na nkhondo pakati pa [[Iran]] na [[Israel]], iyo yikukhwaskana na nkhondo zakuyimira kufuma mu 1985 na nkhondo zakukhozga kufuma mu 2024.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/feb/28/iran-vows-no-leniency-reprisal-attacks-israel-us-air-bases|title=Iran vows 'no leniency' as it launches reprisal attacks on Israel and US air bases|first1=Patrick|last1=Wintour|date=February 28, 2026|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2026/mar/19/iran-war-live-updates-oil-prices-gas-field-strikes-pentagon-more-funds-trump-news|title=Israel denies 'dragging' US into war – as it happened|first1=Callum|last1=Jones|first2=Lucy|last2=Campbell|first3=Tom|last3=Ambrose|first4=Taz|last4=Ali|first5=Hamish|last5=Mackay|first6=Adam|last6=Fulton|date=20 March 2026|work=The Guardian}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Nkhondo]] [[Category:Iran]] [[Category:Israel]] 7tx4tyqk37ekayc8swnqupl0x65l8vl 1 49888 123007 2026-10-07T04:43:24Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 123007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 4 49889 123009 2026-10-07T06:08:33Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Paste from English 123009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|WP:STANDARD|reliability of ''The Standard''|Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources#Evening Standard}} {{redirect|WP:SO|sockpuppetry|Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry}} {{essay|WP:SO|WP:STANDARD|WP:OFFER|interprets=the [[Wikipedia:banning policy|banning policy]] and the [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocking policy]]|}} {{nutshell|Munthu uyo ​​wakugwiliskira ntchito wangapempha kuti ŵamukanizge panji kumukanizga para pajumpha nyengo (kanandi myezi yinkhondi na umoza) kwambura sockpuppetry. Chilato cha nyengo iyi nkhulongora kuti ŵangalondezga malango ghapusu, ghakupulikikwa makora mwakuti ŵaŵe ŵakunozgeka kulondezga malango gha mu chikaya.}} When an editor gets hit with a site ban or an indefinite block, they may wonder where things go from that point. Is there any way to return to good standing? Or are they on the outs forever? The standard offer is not binding; however, it is usually the first step before the community will consider an unblock. == The standard offer == It's simple: # Wait at least six months with no [[WP:SOCK|sockpuppetry]] nor [[WP:EVADE|block evasion]]; i.e., having made zero edits to Tumbuka Wikipedia (whether using a named or temporary account). (e.g.: if an indefinite block or ban was issued on September 1, 2025, then March 1, 2026, is the earliest you can appeal.) # Promise to avoid the behavior that led to the [[WP:BLOCK|block]]/[[WP:BAN|ban]]. # Don't give people reasons to object to your return. == How does it work? == * After you have waited six months, contact an [[WP:ADMIN|administrator]] or experienced editor (via your [[Special:MyTalk|user talk page]], email, {{irc|wikipedia-en-unblock}} or [[WP:UTRS]]) ([[:Category:Wikipedia administrators|list of administrators]]). * If they agree a review is appropriate, they'll open a thread at an administrative noticeboard (ideally [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard]]). * The discussion usually takes several days. Apologies and other expressions of remorse aren't necessary, but basic courtesy and a willingness to move forward productively are. This is not a [[WP:JAILBREAK|get-out-of-jail-free card]], and administrators are not forced to unblock you, especially if you have not provided any reason why you should be unblocked other than your avoidance of Wikipedia for six months. You should still provide a [[WP:GAB#Composing your request to be unblocked|clear reason]] why you should be unblocked. Banned users are even allowed to request to go through the {{tl|2nd chance}} procedure to show their ability to edit and improve articles according to Wikipedia's policies. Editors who are seeking a return via the standard offer are advised to make significant and useful contributions to other [[Wikimedia Foundation#Content projects|WMF projects]] prior to requesting a return to the [[Tumbuka Wikipedia]]. Many appeals have been declined due to the editor simply waiting six months without making any contributions to other projects. === Community bans and prior blocks === Per the [[WP:CBAN|banning policy]], "Editors who are or remain indefinitely blocked after due consideration by the community are considered 'banned by the Wikipedia community{{' "}}. For a banned user, this makes no difference as they were already subject to a ban. But to a user who is already blocked but was not banned, receiving a community ban converts a block – which can be appealed to any individual administrator – into a ban which can <em>only</em> be appealed to the community at [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard]]. == Eligibility == The standard offer applies to community-based indefinite blocks and bans in situations where things didn't work out: normal people, short fuses, etc. It doesn't extend to extremes, and it is ultimately up to the administrative community (on a case-by-case basis) whether the blocked or banned editor is eligible at all. Bans placed by [[WP:ARBCOM|the Arbitration Committee]] or [[m:WMF Global Ban Policy|the Wikimedia Foundation]] are ineligible for the standard offer. == Variations == The six-month threshold can be adjustable under special circumstances. If an editor shows unusually good insight into the circumstances that led to the block and sets out a credible proposal for how they will deal with those issues in future, then a return might be considered sooner. On the other hand, if the indefinitely blocked/banned user continues to be especially disruptive, or has engaged in particularly serious misconduct, then some administrators may become unwilling to consider a return for a much longer time or ever. == See also == {{Columns-start|num=3}} '''[[Wikipedia:Banning policy]]''' * [[Blacklist]] * [[MeatBall:CommunityExile|CommunityExile]], [[MeatBall:RequestToLeave|RequestToLeave]] and [[MeatBall:RightToLeave|RightToLeave]], from [[MeatballWiki]] * [[Wikipedia:Arbitration policy/Past decisions]] * [[Wikipedia:Editing restrictions]] {{Column}} '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy]]''' * [[Wikipedia:Blocking IP addresses]] and [[Wikipedia:Blocking IP addresses#Sensitive IP addresses|sensitive IP addresses]]&nbsp;– information relating to blocking IP addresses * [[Wikipedia:Appealing a block]]&nbsp;– information about contesting a block * [[Wikipedia:Autoblock]] * [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext]]&nbsp;– the message shown to blocked users when they attempt to edit * [[Wikipedia:Global blocking]]&nbsp;– information about global blocks * [[:Category:User block templates]] * [[Wikipedia:Banning policy#Difference between bans and blocks|Difference between bans and blocks]] * [[Wikipedia:WikiWar]] * [[Wikipedia:Give 'em enough rope]] * [[Wikipedia:Indefinite is not infinite]] * [[Wikipedia:Unblock perspectives]] {{Column}} '''[[Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry]]''' * [[Sockpuppet (Internet)]] * [[Wikipedia:Don't be quick to assume that someone is a sockpuppet]] * [[Wikipedia:Canvassing]] * [[Wikipedia:On privacy, confidentiality and discretion]] * [[Wikipedia:Signs of sockpuppetry]] * [[Wikipedia:Single purpose account]] * [[Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations]] * [[Wikipedia:Tag team]] {{columns-end}} {{Wikipedia accounts|state=collapsed}} [[Category:Unblock process]] hyuwgxnirmcjvnq2xhdz2zo9ado21e8 123013 123009 2026-10-07T06:11:08Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* How does it work? */ 123013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|WP:STANDARD|reliability of ''The Standard''|Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources#Evening Standard}} {{redirect|WP:SO|sockpuppetry|Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry}} {{essay|WP:SO|WP:STANDARD|WP:OFFER|interprets=the [[Wikipedia:banning policy|banning policy]] and the [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocking policy]]|}} {{nutshell|Munthu uyo ​​wakugwiliskira ntchito wangapempha kuti ŵamukanizge panji kumukanizga para pajumpha nyengo (kanandi myezi yinkhondi na umoza) kwambura sockpuppetry. Chilato cha nyengo iyi nkhulongora kuti ŵangalondezga malango ghapusu, ghakupulikikwa makora mwakuti ŵaŵe ŵakunozgeka kulondezga malango gha mu chikaya.}} When an editor gets hit with a site ban or an indefinite block, they may wonder where things go from that point. Is there any way to return to good standing? Or are they on the outs forever? The standard offer is not binding; however, it is usually the first step before the community will consider an unblock. == The standard offer == It's simple: # Wait at least six months with no [[WP:SOCK|sockpuppetry]] nor [[WP:EVADE|block evasion]]; i.e., having made zero edits to Tumbuka Wikipedia (whether using a named or temporary account). (e.g.: if an indefinite block or ban was issued on September 1, 2025, then March 1, 2026, is the earliest you can appeal.) # Promise to avoid the behavior that led to the [[WP:BLOCK|block]]/[[WP:BAN|ban]]. # Don't give people reasons to object to your return. == How does it work? == * After you have waited six months, contact an [[WP:ADMIN|administrator]] or experienced editor (via your [[Special:MyTalk|user talk page]], email or [[WP:UTRS]]) ([[:Category:Wikipedia administrators|list of administrators]]). * If they agree a review is appropriate, they'll open a thread at an administrative noticeboard (ideally [[Vidumbizgano vya chikaya]] until a proper noticeboard is created). * The discussion usually takes several weeks. Apologies and other expressions of remorse aren't necessary, but basic courtesy and a willingness to move forward productively are. This is not a [[WP:JAILBREAK|get-out-of-jail-free card]], and administrators are not forced to unblock you, especially if you have not provided any reason why you should be unblocked other than your avoidance of Wikipedia for six months. You should still provide a [[WP:GAB#Composing your request to be unblocked|clear reason]] why you should be unblocked. Banned users are even allowed to request to go through the {{tl|2nd chance}} procedure to show their ability to edit and improve articles according to Wikipedia's policies. Editors who are seeking a return via the standard offer are advised to make significant and useful contributions to other [[Wikimedia Foundation#Content projects|WMF projects]] prior to requesting a return to the [[Tumbuka Wikipedia]]. Many appeals have been declined due to the editor simply waiting six months without making any contributions to other projects. === Community bans and prior blocks === Per the [[WP:CBAN|banning policy]], "Editors who are or remain indefinitely blocked after due consideration by the community are considered 'banned by the Wikipedia community{{' "}}. For a banned user, this makes no difference as they were already subject to a ban. But to a user who is already blocked but was not banned, receiving a community ban converts a block – which can be appealed to any individual administrator – into a ban which can <em>only</em> be appealed to the community at [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard]]. == Eligibility == The standard offer applies to community-based indefinite blocks and bans in situations where things didn't work out: normal people, short fuses, etc. It doesn't extend to extremes, and it is ultimately up to the administrative community (on a case-by-case basis) whether the blocked or banned editor is eligible at all. Bans placed by [[WP:ARBCOM|the Arbitration Committee]] or [[m:WMF Global Ban Policy|the Wikimedia Foundation]] are ineligible for the standard offer. == Variations == The six-month threshold can be adjustable under special circumstances. If an editor shows unusually good insight into the circumstances that led to the block and sets out a credible proposal for how they will deal with those issues in future, then a return might be considered sooner. On the other hand, if the indefinitely blocked/banned user continues to be especially disruptive, or has engaged in particularly serious misconduct, then some administrators may become unwilling to consider a return for a much longer time or ever. == See also == {{Columns-start|num=3}} '''[[Wikipedia:Banning policy]]''' * [[Blacklist]] * [[MeatBall:CommunityExile|CommunityExile]], [[MeatBall:RequestToLeave|RequestToLeave]] and [[MeatBall:RightToLeave|RightToLeave]], from [[MeatballWiki]] * [[Wikipedia:Arbitration policy/Past decisions]] * [[Wikipedia:Editing restrictions]] {{Column}} '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy]]''' * [[Wikipedia:Blocking IP addresses]] and [[Wikipedia:Blocking IP addresses#Sensitive IP addresses|sensitive IP addresses]]&nbsp;– information relating to blocking IP addresses * [[Wikipedia:Appealing a block]]&nbsp;– information about contesting a block * [[Wikipedia:Autoblock]] * [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext]]&nbsp;– the message shown to blocked users when they attempt to edit * [[Wikipedia:Global blocking]]&nbsp;– information about global blocks * [[:Category:User block templates]] * [[Wikipedia:Banning policy#Difference between bans and blocks|Difference between bans and blocks]] * [[Wikipedia:WikiWar]] * [[Wikipedia:Give 'em enough rope]] * [[Wikipedia:Indefinite is not infinite]] * [[Wikipedia:Unblock perspectives]] {{Column}} '''[[Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry]]''' * [[Sockpuppet (Internet)]] * [[Wikipedia:Don't be quick to assume that someone is a sockpuppet]] * [[Wikipedia:Canvassing]] * [[Wikipedia:On privacy, confidentiality and discretion]] * [[Wikipedia:Signs of sockpuppetry]] * [[Wikipedia:Single purpose account]] * [[Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations]] * [[Wikipedia:Tag team]] {{columns-end}} {{Wikipedia accounts|state=collapsed}} [[Category:Unblock process]] 3k0pt1s1nic599ruswxv65ovqd3jvlt 123014 123013 2026-10-07T06:11:21Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* How does it work? */ 123014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|WP:STANDARD|reliability of ''The Standard''|Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources#Evening Standard}} {{redirect|WP:SO|sockpuppetry|Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry}} {{essay|WP:SO|WP:STANDARD|WP:OFFER|interprets=the [[Wikipedia:banning policy|banning policy]] and the [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocking policy]]|}} {{nutshell|Munthu uyo ​​wakugwiliskira ntchito wangapempha kuti ŵamukanizge panji kumukanizga para pajumpha nyengo (kanandi myezi yinkhondi na umoza) kwambura sockpuppetry. Chilato cha nyengo iyi nkhulongora kuti ŵangalondezga malango ghapusu, ghakupulikikwa makora mwakuti ŵaŵe ŵakunozgeka kulondezga malango gha mu chikaya.}} When an editor gets hit with a site ban or an indefinite block, they may wonder where things go from that point. Is there any way to return to good standing? Or are they on the outs forever? The standard offer is not binding; however, it is usually the first step before the community will consider an unblock. == The standard offer == It's simple: # Wait at least six months with no [[WP:SOCK|sockpuppetry]] nor [[WP:EVADE|block evasion]]; i.e., having made zero edits to Tumbuka Wikipedia (whether using a named or temporary account). (e.g.: if an indefinite block or ban was issued on September 1, 2025, then March 1, 2026, is the earliest you can appeal.) # Promise to avoid the behavior that led to the [[WP:BLOCK|block]]/[[WP:BAN|ban]]. # Don't give people reasons to object to your return. == How does it work? == * After you have waited six months, contact an [[WP:ADMIN|administrator]] or experienced editor (via your [[Special:MyTalk|user talk page]], email or [[WP:UTRS]]) ([[:Category:Wikipedia administrators|list of administrators]]). * If they agree a review is appropriate, they'll open a thread at an administrative noticeboard (ideally [[Wikipedia:Vidumbizgano vya chikaya]] until a proper noticeboard is created). * The discussion usually takes several weeks. Apologies and other expressions of remorse aren't necessary, but basic courtesy and a willingness to move forward productively are. This is not a [[WP:JAILBREAK|get-out-of-jail-free card]], and administrators are not forced to unblock you, especially if you have not provided any reason why you should be unblocked other than your avoidance of Wikipedia for six months. You should still provide a [[WP:GAB#Composing your request to be unblocked|clear reason]] why you should be unblocked. Banned users are even allowed to request to go through the {{tl|2nd chance}} procedure to show their ability to edit and improve articles according to Wikipedia's policies. Editors who are seeking a return via the standard offer are advised to make significant and useful contributions to other [[Wikimedia Foundation#Content projects|WMF projects]] prior to requesting a return to the [[Tumbuka Wikipedia]]. Many appeals have been declined due to the editor simply waiting six months without making any contributions to other projects. === Community bans and prior blocks === Per the [[WP:CBAN|banning policy]], "Editors who are or remain indefinitely blocked after due consideration by the community are considered 'banned by the Wikipedia community{{' "}}. For a banned user, this makes no difference as they were already subject to a ban. But to a user who is already blocked but was not banned, receiving a community ban converts a block – which can be appealed to any individual administrator – into a ban which can <em>only</em> be appealed to the community at [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard]]. == Eligibility == The standard offer applies to community-based indefinite blocks and bans in situations where things didn't work out: normal people, short fuses, etc. It doesn't extend to extremes, and it is ultimately up to the administrative community (on a case-by-case basis) whether the blocked or banned editor is eligible at all. Bans placed by [[WP:ARBCOM|the Arbitration Committee]] or [[m:WMF Global Ban Policy|the Wikimedia Foundation]] are ineligible for the standard offer. == Variations == The six-month threshold can be adjustable under special circumstances. If an editor shows unusually good insight into the circumstances that led to the block and sets out a credible proposal for how they will deal with those issues in future, then a return might be considered sooner. On the other hand, if the indefinitely blocked/banned user continues to be especially disruptive, or has engaged in particularly serious misconduct, then some administrators may become unwilling to consider a return for a much longer time or ever. == See also == {{Columns-start|num=3}} '''[[Wikipedia:Banning policy]]''' * [[Blacklist]] * [[MeatBall:CommunityExile|CommunityExile]], [[MeatBall:RequestToLeave|RequestToLeave]] and [[MeatBall:RightToLeave|RightToLeave]], from [[MeatballWiki]] * [[Wikipedia:Arbitration policy/Past decisions]] * [[Wikipedia:Editing restrictions]] {{Column}} '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy]]''' * [[Wikipedia:Blocking IP addresses]] and [[Wikipedia:Blocking IP addresses#Sensitive IP addresses|sensitive IP addresses]]&nbsp;– information relating to blocking IP addresses * [[Wikipedia:Appealing a block]]&nbsp;– information about contesting a block * [[Wikipedia:Autoblock]] * [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext]]&nbsp;– the message shown to blocked users when they attempt to edit * [[Wikipedia:Global blocking]]&nbsp;– information about global blocks * [[:Category:User block templates]] * [[Wikipedia:Banning policy#Difference between bans and blocks|Difference between bans and blocks]] * [[Wikipedia:WikiWar]] * [[Wikipedia:Give 'em enough rope]] * [[Wikipedia:Indefinite is not infinite]] * [[Wikipedia:Unblock perspectives]] {{Column}} '''[[Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry]]''' * [[Sockpuppet (Internet)]] * [[Wikipedia:Don't be quick to assume that someone is a sockpuppet]] * [[Wikipedia:Canvassing]] * [[Wikipedia:On privacy, confidentiality and discretion]] * [[Wikipedia:Signs of sockpuppetry]] * [[Wikipedia:Single purpose account]] * [[Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations]] * [[Wikipedia:Tag team]] {{columns-end}} {{Wikipedia accounts|state=collapsed}} [[Category:Unblock process]] r5dxe5gycrc84v8loyy94psq09px24i 123015 123014 2026-10-07T06:12:29Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* How does it work? */ 123015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|WP:STANDARD|reliability of ''The Standard''|Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources#Evening Standard}} {{redirect|WP:SO|sockpuppetry|Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry}} {{essay|WP:SO|WP:STANDARD|WP:OFFER|interprets=the [[Wikipedia:banning policy|banning policy]] and the [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocking policy]]|}} {{nutshell|Munthu uyo ​​wakugwiliskira ntchito wangapempha kuti ŵamukanizge panji kumukanizga para pajumpha nyengo (kanandi myezi yinkhondi na umoza) kwambura sockpuppetry. Chilato cha nyengo iyi nkhulongora kuti ŵangalondezga malango ghapusu, ghakupulikikwa makora mwakuti ŵaŵe ŵakunozgeka kulondezga malango gha mu chikaya.}} When an editor gets hit with a site ban or an indefinite block, they may wonder where things go from that point. Is there any way to return to good standing? Or are they on the outs forever? The standard offer is not binding; however, it is usually the first step before the community will consider an unblock. == The standard offer == It's simple: # Wait at least six months with no [[WP:SOCK|sockpuppetry]] nor [[WP:EVADE|block evasion]]; i.e., having made zero edits to Tumbuka Wikipedia (whether using a named or temporary account). (e.g.: if an indefinite block or ban was issued on September 1, 2025, then March 1, 2026, is the earliest you can appeal.) # Promise to avoid the behavior that led to the [[WP:BLOCK|block]]/[[WP:BAN|ban]]. # Don't give people reasons to object to your return. == How does it work? == * After you have waited six months, contact an [[WP:ADMIN|administrator]] or experienced editor (via your [[Special:MyTalk|user talk page]], email or [[WP:UTRS]]). * If they agree a review is appropriate, they'll open a thread at an administrative noticeboard (ideally [[Wikipedia:Vidumbizgano vya chikaya]] until a proper noticeboard is created). * The discussion usually takes several weeks. Apologies and other expressions of remorse aren't necessary, but basic courtesy and a willingness to move forward productively are. This is not a [[WP:JAILBREAK|get-out-of-jail-free card]], and administrators are not forced to unblock you, especially if you have not provided any reason why you should be unblocked other than your avoidance of Wikipedia for six months. You should still provide a [[WP:GAB#Composing your request to be unblocked|clear reason]] why you should be unblocked. Banned users are even allowed to request to go through the {{tl|2nd chance}} procedure to show their ability to edit and improve articles according to Wikipedia's policies. Editors who are seeking a return via the standard offer are advised to make significant and useful contributions to other [[Wikimedia Foundation#Content projects|WMF projects]] prior to requesting a return to the [[Tumbuka Wikipedia]]. Many appeals have been declined due to the editor simply waiting six months without making any contributions to other projects. === Community bans and prior blocks === Per the [[WP:CBAN|banning policy]], "Editors who are or remain indefinitely blocked after due consideration by the community are considered 'banned by the Wikipedia community{{' "}}. For a banned user, this makes no difference as they were already subject to a ban. But to a user who is already blocked but was not banned, receiving a community ban converts a block – which can be appealed to any individual administrator – into a ban which can <em>only</em> be appealed to the community at [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard]]. == Eligibility == The standard offer applies to community-based indefinite blocks and bans in situations where things didn't work out: normal people, short fuses, etc. It doesn't extend to extremes, and it is ultimately up to the administrative community (on a case-by-case basis) whether the blocked or banned editor is eligible at all. Bans placed by [[WP:ARBCOM|the Arbitration Committee]] or [[m:WMF Global Ban Policy|the Wikimedia Foundation]] are ineligible for the standard offer. == Variations == The six-month threshold can be adjustable under special circumstances. If an editor shows unusually good insight into the circumstances that led to the block and sets out a credible proposal for how they will deal with those issues in future, then a return might be considered sooner. On the other hand, if the indefinitely blocked/banned user continues to be especially disruptive, or has engaged in particularly serious misconduct, then some administrators may become unwilling to consider a return for a much longer time or ever. == See also == {{Columns-start|num=3}} '''[[Wikipedia:Banning policy]]''' * [[Blacklist]] * [[MeatBall:CommunityExile|CommunityExile]], [[MeatBall:RequestToLeave|RequestToLeave]] and [[MeatBall:RightToLeave|RightToLeave]], from [[MeatballWiki]] * [[Wikipedia:Arbitration policy/Past decisions]] * [[Wikipedia:Editing restrictions]] {{Column}} '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy]]''' * [[Wikipedia:Blocking IP addresses]] and [[Wikipedia:Blocking IP addresses#Sensitive IP addresses|sensitive IP addresses]]&nbsp;– information relating to blocking IP addresses * [[Wikipedia:Appealing a block]]&nbsp;– information about contesting a block * [[Wikipedia:Autoblock]] * [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext]]&nbsp;– the message shown to blocked users when they attempt to edit * [[Wikipedia:Global blocking]]&nbsp;– information about global blocks * [[:Category:User block templates]] * [[Wikipedia:Banning policy#Difference between bans and blocks|Difference between bans and blocks]] * [[Wikipedia:WikiWar]] * [[Wikipedia:Give 'em enough rope]] * [[Wikipedia:Indefinite is not infinite]] * [[Wikipedia:Unblock perspectives]] {{Column}} '''[[Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry]]''' * [[Sockpuppet (Internet)]] * [[Wikipedia:Don't be quick to assume that someone is a sockpuppet]] * [[Wikipedia:Canvassing]] * [[Wikipedia:On privacy, confidentiality and discretion]] * [[Wikipedia:Signs of sockpuppetry]] * [[Wikipedia:Single purpose account]] * [[Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations]] * [[Wikipedia:Tag team]] {{columns-end}} {{Wikipedia accounts|state=collapsed}} [[Category:Unblock process]] bg3kfxpn3aa5v75nw1zk20sb9ixshfo 4 49890 123010 2026-10-07T06:09:10Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Redirected page to [[Wikipedia:Standard offer]] 123010 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Standard offer]] eckpd4fz6n7yzi6w7r0z1bvmoydlwky 4 49891 123011 2026-10-07T06:09:24Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Redirected page to [[Wikipedia:Standard offer]] 123011 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Standard offer]] eckpd4fz6n7yzi6w7r0z1bvmoydlwky 4 49892 123012 2026-10-07T06:09:37Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Redirected page to [[Wikipedia:Standard offer]] 123012 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Standard offer]] eckpd4fz6n7yzi6w7r0z1bvmoydlwky 0 49893 123016 2026-10-07T06:19:47Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Redirected page to [[Tobit John Brown]] 123016 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tobit John Brown]] jg96f4im3nogc7hqdi2t2cj1pzg0fju 10 49894 123018 2026-10-07T06:23:25Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{safesubst<noinclude />:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check |unknown={{safesubst<noinclude />:main other|[[Category:Pages using Certification Cite Ref with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}} |preview=Page using [[Template:Certification Cite Ref]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|showblankpositional=1| access-date | accessdate | artist | award | best | certmonth | certweek | certyear | date | digital | domestic | fromtable | id | number | refname | region..." 123018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{safesubst<noinclude />:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check |unknown={{safesubst<noinclude />:main other|[[Category:Pages using Certification Cite Ref with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}} |preview=Page using [[Template:Certification Cite Ref]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|showblankpositional=1| access-date | accessdate | artist | award | best | certmonth | certweek | certyear | date | digital | domestic | fromtable | id | number | refname | region | source | Spanish | title | type | streaming |position | archiveurl | archive-url | archivedate | archive-date}}<includeonly>{{safesubst<noinclude />:#if:{{{fromtable|}}}||{{main other|[[Category:Certification Cite Ref usages outside Certification Table Entry]]}}}}{{safesubst<noinclude />:#tag:ref|{{Cite certification|award={{{award|}}}|date={{{date|}}}|access-date={{{access-date|{{{accessdate|}}}}}}|number={{{number|}}}|certyear={{{certyear|}}}|certmonth={{{certmonth|}}}|certweek={{{certweek|}}}|position={{{position|}}}|region={{{region|}}}|title={{{title|}}}|artist={{{artist|}}}|type={{{type|}}}|id={{{id|}}}|best={{{best|}}}|source={{{source|}}}|Spanish={{{Spanish|}}}|domestic={{{domestic|}}}|digital={{{digital|}}}|streaming={{{streaming|}}}|archiveurl={{{archiveurl|{{{archive-url|}}}}}}|archivedate={{{archivedate|{{{archive-date|}}}}}}}}|name={{safesubst<noinclude />:#if:{{{refname|}}}|{{{refname}}}|{{{region}}}{{{artist}}}{{{title}}}{{{type}}}CertRef}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> b48qsfwvotbx5op58054jay1bg5rfl9 10 49895 123019 2026-10-07T06:24:07Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "<includeonly>{{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{n/a|Non-album singles{{efn{{#ifeq:{{YesNo|{{{uppercase|}}}}}|yes|-ua}}|{{{1}}}}}}} | {{n/a|Non-album singles}} }}</includeonly> <noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude>" 123019 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{n/a|Non-album singles{{efn{{#ifeq:{{YesNo|{{{uppercase|}}}}}|yes|-ua}}|{{{1}}}}}}} | {{n/a|Non-album singles}} }}</includeonly> <noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 8vzpp0djig5694k2igxbmlagpgygrj1 0 49896 123020 2026-10-07T08:04:00Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Redirected page to [[Guernsey]] 123020 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Guernsey]] 4uh9n1466xjef5ob4zw02m3maammc11 0 49897 123021 2026-10-07T08:26:50Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} "'''{{PAGENAME}}'''" ndiyo nyimbo ya charu cha [[Guernsey]]. ''Sarnia ''ni zina la [[ChiLatini]] la chirwa ichi.<ref>http://www.transformationsjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Trans35_01_Johnson.pdf</ref> Likapangika mu 1911. Nyimbo iyi yingapulikika pa nyengo zinandi pa chaka. ==Mazgu gha sumu== {| class="wikitable" !Mtundu wa [[ChiNgelezi]] !Mtundu wa [[ChiGuernésiais]] |- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;" |<poem>'''I''' Sarnia; dear..." 123021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} "'''{{PAGENAME}}'''" ndiyo nyimbo ya charu cha [[Guernsey]]. ''Sarnia ''ni zina la [[ChiLatini]] la chirwa ichi.<ref>http://www.transformationsjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Trans35_01_Johnson.pdf</ref> Likapangika mu 1911. Nyimbo iyi yingapulikika pa nyengo zinandi pa chaka. ==Mazgu gha sumu== {| class="wikitable" !Mtundu wa [[ChiNgelezi]] !Mtundu wa [[ChiGuernésiais]] |- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;" |<poem>'''I''' Sarnia; dear Homeland, Gem of the sea. Island of beauty, my heart longs for thee. Thy voice calls me ever, in waking, or sleep, Till my soul cries with anguish, my eyes ache to weep. In fancy I see thee, again as of yore, Thy verdure clad hills and thy wave beaten shore. Thy rock sheltered bays, ah; of all thou art best, I'm returning to greet thee, dear island of rest. {{small|'''Chorus:'''}} Sarnia Cherie. Gem of the sea. Home of my childhood, my heart longs for thee. Thy voice calls me ever, forget thee I'll never, Island of beauty. Sarnia Cherie. '''II''' I left thee in anger, I knew not thy worth. Journeyed afar, to the ends of the earth. Was told of far countries, the heav'n of the bold, Where the soil gave up diamonds, silver and gold. The sun always shone, and "race" took no part, But thy cry always reached me, its pain wrenched my heart. So I'm coming home, thou of all art the best. Returning to greet thee, dear island of rest. 𝄆 {{small|'''''Chorus'''''}} 𝄇</poem> |<poem>{{lang|nrf-GG|italic=no|'''I''' Sarnia, chière patrie, bijou d'la maïr, Ile plloinne dé biautai, dans d'iaoue si cllaire Ta vouaix m'appeule terjous, mon tcheur plloin d'envie, Et mon âme té crie en poine, mes iars voudraient t'veis. Quaend j'saonge, j'té vaie derchier, mesme comme t'étais d'vànt, Tes côtis si vaerts et ton sabllaon si bllànc, Tes bànques et tes rotchets. Ah! Dé toutes la pus belle. Mon réfuge et mon r'pos, chière île qu'est si belle. {{small|'''Chorus:'''}} Sarnia Chérie, ma chière patrie, D'l'île dé ma nèissance, mon tcheur a envie Ta vouaix m'appeule terjours, et j'pense à té chaque jour. Ile plloinne dé biautai, Sarnia Chérie. '''II''' Sàns saver ta valeur, j'm'en fus en colère, Je v'yagis si llian, à l'aute but dé la terre. I m'dirent dé biaux pays, et j'm'en fus brâment Oueque la terre baillait à haut d'l'or et dé l'argent. Nous 'tait tous amis et i fit bal chaque jeur, Mais ta vouaix m'applait terjours, a m'déteurtait l'tcheur. Ch'est pourtchi qué j'm'en vians. Ah! té veis, la millaeure. Ma chière île dé répos, dé chenna j'sis saeure. 𝄆 {{small|'''''Chorus'''''}} 𝄇</poem> |} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Nyimbo ya charu]] [[Category:Guernsey]] n8rhbsvorxfp7gohza7a7lndr4bmmtt 123022 123021 2026-10-07T08:27:41Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 123022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} "'''{{PAGENAME}}'''" ndiyo nyimbo ya charu cha [[Guernsey]]. ''Sarnia ''ni zina la [[ChiLatini]] la chirwa ichi.<ref>http://www.transformationsjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Trans35_01_Johnson.pdf</ref> Likapangika mu 1911. Nyimbo iyi yingapulikika pa nyengo zinandi pa chaka. ==Mazgu gha sumu== {| class="wikitable" !Mtundu wa [[ChiNgelezi]] !Mtundu wa [[ChiGuernésiais]] |- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;" |<poem>'''I''' Sarnia; dear Homeland, Gem of the sea. Island of beauty, my heart longs for thee. Thy voice calls me ever, in waking, or sleep, Till my soul cries with anguish, my eyes ache to weep. In fancy I see thee, again as of yore, Thy verdure clad hills and thy wave beaten shore. Thy rock sheltered bays, ah; of all thou art best, I'm returning to greet thee, dear island of rest. {{small|'''Chorus:'''}} Sarnia Cherie. Gem of the sea. Home of my childhood, my heart longs for thee. Thy voice calls me ever, forget thee I'll never, Island of beauty. Sarnia Cherie. '''II''' I left thee in anger, I knew not thy worth. Journeyed afar, to the ends of the earth. Was told of far countries, the heav'n of the bold, Where the soil gave up diamonds, silver and gold. The sun always shone, and "race" took no part, But thy cry always reached me, its pain wrenched my heart. So I'm coming home, thou of all art the best. Returning to greet thee, dear island of rest. 𝄆 {{small|'''''Chorus'''''}} 𝄇</poem> |<poem>'''I''' Sarnia, chière patrie, bijou d'la maïr, Ile plloinne dé biautai, dans d'iaoue si cllaire Ta vouaix m'appeule terjous, mon tcheur plloin d'envie, Et mon âme té crie en poine, mes iars voudraient t'veis. Quaend j'saonge, j'té vaie derchier, mesme comme t'étais d'vànt, Tes côtis si vaerts et ton sabllaon si bllànc, Tes bànques et tes rotchets. Ah! Dé toutes la pus belle. Mon réfuge et mon r'pos, chière île qu'est si belle. {{small|'''Chorus:'''}} Sarnia Chérie, ma chière patrie, D'l'île dé ma nèissance, mon tcheur a envie Ta vouaix m'appeule terjours, et j'pense à té chaque jour. Ile plloinne dé biautai, Sarnia Chérie. '''II''' Sàns saver ta valeur, j'm'en fus en colère, Je v'yagis si llian, à l'aute but dé la terre. I m'dirent dé biaux pays, et j'm'en fus brâment Oueque la terre baillait à haut d'l'or et dé l'argent. Nous 'tait tous amis et i fit bal chaque jeur, Mais ta vouaix m'applait terjours, a m'déteurtait l'tcheur. Ch'est pourtchi qué j'm'en vians. Ah! té veis, la millaeure. Ma chière île dé répos, dé chenna j'sis saeure. 𝄆 {{small|'''''Chorus'''''}} 𝄇</poem> |} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Nyimbo ya charu]] [[Category:Guernsey]] nj5iuqdmyxi910ussvyhau8ez49onzm 10 49898 123025 2026-10-07T09:22:12Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{asbox | image = | subject = [[Megachile]]-related | category = Megachile stubs | tempsort = * | name = Template:Megachile-stub }}" 123025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{asbox | image = | subject = [[Megachile]]-related | category = Megachile stubs | tempsort = * | name = Template:Megachile-stub }} j052i0krqu9ln4ybg1x5xpibbecwpv1 123026 123025 2026-10-07T09:22:31Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 123026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{asbox | image = | subject = [[Megachile]]-vyakukhwaskana | category = Megachile stubs | tempsort = * | name = Template:Megachile-stub }} 1dmkmlidufih737d97sd1mr6xw0opw1 123027 123026 2026-10-07T09:22:58Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 123027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{asbox | image = | subject = [[Megachile]]-vyakukhwaskana | tempsort = * | name = Template:Megachile-stub }} fi6ox24p2v8cr8596hftrkd8tle98sy 4 49899 123028 2026-10-07T09:43:56Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Redirect until proper page is created 123028 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Bot]] pmkmnun1hlkhfyr2xh7xnbwd2ykmo35