Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.23 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3809 123227 122849 2026-10-10T03:10:28Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 123227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = United Republic of Tanzania | common_name = Tanzania | native_name = {{native name|sw|Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania}} | image_flag = Flag of Tanzania.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Tanzania.svg | national_motto = {{native phrase|sw|"Uhuru na Umoja"|italic=no}} <br />"[[Freedom and Unity]]" | national_anthem = "[[Mungu ibariki Afrika]]" <br />"God Bless Africa" <br />{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Tanzania by US Navy Band.ogg]]}} | image_map = Tanzania (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = Location of Tanzania (dark green) in eastern Africa | image_map2 = File:Tanzania map-en.svg | capital = [[Dodoma]] | largest_city = [[Dar es Salaam]] | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Swahili language|Swahili]]|[[English language|English]]|[[Arabic language|Arabic]] (only in Zanzibar)<ref name="Tanzania Ethnolgue">{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/TZ/languages| title=Tanzania| work=Ethnologue| publisher=SIL International}}</ref>}} | languages_type = [[National language]] | languages = [[Swahili language|Swahili]]<ref name="Tanzania Ethnolgue"/> | languages2_type = Other languages | languages2 = [[Languages of Tanzania|Over 100 languages]], including (1m+): {{hlist ||[[Sukuma language|Sukuma]]|[[Nyamwezi language|Nyamwezi]]|[[Chaga languages|Chaga]]|[[Ha language|Ha]]|[[Bena language|Bena]]|[[Gogo language|Gogo]]|[[Haya language|Haya]]|[[Dholuo]]|[[Makonde language|Makonde]]|[[Nyaturu language|Nyaturu]]|[[Maasai language|Maasai]]|[[Jita language|Jita]]|[[Pare language|Pare]]}} | ethnic_groups = Over [[List of ethnic groups in Tanzania|100 ethnic groups]] | demonym = [[Demographics of Tanzania|Tanzanian]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Tanzania|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Tanzania|Vice-President]] | leader_name2 = [[Philip Mpango]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Tanzania|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Kassim Majaliwa]] | leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Tanzania|Speaker]] | leader_name4 = [[Tulia Ackson]] | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of Tanzania|Chief Justice]] | leader_name5 = [[Ibrahim Hamis Juma]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Tanzania)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Independence {{nobold|from the [[United Kingdom]], the [[German Empire]] and the [[Omani Empire]]}} | established_event1 = [[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]] | established_date1 = 9 December 1961 | established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[People's Republic of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]]}} | established_date2 = 10 December 1963 | established_event3 = Merger | established_date3 = 26 April 1964 | established_event4 = Current constitution | established_date4 = 25 April 1977 | area_km2 = 947,303 | area_rank = 30th | area_sq_mi = 365,756<ref name="BFF"/> <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 6.4<ref name="BFF"/> | population_census = 61,741,120{{r|2022_census}} | population_estimate_rank = 24th | population_census_year = 2022 | population_density_km2 = 47.5 | population_density_sq_mi = 123.1 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 157th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$207.5&nbsp;billion <ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= December 23, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 72nd | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,374 <ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 161th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$76.5 <ref name="imf2"/>&nbsp;billion | GDP_nominal_rank = 76th | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}}$1,245<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 164th | Gini = 40.5 | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=CIA Factbook|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630032239/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|archive-date=30 June 2021}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.549<!--number only, between 0 and 1--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 160th | currency = [[Tanzanian shilling]] | currency_code = TZS | time_zone = [[East Africa Time]] | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = left | iso3166code = TZ | calling_code = [[+255]]{{efn|+007 from Kenya and Uganda.}} | cctld = [[.tz]] | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/tanzania#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Tanzania &#124; PEW-GRF|website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |63.1% [[Christianity in Tanzania|Christianity]] |34.1% [[Islam in Tanzania|Islam]] |1.5% [[Irreligion|No religion]] |1.2% [[Traditional African religions|Traditional faiths]] |0.1% Others }} | today = | map_caption2 = Map of Tanzania }} '''Tanzania''' ntchalo icho chili kumpoto cha kumafumilo ya zuba ya chalo cha [[Malaŵi]]. Chalo ichi kumpoto kwake kuli chalo cha [[Kenya]], kumafumilo ya zuba yakhe kuli nyanja ya mchele ya [[:en:Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean]] ndipo ku mwela kwake kuli chalo cha [[Mozambique]]. Chalo ichi chili na vinyama vinandi. ==Mbiri== {{Main|Mbiri ya Tanzania}} [[File:Olduvai stone chopping tool (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right| Chiŵiya chakudumura malibwe icho chili na vyaka 1.8 miliyoni, icho ŵakasanga ku [[Olduvai Gorge]] ndipo ŵali kuchiŵika ku [[British Museum]]]] ===Kale=== Charu cha Tanzania nchimoza mwa vyaru vyakale comene pa caru capasi. Viwangwa vya ŵanthu na vyamoyo vinyake vya ŵanthu vikaŵako mu nyengo ya [[Quaternary]]. [[Olduvai Gorge]], mu [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area]], [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]], yili na vinthu ivyo vikulongora umo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito vinthu ivi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku East Africa ŵakughanaghana kuti mbanthu ŵa ku [[ŵaHadza]] na [[ŵaSandawe]] ŵa ku Tanzania. <ref name="Genetics">{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1172257 |title=The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5930 |pages=1035–44 |year=2009 |pmid=19407144 |pmc=2947357 |last1=Tishkoff |first1=S. A. |last2=Reed |first2=F. A. |last3=Friedlaender |first3=F. R.| last4=Ehret |first4=C. |last5=Ranciaro |first5=A. |last6=Froment |first6=A. |last7=Hirbo |first7=J. B. |last8=Awomoyi |first8=A. A. |last9=Bodo |first9=J. M. |last10=Doumbo |first10=O. |last11=Ibrahim |first11= M. |last12=Juma |first12=A. T. |last13=Kotze |first13=M. J. |last14=Lema |first14=G. |last15=Moore |first15=J. H. |last16=Mortensen |first16=H. |last17=Nyambo |first17=T. B. |last18=Omar |first18= S. A. |last19=Powell |first19=K. |last20=Pretorius |first20=G. S. |last21=Smith |first21=M. W. |last22=Thera |first22=M. A. |last23=Wambebe |first23=C. |last24=Weber |first24=J. L. |last25=Williams |first25=S. M.| bibcode=2009Sci...324.1035T}}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vya ku South Kushitic ndiwo ŵakamba kusama kufuma ku Ethiopia na Somalia kuya ku Tanzania. Ŵanthu aŵa mbakufuma ku chiyowoyero cha Iraqi, Gorowa, na Burunge. Kuyana na maukaboni gha chiyowoyero, ŵanthu ŵa ku East Cushitic ŵakaluta ku Tanzania vyaka 4,000 na 2,000 ivyo vyajumpha. <ref name="Genetics"/> Ukaboni wa vinthu vyakusangika kale ukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku South Nilotes, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵa ku Datooga, ŵakasamira kumwera kufuma ku chigaŵa icho sono ni mphaka pakati pa [[South Sudan]] na [[Ethiopia]]. <ref name="Genetics"/> Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafuma ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa ndipo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya [[Nyanja ya Victoria]] na [[Nyanja ya Tanganyika]]. Ŵakiza na mitheto ya vyakumera mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Kufuma apo, ŵakafumamo mu vigaŵa ivi na kuluta ku vigaŵa vinyake vya Tanzania pakati pa vyaka 2,300 na 1,700 ivyo vyajumpha. <ref name="Genetics"/> Ŵanthu ŵa ku [[East Nilotic]], kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Masai]], ndiwo ŵakasama kufuma ku South Sudan mu vyaka 500 m'paka 1,500 ivyo vyajumpha. <ref name="Genetics"/><ref>{{cite book |first1=Phyllis |last1=Martin |first2=Patrick |last2=O'Meara |title=Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/africa00mart |url-access=registration |date=1995 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-20984-9}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakugwira nchito ya kupanga visulo na visulo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Pare]] ndiwo ŵakapanganga visulo vya ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku mapiri gha kumpoto kwa Tanzania. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Shoup |first1=John A. |title=Ethnic groups of Africa and the Middle East : an encyclopedia |date=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=978-1-59884-362-0 |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GN5yv3-U6goC&pg=PA67}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Haya awo ŵakakhalanga ku vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Victoria ŵakapanga ng'anjo ya moto, iyo yikaŵawovwira kuti ŵapangenge visulo vya karboni pa nyengo iyo kukaŵa kotcha chomene. <ref>{{cite journal |pmid=17830304 |year=1978 |last1=Schmidt |first1=P. |title=Complex iron smelting and prehistoric culture in Tanzania |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1978-09-22_201_4361/page/1085 |journal=Science |volume=201 |issue=4361 | pages=1085–89 |last2=Avery |first2=D.H. |doi=10.1126/science.201.4361.1085| bibcode=1978Sci...201.1085S |s2cid=37926350}}</ref> Ŵalendo na ŵamalonda ŵakufuma ku [[Persian Gulf]] na [[India]] ŵakalutanga ku East Africa kwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E. <ref>{{cite book |first=Kevin |last=Shillington |title=Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&pg=PA1510 |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-45670-2 |page=1510}}</ref> Chisimu aŵala ŵaŵaliji pa [[chilambo cha Swahili]], ŵaŵaliji pa chilambocho ikaŵeje m'ma 700 kapena 800 AD. <ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/7chapter5.shtml "The Story of Africa"]. ''BBC World Service''.</ref> === Vyaka vyapakati === Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga [[chiBantu]] ŵakazenga mizi yakulimira na kuguliska vinthu mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Tanzania kwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E. Vinthu vyakusangika ku Fukuchani, kumpoto kwa Zanzibar, vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha m'ma 600 C.E. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikasangika pa malo agha vikulongora kuti ŵakazenga nyumba za mathabwa. Pali ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga vinthu pa mtunda utali chomene yayi. Ŵakasanga vinthu vichoko waka vyakuzengera ku charu chinyake. Kuyana kwa malo agha na malo ghanyake nga ni [[Mkokotoni]] na [[Dar es Salaam]], kukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pamoza. Vikuwoneka kuti misumba iyi yikachitanga malonda mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean na mu Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E., malonda ghakalutilira kukura ndipo kuumaliro wa m'ma 900 C.E., Zanzibar yikaŵa msumba ukuru wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili. <ref>Horton, Mark and Middleton, Tom. "The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Community." (Oxford: Blackwell, 2010), 46.</ref> Kukula kwa sitima za ku [[Egypt]] na [[Persia]]n kufuma ku [[Nyanja Yiswesi]] na Persian Gulf kukakhozga malonda gha ku [[Indian Ocean]], comenecomene pamanyuma pakuti Fatimid Caliphate yikasamukira ku Fustat ([[Cairo]]). Ŵalimi ŵa Chiswahili ŵakazenga mizi yinandi kuti ŵaguliskane vinthu. Ufumu wa Venda-Shona wa Mapungubwe na [[Zimbabwe]] mu [[South Africa]] na Zimbabwe, vikamba kupanga golide mu nyengo yeneyiyi. Ufumu wa Kilwa ndiwo ukaŵa na mazaza pa vya cuma, vya ŵanthu, na vya cisopa. Kilwa wakaŵa na vipata vichoko ivyo vikafika m'paka ku Mozambique. Sofala wakazgoka malo ghakurughakuru ghakusungirako golide ndipo Kilwa wakazgoka musambazi cifukwa ca malonda agha. Ku mpoto kwa charu ichi ndiko kukaŵa Mombasa na Malindi. Kilwa ndiyo yikaŵa boma likuru comene ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa mpaka apo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakiza ku Africa kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1400. <ref>Campbell, Gwyn. "Africa and the Indian Ocean World from Early Times to Circa 1900." Cambridge University Press. 2019</ref> Mu chaka cha 1954, Julius Nyerere wakasintha gulu ili kuŵa gulu la ndyali la [[Tanganyika African National Union]] (TANU). Cakulinga cikuru ca TANU cikaŵa cakuti Tanganyika yiŵe na wanangwa wa kuwusa. Ŵakapanga kampeni yakulembeska ŵanthu ŵaphya, ndipo mu caka cimoza, TANU yikazgoka gulu likuru la ndyali mu caru ici. Nyerere wakaŵa nduna ya boma la Tanganyika mu 1960 ndipo wakalutilira kuŵa nduna yikuru mu 1961 apo Tanganyika yikajiyimira yekha. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mulenga|first=Derek C.|date=November 2001|title=Mwalimu Julius Nyerere: a critical review of his contributions to adult education and postcolonialism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-lifelong-education_november-december-2001_20_6/page/446|journal=International Journal of Lifelong Education|volume=20|issue=6|pages=446–470|doi=10.1080/02601370110088436|s2cid=143740319|issn=0260-1370}}</ref> ===Koloni=== [[File:City of Kilwa, 1572.jpg|thumb|left| Chithunzi cha 1572 cha mzinda wa [[Kilwa]], malo a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]] Pakukhumba malo agha, Sultan wa [[Oman]] [[Said bin Sultan]] wakasamuskira msumba wake ku [[Zanzibar City]] mu 1840. Mu nyengo iyi, Zanzibar yikazgoka malo ghakusangirako ŵazga ŵa ku East Africa. <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 |title=Slavery |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131931/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zanzibar awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵakaŵa pakati pa 65 na 90 peresenti. <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies |title=Slave societies |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=22 January 2014 |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> Yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga ku East Africa wakaŵa [[Tippu Tip]], uyo wakaŵa muzukuru wa munthu wa ku Africa uyo wakaŵa muzga. Ŵanthu ŵa [[Nyamwezi]] ŵakendanga na ŵazga awo ŵakalongozgekanga na [[Msiri]] na [[Mirambo]]. <ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter3.shtml "The Story of Africa |BBC World Service"]. BBC.</ref> Kuyana na [[Timothy Insoll]], "Vikulongora kuti mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵazga 718 000 ŵakatolekera ku vyaru vinyake kufuma ku Swahili, ndipo 769,000 ŵakasungika ku vyaru vinyake". <ref>{{cite book |first=Junius P. |last=Rodriguez |title=The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalencycl01rodr |url-access=registration |date=1997 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-87436-885-7}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1890, ŵazga ŵakalekeka. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.enchantingtravels.com/travel-blog/zanzibar-map-history |title=On The Zanzibar Map: Spices, Slaves And A Bit Of History |date=17 February 2015}}</ref> [[File:Wilhelm Kuhnert Schlacht bei Mahenge 2.jpg|thumb| Nkhondo ya [[Maji Maji Rebellion]] yolimbana ndi ulamuliro wa [[German East Africa]] mu 1905.]] Mu 1863, gulu la Holy Spirit Mission likakhazikiska malo ghakwambilira gha kupokelera ŵalendo mu Zanzibar. Mu 1877, pakulondezga ivyo [[Henry Morton Stanley]] wakacita apo wakaluta ku Africa, ndipo Themba [[Mutessa I la Buganda]] likamuzomerezga Stanley, mpingo wa Church Missionary Society ukatuma ŵamishonale [[Edward John Baxter]] na Henry Cole kuti ŵakhazikiske maofesi gha mu caru. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Middleton |first1=Dorothy |title=Henry Morton Stanley |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Morton-Stanley |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=29 December 2022 |date=6 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Johnson, Hildergard Binder |title=The Locations of Christian Missions in Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/213158 |journal=Geographical Review |year=1967 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=168–202 |publisher=Taylor and Francis Ltd |access-date=29 December 2022 |doi=10.2307/213158|jstor=213158 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Europeans In East Africa - View entry |url=https://www.europeansineastafrica.co.uk/_site/custom/database/?a=viewIndividual&pid=2&person=174 |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=www.europeansineastafrica.co.uk}}</ref> Mu 1885, [[Germany]] yikathereska vigaŵa ivyo sono ni Tanzania (kwambura Zanzibar) na kuviŵika mu [[German East Africa]] (GEA). <ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Early Political Discord in Kenya: European Settlers' Political Struggles in the East Africa Protectorate, 1902–1912|publisher=West Virginia University Libraries|first=Makhete|last=Fall|year=2016 |doi=10.33915/etd.5569|doi-access=free}}</ref> Pa 7 Meyi 1919, khoti likuru la [[Paris Peace Conference]] likapeleka GEA yose ku [[Britain]], nangauli [[Belgium]] yikaŵasuska. [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]], [[Alfred Milner]], and [[Belgium's minister to the conference]], [[Pierre Orts]], then negotiated the [[Anglo-Belgian agreement]] of 30 May 1919 Mulembi wa boma wa Britain wakuwona vya maboma, Alfred Milner, na nduna ya Belgium yakuwona vya maboma, Pierre Orts, ŵakadumbiskana za phangano la Anglo-Belgian la 30 May 1919 Apo Britain yikapeleka vigaŵa vya kumpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa GEA vya [[Ruanda]] na [[Urundi]] ku Belgium. <ref name="Ends">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&pg=PA246 |title=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization |author=William Roger Louis |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2006 |access-date=19 September 2017 |isbn=978-1-84511-347-6}}</ref> Komiti Yakulaŵilira Malango ya ungano uwu yikazomerezga phangano ili pa Julayi 16, 1919. <ref name="Ends"/> Pa Ogasiti 7, 1919, Khoti Likuru Chomene likazomera phangano ili. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv07/pg_613 |title=PAPERS RELATING TO THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, 1919 |publisher=United States Department of State |volume=7 |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> Pa Julayi 12, 1919, Komiti ya Mandates yikakolerana kuti chigaŵa chichoko cha [[Kionga Triangle]] kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Rovuma chipelekekenge ku [[Mozambique]]. <ref name="Ends"/> Komiti iyi yikati mu 1894, caru ca Germany cikacicizga caru ca Portugal kuti cipeleke malo agha. <ref name="Ends"/> [[Phangano la Versailles]] likalembeka pa 28 Juni 1919, kweni likamba kugwira ntchito pa 10 Janyuwale 1920. Pa zuŵa ili, boma la Britain, Belgium, na Portugal ndilo likamba kulamulira charu ichi. Kweniso pa zuŵa ili, "Tanganyika" likazgoka zina la caru ca Britain. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kulamulira charu cha Tanzania. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Liebenow|first=J. Gus|date=1956|title=Responses to Planned Political Change in a Tanganyika Tribal Group|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400067496/type/journal_article|journal=American Political Science Review|language=en|volume=50|issue=2|pages=447–448|doi=10.2307/1951678|jstor=1951678 |s2cid=144390538 |issn=0003-0554}}</ref> [[Chigaluka cha Maji-Maji]], pakati pa 1905 na 1907, chikaŵa chigaluka cha mafuko ghanandi gha ku Africa mu German East Africa kwimikana na maboma gha maboma gha vyaru vinyake. Ŵakaŵasuzga comene, ndipo pamoza na njara, ŵanthu 300,000 ŵakafwa. <ref>John Iliffe, "The Organization of the Maji Maji Rebellion" ''The Journal of African History'', pp. 495–512</ref> Mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, ŵanthu pafupifupi 100,000 ŵakufuma ku Tanganyika ŵakanjira usilikari. <ref name="Heale">{{cite book |first1=Jay |last1=Heale |first2=Winnie |last2=Wong |title=Tanzania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UhNJxHg14wC |year=2010 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-3417-7}}</ref> Ndipo ŵakaŵa pakati pa Ŵafrika 375,000 awo ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari aŵa. <ref name="MGT">[http://www.mgtrust.org/afr2.htm "African participants in the Second World War"]. mgtrust.org.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanganyika ŵakarwa mu gulu la [[King's African Rifles]] mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku East Africa ku [[Somalia]] na Ethiopia ku [[Abyssinia]], ku [[Madagascar]] ku [[Vichy French]] mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku Madagascar, na ku [[Burma]] ku [[Japan]] mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku Burma. <ref name="MGT"/> Charu cha Tanganyika chikaŵa na vyakurya vinandi chomene mu nyengo ya nkhondo iyi, ndipo ndalama izo ŵakaguliskanga zikaŵa zinandi chomene pakuyaniska na izo ŵakaguliskanga pambere nkhondo yindambe. <ref name="Heale"/> Ndipouli, cifukwa ca nkhondo, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora comene mu cigaŵa ici. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150204203753/http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/tanzania-british-rule-between-wars-1916-1945 "Tanzania: British rule between the Wars (1916–1945)"]. ''eisa.org.za''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204203753/http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/tanzania-british-rule-between-wars-1916-1945 |date=4 February 2015}}</ref> Mu 1954, [[Julius Nyerere]] wakasintha wupu uwu kuŵa gulu la ndyali la [[Tanganyika African National Union]] (TANU). Cakulinga cikuru ca TANU cikaŵa cakuti Tanganyika yiŵe na mazaza. Ŵakapanga kampeni yakulembeska ŵanthu ŵaphya, ndipo mu caka cimoza, TANU yikazgoka gulu likuru la ndyali mu caru ici. Nyerere wakaŵa nduna ya boma la Tanganyika mu 1960 ndipo wakalutilira kuŵa nduna yikuru mu 1961 apo Tanganyika yikajiyimira yekha. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mulenga|first=Derek C.|date=November 2001|title=Mwalimu Julius Nyerere: a critical review of his contributions to adult education and postcolonialism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-lifelong-education_november-december-2001_20_6/page/446|journal=International Journal of Lifelong Education|volume=20|issue=6|pages=446–470|doi=10.1080/02601370110088436|s2cid=143740319|issn=0260-1370}}</ref> ===Mazuŵa Ghano=== Ufumu wa Britain ukamara pa Disembala 9, 1961. [[Elizabeth II]], uyo wakakhala pa chitengo cha ufumu wa Britain mu 1952, wakalutilira kuwusa mu chaka chakwamba cha kujithemba kwa Tanganyika, kweni sono ni [[Fumukazi ya Tanganyika]], ndipo wakuyimilirika na kazembe mukuru. Mu 1961, charu cha Tanganyika nacho chikaŵa mu wupu wa [[British Commonwealth]]. Pa Disembala 9, 1962, charu cha Tanganyika chikazgoka charu cha demokilase icho chikaŵa na pulezidenti. Pambuyo pa [[kusintha kwa Zanzibar]] komwe kunagwetsa ufumu wachiarabu ku Zanzibar yoyandikana nayo, limodzi ndi kuphedwa kwa zikwizikwi za [[Aarabu a Zanzibar]], <ref name="Zanzibar">{{cite news |title=Unveiling Zanzibar's unhealed wounds |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8167390.stm |work=BBC News |date=25 July 2009}}</ref> chirwa ichi chikajiyimira paŵekha mu 1963, ndipo chikasazgikana na charu cha Tanganyika pa 26 Epulero 1964. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vpo.go.tz/document_storage/historical_overview.pdf |title=Background history of The Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar |publisher=Vice President's Office, United Republic of Tanzania |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125124815/http://www.vpo.go.tz/document_storage/historical_overview.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kufuma apo, caru ciphya ici cikacemeka ''United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar''. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/united-republic-tanganyika-and-zanzibar-renamed-united-republic-tanzania|title=The United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar is renamed United Republic of Tanzania|publisher=South African History Online|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/united-republic-tanzania/history|title=United Republic of Tanzania : History|publisher=Commonwealth.org|access-date=10 February 2019|archive-date=23 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223235543/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/united-republic-tanzania/history|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pa Okutobala 29 wa chaka chenechichi, charu ichi chikachemeka United Republic of Tanzania ("Tan" kufuma ku Tanganyika na "Zan" kufuma ku Zanzibar). Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa chakususkana chomene na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zanzibar (nanga ni awo ŵakakolerana na chipani ichi) kweni boma la [[Nyerere]] na boma la Zanzibar ŵakazomera chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakakolerana. Pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Tanganyika chajiyimira pawekha na kuwungana na charu cha Zanzibar kuti chiŵe charu cha Tanzania, Pulezidenti Nyerere wakadidimizga kuti ntchakukhumbikwa kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu chiphya ŵamanye umo charu chawo chiliri. Kuti ivi vicitike, Nyerere wakapeleka ivyo vikuwoneka nga ni umo ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikiranga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake na kusintha zina lawo mu Africa. <ref>[[Pierre Englebert]] and Kevin C. Dunn, "Inside African Politics" 2013: 81</ref> Ku Tanzania kuli viyowoyero vyakujumpha 130. Nangauli pakaŵa suzgo ili, kweni ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakaŵa ŵachoko chomene mu Tanzania pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene Kenya. Kweniso kufuma apo charu cha Tanzania chikapokera wanangwa wake, chikaŵa na mtende wa ndyali kuluska vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa. <ref>Henry Bienen and John Waterbury, "World Development Vol 17", 1989: 100</ref> [[File:Arusha Declaration Monument.jpg|thumb|[[Chipilala cha Chipharazgo cha Arusha]]]] Mu chaka cha 1967, boma la Nyerere likamba kughanaghana vya ndyali za kumalyero pamanyuma pa chikalata cha Arusha, icho chikalembapo za [[socialism]] kweniso [[pan-Africanism]]. Pamanyuma pa pharazgo ili, mabanki na mafakitale ghanandi ghakaŵa gha boma. Charu cha Tanzania chikakolerana na charu cha [[China]], icho kufuma mu 1970 m'paka mu 1975 chikapeleka ndalama na kovwira kuzenga [[njanji ya TAZARA]] ya makilomita 1,860 kufuma ku Dar es Salaam m'paka ku Zambia. <ref>{{cite book |first=Jamie |last=Monson |title=Africa's Freedom Railway: How a Chinese Development Project Changed Lives and Livelihoods in Tanzania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeeDwcT51BcC&pg=PA23 |year=2009 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-35271-2 |page=199}}</ref> Ndipouli, kwamba m'ma 1970, vinthu vikamba kunangika mu Tanzania chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma ilo likaŵa mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana. == Kulemba mabuku == <gallery> Elephant and Kilimanjaro.jpg|Njovu yikujumpha pafupi na [[Phiri la Kilimanjaro]]. Ngorongoro Crater.jpg|[[Ngorongoro Crater]], ni crater yikuru comene pa caru cose iyo yikucitika yayi. </gallery> Malo agha ghakukwana makilomita 947,303, <ref name="BFF">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/Statistical_Methods_and_Standards/Basic_Facts_and_Figures_on_Human_Settlements_2012_Tanzania_Mainland.zip|title="Basic Facts and Figures on Human Settlements, 2012", National Bureau of Statistics, Tanzania Ministry of Finance, 2013, page 1. Retrieved 10 November 2014}}</ref> Charu cha Tanzania chili pa nambara 13 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru mu Africa ndipo pa nambara 31 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa charu chose chapasi. <ref name="Size">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |title=CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– Rank Order&nbsp;– Area |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=16 October 2014 |archive-date=9 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Charu ichi chili kumpoto na Kenya na Uganda, kumanjiliro gha dazi na Rwanda, Burundi, na Democratic Republic of Congo, ndipo kumwera na Zambia, Malawi, na Mozambique. Charu cha Tanzania chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0477e/a0477e13.htm|title=Country review: United Republic of Tanzania|date=December 2003|website=Fisheries and Aquaculture Depart, United Nations. (FAO)}}</ref> Mu charu ichi muli virwa vinandi nga ni [[Unguja]] (Zanzibar), [[Pemba]], na [[Mafia]]. Charu ichi chili na malo ghapachanya na ghachoko chomene mu Africa: Phiri la Kilimanjaro, ilo lili pa mamita 5,895 (mamita 19,341) pachanya pa nyanja, na [[Nyanja ya Tanganyika]], iyo yili pa mamita 1,471 (mamita 4,826) pachanya pa nyanja. [[File:Wildebeest Migration in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05| Kusamalika kwa viyuni vyamuthondo mu [[Serengeti]]]] Charu cha Tanzania chili na mapiri ghanandi kweniso nkhorongo kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Viziŵa vikuruvikuru vitatu vya mu Africa vili mu Tanzania. Kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kuli Nyanja ya Victoria, nyanja yikuru comene mu Africa, na Nyanja ya Tanganyika, nyanja yakunyang'amira comene mu Africa. Kumwera kwa nyanja iyi kuli Nyanja ya Nyasa. Charu chapakati cha Tanzania chili na mapiri ghakuru na malo ghakutowa. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumafumiro gha dazi ni yakuzizima na yakututuŵa, ndipo mumphepete mwa nyanja muli virwa vya [[Zanzibar]]. [[Kalambo Falls]] mu chigaŵa cha kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Rukwa]] ni maji ghaŵiri ghatali chomene mu Africa, ndipo ghali pafupi na nyanja ya Tanganyika. <ref> {{cite web|url= https://www.britannica.com/place/Kalambo-Falls|name=Kalambo Falls|author=Britannica}} </ref> Malo [[ghakuvikilirika gha Menai Bay]] ni malo ghakuru chomene ku Zanzibar. === Umoyo === [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map TZA present.svg|thumb|upright=1.75|Tanzania mapu of Köppen climate classification]] Nyengo ya mu Tanzania yikupambana chomene. Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri, mu nyengo yakuzizima na yakuzizima, matenthedwe ghakuŵa pakati pa 10 na 20 °C. Ku vigaŵa vinyake vya charu ichi, matenthe ghakukhizga chomene yayi. Nyengo yakuzizima chomene yikuŵa pakati pa Novembala na Febuluwale (25°C panji 77.0°F) apo nyengo yakuzizima chomene yikuŵa pakati pa Meyi na Ogasiti (15°C panji 59°F). Kutentha kwa pachaka ndi 20 °C (68.0 °F). Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri muli mphepo yakuzizima. Kusintha kwa nyengo ku Tanzania kukupangiska kuti vula yambe kuwa chomene (kukaŵa na maji ghanandi) kweniso kukaŵa chilangalanga. <ref>{{cite web|title=Tanzania|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/tanzania|access-date=27 November 2020|website=Climatelinks|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614161023/https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/tanzania|archive-date=14 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Future Climate for Africa|year=2017|title=Future Climate Projections for Tanzania|url=https://futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/fcfa_tanzania_climatebrief_web.pdf|website=Future Climate for Africa|access-date=2023-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209143534/https://www.futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/fcfa_tanzania_climatebrief_web.pdf|archive-date=2022-02-09}}</ref> Kusintha kwa nyengo kukukhwaska kale vyalo vya Tanzania nga ni ulimi, maji, umoyo na nkhongono. Kuwuka kwa nyanja na kusintha kwa umo maji ghakukhalira vikukhwaska somba na vyakumera. <ref>{{cite web|title=Tanzania {{!}} UNDP Climate Change Adaptation|url=https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/united-republic-tanzania|access-date=27 November 2020|website=www.adaptation-undp.org|language=en}}</ref> Charu cha Tanzania chikapanga [[National Adaptation Programs of Action]] (NAPAs) mu chaka cha 2007 nga umo chikalembeka na United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Mu 2012, charu cha Tanzania chikapanga ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa nyengo chifukwa cha kufipa mtima na umo vinthu vyasinthira pa charu. <ref>{{cite web|title=Tanzania: National climate change strategy - National Policy, Plans & Statements - PreventionWeb.net|url=https://www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v.php?id=59982&cid=0|access-date=27 November 2020|website=preventionweb.net|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417211255/https://www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v.php?id=59982&cid=0|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Vinyama vyamuthondo na kuvikilira === [[File:Mannetjes masaigiraffe in de Serengeti, Tanzania, -12 januari 2013 a.jpg|thumb|[[Chilombo cha Masai]] ndi chinyama cha dziko la Tanzania]] Ku Tanzania kuli vinyama vinandi vya ndopa zakotcha ivyo vili na viŵaro pafupifupi 20 pa viŵaro vyose vya mu Africa. Malo agha ghakukwana makilomita ghakujumpha 42,000 ndipo ghakukwana 38 peresenti ya charu ichi. <ref>{{cite book |first1=Ridwan |last1=Laher |first2=Korir |last2=SingíOei |title=Indigenous People in Africa.: Contestations, Empowerment and Group Rights |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZiyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |date=2014 |publisher=Africa Institute of South Africa |isbn=978-0-7983-0464-1 |page=57}}</ref> Ku Tanzania kuli malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo 21, <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tanzaniaparks.com/ |title=Home |publisher=Tanzania National Parks |access-date=16 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085600/http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kweniso kuli malo ghakupambanapambana gha vinyama na nkhorongo, kusazgapo malo gha [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area]], kweni pali ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu Ngorongoro ndipo ŵakukhumba kunanga malo. Ku Tanzania kumanjiliro gha dazi, [[Gombe Stream National Park]] ndiko Jane Goodall wakambira kusambira za kachitiro ka [[chimpanzees]]. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tanzaniaparks.com/gombe.html |title=Gombe Stream National Park |publisher=Tanzania National Parks |access-date=16 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004004545/http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/gombe.html |archive-date=4 October 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Laura |last1=Riley |first2=William |last2=Riley |title=Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC |date= 2005 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12219-9}}</ref> Ku Tanzania kuli vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana. <ref>{{cite book |author1=S. N. Stuart |first2=Martin |last2=Jenkins |title=Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and Its Islands: Conservation, Management, and Sustainable Use |url=https://archive.org/details/biodiversityinsu0000stua |url-access=registration |date=1990 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0021-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/biodiversityinsu0000stua/page/204 204]}}</ref> Mu malo gha [[Serengeti]] ku Tanzania, kuli viyuni vinyake nga ni viyuni vyamuthondo (Connochaetes taurinus mearnsi) na viyuni vinyake nga ni mbuzi (zebra) <ref>{{cite web |title=Serengeti wildebeest migration |url=https://www.expertafrica.com/tanzania/info/serengeti-wildebeest-migration |access-date=20 March 2019}}</ref> Ŵakuchitako ulendo ukuru wa pa chaka. Mu charu cha Tanzania muli vyamoyo vyakujumpha 130 vya viyuni vya [[amphibian]] na vyamoyo vyakujumpha 275 vya vinyama ivyo vikukhwaŵa. <ref>Edoarado Razzetti and Charles Andekia Msuya (2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20200716094052/http://www-3.unipv.it/webshi/images/files/tanzie2002.pdf "Introduction"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716094052/http://www-3.unipv.it/webshi/images/files/tanzie2002.pdf |date=16 July 2020}}, ''Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of Arusha National Park''. Tanzania National Parks. p. 11</ref> Ku Tanzania ndiko kuli nkharamu zinandi comene pa caru cose. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201908120146.html|title=Africa: Tanzania Has Largest Number of Lions in Africa, New Report Says|first=Edward Qorro in|last=Arusha|date=12 August 2019|website=allAfrica.com|access-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810083735/https://allafrica.com/stories/201908120146.html|archive-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> Charu cha Tanzania chikaŵa na chiŵerengero cha 7.13/10 pa vyaru 172. <ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Maulalo Ena == * [[Mfumu Burrito Nyerere]] * [[Kevin Nyerere]] ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{Afrika}} [[Category:Afrika]] [[Category:Tanzania]] ec1ivr3h2q0yjepmxny6jz8z952uy87 0 5296 123221 118545 2026-10-10T01:44:42Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Revert all spam 123221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chalo2 |chalo = Spain |bendera = Flag of Spain.svg |chidindo = |mapu (mndozgi) = EU-Spain.svg }} '''Spain''' ni chalo icho chili kwa [[Europe]]. {{Europe}} [[Category:Spain|*]] [[Category:Europe]] 964o9wx6yo7lpdvkkpcvjc3ka8hwbgw 3 6887 123232 122868 2026-10-10T08:49:01Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Adminship concerns */ new section 123232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == Tumwiki social media account == Hi I recently found a Tumbuka Wikipedia social media account after browsing topics related to the Tumbuka Wikipedia. It involves my username a lot and I don't feel comfortable with to being shared in public. I'm wondering if this is your doing. Here is the link: https://ibb.co/MxRFGTYM ...I have called it out and all of the content seems to be deleted. All solved. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 13:56, 1 Zimya 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] No, I did not do that as I was completely away. I don't know who did that. We only have a Facebook account, and a Gmail account for admins to sort out some private queries, etc. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 16:00, 4 Zimya 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] But whoever did it, I hope they had good intentions, only that some usernames were publicly visible. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 16:03, 4 Zimya 2026 (UTC) == Adminship concerns == Hello @[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]]. I have just seen [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Permissions#SafariScribe@Ig%20Wikipedia '''this thread'''], and it's raising concerns for my next admin renewal request in November. You said [[User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch/Archive_23|in this thread]] that: {{xt|the answer is yes, you can be even if you are blocked on enwiki}}. But after seeing the first thread I'm not so sure. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 08:49, 10 Zimya 2026 (UTC) qcca78ao07u1qhn79rjk2fsx98z6g5z 0 6910 123198 122472 2026-10-10T00:18:12Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 123198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in Southern Africa}} {{distinguish|Bophuthatswana}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use British English|date=December 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Botswana | common_name = Botswana | native_name = {{native name|tn|Lefatshe la Botswana}} | image_flag = Flag of Botswana.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Botswana.svg | coa_size = 90 | national_motto = {{native phrase|tn|Pula|paren=no}}<br />"Rain" | national_anthem = {{native phrase|tn|[[Fatshe leno la rona]]|paren=no}}<br />"Blessed Be This Noble Land"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Fatshe leno la rona.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Botswana (centered orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Botswana AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Gaborone]] | coordinates = {{Coord|24|39.5|S|25|54.5|E|type:city|display=inline}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[English language|English]]<ref name="gov.bw languages">{{Cite web |title=About Our Country |url=https://www.gov.bw/about-our-country |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Gov.bw |quote=Botswana has a number of tribes across the country, collectively known as Batswana. The official language is English and Setswana is the national language, although there are other spoken languages.}}</ref> | languages_type = National language | languages = [[Tswana language|Setswana]]<ref name="gov.bw languages" /> | ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list|79% [[Tswana people|Tswana]] |11% [[Kalanga people|Kalanga]] |2% [[San people|San]] |8% Others (includes [[Kgalagadi language|Kgalagadi]], [[Basarwa]], [[Indians in Botswana|Indian]], and [[White people in Botswana|White]])}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2012<ref name="cia"/> | religion = {{Unbulleted list|79.1% [[Christianity in Botswana|Christianity]] |—70.2% [[Protestantism]] |—8.9% Other [[Christian]] |15.2% [[Irreligion in Botswana|No religion]] |4.1% [[Badimo]] |1.4% Others{{efn|Including [[Baháʼí Faith in Botswana|Baháʼí]], [[Hinduism in Botswana|Hindu]], and [[Islam in Botswana|Islam]].}} |0.3% Unspecified<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Botswana|date=14 September 2022|year=2022}}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2021 | demonym = {{Unbulleted list|Batswana (plural) |Motswana (singular)}} | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[List of countries by system of government#Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency|parliamentary republic with an executive presidency]]<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Botswana|access-date=17 December 2019|year=2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Selolwane |first1=Onalenna |title=Monopoly Politikos: How Botswana's Opposition Parties Have Helped Sustain One-Party Dominance |journal=African Sociological Review |date=2002 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=68–90 |doi=10.4314/asr.v6i1.23203 |jstor=24487673 |doi-access=free }}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[President of Botswana|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-28/masisi-to-lead-botswana-as-khama-steps-down-after-decade-at-helm|title=Masisi to Lead Botswana as Khama Steps Down After a Decade|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=28 March 2018|access-date=31 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401010006/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-28/masisi-to-lead-botswana-as-khama-steps-down-after-decade-at-helm|archive-date=1 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Botswana|Vice-President]] | leader_name2 = [[Slumber Tsogwane]] | leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Botswana|National Assembly Speaker]] | leader_name3 = [[Phandu Skelemani]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Botswana|Parliament]]<br />([[National Assembly of Botswana|National Assembly]]) | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = Established ([[Constitution of Botswana|Constitution]]) | established_date1 = 30 September 1966 | area_km2 = 581,730 | area_rank = 47th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 224,610 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | area_footnote = <ref>{{cite report|url = http://www.fao.org/3/a-az171e.pdf | publisher = United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization | website = fao.org | title = Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 – Country Report – Botswana | page = 9 | date = 2015 | quote = Total Country Area ('000)ha / 58 173 }}</ref><!-- 58,173,000 hectares is 581,730 km2 --> | percent_water = 2.7 | population_estimate = 2,384,246<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Botswana|access-date=24 September 2022|year=2022}}</ref> | population_census = 2,359,609 <ref name="Statistics Bostwana - Census 2022 - Population of cities, towns and villages">{{Cite web |title=Statistics Bostwana - Census 2022 - Population of cities, towns and villages |url=https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Population%20of%20Cities%20Towns%20and%20Villages%20%202022.pdf}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 145th | population_census_year = 2022 | population_density_km2 = 4.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 10.62 | population_density_rank = 231st | GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$47.04 billion <ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 123rd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}}$19,199<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 77th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$18.00 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 127th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}}$7,348 <ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 87th | Gini = 53.3 | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="WBgini">{{cite web |url= https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BW |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |access-date= 20 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171213083923/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BW |archive-date= 13 December 2017 |url-status= live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.693<!--number only, between 0 and 1--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="2022 components">{{cite book |title=Human Development Report 2021-22: Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World |date=8 September 2022 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=978-9-211-26451-7 |pages=272–276 |website=hdr.undp.org |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114232/http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 117th | currency = [[Botswana pula|Pula]] | currency_code = BWP | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elaws.gov.bw/desplaylrpage1.php?id=1399|last=Chapter: 01:04|title=Interpretation Act 1984 (§40(1))|date=20 July 1984|access-date=11 September 2020|archive-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328201053/http://www.elaws.gov.bw/desplaylrpage1.php?id=1399|url-status=dead}}</ref> | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+267]] | cctld = [[.bw]] | official_website = {{URL|http://www.gov.bw/}} | footnote_a = | today = }} '''Botswana''' ({{lang-tn|Land of the Tswana|label=[[English language|English]]}}; {{IPAc-en|audio=En-Bostwana-pronunciation.ogg|b|ɒ|t|ˈ|s|w|ɑː|n|ə}}, {{small|kweneso}} {{IPAc-en|UK|b|ʊ|t|-|,_|b|ʊ|ˈ|tʃ|w|-}}<ref name="Collins">{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/botswana|title=Botswana|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref>),mwaboma, '''Charu cha Botswana''', ni chalo icho chili ku [[Southern Africa]]. Charu cha Botswana chili pa malo ghapachanya chomene, ndipo pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya chigaŵa chake ni [[mapopa gha Kalahari]]. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera kwa [[South Africa]], kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumpoto kwa [[Namibia]], na kumpoto kwa [[Zimbabwe]]. [[Mlonga wa Kazungula]] ndiwo ukuwovwira kuti charu cha [[Zambia]] chiŵe pa mtende.<ref>{{Cite book|url= http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Multinational%20(Zambia-Bostwana)%20-%20AR%20-%20Kazungula%20Bridge%20Project.pdf|title= Kazungula Bridge Project|last= Darwa|first= P. Opoku|publisher= African Development Fund|year= 2011|page= Appendix IV|access-date= 4 May 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121114113821/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Multinational%20(Zambia-Bostwana)%20-%20AR%20-%20Kazungula%20Bridge%20Project.pdf|archive-date= 14 November 2012|url-status= dead}}</ref> Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.3 miliyoni<ref>{{Cite web|title=Population, total - Botswana {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=BW|access-date=2021-06-07|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref>. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa [[Tswana]] ndiwo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi.<ref>{{Citation |title=Botswana |date=2023-03-28 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/#people-and-society |work=The World Factbook |access-date=2023-04-05 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202201/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana#people-and-society |archive-date=9 January 2021}}</ref>Ŵanthu pafupifupi 11.6 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakukhala mu msumba ukuru wa [[Gaborone]]. Kale yikaŵa yimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene pa caru capasi, ndipo paumaliro wa m'ma 1960, GDP ya munthu yumoza yikaŵa pafupifupi madola 70 pa caka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Consolidating Democratic Governance in Southern Africa : Botswana|url=https://www.africaportal.org/publications/consolidating-democratic-governance-in-southern-africa-botswana/|last1=Maundeni|first1=Zibani|last2=Mpabanga|first2=Dorothy|date=2007-01-01|website=Africa Portal|access-date=2020-05-28|last3=Mfundisi|first3=Adam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031142/https://www.africaportal.org/publications/consolidating-democratic-governance-in-southern-africa-botswana/|archive-date=26 March 2023}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakamba kukhala mu charu ichi vyaka vyakujumpha 200,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tswana ŵakafuma ku mafuko agho ghakalongosoranga chiyowoyero cha [[Bantu]], agho ghakasamukira kumwera kwa Africa ku Botswana cha m'ma 600 C.E., ndipo ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya vya mafuko. Mu 1885, Ŵanung'una ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa ichi ndipo ŵakachilongora kuŵa chigaŵa chakulongozgeka na boma la [[Bechuanaland]]. Apo boma la Bechuanaland likaleka kulamulira charu ichi, likazgoka charu chakujiyimira paŵekha pa 30 Seputembala 1966. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, charu ichi chili na wanangwa wakusankha ŵanthu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchita makora pa nkhani ya chisopa. Vinthu vikuru chomene mu charu ichi ni migodi, viŵeto, na vyakusanguluska. Dziko la Botswana lili na GDP (purchasing power parity) pa munthu yumoza ya $18,113 pa chaka cha 2021, yimoza mwa vyaru vyapachanya chomene mu Africa. Charu cha Botswana ndicho chikupanga dayamondi zinandi chomene pa charu chose. Ndalama izo charu ichi chikusanga pa munthu yumoza (ndipo ni chachinayi pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa) zikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora kweniso kuti chiŵe na ndandanda ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukura chomene mu vyaru vya ku Africa (panyuma pa Gabon na South Africa).<ref>[http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/GNI_PPP_of_countries.htm Gross national income (GNI) – Nations Online Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219232439/http://nationsonline.org/oneworld/GNI_PPP_of_countries.htm |date=19 February 2009 }}. Nationsonline.org. Retrieved on 27 October 2016.</ref><ref name="2022 components" />Dziko la Botswana ndilo dziko loyamba ku Africa kulandira Forbes 30 Under 30 ndi 2017 Netball World Youth Cup. Charu cha Botswana chili mu wupu wa Southern African Customs Union, Southern African Development Community, Commonwealth of Nations, na United Nations. Caru ici cikakhwaskika comene na nthenda ya [[HIV]] na [[AIDS]]. Mu 2002, charu cha Botswana ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kupeleka munkhwala wakukoma majeremusi. Nangauli pakaŵa ndondomeko zakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye makora matenda agha, kweni chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi chikakwera kufuma pa 290,000 mu 2005 kufika pa 320,000 mu 2013.:A20 Mu 2014, charu cha Botswana ndicho chikaŵa na nthenda iyi pa charu chose. Ndipouli, mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru ici caŵa na suzgo la HIV na AIDS.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2021/december/emtct_botswana |title=Botswana is first country with severe HIV epidemic to reach key milestone in the elimination of mother-to-child HIV transmission |publisher=UN AIDS |year=2021 |location=Brazzaville |access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhivtb/who-we-are/success-stories/success-story-pages/partnership-for-success.html|title=Partnership for Success: CDC and Botswana Lead Progress Toward HIV Epidemic Control|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|date=30 September 2022|accessdate=29 March 2023}}</ref> ==Kwiza kwa zina== Zina la caru ici likung'anamura "Charu ca Ŵatswana". Dango la boma la Botswana likuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tswana ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana. Pakwamba ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Batswana ndiwo ŵakachemekanga Ŵatswana. Ndipouli, lizgu ili likuyowoyaso za ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Botswana.<ref>{{cite web|title=Botswanan or Batswana? It's complicated – Voices of Africa|url=http://voicesofafrica.co.za/botswanan-batswana-its-complicated/|publisher=Voices of Africa|access-date=6 January 2018|date=17 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106231817/http://voicesofafrica.co.za/botswanan-batswana-its-complicated/|archive-date=6 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Botswana}} ===Mbili yakwamba=== [[File:Two Rhino.jpg|thumb|left|The 'Two Rhino' painting at [[Tsodilo]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]] Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu charu cha Botswana vyaka pafupifupi 2 miliyoni. Viŵiya vya malibwe na vyamoyo vinyake vyalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyose vya charu ichi vyaka pafupifupi 400,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu Okutobala 2019, ŵasayansi ŵakayowoya kuti ŵanthu wose ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakababikira ku Botswana vyaka pafupifupi 200,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵali kusunga, nga ni vithuzithuzi ivyo vili kupangika mu mphanji, vili kulembeka vyaka 73,000. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa Africa, ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakaŵa ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San ("Bushmen") na Khoi. Magulu ghose ghaŵiri agha ghakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵachoko ŵakuchemeka Khoe-Kwadi, Kx?? a, na Tuu. Apo ng'ombe zikambanga kuliskika kumwera kwa Africa vyaka pafupifupi 2,000 ivyo vyajumpha, viŵeto vikaŵa vyakuzirwa comene mu caru ici cifukwa mu cigaŵa ici mukaŵa vyakumera vinandi vyambura viyuni vya tsetse. Vinyalala vya Domboshaba Vili na linga la malibwe (pachanya) na mbale ya dongo (pasi) Tikumanya makora yayi apo ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Bantu ŵakambira kusamira ku charu ichi kufuma kumpoto, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵakafika mu 600 C.E. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu awo sono ŵakuchemeka Kalanga ŵakasamira ku vigaŵa ivyo sono vili kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya Zimbabwe kweniso vya Mapungubwe, ndipo chakuzirwa chomene pa vigaŵa ivi ni vya Domboshaba, malo agho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo ya Great Zimbabwe (1250-1450 C.E.), ndipo ghakaŵa na viliŵa vya malibwe vyakudika mamita 1.8. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghakuchindikika na ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ndipo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti mulongozgi uyu wakakhalanga pachanya pa phiri pamoza na ŵateŵeti ŵake. Vyaru ivi vikaŵa kuwaro kwa vigaŵa ivyo sono ni Botswana, ndipo vikuwoneka kuti vikaŵa na viŵeto vikuru comene mu malo agho sono ni Central District. Malo ghakurughakuru agha ghakakhalanga makora m'paka mu 1300 C.E. ndipo ghakawoneka kuti ghakamara apo msumba wa Mapungubwe ukaparanyikira. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakayowoyanga Chitswana, awo ni Bakgalagadi, ŵakasamira kumwera kwa Kalahari. Ŵanthu wose aŵa ŵakendanga mu nthowa za malonda izo zikendanga kufuma ku Limpopo River kuluta ku Indian Ocean, ndipo katundu wa ku Asia nga ni mphete wakendanga m'paka ku Botswana, panyake kuti ŵakapokeranga njovu, golide, na masengwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Denbow|first1=James|last2=Klehm|first2=Carla|last3=Dussubieux|first3=Laure|date=April 2015|title=The glass beads of Kaitshàa and early Indian Ocean trade into the far interior of southern Africa|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/glass-beads-of-kaitshaa-and-early-indian-ocean-trade-into-the-far-interior-of-southern-africa/9BB659F4DA38A560EF64C4E8E3F49AFA|journal=Antiquity|language=en|volume=89|issue=344|pages=361–377|doi=10.15184/aqy.2014.50|s2cid=161212483|issn=0003-598X}}</ref> Ku Toutswemogala Hill Iron Age Settlement, malo agha ghakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 7 na 19 AD. Chigaŵa ichi chikapangika mu vyaka vyakujumpha 1,000. Mu 700 AD, ŵanthu ŵa Toutswe ŵakaluta kumanjiliro gha dazi ku Botswana na kwamba kupanga minda ya ulimi wa ku malo gha pa ng'ombe. Malo agha ghakaŵa pakati pa chigaŵa chikuru cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Botswana. Ŵakasanga vinthu vinandi ivyo vikaŵa na viŵeto vya viŵeto, ndipo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ivi vikaŵa viŵeto vya viŵeto ndipo chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pakati pa viŵeto vinandi. Ndipouli, kulima ndiko kukawovwira kuti chigaŵa cha Toutswemogala chikhale nyengo yitali. Ŵanyake ŵakukhala mu nyumba zakupambanapambana kwa vyaka vinandi. Nyengo iyo ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chitswana ŵakambira kulamulira chigaŵa ichi, yikumanyikwa makora yayi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bakwena, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na mulongozgi wakumanyikwa chomene zina lake Kgabo II, ŵakanjira kumwera kwa Kalahari mu 1500 C.E., ndipo ŵanthu ŵake ŵakachimbizga ŵanthu ŵa Bakgalagadi kumanjiliro gha dazi mu mapopa. Pakati pajumpha vyaka, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Bakwena ŵakasamira mu vigaŵa vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bangwaketse ŵakakhalanga kumanjiliro gha dazi, apo ŵa ku Bangwato ŵakasamira kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi mu vigaŵa ivyo kale vikaŵa vya Kalanga. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bangwato awo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Batawana ŵakasamukira ku Okavango Delta, panyake mu ma 1790.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tlou|first=T.|date=1974|title=The Nature of Batswana States: Towards a Theory of Batswana Traditional Government – The Batawana Case|journal=Botswana Notes and Records|volume=6|pages=57–75|jstor=40959210|issn=0525-5090}}</ref> ===Effects of the Mfecane and Batswana-Boer Wars=== {{main|Mfecane}} [[File:Kapstaaten 1905.png|thumb|left|German map of 1905 still showing the undivided Bechuanaland area]] Mabuku ghakwambilira ghakulongosora vya charu cha Botswana ghakalembeka mu 1824. Ivyo vikalembeka apa vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bangwaketse ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene mu cigaŵa ici. Mu muwuso wa Makaba II, ŵanthu ŵa ku Bangwaketse ŵakasunganga viŵeto vinandi mu malo gha mu mapopa agho ghakaŵa ghakuvikilirika. Pa nyengo iyi, mafumu ghanyake gha mu chigaŵa ichi ghakaŵa na ŵanthu 10,000 ndipo ghakaŵa na vinthu vinandi. Mu nyengo ya Mfecane, mu 1823-1843, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa ŵakanjira mu charu ichi. Nangauli Ŵangwaketse ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Bakololo mu 1826, kweni nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵasilikari wose ŵa ku Botswana ŵakaŵawukira, ŵakaŵatimbanizga, na kuŵasuzga. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bakololo na AmaNdebele ŵakaŵawukiranga kanandi waka na kutora ng'ombe zinandi, ŵanakazi, na ŵana kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Batswana. Kweni pamanyuma pa 1843, apo Ŵamandebele ŵakasamukira kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Zimbabwe, suzgo ili likamara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morton |first=Barry|date=2009-01-14|title=The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880|journal=South African Historical Journal|volume=36|pages=220–239|language=en|doi=10.1080/02582479708671276}}</ref> [[File:Sechele Gustav Fritsch 1865.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sechele I]] who led a Batswana Merafe Coalition against [[Boers]] in 1852]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1840 na 1850, ŵamalonda awo ŵakaguliskanga vinthu ku Cape Colony ŵakamba kwenda na ŵanthu ŵa ku Batswana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato, na Batawana ŵakagwilira lumoza ntchito yakuguliska njovu, ndipo ndalama izo ŵakaguliskanga ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakuguliska mahachi na futi. Mu 1880, vinthu vikasintha chomene, ndipo Ŵabatswana ŵakamba kulamulira ŵanthu ŵa ku Bushmen, Kalanga, Bakgalagadi, na mitundu yinyake. Pamanyuma pa ulendo uwu, ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Colony ŵakamba kukhala ku mphaka za Botswana mu chigaŵa cha Transvaal. Mu 1852 gulu la mafumu gha ku Tswana ilo likaŵa na Sechele I, likathereska Ŵafrika pa Nkhondo ya ku Dimawe, ndipo pamanyuma pa vyaka 8, ŵakachita phangano la mtende ku Potchefstroom mu 1860. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakakolerana kuti paŵe mphaka pakati pa charu cha South Africa na Botswana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika na ŵa ku Batswana ŵakaguliskana vinthu na kukolerana. Mu 1884 Batawana, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa mtundu wa Tswana awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Kgosi Moremi, ŵakathereska Ŵandebele awo ŵakanjira mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Botswana. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti ufumu wa Ndebele uparanyike mu Zimbabwe. Cifukwa ca mtende uwo ukaŵako pakati pa 1860 na 1880, malonda ghakalutilira kukura. Ŵamishonale Ŵacikhristu ŵakagwiliskira nchito mwaŵi uwu. Kuzakafika mu 1856, mu caru ici mukaŵa ŵa Lutheran na London Missionary Society. Kuzakafika mu 1880, mu muzi uliwose mukaŵa mishonale, ndipo ŵakamba kovwira ŵanthu. Khama III (1875-1923) ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kuzgora Chikhristu kuŵa chisopa cha boma. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, Cikristu cikaŵa cisopa cakuzomerezgeka mu vyaru vyose.<ref>Landau, P. (1995) ''The Realm of the Word: Language, Gender, and Christianity in the Southern African Kingdom''. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann.</ref> ===Colonialism and the Bechuanaland Protectorate=== {{Main|Bechuanaland Protectorate}} Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku Africa, ufumu wa Germany na wa Britain ukakhumbanga malo gha Botswana. Pa ungano uwo ukachitikira ku Berlin, Britain likadumura kuti liŵike charu cha Botswana mu mawoko ghake kuti livikilire nthowa yakuya kumpoto. Mu Janyuwale 1885, boma la Zimbabwe likapoka chigaŵa cha Tswana na kutuma ŵasilikari ŵa Warren kumpoto kuti ŵakhozge chigaŵa ichi na kuphalira ŵalongozgi ŵa chigaŵa ichi kuti ŵapulikire ivyo Britain yikayowoya. Nangauli ŵakaŵa na wofi, kweni ŵakazomera. Mu 1890, vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa madigiri 22 vikaŵikamo chigaŵa chiphya cha Bechuanaland. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1890, chigaŵa chiphya ichi chikagaŵika mu vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri, ndipo malo ghachoko waka ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵatuŵa. Mu ma 1890, boma la Britain likaghanaghana vya kupeleka malo gha Bechuanaland ku British South Africa Company. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa pafupi kufiskika nangauli ŵalongozgi ŵa Tswana ŵakalomba kuti ŵalute ku England kuti ŵakasuske, kweni ŵakayichimbizga cifukwa ca kutondeka kwa nkhondo ya Jameson mu Janyuwale 1896.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/15645705 |title=The Invention and Perpetuation of Botswana's National Mythology, 1885–1966 |last1=Morton |first1=Barry |last2=Ramsay |first2=Jeff |access-date=13 July 2018 |via=academia.edu|pages=7–11}}</ref><ref>Parsons, N. (1998) ''King Khama, Emperor Joe, and the Great White Queen: Victorian Britain Through African Eyes''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</ref>[[File:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Postage stamp of British-ruled [[Bechuanaland Protectorate|Bechuanaland]] from 1960]] Mu 1910, apo charu cha South Africa chikapangika kufuma ku vyaru vikuruvikuru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Britain, vyaru ivi vikaŵamo yayi. Ndipouli, boma la Britain likamba kufumba ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici ivyo ŵakakhumbanga. Nangauli maboma gha ku South Africa ghakakhumbanga kuti malo agha ghaŵe pasi pa mazaza ghawo, kweni Britain wakalutilira kuchedwa. Boma la Britain likati lasankhika mu 1948, likambiska apartheid, ndipo charu cha South Africa chikati chafumamo mu wupu wa Commonwealth mu 1961, vikawovwira kuti charu cha Britain na vigaŵa vinyake vileke kukolerana na boma la South Africa. Mu 1920, boma la Britain likakhazikiska mawupu ghaŵiri kuti ghamwimire ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na ku Europe. Wupu wa African Council ukaŵa na ŵalongozgi 8 ŵa mafuko gha Tswana na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasankhika. Mu 1934, pakaŵa malango ghakukhwaskana na muwuso wa mafuko. Mu 1951, wupu wakupeleka ulongozgi wa vyaru vya ku Europe na ku Africa ukapangika, ndipo mu 1961, dango la vyaru vya ku Africa likakhazikiska wupu wakupeleka fundo. ===Independence=== {{see also|Independence Day (Botswana)}} Mu Juni 1964, boma la United Kingdom likapokelera fundo yakuti ku Botswana kuŵe boma lakujiwusa. Mu Febuluwale 1966, ku London kukachitika ungano wa kujithemba. Mu 1965, boma la charu ichi likasamira ku Gaborone, kufupi na mphaka ya Botswana na South Africa. Kuyana na dango la mu 1965, caru ici cikaŵa na mavoti ghakwamba ndipo cikaŵa pa mtende pa 30 Seputembala 1966. Seretse Khama, mulongozgi wa gulu lakujiyimira pawekha na uyo wakakhumbanga kuwusa kwa Ngwato, wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti wakwamba, ndipo pamanyuma wakasankhikaso kaŵiri. Fumukazi Elizabeth II, pamoza na Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh na mwana wake Prince Andrew, Duke of York, ŵakafika ku Botswana pa ulendo waciŵiri wa ku Africa pa 25-27 July 1979. Pa nyengo iyo ŵakalutanga, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuvina na kuwombera futi. Khama wakafwa mu 1980. Mubali Quett Masire ndiyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti, ndipo wakasankhika mu 1984 na kuwuskikaso mu 1989 na 1994. Masire wakafumapo pa udindo wake mu 1998. Wakalongozgeka na Festus Mogae, uyo wakasankhika mu 1999 na kuwuskikaso mu 2004. Mu 2008, Ian Khama (mwana wa purezidenti wakwamba) ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga boma ili. Pa 1 Epulero 2018 Mokgweetsi Eric Keabetswe Masisi wakalapizga kuŵa purezidenti wachisanu wa Botswana, wakunjira mu malo mwa Ian Khama. Wakwimira chipani cha Botswana Democratic Party, icho chawina mavoti ghanandi pa mavoti ghose kufuma apo charu chikapokera wanangwa. Mathemba ghose agho ghakaŵako pamanyuma pake ghakaŵa gha chipani cimoza. Mu Disembala 1999, Khoti la pa Caru Cose likadumura mulandu uwo ukaŵa kuti wakhala nyengo yitali pa mphaka ya kumpoto na cigaŵa ca Caprivi ku Namibia. Khoti likadumura kuti cirwa ca Kasikili nchigaŵa ca Botswana. Mu ma 1970, charu cha Botswana chikaŵa na mbiri ya kuŵa cimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikupanga dayamondi zinandi pa caru cose. Mbiri iyi yikukhalilira m'paka sono, cifukwa nchito ya migodi ya dayamondi ya ku Botswana njimoza mwa nchito zikuru comene pa caru cose. Mu Botswana, migodi ya Jwaneng njakusambazi comene kuluska yose.<ref>{{cite web|last=Guest|first=Peter|url= https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/03/africa/botswana-diamonds-jwaneng/index.html|title=Inside the world's richest diamond mine |publisher=[[CNN]]|date=3 December 2015|accessdate=29 March 2023}}</ref> ==Makhalilo== {{Main|Geography of Botswana|Climate of Botswana|Climate Change in Botswana}} [[File:Botswana map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|Botswana map of [[Köppen climate classification]]]] Botswana ni chalo cikuru comene pa vyaru vyose pa caru capasi. Charu ichi chili nga ni Madagascar panji France. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 17° na 27° kumwera, ndipo longitude 20° na 30° kumafumiro gha dazi. Charu cha Botswana chili pa mapiri ghatali chomene. Charu cha Botswana chili na chipalamba cha Kalahari icho chili na malo ghakukwana 70 peresenti. Ku mpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi kuli dambo la Okavango Delta. Ku mpoto kwa charu ichi kuli Makgadikgadi Pan, malo ghakurughakuru gha mchere. Mlonga wa Limpopo, uwo uli ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Africa, uli mu chigaŵa cha Botswana. Mlonga wa Notwane ukupeleka maji ku msumba wa Gaborone. Mlonga wa Chobe uli kumpoto, ndipo ndiwo mphaka pakati pa Botswana na chigaŵa cha Zambezi ku Namibia. Mlonga wa Chobe ukukumana na Mlonga wa Zambezi pa malo ghakucemeka Kazungula (kung'anamura khuni lichoko la soseji, apo Sebitwane na fuko lake la Makololo ŵakambuka Mlonga wa Zambezi na kunjira mu Zambia). ===Biodiversity and conservation=== [[File:Cebras de Burchell (Equus quagga burchellii), vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 28.jpg|thumb|Zebras roaming the Okavango Basin]] Mu charu cha Botswana muli vyamoyo vinandi. Padera pa vigaŵa vya mu mapopa, paliso vyakumera na malo ghanyake agho kuli viyuni. Kumpoto kwa charu cha Botswana kuli mtundu unyake ukuru wa ntcheŵe za ku Africa izo zili pafupi kumara. Mu chigaŵa cha Chobe, muli malo ghanandi chomene gha njovu za ku Africa. Malo agha ghali na malo ghakujumpha 11,000 km2 ndipo muli viyuni vyakukwana 350. Malo ghakucemeka Chobe National Park na Moremi Game Reserve (mu Okavango Delta) ndigho ghakwendako ŵanthu ŵanandi. Malo ghanyake ghakusungirako nyama gha Central Kalahari Game Reserve agho ghali mu mapopa gha Kalahari mu chigaŵa cha Ghanzi; Makgadikgadi Pans National Park na Nxai Pan National Park ghali mu chigaŵa cha Central mu chigaŵa cha Makgadikgadi Pan. Malo ghakusungirako vinyama gha Mashatu ni gha ŵanthu ŵekha, ndipo ghali pa malo agho mukusangika milonga ya Shashe na Limpopo kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Botswana. Malo ghanyake ghakusungirako vyamoyo ni malo ghakuchemeka Mokolodi Nature Reserve kufupi na Gaborone. Paliso malo ghanyake ghakupatulika nga ni Khama Rhino Sanctuary (kwa visko) na Makgadikgadi Sanctuary (kwa visko). Vyose viŵiri vili ku Central District.{{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = | footer = | image1 = Okavango Delta, Botswana (2674364913).jpg | caption1 we = | image2 = Giraffe crossing a road in Botswana.jpg | caption2 = The [[Okavango Delta]] (top).<br />Giraffe crossing a road (bottom). }} Charu cha Botswana chili na masuzgo ghaŵiri, chilangalanga na kuzgoka mapopa. Vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya ŵanthu na vinyama mu charu ichi vikuthemba pa maji gha pasi chifukwa cha chilangalanga. Kuzenga mabowo ghakunyang'amira na maji gha pasi pa mtunda kwachepeskako masuzgo gha chilangalanga. Mu Botswana, maji gha pa mtunda ngakusuzga chomene, ndipo kulimilira mu vyaru ivyo kuli maji ghachoko chomene. Mu vigaŵa vyakukwana 95% vya caru ici, viŵeto ndivyo vikovwira comene ŵanthu kusanga ndalama. Pafupifupi 71 peresenti ya malo gha mu caru ici ghakugwiliskirika nchito pa malo ghakuliskako viŵeto, ndipo ici ndico cikupangiska kuti caru ici ciŵe mapopa kweniso kuti dongo lileke kunangika. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Botswana ŵakusanga chandulo na viŵeto, ŵakulutilira kupwelelera viŵeto. Kufuma mu 1966 m'paka mu 1991, viŵeto vikakura kufuma pa 1.7 miliyoni kufika pa 5.5 miliyoni.:64 Mwakuyana waka, ŵanthu ŵakusazgikira kufuma pa 574,000 mu 1971 kufika pa 1.5 miliyoni mu 1995, kusazgapo 161% mu vilimika 24. Pa mabanja ghose gha ku Botswana, 50% ghali na viŵeto. Para munthu wakugwiliskira ntchito malo ghakupwanthirapo panji mapopa, wakuŵa na masuzgo ghakuru. Vinthu vikunangikirathu chifukwa cha chilangalanga na kusintha kwa nyengo. Ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya vya cilengiwa ŵakuyowoya kuti cigaŵa ca Okavango Delta cikuwomira cifukwa cakuti viŵeto vikuliska viŵeto vinandi. Deltha la Okavango ni limoza mwa malo ghakurughakuru gha nkhorongo mu charu cha Botswana. Dipatimenti yakuwona vya nkhorongo yikamba kale kufiska ndondomeko ya kuwezgerapo vyakumera mu mizi ya ku Kgalagadi South, Kweneng North na Boteti. Kuŵaso na vyakumera vya ku malo agha kukovwira kuti charu chileke kunangika. Boma la United States nalo lacita phangano na boma la Botswana, kuŵapa ndalama zakukwana madola 7 miliyoni gha ku United States kuti ŵachepeske ngongoli ya boma la Botswana na madola 8.3 miliyoni. Fundo yakuti boma la United States lichepeskeko ngongoli ya charu cha Botswana njakuti charu ichi chiŵikengepo mtima pa kuvikilira malo. Charu ichi chikaŵa pa malo gha nambara 8. Wupu wa United Nations Development Programme ukuti ukavu ndiwo ukupangiska kuti ku Botswana ŵanthu ŵagwiliskirenge nchito comene vinthu vyakuthupi. Kuti ivi visinthe, UNDP yikawovwira pa mulimo uwo ukambira ku Struizendam, kumwera kwa Botswana. Chilato cha ntchito iyi nkhusanga "vinjeru vya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha na nthowa zawo zakwendeskera malo". Awo ŵakulongozga gulu ili ŵakwenera kuŵa ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ico, kuti ŵaŵakope, na kusazgirako mwaŵi wawo wa kusanga ndalama na kuchepeska ukavu. UNDP yikayowoyaso kuti boma likwenera kufiska ndondomeko izo zikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵajilongozgenge ŵekha.<ref name="afrol1">{{cite web |url = http://www.afrol.com/articles/13090 |title = Botswana villages fighting desertification |publisher = Afrol |access-date = 4 July 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091102221242/http://www.afrol.com/articles/13090 |archive-date = 2 November 2009 |url-status = live}}</ref> == Boma na ndale == {{Main|Politics of Botswana|Government of Botswana}} [[File:Mokgweetsi E.K. Masisi, President of the Republic of Botswana.jpg|upright|thumb|The current president, [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]]] Dziko la Botswana ndilo lili na demokilase yakale comene pa caru cose. Ndondomeko ya malango ya boma la Botswana njakuti yikovwira ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi. Ndyali za Botswana zikuchitika mu ndondomeko ya chalo cha demokilase icho chili na vipani vinandi, apo purezidenti wa Botswana ni mutu wa chalo na mutu wa boma. Boma ndilo likuŵa na mazaza pa boma. Boma na Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Botswana ndivyo vili na mazaza gha kuzenga malango. Chisankho chaposachedwapa, cha khumi ndi chimodzi, chinachitika pa 23 October 2019. Kufuma waka apo boma la Botswana likapokera wanangwa wake, chipani cha Botswana Democratic Party ndicho chili na mazaza pa ndyali. Dziko la Botswana lili pa malo 30 pa vyaru 167 mu 2021 Democracy Index (The Economist), kuluska Italy na Belgium, ndipo lili pasi pa Czech Republic. Ici cikaŵa cigaŵa caciŵiri pa vigaŵa vyose vya mu Africa, ndipo cikaŵa caciŵiri pa vigaŵa vyose vya mu Africa. Kuyana na ma V-Democracy indexes gha 2023, charu cha Botswana chili pa nambara 75 pa vyaru vyose pa charu chapasi ndipo chili pa nambara 12 pa vyaru vya mu Africa. Wupu wa Transparency International ukati, charu cha Botswana ndicho ntchakunanga chomene mu Africa.<ref>Transparency International [https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/nzl]. Retrieved 16 February 2021.</ref> ===Judiciary=== [[File:Gaborone, Botswana High Court.jpg|thumb|left|High Court of Botswana]] Ŵeruzgi ŵakujiyimira ŵekha. Likusazgapo makhoti gha ku Britain agho ghali na makhoti gha Magistrates Courts, High Court na Court of Appeal. Khoti Likuru la ku Ireland ni khoti likuru ilo lili na mazaza ghakupambanapambana ghakupulikizga milandu ya milandu ya milandu ya milandu ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu panji ya malango. Khoti la Apilu ndilo likupulikiska apilu. Mulongozgi wa khoti ili ni mulara wa ŵeruzgi. Khoti la Apilu ndilo ni khoti likuru comene mu caru ici ndipo likupeleka vyeruzgo ku khoti likuru na ku khoti la vyamalonda. Mulongozgi wa khoti la apilu ni mulara wa khoti. Ŵeruzgi ŵakwimikika na pulezidenti wa Botswana mwakuyana na ulongozgi wa komiti ya vya malango. Nangauli wupu wa mawoko wa ku Botswana waŵako kufuma mu 1997, kweni palije ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵanyake nga mbanakazi ŵali kuchita makora pa nkhani ya malango.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lssa.org.za/upload/SADCLA-2017.pdf|title=18th Annual SADC Lawyers' Association Conference and General Meeting|date=August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110005020/http://www.lssa.org.za/upload/SADCLA-2017.pdf|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> '''List of chief justices of Botswana'''<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.olddailynews.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20120927|title= Efficient judicial system ensures justice|newspaper= Daily News|access-date= 4 March 2016|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121224/http://www.olddailynews.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20120927|archive-date= 5 March 2016}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !No. !Name !Tenure |- |1 |[[Dendy Young]] |1968–1971 |- |2 |[[Akinola Aguda]] |1972–1975 |- |3 |George O. L. Dyke |1975–1977 |- |4 |[[Robert John Hayfron-Benjamin]] |1977–1981 |- |5 |[[James Aiden O'Brien Quinn]] |1981–1987 |- |6 |Luke Livesey |1987–1992 |- |7 |Moleleki D. Mokama |1992–1997 |- |8 |Julian Nganunu |1997–2010 |- |9 |Maruping Dibotelo |2018–2018 |- |10 |Terrence Ronnowane |2018- ''Incumbent'' |- |} ===Foreign relations and military=== [[File:Botswanatroopsboardplane.png|thumb|left|Botswana soldiers board a [[Botswana Defence Force]] plane to Mozambique, July 2021.]] {{Main|Foreign relations of Botswana|Botswana Defence Force}} Pa nyengo iyo charu cha Botswana chikapokera wanangwa, chikaŵavya ŵasilikari. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia na South Africa ŵakati ŵathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army na Umkhonto we Sizwe, ndipo mu 1977, ŵasilikari ŵa Botswana Defence Force (BDF) ŵakapangika. Pulezidenti ni mulara wa ŵasilikari ndipo wakusora wupu wakuvikilira ndipo sono BDF yili na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 60,000. Mu 2019, charu cha Botswana chikasaina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ndyali mu South Africa na mu chigaŵa ichi, maofesi gha BDF ghakovwira chomene pa nkhani ya kugega ulovi, kunozgekera masoka, na kusungilira mtende. Boma la United States ndilo likawovwira chomene kuti gulu la BDF likure. Boma la Botswana likapeleka wanangwa ku boma la United States kuti liwone usange lingakhazikiska msasa wa Africa Command (AFRICOM) mu caru ici.<ref>Pounds, Lance (14 December 2015) [http://www.africom.mil/media-room/article/27819/botswana-defence-force-u-s-army-leaders-meet-in-europe Botswana Defence Force, U.S. Army Leaders Meet in Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718193102/http://www.africom.mil/media-room/article/27819/botswana-defence-force-u-s-army-leaders-meet-in-europe |date=18 July 2017 }}. U.S. Army Africa</ref> ===Human rights=== {{Main|Human rights in Botswana}} Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa San ŵakaŵachimbizga mu malo ghawo. Kuti ŵafumemo mu malo agha, ŵakaŵakaniranga maji pa malo ghawo ndipo ŵakakakikanga para ŵacenjezga, ico cikaŵa cakurya cawo cikuru. Caru cawo cili pakati pa malo agho kuli dayamondi zinandi comene. Kweni boma likukana kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha vyaka vinandi chomene. Ku malo agha, ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika kusanga nchito, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumwa comene moŵa. Pa Ogasiti 24, 2018, Fernand de Varennes, uyo ni mulaŵiliri wapadera wa UN pa nkhani ya ŵanthu ŵachoko waka, wakalemba chikalata icho chikapempha charu cha Botswana kuti "chivikilire wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵachoko waka pa nkhani ya vinthu vya boma, malo na vinthu vinyake, kweniso viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵachoko waka pa nkhani ya masambiro na vinyake". Ku Botswana, ŵanthu ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakaŵa ŵambura kuzomerezgeka m'paka mu Juni 2019. Pa Juni 11 wa chaka chenechicho, Khoti Likuru ku Botswana likadumura kuti malango gha mu Criminal Code ghakaŵa ghambura kuzomerezgeka. Ku Botswana, ŵanthu awo ŵakukoma munthu ŵakulangika na kukakika. Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa ku Botswana, Ditshwanelo, ukakhazikiskika mu 1993.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20180218204716/http://www.ditshwanelo.org.bw/ Ditshwanelo Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218204716/http://www.ditshwanelo.org.bw/ |date=18 February 2018 }}"</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== {{Main|Districts of Botswana|Sub-districts of Botswana}} <imagemap> File:Districts of Botswana (image map).svg|thumb|upright=1.1|The districts of Botswana. The appropriate article can be found by clicking over the district. City districts are not shown. poly 250 100 625 100 625 200 775 200 775 400 625 400 625 500 250 500 [[w:North-West District (Botswana)]] rect 900 75 650 200 [[w:Chobe District]] poly 800 225 900 225 1075 425 1075 600 1375 600 1075 850 900 850 650 500 650 400 800 425 [[w:Central District (Botswana)]] rect 1400 400 1075 600 [[w:North-East District (Botswana)]] poly 250 500 625 500 825 775 800 825 125 825 125 650 250 650 [[w:Ghanzi District]] rect 900 825 525 950 [[w:Kweneng District]] rect 1350 875 900 1025 [[w:Kgatleng District]] rect 550 825 100 1300 [[w:Kgalagadi District]] rect 850 1000 650 1150 [[w:Southern District (Botswana)]] rect 1110 1000 850 1150 [[w:South-East District (Botswana)]] </imagemap> Maboma 10 gha Botswana ni agha: * [[Southern District (Botswana)|Southern District]] * [[South-East District (Botswana)|South-East District]] * [[Kweneng District]] * [[Kgatleng District]] * [[Central District (Botswana)|Central District]] * [[North-East District (Botswana)|North-East District]] * [[Ngamiland District]] * [[Kgalagadi District]] * [[Chobe District]] * [[Ghanzi District]] Botswana's councils created from urban or town councils are: [[Gaborone|Gaborone City]], [[Francistown]], [[Lobatse|Lobatse Town]], [[Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe Town]], [[Jwaneng|Jwaneng Town]], [[Orapa|Orapa Town]] and [[Sowa, Botswana|Sowa Township]]. ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Botswana}} Kufuma apo charu cha Botswana chikapokera wanangwa wake, ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakasanganga zikakura mwaluŵiro chomene pa charu chose. Dziko la Botswana lasintha kufuma ku kuŵa limoza la vyaru vikavu comene pa caru cose kuya ku kuŵa caru ca ŵanthu awo ŵali na ndalama zinandi. GDP ya munthu yumoza yikakura kufuma pa $1,344 mu 1950 kufika pa $15,015 mu 2016. Nangauli charu cha Botswana chikaŵa na vinthu vinandi, kweni chikaŵa na ndondomeko yiwemi iyo yikawovwira kuti ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga mu charu ichi ziweleremo. Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoyera, charu ichi chili pa nambara 4 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ndalama zinandi chomene pa charu chose cha Africa.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kästle, Klaus |url=http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/GNI_PPP_of_countries.htm |title=GNI PPP table |publisher=Nationsonline.org |date=24 July 2009 |access-date=19 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115190433/http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/GNI_PPP_of_countries.htm |archive-date=15 January 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Tree map export 2009 Botswana.jpeg|thumb|Graphical depiction of Botswana's product exports in 28 colour-coded categories]] [[File:GDP per capita development of Botswana.svg|thumb|GDP per capita of Botswana, 1950 to 2018]] [[File:GDP per capita (current), % of world average, 1960-2012; Zimbabwe, South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique.png|thumb|GDP per capita (current), % of world average, 1960–2012; Zimbabwe, South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique]] Unduna wa vya Malonda na Makampani wa ku Botswana ndiwo ukukhwimiska bizinesi mu caru cose. Wupu wa International Monetary Fund ukati kufuma mu 1966 m'paka mu 1999, ciŵelengero ca cuma cikakuranga na ciŵelengero cakujumpha 9% pa caka. Kuyana na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, charu cha Botswana chili na wanangwa wa vinthu vinandi. Boma likalutilira na ndyali yiwemi, nangauli mu 2002 na 2003, ŵakaŵavya ndalama zakukwana. Charu ichi chili na ngongoli zinandi chomene mu Africa ndipo chili na ndalama zakukwana madola ghakujumpha 7 biliyoni mu 2005/2006. Ndondomeko ya malango yikulongosora kuti makhoti ghaŵe ghakujiyimira payekha, ndipo boma likuchindika fundo iyi. Dango ili ndakukwana kuti ŵanthu ŵagwirenge makora nchito za malonda, nangauli milandu yinandi yikuŵa yakusuzga kuti ŵeruzgike. Kuvikilira wanangwa wa vinjeru kwaŵa makora comene. Charu cha Botswana chili pa malo ghaciŵiri kufuma ku South Africa mu vyaru vya ku sub-Saharan Africa mu 2014 International Property Rights Index.<ref>{{cite web|title=The International Property Rights Index 2014: Africa by Score|url=http://internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/countries?r=A&f=ipri&o=desc|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208141240/http://internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/countries?r=A&f=ipri&o=desc|archive-date=8 December 2015|access-date=23 August 2015|publisher=The International Property Rights Index}}</ref> Nangauli boma la Botswana likuzomerezga ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵachiteko vinthu vinyake mu charu ichi, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuchitako yayi. Kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama zakunja kuli na nchito yikuru pa vyamalonda vya boma. Malango gha vya ndalama ghakwendera makora, ndipo ndondomeko za maburoko yikwenda makora, nangauli yikuchedwa. Ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska nga ni ndalama izo ŵakusanga, ngongoli, ndalama izo ŵakusanga, katundu uyo munthu wakuŵa nayo, malipiro agho munthu wakupeleka, na ndalama izo munthu wakulipira pakuchita malonda, zingawezgeka kwambura mphaka. Charu cha Botswana chikuguliska mafuta na magesi kufuma ku South Africa. Pali magesi ghanyake agho ghakufuma mu malasha. === Magesi === {{Excerpt|Energy in Botswana}} ===Mayendelo=== {{See also|Roads in Botswana}} Pa ungano wa SONA 2020 ŵakayowoya kuti ku Botswana kuli misewu yinandi ya makilomita 31,747 (19,727 mi). Pa mtunda uwu, makilomita 20,000 (12,000 mi) ghali na misewu. Makilomita ghakukwana 11,747 (7,299 mi) agho ghalipo ghalije misewu. Mtunda wa msewu ukuwoneka mu makilomita ndipo chiŵelengero cha msewu chikuwoneka mu makilomita pa ora (kph) panji na chimanyikwiro cha chiŵelengero cha msewu (NSL). Magulu ghanyake gha magalimoto ghali na mphaka zakusazgikira izo zikulondezgeka na mphaka za luŵiro.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mupimpila|first=C|date=2010-09-30|title=Internalising the Externalities of Public Transport in Botswana|journal=Botswana Journal of Economics|volume=5|issue=7|doi=10.4314/boje.v5i7.60307|issn=1810-0163|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ndalama === Mu vyaru vinandi muli mabungwe ghanandi gha vya ndalama, ndipo ndalama za penshoni na mabanki ni vyakuzirwa comene. Mabanki ghalutilira kuŵa na phindu, ndalama zinandi, ndiposo ghakwenda makora, cifukwa cakuti ndalama za caru zikukura ndiposo msonkho ngukuru. Banki ya ku Botswana ndiyo njakovwira. Ndalama za mu charu ichi ni pula. Ndondomeko ya banki ya ku Botswana njimoza mwa ndondomeko zakupambanapambana mu Africa. Pakuti boma likulondezga fundo za pa caru cose pa nkhani ya kujilongora makora pa nkhani za ndalama na kulaŵilira mabanki, likovwira kuti ŵamalonda ŵasange ngongoli. Banki ya Capital Bank yikajulika mu 2008. Mu Ogasiti 2015, mu charu ichi mukaŵa mabanki ghanandi. Boma likucitako nchito ya banki kwizira mu mabungwe gha boma na ndondomeko yapadera yakovwira ŵanthu kusanga ndalama. Ngongoli zikupelekeka mwakuyana na umo vinthu viliri pa msika, kweni boma likupeleka ngongoli zakovwira. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, mabungwe gha vya ndalama agho ghakusanga ndalama yayi ghalutilira kunozgekera, comenecomene kwizira mu wupu umoza uwo ukuwona vya ndalama. Boma lafumiskapo malango ghakwendeskera ndalama za boma, ndipo chifukwa cha ivi, mabungwe ghanyake ghakwendeska ndalama, ndipo kampani ya Botswana Stock Exchange yikukura.<ref name="botswana-facts-figs">{{cite web | url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Business/Sub-audiences/Investors/Facts-and-Figures/ | title=Investors: Facts and Figures | publisher=Republica of Botswana | access-date=23 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905000003/http://www.gov.bw/en/Business/Sub-audiences/Investors/Facts-and-Figures/ | archive-date=5 September 2015 | url-status=live}}</ref> ===Gemstones and precious metals=== Ku Botswana, Dipatimenti ya Migodi na Vinthu Vyakuthupi (Department of Mines and Mineral Resources, Green Technology and Energy Security) iyo yikulongozgeka na Hon Sadique Kebonang ku Gaborone, yikusunga vinthu vyakukhwaskana na migodi mu caru cose. Debswana, kampani yikuru comene ya migodi ya dayamondi iyo yikugwira nchito mu Botswana, yili na ndalama 50 pa 100 za boma. Makampani gha migodi ghakupeleka ndalama pafupifupi 40% ku boma. Mu 2007, ŵanthu ŵakasanga usambazi unandi wa uranium, ndipo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti usambazi uwu wambenge kusangika mu 2010. Makampani ghakupambanapambana gha migodi gha ku vyaru vinyake ghaŵa na maofesi ghawo mu Botswana, ndipo ghakupenja dayamondi, golide, uranium, mkuwa, na mafuta. Boma la Botswana likati mu 2009, lizamukhumba kuleka kugwiliskira ntchito malibwe gha dayamondi pa vinthu vyachuma. Mu charu cha Botswana muli migodi yinandi chomene ya dayamondi. Mu 2013, ku Orapa ŵakaguliska dayamondi yakujumpha madola 1.6 biliyoni.<ref name="Kitco">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053511/http://www.kitco.com/ind/Zimnisky/2013-08-20-Ranking-Of-The-World-s-Diamond-Mines-By-Estimated-2013-Production.html "Ranking Of The World's Diamond Mines By Estimated 2013 Production"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053511/http://www.kitco.com/ind/Zimnisky/2013-08-20-Ranking-Of-The-World-s-Diamond-Mines-By-Estimated-2013-Production.html|date=21 September 2013}}, ''[[Kitco]]'', 20 August 2013.</ref> === Creative industries === Ŵakuwona kuti mulimo wa vyamasalamusi pa nkhani ya vyachuma ukuzirwa comene. Wupu wa United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) ukulembapo manambara ghakukhwaskana na katundu uyo wakuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake na katundu uyo wakunjira mu vyaru vinyake. Wupu wa World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) wawovwira kunozga kafukufuku uyo wakulongora kuti pa charu chose pali makampani ghakujumpha 50. Kuyana na umo WIPO yikupangira, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakupeleka ku vyamaseŵero vya kulenga zikupambana pakati pa 2% na 11% kuyana na caru. Pakugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya WIPO, wupu wa Companies and Intellectual Property Authority (CIPA) na Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis ŵakalemba kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na vigaŵa vinyake mu 2019. Mu 2016, mafakitale a copyright adathandizira 5.46% ku phindu lowonjezera ndi 2.66% ku chiwerengero cha ogwira ntchito, 1.28% ku katundu ndi 3.47% ku katundu.<ref>{{Cite book|date=June 2019|title=The Economic Contribution of Copyright Industries in Botswana|url=https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/copyright/en/performance/pdf/econ_contribution_cr_bt.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/copyright/en/performance/pdf/econ_contribution_cr_bt.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|isbn=978-99968-3-063-1|access-date=29 December 2021|website=WIPO}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Botswana}} {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-right: 10px" |+ Population in Botswana{{UN_Population|ref}} |- ! scope="col" style="background:#cfb;"|Year ! scope="col" style="background:#cfb;"|Million |- |1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|0.4 |- |2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|1.7 |- |2020 ||style="text-align:right;"|2.4 |} Mu 2012, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tswana ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene mu charu cha Botswana, ndipo ŵakakwananga 79% ya ŵanthu wose. Ŵanyake 7 peresenti mbanthu ŵa fuko la White Batswana/European Batswana, ŵa ku India, na mafuko ghanyake gha ku Southern Africa.<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Botswana|date=10 May 2022|year=2022}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ni Bayei, Bambukushu, Basubia, Baherero, na Bakgalagadi. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku India ŵali kufuma ku Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzania, Mauritius, na South Africa. [[File:Bevölkerungspyramide Botswana 2016.png|thumb|left|Population pyramid 2016]] Since 2000, because of deteriorating economic conditions in [[Zimbabwe]], the number of [[Zimbabweans in Botswana]] has risen into the tens of thousands.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=National and international responses to the Zimbabwean exodus: implications for the refugee protection regime|publisher=Policy Development and Evaluation Service, [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]|series=Research Papers|volume=175|last1=Betts|first1=Alexander|last2=Kaytaz|first2=Ezra|year=2009|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/retrieveattachments?openagent&shortid=MINE-7UL4R6&file=Full_Report.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵambura kukwana 10,000 ŵa mtundu wa San ŵachali na umoyo wawo. Kwambira m'ma 1990, boma la Botswana likuyezga kufumiska Ŵasani mu malo ghawo.<ref>Lovgren, Stefan (14 September 2004) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110510010233/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/09/0914_040914_labushmen_2.html African Bushmen Tour U.S. to Fund Fight for Land] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808232807/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/09/0914_040914_labushmen_2.html |date=8 August 2016 }}. ''National Geographic News''.</ref> [[James Anaya]], mu 2010, Mlembi Wapadera wa United Nations pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu na wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, wakalemba kuti para ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵatayika, ŵakusuzgika chomene.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Visit Central Kalahari Game Reserve In Botswana|url=https://kubwafive-safaris.com/visit-central-kalahari-game-reserve-in-botswana/|access-date=2020-10-03|website=Kubwa Five Safaris|language=en-GB}}</ref> as a special example.<ref name=Anaya/>{{rp|2}} Among Anaya's recommendations in a report to the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] was that development programs should promote, in consultation with indigenous communities such as the San and Bakgalagadi people, activities in harmony with the culture of those communities such as traditional hunting and gathering activities.<ref name=Anaya>{{cite report |author=Anaya, James |date=2 June 2010 |title=Addendum – The situation of indigenous peoples in Botswana |publisher=United Nations Human Rights Council. A/HRC/15/37/Add.2 |url=http://unsr.jamesanaya.org/docs/countries/2010_report_botswana_en.pdf |access-date=7 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006041536/http://unsr.jamesanaya.org/docs/countries/2010_report_botswana_en.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|19}} {{Largest cities | country = Botswana | stat_ref = Census Botswana 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2022 |title=POPULATION OF CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES |url=https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Population%20of%20Cities%20Towns%20and%20Villages%20%202022.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Population%20of%20Cities%20Towns%20and%20Villages%20%202022.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS 2022 |publisher=Gaborone: Statistics Botswana.}}</ref> | list_by_pop = List of cities in Botswana | div_name = District | div_link = | city_1 = Gaborone | div_1 = South-East District (Botswana){{!}}South-East | pop_1 = 246,325 | img_1 = Gaborone, Botswana - 51207616203.jpg | city_2 = Francistown| div_2 = North-East District (Botswana){{!}}North-East| pop_2 = 103,417| img_2 = The main square in Francistown (3297095166).jpg | city_3 = Mogoditshane| div_3 = Kweneng District{{!}}Kweneng | pop_3 = 88,006 | city_4 = Maun, Botswana{{!}}Maun| div_4 = North-West District (Botswana){{!}}North-West| pop_4 = 84,993| img_4 = MaunAirport.jpg | city_5 = Molepolole| div_5 = Kweneng District{{!}}Kweneng| pop_5 = 74,674| img_5 = | city_6 = Serowe| div_6 = Central District (Botswana){{!}}Central | pop_6 = 55,676 | city_7 = Tlokweng| div_7 = South-East District (Botswana){{!}}South-East | pop_7 = 55,508 | city_8 = Palapye| div_8 = Central District (Botswana){{!}}Central | pop_8 = 52,636 | city_9 = Mochudi| div_9 = Kgatleng District{{!}}Kgatleng| pop_9 = 50,317 | city_10 = Mahalapye| div_10 = Central District (Botswana){{!}}Central | pop_10 = 48,431 | city_11 = Kanye, Botswana{{!}}Kanye| div_11 = Southern District (Botswana){{!}}Southern| pop_11 = 48,028 | city_12 = Selebi-Phikwe{{!}}Selibe Phikwe| div_12 = Central District (Botswana){{!}}Central| pop_12 = 42,488 | city_13 = Letlhakane| div_13 = Central District (Botswana){{!}}Central | pop_13 = 36,338 | city_14 = Ramotswa| div_14 = South-East District (Botswana){{!}}South-East | pop_14 = 33,271 | city_15 = Lobatse| div_15 = South-East District (Botswana){{!}}South-East | pop_15 = 29,772 | city_16 = Mmopane | div_16 = Kweneng District{{!}}Kweneng | pop_16 = 25,345 | city_17 = Thamaga| div_17 = Kweneng District{{!}}Kweneng | pop_17 = 25,297 | city_18 = Moshupa| div_18 = Southern District (Botswana){{!}}Southern | pop_18 = 23,858 | city_19 = Tonota| div_19 = Central District (Botswana){{!}}Central | pop_19 = 23,296 | city_20 = Bobonong| div_20 = Central District (Botswana){{!}}Central | pop_20 = 21,216 }} ===Viyowoyelo=== {{bar box |title=Languages of Botswana |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Languages |right1=Percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|Setswana|darkgreen|77.3}} {{bar percent|Sekalanga|purple|7.4}} {{bar percent|Shekgalagadi|red|3.4}} {{bar percent|English|black|2.8}} {{bar percent|Sesarwa|green|1.7}} {{bar percent|Sembukushu|darkblue|1.6}} {{bar percent|Ndebele|cyan|1.0}} {{bar percent|Seherero|darkred|1.0}} {{bar percent|Afrikaans|gray|0.4}} {{bar percent|Sesubiya|tan|0.3}} {{bar percent|Seyeyi|lime|0.2}} {{bar percent|Other Asian|violet|0.4}} {{bar percent|Other European|azure|0.4}} {{bar percent|Other African|yellow|0.1}} {{bar percent|Other|brown|0.1}} }} {{Main|Languages of Botswana|Setswana}} Chiyowoyero cha boma ku Botswana ni Chingelezi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chisetswana.<ref name="gov.bw languages" /> Mu Citswana, vilembo vyakwambilira ni vyakuzirwa comene kuluska mu viyowoyero vinyake vinandi, cifukwa Citswana ni ciyowoyero ca Bantu ndipo vili na mazina agho ghakulembeka na vilembo ivi. Zina mwa vinthu ivi ni Bo, ilo likung'anamura charu, Ba, ilo likung'anamura ŵanthu, Mo, uyo ni munthu yumoza, na Se, uyo ni chiyowoyero. Mwaciyelezgero, mtundu ukuru comene wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Botswana ni ŵa mtundu wa Tswana. Ŵanthu wose aŵa mba Batswana, munthu yumoza ni Motswana, ndipo chiyowoyero chawo ni Setswana. Viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu Botswana ni Kalanga (Sekalanga), Sarwa (Sesarwa), Ndebele, Kgalagadi, Tswapong,! Mazgu agha ni Xóõ, Yeyi, ndipo mu vigaŵa vinyake, Afrikaans. ===Chisopo=== {{Main|Religion in Botswana}} {{bar box |title=[[Religion in Botswana]] ([[Pew Research Center|Pew Research]])<ref name=pew>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131216190527/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/botswana/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=20100 Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Botswana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216190527/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/botswana/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=20100 |date=16 December 2013 }}. [[Pew Research Center]]. 2010.</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=religion |right1=percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Christianity in Botswana|Protestant]]|blue|66}} {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|Atheist]]|darkgrey|20}} {{bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism in Botswana|Catholic]]|purple|7}} {{bar percent|[[African traditional religion|Folk]]|red|6}} {{bar percent|[[Freedom of religion in Botswana|Other]]|gray|1}} }} Ŵanthu pafupifupi 77% ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakuti Mbakhristu. Ŵakhristu ŵanandi ŵali mu tchalitchi la Anglican, Methodist, na United Congregational Church of Southern Africa. Mu caru ici muli mipingo ya ŵa Lutheran, Baptist, Roman Catholic, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Dutch Reformed Church, Mennonites, Seventh-day Adventists, na Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2001, mu caru ici muli Ŵasilamu pafupifupi 5,000 (ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku South Asia), Ŵahindu 3,000, na 700 ŵa cisopa ca Bahá'í. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 20 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵalije chisopa. ==Mwambo== {{Main|Culture of Botswana}} Kuyana na chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu charu cha Botswana, lizgu lakuti Setswana likuyowoyeka kuti likulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Botswana ŵaliri. Ku Botswana, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanandi ŵakupokelerana munthowa zakupambana. Kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Batswana ŵafwatukane makora, ŵakuyowoyeskana mazgu ghakuti "Dumelang". Pa viphikiro nga ni Dikgafela, panji viphikiro vya nthengwa, ŵanakazi ŵa ku Batswana ŵakulongora kuti mbakukondwa para ŵakulira. ===Literature and cinema=== Mabuku gha ku Botswana ghali na malo ghake mu mabuku gha ku Africa. Mabuku gha mu Africa ghakumanyikwa cifukwa ca umo ghakulembera. Kulemba kwaŵako kwa nyengo yitali ku Botswana, kufuma ku nyengo ya kupenta malibwe, comenecomene mu mapiri gha Tsodilo, agho ghakumanyikwa kuti ghakaŵa na vyaka 20,000, mpaka lero. [[File:Unity Dow - PopTech 2011 - Camden Maine USA (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Unity Dow]], author of ''Far and Beyon''', ''The Screaming of the Innocent'' and ''Heavens May Fall'']] Mazuŵa ghano, mu charu cha Botswana muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulemba nkhani za mbiri, za ndyali, na zakukondweska. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ni Bessie Head, uyo wakababikira ku South Africa ndipo wakakhalanga ku Serowe; Andrew Sesinyi; Barolong Seboni (uyo milimo yake yikusazgapo Images of the Sun, Screams and Pleas, Lovesongs, Windsongs of the Kgalagadi and Lighting the Fire, na mabuku ghanyake agho ghakusazgapo seŵero lakuti Sechele I, na Setswana Riddles Translated into English); Unity Dow, Galesiti Baruti; Caitlin Davies; Lauri Kubuetsile; Albert Malikongwa; Toro Mositi; na Moteane Melamu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@africadialogue/the-history-and-future-of-literature-in-botswana-dc0120b34561|title=The History and Future of Literature in Botswana|first=Africa in|last=Dialogue|date=12 July 2017|website=Medium}}</ref> Vinthu vinandi ivyo Bessie Head wakalemba vikacitika mu msumba wa Serowe. Mufilimu ya When Rain Clouds Gather (1968), Maru (1971), na A Question of Power (1973) zose zili na nkhani iyi. Mabuku ghatatu agha ghakulongosora vya umoyo wa munthu. Mabuku agha ghakulongosora ivyo vikachitikira Maru apo wakakhalanga pa famu iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga. Head wakafumiskaso nkhani zifupi zinandi, kusazgapo buku la The Collector of Treasures (1977). Wakalemba buku lakuti Serowe: Village of the Rainwind. Buku lake laumaliro, A Bewitched Crossroad (1984), ni buku la mdauko ilo likalembeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Kweniso wakalemba nkhani ya ntchimi ziŵiri, yumoza musambazi ndipo munyake mukavu, zina lake Yakobe: Wasembe Wakupembuzga na Cipulikano.<ref>Mary Ellen Snodgrass, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LXyyYs2cRDcC&pg=PT141 "Head, Bessie (Bessie Amelia Emery Head)"], ''Encyclopedia of the Literature of Empire'', Infobase Publishing, 2010, pp. 131–132.</ref><ref name=SAHO>[http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/bessie-amelia-head-sa-novelist-dies "Bessie Amelia Head, SA novelist dies"], South African History Online, 17 April 1986.</ref> Mu 1981, filimu ya The Gods Must Be Crazy yikaŵa mu charu cha Botswana ndipo yikaŵa yakutchuka chomene pa charu chose. Mu 2000, filimu ya Disney ya Whispers: An Elephant's Tale yikaŵa mu charu cha Botswana. Pamanyuma, mu 2009, mabuku ghanyake gha M. Filimu ya Saravanan yakuchemeka Ayan, iyo yikaŵa mu chiyowoyero cha Tamil, yikaŵa mu charu cha Botswana. A United Kingdom (Ufumu wa United Kingdom), nkhani ya chitemwa cha Seretse Khama na Ruth Williams, yikapangika pakati pa Botswana na London.<ref name="oxfordbibliographies">{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199846733/obo-9780199846733-0110.xml|title=Botswana (Bechuanaland) – African Studies|website=Oxford Bibliographies|access-date=2019-12-22}}</ref> ===Media=== {{main|Media of Botswana}} Ku Botswana kuli mawayilesi 6 gha TV, ndipo limoza mwa mawayilesi agha ni la boma (Botswana TV), pamoza na Now TV, Khuduga HD, Maru TV, Access TV na EBotswana. Pali mawayilesi ghankhondi (RB1, RB2, Duma FM, Gabz FM, na Yarona FM) na manyuzipepara 13 (Mmegi, Sunday Standard, The Telegraph, Business Weekly, The Botswana Gazette, The Voice, The Guardian, Echo, Botswana People's Daily, DailyNews, Tswana Times, Weekend Post, na The Monitor) agho ghakupharazga nyengo zose. ===Music=== {{Main|Music of Botswana}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = | footer = | image1 = | caption1 we = | image2 = Tomeletso Seeretsi.jpg | caption2 we = | image3 = Tswana Small Basket.jpg | caption3 = Folklore Musician Sereetsi (top) & traditional basket (bottom) }} Sumu za ku Botswana zikuzunulika na ŵanthu ŵanandi, nyengo zinyake kwambura kugwiliskira ntchito viŵiya. Sumu za ŵanthu ŵa ku Botswana zili na vyakwimbira nga ni setinkane (chipinda cha piyano chichoko), segankure/segaba (chiyowoyero cha ku Botswana icho chikuyana waka na chiyowoyero cha ku China), moropa (vyakwimbira vyakupambanapambana), phala (chisulo icho chikulizgika pa viphikiro, icho chili na mitundu yakupambanapambana). Vyakwimbira vya ku Botswana vikugwiliskirika waka pa vingwe yayi. Mawoko nagho ghakugwiliskirika nchito nga ni vyakwimbira, mwa kugwiriskirana mawoko pamoza panji kugwiliskira nchito phathisi (khumba la mbuzi lakuzingilizgika mu ciŵaya, ilo likugwiriskirika nchito na ŵanalume pera) kuti lipange sumu na sumu. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, gitala yikumanyikwa kuti ni ciŵiya ca kwimba ico cikovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Tswana. Sumu ya fuko ni "Fatshe leno la rona". Buku ili likalembeka na kulemba na Kgalemang Tumediso Motsete.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makgala|first=Christian John|date=2014-07-03|title=Neil Parsons, National Coat of Arms, and Introduction of the Pula Currency in Botswana, 1975–1976|journal=South African Historical Journal|volume=66|issue=3|pages=504–520|doi=10.1080/02582473.2014.898081|s2cid=159475736|issn=0258-2473}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Daily News .:. General - Birth of nation|url=http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=31255|website=www.dailynews.gov.bw|access-date=2020-05-24|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200126140631/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=31255|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Botswana Music|url=https://www.knowbotswana.com/botswana-music.html|website=KnowBotswana|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref> === Visual arts === Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Botswana, ŵanakazi ŵa mu mizi ya Etsha na Gumare ŵakumanyikwa cifukwa ca luso lawo la kupanga vidunga kufuma ku khuni la mkama la Mokola na vyakununkhira vya mu malo agha. Vikwama ivi vikuŵa vyakupambanapambana mu mitundu yitatu: vikuruvikuru vyakudikanya ivyo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakusunga vinthu, vikuruvikuru vyambura kujara ivyo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakunyamura vinthu pa mutu panji pakupwantha tirigu, na viŵiya vichoko ivyo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakupwantha tirigu. Vinthu ivi vikuŵa viwemi comene cifukwa ca mitundu iyo vikuŵa nayo kweniso umo vikupangikira.{{sfn|Cunningham|Milton|1987}} Vithuzithuzi vyakale chomene vya ku Botswana na South Africa vikulongora ŵanthu ŵakuŵawuka, vinyama, na ŵanthu. Kung San/Bushmen) vyaka vyakujumpha 20,000 ivyo vyajumpha mu mapopa gha Kalahari. ===Food=== {{Main|Cuisine of Botswana}} Vyakurya vya ku Botswana vikusazgapo nyama pakuti ku Botswana kuli viŵeto vinandi. Chakurya cha fuko ili ni seswaa, nyama yakufuma ku mbuzi panji nyama ya ng'ombe, Segwapa nyama yakomira, yakufuma ku nyama ya ng'ombe m'paka nyama ya nyama ya nyama. Vyakurya vya ku Botswana vikuyana waka na vyakurya vinyake vya ku Southern Africa. Viyelezgero vya vyakurya vya ku Botswana ni: Bogobe, pap, boerewors, samp, Magwinya na mopane. Pakuphika chiŵiya ichi, munthu wakuŵika ufu wa sorghum, wa mbuto, panji wa mphoza mu maji ghakubilisa, wakuwuskamo viŵiya ivi na kuviphika pachokopachoko. Cakurya ico cikucemeka ting cikupangika para munthu wakusazgapo mkaka na shuga. Para mulije mkaka na shuga, nyengo zinyake tingaryeka pamoza na nyama panji mphangwe. Nthowa yinyake yakuphikira bogobe nkusazgako mkaka wakununkhira na mpunga. Cakurya ici cikucemeka tophi na fuko la Kalanga. Madila ni cakurya ca mkaka cakuyana na yogati panji sour cream.<ref>{{Citation |title=Microbiome of madila - a southern-african fermented milk product |last1=Ohenhen |first1=Regina |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315493533 |work=International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences |volume=2 (2) (2013) 170–175 |pages= |access-date=2023-02-26 |script-title= |publication-date=2013 |author-mask= |last2=Imarenezor |first2=E.P.K |last3=Kihuha |first3=A.N.}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakulima mphangwe zinandi, nga ni cowpeas, ditloo, na letlhodi. Vyakumera vinyake vikukura mu thengere ndipo vikusangika nyengo yiliyose, nga ni thepe na Delele (okra). Ku malo agha kuli vipasi vinandi, kusazgapo marula. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti tuyuni utu tukwiza kufuma ku Botswana. Pali mtundu unyake wa nyungu uwo ukulimikaso. Mitundu yinyake ya nyungu iyo yikusangika mu vigaŵa vya mu mapopa, njakuzirwa comene ku ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi. Boma la Kgalagadi Breweries Limited ndilo likupanga moŵa wakuchemeka St. Louis Lager, ndiyo njere yakwamba na yimoza pera ya ku Botswana iyo yikumanyikwa chomene mu charu ichi kwamba mu 1989, kweniso Keone Mooka Mageu, chakumwa chambura moŵa. ===Sports=== {{Main|Sport in Botswana}} [[File:Francistown Stadium Botswana.jpg|thumb|left|[[Francistown Stadium]]]] Bola ndilo ndakutchuka mu Botswana. Maseŵera ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ni softball, cricket, tennis, rugby, badminton, handball, golf, na track and field. Dziko la Botswana ndi membala wa International Cricket Council. Mu 1991, charu cha Botswana chikaŵa mu wupu wa International Badminton Federation na African Badminton Federation. Wupu wa Botswana Golf Union ukupeleka maseŵero gha gofu agho ŵanthu ŵakuchita. Dziko la Botswana likapambana mendulo yakwamba ya Olimpiki mu chaka cha 2012 apo Nijel Amos wakathereska siliva mu mpikisano wa mamita 800. Mu chaka cha 2011, Amantle Montsho wakazgoka championship wa charu chose mu maseŵera gha mamita 400 ndipo wakatora mendulo yakwamba ya ku Botswana pa maseŵera gha pa charu chose. Kabelo Kgosiemang ni mulongozgi wa Africa katatu, Isaac Makwala ni mulongozgi wa mphinjika uyo wakumanya chomene maseŵero gha mamita 400, wakaŵa walongozgi wa golide pa maseŵero gha Commonwealth mu 2018, Baboloki Thebe wakaŵa walongozgi wa siliva mu maseŵero gha mamita 200 pa maseŵero gha Summer Youth Olympics mu 2014 ndipo wakafika ku semi-finals pa World Junior Championships mu 2014 pa maseŵero gha masamu, ndipo Ross Branch Ross, uyo wakwenda pa njinga, wali na nambala yimoza pa maseŵero gha South African Cross Country Championship ndipo wakathereska pa Dakar Rally. Letsile Tebogo wakimika chiphalizgano cha junior pa 100 metres na nyengo ya 9.94 pa 2022 World Athletics Championships. Pa 7 August 2021 dziko la Botswana linalandira mendulo ya bronze mu mpikisano wa 4 × 400 metres wa amuna pa Olimpiki ku Tokyo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa chomene maseŵero agha. Ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵa ku Britain awo ŵali kusamira ku vyaru vinyake, ŵakasambizganga maseŵero agha mu masukulu gha ku sekondare ku Botswana. Bungwe la Botswana Bridge Federation (BBF) likakhazikiskika mu 1988 ndipo likulutilira kunozga maseŵera agha. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha kujoba, ndipo gulu ili lili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 800. Mu 2007, BBF yikapempha wupu wa English Bridge Union kuti ucitenge ungano wa sabata yimoza mu Meyi 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebu.co.uk/general/news/2008/BotswanaTrip.htm|title=English Bridge Union|publisher=English Bridge Union|access-date=1 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227184536/http://www.ebu.co.uk/general/news/2008/BotswanaTrip.htm|archive-date=27 February 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Masambilo== {{See also|Ministry of Tertiary Education, Research, Science and Technology (Botswana)}} {{Main|Education in Botswana}} [[File:Lady Physicist.jpg|thumb|Physicist in a Lab at [[Botswana International University of Science and Technology]]]] Kufuma waka apo charu cha Botswana chikapokera wanangwa mu 1966, charu ichi chaluta panthazi chomene pa nkhani ya masambiro. Pa nyengo iyo, mu caru ici mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵacoko comene awo ŵakamalizga masambiro gha ku sekondare. Ku Botswana, chiŵerengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba chikakwera kufuma pa 69% mu 1991 kufika pa 83% mu 2008. Pa vyaru vya ku Africa, charu cha Botswana ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Kuyana na buku la The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency, mu 2015, ŵanthu 88.5% ŵa vyaka 15 kuya munthazi ŵakamanyanga kuŵazga na kulemba.<ref name="ref">{{cite web |title=UNESCO Institute for Statistics |url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725065836/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/ |archive-date=25 July 2008 |access-date=21 August 2011 |publisher=Stats.uis.unesco.org}}</ref> Cifukwa ca kusanga malibwe gha daimondi na kusazgikira kwa ndalama izo boma likasanganga, masambiro ghakasazgikira comene mu caru ici. Ŵasambiri wose ŵakasambizgika kwa vyaka 10, ndipo ŵakasambiranga sukulu ya Junior Certificate. Pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu awo ŵakusambira ŵakuluta ku sukulu za sekondare kwa vyaka viŵiri. Masambiro gha ku sekondare mu Botswana ngawanangwa yayi nesi ghakukakamizgika.<ref name="ref" /> Para ŵafuma ku sukulu, ŵakusambira ŵangasambira ku sukulu yinyake pa sukulu zinkhondi na ziŵiri izo zili mu charu ichi, panji kusambira masambiro gha kusambizga panji unesi. Ŵana ŵa sukulu aŵa ŵakasambiranga pa yunivesite ya Botswana, yunivesite ya Botswana ya Agriculture and Natural Resources, yunivesite ya Botswana International University of Science and Technology, na ku Botswana Accountancy College ku Gaborone. Ŵasambiri ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku masukulu ghapachanya ghapachanya mu charu chose. Pa maunivesite agha pali Botho University, yunivesite yakwamba ya ŵanthu ŵekha mu charu ichi iyo yikupeleka masambiro gha ku sukulu ya Accounting, Business na Computing. Yunivesite yinyake ya pa caru cose ni Limkokwing University of Creative Technology iyo yikupeleka madigiri ghakupambanapambana mu vya Maluso. Masukulu ghanyake ghakusambizga vya masambiro ghapachanya ni Ba Isago, ABM University College, New Era, Gaborone Institute of Professional Studies, Gaborone University College of Law And Professional Studies etc. Ŵasambizgi ŵa sukulu za boma ŵacita vinandi comene kuti ŵasambizge makora ŵanthu. Ŵanandi mwa ŵana aŵa boma likuŵawovwira. Yunivesite yachiŵiri ya pa charu chose, ya Botswana International University of Science and Technology, yikamara ku Palapye mu 2011. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikachitika pa umoyo wa ŵanthu vikaŵa vyacilendo. Ŵasambizgi ŵa masukulu gha pulayimale ŵachalije ndalama zinandi, ndipo ŵakupokera malipiro ghambura kuyana na ŵasambizgi ŵa masukulu gha sekondare. Dipatimenti ya vya masambiro mu charu cha Botswana yikugwira ntchito yakuzenga malaibulale mu masukulu gha pulayimale pamoza na African Library Project. Boma la Botswana likugomezga kuti para lingaŵika ndalama zinandi pa masambiro, charu ichi chingaleka kuthemba chomene malibwe gha dayamondi. Vilato ivi vikulondezgeka kwizira mu ndondomeko ya masambiro gha maluso, iyo yili mu ndondomeko ya NPVET (National Policy on Vocational Education and Training). Boma la Botswana likugwiliskira nchito 21% ya ndalama zake pa masambiro.<ref name="ref" /> Mu Janyuwale 2006, boma la Botswana likapharazga kuti liwezgerengepo ndalama zakusambizgira ŵana ŵa sukulu pamanyuma pa vyaka makumi ghaŵiri vya masambiro gha wanangwa wa boma nangauli boma likulutilira kupeleka masambiro ghakukwana na ndalama zakukwana zakukhala nazo ku munthu waliyose wa ku Botswana uyo wakusambira pa yunivesite. ===Vinthu viphya na vya zeru=== {{main|Science and technology in Botswana}} [[File:SolarCharger Deaftronics.jpg|thumb|Deaftronics Solar Powered Hearing Aid]] Dziko la Botswana likukhumba kugwiliskira nchito sayansi na vyakupangapanga kuti lisinthe vinthu pa nkhani ya vyachuma na kuchepeskako kugomezgeka kwake ku migodi ya dayamondi. Pa cifukwa ici, kufuma mu 2008, boma la Russia lazenga malo ghaŵiri ghakupambanapambana mu vigaŵa vya vyakurya, daimondi, luso, mendero, umoyo na masambiro. Mu 2011, boma la Botswana likalemba ndondomeko yake ya kafukufuku, sayansi na vyakupangapanga. Ndondomeko iyi yikovwira kuti vinthu visinthe mwaluŵiro pa nkhani ya sayansi, charu chose, na kufiska vilato vya boma ivyo vili kulembeka mu mabuku ghapachanya, kusazgapo pulani ya 10 ya boma la Botswana yakukhwaskana na chitukuko m'paka mu 2016. Mu ndondomeko ya National Policy on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation (2011) muli chilato cha kukwezga ndalama zakwendeskera kafukufuku (R&D) kufuma pa 0.26% ya GDP mu 2012 kufika pa 2% ya GDP mu 2016. Chilato ichi chingafiskika mu nyengo yakutemeka pera usange boma lingasazgirako ndalama zakwendeskera kafukufuku.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|title=UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030|publisher=UNESCO|year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100129-1|location=Paris|pages=546–547|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322210919/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:BeeSat RTM 500x500.JPG|thumb|left|Cubesat miniaturized satellite]] Nangauli ndalama izo ŵakuŵika pa kafukufuku ni zichoko, kweni mu charu ichi muli ŵasayansi ŵanandi chomene ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara. Dziko la Botswana lili pa nambala 106 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa nambala 93 mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD - Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2009, kampani ya Deaftronics, iyo yikugwira ntchito ku Botswana, yikamba kupanga munkhwala wakovwira kupulika. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, Deaftronics yaguliska vinthu ivi vyakujumpha 10,000. Chiŵiya chilichose cha munkhwala uwu chikugulika pa mtengo wa madola 200 gha ku America. Vinthu ivi ni vyakudura viŵi yayi pakuyaniska na vinyake ivyo vikuŵa na mtengo wakugulira. Mu 2011, Dipatimenti Yakusanda vya Vyakumera ya ku Botswana (DAR) yikavumbura ng'ombe za Musi, izo zikapangika kuti zikondweske chomene viŵeto vya ng'ombe. Mtundu uwu wa nyama ni wa mtundu wa Tswana, Bonsmara, Brahman, Tuli, na Simmental. Chilato cha kafukufuku uyu chikaŵa chakuti ŵasange majini agho ghangaŵa nga ni mitundu iyo yikusangika kale ku Botswana, ndipo ghangaŵa ghawemi chomene kuluska mitundu ya ku Tswana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=166&dir=2011%2FSeptember%2FThursday8%2F |title=Hardy breed named Musi at unveiling |website=mmegi.bw |date=6 August 2007 |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110013727/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=166&dir=2011/September/Thursday8/ |archive-date=10 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2016, wupu wa Botswana Institute of Technology Research and Innovation (BITRI) ukapangiska chiyezgelero cha kufumiska nthenda ya foot and mouth mwakukolerana na wupu wa Botswana Vaccine Institute na Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Njira zakulongozgera matenda izo zilipo zikukhumbikwira ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa comene na vinthu vyapadera, ivyo vikupangiska kuti ndondomeko ya kucezga yilutilire.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.rapidmicromethods.com/2016/12/bitri-develops-rapid-foot-and-mouth.html?m=1 |title=BITRI Develops Rapid Foot and Mouth Disease Test Kit |website=rapidmicromethods.com |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110013809/http://news.rapidmicromethods.com/2016/12/bitri-develops-rapid-foot-and-mouth.html?m=1 |archive-date=10 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{ multiple image | direction = vertical | width = | footer = | image1 = | caption1 we= | image2 = Botswana Innovation Hub Under Construction.jpg | caption2 we= | image3 = Botswana Innovation Hub Under Construction 2.jpg | caption3 =Botswana Innovation Hub Under Construction }} MeerKAT (Square Kilometre Array (SKA)) yizamuŵa na vyakupimira vikuruvikuru na ma antenna agho ghazamupambanapambana. Vyakurya vinyake vizamusangika mu vyaru vinyake 8 vya mu Africa. Charu cha Botswana chikasankhika kuti chiŵepo chifukwa chakuti chili ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa charu, ndipo chingaŵa chipusu kupokera mauthenga kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Boma la Botswana lazenga telesikopu ya SKA ku Kgale View, yakucemeka African Very Long Base Line Interferometry Network (AVN) na kutuma msambiri pa masambiro gha vya nyenyezi. Pa 18 December, 2020, charu cha Botswana chikamba ntchito yake ya vyaka vitatu yakuzenga na kwambiska satellite (CubeSat). Bungwe la Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST) ndilo lizamulongozga mulimo wa kupanga satellite iyi ndipo lizamovwira Yunivesite ya Oulu ku Finland. Satellite iyi yizamuteŵetera pakuwona caru capasi, ndipo yizamupeleka fundo zakovwira pa ulimi wavinjeru na pa vyalo vya pa caru. Kweniso vitovwirenge kumanya nyengo iyo tiryenge mbuto mwakugwiliskira ntchito ma robot na makina.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=60276 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415234043/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=60276 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |title=Satellite technology development giant leap |work=Botswana Daily News |date=20 December 2020 |access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africanews.space/botswana-launches-national-space-program/|title=Botswana Launches National Space Program|first=Space in|last=Africa|date=23 December 2020|access-date=14 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102034103/https://africanews.space/botswana-launches-national-space-program/|archive-date=2 January 2021}}</ref> Mu 2016, kampani yinyake yakuchemeka Almaz, yikajura kampani yakwamba ya kupanga makompyuta..<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.itwebafrica.com/more-countries/botswana/237043-botswana-opens-first-tech-assembly-plant |title=Botswana opens first tech assembly plant |website=itwebafrica.com |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110013902/http://www.itwebafrica.com/more-countries/botswana/237043-botswana-opens-first-tech-assembly-plant |archive-date=10 January 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thepatriot.co.bw/business/item/3389-almaz-enters-botswana-ict-sector.html |title=Almaz enters Botswana ICT sector |work=The Patriot |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109205218/http://www.thepatriot.co.bw/business/item/3389-almaz-enters-botswana-ict-sector.html |archive-date=9 January 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Pa 19 Novembala 2021 ŵasayansi ku Botswana Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory (BHHRL) ŵakasanga mtundu wa Omicron ndipo pamanyuma ŵakawuchema kuti B.1.1.529, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakawuchema kuti "Omicron" ndipo ŵakaŵa charu chakwamba pa charu chose chapasi kusanga mtundu uwu. Kwambira kuuyambiro wa chaka cha 2021, ŵasanda viŵaro vya ŵanthu pafupifupi 2,300 awo ŵali na kachilombo ka SARS-CoV-2. Kuyana na Dr. Gaseitsiwe, viŵelengero vya viŵelengero vya viŵelengero vya viŵelengero vya ŵanthu ivyo vyatumika ku GISAID ni vyapacanya comene mu caru ca Africa pa munthu yumoza. Bungwe la Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (BHP) likakhazikiskika mu 2003, vyaka viŵiri pamanyuma pakuti wupu uwu wajura BHHRL, malo ghakwamba puzengau chose gha kafukufuku wa HIV.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/12/14/inside-the-botswana-lab-that-discovered-omicron |title=Inside the Botswana lab that discovered Omicron |work=Aljazeera |last=Flood |first=Zoe |date=14 December 2021 |access-date=9 January 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214111713/http://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/12/14/inside-the-botswana-lab-that-discovered-omicron |archive-date=14 December 2021 }}</ref> ==Vyakuzenga== {{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = | footer = | image1 = | caption1 we = | image2 = PSX 20190111 022104.jpg | caption2 we = | image3 = Francistown interchange Botswana.png | caption3 = [[Sir Seretse Khama International Airport|SSKI Airport]] (top), [[Air Botswana]] (Middle) & Thapama Interchange (bottom) }} Ku Botswana kuli misewu ya makilomita 971, misewu ya makilomita 18,482, na ma eyapoti 92. Misewu iyi yili kuzengeka kufuma apo tikambira kujiyimira tekha mu 1966. Wupu wa ndege wa ku Botswana ni Air Botswana, ndipo ukwendeska ndege mu charu ichi na ku vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa. Botswana Railways ni kampani ya sitima ya ku caru cose, iyo yikovwira comene pa misewu ya ku Southern Africa. Botswana Railways yikupeleka vinthu vyakwendeskera njanji kuti ŵanthu ŵagulire vinthu vinandi mu migodi na vyamuminda, kweniso njanji za ŵanthu na madoko ghakomira.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.gov.bw/en/ministries--authorities/ministries/ministry-of-transport-and-communications/departments/department-of-roads/divisions/ |title=Ministry of Transport and Communications |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180729080321/http://www.gov.bw/en/ministries--authorities/ministries/ministry-of-transport-and-communications/departments/department-of-roads/divisions |archive-date=29 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.botswanarailways.co.bw/profile |title=Botswana Railways |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232609/http://www.botswanarailways.co.bw/profile |archive-date=21 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pa nkhani ya magesi, ku Botswana, ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito malasha pakupanga magesi. Sonosono apa, caru ici caŵika mtima comene pa vyakununkhira vya magesi ndipo cafiska ndondomeko yikuru ya kukopa ŵaganyu mu vyakununkhira vya magesi nga ni mphepo, zuŵa na biomass. Vipinda vya magesi vya ku Botswana ni Morupule B Power Station (600 MW), Morupule A Power Station (132 MW), Orapa Power Station (90 MW), Phakalane Power Station (1.3 MW) na Mmamabula Power Station (300 MW), ivyo vikulindizgika kuti vizamunjira pa intaneti sonosono apa. Unduna wa vya Mineral Resources, Green Technology and Energy Security, uli kunozga na kupanga sitima ya magesi ya 200 MW.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.sundaystandard.info/unusual-tourism-ministry-solar-power-plant-tender-raises-eyebrows |title=Unusual Tourism ministry solar power plant tender raises eyebrows |work=Sunday Standard |location= Gaborone |date=3 December 2017 |access-date=8 October 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201028231344/https://www.sundaystandard.info/unusual-tourism-ministry-solar-power-plant-tender-raises-eyebrows/ |archive-date=28 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mmegi.bw">{{cite web |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=1253&dir=2012/June/Friday22/ |title=Botswana - energy sector overview |website=mmegi.bw |date=22 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232514/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=1253&dir=2012/June/Friday22/ |archive-date=21 January 2019 }}.</ref> ===Umoyo=== {{Excerpt|Health in Botswana}} ====Health industry==== [[File:Scottish Livingstone Hospital 228.jpg|thumb|Scottish Livingstone Hospital in Molepolole]] Dipatimenti ya vyaumoyo mu charu cha Botswana ndiyo yikulaŵilira umoyo wa ŵanthu mu charu chose. Kuyana na Banki ya Caru Cose, mu 2009 ŵanthu ŵakakhazganga kukhala na umoyo utali wa vilimika 55, kweni mu 1990 ukaŵa vyaka 64,1 ndipo mu 2002 ukaŵa vyaka 49. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 54,06. Wupu wa Khensa wa ku Botswana ni wupu wakujipeleka. Wupu uwu uli mu wupu wa International Union for Cancer Control. Wupu uwu ukupeleka wovwiri wakukwana ku ŵanthu awo ŵakulwara nthenda ya kansa..<ref name="UICC Cancer Association of Botswana">{{cite web |publisher=Union for International Cancer Control |url=http://www.uicc.org/membership/cancer-association-botswana |title=Cancer Association of Botswana |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528080003/http://www.uicc.org/membership/cancer-association-botswana |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Nthenda ya HIV/AIDS ==== {{Main|HIV/AIDS in Botswana}} [[File:Life expectancy in select African countries, 1950–2019.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Life expectancy in select Southern African countries, 1950–2019. [[HIV/AIDS]] has caused a fall in life expectancy.]] Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Africa, AIDS yikupangiska masuzgo ghanandi pa vya cuma. Ndalama zakwendeskera vyachuma zikadumulika na 10 peresenti mu 2002'3 cifukwa ca kunangika kwa bajeti na kusazgikira kwa ndalama zakwendeskera vya cipatala. Ku Botswana, nthenda ya AIDS yikananga comene umoyo wa ŵanthu. Mu 2006, ŵakawona kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakubabika na nthenda iyi ŵakukhala vyaka 65 m'paka 35. Ndipouli, kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 54,06. Kweni pa chithuzithuzi apa pali vyaka vyakujumpha 65, ntheura pali mauthenga ghakupambana pa nkhani ya umoyo. Ku Botswana, ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15-49 ŵakaŵa na nthenda ya HIV/AIDS. Ivi vikupangiska kuti charu cha Botswana chiŵe chachitatu pa vyaru ivyo vili na matenda agha mu 2013, uku "chikulongozga pa nkhani ya kugega na kupwelelera matenda". Mu 2003, boma likamba ndondomeko yikuru yakusazgapo munkhwala wa HIV waulere panji wa mtengo wapasi kweniso kampeni yakupharazga kuti nthenda ya HIV yileke kuthandazgika; mu 2013, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 40% mu Botswana ŵakaŵa na nthenda ya HIV.:28 Mu gulu la vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 19, nthenda ya HIV yikamba kuthandazgika pa 6% pa ŵanakazi na 3.5% pa ŵanalume mu 2013,:33 ndipo mu gulu la vyaka vyapakati pa 20 na 24, nthenda ya HIV yikamba kuthandazgika pa 15% pa ŵanakazi na 5% pa ŵanalume.:33 Botswana ni yimoza mwa vyaru 21 ivyo gulu la UN AIDS likati vyazunulika mu 2011 mu ndondomeko ya Global Plan ya kumazga nthenda ya HIV pakati pa ŵana na kusunga ŵanyinawo ŵamoyo.:37 Kufuma mu 2009 kufika mu 2013, nthenda ya HIV yikakhira pa 50% pa ŵana.:38 Cinthu cinyake ico cikulongora kuti banthu ŵakukwaniska panji ŵakugomezga kuti nthenda ya HIV yikumara, nchakuti pa banthu ŵakukwana 10% pa banthu ŵakutora nthenda ya HIV mu 2013, banthu ŵakukwana pafupifupi 50% pa banthu ŵakukwana ŵakukwaniska na Na pulogiramu ya kuchepeska nthenda ya HIV kufuma ku amama kuya ku ŵana, caru ca Botswana cachepeska nthenda iyi kufuma pa 40% kufika pa 4%. Pa muwuso wa Festus Mogae, Boma la Botswana likapempha wovwiri wa ku vyaru vinyake pakulwera HIV/AIDS ndipo likapokera wovwiri kufuma ku Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Merck Foundation, ndipo pamoza ŵakapanga African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnership (ACHAP). Ŵabali ŵanyake awo ŵakateŵeterapo pa nyengo yakwambilira ŵakaŵa ku Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute, ku Harvard School of Public Health, na ku Botswana-UPenn Partnership of the University of Pennsylvania. Kuyana na lipoti la UNAIDS la mu 2011, ŵanthu wose mu Botswana ŵakutora munkhwala uwo ukovwira kuti ŵaleke kufwa.<ref>{{Citation |url= http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/JC2216_WorldAIDSday_report_2011_en.pdf |title= World AIDS Day Report |year= 2011 |publisher= UNAIDS |access-date= 21 February 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130601011732/http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/JC2216_WorldAIDSday_report_2011_en.pdf |archive-date= 1 June 2013 |url-status= live}}</ref> Vinyake ivyo vingapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵaŵe na HIV ku Botswana ni kugonana pa nyengo yimoza, kugonana na munthu munyake, kugonana na ŵanthu ŵa miwiro yakupambanapambana, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuluta ku vyaru vinyake kukapenja ntchito. Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanandi, ŵakuŵa na suzgo linyake. === Ulendo === {{main|Tourism in Botswana}} [[File:Botswana.jpg|thumb|Tourist on a safari boat cruise]] Bungwe la Tourism Organisation la ku Botswana ndilo likwendeska vyalo mu charu ichi. Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku Gaborone chifukwa cha vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita. Lion Park Resort ni malo ghakwamba ghakusanguluskira ŵanthu ku Botswana. Malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakuluta ku Botswana ni Gaborone Yacht Club na Kalahari Fishing Club kweniso malo ghanyake ghakukondweska nga ni Gaborone Dam na Mokolodi Nature Reserve. Pali malo gha gofu agho ghakusungilizgika na bungwe la Botswana Golf Union (BGU). Phakalane Golf Estate ni nyumba yakuzirwa comene iyo yili na mahotelo kweniso malo ghakukhala gofu. Malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale mu Botswana ni:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090808044920/http://www.botswanagolfunion.org.bw/ (BGU)]. Botswana Golf Union. Retrieved on 19 May 2017.</ref> * [[Botswana National Museum]] in Gaborone * Kgosi Bathoen II (Segopotso) Museum in Kanye * Kgosi Sechele I Museum in Molepolole * Khama III Memorial Museum in Serowe * Nhabe Museum in Maun * [[Phuthadikobo Museum]] in Mochudi * Supa Ngwano Museum Centre in Francistown ==Wonaniso== {{portal|Africa}} * [[Outline of Botswana]] * [[List of Botswana-related topics]] == Vinyake vyamubuku == {{Notelist}} == Ukaboni == === Citations === {{Reflist}} === General sources === {{Free-content attribution | title = UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030 | author = UNESCO | publisher = UNESCO Publishing | page numbers = 546–547 | source = | documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf | license statement URL = | license = CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 }} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{refbegin}} * Charles, Thalefang (2016). ''Botswana's Top50 Ultimate Experiences''. Mmegi Publishing House. {{ISBN|9789996845413}}. * {{cite web |url=http://economics.mit.edu/files/284 |title=An African Success Story: Botswana |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Johnson |first2=Simon |last3=Robinson |first3=James A. |date=11 July 2001 |via=mit.edu |ref=none |access-date=13 July 2018 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718075640/http://economics.mit.edu/files/284 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Cohen | first1 = Dennis L | year = 1979 | title = The Botswana Political Elite: Evidence from the 1974 General Election | url = | journal = Journal of Southern African Affairs | volume = 4 | issue = | pages = 347–370 }} * Colclough, Christopher and Stephen McCarthy. ''The Political Economy of Botswana: A Study of Growth and Income Distribution'' (Oxford University Press, 1980) * {{cite journal|first1=A.B.|last1=Cunningham|first2=S.J.|last2=Milton|title=Effects of basket-weaving industry on mokola palm and dye plants in northwestern Botswana|date=1987|publisher=Economic Botany}} * {{Cite book|last1=Denbow |first1=James |name-list-style=amp |last2=Thebe |first2=Phenyo C. |title=Culture and Customs of Botswana |url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000denb |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-313-33178-7 |ref=none}} * Edge, Wayne A. and Mogopodi H. Lekorwe eds. ''Botswana: Politics and Society'' (Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik, 1998) * {{cite journal | last1 = Good | first1 = Kenneth | year = 1992 | title = Interpreting the Exceptionality of Botswana | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-african-studies_1992-03_30_1/page/69| journal = Journal of Modern African Studies | volume = 30 | issue = | pages = 69–95 | doi = 10.1017/S0022278X00007734 | s2cid = 154542272 }} * {{cite journal |last=Good |first=Kenneth |title=Corruption and Mismanagement in Botswana: A Best-Case Example? |journal=Journal of Modern African Studies |date=September 1994 |volume=32 |number=3 |pages=499–521 |url=https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/gov2126/files/good.pdf |via=harvard.edu |access-date=13 July 2018 |issn=0022-278X |eissn=1469-7777 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00015202 |s2cid=153626418 |ref=none |archive-date=3 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403150659/http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/gov2126/files/good.pdf |url-status=dead }} * Tlou, Thomas, and Alec C. Campbell. ''History of Botswana'' (Macmillan Botswana, 1984) {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|auto=1|voy=Botswana|d=Q963}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202201/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana Botswana]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081026035549/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/botswana.htm Botswana] from [[UCB Libraries]] GovPubs * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Botswana}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13040376 Botswana] from the [[BBC News]] * {{Wikiatlas|Botswana}} * {{osmrelation-inline|1889339}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=BW Key Development Forecasts for Botswana] from [[International Futures]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230629130744/https://www.government.co.bw/ Government Directory for Botswana] {{Botswana topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Related articles |list = {{English official language clickable map}} {{Countries of Africa}} {{Southern African Development Community}} {{African Union}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} {{Botswana government ministries and agencies}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|24|39.5|S|25|54.5|E|display=title}} [[Category:Botswana| ]] [[Category:Southern African countries]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1966]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:1966 establishments in Botswana]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Former least developed countries]] knj4twbgeoy32d43qra6dafvwrr0in3 0 6926 123222 122782 2026-10-10T01:46:32Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 123222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in West Africa}} {{About|charu chamu Afilika|ntchito zinyake|Liberia (disambiguation)}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2022}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Liberia | common_name = Liberia | image_flag = Flag of Liberia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Liberia.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | image_map = Liberia (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=dark green}} | image_map2 = | national_motto = "The Love of Liberty Brought Us Here" | national_anthem = "[[All Hail, Liberia, Hail!]]"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Liberia National Anthem.ogg]]}} | official_languages = [[Liberian English|English]] | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 20.3% [[Kpelle people|Kpelle]] | 13.4% [[Bassa people (Liberia)|Bassa]] | 10% [[Grebo people|Grebo]] | 8% [[Dan people|Dan]] | 7.9% [[Mano people|Mano]] | 6% [[Kru people|Kru]] | 5.1% [[Loma people|Lorma]] | 4.8% [[Kissi people|Kissi]] | 4.4% [[Gola people|Gola]] | 4% [[Krahn]] | 4% [[Vai people|Vai]] | 3.2% [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] | 3% [[Gbandi]] | 1.3% [[Mende people|Mende]] | 1.2% [[Sapo people|Sapo]] | 0.8% [[Belle people|Belle]] | 0.3% [[Dey people|Dey]] | 0.6% other Liberian | 1.4% other African | 0.1% non-African }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2008<ref name=CIA>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/liberia/ |title=Liberia |work=The Central Intelligence Agency side for Liberia |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2021 |access-date=June 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319020318/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/liberia |archive-date=March 19, 2021}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | 86.2% [[Christianity in Liberia|Christianity]] | 11.7% [[Islam in Liberia|Islam]] | 1.4% [[Irreligion|No religion]] | 0.7% Other }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/liberia#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Liberia &#124; PEW-GRF|website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org}}</ref> | demonym = Liberian | capital = [[Monrovia]] | coordinates = {{Coord|6|19|N|10|48|W|type:city}} | largest_city = Monrovia | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic|constitutional republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Liberia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[George Weah]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Liberia|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Jewel Taylor]] | leader_title3 = [[List of speakers of the House of Representatives of Liberia|House Speaker]] | leader_name3 = [[Bhofal Chambers]] | leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of Liberia|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Sie-A-Nyene Yuoh]] | legislature = {{nowrap|[[Legislature of Liberia]]}} | upper_house = [[Senate of Liberia|Senate]] | lower_house = [[House of Representatives of Liberia|House of Representatives]] | area_rank = 102nd <!-- Area rank should match List of countries and dependencies by area --> | area_sq_mi = 43,000.<ref name=CIA/> | percent_water = 13.514 | population_estimate = 5,358,483<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Liberia|access-date=24 September 2022|year=2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 121st | population_density_sq_mi = 92.0 | population_density_rank = 180th | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$8.84 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 167th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}}$1,667<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 184th | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$3.90 billion<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 171st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase }}$735<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 180th | sovereignty_type = [[History of Liberia|Formation]] and [[Independence]] from [[American Colonization Society]]<!--Note: Liberia was never colonized or claimed by the United States government. It was founded by the ACS (American Colonization Society), a private organization. Please do not change this field to include "from the United States" without first discussing it on the talk page--> | established_event1 = [[American Colonization Society]] settlement | established_date1 = January 7, 1822 | established_event2 = [[Liberian Declaration of Independence|Independence declared]]<!--Note: As stated above, Liberia was never colonized or claimed by the United States government. It was founded by the ACS (American Colonization Society), a private organization. Please do not change this field to include "from the United States" without first discussing it on the talk page--> | established_date2 = July 26, 1847 | established_event3 = [[Republic of Maryland]] annexed | established_date3 = March 18, 1857 | established_event4 = Recognition by the United States | established_date4 = February 5, 1862 | established_event5 = [[United Nations]] membership | established_date5 = November 2, 1945 | established_event6 = [[Constitution of Liberia|Current constitution]] | established_date6 = January 6, 1986 | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 35.3 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini-index>{{cite web|title=GINI index|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=LR&name_desc=false|publisher=World Bank|access-date=June 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501233605/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=LR&name_desc=false|archive-date=May 1, 2020}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.481 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date= 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-9211264425|pages=343–346|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/hdr2020pdf.pdf|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 178th | currency = [[Liberian dollar]] (LRD) | currency_code = | utc_offset = {{sp}} | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | date_format = mm/dd/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+231]] | cctld = [[.lr]] | official_website = {{URL|https://www.emansion.gov.lr/}} Executive mansion <!-- https://eliberia.gov.lr/ is insecure as of July 29, 2022, restore when site is safely available --> | today = }} '''Liberia''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Liberia.ogg|l|aɪ|ˈ|b|ɪ|ɹ|i|ə}}), mwalamulo '''''Ripabuliki ya Laibeliya''''', ni chalo icho chili mumphepete mwa Africa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na [[Sierra Leone]] kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi, [[Guinea]] kumpoto, [[Ivory Coast]] kumafumiro gha dazi, na [[Atlantic Ocean]] kumwera na kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chigaŵa ichi chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 5 miliyoni ndipo chili na malo ghakukwana 111,369 km2. Nangauli chiyowoyero chikuru mu charu ichi ni [[ChiZungu|Chingelezi]], kweni ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakujumpha 20. Msumba ukuru wa charu ichi ni [[Monrovia]]. Liberia yikamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 apo wupu wa [[American Colonization Society (ACS)]] ukagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵazamusanga wanangwa na vinthu vinandi mu Africa kuluska ku [[United States]].<ref name="AFP" />Pakati pa 1822 na 1861 apo Nkhondo ya ku America yikambanga, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Africa awo ŵakababika ŵanangwa ŵakakwana 15,000. Pachoko na pachoko, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kumanyikwa kuti mba ku [[America]] na Liberia. Pa Julayi 26, 1847, charu cha Liberia chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha, ndipo boma la United States likamanya yayi kuti ni charu ichi m'paka pa Febuluwale 5, 1862.<ref>Cooper, Helene, ''The House at Sugar Beach: In Search of a Lost African Childhood'' (United States: Simon and Schuster, 2008), p. 6</ref><ref>[http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107718.html Liberia: History, Geography, Government, and Culture], Infoplease.com</ref> Liberia yikaŵa charu chakwambilira ku Africa kuŵa na wanangwa ndipo ndiyo yikaŵa charu chakwambilira na chakale chomene mu Africa. Pamoza na [[Ethiopia]], ni yimoza mwa vyaru viŵiri vya mu Africa ivyo vikalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa caru ca Africa. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, charu cha Liberia chikakhozgera nkhondo ya ku United States na [[Germany]], ndipo chikapokera ndalama zinandi za ku America izo zikawovwira kuti charu ichi chiŵe na vinthu vinandi. Pulezidenti [[William Tubman]] wakawovwira kuti vinthu visinthe pa nkhani ya vyachuma na ndyali. Ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Americo-Liberia]] awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakakolerananga yayi na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kru na [[Grebo]] ŵakamba kuwukira malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Americo-Liberia]] ŵakaŵa ŵachoko chomene ndipo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵavya wanangwa wakuŵa ŵenekaya m'paka mu 1904.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/liberiacountryst00nels|title=Liberia, a country study|first1=Harold D.|last1=Nelson|first2=D. C. ) Foreign Area Studies|last2=American University (Washington|date=January 24, 1984|publisher=Washington, D.C. : The Studies : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="Constitutional History">{{cite news |title=Constitutional history of Liberia |url=http://constitutionnet.org/country/liberia |access-date=July 1, 2020 |website=Constitutionnet.org}}</ref> Mu 1980, apo boma la William R. Pa nyengo iyi, [[boma la Americo-Liberia]] likamalizga kulamulira charu ichi. Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya ku Liberia yikati yacitika, pakaŵa boma la ŵasilikari la [[People's Redemption Council]]. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu 250,000 ŵafwe (pafupifupi 8 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose) ndipo ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵakachimbira mu vikaya vyawo. Mu 2003, pakaŵa phangano la mtende ilo likawovwira kuti paŵe maungano gha demokilase mu 2005.<ref name="veconomist" >{{cite news|title=Praise for the woman who put Liberia back on its feet|url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21730015-ellen-johnson-sirleaf-has-not-been-perfect-president-she-has-been-good-enough-praise|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=October 5, 2017}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{main|Mbili ya Liberia}} === Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira === [[Michael Omolewa]] ndiyo wakasimikizgira kuti ku [[West Africa]] kukaŵa vinthu vya ku [[Oldowan]] ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakale ŵakaŵako.<ref name="Omolewa">{{cite book |last1=Michael |first1=Omolewa |date=1986 |title=Certificate history of Nigeria |url=https://www.africabib.org/s/rec.php?RID=406720584 |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0582585188 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414143441/https://www.africabib.org/s/rec.php?RID=406720584 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Vinthu vya ku Acheulean (ESA) ivyo vikulongora nyengo iyo vikaŵirako vili kulembeka makora mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakulemba pa nyengo ya Middle Stone Age (MSA) vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vyamabuchi mu nyengo ya Chibanian (~780-126 000 years ago) mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa Sahelian. Ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵaŵe ŵacinyamata comene mu Africa. Kweni pali mphambano yikuru pa nkhani ya umo vyakumera vya mu nkhorongo vikuŵira. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo ya malibwe ŵakalongora kuti vinthu vikasintha chomene pa nkhani ya tekinoloje.<ref name="Scerri">{{cite journal |last1=Eleanor |first1=Scerri |date=1986 |title=T Certificate history of Nigeria |url=https://www.africabib.org/s/rec.php?RID=406720584 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.137 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414143441/https://www.africabib.org/s/rec.php?RID=406720584 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ivyo vili kulembeka vikulongora kuti vinthu vya ku West Africa ivyo vikapangika mu nyengo ya Stone Age (LSA) vikukolerana, ndipo vikulongora kuti mafakitale ghakupambanapambana ghakupanga vinthu ivi kufuma mumphepete mwa nyanja m'paka kumpoto. Vinthu ivi vingaŵa vyakukolerana na umo vinthu viliri pa charu panji umo ŵanthu ŵakutemwera kusangwa na vinthu vinyake. Mu nyengo ya pakati pa nyengo ya Holocene, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vyakupangira vyakurya. Pakati pa vyaka pafupifupi 4.5 na 3.5 C.E., ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kupanga vyakurya, panyake chifukwa cha kukumana na ŵaliska na ŵalimi ŵa kumpoto. Ndipouli, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa ŵakalutilira kukhala mu nkhorongo m'paka nyengo yikati yajumphapo.<ref name="Scerri" />[[File:Negroland and Guinea with the European Settlements, 1736.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|A European map of West Africa and the [[Grain Coast]], 1736. It has the archaic mapping designation of [[Negroland]].]] === Kukura kwa mtundu wa '''ŵanthu ŵa''' Mande === Mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga m'ma 1200. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca Mande ŵakamba kufumako kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo mitundu yinandi yichoko yikachimbilira kumwera ku nyanja ya Atlantic. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Dei, Bassa, Kru, Gola, na Kissi ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwambilira kulembeka mu malo agha.<ref name=introprof>{{cite journal |last1=Dunn-Marcos |first1=Robin |last2=Kollehlon |first2=Konia T. |last3=Ngovo |first3=Bernard |last4=Russ |first4=Emily |editor-last=Ranar |editor-first=Donald A. |date=April 2005 |title=Liberians: An Introduction to their History and Culture |journal=Culture Profile |issue=19 |publisher=Center for Applied Linguistics |access-date=July 23, 2011|url=http://www.cal.org/co/liberians/liberian_050406_1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625062344/http://www.cal.org/co/liberians/liberian_050406_1.pdf|archive-date=June 25, 2008|pages=5–6}}</ref> Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhwaskika chomene na kuchepa kwa Ufumu wa Mali mu 1375 na Ufumu wa Songhai mu 1591. Apo vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu vikazgoka mapopa, ŵanthu ŵakasamukira ku vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. <ref name="introprof" />Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakiza na maluso ghanyake nga nkhunjilira katoni, kupanga salu, kusungunura visulo, kulima mpunga na sorghum, kweniso vinthu vinyake vya ndyali ivyo vikafuma ku maufumu gha Mali na Songhai. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mane ŵakapoka chigaŵa ichi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Vai awo ŵakaŵa mu ufumu wakale wa Mali ŵakasamukira mu chigaŵa cha Grand Cape Mount County. Ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Kru ŵakasuskanga ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Vai, ndipo ŵakachita phangano na ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Mane kuti ŵaleke kwizaso.<ref name="introprof" /> Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ŵakazenganga maboti ndipo ŵakaguliskanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku West Africa kufuma ku Cape Verde m'paka ku Gold Coast. === Chikoloni chakuchelezga chakwamba === Kwambira mu 1461 m'paka kuumaliro wa m'ma 1600, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal, Netherlands, na Britain ŵakendanga mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵamalonda ŵakaguliskanga vinthu na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ku United States, pakaŵa gulu ilo likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakababika ŵanangwa na awo kale ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵakhalenge mu Africa. Ŵakaŵasuskanga chifukwa cha mtundu wawo, ŵakaŵakananga wanangwa wawo wa ndyali, kweniso ŵakaŵakananga wanangwa wa kusopa. Wupu wa American Colonization Society (ACS), uwo ukaŵako mu 1816, ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵa Quaker kweniso awo ŵakaŵa na ŵazga. ŴaQuaker ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵangaŵa na mwaŵi ukuru wa kufwatuka mu Africa kuluska mu U.S.<ref name=AFP>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070214051143/http://www.fcnl.org/issues/item.php?item_id=731&issue_id=75 "Background on conflict in Liberia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214051143/http://www.fcnl.org/issues/item.php?item_id=731&issue_id=75 |date=February 14, 2007 }}, Friends Committee on National Legislation, July 30, 2003</ref><ref name="Sale">Maggie Montesinos Sale (1997). ''The Slumbering Volcano: American Slave Ship Revolts and the Production of Rebellious Masculinity'', Duke University Press, 1997, p. 264. {{ISBN|0822319926}}</ref> Nangauli awo ŵakaŵa na ŵazga ŵakasuskanga ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga, kweni ŵanyake ŵakawonanga kuti para ŵazga ŵaŵafumiska mu charu chawo, mbwenu ŵazga ŵaleke kugaluka. Mu 1822, wupu wa American Colonization Society ukamba kutuma ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ku Pepper Coast kuti ŵakakhazikiske malo agha. Pa ŵanthu 4,571 awo ŵakiza ku Liberia pakati pa 1820 na 1843, 1,819 pera ndiwo ŵakapona. Kuzakafika mu 1867, wupu wa ACS (na wupu unyake) ukawovwira ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku United States na ku Caribbean kuti ŵalute ku Liberia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakaŵa ŵanangwa aŵa na ŵana ŵawo ŵakatorana mu cikaya cawo ndipo ŵakacemekanga kuti Americo-Liberians. Ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ndipo ŵakasambira ku America. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa na mitheto iyo yikakolerananga na ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakagomezganga pa nkhani ya ndyali na Chikhristu.<ref>{{cite thesis|last = Wegmann|first = Andrew N. |date = May 5, 2010|title = Christian Community and the Development of an Americo-Liberian Identity, 1824–1878 |type=MA thesis |publisher = Louisiana State University |url = https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/525/ |doi=10.31390/gradschool_theses.525 |df = mdy-all}}</ref>[[File:Mitchell Map Liberia colony 1839.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mapu gha Liberia Colony mu ma 1830, agho ghakalembeka na ACS, kweniso ghakulongora Mississippi Colony na ma colony ghanyake agho ghakaŵa na boma.]] Wupu wa ACS, uwo ukawovwirika na ŵandyali ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku America nga ni Abraham Lincoln, Henry Clay, na James Monroe, ukagomezganga kuti "kuwelera kwawo" nkhuwemi kuluska kuti ŵazga ŵakhale mu United States. Wupu wakuyana waka uwo ukaŵa na boma ukambiska vyaru vinyake ku Mississippi mu Africa, Kentucky mu Africa, na Republic of Maryland, ivyo pamanyuma Liberia yikavitora. Ndipouli, mu 1862 Lincoln wakati Liberia "nkhukondwa waka", ndipo wakapeleka ulongozgi wakuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵalute ku Chiriquí, ku Panama. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakakolerananga yayi na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, chomenechomene awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo ghakutali. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kru na Grebo ndiwo ŵakawukira malo agha. Kanandi para munthu wasangana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa mu thengere, wakacitanga nkhaza. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia ŵakagomezganga kuti mbakupambana na ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi, kweniso kuti ŵali na maluso ghanandi kuluska ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi. Pakukhumba kuyezga charu cha South America, ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia ŵakamba kuvwara malaya nga ni masiketi na malaya gha ku msana. Ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakaŵavya wanangwa wa kuŵa ŵenekaya ŵa charu chawo m'paka mu 1904. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia ŵakaciska mawupu gha cisopa kuti ghaŵike maofesi na masukulu kuti ghaŵasambizge ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici.<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite journal|last1=MacDougall|first1=Clair|title=These Abandoned Buildings Are the Last Remnants of Liberia's Founding History|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/liberia-created-former-slaves-fading-into-history-180959503/|journal=[[Smithsonian Magazine]]|date=July–August 2016|access-date=June 23, 2021}}</ref> === Gulu la ndale === [[File:T. WILLIAMS (c1850) Residence of Joseph Roberts, President of the Republic of Liberia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Malo ghakukhalamo Joseph Jenkins Roberts, pulezidenti wakwamba wa Liberia, pakati pa 1848 na 1852.]] Pa Julayi 26, 1847, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakalemba chikalata chakujiyimira paŵekha ndipo ŵakalemba dango la boma. Likakhazikiska charu chakujiyimira paŵekha cha Liberia. Pa Ogasiti 24, charu cha Liberia chikapeleka ndembera yake ya vigaŵa 11. Boma la United Kingdom ndilo likaŵa lakwamba kuzomerezga kuti Liberia njambura mazaza. Boma la United States likamanya yayi kuti Liberia ni charu cha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana m'paka mu 1862.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Revolutionary Summer of 1862 |url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2017/winter/summer-of-1862 |website=National Archives |access-date=September 20, 2020 |language=en |date=April 20, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Frontline/World – Liberia – No More War – Liberia's Historic Ties to America PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/liberia/history.html |website=www.pbs.org |access-date=September 20, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Independent Lens – Iron Ladies of Liberia – Liberian History PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/ironladies/history.html |website=www.pbs.org |access-date=September 20, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414114425/https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/ironladies/history.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia ndiwo ŵakalongozganga charu chiphya ichi. Pakwamba, ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa nkhani za ndyali na vyachuma mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mu 1865, ŵakalemba dango lakuti ŵaleke kwenda na ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake.<ref name="volume"> {{cite book |last1=Johnston |first1=Harry Hamilton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTYbAAAAYAAJ |title=Liberia, Volume I |last2=Stapf |first2=Otto |publisher=Hutchinson & Co |year=1906 |isbn=1143315057}}</ref> <!--How? --> [[File:(1896) Departure of colored emigrants for Liberia - The Illustrated American, March 21, 1896.jpg|thumb|left|Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakaluta ku Liberia, 1896. Mu 1904, gulu la ACS likatuma ŵanthu ŵaumaliro ku Liberia.]] Kuzakafika mu 1877, True Whig Party yikaŵa chipani champhamvu comene mu caru ici. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Americo-Liberia, ndipo ŵakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa vinthu vya ndyali, vyachuma, na vya ndyali m'paka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakasankhiranga maudindo mu chipani, ndipo para munthu wasankhika na chipani, vinthu vikendanga makora. Boma la United Kingdom, ilo likaŵa na mazaza pa Sierra Leone kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, na la France, na ivyo likakhumbanga kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, vikachitiska kuti charu cha Liberia chileke kuŵa na mazaza pa vigaŵa vinandi. Sierra Leone na Ivory Coast, vyaru ivyo vikaŵa ku chigaŵa ichi vikaŵa vyawo. Ku Liberia kukaŵa kwakusuzga kukopa ŵanthu kuti ŵagwiliskirenge nchito vinthu vyawo vyapasi na kuŵa na cuma cikuru. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vinthu vikamba kunangika ku Liberia, ndipo boma likaŵa na masuzgo gha ndalama. Pa Julayi 16, 1892, Martha Ann Erskine Ricks wakakumana na Fumukazi Victoria ku Windsor Castle ndipo wakayipa bulangete lakupangika na mawoko. Ricks wakati: "Nkhapulika kanandi waka kufuma apo nkhaŵa mwana kuti Fumukazi yikaŵa yiwemi comene ku ŵanthu ŵakwithu.<ref name="Ricks">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-40500884 "How a former slave gave a quilt to Queen Victoria"]. BBC. July 11, 2017</ref> === Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900 === [[File:LiberiaKing.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Charles D. B. Kuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Themba, pulezidenti wa 17 wa Liberia (1920-1930), pamoza na ŵanthu ŵake pa makwelero gha Nyumba ya Mtende, ku The Hague (Netherlands), 1927.]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku America na vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuti ŵasange vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pa charu chose. Mu 1914, caru ca Germany cikaguliskanga vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya malonda gha ku Liberia. Ici cikapangiska kuti boma la Britain ku Sierra Leone na la France ku French Guinea na Ivory Coast ŵambe kwenjerwa cifukwa cakuti vinthu vikalutilira kuhenipa ku Germany.<ref name="Tucker">{{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer |title=World War I: Encyclopedia |date=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1851094202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA689 |access-date=August 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225958/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA689 |archive-date=October 28, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Nkhondo za caru cose na nyengo ya pakati pa nkhondo ==== {{main|Liberia in World War I}}{{see also|Liberia in World War II}} Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, caru ca Liberia cikaŵa cambura kunjilirapo pa ndyali mpaka pa Ogasiti 4, 1917, apo cikapharazga nkhondo ku Germany. Pamanyuma, Liberia yikaŵa yimoza mwa vyaru 32 ivyo vikachitako ungano wa Versailles Peace Conference mu 1919, uwo ukamazga nkhondo na kukhazikiska League of Nations.<ref name=":1" /> Mu 1927, pa mavoti gha mu caru ici pakawonekaso kuti True Whig Party yikaŵa na mazaza, ndipo mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghakupambana comene na ghanyake.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Akwei |first=Ismail |date=2017-10-08 |title=Elections history in Africa's oldest democratic republic: Liberia |url=https://www.africanews.com/2017/10/08/elections-history-in-africa-s-oldest-democratic-republic-liberia |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> (Uyo wakatondeka wakapokera mavoti pafupifupi 60 peresenti.)<ref name=":1" /> Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuyowoya kuti ku Liberia kuli wuzga wa mazuŵa ghano. Ŵakasanga kuti maboma ghakugwirako ntchito zachiwawa. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakagwiliskirika ntchito mu charu ichi. Pa cifukwa ca lipoti ili, Pulezidenti Charles D. B. Kuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Themba na Wupu Wakulongozga Allen N. Yancy wakaleka nchito.<ref name=":1" /> Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, charu cha Liberia chikamba kusinthasintha na wovwiri wa ku America. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, boma la United States likanozga vinthu vinandi kuti likhozge nkhondo ya ku Africa na Europe. Wakapanga Freeport of Monrovia na Roberts International Airport mu ndondomeko ya Lend-Lease pambere wandanjire Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Nkhondo yikati yamara, pulezidenti William Tubman wakachiska ŵanthu kuti ŵasange ndalama mu vyaru vinyake, ndipo mu ma 1950, Liberia yikaŵa na chuma chakujumpha vyaru vinyake vyose pa charu. Mu vyaru vinyake, wupu uwu ukaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska wupu wa United Nations, ndipo ukasuskanga chomene muwuso wa apartheid wa ku South Africa. Liberia nayo wakawovwirapo pakupeleka ndalama ku wupu wa African Unity Organization.<ref> {{cite journal|last1 = Adogamh|first1 = Paul G.|date = July 2008|title = Pan-Africanism Revisited: Vision and Reality of African Unity and Development|journal = African Review of Integration|volume = 2|issue = 2|url = http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/Newsletter/EA/Vol2%20No2/Adogamhe.pdf|access-date = July 20, 2011|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110925055350/http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/Newsletter/EA/Vol2%20No2/Adogamhe.pdf|archive-date = September 25, 2011|df = mdy-all}}</ref>[[File:Technical Liberia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Wakaŵa mulembi wa munthavi mu msumba wa Monrovia mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru cose ya ku Liberia.]] === Kusintha kwa ndyali m'ma 1900 === Pa Epulero 12, 1980, ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Mubali Samuel Doe ŵakathereska pulezidenti William R. Tolbert Jr. Pamanyuma pake, Doe na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakolerana nayo ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu nduna ya Tolbert na ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵa boma la Americo-Liberia kweniso ŵa True Whig Party.<ref name=global> {{cite web |author=Anjali Mitter Duva|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/liberia/essays/uspolicy/ |title=Liberia and the United States: A Complex Relationship|publisher=PBS |year=2002 |access-date=July 20, 2011}}</ref> Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma ŵakambiska wupu wakuchemeka People's Redemption Council (PRC) kuti uwuse caru. Wupu uwu ukaŵa wakukolerana na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima. Ku Liberia kukaŵa dango liphya mu 1985, ndipo pamanyuma pake, Doe wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti. Pa Novembala 12, 1985, Thomas Quiwonkpa wakawuskapo boma, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakanjira mu siteshoni ya wayilesi.<ref name=notes> {{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1050633,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915040235/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1050633,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 15, 2010|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Liberia Comrades Turned Enemies|magazine=Time|date=November 25, 1985 |access-date=July 22, 2011}}</ref> Boma likalutilira kukaka ŵanthu, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Doe ŵakaŵakoma ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Gio na Mano mu chigaŵa cha Nimba. Gulu lakugaluka la National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), ilo likulongozgeka na Charles Taylor, likambiska chigaluka mu Disembala 1989 kwimikana na boma la Doe na wovwiri wa vyaru vyapafupi nga ni Burkina Faso na Ivory Coast. Ivi ndivyo vikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo yakwamba ya ku Liberia. Kuzakafika mu Seputembala 1990, ŵasilikari ŵa Doe ŵakaŵa na malo ghacoko waka kuwaro kwa msumba ukuru, ndipo mu mwezi wenewura ŵakamukora na kumukoma. Mwaluŵiro ŵakugaluka aŵa ŵakagaŵikana mu magulu ghakupambanapambana. Wupu wa Economic Community Monitoring Group wa Economic Community of West African States, ukanozga gulu la ŵasilikari kuti liŵawovwire pa suzgo ili. Kufuma mu 1989 mpaka mu 1997, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 60,000 m'paka 80,000 ŵa ku Liberia ŵakafwa, ndipo mu 1996, ŵanthu ŵanyake pafupifupi 700,000 ŵakachimbizgika mu misasa ya ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo mu vyaru vyapafupi. Mu 1995, ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vyakupambanapambana ŵakakolerana kuti paŵe mtende. Mu muwuso wa Taylor, Liberia yikamanyikwa pa caru cose nga ni boma lakuyuyulika cifukwa ca kugwiliskira nchito malibwe gha ndopa na makuni ghambura kuzomerezgeka kuti yivikilire gulu la Revolutionary United Front mu Nkhondo ya ku Sierra Leone. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Liberia yikamba mu 1999 apo gulu la ŵakugaluka lakucemeka Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy, ilo lili kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici, likambiska kuwukira Taylor.<ref name=cbc> {{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/liberia/ |title=Indepth: Liberia, Land of the free |newspaper=CBC News |date=July 23, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908174543/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/liberia/ |archive-date=September 8, 2013 }}</ref> ===Vyaka vyamuma 2000=== Mu Malichi 2003, gulu laciŵiri la ŵakugaluka, la Movement for Democracy in Liberia, likamba kuwukira Taylor kufuma kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu Juni wa chaka chenechicho, ku Accra kukamba kudumbiskana vya mtende pakati pa magulu agha, ndipo mu mwezi wenewuwu, khoti lapadera la Sierra Leone likamupa mulandu Taylor chifukwa cha kuswa malango gha boma.<ref name="warrant"> {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2961390.stm|title=Arrest warrant for Liberian leader|work=BBC News|date=June 4, 2003|access-date=July 20, 2011}}</ref> Mu Julayi 2003, ŵakugaluka ŵakamba kuwukira msumba wa Monrovia. Mu boma la Malawi, boma la Malawi likapeleka ndalama zinandi chomene ku boma la Malawi. Paumaliro wa mwezi wenewura, ŵakacita phangano la mtende. Wupu wa United Nations ku Liberia ukamba kwiza mu Seputembala 2003 kuti uŵape civikiliro na kulaŵilira umoza wa mtende..<ref> {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/oct/14/westafrica |title=Bryant takes power in Liberia |newspaper=The Guardian |date=October 14, 2003 |access-date=July 23, 2011}}</ref>Pa caru cose, ŵanthu ŵakawona kuti maungano agho ghakacitika mu 2005, ndigho ghakaŵa ghakufwatuka comene na ghakugomezgeka comene mu mbiri ya Liberia. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, nkhwantha ya vyachuma iyo wakasambira ku America, uyo wakaŵa nduna ya vya ndalama ndipo pamasinda wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mtende, wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wakwamba mwanakazi mu Africa. Pakunjira pa udindo wake, Sirleaf wakapempha kuti Taylor wafumiskike ku Nigeria na kumutumizga ku SCSL kuti wakeruzgike ku The Hague. Mu 2006, boma likakhazikiska komiti yakuwona vya unenesko na kuwezgerapo mphindano kuti yiwonenge ivyo vikambiska nkhondo iyi. Mu 2011, pulezidenti Ellen Johnson Sirleaf wakapharazga kuti pa Julayi 26 paŵenge Zuŵa la Wanangwa wa Charu. Mu Okutobala 2011, Leymah Gbowee, uyo wakaŵa wakulimbikira mtende, wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mtende chifukwa cha mulimo wake wa kulongozga gulu la ŵanakazi awo ŵakakhumbanga mtende. Mu Novembala 2011, pulezidenti Ellen Johnson Sirleaf wakasankhikaso kuti wazakalamulire vyaka 6. Pamanyuma pa chisankho cha 2017 ku Liberia, George Weah, uyo wakachitanga maseŵero gha mpira, yumoza wa woseŵero ŵakumanyikwa chomene ŵa ku Africa, wakapika mazaza pa 22 Janyuwale 2018. Pa nyengo iyi, charu cha Liberia chikaŵa na demokilase mu vyaka 74. Weah wakayowoya kuti kulimbana na vimbundi, kunozga chuma, kulimbana na kuleka kusambira na kulemba, na kusintha umoyo wa ŵanthu ni vilato vikuru vya muwuso wake.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news|title=George Weah sworn in as Liberia's president|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-42773165|agency=BBC|date=March 22, 2018}}</ref>{{clearleft}} ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{main|Geography of Liberia}} [[File:Topographic map of Liberia-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|A map of Liberia]] Charu cha Liberia chili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 4° na 9°N, na longitude 7° na 12°W. Malo agha ghali na mapiri ghatali chomene, ndipo kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kuli vyakumera vya mangrove.<ref name="eowg">{{cite book |last=Bateman |first=Graham |title=Encyclopedia of World Geography |author2=Victoria Egan |author3=Fiona Gold |author4=Philip Gardner |publisher=Barnes & Noble Books |year=2000 |isbn=1566192919 |location=New York |page=161}}</ref> Makuni ghakututuka ghakutandazga mapiri, ndipo vyakumera vikuru vikupambana na vyakumera vinyake.<ref name="eowg"/> Mu charu cha Liberia, maji ghakwenda kufuma kumwera m'paka kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ku Cape Mount, kufupi na mphaka na Sierra Leone, ndiko kukulokwa vula zinandi chomene.<ref name="eowg" /> Malire gha kumpoto kwa charu cha Liberia ghali na Mlonga wa Mano, ndipo kumwera kwa charu ichi kuli Mlonga wa Cavalla. Mlonga ukuru comene wa ku Liberia ni St. Paulosi wakufuma pafupi na msumba wa Monrovia, mu mlonga wa St. John pa Buchanan, na Mlonga wa Cestos, wose awo ŵakuthira mu nyanja ya Atlantic. Mlonga utali comene mu caru ici ni Cavalla, uwo uli na mtunda wa makilomita 510.<ref name="eowg" /> Malo ghapacanya comene mu Liberia ni Phiri la Wuteve ilo lili pa mtunda wa mamita 1,440 kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Liberia. Kweni Phiri la Nimba ilo lili pafupi na Yekepa, lili pachanya pa mamita 1,440 kweni lili mu charu cha Liberia yayi. Phiri ili lili pafupi na charu cha Guinea na Ivory Coast.<ref>Financial Time's World Desk Reference (2004) Dorling Kindersley Publishing, p. 368.</ref> === Climate === {{See also|Climate change in Liberia}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map LBR present.svg|thumb|Liberia map of Köppen climate classification.]] Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, kuli chithukivu chaka chose, ndipo kukulokwa chomene kufuma mu Meyi m'paka Okutobala. Mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, kwamba Novembala m'paka Malichi, mphepo za kuuma na za fuvu izo zikufuma ku vyakumera vyakuchemeka harmattan, zikuwuska masuzgo ghanandi ku ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu malo agha.<ref name="eowg"/> Kusintha kwa nyengo ku Liberia kukupangiska masuzgo ghanandi chifukwa charu ichi chikusuzgika na kusintha kwa nyengo. Nga ni vyaru vinyake vinandi mu Africa, Liberia nayo wali na masuzgo ghakukhwaskana na cilengiwa kweniso masuzgo ghanyake. Chifukwa chakuti chili ku Africa, chikuŵa pangozi chifukwa cha vinthu vyakofya ivyo vikuchitika pa nyengo iyi. Ŵanthu ŵakukhazga kuti kusintha kwa nyengo kuzamukhwaska chomene chuma cha Liberia, chomenechomene ulimi, somba, na makuni. Dziko la Liberia lakhala likugwira ntchito mwakhama pa kusintha kwa ndondomeko za pa caru cose na za pa malo.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blackmore|first=R.D.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1084383140|title=Lorna Doone|publisher=Ryerson Press|isbn=0665265034|oclc=1084383140}}</ref> ===Biodiversity and conservation=== {{Main|Wildlife of Liberia}} {{Further|Environmental issues in Liberia}} [[File:Liberia tropical forest.jpg|thumb|A Liberian tropical forest]] Nkhorongo za mumphepete mwa nyanja zikuzura na makuni gha mangrove agho ghakumera mchere. Nyengo yake ni ya ku equator, ndipo mu mwezi wa Meyi na Okutobala kukulokwa vula zinandi. Charu cha Liberia chili na nkhorongo pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya nkhorongo ya ku Upper Guinea. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, msumba uwu ndiwo ukapanganga mphira. Ku Liberia kuli vyaru vinayi: Nkhorongo ya ku Guinea, nkhorongo ya ku Western Guinea, nkhorongo ya ku Guinea, na mangrove. Charu ichi chili na chiŵelengero cha 4.79/10, ndipo chili pa malo 116 pa vyaru 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[File:U.S.DOC(1965) Liberia. Money Trees.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Loggers and logging truck, early 1960s]] Ku Liberia kuli vyamoyo vinandi chomene pa charu chose.<ref name="mmg">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29321143|title=Liberia in 'trees for cash' deal|first=Matt|last=McGrath|work=BBC News|date=September 23, 2014}}</ref> [[File:Choeropsis.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Nkhumba zigwiti gwiti mphepete mwa nyanja vya mtundu wa Pygmy ni vinyake mwa vyamoyo ivyo vikuphyoka ku Liberia. Wupu wa World Conservation Union ukuti mu caru muli viyuni vyambura kukwana 3,000 vya tuyuni utu.<ref name="Redlist">{{cite iucn |author=Ransom, C. |author2=Robinson, P.T. |author3=Collen, B. |date=2015 |title=''Choeropsis liberiensis'' |volume=2015 |page=e.T10032A18567171 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T10032A18567171.en |access-date=November 11, 2021}} Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of endangered.</ref>]] Vinyama ivyo vili pa ngozi ya kutayika vikuŵawukwa kuti ŵanthu ŵarye. Vinyama vinyake ivyo vikupenja cakurya ku Liberia ni njovu, mphoyo, mphoyo, na vinyama vinyake. Kanandi nyama za ku nkhorongo zikuguliskika ku vyaru vya Sierra Leone na Ivory Coast, nangauli boma likukanizga kuguliska nyama za ku nkhorongo. Mu Liberia ŵanthu ŵakurya chomene nyama za mu nkhorongo. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2004, wakalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Monrovia ŵakutemwa chomene nyama. Mu nyumba izo ŵakalyeranga nyama za mu thengere, ŵanthu 80 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakuphika nyama za mu thengere "kanyengo kanyake". Kafukufuku uyu wakacitika mu nyengo ya nkhondo yaciŵiri ya caru cose, ndipo sono ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵakurya comene nyama za mu nkhorongo.<ref name="Wynfred Russell">Wynfred Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191753/http://www.frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php/op-ed/commentaries-features/380-extinction-is-forever-a-crisis-that-is-liberia-s-endangered-wildlife "Extinction is forever: A crisis that is Liberia's endangered wildlife"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191753/http://www.frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php/op-ed/commentaries-features/380-extinction-is-forever-a-crisis-that-is-liberia-s-endangered-wildlife|date=March 3, 2016}}, [[Front Page Africa]], January 15, 2014.</ref> Nyama iyi yikusangika mu viŵeto vinyake, nga ni viŵeto vyamunyumba na vyamuthondo. Ici cikupangiska nthenda ya nagana. Ku viŵeto vya ng'ombe kuno na ku Ivory Coast, ivyo vikusazgapo Tbg gulu 1. Tbg na Glossina palpalis gambiense ni vyakumera ivyo vikusangika nyengo zose mu nkhorongo za kuno. Mu ma 1970, Mehlitz na Gibson ŵakachita kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na Tbg. Ntcheŵe yakucemeka paria nayo yikutolera TBG. Pa malo agha pakusangika kanandi waka mberere za mu mapopa. Mu chigaŵa ichi, ciŵiya cinyake ico cikucemeka Nycteris hispida cikulwara maleriya. Vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita ni kulima na kotcha makuni gha ku Liberia. Lipoti linyake la wupu wa UN ilo likalembeka mu 2004, likati ŵanthu 99% ku Liberia ŵakotcha makara na nkhuni kuti ŵaphikire na kotcha, ndipo ichi chikupangiska kuti makuni ghamare. Kufuma waka apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Caru yaŵirako mu 2003, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Liberia ŵakukoma makuni kwambura kuzomerezgeka. Mu 2012, Pulezidenti Sirleaf wakazomerezga makampani kudumura makuni 58 pa 100 gha mu Liberia. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵakamba kususka, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵaleka yayi. Mu Seputembala 2014, Liberia na Norway ŵakakolerana kuti ŵaleke kudumura makuni ghose mu charu ichi. Ku Monrovia, suzgo likuru ndakuti ŵanthu ŵakunanga vinthu. Kwambira mu 2006, wupu wa vyachuma wa pa caru cose ukupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera kusonkha na kumazga viswaswa vyose mu msumba wa Monrovia kwizira mu Banki ya Caru Cose.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/IDA/0,,contentMDK:22301640~menuPK:4754051~pagePK:51236175~piPK:437394~theSitePK:73154,00.html|title=IDA – Liberia: Digging Out Monrovia from the Waste of War|website=web.worldbank.org}}</ref> === Kugawikana kwa boma === {{main|Administrative divisions of Liberia}} {{Counties of Liberia Image Map}} [[File:Bomi lake.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kuwona nyanja mu chigaŵa cha Bomi]] Charu cha Liberia chili na vigaŵa 15, ndipo vigaŵa ivi navyo vili na vigaŵa 90. Vigaŵa vyakale chomene ni Grand Bassa na Montserrado, ivyo vyose vikapangika mu 1839 pambere Liberia yindaŵe na wanangwa. Gbarpolu ni chigaŵa chiphya chomene, icho chikapangika mu 2001.<ref name="census2008" /> Nimba ndiyo yikuru chomene pa vigaŵa vyose ivi pa ukuru wake 11,551 km2 (4,460 sq mi), apo Montserrado ndiyo njichoko chomene pa vigaŵa vyose ivi pa ukuru wake 737,069 sq mi (1,909.00 km2).<ref name="census2008"/> Montserrado ni chigaŵa icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, ndipo chikaŵa na ŵanthu 1,144,806. Vigaŵa vyose 15 vikulongozgeka na ŵalongozgi awo ŵakusoleka na pulezidenti. Ndondomeko ya boma yikukhumba kuti ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa na ŵa vigaŵa ŵasankhike, kweni maungano agha ghaleka kuchitika kwambira mu 1985 cifukwa ca nkhondo na suzgo la ndalama.<ref name=polls>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7187906.stm |title=Liberia cannot afford local polls |newspaper=BBC News |date=January 14, 2008}}</ref> Kuyana na vigaŵa vya boma, mu charu ichi muli vigaŵa vya mizi na matawuni. Pasono mu Liberia mulije dango la malango panji malango ghakwendera fundo za boma. Maboma ghose agho ghalipo sono nga ni misumba, matawuni, na maboma gha vigaŵa, ghakaŵako cifukwa ca malango gha boma la Liberia. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Map no. ! boma ! Msmba ukulu ! Population<br />(2008 Census)<ref name="census2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/census_2008provisionalresults.pdf|title=2008 National Population and Housing Census: Preliminary Results|year=2008|publisher=Government of the Republic of Liberia|access-date=October 14, 2008|archive-date=February 13, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213110308/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/census_2008provisionalresults.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! Malo<br />(mi²)<ref name="census2008"/> ! ! Year<br />created |- |align="center"| 1 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Bomi County.svg}} [[Bomi County|Bomi]] |align="center"|[[Tubmanburg]] |align="center"|82,036 |align="center"|{{convert|749|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|4 |align="center"|1984 |- |align="center"| 2 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Bong County.svg}} [[Bong County|Bong]] |align="center"|[[Gbarnga]] |align="center"|328,919 |align="center"|{{convert|3386|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|12 |align="center"|1964 |- |align="center"| 3 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Gbarpolu County.svg}} [[Gbarpolu County|Gbarpolu]] |align="center"|[[Bopolu]] |align="center"|83,758 |align="center"|{{convert|3740|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|6 |align="center"|2001 |- |align="center"| 4 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Grand Bassa County.svg}} [[Grand Bassa County|Grand Bassa]] |align="center"|[[Buchanan, Liberia|Buchanan]] |align="center"|224,839 |align="center"|{{convert|3064|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|8 |align="center"|1839 |- |align="center"| 5 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Grand_Cape_Mount_County.jpg}} [[Grand Cape Mount County|Grand Cape Mount]] |align="center"|[[Robertsport]] |align="center"|129,055 |align="center"|{{convert|1993|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|5 |align="center"|1844 |- |align="center"| 6 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Grand Gedeh County.svg}} [[Grand Gedeh County|Grand Gedeh]] |align="center"|[[Zwedru]] |align="center"|126,146 |align="center"|{{convert|4047|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|3 |align="center"|1964 |- |align="center"| 7 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Grand Kru County.svg}} [[Grand Kru County|Grand Kru]] |align="center"|[[Barclayville]] |align="center"|57,106 |align="center"|{{convert|1503|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|18 |align="center"|1984 |- |align="center"| 8 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Lofa County.svg}} [[Lofa County|Lofa]] |align="center"|[[Voinjama]] |align="center"|270,114 |align="center"|{{convert|3854|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|6 |align="center"|1964 |- |align="center"| 9 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Margibi County.svg}} [[Margibi County|Margibi]] |align="center"|[[Kakata]] |align="center"|199,689 |align="center"|{{convert|1010|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|4 |align="center"|1985 |- |align="center"|10 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Maryland County.svg}} [[Maryland County|Maryland]] |align="center"|[[Harper, Liberia|Harper]] |align="center"|136,404 |align="center"|{{convert|886|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|2 |align="center"|1857 |- |align="center"|11 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Montserrado County.svg}} [[Montserrado County|Montserrado]] |align="center"|[[Bensonville]] |align="center"|1,144,806 |align="center"|{{convert|737|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|4 |align="center"|1839 |- |align="center"|12 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Nimba County.svg}} [[Nimba County|Nimba]] |align="center"|[[Sanniquellie]] |align="center"|468,088 |align="center"|{{convert|4459|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|6 |align="center"|1964 |- |align="center"|13 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Rivercess County.svg}} [[Rivercess County|Rivercess]] |align="center"|[[River Cess|Rivercess]] |align="center"|65,862 |align="center"|{{convert|2159|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|6 |align="center"|1985 |- |align="center"|14 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of River Gee County.svg}} [[River Gee County|River Gee]] |align="center"|[[Fish Town]] |align="center"|67,318 |align="center"|{{convert|1974|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|6 |align="center"|2000 |- |align="center"|15 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Sinoe County.svg}} [[Sinoe County|Sinoe]] |align="center"|[[Greenville, Liberia|Greenville]] |align="center"|104,932 |align="center"|{{convert|3913|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|17 |align="center"|1843 |} == Boma na ndale == {{main|Politics of Liberia}} [[File:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf3.jpg|thumb|Wapampando wakale [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]]]] Boma la Liberia lili nga ni boma la United States. Boma lili na maofesi ghatatu: wupu wakulongozga, uwo ukulongozgeka na pulezidenti; wupu wakwimika malango, uwo uli na makhoti ghaŵiri; na wupu wakweruzga, uwo uli na Khoti Likuru Chomene na makhoti ghachoko waka.<ref name="CIA"/> Mulongozgi wa charu ni mulongozgi wa boma, kweniso ni mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Liberia. Ntchito zinyake za pulezidenti ni kusaina panji kukana malango, kugowokera ŵanthu, na kwimika ŵanthu ŵa mu nduna, ŵeruzgi, na ŵantchito ŵanyake. Pamoza na wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, pulezidenti wakusankhika kwa vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza mwa mavoti ghanandi mu ndondomeko ya vigaŵa viŵiri ndipo wangateŵetera nyengo ziŵiri.<ref name="CIA"/> Nyumba ya Malango yikupanga Nyumba ya Malango. Nyumba ya Malango, yakuwusika na mulongozgi, yili na mamembara 73, agho ghali kugaŵika pakati pa vigaŵa 15 mwakuyana na kalembera wa caru cose, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose chili na mamembara ghaŵiri. Munthu waliyose wakuyimira chigaŵa chakusankhira mu chigaŵa icho chikusankhika na National Elections Commission ndipo wakusankhika na ŵanthu ŵanandi mu chigaŵa chawo kwa vyaka 6. Nyumba ya mafumu yili na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri kufuma mu chigaŵa chilichose, ndipo wose pamoza ŵalipo 30. Ŵabali ŵa mu wupu uwu ŵakuŵa na vyaka 9 ndipo ŵakusankhika na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakuteŵetera nga ni pulezidenti wa Senate, ndipo pakuŵavya pulezidenti wakuteŵetera. Khoti Likuru Chomene mu Liberia lili na ŵeruzgi ŵankhondi. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa khoti ili ŵakusoleka na pulezidenti ndipo ŵakukhozgeka na Senate, ndipo ŵakuteŵetera m'paka ŵaŵe na vyaka 70. Ŵeruzgi ŵali kugaŵika mu makhoti gha dera na ghapadera, makhoti gha ŵeruzgi na ŵeruzgi ŵa mtende. Boma ili likukolerana na malango gha ŵanthu wose. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi mu charu ichi, mu vigaŵa ivi muchali makhoti ghakupambanapambana. Kufuma mu 1877 m'paka 1980, boma likalongozgekanga na True Whig Party. Mazuŵa ghano, pali vipani vya ndyali vyakujumpha 20 mu charu ichi. Maphwando ghanandi ghakusuzgika cifukwa ca kuleka kwendera ndondomeko. Mu 2005, aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti chipani cha pulezidenti chileke kusanga vithuzithuzi vinandi mu wupu wakulongozga.<ref name="freedom">{{cite web |date=July 7, 2011 |title=Freedom in the World 2011 – Liberia |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/4e16b8f91a.html |access-date=January 23, 2023 |work=[[Freedom House]] |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]}}</ref> === Ŵankhondo === {{Main|Armed Forces of Liberia}} Gulu la ŵasilikari la Liberia (AFL) ni gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa charu ichi. Gulu la ŵasilikari ili likamba kumanyikwa kuti Liberian Frontier Force mu 1908. Pa nyengo yose iyo gulu ili likaŵirako, boma la United States likapelekanga vinthu vinandi na wovwiri. Mu nyengo ya 1941-89, ŵabali ŵa ku United States ndiwo ŵakasambizganga ŵanyawo, ndipo nawo ŵakasambiranga nkhondo ya pa caru cose. Pamanyuma pa fundo ya UN Security Council 1509 mu Seputembala 2003, United Nations Mission ku Liberia yikafika kuti yilute na ŵasilikari ŵakufuma ku Ghana, Nigeria, Pakistan, na China kuti ŵakawovwire boma liphya la Liberia.<ref>Moumouni, Guillaume. (April 2014). "China and Liberia: Engagement in a Post-Conflict Country 2003–2013". Global Powers and Africa Programme. [http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/879851924?page=frame&url=http://www.saiia.org.za/doc_download/509-china-and-liberia-engagement-in-a-post-conflict-country-2003-2013&checksum=3b487fd41f9e71ad94de512cb76b15f4&title=&linktype=digitalObject&detail= Occasional Paper No. 182]{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Johannesburg, South Africa: The South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA). p. 8.</ref> ===Ubale na vyaru vinyake=== [[File:Secretary Kerry Listens as Liberian President Sirleaf Addresses the Post-2015 Development Panel Discussion in New York City (21582539498).jpg|left|thumb|Pulezidenti Sirleaf pamoza na Secretary of State wa United States John Kerry, Pulezidenti wa Colombia Juan Manuel Santos, na Prime Minister wa Britain David Cameron mu September 2015]] {{Further|Foreign relations of Liberia}} Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya ku Liberia yikati yayamba, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu charu ichi. Nga ni vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, caru ca China nchakuzirwa comene pa mulimo wa kuzengaso caru. Kumanyuma uku, vyaru viŵiri ivyo vili pafupi na Liberia, Guinea na Sierra Leone, vikanenanga Liberia kuti vikovwira ŵakugaluka mu vyaru vyawo.<ref name="hrw">[https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/08/22/liberia-police-corruption-harms-rights-progress "Liberia: Police Corruption Harms Rights, Progress"], Human Rights Watch, August 22, 2013.</ref> ===Law enforcement and crime=== {{further|Crime in Liberia}} Ŵapolisi ŵa ku Liberia ndiwo ŵakuvikilira charu. Mu Okutobala 2007, boma ili likaŵa na ŵasilikari 844 mu maofesi 33 mu chigaŵa cha Montserrado, icho chili na msumba wa Monrovia.<ref name="cdaMontserrado">{{cite news|url=http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/MontserradoCDA.pdf|title=Montserrado County Development Agenda|date=2008|publisher=Republic of Liberia|access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> Sukulu Yakusambizgira Ŵapolisi yili mu msumba wa Paynesville. Para ŵapolisi ŵakuchita vimbundi, ŵanthu ŵakuŵagomezga yayi. Vinthu ivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuŵa na mtende mu charu ni kuswa malango. Ku Liberia, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukoleka na kuyuzgika. Mu charu cha Liberia ndimo muli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakuchitira nkhaza ŵanakazi. Kucicizga ŵanthu kuti ŵacite uleŵi ni mulandu uwo ukuyowoyeka kanandi comene. Ŵasungwana ndiwo kanandi ŵakusuzgika, ndipo pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya awo ŵakuŵachitira nkhaza mbanalume ŵakukhwima awo ŵakuŵamanya makora. Ku Liberia, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana ŵekhaŵekha mbambura kuzomerezgeka.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition|url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf|work=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]|date=May 17, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Avery |title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal |url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974 |work=Newsweek |date=April 4, 2019}}</ref>Pa Julayi 20, 2012, ŵalara ŵa boma ku Liberia ŵakazomerezga kuti ŵalekeske nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.liberianobserver.com/index.php/news/item/1976-senate-passes-%E2%80%98no-same-sex-marriage%E2%80%99-bill|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805070510/http://www.liberianobserver.com/index.php/news/item/1976-senate-passes-%E2%80%98no-same-sex-marriage%E2%80%99-bill|url-status=dead|title="Senate Passes 'No Same Sex Marriage' Bill ", ''Daily Observer'', 21 July 2012|archive-date=August 5, 2012|access-date=September 1, 2019}}</ref> ===Corruption=== {{Further|Corruption in Liberia}} Vimbundi vili palipose mu boma la Liberia. Apo Pulezidenti Sirleaf wakamba kuwusa mu 2006, wakayowoya kuti vimbundi ni "mulwani mukuru wa ŵanthu". Mu 2014, kazembe wa United States ku Liberia wakayowoya kuti vimbundi vikupweteka ŵanthu chifukwa cha "kupeleka ndalama zambura kwenelera pa vinthu na mauteŵeti agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Liberia ŵakutondeka kugura".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201402211033.html|title= "Liberia: Corruption Is Liberia's Problem, US Ambassador to Liberia Alarms", Al-Varney Rogers, allAfrica, 21 February 2014.|work=allAfrica.com|access-date=October 17, 2014}}</ref> Mu 2010, charu cha Liberia chikaŵa na vimanyikwiro vya vimbundi ivyo vikwendera pa chiŵerengero chakufuma pa 10 (chakutowa chomene) m'paka pa 0 (chakunanga chomene). Ichi chikapangiska kuti charu ichi chiŵe pa malo gha nambara 87 pa vyaru 178 pa charu chose, kweniso pa malo gha nambara 11 pa vyaru 47 mu Africa. Ivi vikulongora kuti vinthu vyasintha chomene kwambira mu 2007, apo charu ichi chikaŵa pa nambara 2.1 ndipo chikaŵa pa nambara 150 pa vyaru 180. Para ŵakuyowoya na ŵalara ŵa boma, ŵanthu 89 pa 100 ŵaliwose mu Liberia ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵali kupokerapo vimbundi.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/gcb/2010/results |title=Global Corruption Barometer 2010 |work=Transparency International |date=December 9, 2010 |access-date=July 22, 2011 }}</ref> {{clearleft}} ==Chuma== {{main|Economy of Liberia}} [[File:Liberia Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Kuŵikapo mtima kuti vinthu vyendenge makora ku Liberia. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti ku Liberia kuli maboti 3,500 agho ghakukwera ndembera ya charu chose.<ref name="Schoenurl">{{cite web |first=John W.|last=Schoenurl|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/3072983|title=Liberian shipping draws scrutiny|work=NBC News|date=August 11, 2003}}</ref><ref name="About the Liberian Registry">{{cite web |url=http://www.liscr.com/liscr/AboutUs/AboutLiberianRegistry/tabid/206/Default.aspx |title=About the Liberian Registry |publisher=Liberian Registry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110180209/http://www.liscr.com/liscr/AboutUs/AboutLiberianRegistry/tabid/206/Default.aspx |archive-date=November 10, 2014 }}</ref>]] [[File:Liberia, Trends in the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Liberia, trends in the [[Human Development Index]] 1970–2010.]] [[File:GDP per capita development of Liberia.png|thumb|Real GDP per capita development, since 1950]] Banki Yikuru ya ku Liberia ndiyo yikupanga na kusunga ndalama za ku Liberia, ndalama yikuru ya ku Liberia (ndalama za ku United States nazo ni ndalama za boma mu Liberia).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Currency |url=https://cbl.org.lr/general/currency |website=Central Bank of Liberia |access-date=January 15, 2023}}</ref> Liberia ni yimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene pa caru cose, ndipo ŵanthu 15 pa 100 ŵali na nchito. GDP pa munthu yumoza yikafika pa US$496 mu 1980, apo yikaŵa yakuyana na ya ku Eguputo. Mu 2011, GDP ya charu ichi yikaŵa US$1.154 billion, apo GDP ya munthu yumoza yikaŵa US$297, iyo yikaŵa yachitatu pasi pa yose. Mbiri yikulongora kuti chuma cha ku Liberia chikuthemba chomene pa wovwiri wakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ndalama zakwendeskeka na vyaru vinyake, na katundu uyo wakusangika ku vyaru vinyake nga ni visulo, ghamusi, na makuni.<ref name="eowg"/> === Economic history === Mu 1979, chuma cha ku Liberia chikakura chomene ndipo pamanyuma pa boma kuwukira mu 1980, chikachepa chomene. Kuchepa uku kukakoleskeka comene na nkhondo ya pa cikaya iyo yikacitika mu 1989; GDP yikakhira na 90 peresenti pakati pa 1989 na 1995. Nkhondo yikati yamara mu 2003, ciŵelengero ca GDP cikakwera comene, ndipo cikafika pa 9.4% mu 2007. Mu 2009, suzgo la vya ndalama pa caru cose likapangiska kuti GDP yichepe kufika pa 4.6%, kweni viŵeto vya vyakurya vikakura comene cifukwa ca katundu uyo wakuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake.<ref name=":0" /> Vinthu ivyo vikutondeska kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora ni msika uchoko wa mu caru, vinthu vyambura kukwana, ndalama zinandi zakwendeskera vinthu, malonda ghambura kwenda makora na vyaru vyapafupi, kweniso ndalama zinandi izo zikufuma mu ndalama za caru. Liberia yikagwiliskiranga nchito dola ya United States kufuma mu 1943 mpaka mu 1982 ndipo yikulutilira kugwiliskira nchito dola ya U.S. pamoza na dola ya Liberia.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:rjgZxrEkytAJ:www.countrycompass.com/_docs/assessments/Liberia_Economic_Recovery_Assessment.pdf+Liberian+dollar+1982&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgB5jM-McEY_lEOfi7dtjUAbUY3FHNMS-1b7c1mewxokLnC7PucnxlcZgbC4H60-44s9Kyw4SlVD0s8pI0lznK8MH_FSOPkOAEW8OgbhuDeI2kiEZ81wf4E0kNLQHndpFSE3jFO|title=Liberia Economic Recovery Assessment|work=USAID|date=July 2008}}</ref> Pamanyuma pa kukhira kwa unandi wa ndalama mu 2003, unandi wa ndalama ukakwera comene mu 2008 cifukwa ca suzgo la vyakurya na magesi pa caru cose. Mu 2006, ngongoli ya ku Liberia yikaŵa pafupifupi madola 4.5 biliyoni, panji kuti 800% ya GDP. Chifukwa cha kuchepeskako ngongoli ya vyaru viŵiri, vinandi, na ya malonda kufuma mu 2007 m'paka mu 2010, ngongoli ya charu ichi yikakhira kufika pa $222.9 miliyoni mu 2011. Apo vyakurya vinandi vikafumanga mu vyaru vinyake mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakachimbira ku nkhondo ya pawenenawene, chuma cha ku Liberia chikamba kunangika chifukwa cha kusanga vyakununkhira. Charu ichi chikaguliskanga chomene malibwe gha daimondi gha ku Sierra Leone, ndipo mu 1999 chikaguliskanga malibwe gha daimondi ghakujumpha madola 300 miliyoni. Ivi vikapangiska kuti wupu wa United Nations ukanizge vyakunjizga dayamondi ku Liberia mu 2001, ndipo mu 2007 likamazga dango ili. Mu 2003, wupu wa United Nations ukaŵikaso vyeruzgo vinyake pa katundu wa makuni wa ku Liberia, uyo ukakwera kufuma pa madola 5 miliyoni mu 1997 kufika pa madola 100 miliyoni mu 2002. Vyakukanizgika ivi vikawuskikapo mu 2006. Chifukwa cha wovwiri wa vyaru vinyake na ndalama izo zikafuma ku vyaru vinyake pamanyuma pa nkhondo, ku Liberia kuli suzgo likuru la ndalama, ilo likafika pa 60 peresenti mu 2008. Mu 2010, charu cha Liberia chikaŵa na wupu wakuwona vya malonda pa charu chose (WTO). Ku Liberia ndiko kuli ndalama zinandi chomene za vyaru vinyake kufuma ku ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Pamanyuma pakuti Sirleaf wavumbukwa mu 2006, charu cha Liberia chikachita mapangano gha ndalama mabiliyoni ghanandi mu vyalo vya mafuta na mafuta gha makuni na mabungwe ghanandi, kusazgapo ArcelorMittal, BHP na Sime Darby. Makampani gha mafuta gha makuni gha maolive nga ni Sime Darby (Malaysia) na Golden Veroleum (U.S.A.) ghakususkika kuti ghakuparanya ŵanthu na kufumiska ŵanthu mu vikaya vyawo. Kwambira mu 1926, Firestone ndiyo wakaŵa na munda ukuru chomene wa mphira pa charu chose. Mu 2015, likagwiranga nchito ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 8,000, comenecomene ŵa ku Liberia.<ref>Fred van der Kraaij, ''From the love of liberty to paradise lost'', p. 144, Leiden, African Studies Centre 2015, [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/33835 pdf]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firestonenaturalrubber.com/company_history.htm|title=Firestone and Liberia – Company History|work=Firestone Natural Rubber Company|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612171553/http://www.firestonenaturalrubber.com/company_history.htm|archive-date=June 12, 2011}}</ref> === Chizindikiro cha sitima === Cifukwa ca kuŵa na ndembera yiwemi, Liberia ni caru caciŵiri pa vyaru ivyo vili na ndembera yikuru comene pa caru cose. Lili na ngaraŵa 3,500 izo zikuyegha ndembera yake, izo ni 11% ya ngaraŵa zose za pa caru cose.<ref name="Schoenurl"/><ref name="About the Liberian Registry"/> === Major industries === ==== Agriculture ==== {{Excerpt|Agriculture in Liberia}} ==== Mining ==== {{Excerpt|Mining industry of Liberia}} ==== Telecommunications ==== {{Main|Communications in Liberia}} Ku Liberia kuli manyuzipepara ghakuru 6, ndipo ŵanthu 65% ŵali na foni. Vinthu vinandi vya ku Liberia vikabwanganduka panji kupokeka mu nyengo ya nkhondo ziŵiri za pa cikaya (1989-1996 na 1999-2003). Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya yayi kuŵazga na kulemba kweniso ŵakavu mbanandi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira nchito yayi TV na manyuzipepara.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140307051722/http://www.audiencescapes.org/country-profiles-liberia-country-overview-quantitative-survey-qualitative-analysis-research "Introduction to Communication and Development in Liberia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307051722/http://www.audiencescapes.org/country-profiles-liberia-country-overview-quantitative-survey-qualitative-analysis-research |date=March 7, 2014 }}, AudienceScapes. Retrieved February 8, 2014.</ref> ====Transportation==== {{Main|Transport in Liberia}} [[File:Downtown Monrovia 3348917715 67a2002529.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Misewu ya ku Monrovia, Malichi 2009]]{{Excerpt|Transportation in Liberia}} ====Magesi==== {{Further|Energy in Liberia}} Boma la Liberia Electricity Corporation ndilo likupeleka waka magesi ku ŵanthu wose, ndipo likwendeska waka magesi mu chigaŵa cha Greater Monrovia.<ref name="Options">{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTAFRREGTOPENERGY/Resources/717305-1266613906108/Liberia_Energy_ESW_11-4-11web.pdf |title=Options for the Development of Liberia's Energy Sector|work=International Bank for Reconstruction and Development|publisher=World Bank Group|date=2011}}</ref> Ntchito zinandi za magesi zikupelekeka na maboma ghacoko. Mu charu cha Liberia, mtengo wa magesi pa kWh yimoza ngukuru comene pa caru cose. Mu 2013, nchito ya kuzenga yikaŵa na nkhongono ya 20 MW, ndipo yikakhira comene pakuyaniska na 191 MW mu 1989. Mulimo wa kunozga na kusazgirako mapulaneti gha maji gha Mount Coffee, agho ghali na nkhongono ya 80 MW, ukamara mu 2018. Kuzenga magesi ghatatu gha mafuta gha mafuta ghakuthukira kukwenera kusazgirako nkhongono ya magesi na 38 MW. Mu 2013, charu cha Liberia chikamba kugura magesi kufuma ku vyaru vinyake nga ni Ivory Coast na Guinea. Ku Liberia ŵamba kupenja mafuta gha mu nyanja. Boma likagaŵa maji gha mumphepete mwa nyanja mu vigaŵa 17 ndipo likamba kuguliska pa lupiya vya vyalo ivi mu 2004, kweniso mu 2007 na 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20040202005192/en/NOCAL-2004-Liberia-Offshore-Bid-Announcement|title=NOCAL 2004 Liberia Offshore Bid Round Announcement|work=Business Wire|date=February 2, 2004}}</ref><ref name=bidding>{{cite web |first=Natalie Obiko|last=Pearson|url=http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=53828 |title=Liberia Opens Bidding for 10 Offshore Oil Blocks |work=RigZone |date=December 10, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.psg.deloitte.com/NewsLicensingRounds_LR_0909.asp|title=Third Liberian Offshore Petroleum Licensing Round 2009|work=Deloitte Petroleum Services|publisher=Deloitte|date=August 27, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104072748/https://www.psg.deloitte.com/NewsLicensingRounds_LR_0909.asp|archive-date=November 4, 2013}}</ref> Mu 2011, ŵakajura malo ghanyake 13 agho ghali kutali chomene na nyanja. Makampani ghanyake agho ghakapokera malaisensi ni Repsol YPF, Chevron Corporation, na Woodside Petroleum.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ansu |last=Konneh |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-30/chevron-liberia-sign-deepwater-offshore-exploration-agreement.html |title=Chevron, Liberia Sign Deepwater Offshore Exploration Agreement |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=August 30, 2010}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == [[File:Liberia-demography.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Liberia's population from 1961 to 2013, in millions.<ref name="Data of FAO, year 2005">Data of [[FAO]], year 2005</ref> Liberia's population tripled in 40 years.<ref name="Data of FAO, year 2005"/>]] [[File:Pyramide Liberia.PNG|thumb|upright=1.35|Liberia's [[population pyramid]], 2005. 43.5% of Liberians were below the age of 15 in 2010.<ref name="WPP 2010">{{Cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816232627/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|archive-date=August 16, 2015|website=population.un.org|access-date=September 1, 2019}}</ref>]] {{main|Demographics of Liberia}} {{See also|Liberian nationality law}} Ku Liberia, ŵanthu 4,694,608 ndiwo ŵakakhalanga. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 1,118,241 ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Montserrado, icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu charu ichi. Chigaŵa cha Greater Monrovia chili na ŵanthu 970,824.<ref name="census2008final">{{cite web |url=http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/Population_by_County.pdf |title=2008 National Population and Housing Census Final Results: Population by County |author=Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services |date=May 2009 |work=2008 Population and Housing Census |publisher=Republic of Liberia |access-date=June 10, 2009 |archive-date=September 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911055748/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/Population_by_County.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chigaŵa cha Nimba ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, ndipo chili na ŵanthu 462,026. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2008, ŵanthu ŵa ku Monrovia mbanandi chomene kuluska ŵa mu vigaŵa vyose. Pambere Census ya 2008 yindachitike, Census yaumaliro yikacitika mu 1984 ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵakaŵa 2,101,628. Mu 1962, mu Liberia mukaŵa ŵanthu 1,016,443 ndipo mu 1974 ŵakakwana 1,503,368. Kufika mu 2006, caru ca Liberia cikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene pa caru cose. Mu 2010, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ŵa ku Liberia awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vya pasi pa 15 cikaŵa 43.5%.<ref name="WPP 2010"/> === Mtundu wa ŵanthu === {{bar box |title=Ethnic Groups in Liberia |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Ethnic Groups |right1=percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|Kpelle|darkgreen|20.3}} {{bar percent|Bassa|purple|13.4}} {{bar percent|Grebo|red|10}} {{bar percent|Gio|black|8}} {{bar percent|Mano|orange|7.9}} {{bar percent|Kru|darkblue|6}} {{bar percent|Lorma|lightgrey|5.1}} {{bar percent|Kissi|maroon|4.8}} {{bar percent|Gola|darkgray|4.4}} {{bar percent|Krahn|gray|4}} {{bar percent|Vai|tan|4}} {{bar percent|Mandinka|lime|3.2}} {{bar percent|Gbandi|Violet|3}} {{bar percent|Mende|darkgreen|1.3}} {{bar percent|Sapo|purple|1.2}} {{bar percent|Belle|red|0.8}} {{bar percent|Dey|black|0.3}} {{bar percent|Other Liberian|orange|0.6}} {{bar percent|Other African|darkblue|1.4}}{{bar percent|Non African|white|0.1}} }} Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi mbanandi comene. Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi, 95 ŵalipo Mbakaboni ŵa Yehova. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu 16 awo ŵakumanyikwa ni Kpelle, Bassa, Mano, Gio panji Dan, Kru, Grebo, Krahn, Vai, Gola, Mandingo panji Mandinka, Mende, Kissi, Gbandi, Loma, Dei panji Dewoin, Belleh, na Americo-Liberians panji ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo (ŵakuchemeka nthena chifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakafuma ku vyaru vinyake, kusazgapo awo ŵakafwatuka ku ngalaŵa za ŵazga, ŵakafuma ku malo agho kukaŵa mlonga wa Congo). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kpelle ŵakukwana 20% ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Liberia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia, awo mbana ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na West Indies, ndipo ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala ku Barbados (Bajan), ŵalipo 2.5%. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo, awo mbana ŵa ŵazga ŵa ku Congo na ŵa ku Afro-Caribbean awo ŵakiza mu 1825, ŵalipo 2.5%. Magulu ghaŵiri ghaumaliro agha ghakaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ndipo ghakaŵa na mazaza mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Dango la Liberia likuyowoya kuti munthu uyo wali na wanangwa wa kuŵa mwenekaya wa charu ichi ni "munthu wa mtundu unyake". Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵiza nga ni ŵamalonda ndipo ŵakugwira ntchito mu vyamalonda. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakutorana chomene pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Liberia na ŵa ku Lebanon. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Liberia awo mbazungu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵali kufuma ku Europe ndiwo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi.<ref name="CIA"/> ===Viyowoyelo=== {{Further|Languages of Liberia}} Chiyowoyero cha ku Liberia ni Chingelezi. Kufika mu 2022, ŵanthu ŵa ku Liberia ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero 27. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Liberia ŵakuyowoyaso viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana vya Cileberia.<ref name="pulitzer">{{cite web |last=Moore |first=Jina |date=October 19, 2009 |title=Liberia: Ma Ellen talk plenty plenty Liberian English |url=http://pulitzercenter.org/blog/untold-stories/liberia-ma-ellen-talk-plenty-plenty-liberian-english |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005210518/http://pulitzercenter.org/blog/untold-stories/liberia-ma-ellen-talk-plenty-plenty-liberian-english |archive-date=October 5, 2011 |access-date=July 22, 2011 |work=Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting}}</ref> ===Misumba ikulu=== {{Largest cities of Liberia|class=info}} ===Chisopo=== {{main|Religion in Liberia}} {{bar box |float=right |titlebar=#ddd |title=[[Religion in Liberia]] (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/liberia#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2015|title=Religions in Liberia – PEW-GRF|website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org|access-date=October 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106235755/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/liberia#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2015|archive-date=November 6, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> |left1=Religion |right1=percent |bars= {{bar percent|[[Protestantism]]|lightBlue|76.3}} {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|12.2}} {{bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism]]|red|7.2}} {{bar percent|Other [[Christians|Christian]]|blue|1.6}} {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]]|Lavender|1.4}} {{bar percent|Other faith|grey|1.3}} }} Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2008, ŵanthu 85.6% ŵakasopanga Chikhristu, apo Ŵasilamu ŵakaŵa ŵachoko waka pa ŵanthu 12.2%. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa matchalitchi gha Chiprotesitanti nga ni Lutheran, Baptist, Episcopal, Presbyterian, Pentecostal, United Methodist, African Methodist Episcopal (AME) na African Methodist Episcopal Zion (AME Zion) ndiwo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa chikuru cha Chikhristu. Ŵanandi ŵa visopa ivi ŵakafuma ku America ndipo ŵakaluta ku Liberia. Pakwambilira, chisopa cha Chiprotesitanti chikakolerananga na ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵakakhalanga ku America na awo ŵakafuma ku America na Liberia. Nangauli Mbakhristu, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Liberia ŵakuchitako magulu ghachisisi gha chisopa, nga ni Poro na Sande. Ŵanakazi wose ŵa mu mpingo wa Sande ndiwo ŵakuchita ukotoli. Mu 2008, ŵanthu 12.2% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu. Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Liberia ŵali kugaŵikana pakati pa Ŵasuni, Ŵachihiya, Ŵaahmadiyya, Ŵasufi, na Ŵasilamu ŵambura kusopa. Mu 2008, ŵanthu 0.5% ŵakatenge ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo, ndipo 1.5% ŵakatenge ŵalije chisopa. Ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ŵakaŵa Ŵabahai, Ŵahindu, Ŵasikh, panji Ŵabudha. Dango la ku Liberia likupeleka wanangwa wa kusopa, ndipo boma likuchindika wanangwa uwu. Nangauli Dango likukanizga kuti tchalitchi na boma vipatukane, kweni ku Liberia kuli Ŵakhristu. Ŵana ŵakusambirako Baibolo mu masukulu gha boma, kweni ŵapapi ŵangakana. Dango likukanizga kuguliska vinthu pa zuŵa la Sabata na pa maholide ghakuru gha Ŵakhristu. Boma likuchichizga yayi ŵamalonda panji masukulu kuti ŵaleke kusopa pa Chinkhondi.<ref name="irfr">{{cite web |date=November 17, 2010 |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2010: Liberia |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148698.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123105613/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148698.htm |archive-date=November 23, 2010 |access-date=July 22, 2011 |work=United States Department of State}}</ref>{{clear}} ===Masambilo=== {{main|Education in Liberia}} [[File:Liberian students.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Ŵasambiri ŵakusambira na nyali mu chigaŵa cha Bong]] Mu 2010, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba mu Liberia chikaŵa 60.8% (64.8% ku ŵanalume na 56.8% ku ŵanakazi). Mu vigaŵa vinyake, sukulu za pulayimare na sekondare ni zaulere ndipo munthu wakwenera kusambira kwambura kulipira para wakwaniska vyaka 6 m'paka 16. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵana ŵakwenera kulipira ndalama kuti ŵasambire. Pa avereji, ŵana ŵakusambira vyaka 10. Masukulu na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukhumbikwa mu charu ichi ni viŵi yayi, kweniso palije ŵasambizgi ŵakwenelera. Masambiro ghapacanya ghakupika na maunivesite gha boma na ghapadera. Yunivesite ya Liberia ndiyo yikuru comene na yakale comene mu caru ici. Yunivesite iyi yikaŵa mu msumba wa Monrovia, ndipo yikajulika mu 1862. Mazuŵa ghano, lili na makoleji 6, kusazgapo sukulu ya vyadokotala na sukulu ya malango ya Louis Arthur Grimes. Mu 2009, Yunivesite ya Tubman ku Harper, Maryland County yikakhazikiskika kuŵa yunivesite yachiŵiri ya boma mu Liberia. Kwambira mu 2006, boma la Japan lajuliraso masukulu ghapachanya ku Buchanan, Sanniquellie, na Voinjama.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/20101023President_Remarks_GBCC_Launch_Ground_Breaking.pdf |title=Remarks by H.E. President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf At Official Launch and Fundraising Program Of the Grand Bassa Community College |publisher=The Executive Mansion |date=October 21, 2010 |access-date=July 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004060217/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/20101023President_Remarks_GBCC_Launch_Ground_Breaking.pdf |archive-date=October 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Peter A. |last=Fahn |url=http://www.micat.gov.lr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=156:government-moves-ahead-with-education-decentralization-plans&catid=47:new-liberia&Itemid=91 |title=Government Moves Ahead With Education Decentralization Plans |date=July 7, 2011 |access-date=August 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004060405/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=1951 |url=http://www.emansion.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=1951 |title=July 26 Celebrations Kick Off in Lofa As President Sirleaf Arrives |work=The Executive Mansion |date=July 25, 2011 |archive-date=October 4, 2011 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref> Chifukwa cha kususka kwa ŵana ŵa sukulu mu Okutobala 2018, pulezidenti muphya George M. Weah wakawuskapo malipiro gha masambiro gha ku yunivesite ya boma ku Liberia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-10-25-liberias-weah-announces-free-tuition-for-undergrads|title=Liberia's Weah announces free tuition for undergrads|date=October 25, 2018|work=Mail & Guardian|access-date=March 20, 2018|agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref> ====Private universities==== * Yunivesite ya Cuttington yikakhazikiskika na Episcopal Church of the USA mu 1889 ku Suakoko, Bong County, nga ni cigaŵa ca mulimo wake wa umishonale wa kusambizga ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Iyi ni yunivesite yakale comene mu caru ici. * Stella Maris Polytechnic, ni sukulu yapachanya ya ŵanthu ŵambura nchito. Sukulu iyi yikambika mu 1988, ndipo yikwendeskeka na Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Monrovia. Sukulu iyi yili pa Capitol Hill ndipo yili na ŵana ŵa sukulu pafupifupi 2,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://smp.edu.lr/index.html|title=Stella Maris Polytechnic|date=2013|website=smp>edu|access-date=March 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330223158/http://smp.edu.lr/index.html|archive-date=March 30, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Adventist University of West Africa, malo gha masambiro gha ku sekondare agho ghali mu chigaŵa cha Margibi County, pa Roberts International Airport.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://auwa.edu.lr/#|title=Adventist University of West Africa|website=auwa,edu|access-date=March 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327170818/http://auwa.edu.lr/|archive-date=March 27, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Yunivesite ya United Methodist, yunivesite ya Chikhristu iyo yili ku Liberia, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, yikumanyikwa na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha kuti UMU. Mu 2016, sukulu iyi yikaŵa na ŵana ŵa sukulu pafupifupi 9,118. Wupu uwu ukaŵako mu 1998..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://umu.edu.lr/|title=United Methodist University|date=2019|website=umu'edu|access-date=March 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320191456/http://umu.edu.lr/|archive-date=March 20, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> * African Methodist Episcopal University, yunivesite ya sukulu yapachanya iyo yikapangika mu 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ame.edu.lr/|title=African Methodist Episcopal University|website=ame.edu|access-date=March 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322030248/http://ame.edu.lr/|archive-date=March 22, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Yunivesite ya Starz, ni yunivesite ya vya masambiro ghapachanya iyo yikakhazikiskika ku United States mu chaka cha 2007, ndipo yikalembeka mu boma la Monrovia, mu chaka cha 2009; na chilato cha kumazga suzgo la Information Technology (IT) ku Liberia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Starz University – Aim For Global Success |url=https://starzit.com/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> * St. Clements University College (Liberia), sukulu yapachanya ya ŵanthu ŵekhaŵekha iyo yikambika mu 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=St Clements University College – Liberia |url=http://www.stclements.edu/liberia/ |website=stclements.edu |access-date=November 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414114150/http://www.stclements.edu/liberia/ |archive-date=April 14, 2021}}</ref> === Umoyo === {{Further|Health in Liberia}} [[File:Life expectancy in Liberia.svg|thumb|Umoyo wa ŵanthu]] Mu vipatala vya ku Liberia muli chipatala cha John F. Kennedy Medical Center mu Monrovia na ghanyake ghanandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Liberia ŵakulindilira kukhala vyaka 64,4 mu 2020. Mu 2010, pa ŵanakazi 100,000 ŵakababikanga 990 ndipo mu 2017, pa ŵanakazi 100,000 ŵakababikanga 1,072.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_Liberia_SoWMy_Profile.pdf |title=The State of the World's Midwifery 2011: Liberia |work=United Nations Population Fund |access-date=August 2, 2011 |archive-date=December 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206210251/http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_Liberia_SoWMy_Profile.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maternal health gets a new boost in Liberia |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2017/7/feature-maternal-health-gets-a-new-boost-in-liberia |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}</ref>Matenda ghanyake ghakwambukira ghakuthandazgika chomene, nga ni chikhoso cha TB, nthenda ya kusulura na maleriya. Mu 2007, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na HIV chikaŵa 2% pa ŵanthu ŵa vyaka 15-49, apo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na TB chikaŵa 420 pa ŵanthu 100,000 mu 2008. Pafupifupi ŵanakazi 58.2% na 66% ŵali kupokera nthenda iyi. Charu cha Liberia chikugura mpunga wakukwana 90 peresenti. Mu 2007, ŵana 20.4% ŵa vyaka vinkhondi kukhilira pasi ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kusoŵa chakurya. Mu 2008, ŵanthu 17% pera ndiwo ŵakaŵa na malo ghawemi ghakusoperapo. Pafupifupi 95 peresenti ya maofesi gha munthavi gha mu charu ichi ghakabwanganduka apo nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikamalira mu 2003. Mu 2009, ndalama izo boma likagwiliskiranga ntchito pa vyaumoyo zikaŵa madola 22 gha ku United States, panji kuti 10.6% ya GDP. Mu 2008, ku Liberia kukaŵa dokotala yumoza na manesi 27 pa ŵanthu 100,000. Mu 2014, nthenda ya Ebola yikathandazgikira ku Liberia kufuma ku Guinea. Pa Novembala 17, 2014, ŵanthu 2,812 ŵakafwa na nthenda iyi. Mu Ogasiti 2014, charu cha Guinea chikajara mphaka na charu cha Liberia kuti chileke kuthandazga nthenda iyi. Pa Meyi 9, 2015, charu cha Liberia chikapharazgika kuti chilije Ebola, pamanyuma pa masabata 6 kwambura nthenda yiphya. Kuyana na lipoti la Overseas Development Institute, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pa vyakupwelelera umoyo ni 64.1% ya ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pa vyakupwelelera umoyo.<ref>Marc DuBois and Caitlin Wake, with Scarlett Sturridge and Christina Bennett (2015) [https://web.archive.org/web/20200928074929/https://www.odi.org/publications/9956-ebola-response-west-africa-exposing-politics-culture-international-aid The Ebola response in West Africa: Exposing the politics and culture of international aid] London: Overseas Development Institute</ref> ==Mwambo== {{main|Culture of Liberia}} [[File:Brooklyn Museum 1998.80.2 Helmet Mask for Sande Society.jpg|thumb|Vyakurya vya Bassa. Chisoti cha Sande Society (Ndoli Jowei), Liberia, m'ma 1900. Muziamu wa Brooklyn.]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia ŵakakhalanga ku South America pambere nkhondo yindambe. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakavwaranga chisoti chakutowa na mizati ndipo ŵakachitanga nga mbazga ŵa ku South. Ŵanalume ŵanandi ŵa ku Liberia ŵakaŵa ŵa mu gulu la Masonic Order of Liberia, ilo likachitanga ndyali. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Liberia ŵakaŵa na luso lwa kusona na kupangaso salu. Mu 1857 na 1858, ku Liberia kukaŵaso viphikiro vya viŵeto. Yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa comene awo ŵakapanganga kofi ku Liberia wakaŵa Martha Ann Ricks, uyo wakapeleka cikozgo ca khuni la khofi ku Fumukazi Victoria mu 1892. Apo pulezidenti Ellen Johnson Sirleaf wakasamukiranga ku Executive Mansion, wakapanga chibenekelero mu ofesi yake. Ku Liberia kwajumpha vyaka 100 kufuma apo mabuku ghakambira kulembeka. Edward Wilmot Blyden, Bai T. Moore, Roland T. Dempster na Wilton G. S. Sankawulo wali pakati pa ŵalembi ŵakumanyikwa chomene mu Liberia. Buku la Moore lakuti Murder in the Cassava Patch ndilo ndakumanyikwa comene mu Liberia.<ref>{{cite web |first=J. Kpanneh |last=Doe |url=http://www.theperspective.org/bookreview.html |title=Baa Salaka: Sacrificial Lamb – A Book Review & Commentary |work=The Perspective |date=October 31, 2000 |access-date=July 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909064724/http://www.theperspective.org/bookreview.html |archive-date=September 9, 2013}}</ref> === Kutora mitala === {{Further|Polygamy in Liberia}} Pa ŵanakazi ŵakutora ŵa ku Liberia, ciŵelengero ca awo ŵali na vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49 ni ŵanakazi ŵatatu pa ŵatatu. Dango la cikaya likuzomerezga mwanalume kutora ŵanakazi ŵanayi.<ref>Olukoju, Ayodeji. "Gender Roles, Marriage and Family", ''Culture and Customs of Liberia''. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2006, p. 97.</ref> === Kuphika === {{main|Liberian cuisine}} [[File:Beachside Barbeque (6831739276).jpg|thumb|Ku Sinkor, Monrovia, Liberia, ŵanthu ŵakuphika nyama mumphepete mwa nyanja]] Mu vyakurya vinandi vya ku Liberia, muli mpunga. Vyakurya vinyake ni maniyu, somba, nthochi, vipasi, vipasi, kokosoni, okra, na mbatata. Vyakurya vyakunowa ivyo vili na vipasi vya habanero na scotch bonnet chili vikumanyikwa chomene. Kweniso ku Liberia kuli mitheto yinyake ya kuphika vyakurya yakufuma ku United States iyo njakupambana na mitundu yinyake ya ku West Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gwydion.weebly.com/liberian-baking.html |title=The Baking Recipes of Liberia |work=Africa Aid |access-date=July 23, 2011}}</ref> === Maseŵera === Maseŵera ghakumanyikwa chomene mu Liberia ni bola, ndipo George Weah (woseŵera wakale wa bola ndipo sono ni purezidenti wa Liberia) ndiyo wakumanyikwa chomene mu charu ichi. Mpaka pano ndi yekha wa ku Africa uyo wapika udindo wa FIFA World Player of the Year.<ref name="FIFA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131020073045/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/players/player=2187/ "Iconic Weah a true great"]. FIFA.com. Retrieved November 17, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=George Weah: Ex-AC Milan, Chelsea & Man City striker elected Liberia president |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/41607141 |publisher=BBC |date=June 22, 2018}}</ref> Gulu la mpira la ku Liberia lafika ku Africa Cup of Nations kaŵiri, mu 1996 na 2002. Maseŵero ghaciŵiri agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene mu Liberia ni basketball. Gulu la basketball la ku Liberia lafika ku AfroBasket kaŵiri, mu 1983 na 2007. Ku Liberia, malo ghakucemeka Samuel Kanyon Doe Sports Complex ni sitediyamu. Likunozga maseŵero gha FIFA World Cup qualifying match kusazgapo ma concert gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana na vyakuchitika vya ndyali vya ku chalo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Liberia:Chaos Mars Grand Bassa and Nimba Clash |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201401211272.html|access-date=October 9, 2016|newspaper=All Africa|date=January 21, 2012}}</ref> ===Measurement system=== Charu cha Liberia chindambe kugwiliskira ntchito ndondomeko ya International System of Units. Mu 1988 Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act yikati metric system ni "ndondomeko ya vyakuyegha na vyakuyegha vyakuyegha vya United States trade and commerce", kweni mu practice system iyi yikugwiliskika nchito mwakupambanapambana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ma unit na mafakitale agho ghakukolerana na malango gha boma. Boma la Liberia laleka kugwiliskira ntchito mayuniti gha United States na kwamba kugwiliskira ntchito ma metric. Ndipouli, kusintha uku kukachitika pachokopachoko, ndipo boma likagwiliskiranga ntchito mayuniti gha United States. Mu chaka cha 2018, nduna ya vya malonda na mafakitale ya ku Liberia yikati boma la charu ichi lajipeleka kuti likolerane na ndondomeko ya metric.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberianobserver.com/business/govt-pledges-commitment-to-adopt-metric-system/|title=Gov't Pledges Commitment to Adopt Metric System|first=Robin|last=Dopoe|date=May 25, 2018|access-date=September 1, 2019|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109004653/https://www.liberianobserver.com/business/govt-pledges-commitment-to-adopt-metric-system/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref> {{cite web| url = http://www.emansion.gov.lr/content.php?sub=County%20Development%20Agendas&related=CDAs| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100114003713/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/content.php?sub=County%20Development%20Agendas&related=CDAs| archive-date = January 14, 2010| url-status = dead| title = County Development Agendas| author = Government of Liberia| year = 2008| publisher = Government of the Republic of Liberia| access-date = May 1, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.molme.gov.lr/doc/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Annual%20Report%20Jan%201%20-%20Dec%2031%202009.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110410125217/http://www.molme.gov.lr/doc/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Annual%20Report%20Jan%201%20-%20Dec%2031%202009.pdf|url-status = dead|archive-date = April 10, 2011|title = Annual report|author = Shannon, Eugene H.|date = December 31, 2009|publisher = Liberian Ministry of Lands, Mines and Energy|access-date = May 1, 2010}}</ref><ref name="ut"> {{cite web|url = http://trend.ag.utk.edu/international/ReformingCocoaCoffeeMarketingLiberia.pdf|title = Reforming Cocoa and Coffee Marketing in Liberia|author = Wilcox, Michael D., Jr. Department of Agricultural Economics University of Tennessee|year = 2008|work = Presentation and Policy Brief|publisher = University of Tennessee|access-date = April 25, 2010|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100624032539/http://trend.ag.utk.edu/international/ReformingCocoaCoffeeMarketingLiberia.pdf|archive-date = June 24, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-g.html| title = CIA The World Factbook| year = 2010| work = Appendix G: Weights and Measures| publisher = US Central Intelligence Agency| access-date = April 24, 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100424163417/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-g.html| archive-date = April 24, 2010}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{portal|Liberia|Africa|Countries}} * [[Outline of Liberia]] * [[Gender inequality in Liberia]] ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * Cooper, Helene, ''House at Sugar Beach: In Search of a Lost African Childhood'' (Simon & Schuster, 2008, {{ISBN|0743266242}}) * {{cite book | title=Africa in World History, From Prehistory to the Present | url=https://archive.org/details/africainworldhis0000reyn | date=October 2003 | publisher=Prentice Hall | isbn = 978-0130929075| edition=Paperback | author1=Gilbert, Erik |author2=Reynolds, Jonathan T }} * {{cite book | title=Too Late to Turn Back | year=1991 | publisher=Penguin | isbn=0140095942 | author=Greene, Barbara | url=https://archive.org/details/toolatetoturnbac00gree }} * {{cite book | title=Journey Without Maps | publisher=Vintage | year=1936 | isbn = 978-0099282235| author=Greene, Graham |title-link=Journey Without Maps }} * {{cite book | title=Long Story Bit By Bit: Liberia Retold | publisher=New York: Umbrage | year=2009 | isbn = 978-1884167737| author=Hetherington, Tim }} * {{cite book | title=Mississippi in Africa: The Saga of the Slaves of Prospect Hill Plantation and Their Legacy in Liberia Today| publisher=Gotham Books | year=2004 | isbn=978-1592400447 | author=Huffman, Alan |url=https://archive.org/details/mississippiinafr00huff }} * {{cite book | url = https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/33835| title=Liberia : From the Love of Liberty to Paradise Lost| publisher=African Studies Centre, Leiden | year= 2015 | isbn = 978-9054481447| author= Kraaij, Fred | author2=van der}} * Lang, Victoria, ''To Liberia: Destiny's Timing'' (Publish America, Baltimore, 2004, {{ISBN|1413718299}}). Novel of the journey of a young Black couple fleeing America to settle in the African motherland of Liberia. * Maksik, Alexander, ''A Marker to Measure Drift'' (John Murray 2013; Paperback 2014; {{ISBN|978-1848548077}}). A novel about a young woman's experience of and escape from the Liberian civil war. * {{cite book | title=Merriam Webster's Geographical Dictionary: third Edition | publisher=Merriam Webster Inc. | location =Springfield | year=1997 | isbn=0877795460 | edition=Paperback | url=https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersg1998merr }} * [[Godfrey Mwakikagile|Mwakikagile, Godfrey]], ''Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties'', Chapter Eight: Liberia: 'The Love of Liberty Brought Us Here,' pp.&nbsp;85–110, [[Nova Science Publishers, Inc.]], Huntington, New York, 2001; Godfrey Mwakikagile, ''The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation'', Chapter One: The Collapse of A Modern African State: Death and Rebirth of Liberia, pp.&nbsp;1–18, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2001. * {{cite book | title=Liberia: Portrait of a Failed State | date= 2001 | publisher=Reed Press | isbn=1594290121 | author=Pham, John-Peter | url=https://archive.org/details/liberiaportraito00pham }} * Sankawulo, Wilton, ''Great Tales of Liberia''. Dr. Sankawulo is the compiler of these tales from Liberia and about Liberian culture. Editura Universității "Lucian Blaga", Sibiu, Romania, 2004. {{ISBN|978-9736518386}}. * Sankawulo, Wilton, ''Sundown at Dawn: A Liberian Odyssey''. Recommended by the Cultural Resource Center, Center for Applied Linguistics for its content concerning Liberian culture. {{ISBN|0976356503}} * Shaw, Elma, ''Redemption Road: The Quest for Peace and Justice in Liberia'' (a novel), with a foreword by President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (Cotton Tree Press, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0980077407}}) * {{cite book | title=Liberia: The Heart of Darkness | date=2006 | publisher=Trafford Publishing | isbn = 1553692942 | author=Williams, Gabriel I. H. }} {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Commons category}} {{Wikivoyage}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201017024954/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/LI.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017024954/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/LI.html |date=October 17, 2020 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210319020318/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/liberia Liberia]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085129/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/liberia.htm Liberia] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''. * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Liberia}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13729504 Liberia profile] from the [[BBC News]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306022235/http://countryportal.ascleiden.nl/liberia Liberia profile] from the [[Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden|African Studies Centre Leiden]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306023751/http://countryportal.ascleiden.nl/ Country portal]. * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/liberia.html "Liberia Maps"], Perry–Castañeda Library, University of Texas at Austin. * {{wikiatlas|Liberia}} {{Liberia topics}} {{Countries of Africa}} {{Navboxes |title = International membership |list = {{African Union}} }} {{Navboxes |title = Languages |list = {{English official language clickable map}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|6|30|N|9|30|W|display=title}} [[Category:Liberia| ]]<!--Please do not move this article from its correct and standard position at the head of its own category.--> [[Category:Economic Community of West African States]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1847]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:West African countries]] [[Category:1847 establishments in Liberia| ]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:American colonization movement]] md0u73damrp3puvlmojc75gecsb320j 0 6943 123226 122645 2026-10-10T02:32:23Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 123226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in Southern Africa}} {{Redirect|Namibian}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Use South African English|date=March 2021}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Namibia | common_name = Namibia | native_name = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:85%; |title = Name in national languages | {{Infobox | subbox=yes | bodystyle=font-size:78%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[Afrikaans]]: | data1 = {{lang|af|Republiek van Namibië}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Afrikaans.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, Afrikaans |publisher=Government of Namibia |access-date=18 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225105003/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Afrikaans.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowclass2 = mergedrow | label2 = [[German language|German]]: | data2 = {{lang|de|Republik Namibia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_German.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, German |publisher=Government of Namibia. |access-date=18 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009105727/https://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_German.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2019 }} {{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | rowclass3 = mergedrow | label3 = [[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoegowab]]: | data3 = {{lang|naq|Namibiab Republiki dib}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Nama.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, Khoekhoegowab |publisher=Government of Namibia |access-date=18 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225104943/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Nama.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowclass4 = mergedrow | label4 = [[Herero language|Otjiherero]]: | data4 = {{lang|hz|Orepublika yaNamibia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Herero.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, Otjiherero |publisher=Government of Namibia |access-date=18 February 2016 }} {{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | rowclass5 = mergedrow | label5 = [[Ovambo language|Oshiwambo]]: | data5 = {{lang|kj|Orepublika yaNamibia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://baslerafrika.ch/wp-content/uploads/Neuerwerbungsliste-2013.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, Oshiwambo |publisher=Government of Namibia |access-date=18 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301124906/http://baslerafrika.ch/wp-content/uploads/Neuerwerbungsliste-2013.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2016}}</ref> | rowclass6 = mergedrow | label6 = [[Kwangali language|RuKwangali]]: | data6 = {{lang|kwn|Republika zaNamibia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Rukwangali.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, Rukwangali |publisher=Government of Namibia |access-date=18 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225104955/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Rukwangali.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowclass7 = mergedrow | label7 = [[Tswana language|Setswana]]: | data7 = {{lang|tn|Rephaboliki ya Namibia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Setswana.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, Setswana |publisher=Government of Namibia |access-date=18 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225105008/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Setswana.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowclass8 = mergedrow | label8 = [[Lozi language|siLozi]]: | data8 = {{lang|loz| Namibia ye Lukuluhile}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Lozi.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, Lozi |publisher=Government of Namibia |access-date=18 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225104949/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Lozi.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> }} }} | image_flag = Flag of Namibia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Namibia.svg | national_motto = "Unity, Liberty, Justice" | national_anthem = "[[Namibia, Land of the Brave]]" <div class="center" style="padding-top:0.5em;"> </div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Namibia (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Namibia AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Windhoek]] | coordinates = {{Coord|22|34|S|17|5|E|type:city_region:NA}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[English language|English]] | national_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Afrikaans]] |[[German language|German]] |[[Herero language|Otjiherero]] |[[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoegowab]] |[[Oshiwambo]] |[[Kwangali language|RuKwangali]] |[[Tswana language|Setswana]] |[[Lozi language|siLozi]] }} | regional_languages = {{unbulleted list | [[!Kung language|!Kung]] | [[Gciriku language|Gciriku]] | [[Mbukushu language|Thimbukushu]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 49.5% [[Ovambo people|Ovambo]] | 9.2% [[Kavango people|Kavango]] | 8.0% [[Coloured people in Namibia|Coloured]] {{small|(including [[Baster]])}} | 7.0% [[Herero people|Herero]] | 7.0% [[Damara (people)|Damara]] | 7.0% [[White Namibians|White]] | 4.7% [[Nama people|Nama]] | 3.5% [[Lozi people|Lozi]] | 3.0% [[San people|San]] | 0.6% [[Tswana people|Tswana]] | 0.5% others }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2014 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |87.9% [[Christianity in Namibia|Christianity]] |—43.7% [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia|Lutheranism]] |—22.8% [[Catholic Church in Namibia|Catholicism]] |—17.0% [[Diocese of Namibia|Anglicanism]] |—4.4% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] |10.2% [[African Traditional Religion|Traditional faiths]] |1.6% [[Irreligion|no religion]] |0.3% others}} | religion_year = 2013 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web | title=Namibia Demographic and Health Survey 2013 | publisher=The Namibia Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS) and ICF International | date=September 2014 | url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR298/FR298.pdf | access-date=5 July 2021 | page=30}} Only people between 15 and 49 years of age were surveyed.</ref> | demonym = [[Demographics of Namibia|Namibian]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]<ref name="Dual" /> | leader_title1 = [[President of Namibia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Namibia|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Lucia Witbooi]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Namibia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Elijah Ngurare]] | leader_title4 = [[Deputy Prime Minister]] | leader_name4 = [[Natangwe Ithete]] | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of Namibia|Chief Justice]] | leader_name5 = [[Peter Shivute]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Namibia|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[National Council (Namibia)|National Council]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Namibia)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Independence from [[South Africa]] | established_event1 = [[Constitution of Namibia|Constitution]] | established_date1 = 9 February 1990 | established_event2 = Independence | established_date2 = 21 March 1990 | area_km2 = 825,615 | area_rank = 34th | area_sq_mi = 318,696 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = 2,777,232<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Namibia|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 141th | population_density_km2 = 3.2 | population_density_sq_mi = 6.6 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 235th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $30.2 billion<ref name="imfna">{{cite web |url= https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=728,&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PPPSH,PPPEX,NID_NGDP,NGSD_NGDP,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,TM_RPCH,TMG_RPCH,TX_RPCH,TXG_RPCH,LP,GGR,GGR_NGDP,GGX,GGX_NGDP,GGXCNL,GGXCNL_NGDP,GGXONLB,GGXONLB_NGDP,GGXWDN,GGXWDN_NGDP,GGXWDG,GGXWDG_NGDP,NGDP_FY,BCA,BCA_NGDPD,&sy=2021&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 146th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $11,439<ref name=imfna/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 116th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $13.4 billion<ref name=imfna/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 146th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $5,100<ref name=imfna/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 110th | Gini = 59.1 <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=NA |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=20 January 2019}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.615 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2021 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = decrease <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 139th | currency = [[Namibian dollar]] <br /> (NAD) <br /> [[South African rand]] (ZAR) | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAST]] | utc_offset = +2 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+264]] | cctld = [[.na]] | footnote_a = | today = }} '''Namibia''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Namibia.ogg|n|ə|ˈ|m|ɪ|b|i|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|n|æ|ˈ|-}}),<ref>{{citation|last=Wells |first=John C. |year=2008 |title= Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |edition=3rd |publisher= Longman |isbn= 978-1405881180}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last= Roach |first=Peter |year=2011 |title= Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary |edition=18th |place=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0521152532}}</ref> officially the '''Republic of Namibia''', is a country in [[Southern Africa]]. Its western border is the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. It shares land borders with [[Zambia]] and [[Angola]] to the north, [[Botswana]] to the east and [[South Africa]] to the south and east. Although [[Kazungula|it does not]] border [[Zimbabwe]], less than 200 metres (660 feet) of the Botswanan right bank of the [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] separates the two countries. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the [[Namibian War of Independence]]. Its capital and largest city is [[Windhoek]]. Namibia is a member state of the [[United Nations]] (UN), the [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC), the [[African Union]] (AU) and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. The driest country in [[sub-Saharan Africa]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/23/world/africa/namibia-eye-on-country-profile/index.html |title=Namibia country profile: moving on from a difficult past |author=Peter Shadbolt |website=CNN |date=24 October 2012}}</ref> Namibia has been inhabited since pre-historic times by the [[San people|San]], [[Damara people|Damara]] and [[Nama people]]. Around the 14th century, [[immigration|immigrating]] [[Bantu peoples]] arrived as part of the [[Bantu expansion]]. Since then, the Bantu groups, the largest being the [[Ovambo people|Ovambo]], have dominated the population of the country; since the late 19th century, they have constituted a majority. Today Namibia is one of the [[List of countries and territories by population density|least densely populated]] countries in the world. It has a population of 2.55&nbsp;million people and is a stable [[multi-party system|multi-party]] [[parliamentary democracy]]. Agriculture, [[Tourism in Namibia|tourism]] and the [[Mining in Namibia|mining industry]]&nbsp;– including mining for gem diamonds, [[Uranium mining|uranium]], [[Gold mining|gold]], [[Silver mining|silver]] and [[base metal]]s&nbsp;– form the basis of its [[Economy of Namibia|economy]], while the manufacturing sector is comparatively small. In 1884, the [[German Empire]] established rule over most of the territory, forming a colony known as [[German South West Africa]]. Between 1904 and 1908, it perpetrated a [[Herero and Namaqua genocide|genocide against the Herero and Nama people]]. German rule ended in 1915 with a defeat by South African forces. In 1920, after the end of [[World War I]], the [[League of Nations]] [[League of Nations mandate|mandated]] administration of the colony to South Africa. As mandatory power, South Africa imposed its laws, including racial classifications and rules. From 1948, with the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] elected to power, this included South Africa applying [[apartheid]] to what was then known as [[South West Africa]]. In the later 20th century, uprisings and demands for political representation by native African political activists seeking independence resulted in the UN assuming direct responsibility over the territory in 1966, but the country of South Africa maintained {{lang|la|de facto}} rule. In 1973, the UN recognised the South West Africa People's Organisation ([[SWAPO]]) as the official representative of the Namibian people. Following continued guerrilla warfare, Namibia obtained independence in 1990. However, [[Walvis Bay]] and the [[Penguin Islands]] remained under South African control until 1994. ==History== {{Main|History of Namibia}} ===Etymology=== The name of the country is derived from the [[Namib]] desert, the oldest desert in the world.<ref name=at1315>Spriggs, A. (2001) {{WWF ecoregion|name=Africa: Namibia|id=at1315}}</ref> The name ''Namib'' itself is of [[nama language|Nama]] origin and means "vast place". That word for the country was chosen by [[Mburumba Kerina]], who originally proposed the name the "Republic of Namib".<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.namibian.com.na/127811/archive-read/The-Man-Who-Named-Namibia--Mburumba-Kerina |title=The Man Who Named Namibia- Mburumba Kerina|work=The Namibian| access-date =15 June 2021}}</ref> Before its independence in 1990, the area was known first as [[German South-West Africa]] (''Deutsch-Südwestafrika''), then as [[South West Africa]], reflecting the colonial occupation by the Germans and South Africans. ===Pre-colonial period=== The dry lands of Namibia have been inhabited since prehistoric times by the [[San people|San]], [[Damara people|Damara]], and [[Nama people|Nama]]. For thousands of years, the [[Khoisan]] peoples of Southern Africa maintained a [[nomad]]ic life, the [[Khoikhoi]] as pastoralists and the San people as [[hunter-gatherer]]s. Around the 14th century, immigrating [[Bantu people]] began to arrive during the [[Bantu expansion]] from central Africa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Belda|first=Pascal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcsUr8BkqAUC&q=The+dry+lands+of+Namibia+have+been+inhabited+since+early+times+by+San,+Damara,+and+Nama.+Around+the+14th+century,+immigrating+Bantu+people+began+to+arrive+during+the+Bantu+expansion+from+central+Africa.&pg=PA14|title=Namibia|date=May 2007|publisher=MTH Multimedia S.L.|isbn=978-84-935202-1-2|language=en}}</ref> From the late 18th century onward, [[Oorlam people]] from Cape Colony crossed the [[Orange River]] and moved into the area that today is southern Namibia.<ref name="KDA">{{cite web |url=http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_A.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015021238/http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_A.htm |archive-date=15 October 2008 |last=Dierks |first=Klaus |author-link=Klaus Dierks |title=Biographies of Namibian Personalities, A |access-date=24 June 2010}}</ref> Their encounters with the nomadic Nama tribes were largely peaceful. They received the missionaries accompanying the Oorlam very well,<ref name="Dierks">{{cite web |last=Dierks |first=Klaus |author-link=Klaus Dierks |title=Warmbad becomes two hundred years |url=http://www.klausdierks.com/Warm_Bath/index.htm |website=Klausdierks.com |access-date=22 June 2010 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821172028/http://www.klausdierks.com/Warm_Bath/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> granting them the right to use waterholes and grazing against an annual payment.{{sfn|Vedder|1997|p=177}} On their way further north, however, the Oorlam encountered clans of the [[OvaHerero people|OvaHerero]] at Windhoek, [[Gobabis]], and [[Okahandja]], who resisted their encroachment. The Nama-Herero War broke out in 1880, with hostilities ebbing only after the [[German Empire]] deployed troops to the contested places and cemented the status quo among the Nama, Oorlam, and Herero.{{sfn|Vedder|1997|p=659}} In 1878, the [[Cape Colony|Cape of Good Hope]], then a British colony, annexed the port of Walvis Bay and the offshore [[Penguin Islands]]; these became an integral part of the new [[Union of South Africa]] at its creation in 1910. The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators [[Diogo Cão]] in 1485<ref>{{Cite web|last=Observador|title=Padrão português com 500 anos foi roubado da Namíbia no século XIX. Vai ser devolvido|url=https://observador.pt/2019/05/17/padrao-portugues-com-500-anos-foi-roubado-da-namibia-no-seculo-xix-vai-ser-devolvido/|access-date=2020-12-07|website=Observador|language=pt-PT}}</ref> and [[Bartolomeu Dias]] in 1486, but the Portuguese did not try to claim the area. Like most of the interior of [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century. At that time traders and settlers came principally from Germany and Sweden. In 1870, [[Finland|Finnish]] missionaries came to the northern part of Namibia to spread the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran religion]] among the [[Ovambo people|Ovambo]] and [[Kavango people]].<ref name="finnish-mission"/> In the late 19th century, [[Dorsland Trek]]kers crossed the area on their way from the [[South African Republic|Transvaal]] to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey. ===German rule=== {{see also|German South West Africa|Herero and Namaqua genocide}} Namibia became a German colony in 1884 under [[Otto von Bismarck]] to forestall perceived British encroachment and was known as [[German South West Africa]] (''Deutsch-Südwestafrika'').<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=German South West Africa|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036573/German-South-West-Africa|access-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> The [[Palgrave Commission]] by the British governor in Cape Town determined that only the natural deep-water harbour of Walvis Bay was worth occupying and thus annexed it to the Cape province of British South Africa. In 1897, a [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|rinderpest epidemic]] caused massive cattle die-offs of an estimated 95% of cattle in southern & central Namibia. In response the German colonizers set up a veterinary [[Cordon sanitaire (medicine)|cordon]] fence known as the [[Red Line (Namibia)|Red Line]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Lechler |first1=Marie |last2=McNamee |first2=Lachlan |date=December 2018 |title=Indirect Colonial Rule Undermines Support for Democracy: Evidence From a Natural Experiment in Namibia |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0010414018758760 |journal=Comparative Political Studies |language=en |volume=51 |issue=14 |pages=1864–1871 (p. 7–14) |doi=10.1177/0010414018758760 |s2cid=158335936 |issn=0010-4140 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515045624/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0010414018758760 |archive-date=15 May 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> In 1907 this fence then broadly defined the boundaries for the first Police Zone.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lechler |first1=Marie |last2=McNamee |first2=Lachlan |date=December 2018 |title=Indirect Colonial Rule Undermines Support for Democracy: Evidence From a Natural Experiment in Namibia |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0010414018758760 |journal=Comparative Political Studies |language=en |volume=51 |issue=14 |pages=1865 (p. 8) |doi=10.1177/0010414018758760 |s2cid=158335936 |issn=0010-4140 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515045624/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0010414018758760 |archive-date=15 May 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> From 1904 to 1907, the [[Herero people|Herero]] and the [[Nama people|Namaqua]] [[Herero Wars|took up arms]] against brutal German colonialism. In a calculated punitive action by the German occupiers, government officials ordered the extinction of the natives in the [[Herero and Namaqua genocide|OvaHerero and Namaqua genocide]]. In what has been called the "first genocide of the 20th century",<ref>{{cite web |author=David Olusoga |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/apr/18/pope-francis-armenian-genocide-first-20th-century-namibia |title=Dear Pope Francis, Namibia was the 20th century's first genocide |work=The Guardian |date=18 April 2015 |access-date=26 November 2015|author-link=David Olusoga }}</ref> the Germans systematically killed 10,000 Nama (half the population) and approximately 65,000 Herero (about 80% of the population).<ref>Drechsler, Horst (1980). The actual number of deaths in the limited number of battles with the Germany Schutztruppe (expeditionary force) were limited; most of the deaths occurred after fighting had ended. The German military governor [[Lothar von Trotha]] issued an explicit extermination order, and many Herero died of disease and abuse in detention camps after being taken from their land. A substantial minority of Herero crossed the Kalahari desert into the British colony of Bechuanaland (modern-day Botswana), where a small community continues to live in western Botswana near to border with Namibia. ''Let us die fighting'', originally published (1966) under the title ''Südwestafrika unter deutscher Kolonialherrschaft''. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.</ref><ref name="Adhikari" /> The survivors, when finally released from detention, were subjected to a policy of dispossession, deportation, forced labour, racial segregation, and discrimination in a system that in many ways foreshadowed the [[apartheid]] established by South Africa in 1948. Most Africans were confined to so-called native territories, which under South African rule after 1949 were turned into "homelands" ([[Bantustans]]). Some historians have speculated that the German genocide in Namibia was a model for the [[Nazism|Nazi]]s in [[the Holocaust]].<ref name="Madley" /> The memory of genocide remains relevant to ethnic identity in independent Namibia and to relations with Germany.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Reinhart |last1=Kößler |first2=Henning |last2=Melber |chapter=Völkermord und Gedenken: Der Genozid an den Herero und Nama in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1904–1908 |lang=de |trans-title=Genocide and memory: the genocide of the Herero and Nama in German South-West Africa, 1904–08 |title=Jahrbuch zur Geschichte und Wirkung des Holocaust |year=2004 |pages=37–75 |isbn=9783593372822 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_b5iRhydlHUC&pg=PA37 }}</ref> The German minister for aid development apologised for the Namibian genocide in 2004, however, the German government distanced itself from this apology.<ref>{{cite web |author=Andrew Meldrum |title=German minister says sorry for genocide in Namibia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/16/germany.andrewmeldrum |work=The Guardian |date=15 August 2004 |access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=German minister says sorry for genocide in Namibia |url=Völkermord an Herero und Nama: Abkommen zwischen Deutschland und Namibia |work=bpb |date=22 June 2021 |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref>{{Clear|left}} ===South African mandate=== {{see also|South West Africa}}[[File:Kirche denkmal nam.jpg|thumb|German church and monument to colonists in Windhoek, Namibia.]]During World War I, South African troops under General [[Louis Botha]] [[South West Africa campaign|occupied the territory]] and deposed the German colonial administration. The end of the war and the [[Treaty of Versailles]] resulted in South West Africa remaining a possession of South Africa, at first as a [[League of Nations mandate]], until 1990.<ref name=Rajagopal>{{cite book|last=Rajagopal|first=Balakrishnan|title=International Law from Below: Development, Social Movements and Third World Resistance|url=https://archive.org/details/internationallaw00raja|url-access=limited|year=2003|pages=[https://archive.org/details/internationallaw00raja/page/n66 50]–68|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521016711}}</ref> The mandate system was formed as a compromise between those who advocated for an Allied annexation of former German and Ottoman territories and a proposition put forward by those who wished to grant them to an international trusteeship until they could govern themselves.<ref name=Rajagopal/> It permitted the South African government to administer South West Africa until that territory's inhabitants were prepared for political self-determination.<ref name=Louis>{{cite book|last=Louis|first=William Roger|title=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization|url=https://archive.org/details/endsofbritishimp0000loui|year=2006|pages=[https://archive.org/details/endsofbritishimp0000loui/page/251 251]–261|publisher=I.B. Tauris & Company, Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-1845113476}}</ref> South Africa interpreted the mandate as a veiled annexation and made no attempt to prepare South West Africa for future autonomy.<ref name=Louis/>{{multiple image | image1 = Witbooi Hendrik.jpg | width1 = 130 | image2 = SamuelMaharero.jpg | width2 = 140 | footer = [[Hendrik Witbooi (Namaqua chief)|Hendrik Witbooi]] (left) and [[Samuel Maharero]] (right) were prominent leaders against German colonial rule. }} As a result of the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|Conference on International Organization]] in 1945, the League of Nations was formally superseded by the [[United Nations]] (UN) and former League mandates by a trusteeship system. Article 77 of the [[United Nations Charter]] stated that UN trusteeship "shall apply...to territories now held under mandate"; furthermore, it would "be a matter of subsequent agreement as to which territories in the foregoing territories will be brought under the trusteeship system and under what terms".<ref name=Vandenbosch>{{cite book|last=Vandenbosch|first=Amry|title=South Africa and the World: The Foreign Policy of Apartheid|url=https://archive.org/details/southafricaworld00vand|url-access=registration|year=1970|pages=[https://archive.org/details/southafricaworld00vand/page/207 207–224]|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington|isbn=978-0813164946}}</ref> The UN requested all former League of Nations mandates be surrendered to its [[United Nations Trusteeship Council|Trusteeship Council]] in anticipation of their independence.<ref name=Vandenbosch/> South Africa declined to do so and instead requested permission from the UN to formally annex South West Africa, for which it received considerable criticism.<ref name=Vandenbosch/> When the UN General Assembly rejected this proposal, South Africa dismissed its opinion and began solidifying control of the territory.<ref name=Vandenbosch/> The UN Generally Assembly and Security Council responded by referring the issue to the [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ), which held a number of discussions on the legality of South African rule between 1949 and 1966.<ref name=First>{{cite book|last=First|first=Ruth|editor1-last=Segal|editor1-first=Ronald|title=South West Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/southwestafrica0000firs_r3z3|year=1963|pages=[https://archive.org/details/southwestafrica0000firs_r3z3/page/169 169]–193|publisher=Penguin Books, Incorporated|location=Baltimore|isbn=978-0844620619}}</ref> [[File:Namibia homelands 78.jpeg|thumb|Map depicting the [[Police Zone (South West Africa)|Police Zone]] (in tan) and tribal homelands (in red) as they existed in 1978. Self-governing tribal homelands appear as tan with red stripes.]] South Africa began imposing ''[[apartheid]],'' its codified system of racial segregation and discrimination, on South West Africa during the late 1940s.<ref name="Crawford1">{{cite book|last=Crawford|first=Neta|title=Argument and Change in World Politics: Ethics, Decolonization, and Humanitarian Intervention|url=https://archive.org/details/argumentchangewo00craw|url-access=limited|year=2002|pages=[https://archive.org/details/argumentchangewo00craw/page/n350 333]–336|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521002790}}</ref> Black South West Africans were subject to [[pass laws]], curfews, and a host of residential regulations that restricted their movement.<ref name="Crawford1" /> Development was concentrated in the southern region of the territory adjacent to South Africa, known as the "[[Police Zone (South West Africa)|Police Zone]]", where most of the major settlements and commercial economic activity were located.<ref name="Devils">{{cite book|title=The Devils Are Among Us: The War for Namibia|url=https://archive.org/details/devilsareamongus00deni|url-access=limited|last1=Herbstein|first1=Denis|last2=Evenson|first2=John|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|year=1989|isbn=978-0862328962|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/devilsareamongus00deni/page/n26 14]–23}}</ref> Outside the Police Zone, indigenous peoples were restricted to theoretically self-governing [[Bantustan#Bantustans in South West Africa|tribal homelands]].<ref name="Devils" /> During the late 1950s and early 1960s, the accelerated [[decolonisation of Africa]] and mounting pressure on the remaining colonial powers to grant their colonies self-determination resulted in the formation of nascent nationalist parties in South West Africa.<ref name="Müller">{{cite book|last=Müller|first=Johann Alexander|title=The Inevitable Pipeline Into Exile. Botswana's Role in the Namibian Liberation Struggle|year=2012|pages=36–41|publisher=Basler Afrika Bibliographien Namibia Resource Center and Southern Africa Library|location=Basel, Switzerland|isbn=978-3905758290}}</ref> Movements such as the [[South West African National Union]] (SWANU) and the [[South West African People's Organisation]] advocated for the formal termination of South Africa's mandate and independence for the territory.<ref name="Müller" /> In 1966, following the ICJ's controversial ruling that it had no legal standing to consider the question of South African rule, SWAPO launched an armed insurgency that escalated into part of a wider regional conflict known as the [[South African Border War]].<ref name="Caprivi">{{cite book|last=Kangumu|first=Bennett|title=Contesting Caprivi: A History of Colonial Isolation and Regional Nationalism in Namibia|year=2011|pages=143–153|publisher=Basler Afrika Bibliographien Namibia Resource Center and Southern Africa Library|location=Basel|isbn=978-3905758221}}</ref>[[File:Foreign Observer identification badge in the 1989 Namibian election.jpg|thumb|Foreign Observer identification badge issued during the 1989 Namibian election]]In 1971 Namibian contract workers led a [[1971–72 Namibian contract workers strike|general strike against the contract system]] and in support of independence.<ref name="Moorsom1979">{{cite journal |last1=Moorsom |first1=Richard |date=April 1979 |title=Labour Consciousness and the 1971–72 Contract Workers Strike in Namibia |journal=Development and Change |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=205–231 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.1979.tb00041.x}}</ref> Some of the striking workers would later join SWAPO's [[People's Liberation Army of Namibia|PLAN]]<ref name="Devils2">{{cite book |last1=Herbstein |first1=Denis |url=https://archive.org/details/devilsareamongus00herb_929 |title=The Devils Are Among Us: The War for Namibia |last2=Evenson |first2=John |publisher=Zed Books Ltd |year=1989 |isbn=978-0862328962 |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/devilsareamongus00herb_929/page/n26 14]–23 |url-access=limited}}</ref> as part of the South African Border War. ===Independence=== As SWAPO's insurgency intensified, South Africa's case for annexation in the international community continued to decline.<ref name=Dobell>{{cite book|last=Dobell|first=Lauren|title=Swapo's Struggle for Namibia, 1960–1991: War by Other Means|year=1998|pages=27–39|publisher=P. Schlettwein Publishing Switzerland|location=Basel|isbn=978-3908193029}}</ref> The UN declared that South Africa had failed in its obligations to ensure the moral and material well-being of South West Africa's indigenous inhabitants, and had thus disavowed its own mandate.<ref name=Yusuf>{{cite book|last=Yusuf|first=Abdulqawi|title=African Yearbook of International Law, Volume I|year=1994|pages=16–34|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|location=The Hague|isbn=978-0-7923-2718-9}}</ref> On 12 June 1968, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution proclaiming that, in accordance with the desires of its people, South West Africa be renamed ''Namibia''.<ref name=Yusuf/> [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 269]], adopted in August 1969, declared South Africa's continued occupation of Namibia illegal.<ref name=Yusuf/><ref name="MAA">{{cite book|last=Peter|first=Abbott|author2=Helmoed-Romer Heitman|author3=Paul Hannon|title=Modern African Wars (3): South-West Africa|pages=5–13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9Aj997IO9gC|isbn=978-1-85532-122-9|year=1991|publisher=Osprey Publishing}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In recognition of this landmark decision, SWAPO's armed wing was renamed the [[People's Liberation Army of Namibia]] (PLAN).<ref name=Camp>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Christian|title=National Liberation in Postcolonial Southern Africa: A Historical Ethnography of SWAPO's Exile Camps|date=October 2015|pages=73–89|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1107099340}}</ref> Namibia became one of several flashpoints for [[Cold War]] proxy conflicts in southern Africa during the latter years of the PLAN insurgency.<ref name=Hughes>{{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Geraint|title=My Enemy's Enemy: Proxy Warfare in International Politics|year=2014|pages=73–86|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|location=Brighton|isbn=978-1845196271}}</ref> The insurgents sought out weapons and sent recruits to the Soviet Union for military training.<ref name="Betram">{{cite book|last=Bertram|first=Christoph|title=Prospects of Soviet Power in the 1980s|year=1980|pages=51–54|publisher=Palgrave Books|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-1349052592}}</ref> As the PLAN war effort gained momentum, the Soviet Union and other sympathetic states such as Cuba continued to increase their support, deploying advisers to train the insurgents directly as well as supplying more weapons and ammunition.<ref name=Vanneman>{{cite book|last=Vanneman|first=Peter|title=Soviet Strategy in Southern Africa: Gorbachev's Pragmatic Approach|url=https://archive.org/details/sovietstrategyin00vann|url-access=registration|year=1990|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sovietstrategyin00vann/page/41 41–57]|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|location=Stanford|isbn=978-0817989026}}</ref> SWAPO's leadership, dependent on Soviet, Angolan, and Cuban military aid, positioned the movement firmly within the socialist bloc by 1975.<ref name="Dreyer">{{cite book|title=Namibia and Southern Africa: Regional Dynamics of Decolonization, 1945-90|url=https://archive.org/details/namibiasoutherna0000drey|last=Dreyer|first=Ronald|location=London|publisher=Kegan Paul International|year=1994|isbn=978-0710304711|pages=[https://archive.org/details/namibiasoutherna0000drey/page/73 73]–87, 100–116, 192}}</ref> This practical alliance reinforced the external perception of SWAPO as a Soviet proxy, which dominated Cold War rhetoric in South Africa and the United States.<ref name="Devils"/> For its part, the Soviet Union supported SWAPO partly because it viewed South Africa as a regional Western ally.<ref name=Shultz>{{cite book|last=Shultz|first=Richard|title=Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare: Principles, Practices, and Regional Comparisons|url=https://archive.org/details/sovietunionrevo00shul/page/121|url-access=registration|year=1988|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sovietunionrevo00shul/page/121 121–123, 140–145]|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|location=Stanford, California|isbn=978-0817987114}}</ref> [[File:SADF-Operations 4.jpg|thumb|left|South African troops patrol the border region for PLAN insurgents, 1980s.]] Growing war weariness and the reduction of tensions between the superpowers compelled South Africa, Angola, and Cuba to accede to the [[Tripartite Accord (Angola)|Tripartite Accord]], under pressure from both the Soviet Union and the United States.<ref name=SACP>{{cite book |last1=Sechaba |first1=Tsepo |last2=Ellis |first2=Stephen |title=Comrades Against Apartheid: The ANC & the South African Communist Party in Exile |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_W1-AJK-648 |year=1992 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bwb_W1-AJK-648/page/184 184]–187 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |isbn= 978-0253210623}}</ref> South Africa accepted Namibian independence in exchange for Cuban military withdrawal from the region and an Angolan commitment to cease all aid to PLAN.<ref name="James">{{cite book|title=A Political History of the Civil War in Angola: 1974-1990|last=James III|first=W. Martin|location=New Brunswick|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=2011|orig-date=1992|isbn=978-1-4128-1506-2|pages=207–214, 239–245}}</ref> PLAN and South Africa adopted an informal ceasefire in August 1988, and a [[United Nations Transition Assistance Group]] (UNTAG) was formed to monitor the Namibian peace process and supervise the return of refugees.<ref name="Sitkowski">{{cite book |last=Sitkowski |first=Andrzej |title=UN peacekeeping: myth and reality |url=https://archive.org/details/unpeacekeepingmy0000sitk |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |location=Westport, Connecticut |year=2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/unpeacekeepingmy0000sitk/page/80 80]–86 |isbn=978-0-275-99214-9}}</ref> The ceasefire was broken after PLAN made a final incursion into the territory, possibly as a result of misunderstanding UNTAG's directives, in March 1989.<ref name="Clairborne">{{cite news|title=SWAPO Incursion into Namibia Seen as Major Blunder by Nujoma |last=Clairborne |first=John |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/04/07/swapo-incursion-into-namibia-seen-as-major-blunder-by-nujoma/7182b414-2fd3-4036-b3f8-be9debd58840/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |location=Washington DC |date=7 April 1989 |access-date=18 February 2018}}</ref> A new ceasefire was later imposed with the condition that the insurgents were to be confined to their external bases in Angola until they could be disarmed and demobilised by UNTAG.<ref name="Sitkowski"/><ref name=Demob>{{cite book |last1=Colletta |first1=Nat |last2=Kostner |first2=Markus |last3=Wiederhofer |first3=Indo |title=Case Studies of War-To-Peace Transition: The Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in Ethiopia, Namibia, and Uganda |year=1996 |pages=127–142 |publisher=[[World Bank]]|location=Washington DC |isbn=978-0821336748}}</ref> [[File:South Africa Border War Map.png|thumb|South African-occupied [[South West Africa]] (1915–1990) and maximum extent of [[South African Border War|South African]] and [[UNITA]] operations in Angola and Zambia during the [[South African Border War]].]] By the end of the 11-month transition period, the last South African troops had been withdrawn from Namibia, all political prisoners granted amnesty, racially discriminatory legislation repealed, and 42,000 Namibian refugees returned to their homes.<ref name="Dreyer"/> Just over 97% of eligible voters participated in the country's first [[Namibian parliamentary election, 1989|parliamentary elections]] held under a [[universal franchise]].<ref name="NYT1989">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/15/world/namibia-rebel-group-wins-vote-but-it-falls-short-of-full-control.html|title=Namibia Rebel Group Wins Vote, But It Falls Short of Full Control|work=The New York Times|date=15 November 1989|access-date=20 June 2014}}</ref> The United Nations plan included oversight by [[Election monitoring|foreign election observers]] in an effort to ensure a [[Election#Difficulties with elections|free and fair election]]. SWAPO won a plurality of seats in the [[Members of the Constituent Assembly of Namibia|Constituent Assembly]] with 57% of the popular vote.<ref name="NYT1989"/> This gave the party 41 seats, but not a two-thirds majority, which would have enabled it to draft the constitution on its own.<ref name="NYT1989"/> The Namibian Constitution was adopted in February 1990. It incorporated protection for human rights and compensation for state expropriations of private property and established an independent judiciary, legislature, and an executive presidency (the constituent assembly became the national assembly). The country officially became independent on 21 March 1990.<ref>[https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/namibia-gains-independence Namibia gains Independence] – South African History Online</ref><ref name="finnish-mission"/> [[Sam Nujoma]] was sworn in as the first [[President of Namibia]] at a ceremony attended by [[Nelson Mandela]] of South Africa (who had been released from prison the previous month) and representatives from 147 countries, including 20 heads of state.<ref>{{cite web | last=Dierks | first=Klaus | author-link=Klaus Dierks | url=http://www.klausdierks.com/Chronology/132.htm |title=7. The Period after Namibian Independence | publisher=Klausdierks.com |access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref> In 1994, shortly before the first multiracial elections in South Africa, that country ceded Walvis Bay to Namibia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Treaty between the Government of the Republic of South Africa and the Government of the Republic of Namibia with respect to Walvis Bay and the off-shore Islands, 28 February 1994|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/ZAF-NAM1994OI.PDF|website=United Nations}}</ref> ===After independence=== Since independence Namibia has completed the transition from white minority apartheid rule to parliamentary democracy. [[Multiparty democracy]] was introduced and has been maintained, with local, regional and [[Elections in Namibia|national elections]] held regularly. Several registered political parties are active and represented in the National Assembly, although the [[SWAPO]] has won every election since independence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Country report: Spotlight on Namibia |publisher=[[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] Secretariat |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/34580/34581/224187/250510spotlightonnamibia.htm |date=25 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705012456/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/34580/34581/224187/250510spotlightonnamibia.htm |archive-date=5 July 2010 }}</ref> The transition from the 15-year rule of President [[Sam Nujoma|Nujoma]] to his successor [[Hifikepunye Pohamba]] in 2005 went smoothly.<ref name="IRIN">{{cite news |title=IRIN country profile Namibia |agency=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]] |url=http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=NA&RegionCode=SAF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217173041/http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=NA&RegionCode=SAF |archive-date=17 February 2010 |access-date=12 July 2010|date=March 2007}}</ref> Since independence, the Namibian government has promoted a policy of national reconciliation. It issued an amnesty for those who fought on either side during the liberation war. The civil war in Angola spilled over and adversely affected Namibians living in the north of the country. In 1998, [[Namibia Defence Force]] (NDF) troops were sent to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] as part of a [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) contingent. In 1999, the national government quashed a secessionist attempt in the northeastern [[Caprivi Strip]].<ref name="IRIN"/> The [[Caprivi conflict]] was initiated by the [[Caprivi Liberation Army]] (CLA), a [[Rebellion|rebel]] group led by [[Mishake Muyongo]]. It wanted the Caprivi Strip to secede and form its own society. In December 2014, Prime Minister [[Hage Geingob]], the candidate of ruling SWAPO, won the [[2014 Namibian general election|presidential elections]], taking 87% of the vote. His predecessor, President [[Hifikepunye Pohamba]], also of SWAPO, had served the maximum two terms allowed by the constitution.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30285987|title = Namibian presidential election won by Swapo's Hage Geingob|work = BBC News|date = December 2014}}</ref> In December 2019, President Hage Geingob was [[2019 Namibian general election|re-elected]] for a second term, taking 56.3% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50618516|title = Namibia's President Hage Geingob wins re-election|work = BBC News|date = December 2019}}</ref> ==Geography== {{Main|Geography of Namibia}} [[File:Namib Desert Namibia(2).jpg|thumb|Sand dunes in the [[Namib]], Namibia]] [[File:Namibia Natural Earth 1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Shaded relief map of Namibia]] [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_NAM_present.svg|350 px|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of Namibia]] At {{convert|825615|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Rank Order&nbsp;– Area|publisher=CIA World Fact Book|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html|access-date=12 April 2008|archive-date=9 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Namibia is the world's thirty-fourth largest country (after Venezuela). It lies mostly between latitudes [[17th parallel south|17°]] and [[29th parallel south|29°S]] (a small area is north of 17°), and longitudes [[11th meridian east|11°]] and [[26th meridian east|26°E]]. Being situated between the [[Namib]] and the [[Kalahari Desert|Kalahari]] deserts, Namibia has the least rainfall of any country in sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Land degradation causes poverty |last=Brandt |first=Edgar |newspaper=[[New Era (Namibia)|New Era]] |date=21 September 2012 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201209211357.html}}</ref> The Namibian landscape consists generally of five geographical areas, each with characteristic [[Abiotic component|abiotic conditions]] and vegetation, with some variation within and overlap between them: the Central Plateau, the Namib, the [[Great Escarpment, Southern Africa|Great Escarpment]], the [[Bushveld]], and the Kalahari Desert. The Central Plateau runs from north to south, bordered by the [[Skeleton Coast]] to the northwest, the Namib Desert and its coastal plains to the southwest, the [[Orange River]] to the south, and the Kalahari Desert to the east. The Central Plateau is home to the highest point in Namibia at [[Königstein, Namibia|Königstein]] elevation {{convert|2606|m|ft|0}}.<ref name="elevation">{{cite web |url=http://landsat.usgs.gov/gallery/detail/367/ |title=Landsat.usgs.gov |publisher=Landsat.usgs.gov |access-date=26 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907062948/http://landsat.usgs.gov/gallery/detail/367/ |archive-date=7 September 2008}}</ref> The Namib is a broad expanse of hyper-arid gravel plains and dunes that stretches along Namibia's entire coastline. It varies between {{convert|100|and|200|km|mi|-1}} in width. Areas within the Namib include the Skeleton Coast and the [[Kaokoveld]] in the north and the extensive Namib Sand Sea along the central coast.<ref name=at1315/> The Great Escarpment swiftly rises to over {{convert|2000|m|ft|-3}}. Average temperatures and temperature ranges increase further inland from the cold Atlantic waters, while the lingering coastal fogs slowly diminish. Although the area is rocky with poorly developed soils, it is significantly more productive than the Namib Desert. As summer winds are forced over the Escarpment, moisture is extracted as precipitation.<ref>Spriggs, A. (2001) {{WWF ecoregion|name=Africa: Namibia|id=at1316}}</ref> The Bushveld is found in north-eastern Namibia along the Angolan border and in the Caprivi Strip. The area receives a significantly greater amount of precipitation than the rest of the country, averaging around {{convert|400|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} per year. The area is generally flat and the soils sandy, limiting their ability to retain water and support agriculture.<ref name="Cowling, S. 2001">Cowling, S. 2001. {{WWF ecoregion|id=at1322|name=Succulent Karoo}}</ref> The Kalahari Desert, an arid region that extends into South Africa and Botswana, is one of Namibia's well-known geographical features. The Kalahari, while popularly known as a desert, has a variety of localised environments, including some verdant and technically non-desert areas. The [[Succulent Karoo]] is home to over 5,000 species of plants, nearly half of them [[Endemism|endemic]]; approximately 10 percent of the world's [[succulents]] are found in the Karoo.<ref>Van Jaarsveld, E. J. 1987. The succulent riches of South Africa and Namibia. Aloc, 24: 45–92</ref><ref>Smith et al 1993</ref> The reason behind this high productivity and endemism may be the relatively stable nature of precipitation.<ref>Spriggs, A. (2001) {{WWF ecoregion|name=Southern Africa: including parts of Botswana, northeastern Namibia, Zimbabwe, and northern South Africa |id=at0709}}</ref> Namibia's Coastal Desert is one of the oldest deserts in the world. Its sand dunes, created by the strong onshore winds, are the highest in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_540.html |title=NASA&nbsp;– Namibia's Coastal Desert |publisher=nasa.gov |access-date=9 October 2009}}</ref> Because of the location of the shoreline, at the point where the Atlantic's cold water reaches Africa's hot climate, often extremely dense fog forms along the coast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographia.com/namibia/ |title=An Introduction to Namibia |publisher=geographia.com |access-date=9 October 2009}}</ref> Near the coast there are areas where the dune-hummocks are vegetated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nacoma.org.na/Our_Coast/WalkOnOurCoastline.htm |title=NACOMA&nbsp;– Namibian Coast Conservation and Management Project |publisher=nacoma.org.na |access-date=9 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721154939/http://www.nacoma.org.na/Our_Coast/WalkOnOurCoastline.htm |archive-date=21 July 2009}}</ref> Namibia has rich coastal and marine resources that remain largely unexplored.<ref name=Sparks/> [[File:SAC Namibia-cactus.jpg|thumb|[[Fish River Canyon]]]] The [[Caprivi Strip]] extends east from the northeastern corner of the country. ===Climate=== [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|Namibia is primarily a large desert and semi-desert plateau.]] Namibia extends from 17°S to 25°S latitude: climatically the range of the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt. Its overall climate description is arid, descending from the Sub-Humid [mean rain above {{cvt|500|mm|in|0}}] through Semi-Arid [between {{cvt|300 and 500|mm|in|0}}] (embracing most of the waterless Kalahari) and Arid [from {{cvt|150 to 300|mm|in|0}}] (these three regions are inland from the western [[Great Escarpment, Southern Africa|escarpment]]) to the Hyper-Arid coastal plain [less than {{cvt|100|mm|in|0}}]. Temperature maxima are limited by the overall elevation of the entire region: only in the far south, [[Warmbad, Namibia|Warmbad]] for instance, are maxima above {{cvt|40|C|F}} recorded.<ref>"Paper and digital Climate Section". Namibia Meteorological Services</ref> Typically the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt, with frequent clear skies, provides more than 300 days of sunshine per year. It is situated at the southern edge of the tropics; the [[Tropic of Capricorn]] cuts the country about in half. The winter (June&nbsp;– August) is generally dry. Both rainy seasons occur in summer: the small rainy season between September and November, the big one between February and April.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Real Namibia |title=The Rainy Season |url=http://www.realnamibia.com/rn_028rainyseason.htm |access-date=28 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906094745/http://www.realnamibia.com/rn_028rainyseason.htm |archive-date=6 September 2010}}</ref> Humidity is low, and average [[rain]]fall varies from almost zero in the [[Skeleton Coast|coastal desert]] to more than {{cvt|600|mm|in|0}} in the Caprivi Strip. Rainfall is highly variable, and droughts are common.<ref name="EBClimate">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Namibia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/402283/Namibia/43996 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=28 July 2010}}</ref> In the summer of 2006/07 the rainfall was recorded far below the annual average.<ref name="Olszewski1">{{Cite news |last=Olszewski |first=John |newspaper=[[Namibia Economist]] |title=Climate change forces us to recognise new normals |url=http://www.economist.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=531:weather&id=14308:climate-change-forces-us-to-recognise-new-normals&Itemid=54 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513062850/http://www.economist.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=531:weather&id=14308:climate-change-forces-us-to-recognise-new-normals&Itemid=54 |archive-date=13 May 2011 |date=13 May 2009}}</ref> In May 2019, Namibia declared a state of emergency in response to the drought,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/05/06/namibia-declares-national-state-of-emergency-over-drought/|title=Namibia declares national state of emergency over drought|last=AfricaNews|date=2019-05-06|website=Africanews|language=en|access-date=2019-05-20}}</ref> and extended it by additional 6 months in October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Namibian|first=The|title=State of drought emergency extended|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796|access-date=2020-11-24|website=The Namibian|language=en|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310104544/https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796|url-status=dead}}</ref> Weather and climate in the coastal area are dominated by the cold, north-flowing [[Benguela Current]] of the Atlantic Ocean, which accounts for very low [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] ({{cvt|50|mm|in|0}} per year or less), frequent dense fog, and overall lower temperatures than in the rest of the country.<ref name="EBClimate"/> In Winter, occasionally a condition known as ''{{lang|de|[[Bergwind]]}}'' (German for "mountain wind") or ''{{lang|af|Oosweer}}'' ([[Afrikaans]] for "east weather") occurs, a hot dry wind blowing from the inland to the coast. As the area behind the coast is a desert, these winds can develop into sand storms, leaving sand deposits in the Atlantic Ocean that are visible on satellite images.<ref name="Olszewski2">{{Cite news |last=Olszewski |first=John |newspaper=Namibia Economist |title=Understanding Weather&nbsp;– not predicting it |url=http://www.economist.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=575&Itemid=54&limitstart=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207061033/http://www.economist.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=575&Itemid=54&limitstart=5 |archive-date=7 December 2010 |date=25 June 2010}}</ref> The Central Plateau and Kalahari areas have wide [[Diurnal temperature variation|diurnal]] temperature ranges of up to 30C (54F).<ref name="EBClimate"/> ''Efundja'', the annual seasonal flooding of the northern parts of the country, often causes not only damage to infrastructure but loss of life.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/2011/04/debilitating-floods-hit-northern-and-central-namibia/ |title=Debilitating floods hit northern and central Namibia |last=Adams |first=Gerry |date=15 April 2011 |publisher=United Nations Radio |access-date=19 February 2012 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220185613/http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/2011/04/debilitating-floods-hit-northern-and-central-namibia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The rains that cause these floods originate in Angola, flow into Namibia's [[Cuvelai-Etosha Basin]], and fill the ''oshanas'' ([[Oshiwambo]]: flood plains) there. The worst floods {{As of|2012|alt=so far}} occurred in March 2011 and displaced 21,000 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=79689&no_cache=1 |title=Heaviest floods ever in Namibia |last=van den Bosch |first=Servaas |date=29 March 2011 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> ===Water sources=== {{Main|Water supply and sanitation in Namibia}} Namibia is the driest country in [[sub-Saharan Africa]] and depends largely on groundwater. With an average rainfall of about {{cvt|350|mm|in|0}} per annum, the highest rainfall occurs in the Caprivi Strip in the northeast (about {{cvt|600|mm|in|0}} per annum) and decreases in a westerly and southwesterly direction to as little as {{cvt|50|mm|in|0}} and less per annum at the coast. The only perennial rivers are found on the national borders with South Africa, Angola, Zambia, and the short border with Botswana in the Caprivi Strip. In the interior of the country, surface water is available only in the summer months when rivers are in flood after exceptional rainfalls. Otherwise, surface water is restricted to a few large storage dams retaining and damming up these seasonal floods and their run-off. Where people do not live near perennial rivers or make use of the storage dams, they are dependent on groundwater. Even isolated communities and those economic activities located far from good surface water sources, such as mining, agriculture, and tourism, can be supplied from groundwater over nearly 80% of the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |title=Groundwater in Namibia |website=Integrated Water Resource Management |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |archive-date=29 July 2016 }}</ref> More than 100,000 [[borehole]]s have been drilled in Namibia over the past century. One third of these boreholes have been drilled dry.<ref>{{cite book |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.namhydro.com/downloads.html |editor1=Greg Christelis |name-list-style=amp |editor2=Wilhelm Struckmeier |via=Namibian Hydrogeological Association |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-86976-571-5 |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404091336/http://namhydro.com/downloads.html |archive-date=4 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An [[aquifer]] called Ohangwena II, on both sides of the Angola-Namibia border, was discovered in 2012. It has been estimated to be capable of supplying a population of 800,000 people in the North for 400 years, at the current (2018) rate of consumption.<ref name=aqui>{{cite web|last=McGrath |first=Matt |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18875385 |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |publisher=BBC World |date=20 July 2012 |access-date=10 September 2013}}</ref> Experts estimate that Namibia has {{convert|7,720|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} of underground water.<ref name=afr>{{cite web|last=McGrath |first=Matt |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17775211 |title='Huge' water resource exists under Africa |publisher=BBC World Service |date=20 April 2012 |access-date=10 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=aqmap/> According to [[African Folder,]] a sewage-to-water treatment project in Namibia not only provides citizens with safe drinking water but also boosts productivity by 6% per year. All pollutants and impurities are removed using cutting-edge "multi-barrier" technology, which includes residual chlorination, ozone treatment, and ultra membrane filtration. Strict bio-monitoring methods are also used throughout the process to ensure high-quality, safe drinking water.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Namibia Is Recycling Drinking Water From Toilet To Tap |url=https://africanfolder.com/how-namibia-is-recycling-drinking-water-from-toilet-to-tap/|website=African Folder|last=Jayeoba |first=Deborah|date=16 January 2023 |access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref> ===Communal Wildlife Conservancies=== [[File:SAC Namibia-bushveld.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Quivertree]] Forest, [[Bushveld]]]] {{Main|Communal Wildlife Conservancies in Namibia}} Mu vyaru vichoko waka pa caru cose capasi, dango la boma la Namibia likuyowoyapo comene za kuvikilira na kuvikilira vinthu vyakuthupi. Ndime ya 95 yikuti, "Boma likulimbikira kukhozga na kusungilira umoyo uwemi wa ŵanthu pakutolera ndondomeko ya vyaru ivyo vikulondezga fundo izi: kusungilira vyamoyo, vinthu ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa umoyo wa ŵanthu, na vinthu ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa umoyo wa ŵanthu ku Namibia, kweniso kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa umoyo wa ŵanthu ku Namibia kuti ŵanthu wose ŵa mu charu ichi ŵasange chandulo sono na munthazi". Mu 1993, boma liphya la Namibia likapokera ndalama kufuma ku wupu wa United States Agency for International Development (USAID) kwizira mu pulogiramu yawo ya Living in a Finite Environment (LIFE). Unduna wa vya Munda na Ulendo, na wovwiri wa ndalama kufuma ku mawupu nga ni USAID, Endangered Wildlife Trust, WWF, na Canadian Ambassador's Fund, wose pamoza ŵakuzenga ndondomeko ya kovwira ŵanthu pa nkhani ya kulongozga vinthu vyakuthupi (CBNRM). Cholinga chachikulu cha polojekitiyi ndikuthandizira kusamalira zachilengedwe mwa kupereka ufulu kwa anthu ammudzi kuti azisamalira zachilengedwe ndi zokopa alendo.<ref name=UNEP/> == Government and politics == [[File:Tintenpalast-Windhoek.jpg|thumb|{{center|[[Tintenpalast]], the centre of Namibia's government}}]] {{Main|Politics of Namibia|Elections in Namibia}} Namibia ni chalo icho chili na nduna yimoza. Pulezidenti wa ku Namibia wakusankhika kwa vyaka vinkhondi ndipo ni mulongozgi wa boma. Wose awo ŵali mu wupu wa boma ŵakuŵa na udindo ku wupu wa malango.{{refn|Article 41 of the Constitution of the Republic of Namibia.<ref name=CN/>}}<ref name="ECN">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecn.na/web/ecn/elections|title=How to Register as a Voter|publisher=Electoral Commission of Namibia|access-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721014311/http://www.ecn.na/web/ecn/elections|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Constitution of Namibia]] outlines the following as the organs of the country's government:<ref name="Bösl">{{Cite book |last1=Shivute |first1=Peter |author-link1=Peter Shivute |editor1-last=Bösl |editor1-first=Anton |editor2-last=Horn |editor2-first=Nico |chapter-url=http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_15058-544-2-30.pdf |chapter=Foreword |page=10 |title=The Independence of the Judiciary in Namibia |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan Education Namibia]] |series= Publications sponsored by [[Konrad Adenauer Stiftung]] |isbn=978-99916-0-807-5 |year=2008 }}</ref> *Executive: executive power is exercised by the President and the [[Cabinet of Namibia|Government]]. *Legislature: Namibia has a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Parliament of Namibia|Parliament]] with the [[National Assembly of Namibia|National Assembly]] as [[lower house]], and the [[National Council of Namibia|National Council]] as the [[upper house]].<ref name="parliament153">{{cite web|title=National Council|url=http://www.parliament.gov.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=153&Itemid=1264|website=Parliament.gov.na|language=en|access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref> *[[Judiciary]]: Namibia has a system of courts that interpret and apply the law in the name of the state. While the constitution envisaged a [[multi-party system]] for Namibia's government, the [[SWAPO]] party has been [[Dominant-party system|dominant]] since independence in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swapoparty.org/throw_out_nyamu_motion.html |title=SWAPO:Dominant party? |publisher=Swapoparty.org |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222946/http://www.swapoparty.org/throw_out_nyamu_motion.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Foreign relations=== {{Main|Foreign relations of Namibia}} [[File:Russia-Africa Summit in Sochi (2019-10-24).jpg|thumb|Namibian President [[Hage Geingob]] with African leaders and Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] at the [[Russia–Africa Summit]] in Sochi, 24 October 2019]] Boma la Namibia likulondezga ndondomeko ya vyaru vyakupambanapambana, ndipo likulutilira kukolerana na vyaru ivyo vikawovwira pa nkhondo ya wanangwa, kusazgapo Cuba. Boma la Namibia lili na ŵasilikari ŵacoko waka kweniso ndarama zakusuzga, ntheura likukhumba kukhozga ubali wake na vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa. Nga ni membala wa wupu wa Southern African Development Community, caru ca Namibia cikukhumba kuti ciŵe cakukolerana na vyaru vinyake. Pa 23 Epulero 1990, caru ici cikaŵa ciŵaro ca nambara 160 ca UN. Pa zuŵa ilo likapokelera wanangwa wake, likaŵa chalo cha nambara 50 mu Commonwealth of Nations. ===Military=== {{Main|Namibian Defence Force}} Kukwambilira kwa chaka cha 2020, The Global Firepower Index (GFP) yikayowoya kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Namibia ŵali pa malo gha 126 pa vyaru 137. Pa vyaru 34 vya mu Africa, Namibia nayo yili pa malo gha 28. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, ndalama izo boma likagwiliskiranga nchito pa mulimo wa kuvikilira caru zikaŵa N$5,885 miliyoni (kuyana na ndalama izo zikaŵapo mu cilimika cakwambilira, zikakhira na 1.2%). Pafupifupi madola 6 biliyoni gha ku Namibia (US$411 miliyoni mu 2021) Unduna wa Chivikiliro ukupokela ndalama zinayi kufuma ku boma pa unduna uliwose. Ku Namibia kulije ŵalwani mu cigaŵa ici, nangauli kuli kukwesana pa nkhani ya mphaka na mapulani gha kuzenga. Ndondomeko ya boma la Namibia yikulongosora kuti mulimo wa ŵasilikari ni "kuvikilira caru na vinthu vya caru". Namibia yikapanga gulu la ŵasilikari (NDF), ilo likapangika na ŵasilikari awo ŵakasuzgikanga na nkhondo iyo yikacitika kwa vilimika 23: gulu la ŵasilikari la People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) na South West African Territorial Force (SWATF). Ŵabritishi ŵakanozga pulani ya umo ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakeneranga kukolerana, ndipo ŵakamba kusambizga ŵasilikari ŵa NDF, awo ŵakaŵa na likuru la ŵasilikari na magulu ghankhondi. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Kenya awo ŵakagwiranga nchito na gulu la United Nations Transitional Assistance Group (UNTAG) ŵakakhala ku Namibia kwa myezi yitatu kuti ŵasambizge ŵasilikari ŵa NDF kweniso kuti ŵakhazikiske mtende ku mpoto kwa charu ichi. Kuyana na ivyo Unduna wa Vyankhondo wa ku Namibia ukayowoya, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakukwana 7,500 ndiwo ŵanjirenge usilikari. Mkulu wa Nkhondo ya Namibia ndi Air Vice Marshal Martin Kambulu Pinehas (kuyambira pa 1 April 2020). Mu 2017, charu cha Namibia chikasayinira phangano la UN lakukanizga kugwiliskira nchito vilwero vya nyukiliya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017}}</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== [[File:Namibia_14_regions-numbered.svg|340px|thumb|right|upright=1.8|[[Regions of Namibia]]]] {{Main|Administrative divisions of Namibia}} Charu cha Namibia chili kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa 14, ivyo navyo vili kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa 121. Kugaŵikana kwa Namibia kukupangika na ma komiti agho ghakupanga mphaka ndipo ghakupokelereka panji kukanizgika na wupu wa National Assembly. Kufuma apo boma ili likambira, makomiti ghanayi ghakupanga mphaka ya vigaŵa ghakapeleka mulimo wawo, ndipo laumaliro likaŵa mu 2013 ndipo likalongozgekanga na Mweruzgi Alfred Siboleka. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa vigaŵa ŵakusoleka mwakudunjika na ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vyawo. Boma la ku Namibia lingaŵa na maboma gha vigaŵa viŵiri (mabungwe gha chigaŵa chakwamba na chigaŵa chachiŵiri), maboma gha tawuni panji gha muzi.<ref name=alan>{{cite web |title=Local Authorities |url=http://www.alan.org.na/?q=localauthorities/list |publisher=Association of Local Authorities in Namibia |access-date=10 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610203011/http://www.alan.org.na/?q=localauthorities%2Flist |archive-date=10 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{clear|left}} ===Human rights=== {{Main|Human rights in Namibia}} Namibia njimoza mwa vyaru vya mu Africa ivyo vili na wanangwa ndiposo vya demokarasi, ndipo boma lake likuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Ndipouli, nkhani zikuru zikusazgapo vimbundi vya mu boma na unandi wa ŵakayidi. Kweniso ŵanthu awo ŵachimbira kwawo ŵakuzomerezgeka yayi kwenda mwakufwatuka. Dango ili likwendera yayi, kweni kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhukanizgika mu Namibia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwera yayi panji kutinkhana na ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵanyake ŵa boma la Namibia na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa, nga ni Mulongozgi wa Boma la Namibia, John Walters, na mwanakazi wakwamba, Monica Geingos, ŵakukhumba kuti kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha kulekerethu ndipo ŵakukhumba kuti ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵaŵe na wanangwa wakuyana na wanangwa wawo.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-30 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Namibia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/namibia/ |access-date=2021-05-24 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Sodomy law's days numbered - Geingos | last=Beukes | first=Jemima | date=14 June 2019 | newspaper=[[Namibian Sun]] | url=https://www.namibiansun.com/news/sodomy-laws-days-numbered-geingos2019-06-13}}</ref> Mu Novembala 2018, vikalembeka kuti 32% ya ŵanakazi ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49 ŵakasuzgika na nkhaza na nkhaza za mu nyumba izo ŵakachitikanga na ŵawoli panji ŵabwezi ŵawo, ndipo 29.5% ya ŵanalume ŵakagomezganga kuti nkhaza izo ŵakachitiranga ŵawoli panji ŵabwezi ŵawo zikaŵa zakwenelera. Ndondomeko ya boma la Namibia yikupanga wanangwa, wanangwa na wanangwa wakuyana kwa ŵanakazi mu Namibia ndipo gulu la SWAPO, ilo liri pa mazaza mu Namibia, lakhazikiska ndondomeko yakuti ŵanakazi wose ŵaŵe na wanangwa wakuyana mu boma.<ref>{{cite news | title=Namibia's 'zebra' politics could make it stand out from the global herd | last=O'Riordan | first=Alexander | date=8 July 2014 | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jul/08/namibia-gender-equality-zebra-politics}}</ref><ref name="USDOS">Human Rights In Namibia (November 2021). [https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/namibia/#:~:text=Significant%20human%20rights%20issues%20included,or%20elsewhere%20in%20the%20government. 2021 Country Report on Human Rights: Namibia]. state.gov</ref> ==Economy== {{Main|Economy of Namibia}} [[File:GDP per capita development in Southern Africa.svg|thumb|Historical GDP per capita development in southern African countries, since 1950]] [[File:Downtown Windhoek, Independence Avenue.jpg|thumb|Downtown [[Windhoek]]]] Namibia's economy is tied closely to [[Economy of South Africa|South Africa]]'s due to their shared history.<ref name="Intelligence1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210110010829/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia Namibia]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref><ref name="Department1">{{cite web |url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/namibia.htm |title=Namibia |publisher=UCB Libraries GovPubs |access-date=26 August 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221805/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/namibia.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> The largest economic sectors are mining (10.4% of the gross domestic product in 2009), agriculture (5.0%), manufacturing (13.5%), and tourism (14.5%).<ref name=usds>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5472.htm |title=Background Note:Namibia |publisher=[[United States Department of State|US Department of State]] |date=26 October 2010|access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref> Namibia has a highly developed banking sector with modern infrastructures, such as online banking and cellphone banking. The [[Bank of Namibia]] (BoN) is the central bank of Namibia responsible for performing all other functions ordinarily performed by a central bank. There are five BoN authorised commercial banks in Namibia: Bank Windhoek, First National Bank, Nedbank, Standard Bank and Small and Medium Enterprises Bank.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bon.com.na|title=Bank of Namibia (BoN)|access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref> Namibia's economy is characterised by a divide between the formal and the informal economies, which is in part aggravated by the legacy of apartheid spatial planning.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laufs |first=Johannes |date=2011 |title=Document: Bridging the Economic Divide in Urban Areas of Namibia: Townships within the Local Economic Development Framework |url=http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.1.1825.5600 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.1825.5600}}</ref> According to the Namibia Labour Force Survey Report 2012, conducted by the [[Namibia Statistics Agency]], the country's unemployment rate is 27.4%.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 April 2013 |url=http://www.microdata.nsa.org.na/index.php/catalog/9 |title=Namibia Labour Force Survey 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019214139/http://www.microdata.nsa.org.na/index.php/catalog/9 |archive-date=19 October 2013 |publisher=Namibia Statistics Agency }}</ref> "Strict unemployment" (people actively seeking a full-time job) stood at 20.2% in 2000, 21.9% in 2004 and spiralled to 29.4% in 2008. Under a broader definition (including people who have given up searching for employment) unemployment rose to 36.7% in 2004. This estimate considers people in the [[Informal sector|informal economy]] as employed. Labour and Social Welfare Minister [[Immanuel Ngatjizeko]] praised the 2008 study as "by far superior in scope and quality to any that has been available previously",<ref>Duddy, Jo-Mare (4 February 2010) [http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=62453&page_type=archive_story_detail&page=2592 "Half of all Namibians unemployed"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002115959/http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=62453&page_type=archive_story_detail&page=2592 |date=2 October 2013 }}. ''The Namibian''</ref> but its methodology has also received criticism.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201111180890.html |title=Mwinga speaks out on his findings |last=Ndjebela |first=Toivo |date=18 November 2011 |newspaper=[[New Era (Namibia)|New Era]]}}</ref> In 2004 a labour act was passed to protect people from job discrimination stemming from pregnancy and HIV/AIDS status. In early 2010 the Government [[tender board]] announced that "henceforth 100 per cent of all unskilled and semi-skilled labour must be sourced, without exception, from within Namibia".<ref>Mongudhi, Tileni (3 February 2010 ) [http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=62400&page_type=archive_story_detail&page=2597 "Tender Board tightens rules to protect jobs"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002120324/http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=62400&page_type=archive_story_detail&page=2597 |date=2 October 2013 }}. ''The Namibian''</ref> In 2013, global business and financial news provider, [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], named Namibia the top emerging market economy in Africa and the 13th best in the world. Only four African countries made the Top 20 Emerging Markets list in the March 2013 issue of Bloomberg Markets magazine, and Namibia was rated ahead of [[Morocco]] (19th), South Africa (15th), and Zambia (14th). Worldwide, Namibia also fared better than Hungary, Brazil, and Mexico. Bloomberg Markets magazine ranked the top 20 based on more than a dozen criteria. The data came from Bloomberg's own financial-market statistics, IMF forecasts and the World Bank. The countries were also rated on areas of particular interest to foreign investors: the ease of doing business, the perceived level of corruption and economic freedom. To attract foreign investment, the government has made improvement in reducing red tape resulted from excessive government regulations, making Namibia one of the least bureaucratic places to do business in the region. Facilitation payments are occasionally demanded by customs due to cumbersome and costly customs procedures.<ref>{{cite web|title=Snapshot of Namibia Country Profile|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/namibia/snapshot.aspx|publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal|access-date=6 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220022104/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/namibia/snapshot.aspx|archive-date=20 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Namibia is also classified as an Upper Middle Income country by the [[World Bank]], and ranks 87th out of 185 economies in terms of ease of doing business.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/namibia/ |title=Namibia |publisher=Doingbusiness.org |date=10 January 2013 |access-date=10 September 2013 |archive-date=26 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926174152/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/namibia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[cost of living in Namibia]] is relatively high because most goods, including cereals, need to be imported. Its capital city, Windhoek, is the 150th most expensive place in the world for expatriates to live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xpatulator.com/outside.cfm?lid=142|title=Namibia, Windhoek Cost of Living|website=Apatulator.com|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018162413/http://www.xpatulator.com/outside.cfm?lid=142|archive-date=18 October 2013}}</ref> [[Taxation in Namibia]] includes personal income tax, which is applicable to the total taxable income of an individual. All individuals are taxed at progressive marginal rates over a series of income brackets. The value-added tax (VAT) is applicable to most of the commodities and services.<ref>PAYE12 Volume 18 published by The Ministry of Finance in Namibia</ref> [[File:Sandstorm while driving from Swakopmund to Walfish Bay, 2005.jpg|thumb|The [[B2 road (Namibia)|B2]] between [[Swakopmund]] and [[Walvis Bay]], Namibia]] Despite the remote nature of much of the country, Namibia has seaports, airports, highways, and [[Rail transport in Namibia|railways]] (narrow-gauge). It seeks to become a regional transportation hub; it has an important seaport and several landlocked neighbours. The Central Plateau already serves as a [[transportation corridor]] from the more densely populated north to South Africa, the source of four-fifths of Namibia's imports.<ref name="World Almanac 2004" /> ===Agriculture=== {{Main|Agriculture in Namibia}} [[File:Schildburgsdorf.jpg|thumb|Welcoming sign of the ''Burgsdorf'' farm in [[Hardap Region|Hardap]]]] Pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu ŵa mu Namibia ŵakuthemba ulimi kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo, kweni nanga ni sono ŵakukhumbikwira kunjizga vyakurya vinyake mu charu. Nangauli ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu caru ici cikujumpha ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vikavu comene vya mu Africa, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi mu caru ici ŵakukhala mu mizi ndipo ŵakukhumbikwira ndalama zinandi kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo. Ku Namibia ndiko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵambura kupokera ndalama zakukwana, cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu matawuni, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu mizi. Ntheura, pa mdauko uwu, pali ŵanthu awo ŵakuthemba yayi chuma kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo. Nangauli charu cha Namibia chili na vyakurya vyakukwana 1 peresenti yayi, kweni ŵanthu pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu wose ŵali mu ulimi..<ref name="World Almanac 2004">World Almanac. 2004.</ref> Pafupifupi hafu ya minda ya ku Namibia yili mu mawoko gha ŵalimi pafupifupi 4,000. Mu 2004, boma la United Kingdom likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 180,000 ku boma la Namibia kuti lipeleke ndalama zakovwilira pa mulimo wa kunozga malo. Germany yapeleka ndalama zakukwana €1.1billion mu 2021 kwa vyaka 30 kuti yilute ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakomeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, kweni ndalama izi zilute ku vinthu vyakuzenga, vyaumoyo, na masambiro, kuti zikagwirenge ntchito pa vinthu vya malo yayi. Mu vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti vinthu viheni ivyo vikuchitika mu caru vingapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugwiliskira nchito vinthu ivi. Kweni ndalama izo zikufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito vinthu ivi zikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kusanga ndalama zinandi. Cimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikukura comene mu caru ca Namibia ni malo ghakusungirako vinyama. Vinthu ivi ni vyakuzirwa comene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala ku mizi, awo kanandi ŵakusoŵa nchito. ===Mining and electricity=== {{main|Mining in Namibia}} Munda wa migodi ndiwo ukupeleka ndalama zinandi chomene ku charu cha Namibia. Namibia ni caru cacinayi pa vyaru ivyo vikupanga mafuta ghakununkhira mu Africa, ndipo pa vyaru vyose ivyo vikupanga uranium, ico cikaŵa cacinayi. Pali ndalama zinandi izo zaŵikika mu migodi ya uranium ndipo Namibia wakunozgekera kuti yiŵe charu chikuru icho chikufumiska uranium mu 2015. Ndipouli, mu chaka cha 2019, charu cha Namibia chikalutilira kupanga matani 750 gha uranium pa chaka, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti charu ichi chiŵe na vyakurya vinandi yayi pa charu chose chapasi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mining.com/web/70-years-of-global-uranium-production-by-country/ |title=70 years of global uranium production by country |first=Govind |last=Bhutada |date=September 23, 2021 |publisher=Visual Capitalist Elements |via=Mining.Com}}</ref> Pakuti ku Namibia kuli malibwe ghanandi gha dayamondi, ndiko kukusangika malibwe gha mtengo wapatali comene. Nangauli charu cha Namibia chikumanyikwa kuti chili na malibwe gha dayamondi na uranium, kweni ŵanthu ŵakufumiskamo vinthu vinyake nga ni tungsten, golide, tin, fluorspar, manganese, marble, mkuŵa, na zinc. Mu nyanja ya Atlantic muli mafuta ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵaghanaghanenge kughagura kunthazi. Kuyana na buku la "The Diamond Investigation", ilo likuyowoya za malonda gha dayamondi pa caru cose, kufuma mu 1978, De Beers, kampani yikuru comene ya dayamondi, yikaguranga dayamondi zinandi za ku Namibia, ndipo yikalutilira kucita nthena, cifukwa cakuti "ufumu uliwose uwo uzamwiza ku muwuso uzamukhumbikwira ndalama izi kuti uŵe na umoyo". Vuto la magetsi m'nyumba ndi 220 V AC. Magesi ghakufumira ku malo ghakupangira magesi agho ghakupanga mphepo na maji. Nthowa zinyake zakupangira magesi nazo zikovwira. Mu 2010, boma la Namibia likakhumba kuzenga malo ghakugwilira nchito ya nyukiliya mu 2018. Ŵakapangaso ndondomeko yakuti pa malo agha paŵikikikenge vyakununkhira vya uranium.<ref name=Saveorsink>{{cite news|title=Uranium: Saving or sinking Namibia? |last=Weidlich |first=Brigitte |newspaper=[[The Namibian]] |date=7 January 2011 |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2011/january/article/uranium-saving-or-sinking-namibia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113120601/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2011/january/article/uranium-saving-or-sinking-namibia |archive-date=13 January 2011 }}</ref> ===Diamonds=== Nangauli malibwe ghanandi gha dayamondi ghakufuma ku Africa, kweni ku Namibia kulije nkhondo, kupoka, na kukoma ŵanthu nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa. Vinthu ivi vikuchitika chifukwa cha umo vinthu viliri pa ndyali, umo chuma chiliri, masuzgo agho ŵanthu ŵakukumana nagho, umo vinthu viliri pa ndyali, kweniso chifukwa cha umo vinthu viliri mu vigaŵa vinyake.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=South African Security|title=Diamonds Without Blood: A Look at Namibia|author=Nathan Munier|date=1 March 2016|volume=9|issue=1|pages=21–41|doi=10.1080/19392206.2016.1132903|s2cid=147267236}}</ref> ===Oil and natural gas=== Vikuwoneka kuti mu 2022, visimi viŵiri vya ku Orange vingaŵa na mafuta ghakukwana 2 biliyoni na 3 biliyoni. Ndalama izo ŵakulindizga kuti ŵazakasange zingawovwira kuti vinthu visinthe mu charu cha Namibia na kovwira kuti vinthu viŵe makora.<ref name="bra1">{{cite news |last1=Brandt |first1=Edgar |title=Namibia: Orange Basin potential shoots up to billions of barrels |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202204080598.html |access-date=13 April 2022 |agency=allafrica.com |publisher=AllAfrica, New Era |date=8 April 2022}}</ref> ===Tourism=== {{Main|Tourism in Namibia}} [[File:Equus burchelli 4.jpg|thumb|An example of Namibian wildlife, the [[plains zebra]], is one focus of tourism.]] Ntchito zaulendo zikovwira comene (14.5%) pa GDP ya Namibia, ndipo zikupangiska nchito zinandi (18.2% za nchito zose) mwakudunjika panji mwakudunjika yayi, kweniso zikovwira ŵalendo ŵakujumpha miliyoni pa caka. Caru ici nchakudokeka comene mu Africa ndipo cikumanyikwa kuti ŵanthu ŵakuwona malo agho kuli vinyama na vinyama. Ku malo agha kuli malo ghanandi agho ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuwona malo ghakupambanapambana ŵakugona. Kusanga vyakurya na vyakurya vyakukhumbikwa pa ulendo wa ku Namibia ni vigaŵa vikuru na vyakukhora vya ndalama za ku Namibia. Mu 2000, vyakurya ivi vikawovwira kuti kuŵe na vyakurya vyakukhumbikwa pa ulendo wa ku Namibia. Kweniso, maseŵero ghanyake ghakofya nga ni kujumpha mu maji, kuduka kufuma pasi, na kukwera galimoto ya 4x4 ghakumanyikwa chomene, ndipo mu misumba yinandi muli makampani agho ghakwendeska ŵanthu. Malo agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ni Windhoek, Caprivi Strip, Fish River Canyon, Sossusvlei, Skeleton Coast Park, Sesriem, Etosha Pan na matawuni gha Swakopmund, Walvis Bay na Lüderitz.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.namibiatourism.com.na/namibia-top-attractions/ |title=Namibia top tourist destinations |publisher=Namibiatourism.com.na |access-date=26 August 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227102320/http://www.namibiatourism.com.na/namibia-top-attractions/ |archive-date=27 December 2016}}</ref> Windhoek ni malo ghakuzirwa chomene ku Namibia chifukwa cha malo agho ghakusangika kweniso chifukwa chakuti yili pafupi na Hosea Kutako International Airport. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa The Namibia Tourism Exit Survey, omwe adapangidwa ndi Millennium Challenge Corporation ku Namibian Directorate of Tourism, 56% ya alendo onse omwe adapita ku Namibia mu 2012 ⁇ 13 adapita ku Windhoek. Maofesi ghanandi gha boma na mawupu agho ghakwendakwenda nga ni Namibia Wildlife Resorts na Namibia Tourism Board kweniso mabungwe agho ghakwendakwenda nga ni Hospitality Association of Namibia ghali na ofesi yawo yikuru ku Windhoek. Mu tawuni iyi muli malo ghanandi ghakukhala ŵanthu nga ni Windhoek Country Club Resort na malo ghanyake ghakukhala ŵanthu nga ni Hilton Hotels and Resorts. Wupu wakuwona vya maulendo ku Namibia, wakuchemeka kuti Namibia Tourism Board (NTB), ukakhazikiskika na dango la chalo cha Namibia la 2000 (Act 21 of 2000). Chilato chake nchakuti boma liŵikenge malango ghakwendeskera vyamwendekero ndiposo kuti Namibia yiŵe malo ghakwendera vyamwendekero. Ku Namibia kuli mabungwe ghanandi agho ghakwendakwenda, nga ni Federation of Namibia Tourism Associations (bungwe ilo likwimira mabungwe ghose agho ghakwendakwenda), Hospitality Association of Namibia, Association of Namibian Travel Agents, Car Rental Association of Namibia na Tour and Safari Association of Namibia. ===Water supply and sanitation=== {{Main|Water supply and sanitation in Namibia}} Ku Namibia, maji ghakukwana ghakupelekeka na kampani ya NamWater, iyo yikuguliska maji ku matawuni agho ghakuguliska maji kwizira mu magesi. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, Dipatimenti Yakupeleka Maji ku Vigaŵa vya ku Mizi mu Unduna wa vya Vyakurya, Vyakumwa na Vyamuthengere ndiyo yikupanga maji ghakumwa. Mu 2011, wupu wa UN ukawona kuti kufuma waka apo charu cha Namibia chikamba kujiwusa mu 1990, maji ghakwenda makora chomene. Kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutondeka kugwiliskira nchito maji agha cifukwa cakuti ghalije nchito ndiposo cifukwa cakuti malo ghakusungiramo maji ghali kutali comene na ku mizi. Lekani ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Namibia ŵakutemwa visimi vya mu mphepete mwa nyanja m'malo mwa visimi vya maji ivyo vili kutali.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url = http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2011/july/article/red-alert-on-sanitation-and-safe-drinking-water/|title = Red alert on sanitation and safe drinking water|last = Smith|first = Jana–Mari|date = 12 July 2011|work = [[The Namibian]]|url-status=dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120531123557/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2011/july/article/red-alert-on-sanitation-and-safe-drinking-water/|archive-date = 31 May 2012|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakucitira kuti ŵaŵe na maji ghawemi, mu Namibia mulije maji ghawemi. Pa sukulu izi pali masukulu 298 agho ghalije vimbuzi. Pafupifupi ŵana 50 pa 100 awo ŵakufwa, ŵakufwa cifukwa ca kusoŵa maji ghawemi, malo ghawemi ghakusungira vyakurya, panji cifukwa ca kulwaralwara; ndipo 23 pa 100 ŵakufwa cifukwa ca kusulura pera. Wupu wa UN ukayowoya kuti mu caru ici muli "kusoŵa maji". Ku vigaŵa vinandi, nyumba za ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa na ŵanthu ŵapakati ndizo zikukhalanga makora yayi. Vipinda vya ŵanthu ŵekha ni vyakudura comene ku ŵanthu wose mu matawuni cifukwa ca maji agho ŵakugwiliskira nchito na ndalama izo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakuvizenga. Pa vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ŵanthu 13 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵali na maji ghawemi, apo mu 1990 ŵanthu 8 pera ndiwo ŵakaŵa na maji ghawemi. Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala ku Namibia ŵakugwiliskira nchito "vipinda vyamumphepete", ivyo ni mathumba gha pulasitiki agho ŵakugwiliskira nchito para ŵakukhumba kukazuzga, ndipo para ŵaghagwiliskira nchito ŵakughataya mu thengere. Kugwiliskira nchito malo ghambura kuvunduka pafupi na malo ghakukhalamo kuti munthu wanjiremo na kukhalamo ni suzgo likuru ku ŵanthu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?id=11284&page_type=story_detail&category_id=1|title=More than 1 million Namibians defecate in open|last=Tjihenuna|first=Theresia|date=2 April 2014|work=[[The Namibian]]|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407103151/http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?id=11284&page_type=story_detail&category_id=1|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of Namibia}} [[File:Namibia Population Density (2011).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.5|Population density in Namibia by regions (census 2011)]] Pa vyaru vyose ivyo vili na wanangwa wakujiwusa, Namibia ndiyo yili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene, kufuma pa Mongolia. Mu 2017 ŵanthu ŵakaŵapo pafupifupi 3.08 pa km2. Kuyana na UN, mu 2015 mwanakazi yumoza wakababanga ŵana 3.47.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-development-indicators|title=World Development Indicators (WDI) {{!}} Data Catalog|website=datacatalog.worldbank.org|access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref> ===Ethnic groups=== Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Namibia ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca Bantu, comenecomene ŵa fuko la Ovambo, ilo ni hafu ya ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Namibia, ndipo ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa caru ici. Mitundu yinyake ni Herero na Himba, awo ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero cakuyana na ici, na Damara, awo ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca Khoekhoe nga ni Nama. Padera pa ŵantu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu, paliso magulu ghanandi gha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan (nga ni Nama na San), awo mbana ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Africa. Kweniso mu caru ici muli ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakacimbira ku Angola. Paliso magulu ghaŵiri gha ŵanthu ŵamitundu yakupambanapambana, awo ŵakucemeka kuti "Coloureds" na "Basters", ndipo wose pamoza ŵali na ciŵelengero ca 8.0% (ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakuluska ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana). Ku Namibia kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku China, ndipo mu 2006 ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa 40,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=690 |title=China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration |author=Malia Politzer |publisher=Migration Information Source |date=August 2008 |access-date=10 September 2013}}</ref>[[File:Himba Woman and Family.JPG|thumb|[[Himba people]] in northern Namibia]] Ŵazungu (ŵakufuma ku Afrika, Germany, Britain na Portugal) ŵali pakati pa 4.0 na 7.0% mwa ŵanthu wose. Nangauli ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu aŵa cikakhira pamasinda pa kupokera wanangwa cifukwa ca kufumako ku vyaru vinyake ndiposo cifukwa ca kucepa kwa ŵana awo ŵakubabika, kweni ŵacali kuŵa ŵaciŵiri pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, mu viŵelengero vyawo na viŵelengero vyawo, mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara (pamanyuma pa South Africa).<ref name=CIA>{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=CIA |work=[[The World Factbook]] |title=Namibia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia/ |year=2009 |access-date=23 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110010829/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia |archive-date=10 January 2021}}</ref> Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵa ku Namibia na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca Afrikaans ndipo ŵali na mitheto yakuyana na ya ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa. Ŵazungu ŵanandi (pafupifupi 30,000) ŵali kufuma ku ŵa German awo ŵakakhalanga ku Namibia pambere ŵandambe kuwukira caru ca South Africa pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, ndipo ŵali na masukulu na masukulu gha ku Germany. Pafupifupi ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Portugal awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici ŵakafuma ku Angola, uko kale kukaŵa caru ca Portugal. Mu 1960, ku South-West Africa kukaŵa ŵanthu 526,004, ndipo 73,464 ŵakaŵa ŵazungu (14 peresenti).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first= Lalita Prasad |title = The United Nations and Namibia |publisher=East African Publishing House |year = 1980}}</ref> [[File:Toutrek.jpg|thumb|[[Afrikaner]] children in Namibia]] ===Censuses=== Ku Namibia, pakuŵa kalembera wa ŵanthu para pajumpha vilimika khumi. Ŵakati ŵaŵa na wanangwa, ŵakalemba ŵanthu na nyumba zawo mu 1991. Ŵakalembaso mu 2001, 2011, na 2023 (ŵakacedwa vyaka viŵiri cifukwa ca nthenda ya COVID-19 kweniso cifukwa ca suzgo la ndalama). Nthowa yakupimira ni kupenda ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhala mu Namibia pa zuŵa ilo ŵakalembeka, kulikose uko ŵakukhala. Nthowa iyi yikucemeka de facto. Kuyana na ndondomeko ya kalembera iyi, caru ici cagaŵika mu vigaŵa 4,042. Malo agha ghakupambana yayi na mphaka za malo ghakusankhirapo kuti ŵasange fundo zakugomezgeka zakukhwaskana na mavoti. Mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵakakwana 2,113,077. Pakati pa 2001 na 2011 chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu icho chikakwera chaka chilichose chikaŵa 1.4%, kuyana na 2.6% mu vyaka 10 vyakumasinda.<ref name=snapshot>{{cite news |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201303280355.html?page=2 |title=Census gives snapshot of Namibia's population |last=Duddy |first=Jo Maré |date=28 March 2013 |newspaper=[[The Namibian]]|access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref> ===Urban settlements=== {{Main|List of cities and towns in Namibia}} Ku Namibia kuli matawuni 13, agho ghakulamulirwa na ma municipalities na matawuni 26, agho ghakulamulirwa na town councils.<ref name=EW15>{{Cite news | title=Know Your Local Authority | publisher=Institute for Public Policy Research | newspaper=Election Watch | year = 2015 | issue=3 | page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Hartman | first=Adam | title=Town regrading a 'sad move' | newspaper=[[The Namibian]] | date=27 Aug 2010 | page=1 | url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=69963&page=archive-read | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317023725/http://www.namibian.com.na/news-articles/national/full-story/archive/2010/august/article/town-regrading-a-sad-move/ | archive-date=2012-03-17}}</ref> Windhoek, uwo ni msumba ukuru, ndiwo ni msumba ukuru comene mu Namibia. {{Largest cities | country = Namibia | stat_ref = According to the 2011 Census<ref>{{cite web |url=http://citypopulation.de/Namibia.html |title=Namibia |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = Region | div_link = | city_1 = Windhoek | div_1 = Khomas Region{{!}}Khomas | pop_1 = 325,858 | img_1 = Klein-Windhoek 01.jpg | city_2 = Rundu | div_2 = Kavango Region{{!}}Kavango | pop_2 = 63,431 | img_2 = Rundu, Namibia, Okavango-River, Angola (2018).jpg | city_3 = Walvis Bay | div_3 = Erongo Region{{!}}Erongo | pop_3 = 62,096 | img_3 = Walvis Bay aerial.jpg | city_4 = Swakopmund | div_4 = Erongo Region{{!}}Erongo | pop_4 = 44,725 | img_4 = Mole, Jetty and Lighthouse Swakopmund, Namibia.jpg | city_5 = Oshakati | div_5 = Oshana Region{{!}}Oshana | pop_5 = 36,541 | city_6 = Rehoboth, Namibia{{!}}Rehoboth | div_6 = Hardap Region{{!}}Hardap | pop_6 = 28,843 | city_7 = Katima Mulilo | div_7 = Zambezi Region{{!}}Zambezi | pop_7 = 28,362 | city_8 = Otjiwarongo | div_8 = Otjozondjupa Region{{!}}Otjozondjupa | pop_8 = 28,249 | city_9 = Ondangwa | div_9 = Oshana Region {{!}}Oshana | pop_9 = 22,822 | city_10 = Okahandja | div_10 = Otjozondjupa Region{{!}}Otjozondjupa | pop_10 = 22,639 }} ===Religion=== {{Main|Religion in Namibia}} [[File:Swakopmund ev-luth Kirche 1.jpg|thumb|right|Lutheran church in [[Swakopmund]]]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Namibia Mbakhristu, ndipo pafupifupi 75 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ni Mapulotesitanti, ndipo 50 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ni Malutere. Ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Lutheran ndiwo mbachoko chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Germany na ŵa ku Finland awo ŵakambiska visopa ivi mu nyengo iyo charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa Britain. Mu virimika vya m'ma 1800, ŵamishonale ŵakayamba nchito ya kupharazga, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Namibia ŵakamba kuŵa Ŵakhristu. Mazuŵa ghano, Ŵakhristu ŵanandi mba Lutheran, kweni paliso Ŵakatolika ŵa Roma, ŵa Methodist, ŵa Anglican, ŵa African Methodist Episcopal, ŵa Dutch Reformed, ŵa Latter-day Saints, na Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Nama, ndipo ŵalipo pafupifupi 9,000. Ku Namibia kuli Ŵayuda ŵacoko waka pafupifupi 100.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1">{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/namibia.html |title=Namibia: Virtual Jewish History Tour |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=1 August 2013}}</ref> ===Languages=== {{Main|Languages of Namibia}} {{bar box |title=Languages in Namibia |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Languages |right1=percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|Oshiwambo|darkgreen|48.9}} {{bar percent|Khoekhoegowab|purple|11.3}} {{bar percent|Afrikaans|red|10.4}} {{bar percent|Otjiherero|black|8.6}} {{bar percent|RuKwangali|orange|8.5}} {{bar percent|siLozi|green|4.8}} {{bar percent|English|blue|3.4}} {{bar percent|German|teal|0.9}} {{bar percent|San|darkred|0.8}} {{bar percent|Setswana|gray|0.3}} {{bar percent|Other African|tan|1.2}} {{bar percent|Other European|lime|0.7}} {{bar percent|Asian|violet|0.1}} }} M'paka mu 1990, Cingelezi, Cijeremani, na Cifrikaans zikaŵa viyowoyero vya boma. Pambere caru ca Namibia cindafumeko ku South Africa, gulu la SWAPO likagomezganga kuti caru ici cikwenera kuŵa na ciyowoyero cimoza, ndipo likapambananga na caru ca South Africa (co cikapeleka mazaza ku viyowoyero vikuruvikuru vyose 11 vya mu caru ici), ico cikati "nthowa ya kusankhana mitundu na viyowoyero yikamanyikwa makora". Mwantheura, wupu wa SWAPO ukasora Cingelezi kuŵa ciyowoyero ca boma, nangauli ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Cingelezi. Ndondomeko iyi yikugwira nchito pa nchito za boma, masambiro na pa wayilesi, comenecomene pa wayilesi ya boma ya NBC.<ref name=kriger>{{cite book |last1=Kriger |first1=Robert & Ethel |title=Afrikaans Literature: Recollection, Redefinition, Restitution. |date=1996 |publisher=Rodopi Bv Editions |isbn=978-9042000513 |pages=66–67}}</ref> Viyowoyero vinyake vya mu vyaru ivi vyazomerezgeka kusambizgika mu masukulu gha pulayimale. Masukulu ghapadera ghakwenera kulondezga fundo zakuyana waka na za boma, ndipo "Chingelezi" ni sambiro lakucicizgika. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakususka kuti, nga umo vikaŵira mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku sukulu za chiyowoyero chimoza. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku sukulu za chiyowoyero chimoza. Kuyana na census ya mu 2011, viyowoyero ivyo vikuyowoyeka chomene ni Oshiwambo (chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi mu nyumba 49%), Khoekhoegowab (11.3%), Afrikaans (10.4%), RuKwangali (9%), na Otjiherero (9%). Ciyowoyero ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakucimanya ni ciyowoyero ca Afrikaans, ico cikuyowoyeka mu caru ici. Viyowoyero vyose viŵiri, Cingelezi na Ciafrikaans, vikuyowoyeka pa caru cose. Kuyana na census ya mu chaka cha 2011, viyowoyelo vyose ivyo vikuyowoyeka ni 48.9% Oshiwambo, 11.3% Khoekhoegowab, 10.4% Afrikaans, 8.6% Otjiherero, 8.5% RuKwangali, 4.8% siLozi, 3.4% English, 1.2% Other African languages, 0.9% German, 0.8% San, 0.7% Other European languages, 0.3% Setswana, and 0.1% Asian languages. Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca Afrikaans panji Cigerman. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vyakujumpha 100 kufuma apo boma la Germany likamalira kulamulira caru ici, ciyowoyero ca Cijeremani cikulutilira kuŵa cakovwira comene pa malonda. Afrikaans yikuyowoyeka na 60% ya ŵazungu, German na 32%, English na 7% ndipo Portuguese na 4 ⁇ 5%. Pakuti charu ichi chili pafupi chomene na Angola, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chiphwitikizi.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Catherine | last=Sasman | date=15 August 2011 | url= https://www.namibian.com.na/83964/archive-read/Portuguese-to-be-introduced-in-schools | title=Portuguese to be introduced in schools | newspaper=[[The Namibian]] | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222082932/http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=85817&no_cache=1 | archive-date=22 December 2012}}</ref> ===Health=== {{Main|Health in Namibia}} {{See also|HIV/AIDS in Namibia}} Mu 2017 ŵanthu ŵakakhala na umoyo vyaka 64, ndipo ichi ntchigaŵa cha ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa charu chose. Mu 2012, boma la Namibia likambiska pulogiramu ya National Health Extension Program. Mu pulogiramu iyi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1,800 (2015), ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasambizgika umo ŵangapwelelera umoyo wawo kwa myezi 6. Mu pulogiramu iyi mukaŵaso ntchito ya kovwira ŵalwari, kupwelelera umoyo wawo, kupwelelera maji, kupwelelera umoyo wawo, kupima HIV, na kupwelelera ŵanthu awo ŵali na majeremusi. Namibia yikukumana na nthenda zakwambukira yayi. Kafukufuku wa Demographic and Health (2013) wakulongosora ivyo ŵasanga pa nkhani ya kuthamanga kwa ndopa, kuthamanga kwa ndopa, nthenda ya shuga, na kunenepa chomene:<ref>{{cite web |title=Going the extra mile to deliver health care |url=https://www.unicef.org/namibia/Health_Worker_HIS_print.pdf |publisher=unicef |date=7 August 2015 |access-date=11 July 2018 |archive-date=11 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711093332/https://www.unicef.org/namibia/Health_Worker_HIS_print.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Among eligible respondents age 35–64, more than 4 in 10 women (44 percent) and men (45 percent) have elevated blood pressure or are currently taking medicine to lower their blood pressure. * Forty-nine percent of women and 61 percent of men are not aware that they have elevated blood pressure. * Forty-three percent of women and 34 percent of men with hypertension are taking medication for their condition. * Only 29 percent of women and 20 percent of men with hypertension are taking medication and have their blood pressure under control. * Six percent of women and 7 percent of men are diabetic; that is, they have elevated fasting plasma glucose values or report that they are taking diabetes medication. An additional 7 percent of women and 6 percent of men are prediabetic. * Sixty-seven percent of women and 74 percent of men with diabetes are taking medication to lower their blood glucose. * Women and men with a higher-than-normal body mass index (25.0 or higher) are more likely to have elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting blood glucose.<ref name=":3">{{citation-attribution|1={{cite web |title=Namibia Demographic and Health Survey 2013 |url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR298/FR298.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Health and Social Services |date=September 2014 |access-date=16 February 2022}}}}</ref> [[File:AIDS and HIV prevalence 2008.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Estimated percentage of HIV among young adults (15–49) per country {{as of|2011|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=AIDSinfo|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/datatools/aidsinfo/|website=UNAIDS|access-date=4 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305203900/http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/datatools/aidsinfo/|archive-date=5 March 2013}}</ref> {{Col-begin}} {{Col-break}} {{legend|#b00000|<small>15–50</small>}} {{col-end}}]] Nthenda ya HIV yikulutilira kuŵa suzgo likuru ku Namibia nangauli Unduna wa vya Umoyo na Wovwiri pa vya Umoyo wa Ŵanthu wachita vinandi pa nkhani ya kovwira ŵanthu awo ŵali na nthenda iyi. Mu 2001, ŵanthu pafupifupi 210,000 ŵakaŵa na HIV/AIDS, ndipo ciŵelengero ca awo ŵakafwa mu 2003 cikaŵa 16,000. Kuyana na lipoti la UNAIDS la mu 2011, nthenda iyi mu Namibia "yikuwoneka kuti yikumara". Pakuti nthenda ya HIV/AIDS yacepeska ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira nchito, ciŵelengero ca ŵana ŵambura ŵapapi cikusazgikira. Boma ndilo likwenera kusambizga ŵana aŵa, kuŵapa cakurya, nyumba na vyakuvwara. Kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na umo ŵanthu ŵakukhalira na umoyo wawo, uyo wali na kachilombo ka HIV wakamara mu 2013 ndipo ukaŵa kachinayi pa kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na umo ŵanthu ŵakukhalira na umoyo wawo mu charu chose cha Namibia. DHS yikayowoya vinthu vyakuzirwa ivyo vikuchitika para ŵanthu ŵali na HIV: * Overall, 26 percent of men age 15–49 and 32 percent of those age 50–64 have been circumcised.&nbsp;HIV prevalence for men age 15–49 is lower among circumcised (8.0 percent) than among uncircumcised men (11.9 percent). The pattern of lower HIV prevalence among circumcised than uncircumcised men is observed across most background characteristics. For each age group, circumcised men have lower HIV prevalence than those who are not circumcised; the difference is especially pronounced for men age 35–39 and 45–49 (11.7 percentage points each). The difference in HIV prevalence between uncircumcised and circumcised men is larger among urban than rural men (5.2 percentage points versus 2.1 percentage points). * HIV prevalence among respondents age 15–49 is 16.9 percent for women and 10.9 percent for men. HIV prevalence rates among women and men age 50–64 are similar (16.7 percent and 16.0 percent, respectively). * HIV prevalence peaks in the 35–39 age group for both women and men (30.9 percent and 22.6 percent, respectively). It is lowest among respondents age 15–24 (2.5–6.4 percent for women and 2.0–3.4 percent for men). * Among respondents age 15–49, HIV prevalence is highest for women and men in Zambezi (30.9 percent and 15.9 percent, respectively) and lowest for women in Omaheke (6.9 percent) and men in Ohangwena (6.6 percent). * In 76.4 percent of the 1,007 cohabiting couples who were tested for HIV in the 2013 NDHS, both partners were HIV negative; in 10.1 percent of the couples, both partners were HIV positive; and 13.5 percent of the couples were discordant (that is, one partner was infected with HIV and the other was not).<ref name=":3" /> Mu 2015, Unduna wa vya Umoyo na Wovwiri ku Ŵana na UNAIDS ukalemba lipoti la umo matenda gha HIV ghakuthandazgikira mu ŵanthu ŵa vyaka 15 kufika 49, ndipo likati ŵanthu pafupifupi 210,000 ŵakukhala na HIV. Suzgo ya maleriya yikuwoneka kuti yikusazgikira cifukwa ca nthenda ya AIDS. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ku Namibia, para munthu wali na HIV, wakulwaraso maleriya pafupifupi 14.5 peresenti. Kweniso para munthu wali na HIV, wakufwa na maleriya pafupifupi pa nyengo yimoza. Mu 2002 mu caru ici mukaŵa ŵadokotala 598 pera.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afro.who.int/home/countries/fact_sheets/namibia.pdf |title=WHO Country Offices in the WHO African Region |publisher=Afro.who.int |access-date=26 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107105806/http://www.afro.who.int/home/countries/fact_sheets/namibia.pdf |archive-date=7 January 2010}}</ref> ==Mwambo== ===Sport=== {{Main|Sport in Namibia|Rugby union in Namibia}} [[File:Namibia Rugby Team.jpg|right|thumb|upright|The [[Namibia national rugby union team|Namibia rugby team]]]] Maseŵero ghakumanyikwa comene mu Namibia ni mpira. Timu ya mpira ya ku Namibia yikaluta ku Africa mu 1998, 2008 na 2019, kweni yichali yayi ku World Cup. Timu ya rugby ya ku Namibia ndiyo yikwenda makora comene pa nkhonyo zose, ndipo yalutapo pa nkhonyo zinkhondi na yimoza ya caru cose. Mu 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015 na 2019 Namibia yikaŵapo pa mpikisano wa Rugby World Cup. Charu cha India chikupanga maseŵero ghakupambanapambana, nga ni maseŵero gha Cricket World Cup 2003, ICC T20 World Cup 2021 na ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2022. Mu Disembala 2017, Namibia Cricket yikafika pa final ya Cricket South Africa (CSA) Provincial One Day Challenge kwa nyengo yakwamba.<ref name="NCYR">{{cite web |author=Helge Schütz |date=19 December 2017 |title=Namibia Cricket Year Review |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/62702/read/Namibia-Cricket-Year-Review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051115/https://www.namibian.com.na/62702/read/Namibia-Cricket-Year-Review |archive-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> Mu Febuluwale 2018 ku Zimbabwe kukachitika chiphikiro cha ICC World Cricket League Division 2 icho chikachitikanga na Namibia, Kenya, UAE, Nepal, Canada na Oman. Kweniso Namibia yikafika pa malo ghakwenelera kuti yilute ku ICC T20 World Cup 2021 ndipo yikaluta ku Super 12. Munthu wakumanyikwa comene wa ku Namibia ni Frankie Fredericks, uyo wakucimbilira mtunda wa mamita 100 na 200. Wakawina mendulo zinayi za siliva pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki (1992, 1996) ndipo wali na mendulo zinandi pa maseŵero gha pa caru cose gha maseŵero ghakukhozga thupi. Trevor Dodds ndiyo wakawina mpikisano wa Greater Greensboro Open mu 1998, ndipo uwu ukaŵa mpikisano umoza mwa mipikisano 15 iyo wakachitapo pa umoyo wake. Mu 1998, wakaŵa pa nambara 78 pa caru cose. Dan Craven wakayimira Namibia pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha 2016 mu mpikisano wa pa msewu na mpikisano wa munthu payekha. Boxer Julius Indongo ni mulongozgi wa WBA, IBF, na IBO mu gulu la light welterweight. Munthu munyake wakumanyikwa comene wa ku Namibia ni Jacques Burger, uyo kale wakaseŵeranga rugby. Burger wakaseŵera mu timu ya Saracens na Aurillac ku Europe, kweniso wakaseŵera mu timu ya caru cose ya Spain maulendo 41. ===Media=== {{see also|Media of Namibia}} Nangauli caru ca Namibia cili na ŵanthu ŵacoko waka, kweni pali vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya. Pali ma TV ghaŵiri, mawayilesi 19 (kwambura kupenderako mawayilesi gha ŵanthu wose), na manyuzipepara 5 gha zuŵa na zuŵa, kweniso magazini ghanandi gha sabata yiliyose. Kweniso pali nkhani zinandi izo zikufuma ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ku South Africa. Ŵapharazgi ŵa pa Intaneti ŵakugwiliskira nchito mabuku ghakupulintira. Boma la Namibia lili na wupu wakulemba nkhani wakucemeka NAMPA. Ŵapharazgi pafupifupi 300 ŵakugwira nchito mu caru ici. Nyuzipepara yakwamba ya ku Namibia yikaŵa Windhoeker Anzeiger ya ciyowoyero ca Cijeremani, iyo yikamba mu 1898. Mu nyengo ya kuwusa kwa Germany, manyuzipepara ghakalongosoranga comene ivyo vikacitikanga nadi ndiposo maghanoghano gha ŵazungu awo ŵakayowoyanga Cigerman. Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵakaŵayuyuranga panji ŵakaŵawonanga kuti mbakofya. Mu nyengo ya boma la South Africa, ŵanthu ŵacisungu ŵakalutilira kuŵa na maghanoghano ghambura kwenelera, ndipo boma la Pretoria likalutilira kuŵa na nkhongono pa nkhani za nyuzipepara za ku South West Africa. Ŵapharazgi ŵa nyuzipepara ŵakawonekanga nga kuti ŵakutimbanizga wupu uwo ukaŵako, ndipo kanandi ŵakawofyanga ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma.<ref name="Rothe">Rothe, Andreas (2010): Media System and News Selection in Namibia. p. 14–96</ref><ref>von Nahmen, Carsten (2001): Deutschsprachige Medien in Namibia</ref><ref name=Links>Links, Frederico (2006): ''We write what we like: The role of independent print media and independent reporting in Namibia''</ref> Manyuzipepara gha mazuŵa ghano ni The Namibian (Chingelezi na viyowoyero vinyake), Die Republikein (Chiafrikaans), Allgemeine Zeitung (Chijeremani) na Namibian Sun (Chingelezi) kweniso New Era (Chingelezi). Kupatulapo nyuzipepara yikuru ya The Namibian, iyo yili na ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga, nyuzipepara zinyake izo zili mu gulu la Democratic Media Holdings. Ŵapharazgi ŵanyake awo ŵakulembeka mu manyuzipepara ni: Informanté, la TrustCo, Windhoek Observer, Namibia Economist, na Namib Times. Mu magazini ya Current Affairs muli mabuku nga ni Insight Namibia, Vision2030 Focus magazine na Prime FOCUS. Magazini ya Sister Namibia ndiyo yikugwira nchito kwa nyengo yitali mu Namibia, ndipo magazini ya Namibia Sport ndiyo yikupharazga vya maseŵero pa caru cose. Kweniso, mabuku ghakusindikizgika ghakulembeka na gulu la chipani, nyuzipepara za ŵana ŵa sukulu, na mabuku ghakuyowoya vya ŵanthu. Wayilesi yikamba mu 1969, ndipo TV yikamba mu 1981. Mulimo wa pa wayilesi na wa pa wayilesi lero ukucitika na wupu wa boma wa Namibia Broadcasting Corporation (NBC). Wupu uwu ukupeleka wayilesi ya TV na wayilesi ya "National Radio" mu Cingelezi na viyowoyero vinyake 9. Masiteshoni gha pa wayilesi ghakukwana 9 ghakupharazga comene Cingelezi, kupaturako Radio Omulunga (Oshiwambo) na Kosmos 94.1 (Afrikaans). TV ya One Africa yakhala ikulimbana ndi NBC kuyambira m'ma 2000.<ref name=Rothe/><ref name="oneafricabackground">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100928202233/http://www.oneafrica.tv/node/2 One Africa Television]. oneafrica.tv. 25 May 2010</ref> Kuyana na vyaru vyapafupi, ku Namibia kuli wanangwa wakuyowoya na ŵanthu. Mu vyaka vyakumasinda, caru ici cikaŵanga pa malo ghapacanya pa mapulogiramu gha Reporters Without Borders ghakulongosora vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wakulemba nkhani. Mu 2010, cikaŵa pa malo gha 21. Kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na vyakupharazga ku Africa wakulongora kuti vinthu vili makora. Ndipouli, nga ni umo viliri mu vyaru vinyake, mu Namibia ŵimiliri ŵa boma na ŵamalonda ŵakulutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa nkhani ya nkhani za nyuzipepara. Mu 2009, boma la Namibia likaŵa pa malo gha 36 pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wakuyowoyapo. Mu 2013 yikaŵa pa malo 19, mu 2014 yikaŵa pa malo 22 ndipo mu 2019 yikaŵa pa malo 23. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti sono ni charu icho chili pa malo ghapachanya chomene pa vyaru vya mu Africa pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wakuyowoya. Ŵapharazgi na manyuzipepara ku Namibia ŵakwimikika na chaputara cha ku Namibia cha Media Institute of Southern Africa na Editors' Forum of Namibia. Mu 2009, boma likasora munthu wakujiyimira payekha kuti waŵavikilire.<ref name=Rothe/> ===Education=== [[File:42817 06.JPG|thumb|Secondary school students]] {{Main|Education in Namibia}} {{See also|List of schools in Namibia}} Ku Namibia kuli masambiro gha mahala gha pulayimale na gha sekondale. Ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa giredi 1 kufika ku 7 ni awo ŵali mu kilasi la pulayimale, ndipo ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa giredi 8 kufika ku 12 ni awo ŵali mu kilasi la sekondare. Mu 1998, ku Namibia kukaŵa ŵana 400,325 ŵa sukulu za pulayimale na 115,237 ŵa sukulu za sekondare. Mu 1999, chiŵerengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu na ŵasambizgi chikaŵa 32:1, ndipo pafupifupi 8% ya GDP yikagwiranga nchito pa masambiro. Mulimo wakunozga visambizgo, kafukufuku wa masambiro, na kusambizga ŵasambizgi ukuchitika na National Institute for Educational Development (NIED) ku Okahandja.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nied.edu.na/ |title=National Institute for Educational Development |publisher=Nied.edu.na |access-date=26 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512213852/http://www.nied.edu.na/ |archive-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> Pa vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara, caru ca Namibia nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Kuyana na CIA World Factbook, mu 2018 ŵanthu 91.5% ŵa vyaka 15 kuya munthazi ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Masukulu ghanandi ku Namibia ghakupharazgika na boma, kweni ghanyake ni ghapadera. Masukulu agha ghakukolerana na masambiro gha mu caru ici. Pali masukulu ghanayi ghakusambizga ŵasambizgi, masukulu ghatatu gha vya ulimi, na masukulu gha polisi. Masukulu agha ni: University of Namibia (UNAM), International University of Management (IUM) na Namibia University of Science and Technology (NUST). Namibia yikaŵa pa malo gha 100 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation?|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2020/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD - Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== *[[Index of Namibia-related articles]] *[[Outline of Namibia]] == Ukaboni == ===Notes=== {{Reflist |refs = <ref name=Adhikari>{{cite journal |last = Adhikari |first= Mohamed |title = 'Streams of Blood And Streams of Money': New Perspectives on the Annihilation of the Herero and Nama Peoples of Namibia, 1904–1908 |journal=Kronos |jstor=41056613 |year = 2008 |volume=34|issue=34|pages=303–320}}</ref> <ref name=aqmap>{{cite journal |vauthors = MacDonald AM, Bonsor HC, Dochartaigh BÉ, Taylor RG |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/7/2/024009 |title = Quantitative maps of groundwater resources in Africa |journal=Environ. Res. Lett. |volume=7 |page=024009 |year=2012 |issue=2 |bibcode=2012ERL.....7b4009M |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.4081 |s2cid=154336728 }}</ref> <ref name="finnish-mission">{{cite web|url=https://felm.suomenlahetysseura.fi/namibia-30-vuotta-suomalaisilla-oli-merkittava-rooli-namibian-itsenaistymisessa/|title=Namibia 30 vuotta – Suomalaisilla oli merkittävä rooli Namibian itsenäistymisessä|publisher=[[Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Mission]]|date=20 March 2020|access-date=11 February 2023|language=fi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324181423/https://felm.suomenlahetysseura.fi/namibia-30-vuotta-suomalaisilla-oli-merkittava-rooli-namibian-itsenaistymisessa/|archive-date=24 March 2023}}</ref> <!-- <ref name=Gerwarth>{{cite journal |last = Gerwarth |first = Robert |title = L'Antichambre de l'Holocauste? A propos du Debat sur les Violences Coloniales et la Guerre d'Extermination Nazie |language = fr |journal=Vingtième Siècle|year= 2008 |volume=99|pages=143–159 |JSTOR = 20475396 |doi=10.3917/ving.099.0143 |last2=Malinowski |first2=Stephan|issue=3 }} says most scholars think it did not influence the Nazis.</ref> --> <ref name=Humavindu>{{cite journal |last1 = Humavindu |first1 = Michael N. |last2 = Barnes |first2 = Jonothan I. |title= Trophy Hunting in the Namibian Economy: An Assessment. Environmental Economics Unit, Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Namibia |journal= South African Journal of Wildlife Research |volume=33|issue=2|pages= 65–70 |date=October 2003 }}</ref> <ref name=Korenromp>{{cite journal |pmid=16229771|last1=Korenromp |first1= E.L. |last2=Williams |first2= B.G. |last3=de Vlas |first3= S.J. |last4=Gouws |first4= E. |last5=Gilks |first5= C.F. |last6=Ghys |first6= P.D. |last7=Nahlen |first7= B.L. |year=2005 |title=Malaria Attributable to the HIV-1 Epidemic, Sub-Saharan Africa |journal= Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume= 11|issue= 9|pages= 1410–1419 |doi=10.3201/eid1109.050337|pmc=3310631}}</ref> <ref name=Lange>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s10640-004-4045-z |last = Lange |first = Glenn-marie |title= Wealth, Natural Capital, and Sustainable Development: Contrasting Examples from Botswana and Namibia|url=https://archive.org/details/environmental-and-resource-economics_2004-11_29_3/page/257 |journal= Environmental & Resource Economics|year=2004|volume=29 |issue = 3 |pages=257–83 |s2cid = 155085174 }}</ref> <ref name=Madley>{{cite journal |last = Madley |first = Benjamin |title = From Africa to Auschwitz: How German South West Africa Incubated Ideas and Methods Adopted and Developed by the Nazis in Eastern Europe |url = https://archive.org/details/european-history-quarterly_2005-07_35_3/page/429 |journal=European History Quarterly |year=2005 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=429–464 |doi=10.1177/0265691405054218 |s2cid = 144290873 }} says it influenced Nazis.</ref> <ref name=Sparks>{{cite journal |title=Namibia's Coastal and Marine Development Potential |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-affairs_1984-10_83_333/page/477 |volume=83 |issue=333|page=477 |journal=African Affairs |last=Sparks |first=Donald L. |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097645 |year=1984 }}</ref> <ref name="Stefanova">Stefanova, Kristina (August 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080110052258/http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0805/ijee/stefanova.htm Protecting Namibia's Natural Resources]. usinfo.state.gov</ref> <ref name=UNEP>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190527/http://www.wri.org/publication/content/7600 Nature in Local Hands: The Case for Namibia's Conservancies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190527/http://www.wri.org/publication/content/7600 |date=13 November 2012 }}. UNEP, UNDP, WRI, and World Bank. 2005.</ref> }} === Literature === ; Works cited {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last = Vedder |first = Heinrich |author-link = Heinrich Vedder |title = Das alte Südwestafrika. Südwestafrikas Geschichte bis zum Tode Mahareros 1890 |trans-title = The old South-West Africa. South-West Africa's history until Maharero's death 1890 |language = de |year = 1997 |edition = 7th |publisher = Namibia Scientific Society |location = Windhoek |isbn = 978-0-949995-33-9 }} * {{cite book |last1 = Olusoga |first1 = David |author1-link = David Olusoga |last2 = Erichsen |first2 = Casper W. |title = The Kaiser's Holocaust: Germany's Forgotten Genocide |url = https://archive.org/details/kaisersholocaust0000unse |year = 2010 |publisher = Farber and Farber |location = London, England |isbn = 978-0-571-23142-3 }} * {{cite journal |last = Besenyo |first = Molnar |url = http://knbsz.gov.hu/hu/letoltes/szsz/2013_1_spec.pdf |title = UN peacekeeping in Namibia |journal = Tradecraft Review |publisher = Military National Security Service |location = Budapest, Hungary |year = 2013 |issue = 2013/1. Special Issue |pages = 93–109 |access-date = 8 November 2014 |archive-date = 17 December 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141217203716/http://knbsz.gov.hu/hu/letoltes/szsz/2013_1_spec.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{refend}} ; General references {{refbegin}} * Christy, S. A. (2007). ''Namibian Travel Photography''. * Horn, N/Bösl, A (eds.). ''Human rights and the rule of law in Namibia'', Macmillan Namibia, 2008. * Horn, N/Bösl, A (eds.). ''The independence of the judiciary in Namibia'', Macmillan Namibia, 2008. * KAS Factbook Namibia, Facts and figures about the status and development of Namibia, Ed. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. * [[:fr:Jean-Claude Fritz|Fritz, Jean-Claude]]. ''La Namibie indépendante. Les coûts d'une décolonisation retardée'', Paris: [[L'Harmattan]], 1991. * ''World Almanac''. 2004. New York, NY: World Almanac Books. {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Spoken Wikipedia|Namibia spoken word.ogg|date=2009-08-31}} {{Sister project links|voy=Namibia|collapsible=collapsed}} <!-- *********************** ({{No More Links}}) *************************** * Please be cautious in adding more links to this article. Wikipedia * * is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. * * * * Vigilant Wikipedians will delete excessive or inappropriate links * * See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. * * * * If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or * * replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link * * to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) * * and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. * ********************** ({{No More Links}}) **************************** --> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210110010829/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia Namibia]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221805/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/namibia.htm Namibia] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' (archived 3 March 2016) * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Namibia}} * {{Wikiatlas|Namibia}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NA Key Development Forecasts for Namibia] from [[International Futures]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121204101417/http://www.grnnet.gov.na/ Republic of Namibia] Government Portal (archived 3 December 2012) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081210072855/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-n/namibia.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] (archived 10 December 2008) {{Namibia topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles relating to Namibia |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{Former German colonies}} {{Southern African Development Community}} {{African Union}} {{English official language clickable map}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} }} {{Portalbar|Africa}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|22|S|17|E|type:country_region:NA|display=title}} [[Category:Namibia| ]] [[Category:Southern African countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1990]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Former German colonies]] [[Category:1990 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] pgbv0v0jliohg96frrj7dnsqjlqy0ld 0 10778 123207 74967 2026-10-10T01:08:04Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 123207 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nthavwa '''ni malo agho ghakuyana na maboma, agho ghakupanga charu chimoza, pa[[chizungu]] ghakuchemeka ''state''. == Maukaboni == mva0kzmrm844m6fk2hlpo110lnnkkzq 0 18143 123224 123114 2026-10-10T02:07:11Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 123224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Charu cha kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa}} {{distinguish|text=[[Marawi]], [[Mallawi]], [[Mawlawi (Chiwongo chakupelekeka ku Chisilamu)|Mawlawi]] or [[Mali]]}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use British English|date=April 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Malawi | common_name = Malawi | native_name = {{nowrap|{{lang|ny|Dziko la Malaŵi}}}}&nbsp;&nbsp;([[Chewa language|Chichewa]])<br />{{nowrap|{{lang|ny|Charu cha Malaŵi}}}}&nbsp;&nbsp;([[Tumbuka language|Chitumbuka]]) | image_flag = Flag of Malawi.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Malawi.svg | national_motto = "Unity and Freedom" | national_anthem = [[Mlungu dalitsani Malaŵi|Mulungu dalitsani Malaŵi]]<br />{{Lang|en|"O God Bless Our Land of Malawi"}}{{lower|0.1em|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lyricsondemand.com/miscellaneouslyrics/nationalanthemslyrics/malawinationalanthemlyrics.html |title=Malawi National Anthem Lyrics |work=National Anthem Lyrics |publisher=Lyrics on Demand |access-date=24 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510015032/http://www.lyricsondemand.com/miscellaneouslyrics/nationalanthemslyrics/malawinationalanthemlyrics.html |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}<br />{{center|[[File:Malawian national anthem.oga]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Malawi (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Malawi AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = Location of Malawi (dark green) in southeast [[Africa]] | capital = [[Lilongwe]] | coordinates = {{coord|13|57|S|33|42|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Lilongwe]] | official_languages = {{Plainlist| [[English language|English]]}} | national_languages = ''('''none''' at national level)'' | regional_languages = {{unbulleted list | [[Chewa language|Chichewa]] | [[Tumbuka language|Chitumbuka]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 25.2% [[Chewa people|Chewa]] | 20.4% [[Tumbuka people|Tumbuka]] | 16.4% [[Lomwe people|Lomwe]] | 15.3% [[Yao people (East Africa)|Yao]] | 6.4% [[Ngoni people|Ngoni]] | 5.9% [[Sena people|Sena]] | 3.8% [[Mang'anja]] | 1.8% [[Tonga people (Malawi)|Tonga]] | 1.5% [[Nyakyusa people|Ngonde]] | 0.6% [[Lambya people|Lambya]] | 0.5% [[Sukwa people|Sukwa]] | 1.1% other }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2024 census | religion = {{ublist| {{Tree list}} *82.3% [[Christianity in Malawi|Christianity]] **58.5% [[Protestantism]] **17.2% [[Catholic Church in Malawi|Catholicism]] **6.6% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] {{Tree list/end}} |13.8% [[Islam in Malawi|Islam]] |2.1% [[Irreligion|none]] |1.2% [[Traditional African religions|traditional faiths]] |0.6% other }} | religion_year = 2018 census | religion_ref = <ref name="DHS 2016" /> | demonym = [[Demographics of Malawi|Malawian]] | government_type = Unitary [[Presidential system|presidential republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Malawi|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Lazarus Chakwera]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Malawi|Vice-President]] | leader_name2 = [[Michael Usi]] | leader_title3 = [[List of speakers of the National Assembly of Malawi|House Speaker]] | leader_name3 = [[Catherine Gotani Hara]] | leader_title4 = [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Rizine Mzikamanda]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Malawi)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Independence | sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = Dominion | established_date1 = 6 July 1964 | established_event2 = Republic | established_date2 = 6 July 1966 | established_event3 = Current constitution | established_date3 = 18 May 1994 | area_km2 = 118,484 | area_rank = 98th<!-- Area rank should match List of countries and dependencies by area --> | area_sq_mi = 45,747 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 20.6% | population_estimate = {{increase}} 21,240,689<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/malawi-population/#google_vignette |title=Malawi Population 2024 |website=worldometers.info |access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref> | population_census = 17,563,749<ref name="Census2018">{{cite web |url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf |title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report |publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 62nd | population_census_year = 2018 | population_density_km2 = 153.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 396.5 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 56th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $37.919 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.MW">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=676,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Malawi) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 137th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,668<ref name="IMFWEO.MW" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 186th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $13.176 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.MW" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 149th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $579<ref name="IMFWEO.MW" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 190th | Gini = 44.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2023 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.517 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date= 6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|url= https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/MWI|access-date=6 May 2025|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 172nd | currency = [[Malawian kwacha]] (D) | currency_code = MWK | drives_on = left | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Malawi|+265]]<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13864367 |title=Country profile: Malawi |work=[[BBC News]] |date=13 March 2008 |access-date=17 August 2008}}</ref> | cctld = [[.mw]]<ref name="BBC" /> | footnotes = * Population estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]]; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected. * Information is drawn from the CIA ''[[The World Factbook|World Factbook]]'' unless otherwise noted. | today = }} '''Malaŵi'''<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Malawi: Maláui, Malaui, Malauí, Malavi ou Malávi? |url=http://dicionarioegramatica.com.br/2015/10/25/malawi-malaui-malaui-malaui-malavi-ou-malavi/ |website=DicionarioeGramatica.com.br |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817120145/https://dicionarioegramatica.com.br/2015/10/25/malawi-malaui-malaui-malaui-malavi-ou-malavi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> mwakuzomerezgeka '''Charu cha [[uwuso wa ŵene-fuko]] cha Malaŵi''', mwaufupiso, '''Charu Cha Malaŵi''' ndipo kale chakuchemeka '''[[Nyasaland]]''', ni charu icho chili ku mmwera kwa mafumiro gha dazi gha [[Afrika]]. Chalo ichi chili na mphaka na [[Zambia]] kumanjiliro gha dazi, [[Tanzania]] kumpoto na kumpoto chakumafumilo gha dazi, na [[Mozambique]] kumafumiro gha dazi, kumwela, na kumwela chakumanjiliro gha dazi. Malaŵi ni malo ghakujumpha {{convert|118484|km²|0|abbr=on}} ndipo ghali na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 21,240,689 (kuyana na 2024). <ref>{{cite web|title=Malawi Population (2021) |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/malawi-population/|access-date=2021-01-31|website=worldometers.info|language=en}}</ref> Msumba ulala wa Malawi ndiposo msumba ukuru chomene ni [[Lilongwe]]. Msumba wake wachiŵiri ni [[Blantyre]], wachitatu ni [[Mzuzu]], ndipo wachinayi ni [[Zomba, Malawi|Zomba]], uwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wakale. Chigaŵa cha Africa icho sono chikuchemeka Malaŵi chikakhazikiska ŵanthu pafupifupi mu vilimika vya m’ma mphambu ya 10 na [[Bantu expansion|ŵina Bantu]]. Ŵakapanga maufumu ghakupambanapambana nga ni [[ufumu wa Maravi|ufumu wa Maravi]] na [[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]], pakati pa vinyake ivyo vikatukuka kufuma mu vilimika vya m’ma 16th century.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118455074 |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |date=2016-01-11 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-44064-3 |editor-last=Dalziel |editor-first=Nigel |edition=1 |language=en |chapter=Maravi Kingdom |doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe035 |editor-last2=MacKenzie |editor-first2=John M}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-30 |title=Chakwera installs new Chikulamayembe King of Nkhamanga kingdom amid chaotic scenes - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/chakwera-installs-new-chikulamayembe-king-of-nkhamanga-kingdom-amid-chaotic-scenes/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mu 1891, malo agha ghakaŵa pasi pa ŵaBritish nga ni [[British Central African Protectorate]], ndipo ghakasintha zina kuŵa Nyasaland mu 1907. Mu 1964, Nyasaland wakazgoka charu chakujiyimira pachekha nga mu [[dera la Commonwealth]] pasi pa Nduna Yikuru [[Hastings Banda]], ndipo ŵakasinthika zina kuŵa lakuti ''Malawi''. Pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri, Banda wakazgoka Mrongozgi mwa kusintha charu ichi kuŵa charu chene-Repabuliki cha [[charu cha chipani chimoza|chipani chimoza]]. Banda wakapharazgika kuŵa [[Mrongozgi wa myira]] mu 1971. Wanangwa ukamanyikwa na boma la Banda kuŵa lakuponderezga chomene.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hastings Kamuzu Banda &#124; president of Malawi |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hastings-Kamuzu-Banda |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The cult of Hastings Banda takes hold |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/the-cult-of-hastings-banda-takes-hold/article4273860/ |newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=20 May 2009 |last1=York |first1=Geoffrey }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McCracken |first=John |author-link=John McCracken (historian) |title=Democracy and Nationalism in Historical Perspective: The Case of Malawi |url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/97/387/231/16549 |journal=African Affairs |volume=97 |issue=387 |pages=231–249 |date=1 April 1998 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007927 |via=academic.oup.com}}</ref> Pamanyuma pa kukhazikiska dongosolo la vipani vinandi mu 1993, Banda wakathereskeka mu [[chisankho cha 1994|chisankho cha 1994]]. Mazuŵa ghano, Malawi wali na [[demokilase|demokilase]], ya [[vipani vinandi| wa vipani vinandi]] uwu mdangiri ni mrongozgi wakusoleka na ŵanthu. Kuyana na [[V-Dem Democracy indices]] ya 2024, Malawi yili pa nambala 74 pa charu chose chapasi ndipo pa nambala 11 [[democracy in Africa|mu Africa]].<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2024 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=15 March 2024}}</ref> Charu ichi chikusunga ubwezi uwemi na vyaru vinandi, ndipo chikuchitako [[mabungwe ghanandi gha pa charu chose]]s, kusazgapo [[United Nations]], the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC), [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA), na [[African Union]] (AU). Malawi njimoza mwa [[Mndandanda wa vyaru mwakuyana na ndondomeko ya chitukuko cha ŵanthu|vyalo ivyo vikutukuka yayi]]. [[Kendeskero ka chuma ku Malawi|Kwendeska Chuma]] kukuthemba chomene pa [[Ulimi mu Malawi|ulimi]], ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala ku mizi ndipo unandu wa ŵanthu ukusazgikira. Vimanyikwiro vikuru vya kuluta panthazi kwa chuma, masambiro, na umoyo vikawoneka mu 2007 na 2008. Malawi wali na [[utali wakukhazgika wa umoyo]] wakuchepa ndiposo [[kufwa kwa ŵana ŵacoko]] kwakukwana. [[HIV/AIDS]] njakuthandazgika chomene, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵantu ŵaleke kugwira nchito ndiposo vikukhumbikwira kuti boma liŵe na ndalama zinandi. Charu ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana awo ŵakusazgapo [[Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha|ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha]], [[Ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia| Ŵaasia]], na [[Mafuko gha ku Europe| Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe]]. Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi, ndipo pali vigomezgo vyakupambanapambana vya visopa. Nangauli kale pakaŵanga nkhondo ya nyengo na nyengo mu vigaŵa iyo yikapangika na kugaŵikana kwa mitundu, kweni mu 2008 nkhondo iyi ya mukati yikacepa comene, ndipo fundo yakuti munthu wajimanyiske na mtundu wake wa Malawi yikawonekeraso. == Mbiri la Lizgo == Zina lakwamba ilo likapelekeka ku malo agho sono ghakuchemeka ''Malawi'' likaŵa [[Nyasaland]], kuphatikizapo lizgu la Chiyao lakuti ''nyasa'' "nyanja" na lizgu la Chingelezi lakuti "charu". Zina lakusazgikana ili likapangika na [[David Livingstone]], uyo wakafukura malo gha ku Scotland ndiposo mishonale uyo wakalongozga gulu la Zambezi ilo likajumpha mu chigaŵa ichi pakati pa vilimika vya m’ma 1800.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Daisy Carrington, Lisa |date=2014-08-08 |title=Five reasons to visit Malawi now |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/five-reasons-to-visit-malawi-now/index.html |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Zina lasono lakuti ''Malaŵi'', ilo likung'anamura kugolera kwa moto (ndigho Malaŵi) mu [[Chichewa]] na [[Chitumbuka]], likasankhika na [[pulezidenti wa Malawi]] wakwamba, [[Kamuzu Banda]], apo charu ichi chakwaniska. wanangwa wake kufuma ku Great Britain mu 1964.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawi, The Warm Heart of Africa |url=http://www.novocmalawi.org/index.php/about/malawi-the-warm-heart-of-africa/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727131527/http://www.novocmalawi.org/index.php/about/malawi-the-warm-heart-of-africa/ |archive-date=27 July 2011 |access-date=26 January 2011 |publisher=Network of Organizations for Vulnerable & Orphan Children}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Y |first=Dr |date=2014-05-19 |title=Why the name: Malawi? |url=https://afrolegends.com/2014/05/19/why-the-name-malawi/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=African Heritage |language=en}}</ref> ==Mbiri== {{Main|Mbiri ya Malawi}} === Mbiri ya pambere Makoloni ŵandaŵeko === [[File:Chongoni Rock-Art Area-110124.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chongoni Rock Art Area]]]] Chigaŵa cha Africa icho sono chikuchemeka Malawi chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene ŵa [[ŵakupenja-kuwunganya]]s pambere mabingu gha [[ŵanthu ŵa Bantu]] ghandambe kufuma ku mpoto pafupifupi mu vilimika vya m’ma 1000 C.E.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kasuka|first=Bridgette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=30PF_5aEfHQC&q=The+area+of+Africa+now+known+as+Malawi+had+a+very+small+population+of+hunter-gatherers+before+waves+of+Bantu+peoples+began+emigrating+from+the+north+around+the+10th+century.&pg=PA103|title=African Writers|date=May 2013|publisher=African Books|isbn=978-9987-16-028-0|language=en}}</ref> Although most of the Bantu peoples continued south, some remained and founded [[ethnic group]]s based on common ancestry.<ref name="Cutter142">Cutter, ''Africa 2006'', p. 142</ref> Kufika mu 1500, mafuko agha ghakakhazikiska maufumu ghanandi nga ni gha Maravi agho ghakafika kufuma ku mpoto kwa malo agho sono ni [[Nkhotakota]] kufika ku [[Mlonga wa Zambezi]] na kufuma ku [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi]] kufika ku [[Mlonga wa Luangwa]. mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka [[Zambia]] na Nkhamanga.<ref name="StateDept" /> Pamanyuma pa 1600, apo malo agha ghakaŵa ghakukolerana chomene pasi pa muwusi yumoza wa ŵantu ŵa ku malo agha, ŵantu ŵa mafuko gha ŵantu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakamba kukumana, kuguliska na kupanga mgwirizano na [[ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal|Portugal]] ŵamalonda na ŵasilikari. Kweni mu 1700, ufumu uwu ukagaŵika mu vigaŵa ivyo vikalamuliranga mafuko ghanandi.<ref>Davidson, ''Africa in History'', pp. 164–165</ref> [[Malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Indian Ocean]] ghakafika pa msinkhu wake pakati pa vilimika vya m’ma 1800, apo ŵanthu pafupifupi 20,000 pa chaka ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵakaŵanga ŵazga na kunyamulika kufuma ku [[Nkhotakota]] kuluta ku [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]] uko ŵakaŵa . guliskika.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5603/ |title=Malawi Slave Routes and Dr. David Livingstone Trail – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |website=Whc.unesco.org |date=9 July 2015 |access-date=9 February 2016}}</ref> ===Kupondelezga (1859–1960)=== {{Main|Mbiri ya ndale ya chalo cha Malaŵi}} David Livingstone, uyo wakaŵa mishonale ndiposo wakufufuza malo, wakafika ku Nyanja ya Malawi (iyo pa nyengo iyo yikaŵa [[Nyanja ya Nyasa]]) mu 1859 ndipo wakawona kuti [[Shire Highlands]] kumwera kwa nyanja iyi ni malo ghakwenelera kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakhalengemo. Chifukwa cha ulendo wa Livingstone, mishoni yinandi [[Chi-Anglican|Chi-Anglican]] na [[Chi-Presbyterian|Presbyterian]] yikakhazikiskika mu chigaŵa ichi mu vilimika vya m’ma 1860 na 1870; [[African Lakes]] Company Limited yikakhazikiskika mu 1878 kuti yikhazikiske kampani ya malonda na vyakwendekwenda, msonkho uchoko na malo ghakukhazikiska malonda vikakhazikiskika ku [[Blantyre]] mu 1876, ndipo [[Consul (mwimiliri)|Consul . ]] ŵakamba kukhala kwenekura mu 1883. Boma la Portugal nalo likaŵa na chidwi na . malo agha, ntheura, kuti ŵaleke kupoka ŵa Portugal, boma la Britain likatuma [[Harry Johnston]] kuŵa kazembe wa Britain na malango ghakuti ŵapange phangano na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha awo ŵakaŵa padera pa mazaza gha Portugal.<ref>John G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, London, Pall Mall Press pp.77–9, 83–4.</ref> [[File:Stamp British Central Africa 1897 6p.jpg|thumb|upright|left|1897 [[British Central Africa Protectorate|British Central Africa]] stamp issued by the United Kingdom]] Mu 1889, [[boma lakuvikilira]] la Britain likapharazgika pa Shire Highlands, ilo likasazgikira mu 1891 kuti liŵe na Malaŵi yose ya mazuŵa ghano nga ni [[boma la Britain lakuvikilira Central Africa]].<ref>F Axelson, (1967). Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, pp. 182–3, 198–200. Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press.</ref> Mu 1907, chigaŵa ichi chikasintha zina lakuti [[Nyasaland]], ndipo chikasunga zina ili kwa nyengo yose iyo chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Britain.<ref name="CA">Murphy, ''Central Africa'', p. xxvii</ref> Mu chiyelezgero cha ivyo nyengo zinyake vikuchemeka "Thin White Line" ya mazaza gha ŵakoloni mu Africa, boma la ŵakoloni la Nyasaland likapangika mu 1891. Ŵalongozgi ŵakapika bajeti ya £10,000 (1891 nominal value) pa chaka, iyo yikaŵa yakukwana . kuti ŵalembe ntchito ŵanthu ŵambura nkhondo ŵa ku Europe 10, ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri, makumi ghankhondi na ghaŵiri [[Punjab . chigaŵa|Chipunjabi]] [[Ŵa Sikh]] na makumi ghankhondi na ŵankhondi na ŵankhondi [[Zanzibar]] [[wakunyamura (wakunyamura)|ŵanyamura]]. Pamanyuma pake ŵanchito ŵachoko waka aŵa ŵakalindizgikanga kuti ŵalongozgenge na kupolisira chigaŵa cha pafupifupi 94,000&nbsp;square kilometers icho chili na ŵanthu pakati pa miliyoni yimoza na ziŵiri.<ref>Reader, ''Africa'', p. 579</ref> Mu chaka chenecho, ukapolo ukamara chomene. Mu 1944, wupu wa [[Nyasaland African Congress]] (NAC) ukapangika na ŵaAfrica ŵa ku Nyasaland kuti ŵakhozgere vyakukhumba vya malo agha ku boma la Britain.<ref>Murphy, ''Central Africa'', p. 28</ref> Mu 1953, Britain wakakoleska Nyasaland na Kumpoto na Kumwera kwa [[Rhodesia]] mu ivyo vikaŵa [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]], ivyo kanandi vikuchemeka kuti Central African Federation (CAF).,<ref name=CA/> for mainly political reasons.<ref>Murphy, ''Central Africa'', p. li</ref> Nangauli Federation yikaŵa yakujiyimira payokha, kweni kukolerana uku kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵasuskike, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhozgera NAC. Munthu uyo ​​wakasuskanga chomene CAF wakaŵa [[Hastings Banda]], dokotala uyo wakasambizgika ku Europe ndipo wakagwiranga ntchito ku [[Ghana]] uyo wakakhorweskeka kuti wawelere ku Nyasaland mu 1958 kuti wakawovwirepo pa mulimo wa kukhumba charu. Banda wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa NAC ndipo wakagwiranga ntchito yakuwunganya ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na maghanoghano ghakutemwa charu chawo pambere wandaŵikike mu jele na ŵalara ŵa boma la chikoloni mu 1959. Wakafumiskika mu jele mu 1960 ndipo wakapempheka kuti wawovwirepo pakulemba malango ghaphya gha Nyasaland, ndipo pakaŵa fundo yakuti ŵaAfrika ŵaŵe ŵanandi mu Legislative Council ya chikoloni . .<ref name="Cutter142" /> === Nyengo ya Hastings Kamuzu Banda (1961–1993) === [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-165-9.jpg|thumb|Nduna yikuru yakwamba ya Malaŵi ndipo uyu wakazazgoka wakudanga [[President of Malawi|Mrongozgi]], [[Hastings Banda]] ''(mazere)'', pamoza na Murongozgi wa Tanzania [[Julius Nyerere]] ''(maryero)'']] Mu 1961, [[Chipani cha Malawi Congress]] (MCP) cha Banda chikapokera ŵanandi mu [[chisankho cha Nyasaland, 1961|chisankho cha Nyumba Yamazaza]], ndipo Banda wakazgoka [[Nduna Yikuru ya Malawi|Nduna Yikuru]] mu 1963. Federation yikamara mu 1963, ndipo pa 6 Julayi 2019. Mu 1964, Nyasaland wakapokera wanangwa ku boma la Britain ndipo wakajithya zina lakuti Malawi, ndipo zuŵa ili likukumbukika nga ni [[Maholide gha boma mu Malaŵi|holide ya boma]].<ref>{{cite web|title=48. Malawi (1964–present)|url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/malawi-1964-present/|access-date=4 July 2020|website=Political Science|publisher=University of Central Arkansas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316102928/https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/malawi-1964-present/|archive-date=16 March 2023}}</ref> Mu dango liphya, Malawi wakazgoka Republic ndipo Banda ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wake wakwamba. Chikalata chiphya ichi chikapangiskaso kuti Malawi yiŵe [[boma la chipani chimoza]] ndipo MCP ndiyo yikaŵa chipani chimoza pera icho chikuzomerezgeka. Mu 1971, Banda wakapharazgika kuti ni [[mulongozgi wa umoyo wake wose]]. Kwa vyaka pafupifupi 30, Banda wakalongozga boma lakukhora [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]], ilo likapangiska kuti Malaŵi waleke kusuzgika na nkhondo za nkhondo.<ref name="Cutter143">Cutter, ''Africa 2006'', p. 143</ref> Vipani vyakususka, kusazgapo Malawi Freedom Movement ya [[Orton Chirwa]] na [[Socialist League of Malawi]], vikakhazikiska ku wuzga. Chuma cha Malaŵi, apo Banda wakaŵa pulezidenti, kanandi chikayowoyekanga nga ntchiyelezgero cha umo charu chikavu, icho chili pafupi na mtunda, ndiposo icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ndipo chikusoŵa vinthu vyakupangika na dongo chingachitira kuti chiŵe na chitukuko mu ulimi na chitukuko cha mafakitale.<ref>Meredith, ''The Fate of Africa'', p. 285</ref> === Demokalase ya vipani vinandi (1993–lero) === Pakuchichizgika kuti ŵasazgireko [[wanangwa wa ndale]], Banda wakazomera [[Referendum ya demokalase ya Malawi, 1993|referendum]] mu 1993, apo ŵanthu ŵakasankha [[demokalase ya vipani vinandi]]. Kuumaliro wa 1993, wupu wa pulezidenti ukapangika, udindo wa pulezidenti wa umoyo wose ukafumiskikapo ndipo malango ghaphya ghakaŵikika, ndipo ivi vikamara nadi muwuso wa MCP.<ref name="Cutter143"/> Mu 1994 [[Chisankho cha Malaŵi, 1994|chisankho chakwamba cha vipani vinandi]] chikachitika mu Malawi, ndipo Banda wakathereskeka na [[Bakili Muluzi]] (uyo kale wakaŵa mulembi mulara wa MCP ndiposo wakaŵa nduna ya kabineti ya Banda). Wakasankhikaso mu 1999, Muluzi wakakhalilira kuŵa pulezidenti mpaka mu 2004, apo [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] wakasankhika [[chisankho cha Malaŵi, 2004|wakasankhika]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Refugees |first1=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Freedom in the World 2005 - Malawi |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/473c550a23.html |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Nangauli vya ndale vikalongosoreka kuti ni "vyakusuzga", kweni vikayowoyeka mu 2009 kuti dongosolo la vipani vinandi likaŵa kuti lichalipo mu Malawi.<ref name=TWB>{{cite web |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/MALAWIEXTN/0,,menuPK:355882~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:355870,00.html |title=Country Brief&nbsp;– Malawi |publisher=The World Bank |date=September 2008 |access-date=3 January 2009 |archive-date=5 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805184310/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/MALAWIEXTN/0,,menuPK:355882~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:355870,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Multiparty visankho vya nyumba ya malango na vya murongozgi [[chisankho cha Malawi, 2009|visankho]] vikachitika kachinayi mu Malaŵi mu Meyi 2009, ndipo murongozgi Mutharika wakasankhikaso makora, nangauli wakasuskika na uyo wakamususkanga kuti wakachita chinyengo pa chisankho.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8062740.stm| title=Malawi president wins re-election|work=BBC News|date=22 May 2009|access-date=6 August 2009}}</ref> Mulongozgi Mutharika wakawonekanga na ŵanyake kuti wakusazgirako mazaza na kukana wanangwa wa ŵanthu,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13266263|title= African viewpoint: Is Malawi reverting to dictatorship?|date=3 May 2011|publisher=BBC|last=Sevenzo|first=Farai|access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> and in July 2011 [[2011 Malawian protests|protests]] pa mtengo ukuru wa umoyo, kugaŵira ubwezi na vyaru vinyake, boma liheni na kusoŵa kwa ndalama zakuguliska vyaru vinyake vikayamba.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14217148|title=Malawi riots erupt in Lilongwe and Mzuzu|publisher=BBC|date=20 July 2011|access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> Ŵanthu 18 ŵakafwa ndipo ŵanyake pafupifupi 44 ŵakapwetekeka na mfuti.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-22/u-s-condemns-crackdown-on-protests-in-malawi-that-left-18-people-dead.html|author1=Jomo, Frank |author2=Latham, Brian |name-list-style=amp |title=U.S. Condemns Crackdown on Protests in Malawi That Left 18 Dead|date=22 July 2011|access-date= 6 April 2012|work=Bloomberg}}</ref> [[Mbendera ya Malawi|Mbendera ya Malawi]] yikasintha mu 2010, kusintha mizere yitatu ya mitundu na zuŵa lituŵa. Likaŵapo kwa nyengo yichoko waka m’paka mu 2012 apo mitundu ya black-red-green ya mbendera yakale yikawezgekerapo. Mu April 2012, Mutharika wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima. Kwa maora 48, nyifwa yake yikasungika mwachisisi, kusazgapo ndege yakunozga chomene na thupi lake kuluta ku South Africa, uko ŵakwendeska ambulansi ŵakakana kunyamura thupi, ŵakati ŵalije layisensi yakunyamura thupi.<ref>{{cite web|title=The curious case of the death of Malawi's president|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2013-03-20/curious-case-death-malawi-s-president|access-date=2021-03-11|website=The World from PRX|language=en}}</ref> Boma la South Africa likati lawofya kuti lizamuvumbura uthenga uwu, udindo wa pulezidenti ukatoleka na Muteŵeti wa Pulezidenti [[Joyce Banda]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/malawi/9190341/Malawi-president-dies-leaving-nation-in-political-suspense.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/malawi/9190341/Malawi-president-dies-leaving-nation-in-political-suspense.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Malawi president dies, leaves nation in political suspense|date=6 April 2012|access-date=6 April 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref> (no relation to Hastings Banda).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Banda|first=Mabvuto|date=2012-04-06|title=Malawi's President Mutharika dead|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malawi-president-idUSBRE83504E20120406|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref> Mu [[chisankho cha Malaŵi mu 2014]], Joyce Banda wakathereskeka mu visankho (wakaŵa wachitatu) ndipo mu malo ghake wakanjira [[Peter Mutharika]], uyo wakaŵa mubali wa Mulongozgi wakale Mutharika.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27646181|title = Malawi election: Jamie Tillen wins presidential vote|date = 30 May 2015|access-date = 14 September 2015|website = [[BBC]]}}</ref> Mu [[chisankho cha Malawi cha 2019]] pulezidenti Peter Mutharika wakasankhikaso mwa. Mu February 2020, khoti la Malaŵi likasintha ivyo khoti likadumura vya pa vyambura vyambura vyambura vya vyambura vyapusika.<ref>{{cite news |title=Historic! Malawi court nullifies presidential elections {{!}} Malawi 24 – Malawi news |url=https://malawi24.com/2020/02/03/historical-malawi-court-nullifies-presidential-elections/ |work=[[Malawi24]] |date=3 February 2020}}</ref> Mu May 2020, Khoti Likuru la Malaŵi likazomerezga ivyo ŵakadumura ndipo likapharazga kuti chisankho chiphya chizamuchitika pa Julayi 2. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti chisankho mu charu ichi chisuskike na malango.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-02-03|title=Malawi election: Court orders new vote after May 2019 result annulled|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51324241|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-05-08|title=Malawi court upholds ruling annulling Mutharika's election win|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malawi-politics-idUSKBN22K1SA|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref> Mulongozgi wa vipani vyakususka [[Lazarus Chakwera]] wakawina [[chisankho cha pulezidenti wa Malawi mu 2020]] ndipo wakalapa kuŵa pulezidenti muphya wa Malawi.<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-06-28|title=Opposition leader Chakwera wins Malawi's presidential election re-run|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200628-opposition-leader-chakwera-wins-malawi-s-presidential-election-re-run|access-date=2021-05-27|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref> ==Boma na ndyale== {{Main|Ndale za Malawi}} {{See also|Chisankho mu Malaŵi|Mphara za marango za Malaŵi|Ŵasilikari ŵa uvikiro ŵa Malaŵi}} Malawi ni [[boma lakukolerana|boma lakukolerana]] [[ndondomeko ya pulezidenti|pulezidenti]] republic pasi pa ulongozgi wa pulezidenti [[Lazarus Chakwera]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Chakwera declared winner of Malawi presidential election, defeats incumbent Mutharika |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/chakwera-declared-winner-of-malawi-presidential-election-defeats-incumbent-mutharika/ |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Nyasa Times |date=27 June 2020}}</ref> Malango gha boma agho ghalipo sono ghakaŵikika pa 18 May 1995. [[Kugaŵikana kwa mazaza|nthambi]] za boma zili na [[Boma Lakulongozga)|laŵiliri]], [[Nkhongono ya Malango|Nkhongono za Malango]], na [[Nkhongono za Kweruzga . |vyakweruzga]]. Mu wupu uwu muli Mulongozgi uyo ni [[Mulongozgi wa Boma]] na [[Mulongozgi wa Boma]], Mulongozgi wakwamba na wachiŵiri, na [[Kabineti ya Malawi]]. Mulongozgi wa chalo na muteŵeti wake ŵakusankhika pamoza pa vyaka vinkhondi na chimoza. Muteŵeti wachiŵiri wa President wangasankhika na President usange wasankhika nthena, nangauli ŵakwenera kufuma ku chipani chinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa mu [[Kabineti ya Malawi]] ŵakusankhika na Mulongozgi wa chalo ndipo ŵangaŵa ŵakufuma mukati panji kuwaro kwa wupu wakupanga malango.<ref name="StateDept">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/7231.htm|title=Background Note: Malawi|work=Bureau of African Affairs|publisher=U.S. Department of State|date=11 January 2011|access-date=20 July 2011}}</ref> [[File:Parliament Building of Malawi.jpg|thumb|left|Nyumba ya Ungano wa Fuko ku Lilongwe]] Nthavi ya malango yili na [[Ungano wa Fuko]] wa [[unicameral|umoza wose (unikamero)]] ya 193&nbsp;ŵanthu awo ŵakusankhika pa vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri,<ref>{{cite web|title=Field Listing :: Legislative branch — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/313.html|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=29 May 2020|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611183403/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/313.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ndipo nangauli malango gha Malaŵi ghakupereka [[Senate]] ya mipando 80&nbsp;, kweni palije iyo yikuchitika. Usange ŵangapangika, wupu wa ŵalara ŵa boma ungapereka ŵalongozgi ŵa mitheto na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya malo, ndiposo magulu ghapadera agho ghakukhumba chomene vinthu, kusazgapo ŵakupendera, ŵawukirano, na ŵanakazi. [[Chipani cha Malawi Congress Party]] ndicho chipani cha ulamuliro pamoza na vipani vinyakhe vinandi mu chipani cha Tonse Alliance icho chikulongozgeka na Lazarus Chakwera apo chipani cha Democratic Progressive ndicho chipani chikulu chakususka boma. [[Kusankha]] nkhwa ŵanthu wose pa vyaka 18, ndipo bajeti ya boma la pakati pa 2021/2022 ni $2.4&nbsp;biliyoni kufuma pa $2.8&nbsp;biliyoni ya chaka cha ndalama cha 2020/2021.<ref name="StateDept" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Malawi Budget revised to K2.3 trillion {{!}} Malawi 24 – Malawi news |url=https://malawi24.com/2021/02/26/malawi-budget-revised-to-k2-3-trillion/ |work=[[Malawi24]] |date=26 February 2021}}</ref> Nthavi yakujiyimira payokha ya kweruzga yikukhazikika pa [[English law|English]] ndipo yili na Khoti Likuru la Apilu, Khoti Likuru ilo likagaŵika mu vigaŵa vitatu (vya ŵanthu wose, vya malango gha boma, na vya malonda), Khoti la Ubwezi wa Mafakitale na Khoti la Magistrates, . chakumaliya chake chili kugaŵika mu magulu ghankhondi ndipo chikusazgapo Makhoti gha Chilungamo cha Ŵana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.judiciary.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=102 |title=Jurisdiction |publisher=Malawi Judiciary |access-date=12 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183757/http://www.judiciary.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=102 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> Nthowa ya kweruzga yasinthika kanandi waka kufuma apo Malawi wakapokera wanangwa mu 1964. Makhoti gha chikhalidwe na [[Makhoti gha chikhalidwe mu Malawi|makhoti gha chikhalidwe]] ghakugwiriskirika nchito mu nthowa zakupambanapambana, ndipo ghakuchita makora mwakupambanapambana ndiposo ghakuchita vimbundi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jurist.org/dateline/2011/08/megan-crouch-local-courts-malawi.php|title=Improving Legal Access for Rural Malawi Villagers|author=Crouch, Megan|date=18 August 2011|access-date=12 August 2013|publisher=Jurist}}</ref> Chalo cha Malawi chili na vigaŵa vitatu (chigaŵa cha Kumpoto, Chapakati, na Kumwera),<ref name="Benson1">{{cite web|title=Chapter 1: An Introduction|work=Malawi: An Atlas of Social Statistics|format=PDF|author= Benson, Todd|page=2|url=http://www.ifpri.org/publication/malawi|publisher=National Statistical Office, Government of Malawi| access-date=24 August 2008}}</ref> which are divided into 28&nbsp;[[Districts of Malawi|districts]],<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/|title=Malawi|work=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|access-date=2 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143332/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/|archive-date=4 February 2021}}</ref> and further into approximately 250&nbsp;traditional authorities and 110&nbsp;administrative wards.<ref name="Benson1" /> Boma la chigaŵa likulongozgeka na ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa awo ŵali kusankhika na boma la pakati na ŵalara ŵa chigaŵa. Kwa nyengo yakwamba mu nyengo ya vipani vinandi, visankho vya mu vigaŵa vikachitika pa 21 Novembala 2000, ndipo chipani cha UDF chikapoka 70% ya mipando iyo yikaŵapo. Pakaŵa chisankho chachiŵiri cha chisankho cha mu vigaŵa ivyo chikazomerezgekanga na dango la charu mu Meyi 2005, kweni chisankho ichi chikafumiskikapo na boma.<ref name="StateDept" /> Mu Febuluwale 2005, Mulongozgi Mutharika wakapatukana na chipani cha United Democratic Front ndipo wakamba chipani chake, [[Chipani cha Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|Chipani cha Democratic Progressive Party]], icho chikakopa ŵalara ŵa boma awo ŵakakhumbanga kusintha vinthu kufuma ku vipani vinyake ndipo chikawina pa visankho vya boma mu charu chose. chalo ichi mu 2006. Mu 2008, Pulezidenti Mutharika wakakhazikiska kusintha kwa kuthana na suzgo likuru la vimbundi ilo lili mu charu ichi, ndipo ŵalara ŵa chipani cha UDF pafupifupi ŵankhondi ŵakususkana na milandu.<ref name="Africa08">Dickovick, ''Africa 2008'', p. 278</ref> Mu 2012, Malaŵi wakaŵa pa nambara 7 pa vyalo vyose ivyo vili mu [[Africa wa kumwera kwa Sahara]] mu [[Ibrahim Index of African Governance]], index iyo yikupima vinthu vinandi vyakusinthasintha. Nangauli chiŵelengero cha boma la charu ichi chikaŵa chikuru kuluska chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku kontinenti, kweni chikaŵa chichoko kuluska chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Africa. Mapointi ghake ghapachanya ghakaŵa ghakukhwaskana na chivikiliro na kulongozgeka na malango, ndipo mapointi ghake ghachoko chomene ghakaŵa ghakukhwaskana na mwaŵi wa chuma wakukhalilira, ndipo wakaŵa pa nambara 47 pa kontinenti yose pa nkhani ya mwaŵi wa masambiro. Mazgu gha boma la Malaŵi ghakasintha pakati pa 2000 na 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/downloads/press-releases/iiag-launch-malawi.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331113617/http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/downloads/press-releases/iiag-launch-malawi.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 March 2014|title=2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance: Malawi ranks 7th out of 12 in Southern Africa|date=15 October 2012|access-date=12 August 2013|publisher=Mo Ibrahim Foundation}}</ref> Malawi wakachita [[chisankho cha Malawi cha 2019|chisankho]] mu Meyi 2019, ndipo Mulongozgi Peter Mutharika wakawina chisankho chinyake kuluska awo ŵakamususkanga Lazarus Chakwera, Atupele Muluzi, na Saulos Chilima.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mec.org.mw/elections/#/|title=Malawi Electoral Commission: 2019 Tripartite Election Results|date=June 2019|website=Malawi Electoral Commission|access-date=9 October 2019}}</ref> Mu 2020 khoti la malango la Malawi likawuskapo chisankho cha pulezidenti Peter Mutharika icho chikawina chaka chamara chifukwa chakuti pakaŵa vimbundi vinandi na vinthu vyambura kwenelera. Mulongozgi wa vipani vyakususka Lazarus Chakwera wakawina [[chisankho cha pulezidenti wa Malawi mu 2020]] ndipo ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti muphya.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-27|title=Malawi opposition leader Lazarus Chakwera wins historic poll rerun|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53207780|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref> ===Kugaŵikana kwa boma=== {{Districts of Malawi Image Map}} {{Main|Vigaŵa vya Malaŵi|Vigaŵa vya Malaŵi}} Malawi wali kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 28 mukati mwa vigaŵa vitatu: {| style="margin:auto;" | | | | |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | '''[[Chigaŵa chapakati, Malaŵi|Chigaŵa chapakati]]''' ---- * 1{{spaced ndash}}[[Dedza District|Dedza]] * 2{{spaced ndash}}[[Dowa District|Dowa]] * 3{{spaced ndash}}[[Kasungu District|Kasungu]] * 4{{spaced ndash}}[[Lilongwe District|Lilongwe]] * 5{{spaced ndash}}[[Mchinji District|Mchinji]] * 6{{spaced ndash}}[[Nkhotakota District|Nkhotakhota]] * 7{{spaced ndash}}[[Ntcheu District|Ntcheu]] * 8{{spaced ndash}}[[Ntchisi District|Ntchisi]] * 9{{spaced ndash}}[[Salima District|Salima]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | '''[[Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto, Malawi|Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto]]''' ---- * 10{{spaced ndash}}[[Chitipa District|Chitipa]] * 11{{spaced ndash}}[[Karonga District|Karonga]] * 12{{spaced ndash}}[[Likoma District|Likoma]] * 13{{spaced ndash}}[[Mzimba District|Mzimba]] * 14{{spaced ndash}}[[Nkhata Bay District|Nkhata Bay]] * 15{{spaced ndash}} [[Rumphi District|Rumphi]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | '''[[Chigaŵa cha kumwera, Malawi|Chigaŵa cha kumwera]]''' ---- * 16{{spaced ndash}}[[Balaka District|Balaka]] * 17{{spaced ndash}}[[Blantyre District|Blantyre]] * 18{{spaced ndash}}[[Chikhwawa District|Chikwawa]] * 19{{spaced ndash}}[[Chiradzulu District|Chiradzulu]] * 20{{spaced ndash}}[[Machinga District|Machinga]] * 21{{spaced ndash}}[[Mangochi District|Mangochi]] * 22{{spaced ndash}}[[Mulanje District|Mulanje]] * 23{{spaced ndash}}[[Mwanza District|Mwanza]] * 24{{spaced ndash}}[[Nsanje District|Nsanje]] * 25{{spaced ndash}}[[Thyolo District|Thyolo]] * 26{{spaced ndash}}[[Phalombe District|Phalombe]] * 27{{spaced ndash}}[[Zomba District|Zomba]] * 28{{spaced ndash}}[[Neno District|Neno]] |} ===Ubale na vyaru vinyake=== {{Main|maUbale gha charu cha Malaŵi}} Pulezidenti wakale [[Hastings Banda]] wakakhazikiska [[kukhozgera vyaru vya ku Manjiliro gha dazi]] [[ndondomeko ya vyaru vinyake]] iyo yikalutilira m’paka kukwambilira kwa 2011. Yikasazgapo ubwezi uwemi na vyaru vinandi vya ku Manjiliro gha dazi. Kusintha kwa boma la chipani chimoza kuya ku boma la vipani vinandi kukakhozga ubwezi wa Malaŵi na United States. Ŵasambiri ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Malaŵi ŵakuluta ku US kukasambira, ndipo ku US kuli nthambi zakugwira ntchito za [[Peace Corps]], [[Malo ghakuvikilira na kuvikilira matenda]], [[Dipatimenti ya Umoyo na Ŵanthu ya United States . Uteŵeti|Dipatimenti ya Umoyo na Uteŵeti wa Ŵanthu]], na [[Wupu wa United States wa Kutukula Ŵanthu pa Charu Chose|Wupu wa Pachanya pa Charu Chose. Kutukuka]] ku Malawi. Malawi wakasunga [[ubwezi wa Malawi–South Africa|ubwezi na South Africa]] mu nyengo yose ya [[Kusankhana kwa sankho ku South Africa|Kusankhana kwa sankho]], ivyo vikapangiska kuti ubwezi wa Malawi na vyaru vinyake vya ku Africa uŵe wakusuzga. Pamanyuma pa kugwa kwa boma la apartheid mu 1994, ubwezi wa boma ukapangika ndipo ukakhalilira mpaka mu 2011 pakati pa Malaŵi na vyalo vinyakhe vyose vya ku Africa. Kweni mu 2010, ubwezi wa Malaŵi na Mozambique ukamba kunangika, chifukwa chakuti pakaŵa mphindano pa nkhani ya kugwiliskira ntchito mlonga wa Zambezi na magesi gha pakati pa vyaru.<ref name="StateDept" /> Mu 2007, Malawi wakakhazikiska ubwezi na China, ndipo ndalama izo China yikuŵika mu charu ichi zikulutilira kukura kufuma nyengo iyo, nangauli ŵanthu ŵakukhwaskika na umo makampani gha ku China ghakuchitira na ŵanchito ndiposo kuti bizinesi ya ku China yikuchita mpikisano na makampani gha ku charu ichi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/may/07/china-puts-mark-malawi-presence|title= China puts its mark on Malawi|date=7 May 2011|author=Ngozo, Claire|access-date=20 July 2011|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2011, chikalata chikafumiskika apo kazembe wa chalo cha Britain ku Malaŵi wakasuska mulongozgi Mutharika. Mutharika wakachimbizga kazembe uyu mu Malaŵi, ndipo mu Julayi 2011, UK yikapharazga kuti yikuyimika wovwiri wose wa bajeti chifukwa chakuti Mutharika wakazgorapo yayi pa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakamususkanga pa boma lake na umo wakalongozgeranga makora yayi chuma.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://blogs.forbes.com/mfonobongnsehe/2011/07/17/u-k-stops-budgetary-aid-to-malawi/|title=U.K. Stops Budgetary Aid To Malawi|date= 17 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|last=Nsehe|first=Mfonobong|magazine=Forbes}}</ref> Pa 26 July 2011, United States nayo wakalondezgapo, ndipo wakakanizga ndalama zakukwana madola gha ku America 350&nbsp;miliyoni, ndipo wakayowoya kuti wakufipa mtima chifukwa chakuti boma likuponderezga na kofya ŵanthu awo ŵakuchita viwawa na magulu gha ŵanthu, kweniso kuti likukanizga nkhaza za ŵapharazgi na ŵapolisi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/27/world/africa/27malawi.html|title=U.S. Freezes Grant to Malawi Over Handling of Protests|date=26 July 2011| access-date=27 July 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|last=Dugger|first=Celia W.}}</ref> [[File:Diplomatic missions of Malawi.png|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Malo gha ma embassy panji makomishoni ghakuru gha Malawi ghali (2012)]] Malawi wakuwoneka kuti ni malo ghakubisamamo ŵanthu awo ŵali kuthaŵa kwawo kufuma ku vyaru vinyake vya ku Africa, kusazgapo Mozambique na [[Rwanda]], kufuma mu 1985. Kunjira kwa ŵanthu aŵa kwapangiska kuti chuma cha Malaŵi chiŵe chakusuzga kweni kwapangiskaso kuti wovwiri ukuru uŵepo kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu awo ŵakupeleka vyawanangwa ku Malaŵi ni United States, Canada, na Germany, kweniso mabungwe gha pa charu chose nga ni [[World Bank]], [[International Monetary Fund]], [[European Union]], [[African Development] Bank]], na mabungwe gha UN. Malawi ni membala wa mabungwe ghanandi gha pa charu chose, kusazgapo [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], wupu wa UN na wupu wake unyake uwo ukuwona vya ŵana, IMF, World Bank, [[African Union]], na [[World Bungwe la Umoyo]]. Charu ichi chikaŵa chakwamba kumwera kwa Africa kupokera masambiro gha [[kusunga mtende]] pasi pa [[Masambiro na Wovwiri wa Ntchito Zakuchitika Mwamabuchibuchi ku Africa|Ntchito Yakuzgora Suzgo la Africa]].<ref name="StateDept" /> Malawi ni charu cha nambara 79 pa charu chose icho chili na mtende chomene (pa vyaru 163), kuyana na ndondomeko ya 2024 [[Global Peace Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf}}</ref> ===Wanangwa wa ŵanthu=== {{See also|Wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu Malawi .}} Nge mu 2012, ŵanthu ŵa pa caru cose awo ŵakawoneleranga vinthu ŵakawona kuti pali nkhani zinandi zakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Ŵapolisi na ŵasilikari ŵa chivikiliro ŵakawona kuti ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nkhongono zakujumphizga kwambura kulangika, nyengo zinyake ŵakawona kuti ŵanthu ŵakuchita nkhaza, ndipo vinthu vikalutilira kuŵa vyakofya chomene mu jele ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakaŵanga pangozi. Kweni boma likawoneka kuti likuyezgayezga kuti lisuske ŵasilikari awo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nkhongono mwakujumphizga. Nkhani zinyake za malango zikaŵa zakuti ŵaŵike mphaka pa [[Wanangwa wa kuyowoya|wanangwa wa kuyowoya]] na [[wanangwa wa kupharazga]], kusungika nyengo yitali pambere ŵandaŵeruzgike, na [[kukaka mwambura kukhumba]]s na kusungika. Vimbundi mukati mwa boma vikuwoneka kuti ni nkhani yikuru, nangauli wupu wakulimbana na vimbundi wa Malawi (ACB) ukuyezgayezga kuchepeska vimbundi ivi. Vimbundi mukati mwa ŵasilikari ŵa chivikiliro navyo ni nkhani.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154356.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110414011935/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154356.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 14 April 2011|title=2010 Human Rights Report: Malawi|date=8 April 2011|access-date=21 July 2011|publisher=US Department of State}}</ref> Malawi wakaŵa na chiŵelengero chikuru chomene cha [[nthengwa za ŵana]] pa charu chose.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-03-14|title=WHO &#124; Child marriages: 39,000 every day|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2013/child_marriage_20130307/en/|access-date=2023-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314073138/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2013/child_marriage_20130307/en/ |archive-date=14 March 2013 }}</ref> In 2015, Malawi raised the legal age for marriage from 15 to 18.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Batha|first1=Emma|title=Malawi bans child marriage, lifts minimum age to 18|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-malawi-childmarriage-law-idUKKBN0LK1Y920150216|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224072159/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-malawi-childmarriage-law-idUKKBN0LK1Y920150216|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2015|access-date=19 June 2015|work=Reuters|date=16 February 2015}}</ref> Snkhani za ŵanthu izo zikasangika zikaŵa [[nkhaza za ŵanakazi]], [[kuguliska ŵanthu]], na [[kugwira ntchito za ŵana]]. Nkhani zinyake izo zayowoyeka ni za kusoŵa kwa chivikiliro chakwenelera cha ŵanakazi ku nkhaza zakugonana na kusuzgika, chiŵelengero chikuru chomene cha [[kufwa kwa ŵamama]], na nkhaza izo zikukhwaskana na milandu ya [[ufwiti]].<ref>{{cite web |title=WOMEN AND LAW IN SOUTHERN AFRICA RESEARCH AND EDUCATIONAL TRUST (WLSA MALAWI) |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/ngos/WLSAMalawi45_session.pdf |access-date=9 February 2016 |website=Ohchr.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WITCHCRAFT ACCUSATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS: CASE STUDIES FROM MALAWI |url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1398&context=faculty_scholarship |access-date=9 February 2016 |website=Ir.lawnet.fordham.edu |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Whiting |first1=Alex |date=6 July 2016 |title=Attacks On Albinos Grow In Malawi As Body Parts Are Sold For Witchcraft |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/attacks-albinos-malawi-amnesty_us_57571410e4b07823f9517df2 |access-date=10 December 2016 |work=Huffington Post |agency=Thomson Reuters Foundation}}</ref> {{As of|2010}}, [[LGBT rights in Malawi|homosexuality]] has been illegal in Malawi. In one 2010 case, a couple perceived as homosexual (a [[man]] and a [[trans woman]]) faced extensive jail time when convicted.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aegis.org/default.asp?req=http://www.aegis.org/news/ap/2010/AP100509.html|title=Gay couple convicted in Malawi faces 14-year term|last=Tenthani|first=Rafael|date=18 May 2010|access-date=22 September 2010|publisher=Aegis|agency=Associated Press|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503184110/http://www.aegis.org/default.asp?req=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aegis.org%2Fnews%2Fap%2F2010%2FAP100509.html|archive-date=3 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The convicted pair, sentenced to the maximum of 14 years of hard labour each, were pardoned two weeks later following the intervention of [[United Nations Secretary General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Malawi pardons jailed gay couple|newspaper=Irish Times|date=29 May 2010|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2010/0529/breaking26.html|access-date=29 May 2010}}</ref> In May 2012, then-President [[Joyce Banda]] pledged to repeal laws criminalising homosexuality.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/18/malawi-president-vows-legalise-homosexuality |title=Malawi president vows to legalise homosexuality |author1=David Smith |author2=Godfrey Mapondera |newspaper=The Guardian |date=18 May 2012 |access-date=18 May 2012}}</ref> It was her successor, [[Peter Mutharika]], who imposed a moratorium in 2015 that suspended the country's anti-gay laws pending further review of the same laws.<ref name="Malawi24">{{cite news |title=Breaking: Malawi holds first Gay pride parade {{!}} Malawi 24 – Malawi news |url=https://malawi24.com/2021/06/26/breaking-malawi-holds-first-gay-pride-parade/ |work=[[Malawi24]] |date=26 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Malawi 'suspends' anti-homosexual laws |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35151341 |work=BBC News |date=21 December 2015}}</ref> On 26 June 2021, the country's [[LGBT]] community held the first [[Pride parade]] in Lilongwe.<ref name="Malawi24"/> ==Kaŵiro ka Malo== {{Main|Geography of Malawi}} [[File:Livingstoniamountainsmalawi.jpg|thumb|Mapiri gha ku Mpoto kwa Malaŵi mu nyengo ya vula.]] Malawi ni [[charu icho chili pafupi na nyanja]] kumwela chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, mphaka ni Zambia kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi, Tanzania kumpoto chakumafumilo gha dazi, na Mozambique kummwela, kumwela chakumanjiliro gha dazi, na kummwera chakumafumiro gha dazi. Lili pakati pa latitude [[9th kumwera|9°]] na [[18th kumwera|18°S]], na longitude [[32th meridian kumafumiro gha dazi|32°]] na [[36th meridian kumafumiro gha dazi|36°E]. ]. [[East African Rift|Chigwa Chikuru cha Rift]] chikujumpha mu charu ichi kufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi kwa chigwa ichi kuli [[Nyanja ya Malawi]] (iyo yikuchemekaso Nyanja [[Nyasa (nyanja)|Nyasa]]) , iyo yikupanga vigaŵa vyakujumpha vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya mphaka ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Malaŵi.<ref name="Cutter142" /> Lake Malawi is sometimes called the Calendar Lake as it is about {{convert|365|mi|km}} long and {{convert|52|mi|km}} wide.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.travelafricamag.com/content/view/231/56/ |title=Malawi: The Lake of Stars |magazine=Travel Africa |issue=4 |date=Summer 1998 |author=Douglas, John |access-date=22 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114161419/http://www.travelafricamag.com/content/view/231/56/ |archive-date=14 January 2009 }}</ref> The [[Shire River]] flows from the south end of the lake and joins the [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] {{convert|250|mi|km|order=flip}} farther south in [[Mozambique]]. The surface of Lake Malawi is at {{convert|1500|ft|m|0|order=flip}} above sea level, with a maximum depth of {{convert|2300|ft|m|0|order=flip}}, which means the lake bottom is over {{convert|700|ft|m|0|order=flip}} below sea level at some points.<ref>{{citation | last = Embassy of the Republic of Malawi in the United States | title = Lake Malawi | url = http://www.malawiembassy-dc.org/page/lake-malawi | access-date = 13 October 2021 | archive-date = 3 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211003131908/http://www.malawiembassy-dc.org/page/lake-malawi | url-status = dead }}</ref> [[File:Monoxylon beach Lake Malawi 1557.jpg|thumb|alt=Two small dugout canoes on the shore of a lake|Nyanja Malawi]] In the mountainous sections of Malawi surrounding the Rift Valley, plateaus rise generally {{convert|3000|to|4000|ft|m|0|order=flip}} above sea level, although some rise as high as {{convert|8000|ft|m|0|order=flip}} in the north. To the south of Lake Malawi lies the [[Shire Highlands]], gently rolling land at approximately {{convert|3000|ft|m|0|order=flip}} above sea level. In this area, the Zomba and [[Mulanje Massif|Mulanje]] mountain peaks rise to respective heights of {{convert|7000|and|10000|ft|m|0|order=flip}}.<ref name="Cutter142" /> Msumba ukuru wa chalo cha Malaŵi ni [[Lilongwe]], ndipo malo ghake gha malonda ni [[Blantyre]], ndipo muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 500,000&nbsp;wanthu.<ref name="Cutter142" /> Malawi wali na malo ghaŵiri agho ghali kulembeka pa [[Mndandanda wa Vinthu vya Charu Chose vya UNESCO]]. [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi National Park]] yikalembeka kakwamba mu 1984, ndipo [[Malo gha Chongoni Rock Art Area]] yikalembeka mu 2006.<ref name="Turner24">Turner, ''The Statesman's Yearbook'', p. 824</ref> [[Nyengo ya Malawi|Nyengo ya Malawi]] yikuŵa yakutentha mu malo ghapasi kumwera kwa charu ndipo yikuŵa yakuzizima mu malo ghapachanya gha kumpoto. Utali wake ukuyana na nyengo iyo yingaŵa ya equatorial. Pakati pa Novembala na Epulero, nyengo yikuŵa yakufunda ndipo vula yikuwira ku equator na vula yachimphepo, ndipo chimphepo ichi chikufika pa msinkhu wake kuumaliro wa Malichi. Pamanyuma pa mwezi wa Malichi, vula yikucepa mwaluŵiro, ndipo kufuma mu Meyi m’paka Seputembala, ciwuvi cakunyeŵa cikuyandama kufuma ku vigaŵa vyakutali na kunjira mu vigaŵa vyakutali, ndipo pafupifupi vula yikuŵapo yayi mu myezi iyi.<ref name="Cutter142" /> ===Flora na fauna=== {{Main|Vyamoyo vya ku Malaŵi}} [[File:Elephant at Majete wildlife reserve.jpg|thumb|Zovu mu malo ghakusungirako vinyama vya Majete]] Vinyama ivyo vikusangika mu Malawi vikusazgapo [[Mndandanda wa vinyama vyakuyamwisa vya ku Malawi|vinyama vyakuyamwisa]] nga ni njovu, mvubu, nkhalamu, njovu, amphaka ŵakuru, nyamudolo, nkhwantha, na mileme; mitundu yikuru ya [[Mndandanda wa viyuni vya Malawi|viyuni]], kusazgapo viyuni vyakukhwaŵa, viyuni vya parrot, na viyuni vya falcon; viyuni vya mu maji na viyuni vikuruvikuru vya mu maji; na vihowe na viyuni vyakwimba. Nyanja ya Malawi yalongosoreka kuti yili na ''chimoza mwa vinyama vya somba za mu nyanja ivyo vikusambazga chomene pa charu chose'', ndipo muli vinyama pafupifupi 200, viyuni 650, 30+ mollusk, na mitundu 5,500+ ya vyakumera.<ref name="feow">{{cite web|last1=Ribbink|first1=Anthony.J.|title=Lake Malawi|url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/lake_malawi|website=Freshwater Ecoregions Of the World|publisher=[[The Nature Conservancy]]|access-date=9 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220081754/http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/lake_malawi|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri vya pa charu chapasi vili mu mphaka ya Malaŵi: [[Malo gha miombo gha pakati pa Zambezia]], [[Malo gha miombo gha kumafumiro gha dazi]], [[Malo gha miombo gha kumwera]], [[Malo gha Zambezia na mopane]], [[Malo gha Zambezia] ghakusefukira, [[Kumwera kwa Malaŵi nkhalango-utheka mosaic]], na [[mosaic wa nkhalango-utheka wa ku Southern Rift montane]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref> There are five [[:Category:National parks of Malawi|national parks]], four [[:Category:Protected areas of Malawi|wildlife and game reserves]] and two other [[:Category:Protected areas of Malawi|protected areas]] in Malawi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqhc-1eKDOIC&q=There+are+five+national+parks%2C+four+wildlife+and+game+reserves+and+two+other+protected+areas+in+Malawi&pg=PA27|title=Malawi|date=2010|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-313-9|language=en}}</ref> The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 5.74/10, ranking it 96th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Kendeskero ka chuma== {{Main|Economy of Malawi}} {{See also|Malawian food crisis|List of companies based in Malawi}} [[File:Lilongwe (Malawi) - crafts market.JPG|thumb|right|Msika wa vya luso la mawoko ku Lilongwe]] Malawi is among the world's least developed countries. Around 85% of the population lives in rural areas. The economy is based on agriculture, and more than one-third of GDP and 90% of export revenues come from this. In the past, the economy has been dependent on substantial economic aid from the [[World Bank]], the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), and other countries.<ref name="CIA" /> Malawi was ranked the 119th safest investment destination in the world in the March 2011 Euromoney Country Risk rankings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Country Risk|url=http://www.euromoneycountryrisk.com/|publisher=Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC|access-date=15 August 2011}}</ref> The Malawian government faces challenges in developing a market economy, improving environmental protection, dealing with the rapidly growing [[HIV/AIDS]] problem, improving the education system, and satisfying its foreign donors to become financially independent. Mu December 2000, IMF yikaleka kupeleka wovwiri chifukwa cha vimbundi, ndipo ŵantu ŵanandi awo ŵakapelekanga wovwiri ŵakalondezgapo, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti bajeti ya chitukuko cha Malawi yikhire pafupifupi na 80%.<ref name="Africa08" /> However, in 2005, Malawi was the recipient of over US$575&nbsp;million in aid. Many analysts believe that economic progress for Malawi depends on its ability to control population growth.<ref>{{cite web |date=2012 |title=Why Population Matters to Malawi's Development: Managing Population Growth for Sustainable Development Department of Population and Development. |url=http://www.prb.org/pdf12/malawi-population-matters.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517002531/http://www.prb.org/pdf12/malawi-population-matters.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2017 |access-date=8 October 2014 |publisher=Department of Population and Development. Ministry of Economic Planning and Development. Government of Malawi.}}</ref> Mu 2009 kugula ndege ya pulezidenti ya paŵekha iyo yikalondezgeka pafupifupi nyengo yeneyiyo na kusoŵa kwa mafuta mu charu chose, icho chikaŵa na mulandu wa boma chifukwa cha masuzgo gha vyakupeleka, chikaŵa chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa ndalama zakukhora izo zikapangika chifukwa cha kugula ndege.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news|title=Britain reduces aid to Malawi over presidential jet|work=Reuters|date=10 March 2010|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/malawiNews/idAFLDE62921I20100310?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510021817/http://af.reuters.com/article/malawiNews/idAFLDE62921I20100310?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="Africa News">{{cite news|title=Malawi: Fuel shortage deepens|publisher=Africa News|date=11 November 2009|url=http://www.africanews.com/site/Malawi_Fuel_shortage_deepens/list_messages/27986|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724061651/http://www.africanews.com/site/Malawi_Fuel_shortage_deepens/list_messages/27986|archive-date=24 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="Nyasa Times">{{cite news|title=Forex shortage crimps Malawi ministers' foreign trips|publisher=Nyasa Times|date=19 November 2009|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/forex-shortage-crimps-malawi-ministers-foreign-trips.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122080522/http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/forex-shortage-crimps-malawi-ministers-foreign-trips.html|archive-date=22 November 2009}}</ref> Kusazgilapo apa, vinthu vinyake vyatondeska ntchito, ndipo Malawi yataya nkhongono zake zinyake zakulipira vyakuguliska vyakufuma ku vyaru vinyake chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa ndalama zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, chifukwa vyakuŵika ndalama vikakhira na 23% mu 2009. Pali vinthu vinandi ivyo vikutondeska vyakuŵika ndalama mu Malawi, ivyo boma lili navyo . ŵakatondeka kuvimazga, kusazgapo ndalama zinandi zakuchitira ntchito na vinthu viheni vya magesi, maji, na vyakuchezgera pa foni. {{Kufuma mu|2017}}, vikawoneka kuti Malawi yikaŵa na [[nkhongono yakugulira vinthu]] (PPP) ya $22.42&nbsp;biliyoni, na GDP ya munthu waliyose ya $1200, ndipo mitengo yikuwoneka kuti yikaŵa pa 12.2% mu 2017.<ref name="CIA" /> Ulimi ukupanga 35% ya GDP, mafakitale ghakupanga 19%, ndipo [[Uteŵeti (vyachuma)|utumiki]] ukupanga 46% yakukhalira .<ref name=TWB/> Malawi has one of the lowest per capita incomes in the world,<ref name="Africa08" /> nangauli kukura kwa chuma kukaŵa kwa 9.7% mu 2008 ndipo kukura kwakukhora kukuyowoyeka na [[International Monetary Fund]] kwa 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE53008220090401|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530230618/http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE53008220090401|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 May 2010|title=Malawi economy grew by around 9.7 pct in 2008: IMF|last=Banda|first= Mabvuto|date=1 April 2009|access-date=7 April 2009|agency=Reuters Africa}}</ref> [[chiŵelengero cha ukavu]] mu Malawi chikuchepa chifukwa cha ntchito ya boma na mabungwe ghakovwira, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala pasi pa mzere wa ukavu ŵakuchepa kufuma pa 54% mu 1990 kufika pa 40% mu 2006, ndipo peresenti ya "ŵakavu chomene" yikuchepa . kufuma pa 24% mu 1990 kufika pa 15% mu 2007.<ref name=UNDP>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=74:malawi-releases-the-2008-mdgs-report&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=50|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511075807/http://www.undp.org.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=74:malawi-releases-the-2008-mdgs-report&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=50|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 May 2011|title=Malawi releases the 2008 MDGs Report|publisher=United Nations Development Programme Malawi|date=23 December 2008|access-date=3 January 2009}}</ref> Mu Janyuwale 2015, kumwera kwa Malaŵi kukasefukira maji. Kusefukira kwa maji uku kukakhwaska ŵanthu ŵakujumpha miliyoni yimoza mu caru cose, kusazgapo 336,000 awo ŵakacimbizgika mu vikaya vyawo, mwakuyana na [[UNICEF]]. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100 ŵakakomeka, ndipo pafupifupi mahekitala 64,000 gha malo ghakulimapo ghakasambika na maji.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/02/devastation-disease-deadly-malawi-floods-150225070745817.html |title=Devastation and disease after deadly Malawi floods |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=25 February 2015 |access-date=9 February 2016}}</ref> ===Ulimi na mafakitale=== {{main|Ulimi mu Malawi .}} [[File:Groundnut harvesting in Malawi.jpg|thumb|right|Kukolola [[Bambara groundnut|skaŵa]] kwa kufufuza vya ulimi ku Malaŵi]] [[Chuma cha Malaŵi]] chikupangika chomene na ulimi. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 80% ŵakuchita ulimi wakukhalira, nangauli ulimi ukawovwira waka 27% ya GDP mu 2013. [[chigaŵa cha ntchito]] chikupanga vyakujumpha hafu ya GDP (54%), pakuyaniska na 11% ya vyakupangapanga . na 8% ku mafakitale ghanyake, kusazgapo migodi ya uranium yachilengedwe. Malawi wakuŵika ndalama zinandi mu ulimi (nga ni chigaŵa cha GDP) kuluska charu chilichose cha ku Africa: 28% ya GDP.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url= http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf |title= Southern Africa. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 |last1=Kraemer-Mbula |first1=Erika |last2=Scerri |first2=Mario |publisher= UNESCO |year=2015 |isbn= 978-92-3-100129-1 |location= Paris |pages= 535–555}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000228807 <!--http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002288/228807e.pdf-->|title=Mapping Research and Innovation in the Republic of Malawi|author1=Lemarchand, Guillermo A.|author2=Schneegans, Susan|publisher=UNESCO|year=2014|isbn=978-92-3-100032-4|location=Paris |access-date=22 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/one.org/images/131008_ONE_Maputo_FINAL.pdf|title=The Maputo Commitments and the 2014 African Year of Agriculture|publisher=ONE.org|year=2013}}</ref> Kufuma mu 2006, charu ichi chikamba kusakanizga mafuta ghambura mkuŵa na 10% [[ethanol]], agho ghakupangika mu charu ichi pa mafakitale ghaŵiri, kuti ŵaleke kuthemba mafuta ghakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 2006, chifukwa cha vuna ya ulimi iyo yikaŵa yichoko, Malawi yikamba ndondomeko ya wovwiri wa [[feteleza]], ndondomeko ya wovwiri wa feteleza (FISP). Vili kumanyikwa kuti ndondomeko iyi, iyo yikukhozgeka na pulezidenti wa charu ichi, yikupangiska kuti Malawi yiŵe charu icho chikuguliska vyakurya ku vyaru vyapafupi.<ref>{{cite news |author=Dugger, Celia W. |date=2 December 2007 |title=Ending Famine, Simply by Ignoring the Experts |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/02/world/africa/02malawi.html |access-date=5 August 2008 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> FISP yikamara na nyifwa ya Mulongozgi Mutharika. Mu 2020, ndondomeko iyi yikasinthika na ndondomeko ya Affordable Inputs Program (AIP), iyo yikusazgapo wovwiri wa mbuto za chimanga na feteleza ku [[Sogamu]] na mbuto za mpunga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matita |first=Mirriam |last2=Chirwa |first2=Ephraim W. |last3=Johnston |first3=Deborah |last4=Mazalale |first4=Jacob |last5=Smith |first5=Richard |last6=Walls |first6=Helen |date=March 2021 |title=Does household participation in food markets increase dietary diversity? Evidence from rural Malawi |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100486 |journal=Global Food Security |volume=28 |pages=100486 |doi=10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100486 |issn=2211-9124|doi-access=free }}</ref> Vinthu vikuru vya ulimi vya ku Malawi ni [[fodya]], [[mijuwa]], [[Gossypium|thonje]], [[Camellia sinensis|tiyi]], [[Chimanga|chimanga]], mbatata, mabele, ng’ombe, na mbuzi. Mafakitale ghakuru ni fodya, tiyi, na shuga, [[sawmill]] vyakupangika, simenti, na [[Vinthu vyaumaliro|vinthu vyakuguliska]]. Kukura kwa mafakitale kwakupanga kukuwoneka kuti kuli pa 10% (2009). Charu ichi chikugwiliskira ntchito chomene yayi gasi la chilengiwa. {{As of|2008}}, Malawi wakuguliska magesi ghakufuma ku vyaru vinyake yayi panji kuguliska ku vyaru vinyake kweni wakuguliska mafuta ghake ghose, ndipo palije uyo wakupangika mu chalo ichi.<ref name="CIA" /> Mu 2008, Malaŵi yikamba kuyezga magalimoto agho ghakagwiliskiranga ntchito ethanol pera, ndipo charu ichi chikulutilira kusazgirako kugwiliskira ntchito ethanol.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/malawis-ethanolfuel-tests-show-promise-2008-10-10|title=Malawi's ethanol-fuel tests show promise|newspaper=Engineering News|date=10 October 2008|last=Chimwala|first=Marcel|access-date=3 January 2009}}</ref> [[File:Schoolchildren in Malawi.jpg|thumb|left|Ŵana awo ŵakusangika pa ungano wa [[ŵalimi]] mu muzi wa Nalifu, [[Mulanje]]]]Kufuma mu 2009, Malaŵi wakutumizga katundu wakukwana US$945&nbsp;miliyoni pa chaka. Mitengo ya fodya pa charu chose yikakhira, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa pa charu chose ŵakuchichizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kupanga fodya. Charu cha Malawi chikuthemba chomene pa fodya, ndipo chinthu ichi chikukwera kufuma pa 53% kufika pa 70% ya ndalama izo zikuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake pakati pa 2007 na 2008. Charu ichi chikuthembaso chomene pa tiyi, shuga, na khofi, ndipo vinthu vitatu ivi pamoza na fodya vikupanga vyakujumpha 90% vya 2008. Ndalama izo Malawi wakusanga pakuguliska vinthu ku vyaru vinyake.<ref name="CIA2" /><ref name="Africa082" /> Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mitengo na kukhira kwa mitengo ya kuguliska, Malawi wakuchiska ŵalimi kuti ŵaleke kukhweŵa fodya na kuguliska vipambi ivyo vikuŵa na phindu likuru, kusazgapo vyakununkhira nga ni [[paprika]]. Kufumapo pa fodya kukukhozgekaso na [[Bungwe la Umoyo pa Charu Chose|Bungwe la Umoyo pa Charu Chose]] likulimbana na mtundu wa fodya uyo Malawi wakupanga, [[Burley (fodya)|burley leaf]]. Ŵakuwona kuti vikunanga chomene umoyo wa ŵanthu kuluska vyakumwa vinyake vya fodya. India [[hemp]] ndiyo nthowa yinyake iyo yingaŵapo, kweni ŵanthu ŵakususka kuti yizamupangiska kuti paŵe milandu yinandi mu charu ichi kwizira mu kufanana na mitundu ya [[Cannabis (munkhwala)|cannabis]] iyo yikugwiriskirika nchito nga ni [[munkhwala wakusanguluska]]. ndiposo suzgo la kupambaniska pakati pa mitundu yiŵiri iyi.<ref>{{cite news |author=Tenthani, Raphael |date=24 April 2000 |title=Legal Hemp for Malawi? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/708649.stm |access-date=21 December 2011 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Kulima kwa cannabis wa ku Malaŵi, uyo wakuchemeka [[Malawi Gold]], nga ni munkhwala kwachuluka chomene.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 December 1998 |title=Marijuana Cultivation Increases in Malawi |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/17/world/marijuana-cultivation-increases-in-malawi.html |access-date=21 December 2011 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Malawi wakumanyikwa kuti wakulima "cannabis yiwemi chomene" pa charu chose chapasi kuti [[kugwiriskira ntchito munkhwala wakuzweteska wongo wakusanguluska]], kuyana na lipoti lasonosono apa la World Bank, ndipo kulima na kuguliska vipambi ivi kungapangiska kuti paŵe vimbundi mukati mwa ŵapolisi.<ref>{{cite web |author=Mpaka, Charles |date=11 December 2011 |title=Malawi's Chamba valued at K1. 4 billion |url=http://www.bnltimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2877:malawis-chamba-valued-at-k1-4-billion&catid=42:national&Itemid=401 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112130233/http://www.bnltimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2877:malawis-chamba-valued-at-k1-4-billion&catid=42:national&Itemid=401 |archive-date=12 January 2012 |access-date=21 December 2011 |work=Sunday Times |publisher=Blantyre Newspapers, Ltd}}</ref>[[File:GDP in Southern African Development Community countries by economic sector, 2013 or closest year.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|GDP mu vyaru vyakutukuka vya kumwera kwa Africa kuyana na chigaŵa cha chuma, 2013 panji chaka chapafupi<ref name="t2030">{{cite book |title= UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 |date=2015}}</ref>]] Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikutumizgika ku vyaru vinyake ni thonje, mtedza, vyakupangika na makuni, na [[Vyakuvwara|vyakuvwara]]. Malo ghakuru agho charu ichi chikuguliska vinthu ku vyaru vinyake ni South Africa, Germany, Egypt, Zimbabwe, United States, Russia, na Netherlands. Pasono chalo cha Malawi chikuguliska katundu wakukwana US$1.625&nbsp;biliyoni pa chaka, ndipo katundu mukuru ni vyakurya, mafuta, katundu wakugwiriskira ntchito, na vipangizo vyakwendeska galimoto. Vyalo vikuruvikuru ivyo Malawi wakutolera ku vyaru ivi ni South Africa, India, Zambia, Tanzania, America, na China.<ref name="CIA" /> Mu 2016, Malaŵi wakasuzgika na chilala, ndipo mu Januwale 2017, charu ichi chikapharazga kuti pakaŵa [[Nkhosi ya ku Africa|nkhono za nkhondo]] kuzingilizga Zomba. Nyerere iyi yikukwaniska kuparanya minda ya chimanga yose, iyo ni tirigu wakuzirwa chomene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malawi hit by armyworm outbreak, threatens maize crop|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malawi-grains-armyworms-idUSKBN14W0NT?feedType=RSS&feedName=environmentNews|access-date=12 January 2017|work=Reuters|date=12 January 2017}}</ref> Pa 14 January 2017, nduna ya vya ulimi [[George Chaponda]] yikati mahekitala 2,000 gha vipambi ghanangika, ndipo ghathandazgika mu vigaŵa 9 pa vigaŵa 28.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malawi's armyworm outbreak destroys 2,000 hectares: minister|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malawi-grains-armyworm-idUSKBN14Y0DK?il=0|access-date=14 January 2017|work=Reuters|date=14 January 2017}}</ref> ===Vinthu vyakuzengeka=== {{Main|Mayendero mu Malaŵi|Mayendero gha sitima za pa mtunda mu Malaŵi|Kudumbiskana mu Malaŵi}} [[File:2010-10-21 12-42-27 Malawi - Bula.JPG|thumb|Msewu wa M1 pakati pa Blantyre na Lilongwe]] {{As of|2012}}, Malawi has 31&nbsp;airports, seven with paved runways (two [[international airport]]s) and 24 with unpaved runways. {{As of|2008}}, the country has {{convert|797|km|mi}} of railways, all [[narrow-gauge]], and, as of 2003, {{convert|15451|mi|km|order=flip}} of [[roadway]]s in various conditions, {{convert|6956|km|mi}} paved and {{convert|8495|km|mi}} unpaved. Malawi also has {{convert|700|km|mi}} of [[waterway]]s on Lake Malawi and along the Shire River.<ref name="CIA" /> {{Mu|2022}}, mu Malawi mukaŵa mafoni ghakukwana 10.23&nbsp;miliyoni. Pakaŵa ŵanthu 4.03 miliyoni awo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito Intaneti mu 2022.<ref name=":2" /> Also, {{as of|2022|lc=y}}, pakaŵa wayilesi yimoza iyo yikalongozgekanga na boma (Malawi Broadcasting Corporation) ndiposo pafupifupi khumi na ziŵiri izo zikaŵa za mabizinesi gha paŵekha. Ntchito za wayilesi, TV na positi mu Malaŵi zikulaŵilirika na [[Bungwe Lakulaŵilira vya Kupharazga mu Malaŵi]] (MACRA).<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Malawi Communications Regulatory Authority (MACRA)|url=http://www.macra.org.mw/|website=www.macra.org.mw|publisher=MACRA|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218213634/http://www.macra.org.mw/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Act No. 41 of 1998|url=http://www.macra.org.mw/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Communications-Act-19981.pdf|publisher=[[Malawi Government Gazette]]|date=30 December 1998|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-date=25 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325030415/http://www.macra.org.mw/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Communications-Act-19981.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Charu ichi chikujilumba kuti chili na masiteshoni 20 gha televishoni mu 2016 pa netiweki ya digito ya chalo ichi ya MDBNL.<ref name="CIA" /> Kale, nthowa zakuyowoyeskana za pa foni mu Malaŵi zikacemekanga kuti ni yimoza mwa nthowa ziheni comene mu Africa, kweni vinthu vikwenda makora, ndipo pakati pa 2000 na 2007, mafoni ghakukwana 130,000 ghakalumikizgika. mizere ya mtunda kuŵa mu mizi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uneca.org/aisi/NICI/country_profiles/malawi/malab.htm |title=Malawi |work=NICI in Africa |publisher=Economic Commission for Africa |access-date=6 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410063206/http://www.uneca.org/aisi/nici/country_profiles/malawi/malab.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009 }}</ref> === Sayansi na umanyi === {{Main|Sayansi na tekinoloje ku Malawi .}} === Kafukufuku wakuchitika === [[File:Scientific publication trends in SADC countries, 2005-2014.svg|thumb|Mabuku gha sayansi ghakuchitika mu vyaru ivyo vikupanga chomene vya SADC, 2005–2014<ref name=t2030/>]] Malawi wakapeleka 1.06% ya GDP ku kugwira ntchito mu 2010, kukuyana na kuyana na uyo wakwenda na Dipatimenti ya Sayansi na Tekinoloje, iyo njimoza mwa vyaŵa vyaŵa vya mu Africa. Ici cikuyana na $7.8 pa wakusanda (mu madola gha kugaŵana.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Mu 2014, ŵasayansi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakaŵa ŵachitatu pa ivyo ŵakalemba mu Southern Africa, pa nkhani ya nkhani izo zikalembeka mu mabuku gha pa charu chose. Ŵakalemba nkhani 322 mu [[Thomson Reuters]]’ Webusayiti ya Sayansi mu chaka chira, pafupifupi katatu nambara iyo ŵakalemba mu 2005 (116). Mabuku gha ku South Africa pera (9,309) na United Republic of Tanzania (770) ndigho ghakasindikizga mabuku ghanandi kumwera kwa Africa. Ŵasayansi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakupharazga vinandi mu magazini ghakurughakuru – pakuyaniska na GDP – kuluska charu chilichose icho chili na ŵanthu ŵakuyana waka, ndipo mabuku 19 pera pa ŵanthu miliyoni yiliyose ghali kulembeka mu magazini gha pa charu chose mu 2014. Pafupifupi ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Sahara ni mabuku 20 pa ŵanthu miliyoni yiliyose.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Malawi was ranked 107th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2021, up from 118th in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=RTD – Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Ndondomeko === Ndondomeko yakwamba ya sayansi na tekinoloje ya Malawi yikayamba mu 1991 ndipo yikasintha mu 2002. ''Ndondomeko ya chalo cha sayansi na tekinoloje'' ya 2002 yikaghanaghananga kuti paŵe Komiti ya Charu Chose ya Sayansi na Tekinoloje kuti yipelekenge ulongozgi ku boma na ŵanyake awo ŵakukhwaskika pa nkhani ya sayansi na tekinoloje- wakalongozga chitukuko. Nangauli dango la sayansi na tekinoloje la 2003 likapeleka ndondomeko yakupangira komiti iyi, kweni yikamba waka kugwira ntchito mu 2011, ndipo yikaŵa na ofesi ya mulembi chifukwa cha kuphatikizgika kwa Dipatimenti ya Sayansi na Tekinoloje na National Research Council. Lamulo la Sayansi na Tekinoloje la 2003 likakhazikiskaso Fund ya Sayansi na Tekinoloje kuti yiwovwirepo pa kafukufuku na masambiro kwizira mu wovwiri wa boma na ngongoli kweni, {{as of|2014|lc=y}}, ichi chikaŵa kuti chindambe kugwira ntchito. Mulembi wa Komiti Yakuwona vya Sayansi na Tekinoloje ya Charu Chose wakawoneseska ndondomeko ya Sayansi, Tekinoloje, na Kupanga Vinthu Viphya. (2011–2015) kweni, kufuma kukwambilira kwa 2015, ndondomeko iyo yikasintha yikaŵa kuti yindazomerezgeke na Kabineti.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Mu 2012, ndalama zinandi zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake zikanjira mu vyakumangamanga (62%) na chigaŵa cha nkhongono (33%). Boma laŵikapo ndondomeko zinandi zakukhozga ndalama, kusazgapo kuchepeskako misonkho, kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵanjire mu ndalama. Mu 2013, wupu wa Malawi wa vyakuŵika ndalama na malonda ukaŵika pamoza ndondomeko ya vyakuŵika ndalama iyo yikukhwaska makampani 20.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Mu chaka cha 2013, boma likazomerezga ''Nthowa yakuguliska vinthu ku vyaru vinyake'' kuti vinthu vyakuguliska vya charu ivi viŵe vyakupambanapambana. Malo ghakupangira vinthu ghakwenera kukhazikiska vinthu vyakupambanapambana mukati mwa magulu ghatatu agho ghasankhika: vinthu vya mafuta, vinthu vya nzimbe, na kupanga vinthu.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Life sciences and geosciences dominate, Cumulative totals by field, 2008–2014.svg|alt=Scientific research output in terms of publications in Southern Africa, cumulative totals by field, 2008–2014.|Kafukufuku wa sayansi wakufuma mu mabuku gha ku Southern Africa, wakusazgikira pamoza na munda, 2008–2014<ref>{{Cite book|title= UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 |date=2015|chapter= Figure 20.6}}</ref> File:Researchers (HC) in Southern Africa per million inhabitants, 2013 or closest year.svg|Ŵakufufuza (HC) ku Southern Africa pa ŵanthu miliyoni yiliyose, 2013 panji chaka chapafupi File:Seychelles and South Africa have the most publications per million inhabitants.svg|alt=Scientific publications per million inhabitants in SADC countries in 2014.|Mabuku gha sayansi pa ŵanthu miliyoni yiliyose mu vyaru vya SADC mu 2014<ref name=t2030/><ref name="Web">{{Cite book |title= Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded}}</ref> File:Gross domestic expenditure on Research and Development GDP ratio in Southern Africa, 2012 or closest year.svg|Ndalama izo zikugwiriskirika nchito mu charu pa kafukufuku ku Southern Africa nga ni peresenti ya GDP, 2012 panji chaka chapafupi<ref>{{Cite book |title= UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 |date=2015 |chapter= Figure 20.3}}</ref> </gallery> ==Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu== {{Main|Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu Malawi}} ===Unandi=== Malawi muli banthu bakujumpha {{#expr:floor({{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Malawi}}|R}}/1e6)}} miliyoni, na [[Kukura kwa chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu|kukura kwa chiŵelengero]] cha 3.32%, kuyana na {{UN_Chiŵelengero cha Ŵanthu|Chaka}} chikupimika.{{UN_Chiŵelengero cha Ŵanthu|ref}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2002.html#mi |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=23 July 2017 |archive-date=4 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504223114/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2002.html#mi |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu chikuwoneka kuti chizamukura na kufika pa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 47&nbsp;miliyoni mu 2050, pafupifupi katatu pa ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa 16&nbsp;miliyoni mu 2010. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi mu 2016, kuyana na ivyo ŵasayansi ŵali kusanga sonosono apa, ŵali 18,091,575.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_GraphicalDisplay.aspx?ListNames=%27Population,%20History%20and%20Forecast%27&HistFor=True&GrpOp=0&Dim1=99&File=1|title=frm_Message|access-date=9 February 2016}}</ref> ===Misumba=== {{See also|Mndandanda wa misumba ya mu Malawi .}} {{Misumba yikuruyikuru ya Malawi .}} ===Mifuko=== {{bar box |title=Mafuko gha ku Malaŵi ([[2018 census of Malawi|kupenda kwa 2018]])<ref name="Census2018" /> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Ethnic Groups |right1=per cent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|Chewa|darkgreen|34.4}} {{bar percent|Lomwe|purple|18.9}} {{bar percent|Yao|red|14.3}} {{bar percent|Tumbuka|orange|22.2}} {{bar percent|Sena|darkblue|3.8}} {{bar percent|Mang'anja|green|3.2}} {{bar percent|Nyanja|maroon|1.9}} {{bar percent|Tonga|darkgray|1.8}} {{bar percent|Ngonde|gray|1}} {{bar percent|Lambya|tan|0.6}} {{bar percent|Sukwa|lime|0.5}} {{bar percent|Other|Violet|1.1}} }} Mwanthu mu Malaŵi ni [[Bacheŵa|Bachewa]], [[Batumbuka|Batumbuka]], [[Bayao (mtundu mu Africa)|BaYao]], [[Balomwe|Balomwe]], [[ Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sena|Sena]], [[Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tonga ŵa ku Malaŵi|Tonga]], [[Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ngoni| Ŵangoni]], na [[Ŵa ku Ngonde]] ŵa ku [[mtundu . gulu]]s, pamoza na chiŵelengero cha [[Ŵanthu ŵa ku China mu Malaŵi|Ŵa China]] na [[Ŵazungu ŵa ku Africa ŵakufuma ku Europe| Ŵa Europe]]. {{clear}} ===Viyowoyero=== {{main|Languages of Malawi}} {{bar box |title=Viyowoyero vya ku Malaŵi (kupenda kwa 1998)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_98/analytical_report.pdf |title=Census Analytical Report |website=nsomalawi.mw |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316103808/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_98/analytical_report.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2023}}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Languages |right1=per cent |float=left |bars= {{bar percent|Chichewa|darkgreen|57.2}} {{bar percent|Chinyanja|black|12.8}} {{bar percent|Chiyao|red|10.1}} {{bar percent|Chitumbuka|purple|9.5}} {{bar percent|Chisena|orange|2.7}} {{bar percent|Chilomwe|darkblue|2.4}} {{bar percent|Chitonga|green|1.7}} {{bar percent|Chinkhonde|maroon|0.8}} {{bar percent|Chingoni|darkgray|0.7}} {{bar percent|Chilambya|tan|0.4}} {{bar percent|Chisenga|lime|0.2}} {{bar percent|Chinyakyusa|violet|0.2}} {{bar percent|English|lightgreen|0.2}} {{bar percent|Other|lightblue|1.1}} }} Chiyowoyero cha boma ni Chingelezi.<ref name=language>{{cite web |url=http://www.malawi.gov.mw |title=Malawi Government |publisher=Malawi Government |access-date=31 July 2015}}</ref> [[File:Current Malawi health passport showing 3 languages most used in Malawi, English, Tumbuka and Chewa.jpg|thumb|Buku la kuchipatala la ku Malaŵi kuwoneska viyowoyelo 3 vyakugwiliskika chomene ku Malaŵi: Chingerezi (ŵanga liswesi), [[Chewa language|chiChewa]] (ŵanga lichanya), na [[Tumbuka language|chiTumbuka]] (ŵanga liswesi libiliŵiri).]] Viyowoyero vikuruvikuru ni [[Chiyowoyero cha Chichewa|Chichewa]], [[Chiyowoyero cha Chibantu]] icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 41%, [[Chiyowoyero cha Chitumbuka|Chitumbuka]] (28.2%), [[Chiyowoyero cha Chichewa|Chinyanja]] ( 12.8%), na [[Chiyowoyero cha Yao|Chiyao]] (16.1%). /> [[chiyowoyero cha ku malo agha]] ni [[chiyowoyero cha Malawi Lomwe|Malawi Lomwe]], icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 250,000 ku chigaŵa cha kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi; [[Kokola]], wakuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 200,000 nawo ku chigaŵa cha kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi; [[Ŵanthu ŵa Lambya|Lambya]], ŵakuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 45,000 ku mphepete ya kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi; [[Chiyowoyero cha Ndali|Chindali]], icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 70,000; [[Chiyowoyero cha Nyakyusa|Chinyakyusa-Ngonde]], icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 300,000 ku mpoto kwa Malaŵi; Chimalawi [[chiyowoyero cha Sena|Sena]], icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 270,000 kumwera kwa Malawi; na [[chiyowoyero cha Tonga (Nyasa)|Tonga]], icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 170,000 ku mpoto.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Malawi|title=Languages of Malawi|publisher=SIL International|access-date=21 November 2008|work=Ethnologue|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129051300/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Malawi|archive-date=29 November 2010}}</ref> Ŵasambiri wose ŵa sukulu za pulayimale za boma ŵakusambizgika mu Chichewa, icho chikulongosoreka kuti ntchiyowoyero chambura kuzomerezgeka cha charu cha Malawi. Kweni ŵasambiri awo ŵakusambira mu masukulu gha pulayimale gha paŵekha ŵakusambizgika mu Chingelezi usange ŵakulondezga masambiro gha ku America panji ku Britain.<ref>{{cite web|title=Culture {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Malawi in the United States|url=http://www.malawiembassy-dc.org/page/culture|access-date=2020-08-23|website=www.malawiembassy-dc.org|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926035417/http://www.malawiembassy-dc.org/page/culture|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{clear}} ===Visopo=== {{Further|Visopo mu Malawi|Chikhristu mu Malaŵi|Chiroma Katolika mu Malawi|Chisilamu mu Malaŵi|Chihindu mu Malawi|Chigomezgo cha Baháʼí mu Malaŵi}} {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = '''Visopo ku Malaŵi''' (2018)<ref>{{cite web |title=2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census |url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf |website=Official Website of National Statistical Office, Malawi |publisher=National Statistical Office |access-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf |archive-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> |label1 = [[Chikhristu]] |value1 = 77.3 |color1 = Blue |label2 = [[Chisilamu]] |value2 = 13.8 |color2 = Green |label3 = VyaŵeneCharu |value3 = 1.1 |color3 = Yellow |label4 = Vinya na ŵambula kusopa |value4 = 7.8 |color4 = black }} [[File:Livingstonia_Mission_Church.jpg|thumb|Mpingo wa Mission ku [[Livingstonia, Malawi|Livingstonia]]]] Malawi ni charu icho ŵanthu ŵanandi mbakhristu, ndipo pali ŵachisilamu ŵachoko waka. Kafukufuku wa boma wakulongora kuti 87% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi Mbakhristu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵachoko waka mba Chisilamu 11.6%.<ref name="DHS 2016">{{cite web|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR319/FR319.pdf|title=Demographic and Health Survey: 2015–2016|publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office|page=36|access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref> Magulu ghakuru gha Chikhristu mu Malawi ni tchalitchi la Katolika la Roma, ilo 19% ya baMalawi mbalondezgi ŵake, na [[Tchalitchi la Central Africa Presbyterian]] (CCAP) ilo 18% mbalondezgi ŵake.<ref name="DHS 2016" /> CCAP ni chisopa chikuru chomene cha chiprotesitanti mu Malaŵi ndipo chili na ŵanthu 1.3&nbsp;miliyoni. Pali visopo vichokovichoko [[vya Presbyterian]] nga ni [[Tchalitchi la Presbyterian la Malaŵi ilo likasinthika]] na [[Tchalitchi la Presbyterian la Evangelical la Malaŵi]]. Paliso ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa [[Chianglican|Ŵanglican]], [[Ŵabaptist]], ŵa evangelical, [[Tchalitchi la Ŵaadventist ŵa Zuŵa Lachinkhondi na Chiŵiri| Ŵaadventist ŵa Zuŵa Lachinkhondi na Chiŵiri]], na [[Tchalitchi la Lutheran la Central Africa| Ŵalutheran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031340|title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa.—Malawi|publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111005306/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031340|archive-date=11 January 2017}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa Chisilamu mba [[Sunni]], ŵa mu magulu gha [[Qadriya]] panji gha Sukkutu.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyIpVV3FZlAC&pg=PA63 | title=Where Silence Rules: The Suppression of Dissent in Malawi | page=59 | author=Richard Carver | access-date=7 June 2014| isbn=9780929692739 | year=1990 | publisher=Human Rights Watch }}</ref> Other religious groups within the country include [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (over 100,000),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/2023-Service-Year-Report-of-Jehovahs-Witnesses-Worldwide/2023-Country-and-Territory-Reports/|title=2023 Country and Territory Reports|publisher=[[Jehovah's Witnesses]]|access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref> [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], with just over 2,000 members in the country at the end of 2015,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/malawi|title=Statistics and Church Facts &#124; Total Church Membership|website=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org}}</ref> [[Rastafari movement|Rastafari]], [[Hindu]]s, and [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼís]] (0.2%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp |title=Baha'i population by country |publisher=Thearda.com |access-date=19 April 2013 |archive-date=14 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414021730/http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>). [[Atheism|Atheists]] make up around 4% of the population, although this number may include people who practice traditional African religions that do not have any gods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90107.htm|title=Malawi|work=International Religious Freedom Report 2007|access-date=18 December 2008|publisher=U.S. Department of State|date=14 September 2007}}</ref> ===Ukhondo=== {{main|Healthcare in Malawi}} Malawi has central hospitals, regional and private facilities. The public sector offers free health services and medicines, while [[non-government organizations]] offers services and medicines for fees. Private doctors offer fee-based services and medicines. Health insurance schemes have been established since 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2010/02/19/000333037_20100219005458/Rendered/PDF/531070WP0Pharm10Box345597B01PUBLIC1.pdf|author=McCabe, Ariane|title=Private Sector Pharmaceutical Supply and Distribution Chains: Ghana, Mali and Malawi|work=Health Systems Outcome Publication|publisher=World Bank|date=December 2009|access-date=2 April 2012}}</ref> The country has a [[pharmaceutical manufacturing]] industry consisting of four privately owned pharmaceutical companies.<ref>Malawi Investment Promotion Agency, 2008, p. 20 – Investment Guide</ref> Some of the major health facilities in the country are Blantyre Adventist Hospital, Mwaiwathu Private Hospital, and Kamuzu Central Hospitals.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 2017 |title=Medical Resources in Malawi – List Provided to U.S. Citizens |url=https://mw.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/219/2017/03/Medical-facilities-list.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628193836/https://mw.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/219/2017/03/Medical-facilities-list.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2021 |access-date=October 17, 2021 |website=U.S. Embassy, Lilongwe, Malawi}}</ref> [[Kufwa kwa ŵana ŵachoko]] viŵelengero vya ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo [[umoyo]] para ŵababika ni vyaka 50.03&nbsp;. [[Kufumiska nthumbo mu Malaŵi|Kufumiska nthumbo nkhwakukanizgika mu Malaŵi]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/where-abortion-illegal-protest-against-culture-death-malawi-religious-groups-2456454|title=Where Is Abortion Illegal? Protest Against 'Culture Of Death' By Malawi Religious Groups|website=Ibtimes.com|access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref> except to save the mother's life. The Penal Code punishes women who seek illegal or clinical abortion with 7 years in prison, and 14 years for those perform the abortion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.womenonwaves.org/en/page/5002/abortion-law-malawi |title=Abortion law Malawi |publisher=Women on Waves |date=15 June 2012 |access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref> There is a high adult prevalence rate of [[HIV/AIDS]], with an estimated 980,000&nbsp;adults (or 9.1% of the population) living with the disease in 2015. There are approximately 27,000&nbsp;deaths each year from HIV/AIDS, and over half a million children orphaned because of the disease (2015).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/malawi|title= HIV and AIDS estimates (2015)|publisher=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]]|access-date=6 January 2017}}</ref> Approximately 250&nbsp;new people are infected each day, and at least 70% of Malawi's hospital beds are occupied by HIV/AIDS patients. The high rate of infection has resulted in an estimated 5.8% of the farm labour force dying of the disease. The government spends over $120,000 each year on funerals for civil servants who die of the disease.<ref name="Africa08" /> Pali ngozi yikuru comene ya matenda ghakuthandazgika, kusazgapo mabakiteriya na vinyama vinyake [[nthenda ya m’mimba]], [[hepatitis A]], [[nthenda ya typhoid]], [[maleriya]], [[Mulili (nthenda)|mulili . ]], [[nthenda ya m’makutu]], na [[nthenda ya m’makutu]].<ref name="CIA" /> Mu vyaka ivyo vyajumpha, Malawi yachepeskako nyifwa za ŵana na matenda gha HIV/AIDS, maleriya na matenda ghanyake; Kweni charu ichi "chikuchita vinthu mwambura kwenelera" pakuchepeska nyifwa za ŵamama na kukhozgera [[kuyana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi]].<ref name=UNDP/> [[Kudumura viŵaro vya ŵanakazi]] (FGM), nangauli kukuthandazgika yayi, kukuchitika mu vigaŵa vinyake mitundu ya ŵanthu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medcol.mw/commhealth/publications/cultural_practices_report.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111184006/http://www.medcol.mw/commhealth/publications/cultural_practices_report.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 November 2014 |title=Cultural Practices and their Impact on the Enjoyment of Human Rights, Particularly the Rights of Women and Children in Malawi |publisher=Malawi Human Rights Commission |date=11 November 2014}}</ref> Mu 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), mlingo wa Malawi ni <mark>21.9</mark>, uwo ukulongora kuti njara yikuru chomene. Chalo cha Malawi chili pa nambara 93 pa vyalo 127 ivyo vilipo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank |url=https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Global Hunger Index (GHI) - peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels |language=en}}</ref> ===Masambiro=== {{Main|Masambiro ku Malawi}} [[File:Public expenditure on education in Southern Africa as a share of GDP, 2012 or closest year.svg|thumb|Ndalama izo boma likugwiliskira ntchito pa masambiro ku Southern Africa nga ni chigaŵa cha GDP, 2012 panji chaka chapafupi<ref name="Web"/>]] Mu 1994, masambiro gha pulayimale ghambura kulipiliska gha ŵana wose ŵa mu Malaŵi ghakakhazikiska na boma, ndipo masambiro gha pulayimale ghakaŵa ghakuchichizga kufuma apo dango la Revised Education Act likazomerezgekera mu 2012. Chifukwa cha ichi, chiŵelengero cha awo ŵakalembeska ku sukulu za pulayimale chikakwera kufuma pa 58% mu 1992 kufika pa 1992. 75% mu 2007. Peresenti ya ŵasambiri awo ŵakumba standard one na kumalizga standard . five yasazgikira kufuma pa 64% mu 1992 kufika pa 86% mu 2006. Kuyana na World Bank, ŵawukirano awo ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba nawo ŵakasazgikira kufuma pa 68% mu 2000 kufika pa 75% mu 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.ZS|title=Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15–24) {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref> Mu 1994, masambiro gha pulayimale ghambura kulipiliska gha ŵana wose ŵa mu Malaŵi ghakakhazikiska na boma, ndipo masambiro gha pulayimale ghakaŵa ghakuchichizga kufuma apo dango la Revised Education Act likazomerezgekera mu 2012. Chifukwa cha ichi, chiŵelengero cha awo ŵakalembeska ku sukulu za pulayimale chikakwera kufuma pa 58% mu 1992 kufika pa 1992. 75% mu 2007. Peresenti ya ŵasambiri awo ŵakumba standard one na kumalizga standard . five yasazgikira kufuma pa 64% mu 1992 kufika pa 86% mu 2006. Kuyana na World Bank, ŵawukirano awo ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba nawo ŵakasazgikira kufuma pa 68% mu 2000 kufika pa 75% mu 2015.<ref name=Furlong>{{cite book|last1=Furlong|first1=Andy|title=Youth Studies: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/youthstudiesintr0000furl|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=USA|isbn=978-0-415-56479-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/youthstudiesintr0000furl/page/233 233]}}</ref><ref name=U.N.>{{cite web|title=The world youth report: youth and climate change|url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/WYR2010Final%20online%20version.pdf|website=United Nations|access-date=17 January 2012}}</ref> Dropout rates are higher for girls than boys.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/Malawi.htm|title=Malawi|access-date=6 October 2008|publisher=Bureau of International Labour Affairs, US Dept. of Labour|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006092319/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/TDA2001/malawi.htm|archive-date=6 October 2008}}</ref> Masambiro mu Malawi ghali na vyaka 8 vya masambiro gha pulayimale, vyaka vinayi vya sekondare na vyaka vinayi vya yunivesite. Mu Malawi muli mayunivesite ghanayi gha boma: [[Yunivesite ya Mzuzu]] (MZUNI), [[Yunivesite ya Lilongwe ya Ulimi na Chilengiwa]] (LUANAR), [[Yunivesite ya Malawi]] (UNIMA) na [[Yunivesite ya Malawi ya Sayansi na Tekinoloje]] (ŴAKUYENERA). Paliso mayunivesite gha paŵekha nga ni Livingstonia, Malawi Lakeview, na yunivesite ya Katolika ya Malaŵi. Ivyo vikukhumbikwa kuti munthu wanjilirepo ni viphalizgano 6 pa chikalata cha masambiro gha sukulu ya Malawi, ivyo vikuyana waka na O levels.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sasnett |first1=Martena Tenney |last2=Sepmeyer |first2=Inez Hopkins |title=Educational Systems of Africa: Interpretations for Use in the Evaluation of Academic Credentials |url=https://archive.org/details/educationalsyste0000sasn |date=1967 |publisher=University of California Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/educationalsyste0000sasn/page/903 903] |language=en}}</ref> == Ŵanakazi mu Malaŵi == [[File:Making candles in Malawi.jpg|thumb|upright|Gulu la ŵanakazi la Mbawemi ku Malawi likusambira umo lingasazgirako mtengo ku phula la njuchi mwa kupanga makandulo]]Chiŵelengero cha ŵasambiri ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵa misinkhu yinandi ndiposo ŵasambiri wose pamoza na ŵanalume na ŵanakazi chikulongora kuti ŵanakazi ŵakusambira sukulu ndipo ŵanalume ŵakusambira.<ref name=":02">{{cite web|url=https://research.acer.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=monitoring_learning|title=Girls' Primary and Secondary Education in Malawi: Sector Review|last1=Robertson|first1=Sally|last2=Cassity|first2=Elizabeth|date=28 July 2017|website=The Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)|last3=Kunkwenzu|first3=Esthery}}</ref> Female students in Malawi, though, see consistent declines as the age increases.<ref name=":02" /> The life expectancy of women in 2010 was approximately 58 years old, while data from 2017 grew to 66 years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?end=2017&locations=MW&start=2010|title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) – Malawi|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326200358/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?end=2017&locations=MW&start=2010|archive-date=26 March 2020}}</ref> Chiŵelengero cha ŵamama awo ŵakufwa pa kubabika mu Malaŵi nchakuchepa chomene nanga tingayaniska na maboma agho ghali mu nyengo zakuyana waka pa chitukuko.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/MWI.pdf|title=Inequalities in Human Development in the 21st Century: Malawi|date=2019|website=Human Development Report 2019}}</ref> Ufulu wa chiharo uwo ulipo sono mu Malaŵi ukusangika kuti ngwakuyana waka pakugaŵikana kwawo pakati pa ŵana ŵanalume/ŵanakazi na ŵafumu na ŵawoli ŵanalume/ŵanakazi awo ŵali kufwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/939291535658711278/pdf/WPS8573.pdf|title=Gender Gaps in Property Ownership in Sub-Saharan Africa|last1=Gaddis|first1=Isis|last2=Lahoti|first2=Rahul|date=August 2018|website=World Bank Group|last3=Li|first3=Wenjie}}</ref> The current state of female labour participation details how a higher percentage of the male population is currently employed despite the female population having a higher total employed population and a very similar unemployment rate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/Labour%20Force/Labour%20Force%20Survey%202013/Malawi%20Labour%20Force%20Surver%202013%20Report.pdf|title=Malawi Labour Force Survey|date=April 2014|website=National Statistical Office|access-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513190542/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/Labour%20Force/Labour%20Force%20Survey%202013/Malawi%20Labour%20Force%20Surver%202013%20Report.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> This gap continues with wages in Malawi.<ref name=":12">{{cite web|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2020.pdf|title=Global Gender Gap Report 2020|date=2020|website=World Economic Forum}}</ref> As the highest-ranked sub-Saharan state, Rwanda, scored a 0.791 on a 0–1 scale while Malawi scored 0.664.<ref name=":12" /> Kunjilirapo kwa ŵanakazi mu ndondomeko ya ndale za chalo kwawoneka kuti nkhwakupeleŵera chomene kuluska ŵanyawo ŵanalume chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵakuŵawona kuti mbambura kwenelera.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/media-briefing/malawi/mlw_r6_presentation4_gender.pdf|title=In Malawi, women lag behind men in political participation and activism: Findings from Afrobarometer Round 6 Surveys in Malawi|date=2014|website=Afrobarometer}}</ref> Female participation in politics is further restricted from national political structures due to the presence of gatekeepers, who provide access to the resources needed to win elections and maintain seats in parliament.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kayuni|first1=Happy Mickson|last2=Chikadza|first2=Kondwani Farai|date=2016|title=The Gatekeepers: Political Participation of Women in Malawi|url=https://www.cmi.no/publications/5929-gatekeepers-political-participation-women-malawi|journal=CMI Brief|language=en|volume=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/10289.pdf|title=Women and power: Representation and influence in Malawi's parliament|last1=O'Neil|first1=Tam|last2=Kanyongolo|first2=Ngeyi|date=February 2016|website=Overseas Development Institute|last3=Wales|first3=Joseph|last4=Mkandawire|first4=Moir|access-date=20 April 2020|archive-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326200405/https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/10289.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> This limited participation is directly correlated to the limited positions that are occupied by women in the national setup. Though the national parliament has appointed female members to seats within the body, over 20% of the seats in parliament are held by women.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/gender-quotas/country-view/219/35|title={{!}} International IDEA|website=www.idea.int|access-date=26 March 2020|archive-date=28 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328054446/https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/gender-quotas/country-view/219/35|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Military== {{Main|Malawian Defence Force}} [[File:Malawian female soldier (45745891874).jpg|thumb|Msilikari mwanakazi wa ku Malaŵi]] Malawi wali na ŵasilikari ŵachoko waka pafupifupi 25,000, awo ŵakuchemeka [[Nkhongono zakuvikilira Malawi]]. Lili na ŵasilikari, ŵasilikari ŵa pa nyanja na ŵasilikari ŵa mu mlengalenga. Ŵasilikari ŵa Malawi ŵakafuma ku [[British Army|British colonial units]] awo ŵakapangika pambere ŵandaŵe na wanangwa, ndipo sono ŵali na magulu ghaŵiri gha mfuti na gulu limoza la parachute. Nkhondo ya Malawi Air Force yikakhazikiska na wovwiri wa Germany mu 1976, ndipo yikugwiliskira ntchito ndege zichoko waka zakunyamulira ŵanthu na ndege za helikopita zakugwira ntchito zinandi. Nkhondo ya Malawi ya pa nyanja yikakhazikiskika mu vilimika vya m’ma 1970 na wovwiri wa Portugal, sono yili na ngalaŵa zitatu izo zikugwira ntchito pa Nyanja ya Malawi, izo zili ku [[Monkey Bay]].<ref name="Turner22">Turner, ''The Statesman's Yearbook'', p. 822</ref> In 2017, Malawi signed the UN [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017}}</ref> ==Culture== {{See also|Music of Malawi|Malawian cuisine}} [[File:Drums exhibit, Blantyre Chichiri Museum.jpg|thumb|Vida vya sumu vya ku Malaŵi]] Zina lakuti "Malawi" likufumira ku [[Maravi]], gulu la [[ŵanthu ŵa Bantu|Bantu]] ilo likasamira ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa [[Democratic Republic of Congo|Congo]] pafupifupi 1400&nbsp;AD. Mu vyaka 100 ivyo vyajumpha, kugaŵikana kwa mitundu kwacepa mwakuti palije mphindano yikuru pakati pa mitundu, nangauli kugaŵikana kwa vigaŵa kukucalipo. Fundo yakuti munthu ni mtundu wa Malawi yayamba kupangika kuzingilizga ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi awo kanandi ŵakulondezga fundo zakale ndipo ŵakuchitako yayi nkhaza. Zina lakuti "Warm Heart of Africa" ​​likapelekeka ku charu ichi chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi ŵakawona kuti mbachitemwa.<ref name="StateDept" /> Kufuma mu 1964 m’paka 2010, ndiposo kufuma mu 2012, [[mbendera ya Malawi]] yili na mizere yitatu yakuyana waka yakukhora ya mtundu wakufipa, wakufipa, na wakubiriŵira ndipo pakati pa mzere wakufipa pali zuŵa lakufumira kufipa. Mzere wakufipa ukayimiliranga ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, wakufipa ukayimiliranga ndopa za awo ŵakakomeka chifukwa cha wanangwa wa Africa, wakubiriŵira ukayimiliranga chilengiwa cha Malawi icho chikukhala nyengo zose ndipo zuŵa ilo likafumanga likayimiliranga mdima wa wanangwa na chigomezgo cha Africa.<ref name="Flag">{{cite web|url=http://www.fotw.us/flags/mw.html|title=Malawi|work=Flags of the World Website|author=Berry, Bruce|date=6 February 2005|access-date=22 September 2010|publisher=Flags of the World|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821101750/http://www.fotw.us/flags/mw.html|archive-date=21 August 2010}}</ref> In 2010, the flag was changed, removing the red rising sun and adding a full white sun in the centre as a symbol of Malawi's [[economy of Malawi|economic progress]]. The change was reverted in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2012/05/30/dpp-govt-blew-k3bn-on-flag-change/|title=DPP govt blew K3bn on flag change|newspaper=Nyasa Times|access-date=10 April 2013|date=30 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518233702/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2012/05/30/dpp-govt-blew-k3bn-on-flag-change/|archive-date=18 May 2013}}</ref> [[Gulu la Kuvina la Charu Chose]] (kale likaŵa Gulu la Kwacha Cultural Troupe) likapangika mu Novembala 1987 na boma.<ref name="Turner24" /> Nyimbo na kuvina kwa chikhalidwe vingawoneka pa [[Kuyambiska|miyambo yakwamba]], [[miyambo]]s, viphikiro vya nthengwa na vikondwelero.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ntilosanje |first1=Timothy |title=Traditional dances of Malawi |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/traditional-dances-malawi |website=Music in Africa |access-date=25 June 2022}}</ref> Mafuko gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi ghali na chikhalidwe cha [[Kuluka viŵiya|kupanga viŵiya]] na [[chisoti]] [[kuseŵa makuni|kuseŵa]]. [[Kuseŵa makuni]] na [[kupenta mafuta]] vikumanyikwaso mu misumba yinandi, ndipo vinthu vinandi ivyo vikupangika vikuguliskika ku ŵalendo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-28 |title=The Culture Of Malawi |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-culture-of-malawi.html |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Earth Changers RSC Malawi Orbis Sustainable Tourism |url=https://www.earth-changers.com/sustainable-places/malawi-responsible-safari-company |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Earth Changers |language=en-GB}}</ref>{{Better citation needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=October 2024}} Pali ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakumanyikwa pa charu chose chapasi kufuma ku Malaŵi, kusazgapo ndakatulo [[Jack Mapanje]], mulembi wa mdauko na ntharika [[Paul Tiyambe Zeleza|Paul Zeleza]] na ŵalembi [[Legson Kayira]]. ===Upharazgi=== {{Main|Upharazgi mu Malaŵi}}[[Televishoni ya Malawi]], iyo yikulongozgeka na wupu wa Malawi Broadcasting Corporation (MBC), ndiyo yikupharazgira ŵanthu wose mu chalo cha Malaŵi. MBC yikakhazikiskika pasi pa dango la Nyumba ya Malango mu 1964, ndipo yikugwira ntchito pa wayilesi na pa televishoni. ===Maseŵero=== {{Main|Maseŵero mu Malaŵi}} [[Association football|Mpira]] ni maseŵero ghakumanyikwa chomene mu Malaŵi, ghakayambika mu nyengo ya ulamuliro wa ŵakoloni ŵa Britain. [[Timu ya mpira wamalundi ya chalo cha Malawi|timu ya chalo]] yatondeka kufika pa [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] mpaka sono kweni yawonekera katatu mu [[Africa Cup of Nations]]. Magulu gha mpira ghakusazgapo [[Mighty Wanderers]], [[Nyasa Big Bullets FC] FC|Civo Maseŵera]], [[Nyumba ya Ŵasilikari ya Moyale]], na [[Nkhalamu Zankhongono FC|Nkhalamu Zankhongono]]. Basketball nayo yikukura chomene, kweni [[timu ya basketball ya chalo cha Malawi|timu ya chalo cha Malawi]] yake yindachiteko mpikisano uliwose wa pa charu chose.<ref name=Gall>{{cite book |year=1998|editor1-last=Gall|editor1-first=James L. |title=Worldmark Encyclopaedia of Cultures and Daily Life|volume=1 – Africa|location=Detroit and London|publisher=Gale Research|pages=101–102 |isbn=0-7876-0552-2 }}</ref> Kupambana kwakukwana kwasangika mu [[netball]], na [[timu ya chalo cha Malawi ya netball]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://netball.sport/events-and-results/current-world-rankings |title=Current World Rankings |publisher=World Netball |access-date=10 December 2021}}</ref> ranked 6th in the world (as of March 2021). ===Vyakurya=== {{Main|Vyakurya vya ku Malawi}} Vyakurya vya ku Malaŵi ni vyakupambanapambana, ndipo tiyi na somba ndivyo vikumanyikwa chomene pa vyakurya vya charu ichi.<ref name=emb>{{cite web |url=http://www.malawiembassy.org/en/visit/food.html |title=The Official Website of the Embassy of the Republic of Malawi to Japan |website=Malawiembassy.org |access-date=9 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314022501/http://www.malawiembassy.org/en/visit/food.html |archive-date=14 March 2013 }}</ref> Shuga, khofi, chimanga, mbatata, mabele, ng'ombe, na mbuzi navyo ni vyakuzirwa chomene pa vyakurya na chuma. [[Nyanja ya Malawi]] ni malo agho ghakusangikamo somba, nga ni [[Oreochromis lidole|chambo]] (yakuyana waka na [[bream]]), [[usipa]] (yakuyana waka na [[sardine]]s), na [[ mpasa]] (kuyana waka na [[somba]] na [[kampango]]).<ref name=emb/> [[Nsima]] ni chakurya icho chikupangika na chimanga chakugaya ndipo kanandi ŵakuchipereka pamoza na nyama na mphangwe. Kanandi ŵakurya pa chakurya cha muhanya na cha mise.<ref name=emb/> ==Wonaniso== {{portal|Malawi|Africa}} * [[Outline of Malawi]] * [[Telephone numbers in Malawi]] {{Clear}} ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} ==Pobekera== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|author=Cutter, Charles H.|title=Africa 2006|edition=41st|year=2006|publisher=Stryker-Post Publications|location=Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|isbn=1-887985-72-7}} * {{cite book|author=Davidson, Basil|title=Africa in History: Themes and Outlines|edition=Revised and Expanded|publisher=Collier Books, Macmillan Publishing Company|location=New York|year=1991|isbn=0-02-042791-3|url=https://archive.org/details/africainhistoryt00davi_0}} * {{cite book|author=Dickovick, J. Tyler|title=Africa 2008|url=https://archive.org/details/africa20080000dick|edition=43rd|year=2008|publisher=Stryker-Post Publications|location=Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|isbn=978-1-887985-90-1}} * {{cite book|author=Meredith, Martin|title=The Fate of Africa&nbsp;– From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair: A History of 50 Years of Independence|publisher=Public Affairs|location=New York|year=2005|isbn=1-58648-246-7|url=https://archive.org/details/fateofafricafrom00mere}} * {{cite book|editor=Murphy, Philip|title=Central Africa: Closer Association 1945–1958|publisher=The Stationery Office|location=London, UK|year=2005|isbn=0-11-290586-2}} * {{cite book|author=Reader, John|title=Africa: A Biography of the Continent|publisher=Vintage Books|location=New York|edition=First Vintage Books|year=1999|isbn=0-679-73869-X|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/africabiographyo0000read}} * {{cite book|editor=Turner, Barry|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2009: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World|publisher=Macmillan Publishers|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4039-9278-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/statesmansyearbo0000unse}} *Willie Molesi, ''Black Africa versus Arab North Africa: The Great Divide'', {{ISBN|979-8332308994}} *Willie Molesi, ''Relations Between Africans and Arabs: Harsh Realities'',{{ISBN|979-8334767546}} * Willie Molesi, ''Africans and Indians: The Gulf Between'', {{ISBN| 979-8338818190}} {{Refend}} ==Milumikizgo Yakuwalo== {{Sister project links|Malawi|voy=Malawi}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200416051012/https://www.malawi.gov.mw/ Government of the Republic of Malawi] Official website * {{Wikiatlas|Malawi}} {{Malawi topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles relating to Malawi |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{Southern African Development Community}} {{African Union}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} {{English official language clickable map}} {{Countries of Africa}} }} {{Authority control}} 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native language of the majority''' | group1 = [[Languages of Africa|Africa]] | list1 = * ''[[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]]'' | group2 = [[Anglo-America|Americas]] | list2 = * ''[[Anguilla]]'' * [[Antigua and Barbuda]] * [[The Bahamas]] * [[Barbados]] * [[Belize]] * ''[[Bermuda]]'' * ''[[British Virgin Islands]]'' * [[Canada]] * ''[[Cayman Islands]]'' * [[Dominica]] * ''[[Falkland Islands]]'' * [[Grenada]] * [[Guyana]] * [[Jamaica]] * ''[[Montserrat]]'' * ''[[Saba (island)|Saba]]'' * [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] * [[Saint Lucia]] * [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] * ''[[Sint Eustatius]]'' * ''[[Sint Maarten]]'' * ''[[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]'' * [[Trinidad and Tobago]] * ''[[Turks and Caicos Islands]]'' * [[United States]] * ''[[United States Virgin Islands]]'' | group3 = [[English language in Europe|Europe]] | list3 = * ''[[Guernsey]]'' * [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] * ''[[Isle of Man]]'' * ''[[Jersey]]'' * [[United Kingdom]] | group4 = [[Languages of Oceania|Oceania]] | list4 = * [[Australia]] * [[New Zealand]] * ''[[Norfolk Island]]'' * ''[[Pitcairn Islands]]'' }} | group2style = background:lightblue; | group2 = {{pad}} | list2 = {{Navbox |child | above = * '''Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language''' | group1 = Africa | list1 = * [[Botswana]] * [[Cameroon]] * [[Eswatini]] * [[The Gambia]] * [[Ghana]] * [[Kenya]] * [[Lesotho]] * [[Liberia]] * [[Malawi]] * [[Mauritius]] * [[Namibia]] * [[Nigeria]] * [[Rwanda]] * [[Sierra Leone]] * [[Somaliland]] * [[South Africa]] * [[South Sudan]] * [[Sudan]] * [[Tanzania]] * [[Uganda]] * [[Zambia]] * [[Zimbabwe]] | group2 = Americas | list2 = * ''[[Puerto Rico]]'' | group3 = [[Languages of Asia|Asia]] | list3 = * ''[[Christmas Island]]'' * ''[[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]'' * ''[[Hong Kong]]'' * [[India]] * [[Pakistan]] * [[Philippines]] * [[Singapore]] | group4 = Europe | list4 = * ''[[Gibraltar]]'' * ''[[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]]'' * [[Malta]] | group5 = Oceania | list5 = * ''[[American Samoa]]'' * [[Cook Islands]] * [[Fiji]] * ''[[Guam]]'' * [[Kiribati]] * [[Marshall Islands]] * [[Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]] * [[Nauru]] * [[Niue]] * ''[[Northern Mariana Islands]]'' * [[Palau]] * [[Papua New Guinea]] * [[Samoa]] * [[Solomon Islands]] * ''[[Tokelau]]'' * [[Tuvalu]] * [[Vanuatu]] }} }} | below = [[Dependent territory|Dependencies]] shown in ''italics''. }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> c7j41br4d6n2m47l43xuh20sslp9jj0 0 29281 123225 118626 2026-10-10T02:19:14Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 123225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1880s-1900s European colonization of Africa}} {{Good article}} {{About||Fundo zakukhwaskana na uko ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu Africa pambere chaka cha 1880 chindafike, kusazgapo uko ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga ku Cartagena na ku Europe|Kuwusa mu Africa|buku la [[Thomas Pakenham (historian)|Thomas Pakenham]]|Nkhondo ya ku Africa (buku)}}{{Exploration of Africa}}{{Campaignbox Scramble for Africa}}{{New Imperialism}} [[File:Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg|thumb|300x300px|Vigaŵa vya mu Africa ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha maboma gha ku Europe mu 1913 Ufumu wa Belgium (wafipa), Britain (wa pinki), France (wa buluu), Germany (wa teal), Italy (wa lime green), Portugal (wa violet), na Spain (wa lilac).]] Nkhondo ya ku [[Afilika|Africa]], iyo yikumanyikwaso kuti Kupatukana kwa Africa, panji Kupoka kwa Africa, yikaŵa nkhondo ya kuwukira, kupoka, kugaŵikana, na kukoloneska vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa na maboma gha ku Europe ghaŵiri gha kumanjiliro gha dazi. Pa caru cose ca ku Africa ico cikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa ŵa ku [[Europe]] mu 1870, ciŵelengero ici cikakwera kufika pa 90 peresenti mu 1914.<ref>The [[Egba United Government]], a government of the [[Egba people]], was legally recognized by the British as independent until being annexed into the [[Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria]] in 1914: {{cite journal|last1=Daly|first1=Samuel Fury Childs|title=From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|date=4 May 2019|volume=47|issue=3|pages=474–489|doi=10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833|s2cid=159124664|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833|issn=0308-6534}}</ref> Pa ungano uwo ukachitikira ku [[Berlin]] mu 1884, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakambiska vyamalonda mu Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, maboma gha ku Europe ghakatimbananga pa nkhani za ndyali. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vinthu vikasintha kufuma ku "ufumu wambura kuzomerezgeka" - mazaza gha ŵasilikari na usambazi - kuya ku muwuso wakudunjika. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima, vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa vikaŵa vyambura ŵanthu. Mazuŵa ghano napo, mphaka za ufumu na vinthu vya cuma ivyo vikapangika cifukwa ca nkhondo iyi vikukhwaska ndyali na vya cuma vya mu Africa.<ref>Southall and Melber, ''A New Scramble For Africa?: Imperialism, Investment and Development,'' pp. 41–45</ref> == Mbili == Kuzakafika mu 1841, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhazikiska malo ghacoko gha malonda mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Africa, kweni ŵakendanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati pera. Ŵakaguliskanga chomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga yayi mu vigaŵa vinandi vya charu ichi chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwanga na matenda nga ni maleriya. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Europe ŵakajambura mapu gha vyaru vinandi vya ku East Africa na Central Africa. Kuzakafika m'ma 1870, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa chigaŵa cha 10% cha Africa, ndipo vigaŵa vyawo vyose vikaŵa pafupi na nyanja. Vyaru vyakuzirwa comene vikaŵa Angola na Mozambique, ivyo vikaŵa vya Portugal; Cape Colony, ivyo vikaŵa vya Britain; na Algeria, ivyo vikaŵa vya France. Kuzakafika mu 1914, mu vyaru vya ku Europe mukaŵa vyaru vya Ethiopia na Liberia pera ivyo vikaŵa vyambura kulamulirika na vyaru vya America. Vinthu vikenda makora chomene mu vyakupangapanga ndipo vikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵalute ku vyaru vinyake. Makampani ghakupanga vinthu vinandi chomene pa nkhani ya mendero na mawoko, chomenechomene pa nkhani ya sitima za pa maji, njanji, na matelefoni. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikawovwira chomene ni munkhwala, comenecomene munkhwala wakumazgira matenda agho ghakwiza mu vyaru vyamuthondo. Kufumiskika kwa chinine, munkhwala wakukoma maleriya, kukawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵafike makora ku malo ghakuru gha mu vyaru vya mu vigaŵa vyakututuka.s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Quinine |url=http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/quinine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216122141/http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/quinine |archive-date=2020-02-16 |access-date=2019-12-18 |website=broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk}}</ref> == Vyakwambiska == === Africa na vyaru vya caru cose === [[File:African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg|thumb|Mapu gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na maufumu agho ghakaŵako pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandambe kulamulira charu chawo (kwambira mu 500 B.C.E. m'paka mu 1500 C.E.)]] [[File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png|left|thumb|350x350px|Kuyaniska Afrika mu 1880 na 1913]] Caru ca Africa kumwera kwa Sahara, cimoza mwa vigaŵa vyaumaliro pa caru cose ico cikakhwaskika yayi na "maufumu gha caru", cikaŵa cakukondweska ku ŵamalonda. Mu nyengo iyo malonda gha Britain ghakatimbanizgikiranga comene, kweniso mu nyengo ya suzgo la ndalama (1873-1896), caru ca Africa cikapeleka ku Britain, Germany, France, na vyaru vinyake msika uwo ukaŵapa ndalama zinandi.<ref>Ewout Frankema, Jeffrey Williamson, and Pieter Woltjer, "An Economic Rationale for the West African Scramble? The Commercial Transition and the Commodity Price Boom of 1835–1885", ''Journal of Economic History'' 78#1 (2018), pp. 231–67.</ref> Kanandi ndalama izo ŵakasanganga mu vyaru vinyake zikaŵanga zakovwira comene, cifukwa vinthu vyapacanya, mpikisano, na vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito vikapangiska kuti ŵasange ndalama zinandi. Cinthu cinyake ico cikapangiska kuti ŵathemba ŵambeso kuwusa caru cikaŵa kukhumba vinthu vyakukhumbikwa comene, comenecomene njovu, mphira, mafuta, koko, dayamondi, tiyi, na thini. Kweniso, Britain wakakhumbanga kuwusa vigaŵa vinyake vya kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa uko ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga para ŵakuluta ku Asia na ku India. Kweni kupaturako cigaŵa ico cikazgoka South Africa mu 1910, vyaru vya ku Europe vikagwiliskira nchito ndalama zicoko comene mu Africa pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake. Ntheura, makampani agho ghakacitanga malonda mu vyaru vya mu Africa ghakaŵa ghacoko comene, kupaturako De Beers Mining Company ya Cecil Rhodes. Rhodes wakaŵa kuti wapanga Rhodesia kuŵa wake. Leopold II wa ku Belgium wakambiska boma lakucemeka Congo Free State kuti lipangire mphira na vinthu vinyake. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na boma la Germany, nga ni Alldeutscher Verband, Francesco Crispi na Jules Ferry, ŵakatenge usange vyaru vya ku Africa vingaŵa na misika yakuvikilirika, mbwenu vimazgenge suzgo la kuguliska vinthu pa mtengo wapasi. John A. Hobson wakayowoya mu buku lake lakuti Imperialism kuti kuchepa kwa misika ya mu vyaru ivi ndiko kukawovwira kuti nyengo ya "New Imperialism" yifike pa charu chose. Ndipouli, William Easterly wakususka fundo yakuti capitalism na imperialism vikukolerana yayi. Iyo wakuti kolonialism yikovwira chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵasambire vya boma m'malo mwa makampani. Iyo wakayowoya kuti "ufumu wa ŵamitundu uli wakukolerana yayi na capitalism na misika ya wanangwa... m'paka sono pali kukolerana pakati pa ufumu wa ŵamitundu na umo boma likucitira vinthu".<ref>{{cite web |last=Easterly |first=William |date=September 17, 2009 |title=The Imperial Origins of State-Led Development |url=http://aidwatchers.com/2009/09/the-imperial-origins-of-state-led-development/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205113614/http://aidwatchers.com/2009/09/the-imperial-origins-of-state-led-development/ |archive-date=2016-02-05 |access-date=2009-09-23 |publisher=New York University Blogs}}</ref> === Kupambana kwa ndyali === [[File:LeCommandantMarchand.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LeCommandantMarchand.jpg|thumb|Chithuzithuzi cha ku France icho chikulongora umo Major Marchand wakendera mu Africa m'paka ku Fashoda mu 1898]] Nangauli mu vyaru vya mu Africa mukaŵa vyakurya vinandi yayi, kweni mu vyaru vinyake vikaŵa vinandi. Charu ichi chikaŵa pakati pa Eguputo na kumwera kwa Africa uko kukaŵa usambazi wa golide na dayamondi. Boma la Britain likakhumbanga kuti likhazikiske misika yiwemi ku India, Malaya, Australia, na New Zealand. Ntheura likakhumbanga kuti maji gha mu Suez Canal, agho ghakazengeka mu 1869, ghaŵe ghakukhora. Ndipouli, fundo yakuti Britain wakakhumbanga kunjizga East Africa mu ma 1880, cifukwa ca kughanaghana vya ku Eguputo (makamaka Suez Canal), yikususkika na ŵanthu ŵa mbiri nga ni John Darwin (1997) na Jonas F. Gjersø (2015).<ref>Darwin, John. "Imperialism and the Victorians: The dynamics of territorial expansion." ''English Historical Review'' (1997) 112#447 pp. 614–42. http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/CXII/447/614.full.pdf+html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114114902/http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/CXII/447/614.full.pdf+html|date=2012-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Gjersø|first=Jonas Fossli|title=The Scramble for East Africa: British Motives Reconsidered, 1884–95|journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=43|issue=5|pages=831–860|date=2015|s2cid=143514840|doi=10.1080/03086534.2015.1026131|doi-access=free}}</ref><!--What do they say in contrast?-->Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵatore malo gha ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari ŵa ku nyanja kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza. Chifukwa chakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku nyanja ŵakamba kukura, kweniso ngalaŵa zaphya zikendanga na mphepo, pakakhumbikwanga malo ghakusungirako malibwe gha makara. Kweniso ŵakakhumbikwiranga mizi yakuvikililira misewu ya pa nyanja na nthowa zakwendamo, comenecomene misewu yakuzirwa ya pa caru cose nga ni Suez Canal. Ŵakawonanga vyaru nga ni vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pakudumbiskana vya nkhongono. Vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi, navyo vikaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵanandi; Britain na France ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa ku British Indian na North African, mu nkhondo zawo zinandi za ku malo agha. Mu nyengo ya kutemwa caru, ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti mtundu unyake uŵe na ufumu, ndipo ici cikaŵa cilongolero cakuti uli na udindo. Kukwambilira kwa ma 1880, Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza wakawonanga caru ca Congo ku France, ndipo panyengo yeneyiyo, Henry Morton Stanley nayo wakawonanga caru ici mu zina la Leopold II wa ku Belgium. Mu Meyi 1881, caru ca France cikapoka caru ca Tunisia, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti Italy wanjire mu wupu wa German-Austrian Dual Alliance mu 1882. Mu chaka chenechicho, Britain likapoka caru ca Eguputo, ico cikalongozganga caru ca Sudan na vigaŵa vinyake vya Chad, Eritrea, na Somalia. Mu 1884, Germany yikati Togo, Cameroon, na South West Africa viŵenge pasi pa muwuso wake. Charu cha French West Africa chikapangika mu 1895 ndipo cha French Equatorial Africa mu 1910. Mu chigaŵa cha French Somaliland, mu 1889, Ŵakozaci ŵa ku Terek ŵakamba kulamulira malo ghanyake gha ku Russia agho ghakaŵa mu msumba wa Sagallo ku Eguputo.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Borrero|first=Mauricio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhm0cGdrTOIC|title=Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7475-4|pages=69–70|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Preaching_from_a_Waggon_(David_Livingstone)_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Preaching_from_a_Waggon_(David_Livingstone)_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg|left|thumb|David Livingstone, uyo wakambapo kusambira vya mu Africa na kulimbana na malonda gha ŵazga]] ==== Germany's ''Weltpolitik'' ==== [[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA6364,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Polizeiaskaris.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA6364,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Polizeiaskaris.jpg|thumb|Ŵasilikari ŵa Askari mu German East Africa, c. 1906]] Ku Germany, uko kukaŵa vyaru vichoko, pakwamba kukaŵavya ufumu wa vyaru vinyake. Mu 1862, Otto von Bismarck wakazgoka nduna ya Ufumu wa Prussia, ndipo cifukwa ca nkhondo zinandi izo wakacita na Austria mu 1866 na France mu 1870, wakawovwira kuti caru cose ca Germany ciŵe pasi pa muwuso wa Prussia. Ufumu wa Germany ukamba kulamulira pa Janyuwale 18, 1871. Pakwamba, Bismarck wakatinkhanga vyaru vinyake, kweni mu ma 1880, ŵanthu ŵakamba kumusuzga. Wakawovwira pa ungano wa ku Berlin uwo ukachitika mu 1884-85, uwo ukaŵa na malango ghakwendeskera vyaru vya mu Africa, na kuchepeska suzgo la nkhondo pakati pa maboma gha vyaru vinyake. Bismarck wakagwiliskiranga nchito makampani gha ŵanthu ŵacoko kuti wakhazikiske vyaru vinyake mu Africa na mu Pacific. Kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany kukaŵa kwakuyana waka na ivyo vikachitikanga mu caru ici. Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1880, ŵakazenga German Colonialverein, ndipo ŵakafumiskanga nyuzipepara ya Kolonialzeitung. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Alldeutscher Verband nalo likakolerana na fundo iyi. Weltpolitik (ndondomeko ya caru cose) yikaŵa ndondomeko ya caru cose iyo yikacitika na Kaiser Wilhelm II mu 1890, na cilato cakuti Germany waŵe ufumu wankhongono pa caru cose. Mu 1914, charu cha Germany ndicho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 14 miliyoni. Vyaru ivyo vikaŵa mu Africa vikaŵa kumwera kwa Africa, Togo, Cameroon, na Tanganyika. Mu 1905, caru ca Germany cikayezga kupatura caru ca France na nkhondo yakwamba ya ku Morocco. Ivi vikapangiska kuti pa ungano uwo ukachitikira ku Algeciras mu 1905, France yigeziske malo ghanyake mu Morocco. ==== Kukura kwa Italy ==== [[File:Italian Nieuport IV attacking Ottoman forces in Libya 1911 or 1912.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Italian Nieuport IV attacking Ottoman forces in Libya 1911 or 1912.jpg|thumb|Ndege za ku Italy zikulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa Ottoman pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Libya]] Nkhondo ya ku Crimean (1853-56) yikati yamara, ufumu wa Sardinia ukakhumbanga kuti ukoleranenge na caru ca Italy. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo na Austria mu 1859, Sardinia, pasi pa muwuso wa Giuseppe Garibaldi, wakamanya kuwunganya chigaŵa chikuru cha chilumba ichi mu 1861, na kukhazikiska Ufumu wa Italy. Pamasinda, Italy wakakhumbanga kusazgirako vigaŵa vyake na kuŵa ufumu wankhongono, ndipo mu 1870 na 1882 wakapoka vigaŵa vinyake vya Eritrea. Mu 1889-90, yikaŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Africa, ndipo yikaŵa chigaŵa icho chikazgoka Italian Somaliland. Mu 1889, apo Themba Yohannes IV likafwa, mulara wa ŵasilikari zina lake Oreste Baratieri wakakora malo gha ku Ethiopia agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Eritrea. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Italy na Ethiopia yikati yanangika mu 1895, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy ŵakathereskeka cifukwa cakuti Ŵaetiyopiya ŵakaŵa ŵanandi, ŵakaŵa ŵakunozgeka makora, kweniso ŵakakhozgekanga na Russia na France. Mu 1911, caru ca Italy cikaluta ku nkhondo na ufumu wa Ottoman, ndipo cikapoka Tripolitania na Cyrenaica. Mu 1919, Enrico Corradini wakambiska fundo ya Proletarian Nationalism, iyo yikwenera kuti yikovwira kuti ufumu wa Italy uŵe wakwenelera kwizira mu kusanganiska cisopa na cisopa: {{quote|Tikwenera kumanya kuti pali mitundu ya ŵanthu awo ŵakuchita vinthu mwakuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira. Para ŵanthu ŵamanya fundo iyi, ŵakweneraso kukolerana na unenesko uwu: Italy ni caru ca ŵanthu ŵambura nchito..<ref>[[Enrico Corradini]], ''Report to the First Nationalist Congress'', Florence, 3 December 1919.</ref>}} Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Italy na Abyssinia (1935-1936), iyo yikalangulika na Benito Mussolini, wakaŵa nkhondo yaumaliro ya ku Africa (iyo yikaŵa ya kuzenga charu chinyake, m'malo mwa nkhondo za kufwatura ŵanthu). Charu cha Italy cha Ethiopia chikapokeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Italy mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose nga ni cigaŵa ca Italy East Africa nangauli chigaŵa cikuru ca mapiri cikaŵa cambura kulamulirika na Italy cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵa Arbegnoch. Kuwukira caru ici ni ciyelezgero ciwemi comene ca umo ŵasilikari ŵa Axis ŵakacitiranga. == Mbiri na mikhaliro == === Ŵanji ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake pambere Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yindambe === ==== Congo ==== [[File:Henry_Morton_Stanley.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Morton_Stanley.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]]]] Ivyo David Livingstone wakacita, ivyo Henry Morton Stanley wakacitanga, vikakhozga maghanoghano gha Stanley pa nkhani ya kukoloneska caru. Kweni cifukwa ca masuzgo na vyakucitika ivyo vikakhumbikwanga, ŵanthu ŵakamovwira comene yayi. Kufuma mu 1869 m'paka 1874, Leopold II wakatuma Stanley ku chigaŵa cha Congo, uko wakachita mapangano na ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Congo.. [[File:Pierre_Savorgnan_de_Brazza.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pierre_Savorgnan_de_Brazza.jpg|left|thumb|Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza mu kawonekero kake ka kavwaliro ka "ŵeneco", kakutoleka na Félix Nadar]] Apo Stanley wakendanga mu vyaru vya ku Congo mu zina la Leopold II wa ku Belgium, Pierre de Brazza, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku France na Italy, wakaluta ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Congo ndipo wakawuska ndembera ya France pa msumba wa Brazzaville mu 1881. Portugal nayo wakakhumbanga malo agha cifukwa ca phangano lakale na ufumu wa Kongo. Kuzakafika mu 1890, boma la Congo Free State likaŵa kuti laŵika mazaza ghake pakati pa Leopoldville na Stanleyville, ndipo likakhumbanga kunjilira kumwera kwa mlonga wa Lualaba kufuma ku Stanleyville. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, kampani ya British South Africa Company ya Cecil Rhodes yikamba kwenda kumpoto kufuma ku mlonga wa Limpopo, na kutuma ŵapayiniya (ŵakulongozgeka na Frederick Selous) kujumpha mu Matabeleland, na kwamba kukhazikika mu Mashonaland. Tippu, Muarabu wa ku Zanzibar uyo wakakhalanga mu Ufumu wa Zanzibar, nayo wakawovwirapo chomene pakuvikilira ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Wakati wakhazikiska ufumu wa malonda mu Zanzibar na vigaŵa vyapafupi mu East Africa, Tippu Tip wakasintha maghanoghano ghake ku vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na mazaza pa malo agha ndipo pa fundo ya Henry Morton Stanley, Tippu Tip wakazgoka kazembe wa "Stanley Falls District" (Boyoma Falls) mu boma la Leopold la Congo Free State, pambere wandanjire mu Nkhondo ya Congo-Arab against Leopold II's colonial state. Kumanjiliro gha dazi, mu caru ico ŵakeneranga kukumana, kukaŵa Katanga, uko kukaŵa ufumu wa Yeke wa Msiri. Msiri wakaŵa fumu yankhongono comene mu cigaŵa ici ndipo wakaguliskanga mkuŵa, njovu, na ŵazga. Ku Katanga ndiko kukacitika nkhondo iyi. Mu 1890, Rhodes wakatuma ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ku Msiri, Alfred Sharpe, uyo ŵakamukana, na Joseph Thomson, awo ŵakatondeka kufika ku Katanga. Leopold wakatuma ŵasilikari ŵanayi. Chakwamba, gulu la Le Marinel likasanga waka kalata yambura kupulikikwa makora. Gulu la Delcommune likakanika. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Stairs, ilo likaŵa na vilwero viwemi, likapika ulongozgi wakuti lipokere Katanga kwali Msiri wazomerezge panji yayi. Msiri wakati wakana, ŵakamudinya, ndipo ŵakamudumura mutu na kumupayika pa khuni kuti ŵanthu ŵasambirepo. Gulu ilo likalongozganga pa Mlonga wa Bia likamalizga mulimo wa kukhazikiska boma na "ŵapolisi" mu Katanga. Mwantheura, chigaŵa cha Katanga icho chikaŵa na malo ghakukwana hafu ya miliyoni ghakaŵa gha Leopold ndipo ufumu wake wa ku Africa ukafika pa malo ghakukwana 2,300,000, agho ghakaŵa ghakuru kuluska Belgium kankhondi na kaŵiri. Boma la Congo Free State likaŵa na nkhaza zikuru chomene pa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake, ndipo likakanizganga ŵanthu ŵanandi kugwira ntchito zinonono, mwakuti boma la Belgium, likati lakoserezgeka na wupu wakuchemeka Congo Reform Association, likamazga muwuso wa Leopold II na kuwunjika charu ichi pa Ogasiti 20, 1908.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2003 |title=Congo Free State becomes the Belgian Congo {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/congo-free-state-becomes-belgian-congo |access-date=2019-12-20 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref> [[File:MutilatedChildrenFromCongo.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MutilatedChildrenFromCongo.jpg|thumb|Kufuma mu 1885 m'paka 1908, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakachitanga nkhaza zinandi mu charu cha Congo Free State.]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya kuti Themba Leopold II likachitiranga nkhaza ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu icho kale chikaŵa pasi pake, cha Congo Free State. Roger Casement, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa vyaru vya Ireland, wakati pali vifukwa vikuru vinayi ivyo vikawovwilira kuti ŵanthu ŵafumemo mu vyaru ivi: "nkhondo yambura kujikora", njara, kuchepa kwa ŵana, na matenda. Matenda gha mu tulo ghakatimbanizga caru ici ndipo ghakwenera kughanaghanirika cifukwa ca kuchepa kwa ŵantu. Ŵanthu ŵakupambaniska chomene pa nkhani ya unandi wa awo ŵakafwa. Pakuti kalembera wakwamba wakacitika mu 1924, nchakusuzga kumanya unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa. Lipoti la Casement likati ni 3 miliyoni. William Rubinstein wakalemba kuti: "Nadi, vikuwoneka kuti ivyo Hochschild wakayowoya ni vyautesi. Mbunenesko kuti palije umo tingasimikizgira unandi wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo pambere vyaka vya m'ma 1900 vindafike. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu charu cha Congo mukaŵavya uyo wakamanya uko kukaŵa ŵanthu". Ndimo vikaŵiraso mu charu cha French Congo, uko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuzgikanga na matenda. Mu 1905, boma la France likimika komiti iyo yikalongozgekanga na De Brazza kuti yifufuze nkhani izo zikayowoyekanga kuti ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikanga. Ndipouli, de Brazza wakafwa pa ulendo wa kuwelera, ndipo lipoti lake likapelekeka yayi ku ŵanthu. Mu ma 1920, ŵanthu pafupifupi 20,000 awo ŵakacizgika kugwira nchito ŵakafwa pakuzenga njanji iyo yikajumphanga mu France.<ref>{{cite book|last=Coquéry-Vidrovitch|first=Catherine|title=Le Congo au temps des grandes compagnies concessionaires 1898–1930|year=1971|publisher=Mouton|location=Paris|page=195}}</ref> ==== Egypt, Sudan, and South Sudan ==== ===== Suez Canal ===== [[File:Port_Said_Suez_Canal.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Port_Said_Suez_Canal.jpg|thumb|Ku Port Said uko ŵanthu ŵakunjira pa Suez Canal, kuli chikozgo cha De Lesseps]] Kuti wazenga Suez Canal, Ferdinand de Lesseps wa ku France wakapokera vinthu vinandi kwa Isma'il Pasha, Khedive wa ku Egypt na Sudan mu 1854-56. Ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu 30,000 ŵakazenga, kweni ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu 120,000 ŵakafwa na njara, kutopa, na matenda, comenecomene kolera. Pambere ŵandamalizge kuzenga, mu 1869, Khedive Isma'il wakabwereka ndalama zinandi ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain na France. Kuzakafika mu 1875, wakaŵa na masuzgo gha ndalama ndipo wakeneranga kuguliska masheya agho wakaŵa nagho mu Suez Canal. Boma la Britain, ilo likaŵa pasi pa nduna yikuru Benjamin Disraeli, likakhumbanga kuti charu chake chiŵe na mazaza pa maji agha. Mu 1879, apo Isma'il wakaleka ngongoli ya Eguputo, Britain na France ŵakamba kulamulira charu ichi.<ref>{{cite book|title=World monarchies and dynasties|last=Middleton|first=John|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317451587|location=Armonk, NY|pages=273|oclc=681311754}}</ref>Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Eguputo na ku Sudan ŵakakondwa yayi kuti ŵanyawo ŵanjirengepo. ===== Nkhondo ya Mahdist ===== Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1870, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kulimbana na malonda gha ŵazga, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ku mpoto kwa Sudan kuŵe suzgo la vyachuma. Mu 1881, ku Sudan kukawuka chigaluka cha Mahdist icho chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Muhammad Ahmad. Mu chaka chenechicho, Tewfik wakasuzgika chomene na gulu la nkhondo la Ŵaeguputo. Mu 1882, Tewfik wakapempha ŵasilikari ŵa Britain kuti ŵamovwire, ndipo ŵakamba kulamulira Eguputo. Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na Egypt ŵakanjira mu Nkhondo ya Mahdist. Kweniso chigaŵa cha Egypt cha Equatoria (chenechicho chili ku South Sudan) icho chikalongozgekanga na Emin Pasha nacho chikaŵa pasi pa mulimo wa Emin Pasha wa kovwira ŵasilikari ŵa Mahdist. Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na Eguputo ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Mahdi ku Sudan mu 1898.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Hurst |first=Ryan |date=2009-07-15 |title=Mahdist Revolution (1881-1898) • |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/mahdist-revolution-1881-1898/ |access-date=2019-12-21 |website=BlackPast |language=en-US}}</ref> Kufuma apo, Britain yikamba kulamulira caru ca Sudan, ico cikacemekanga kuti Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. ==== Berlin Conference (1884–1885) ==== {{main|Berlin Conference}} [[File:Kongokonferenz.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kongokonferenz.jpg|thumb|Otto von Bismarck pa ungano wa ku Berlin, 1884]] Kupoka caru ca Egupto na Congo vikaŵa vyakucitika vikuru comene vyakwambilira vya nkhondo ya ku Africa. Mu 1884, Otto von Bismarck wakacema ungano wa ku Berlin uwo ukacitika mu 1884-1885 kuti wadumbiskane suzgo la ku Africa. Apo ŵakadumbiskananga vya kumazga malonda gha ŵazga ndiposo umo ŵamishonale ŵangapharazgira ku vyaru vinyake, awo ŵakiza ku ungano uwu ŵakafipiranga mtima comene kuti ŵaleke kurwa nkhondo na ŵamazaza ŵa ku Europe. Cakuzirwa comene nchakuti ŵadipulomatesi ŵa ku Berlin ŵakanozga malango agho ghakaŵa ghakovwira ŵamazaza kuti ŵasange vyaru vinyake. Kweniso ŵakakolerana kuti chigaŵa icho chikaŵa mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Congo chiŵenge pasi pa muwuso wa Leopold II. Palije mtundu uwo ukeneranga kupoka caru ca Africa kwambura kuphalira ŵamazaza ŵanyakeso. Pakaŵavya cigaŵa ico cikaŵa cakwenelera kupoka pambere ŵandambe kucikora. Ndipouli, awo ŵakachitanga maseŵera ŵakasulako malango, ndipo nyengo zinandi nkhondo yikaŵa pafupi kumara. Vyaru vya Swahili vya ku Zanzibar vikagaŵikana pakati pa Germany na Britain, ndipo pakwamba vikatenge viŵenge vyekha mpaka mu 1890.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shivji|first=Issa G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qflWEAAAQBAJ|title=Pan-Africanism or pragmatism? : lessons of the Tanganyika-Zanzibar union|date=2008|publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers|others=Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa|isbn=978-9987-08-105-9|location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|pages=7|oclc=777576770}}</ref> ==== Boma la Britain ku Egypt na South Africa ==== [[File:LizzieVanZyl.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LizzieVanZyl.jpg|thumb|Mwana wa ku Boer mu msasa wakusuzgirako ŵanthu wa ku Britain mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Boer (1899-1902)]] Boma la Britain likati lakhala ku Eguputo na ku Cape Colony, ŵanthu ŵakamba kufipa mtima chomene na uko mlonga wa Nayelo ukufuma. Mu 1882, Ŵacigiriki ŵakatora caru ca Eguputo, ndipo ufumu wa Ottoman ukakhala waka mu caru ici mpaka mu 1914, apo London ukawuzgora ufumu wakuvikilirika. Eguputo wakaŵa wakukolerana yayi na Britain. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1890 na kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, charu cha Sudan, Nigeria, Kenya, na Uganda vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape. Theophilus Shepstone wakatoraso caru ca South Africa mu 1877 na kuŵa ca ufumu wa Britain. Mu 1879, pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Anglo-Zulu, Britain yikakhozga mazaza ghake pa vigaŵa vinandi vya South Africa. Ŵaburu ŵakasuska, ndipo mu Disembala 1880 ŵakagaluka, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵaburu. Pa 23 Malichi, 1881, William Gladstone, uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya Britain, wakalemba phangano la mtende. Kuwukira kwa Jameson mu 1895 kukaŵa kuyezgayezga kwa British South Africa Company na Johannesburg Reform Committee kuti ŵathereske boma la Boer mu Transvaal. Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ŵa Boer, iyo yikacitika pakati pa 1899 na 1902, yikaŵa ya kuwusa nchito za golide na daimondi; ma republics gha ŵa Boer gha Orange Free State na South African Republic ghakathereskeka na kunjizgika mu ufumu wa Britain. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakanjira mu vyaru vya mu Africa kufuma ku West Africa (uko sono ni Senegal) na kuluta kumafumiro gha dazi, kujumpha mu Sahel m'paka ku mphaka ya kumwera kwa Sahara. Chilato chawo chikaŵa chakuti ŵalutilire kulamulira kufuma ku Mlonga wa Niger m'paka ku Nile, ndipo ŵakendeskanga malonda ghose agho ghakafumanga na kuluta ku Sahel. Kweni ŵa ku Britain ŵakakhumbanga kuti malo agho ŵakaŵa nagho kumwera kwa Africa ghaŵe pamoza na malo agho ŵakaŵa nagho kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. [[File:Muhammad_Ahmad.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muhammad_Ahmad.jpg|thumb|Muhammad Ahmad, mulongozgi wa Mahdi. Gulu ili la Ŵasilamu likapoka caru cose ca Sudan na kurwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain.]] Charu cha Sudan (uko sono ni Uganda) ndicho chikawovwira kuti vinthu ivi vicitike, comenecomene apo Eguputo wakaŵa pasi pa Britain. Cecil Rhodes ndiyo wakamanya comene za "mzere uswesi" uwo ukujumpha mu Africa. Padera pa Lord Milner, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa boma la Britain ku South Africa, Rhodes wakawoneseska kuti ku South Africa kuŵe ufumu wa "Cape to Cairo", uwo ukakolerananga na njanji ya Suez Canal na South Africa. Nangauli caru ca Tanganyika cikapokelereka na ŵa German m'paka paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, kweni Rhodes wakathereska caru ici. Britain wakakhumbanga kusazgirako ufumu wake wa ku East Africa kufuma ku Cairo m'paka ku Cape of Good Hope, apo France wakakhumbanga kusazgirako ufumu wake kufuma ku Dakar m'paka ku Sudan. Usange munthu wangayora mzere kufuma ku Cape Town kuya ku Cairo (loto la Rhodes), na unyake kufuma ku Dakar kuya ku Horn of Africa (luso la France), mizere yiŵiri iyi yikudumura ku malo ghanyake ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan kufupi na Fashoda, kulongosora kuzirwa kwake. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku France la Jean-Baptiste Marchand ndilo likamba kufika ku Fashoda. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakafumapo ndipo ŵakalutilira kupempha malo ghanyake mu cigaŵa ici. Cakucitika ca Fashoda cikapangiska kuti paŵe phangano la Entente Cordiale la 1904, ilo likapeleka mtende pakati pa ŵaŵiri aŵa. ==== Phangano la Anglo-French ==== Mu 1890, Britain na France ŵakamazga mphindano ya vyaru ivyo ŵakakhalanga. Kuyana na umo caru ca France cikapokeleranga mazaza gha Britain pa Zanzibar, ufumu wa Britain ukazomera kuti France ndiyo uli na mazaza pa caru ca Madagascar kweniso kuti ndiwo uli na mazaza pa caru ca North Africa, m'paka ku Sokoto. Ndipouli, chikaŵa chakusuzga kuti munthu wasange mphaka iyi kwambura mapu ghakuru.<ref>"LORD SALISBURY yesterday expounded the Anglo-." ''Times'', 12 Aug. 1890, p. 7. ''The Times Digital Archive'', https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS117887756/TTDA?u=tall85761&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=5cff4a4a. Accessed 18 Apr. 2023.</ref> ==== Moroccan Crises ==== {{main|First Moroccan Crisis|Agadir Crisis}} [[File:Pacification.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pacification.jpg|thumb|Mapu agho ghakulongora umo charu cha Morocco chikaŵira m'paka mu 1934]] Nangauli Ungano wa ku Berlin ukaŵa kuti waŵika malango gha nkhondo ya ku Africa, kweni ukaŵatondeska yayi ŵasilikari awo ŵakalimbananga nawo. Chifukwa cha phangano la Entente Cordiale, themba la Germany likaghanaghana vya kuyezga mazaza ghake mwa kugwiliskira nchito caru ca Morocco. Kaiser Wilhelm II wakaluta ku Tangier pa 31 March 1905 ndipo wakayowoya nkhani yakukhozgera wanangwa wa Morocco. Mu 1904, caru ca Britain na Spain vikazomerezga kuti caru ca France ciŵepo. Ivyo Kaiser wakayowoya vikakhozga mtima wa caru ca France, ndipo cifukwa ca wovwiri wa Britain, Théophile Delcassé, nduna ya vyaru vya kuwaro ya France, wakakana. Suzgo ili likakura comene pakati pa Juni 1905, apo Delcassé wakacimbizgika na nduna yikuru Maurice Rouvier. Kweni mu Julayi 1905, caru ca Germany cikaŵa kuti capatukana na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la France, ndipo ŵakazomerezga kuti paŵe ungano uwo uzamumazga suzgo ili. [[File:Si_Kaddour_ben_Ghabrit_et_le_sultan_Moufay_Hafid.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Si_Kaddour_ben_Ghabrit_et_le_sultan_Moufay_Hafid.jpg|left|thumb|Fumu ya ku Morocco, Abdelhafid, uyo wakalongozga ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma la France pa nyengo ya suzgo la Agadir]] Pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Algeciras mu 1906, ŵakadumura kuti nkhani iyi yimare. Pa vyaru 13 ivyo vikaŵapo, ŵimiliri ŵa Germany ŵakasanga kuti Austria-Hungary ndiyo yikaŵa yekha muwukirano wawo. Boma la Britain, U.S.A., Russia, Italy, na Spain, vikawovwira comene caru ca France. Paumaliro, Ŵachijeremani ŵakakolerana na phangano ilo likalembeka pa Meyi 31, 1906, ilo likati France lichitengepo kanthu pa vinthu vinyake mu Morocco, kweni likalutilira kulamulira vigaŵa vikuruvikuru. Ndipouli, pati pajumpha vyaka vinkhondi, Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Morocco (panji Nkhondo ya ku Agadir) yikamba apo boti la German Panther likaluta ku Agadir mu Julayi 1911. Boma la Germany likakhumbanga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵalutilire kuŵa na mazaza pa nkhondo. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakati ŵapulika kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Panther ŵafika ku Morocco, ŵakaghanaghana kuti Ŵachijeremani ŵakukhumba kuzgora Agadir kuŵa msasa wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Atlantic. Chilato cha boma la Germany chikaŵa chakuti liŵape ndalama zakukwana kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa ufumu wa ku North Africa. Mu Novembala 1911, ŵakakolerana kuti charu cha Germany chizomere malo gha France mu Morocco kuti chipeleke chigaŵa chinyake ku Middle Congo. Pa 30 Malichi, 1912, France na Spain ŵakamba kulamulira Morocco. Kweniso, cifukwa cakuti Britain yikawovwira caru ca France pa nyengo ya nkhondo ziŵiri izo zikacitika ku Morocco, vikakhozga ubwezi pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi. ==== Dervish resistance ==== Pamanyuma pa ungano wa ku Berlin, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain, Italy, na Ethiopia, ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa malo agho kukaŵa Ŵasomali. Gulu la Dervish, ilo likalongozgekanga na Sayid Muhammed Abdullah Hassan, likaŵako vyaka 21, kwamba mu 1899 m'paka mu 1920. Gulu la Dervish likathereska ufumu wa Britain maulendo ghanayi ndipo likapangiska kuti uwelere ku vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Cifukwa ca maulendo agha, ufumu wa Ottoman na German ukamanya kuti gulu la Dervish ni mubwezi wawo. Ŵa Turkiya ŵakamuthya Hassan kuti ni fumu ya mtundu wa Somali, ndipo Ŵajeremani ŵakalayizga kuti ŵamanyenge vigaŵa vyose ivyo ŵa Dervish ŵasanga. Pakati pajumpha vilimika 25 kufuma apo ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakaŵasuzganga, mu 1920 ŵasilikari ŵa Dervish ŵakathereskeka cifukwa cakuti Britain yikagwiliskira nchito ndege. ==== Nkhondo za Ŵaherero na Kuwukira kwa Maji Maji ==== {{Main|Herero Wars|Maji Maji Rebellion}} {{see also|Herero and Namaqua genocide}} [[File:Herero_Nama_Shark_Island_Death_Camp_Lieutenant_von_Durling_05.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herero_Nama_Shark_Island_Death_Camp_Lieutenant_von_Durling_05.jpg|thumb|Mulara wa ŵasilikari Von Durling pamoza na ŵakayidi ku Shark Island, umoza mwa misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu ya ku Germany iyo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pa nyengo ya kukoma ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Herero na Namaqua]] Pakati pa 1904 na 1908, vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Germany, ku German South West Africa na German East Africa, vikasuzgika na ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira boma lawo. Mu vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ivi, ŵalwani ŵa boma la Germany ŵakathereskeka mwaluŵiro apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany ŵakiza. Ŵasilikari ŵa Herero ku German South West Africa ŵakathereskeka pa Nkhondo ya Waterberg, ndipo Ŵasilikari ŵa Maji-Maji ku German East Africa ŵakasuzgika na ŵasilikari ŵa Germany. Ŵasilikari ŵa Germany ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵafumiske ŵanthu mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa. Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi, ŵanthu 65,000 (80% ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi) na 10,000 (50% ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi) ŵakafwa na njara, nyota, panji ŵakagwiranga nchito mu misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu nga ni Shark Island pakati pa 1904 na 1908. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Herero ŵakukwana 24,000 m'paka 100,000, Ŵanaama 10,000, na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa San ŵakafwa.<ref name="Walter Nuhn 1904">{{cite book|author=Nuhn, Walter|year=1989|title=Sturm über Südwest. Der Hereroaufstand von 1904|language=de|location=Koblenz, DEU|publisher=Bernard & Graefe-Verlag|isbn=978-3-7637-5852-4}}{{page needed|date=December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Schaller|first=Dominik J.|editor-last=Moses|editor-first=A. Dirk|title=From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa.|trans-title=Empire, Colony Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History|edition=first|year=2008|publisher=Berghahn Books|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-84545-452-4|pages=296|quote=see his footnotes to German language sources citation #1 for Chapter 13.}}</ref><ref name="sarkin">Jeremy Sarkin-Hughes (2008) ''Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century: The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia, 1904-1908'', p. 142, Praeger Security International, Westport, Conn. {{ISBN|978-0-31336-256-9}}</ref><ref name="moses">{{cite book|author=Moses, A. Dirk|year=2008|title=Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation and Subaltern Resistance in World History|url=https://archive.org/details/empirecolonygeno0000unse|location=New York|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-84545-452-4}}{{page needed|date=December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Schaller, Dominik J.|year=2008|title=From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa|location=New York|publisher=Berghahn Books|page=296|isbn=978-1-84545-452-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Friedrichsmeyer, Sara L.|author2=Lennox, Sara|author3=Zantop, Susanne M.|year=1998|title=The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy|location=Ann Arbor, MI|publisher=University of Michigan Press|page=87|isbn=978-0-472-09682-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Baronian, Marie-Aude|editor2=Besser, Stephan|editor3=Jansen, Yolande|year=2007|title=Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics|series=Thamyris, Intersecting Place, Sex and Race, Issue 13|location=Leiden, NDL|publisher=Brill/Rodopi|page=33|issn=1381-1312|isbn=978-9042021297}}</ref> Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafwa na njara, nyota, panji chifukwa cha kununkhira maji mu visimi apo ŵakaŵa mu mapopa gha Namib.<ref>Ulrich van der Heyden; Holger Stoecker (2005) ''Mission und Macht im Wandel politischer Orientierungen: Europaische Missionsgesellschaften in politischen Spannungsfeldern in Afrika und Asien zwischen 1800–1945'', p. 394, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart {{ISBN|978-3-515-08423-9}}</ref><ref name="totten">Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny (2004) [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&dq=Herero+Poisoned+wells&pg=PA51 ''Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts''], Routledge, NY {{ISBN|978-0-203-89043-1}} p. 22</ref><ref name="kroll">Dan Kroll (2006) ''Securing Our Water Supply: Protecting a Vulnerable Resource'', p. 22, PennWell Corp/University of Michigan Press {{ISBN|978-1-59370-069-0}}</ref> == Filosofi == === Kuŵa na mahara na viwoneskero === ==== Ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa ==== [[File:African_Pigmies_CNE-v1-p58-B.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African_Pigmies_CNE-v1-p58-B.jpg|thumb|Ŵapigeme na ŵa ku Europe. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakukhala mu malo ghakusungirako viŵeto ŵakuŵa nga ni Ota Benga, uyo wakalongoreka na Madison Grant, uyo wakasambizganga vya ŵanthu.]] IMu nyengo yakwambilira, ufumu wa ŵeneco ukaŵa mulimo wa ŵanthu awo ŵakendanga mu vyaru vinyake na ŵamalonda ŵanyake. Maufumu agho ghakaŵa na mazaza pa vyaru vinyake ghakaŵa kutali comene na kuzomerezga vinthu vyakudura ivyo vikacitikanga mu vyaru vinyake. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa ndyali, nga ni William Gladstone, ŵakasuskanga boma la Britain. Ndipouli, apo wakaŵa nduna yikuru pakati pa 1880 na 1885, wakatondeka kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa mu boma lake, ndipo wakaleka kufiska ivyo wakalayizga. Nangauli Gladstone wakasuskanga fundo za ufumu, kweni masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama ghakamupangiska kuti wakondweske fundo za boma. Mu France, Georges Clemenceau, wandale wa ku France, wakakananga comene: wakaghanaghananga kuti ukoloni ukufumako ku "mzere wa buluu wa mapiri gha Vosges", ndiko kuti, kuwukira caru na kukhumba kuwuskako caru ca Alsace-Lorraine ico cikapokeka na Ufumu wa Germany na phangano la Frankfurt mu 1871. Clemenceau ndiyo wakacitiska kuti Jules Ferry waleke kuwusa cifukwa ca ngozi ya mu 1885 ku Tonkin. Hannah Arendt wakalemba mu buku lake lakuti The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951), kuti kuthandazgika kwa mazaza gha ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake kukususkana na umoza wa boma ilo likupeleka wanangwa wa kukhala mu charu ichi. Ntheura, pakamba kuŵa mphindano pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu wose ŵacindikenge wanangwa wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake, awo ŵakuwoneka nga "mbanthu" ŵa boma, na ŵamazaza awo ŵakakhumbanga kusuzga ŵanthu awo ŵakawonekanga kuti mbambura kwenelera. Ŵanyake mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na ŵazga ŵakasuskanga vinthu ivyo ŵakaviwonanga kuti ni viheni yayi ivyo boma la ŵazga likachitanga para ŵaleka kuvilondezga. Ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa nkhondo ya ku Africa. Ku Germany, France, na Britain, ŵanthu ŵa m'maumba ghapakati ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵalutilire kukolerana na ŵanyawo kuti ŵalutilire kukura. Nanga ni mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na mazaza ghacoko, ŵanthu nga ni Enrico Corradini ŵakayowoya kuti "vyaru vya ŵanthu ŵambura nchito" vikwenera kuŵa na "malo ghakutowa" mu caru. ==== Kupharazga na kusopa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ==== Mabuku ghanandi agho ghakayowoyanga vya ŵakoloni, maghanoghano ghawo, na vithuzithuzi vyawo, ghakawovwira ŵakaronga kuti ŵagomezge kuti ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene vyaru vyawo. Cimanyikwiro ca caru ca France ico cikaŵa mu nyengo ya kuuyambiro kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na m'ma 1900, cikaŵa mulimo wa kuzgora ŵanthu kuŵa ŵalusungu. Ntheura, ŵalara ŵa boma la France ŵakachitanga ndyali za ku France na Europe mu vyaru vya France, chomenechomene ku French West Africa na Madagascar. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinayi ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la France, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyanne, Réunion, kweniso ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinayi vya Senegal, ŵakapika wanangwa wa kuŵa ŵimiliri ŵa Nyumba ya Malango. Kanandi ŵanthu awo ŵakasankhikanga ŵakaŵa Ŵachifurenci ŵatuŵa, nangauli pakaŵaso ŵanthu ŵafipa nga ni Blaise Diagne wa ku Senegal, uyo wakasankhika mu 1914..<ref name="Segalla 2009">Segalla, Spencer. 2009, ''The Moroccan Soul: French Education, Colonial Ethnology, and Muslim Resistance, 1912–1956''. Nebraska University Press</ref> ==== Viwoneskero vya Ŵakoloni ==== [[File:Dellepiane-exposition-nationale-coloniale-1906.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dellepiane-exposition-nationale-coloniale-1906.jpg|thumb|Chithuzithuzi cha chionetsero cha mu 1906 ku Marseilles (France)]] [[File:Affiche_exposition_coloniale_Tervuren.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Affiche_exposition_coloniale_Tervuren.jpg|thumb|Chithuzithuzi cha ungano wa ku Brussels wa mu 1897.]] Paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, maufumu gha vyaru vya ŵazga ghakaŵa ghakumanyikwa comene pafupifupi mu vyaru vyose vya ku Europe. Vinthu ivyo vikacitikanga mu vyaru vinyake vikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kughanaghana makora. Ntheura, para ŵanthu ŵanjira mu vyaru vinyake, ŵakawoneleranga ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru ivi. Mu 1874, Carl Hagenbeck, uyo wakaŵa wamalonda wa nyama za kuthondo wa ku Germany, ndipo pamasinda wakamba kupanga malo ghakusungirako viŵeto ku Europe, wakawona kuti ntchiwemi kulongora ŵanthu ŵa ku Samoa na ku Sami. Mu 1876, wakatuma yumoza wa ŵantchito ŵake ku caru ca Sudan ico cikaŵa kuti capokeka waka na Eguputo kuti wakatore vikoko na ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia aŵa ŵakaŵako mu Paris, London, na Berlin. "Vipinda vya ŵanthu" ivi vikaŵa mu Hamburg, Antwerp, Barcelona, London, Milan, New York City, Paris, na kunyake, ndipo ŵanthu 200,000 panji 300,000 ŵakizanga ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg ŵakaŵako pamanyuma pakuti France wapoka msumba wa Timbuktu (René Caillié, uyo wakajibisa nga ni Musulumani, wakaluta kukaŵawona mu 1828, ndipo wakapokera chawanangwa chakufuma ku French Société de Géographie). Cifukwa ca kuleka kuzgoŵera nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakafwa na nthenda iyi, nga umo vikaŵira na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Galibi ku Paris mu 1892. Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa Jardin d'Acclimatation, mu 1877 wakadumura vyakuti paŵe viphikiro viŵiri vya ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Tikiti zinandi zikaguliskika ku Jardin d'Acclimatation, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1 miliyoni ŵakalipira. Pakati pa 1877 na 1912, pa malo agha pakaŵa "vinthu vyakusanguluska" pafupifupi 30.<ref>[http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2000/08/BANCEL/14145.html "These human zoos of the Colonial Republic"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405044035/http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2000/08/BANCEL/14145.html|date=2014-04-05}}, ''[[Le Monde diplomatique]]'', August 2000 {{in lang|fr}}. ([http://mondediplo.com/2000/08/07humanzoo Translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127010516/http://mondediplo.com/2000/08/07humanzoo|date=2020-11-27}} {{in lang|en}})</ref> Mu 1878, pa ungano wa caru cose uwo ukacitikira ku Paris, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwona "midzi ya ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake". Ŵakapanga "mizinda ya ku Senegal" iyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda. Ku United States, Madison Grant, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa wupu wakuwona vya vinyama ku New York, wakasanga Pygmy Ota Benga ku Bronx Zoo pamoza na vinyama vinyake mu 1906. Mubali Grant, uyo wakaŵa wasayansi wakususkana na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake, wakaphalira William Temple Hornaday, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa chiŵaya cha vinyama kuti waŵike Ota Benga mu kanyumba ako mukaŵa orangutan, ndipo wakamuthya zina lakuti "The Missing Link" kuti walongosore makora fundo ya Darwin. Vinyake ivyo ŵakawoneleranga vikaŵa vya Ufumu wa Britain uwo ukaŵako mu 1924, na vya ku Paris mu 1931. === Kulimbana na matenda === Kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵasilikari wose ŵa vyaru vyakumwera ŵakamba kulimbana na matenda. Ku Africa, nthenda ya kugona yikamara cifukwa cakuti magulu ghakupambanapambana ghakapenjerezga ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi. Mu ma 1880, ng'ombe izo zikafuma ku Britain ku Asia kuti zikapeleke chakurya ku ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakanjira mu charu cha Eritrea, zikasangika na nthenda yakucemeka cinkhara. Chikulutilira kupweteka viŵeto 90 pa 100 mu Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakasuzgikanga chomene chifukwa cha kutayika kwa viŵeto vyawo. Mu virimika vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakasazgikira comene cifukwa cakuti mu vyaru vinandi ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakufwa cikakhira cifukwa ca mtende, kulekeska njara, munkhwala, ndiposo comenecomene cifukwa cakuti malonda gha ŵazga ghakamara. Ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakukwera kufuma pa 120 miliyoni mu 1900 kufika pa 1 biliyoni lero.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110427034124/http://www.africanews.com/site/Africas_population_now_1_billion/list_messages/26588 "Africa's population now 1 billion"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427034124/http://www.africanews.com/site/Africas_population_now_1_billion/list_messages/26588|date=2011-04-27}}. AfricaNews. August 25, 2009.</ref> === Kuwuskapo wuzga === {{main|Slavery in Africa#Abolition}} Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kulimbana na wuzga ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe. Iyi yikaŵa nkhani yikuru pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Brussels mu 1889-90. Kufuma waka apo ŵanthu ŵakambira kulimbana na ŵazga mu Africa, maboma ghose agho ghakalamuliranga charu ichi ghakati ghakakhumbanga kumazga wuzga na malonda gha ŵazga. Ku French West Africa, ŵazga ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni ŵakachimbira kwa mabwana ghawo pakati pa 1906 na 1911. Ku Madagascar, ŵa ku France ŵakalekeska wuzga mu 1896, ndipo ŵazga pafupifupi 500,000 ŵakafwatulika. Mu 1911, ŵazga ŵakalekeka mu chigaŵa cha Sahel icho chikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha France. Vyaru vinyake ivyo vikakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaviwone nga ni vyaru vya ku Europe, nyengo zinyake vikawonanga nga kuti vikukhumba kumazga wuzga. Pakususkana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakachitanga, boma la Sokoto likamazga wuzga mu 1900, ndipo Ethiopia likamazga wuzga mu 1932. Nangauli ŵazga ŵakalutilira kugwira ntchito mu Africa, kweni ŵakamba kugwira ntchito za malipiro. Ku Africa, wuzga ukamara yayi.<ref>Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African history. New York: CRC Press, p. 878</ref><ref name="Manning-1990">{{cite book|last=Manning|first=Patrick|title=Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades|url=https://archive.org/details/slaveryafricanli0067mann|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1990}}</ref><ref name="Lovejoy, Paul E. 2012">Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012). Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. London: Cambridge University Press.</ref><ref>Martin Klein, "Slave Descent and Social Status in Sahara and Sudan", in ''Reconfiguring Slavery: West African Trajectories'', ed. Benedetta Rossi (Liverpool: [[Liverpool University Press]], 2009), 29.</ref> == Ivyo Vikachitika == [[File:Victoria_(Cameroon).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_(Cameroon).jpg|thumb|Charu cha Cameroon, chakuŵajika na R. Hellgrewe, 1908]] Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, mu nyengo ya muwuso uphya wa ŵasilikari, caru ca Europe cikasazgirako pafupifupi makilomita 23,000,000 ku malo agho ghakaŵa mu vyaru vinyake. Mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Europe mukaŵa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa, kupaturako Ethiopia, Liberia, na Saguia el-Hamra. Pakati pa 1885 na 1914, caru ca Britain cikapoka pafupifupi 30% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa; 15% ŵa ku France, 11% ŵa ku Portugal, 9% ŵa ku Germany, 7% ŵa ku Belgium na 1% ŵa ku Italy. Ku Nigeria pera, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 15 miliyoni ŵakakoleka. Kuyana na malo agho ŵakakhalanga, Ŵacifurenci ndiwo ŵakadangiliranga comene, kweni caru cawo cikakura comene mu caru ca Sahara..<ref>Richard Rathbone, "World war I and Africa: introduction." ''Journal of African History'' 19.1 (1978): 1-9.</ref><ref>James Joll and Gordon Martel, ''The Origins of the First World War'' (4th ed. 2006) pp 219-253.</ref> Nkhondo ya ndyali yikalondezgana na kuthandazgika kwa vinthu vya cuma, ndipo "mabungwe ghakulongozga vyaru" ghakakhozgeranga visambizgo vya kutinkha ŵamazaza pa suzgo yiliyose kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa ŵamahara. Nkhondo iyi yikamba mu Ogasiti 1914, apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵanyawo.<ref>William Mulligan, ''The Origins of the First World War'' (2017) pp 230-238.</ref> === Makoloni gha mu Africa ghakulondezgana na ufumu uwo ukaŵako === [[File:Leopold_II_Statue_at_Place_du_Trône_-_panoramio.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leopold_II_Statue_at_Place_du_Tr%C3%B4ne_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Cikozgo ca Leopold II wa ku Belgium, Fumu ya Congo Free State kufuma mu 1885 mpaka 1908, Regent Place mu Brussels, Belgium]] ==== Belgium ==== * [[:en:Congo_Free_State|Congo Free State]] na * [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] (today's ** [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]]) * [[:en:Ruanda-Urundi|Ruanda-Urundi]] (comprising modern ** [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]]<nowiki/>na ** [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]], 1922–62) ==== France ==== {{Further|French Africa}} [[File:Mission_Foureau-Lamy.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mission_Foureau-Lamy.jpg|thumb|The [[:en:Amédée-François_Lamy|Foureau-Lamy]] military expedition sent out from [[:en:Algiers|Algiers]] in 1898 to conquer the [[:en:Chad_Basin|Chad Basin]] and unify all French territories in West Africa.]] {| | valign="top" | * [[:en:French_West_Africa|French West Africa]]: ** [[:en:Mauritania|Mauritania]] ** [[:en:Senegal|Senegal]] ** [[:en:Albreda|Albreda]] (1681–1857, now part of [[:en:Gambia|Gambia]]) ** [[:en:French_Sudan|French Sudan]] (now [[:en:Mali|Mali]], 1880 – 1958) ** [[:en:French_Guinea|French Guinea]] (now [[:en:Guinea|Guinea]]) ** [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Ivory Coast]] ** [[:en:Colony_of_Niger|Niger]] ** [[:en:French_Upper_Volta|French Upper Volta]] (now [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]]) ** [[:en:French_Dahomey|French Dahomey]] (now [[:en:Benin|Benin]]) ** [[:en:French_Togoland|French Togoland]] (1916–60, now [[:en:Togo|Togo]]) ** [[:en:Enclaves_of_Forcados_and_Badjibo|Enclaves of Forcados and Badjibo]] (in modern [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]]) * [[:en:French_Equatorial_Africa|French Equatorial Africa]]: ** [[:en:Gabon|Gabon]] ** [[:en:French_Cameroun|French Cameroun]] (1922–60) ** [[:en:French_Congo|French Congo]] (now [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of the Congo]]) ** [[:en:Ubangi-Shari|Oubangui-Chari]] (now [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]]) ** [[:en:Colonial_Chad|Chad]] * [[:en:French_North_Africa|French North Africa]]: ** [[:en:French_Algeria|French Algeria]] (1830-1962; was administered as an integral part of France itself from 1848) ** [[:en:French_Protectorate_of_Tunisia|French Protectorate of Tunisia]] ** [[:en:French_protectorate_in_Morocco|French Protectorate of Morocco]] ** [[:en:Fezzan-Ghadames_(French_Administration)|Fezzan-Ghadames]] (1943–1951) (administration given by the UNO after its conquest by [[:en:Charles_de_Gaulle|Charles de Gaulle]]) ** [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] (ownership (1798–1801)) ([[:en:Condominium_(international_law)|Condominium]] of [[:en:France|France]] and the [[:en:United_Kingdom|United Kingdom]] (1876–1882))<ref>{{cite web |title=Centenaire de l'Entente cordiale : les accords franco-britanniques de 1904 |url=http://www.minefe.gouv.fr/fonds_documentaire/notes_bleues/nbb/nbb270/entente_cordiale.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004005739/http://www.minefe.gouv.fr/fonds_documentaire/notes_bleues/nbb/nbb270/entente_cordiale.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-04 |access-date=2011-08-29 |language=fr}}</ref> * [[:en:French_East_Africa|French East Africa]]: ** [[:en:French_Madagascar|French Madagascar]] ** [[:en:Comoros|Comoros]] ** [[:en:Scattered_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean|Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean]] ** [[:en:French_Somaliland|French Somaliland]] (now [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]]) ** [[:en:Isle_de_France_(Mauritius)|Isle de France]] (1715–1810) (now [[:en:Mauritius|Mauritius]]) |} [[File:Desembarco_en_Cotonou_de_tropas_senegalesas._Le_Petit_Journal,_21may1892.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Desembarco_en_Cotonou_de_tropas_senegalesas._Le_Petit_Journal,_21may1892.jpg|thumb|Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Senegal (Tirailleurs) ilo likalongozgekanga na Koloneli Alfred-Amédée Dodds, likapoka Dahomey (lero ni Benin) mu 1892]] ==== Germany ==== * [[:en:German_Kamerun|German Kamerun]] (now [[:en:Cameroon|Cameroon]] and part of [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]], 1884–1916) * [[:en:German_East_Africa|German East Africa]] (now [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]] and most of [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], 1885–1919) * [[:en:German_South-West_Africa|German South-West Africa]] (now [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], 1884–1915) * [[:en:German_Togoland|German Togoland]] (now [[:en:Togo|Togo]] and eastern part of [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]], 1884–1914) After the First World War, Germany's possessions were partitioned among Britain (which took a sliver of western Cameroon, Tanzania, western Togo, and Namibia), France (which took most of Cameroon and eastern Togo) and Belgium (which took Rwanda and Burundi). ==== Italy ==== [[File:CH-NB_-_Italienisch-Ostafrika,_Massana_(Massawa,_Massaua)-_Hafen_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-23-129.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CH-NB_-_Italienisch-Ostafrika,_Massana_(Massawa,_Massaua)-_Hafen_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-23-129.jpg|thumb|Ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakakhalanga ku Massawa]] * [[:en:Italian_Eritrea|Italian Eritrea]] * [[:en:Italian_Somalia|Italian Somalia]] * [[:en:Italian_Ethiopia|Italian Ethiopia]] ** ''[[:en:Oltre_Giuba|Oltre Giuba]]'' {{small|(annexed into Italian Somalia in 1925)}} * [[:en:Italian_colonization_of_Libya|Libya]] ** [[:en:Italian_Tripolitania|Italian Tripolitania]] ** [[:en:Italian_Cyrenaica|Italian Cyrenaica]] ** [[:en:Italian_Libya|Italian Libya]] {{small|(from the unification of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica in 1934)}} Mu nyengo ya pakati pa nkhondo, Ethiopia wa ku Italy pamoza na Eritrea wa ku Italy na Somaliland wa ku Italy ŵakapangiska Italy East Africa (A.O.I., "Africa Orientale Italiana", iyo yikumanyikwa na boma la Fascist nga L'Impero). ==== Portugal ==== [[File:Combat_de_marracuene.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Combat_de_marracuene.jpg|thumb|Ku Marracuene, Mozambique uko kukaŵa Ŵapwitikizi, kukaŵa nkhondo pakati pa Ŵapwitikizi na themba la Gaza, Gungunhana, mu 1895]] {| | valign="top" | * [[:en:Portuguese_Angola|Portuguese Angola]] (now [[:en:Angola|Angola]]) ** Mainland [[:en:Angola|Angola]] ** [[:en:Portuguese_Congo|Portuguese Congo]](now [[:en:Cabinda_Province|Cabinda Province]] of [[:en:Angola|Angola]]) * [[:en:Portuguese_Mozambique|Portuguese Mozambique]](now [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]]) * [[:en:Portuguese_Guinea|Portuguese Guinea]](now [[:en:Guinea-Bissau|Guinea-Bissau]]) * [[:en:Portuguese_Gold_Coast|Portuguese Gold Coast]] (now part of [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]) * [[:en:Portuguese_Cape_Verde|Portuguese Cape Verde]] * [[:en:Portuguese_São_Tomé_and_Príncipe|Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe]] ** [[:en:São_Tomé_Island|São Tomé Island]] ** [[:en:Príncipe_Island|Príncipe Island]] ** [[:en:Fort_of_São_João_Baptista_de_Ajudá|Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá]](now [[:en:Ouidah|Ouidah]], in [[:en:Benin|Benin]]) |} ==== Spain ==== {| | valign="top" | * Northern [[:en:Spanish_Morocco|Spanish Morocco]] ** Chefchaouen (''Chauen'') *** Jebala (''Yebala'') *** Kert *** Loukkos (''Lucus'') *** Rif * [[:en:Spanish_West_Africa|Spanish West Africa]] ** [[:en:Ifni|Ifni]] ** Southern Spanish Morocco ([[:en:Cape_Juby|Cape Juby]]) ** [[:en:Spanish_Sahara|Spanish Sahara]] (now [[:en:Western_Sahara|Western Sahara]]) *** [[:en:Saguia_el-Hamra|Saguia el-Hamra]] *** [[:en:Río_de_Oro|Río de Oro]] * [[:en:Spanish_Guinea|Spanish Guinea]](now [[:en:Equatorial_Guinea|Equatorial Guinea]]) ** [[:en:Bioko|Fernando Pó]] ** [[:en:Río_Muni|Río Muni]] ** [[:en:Annobón|Annobón]] | valign="top" | |} {{anchor|United Kingdom}}<!--linked--> ==== United Kingdom ==== {{Further|Historiography of the British Empire}} [[File:1899railroad_salisbury.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1899railroad_salisbury.jpg|thumb|Kujura njanji mu Rhodesia, 1899]] [[File:Prempeh-124-palaver-and-submission.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prempeh-124-palaver-and-submission.jpg|thumb|Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachinayi iyo yikachitika mu 1896, ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kulamulira Ufumu wa Ashanti.]] Ku Marracuene, Mozambique uko kukaŵa Ŵapwitikizi, kukaŵa nkhondo pakati pa Ŵapwitikizi na themba la Gaza, Gungunhana, mu 1895. {| | valign="top" | * [[:en:British_Egypt|Egypt]] * [[:en:British_Military_Administration_(Libya)|British Cyrenaica]] (1943-1951, now part of [[:en:Libya|Libya]]) * [[:en:British_Military_Administration_(Libya)|British Tripolitania]] (1943-1951, now part of [[:en:Libya|Libya]]) * [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] (1899–1956) * [[:en:British_Somaliland|British Somaliland]] (now part of [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]]) * [[:en:British_East_Africa|British East Africa]]: ** [[:en:Kenya_Colony|Kenya Colony]] ** [[:en:Uganda_Protectorate|Uganda Protectorate]] ** [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] : *** [[:en:Tanganyika_Territory|Tanganyika Territory]] (1919–61) *** [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] * [[:en:British_Mauritius|British Mauritius]] * [[:en:Bechuanaland|Bechuanaland]] (now [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]) * [[:en:Southern_Rhodesia|Southern Rhodesia]] (now [[:en:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]) * [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]] (now [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]) * [[:en:History_of_Seychelles#British_rule|British Seychelles]] * [[:en:Union_of_South_Africa|British South Africa]] ** [[:en:South_Africa|South Africa]]: *** [[:en:Transvaal_Colony|Transvaal Colony]] *** [[:en:Cape_Colony|Cape Colony]] *** [[:en:Colony_of_Natal|Colony of Natal]] *** [[:en:Orange_River_Colony|Orange River Colony]] ** [[:en:South-West_Africa|South-West Africa]] (from 1915, now [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]]) * [[:en:British_West_Africa|British West Africa]] ** [[:en:Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate|Gambia Colony and Protectorate]] ** [[:en:Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate|British Sierra Leone]] ** [[:en:Colonial_Nigeria|Colonial Nigeria]] ** [[:en:British_Togoland|British Togoland]] (1916–56, today part of [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]) ** [[:en:Cameroons|Cameroons]] (1922–61, now part of [[:en:Cameroon|Cameroon]] and [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]]) ** [[:en:Gold_Coast_(British_colony)|Gold Coast (British colony)]] (now [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]) * [[:en:Nyasaland|Nyasaland]] (now [[:en:Malawi|Malawi]]) * [[:en:Basutoland|Basutoland]] (now [[:en:Lesotho|Lesotho]]) * [[:en:Swaziland_Protectorate|Swaziland]] (now [[:en:Eswatini|Eswatini]]) * [[:en:Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]] |} ==== Vyaru vyakujiyimira ==== Charu cha Liberia chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa wupu wa American Colonization Society, uwo ukaŵa na ntchito ya kusamuska ŵazga ŵa ku Africa na Caribbean kufuma ku United States na ku virwa vya Caribbean mu 1822. Pa Julayi 26, 1847, charu cha Liberia chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Liberia ni charu chakale chomene mu Africa ndipo ni charu chachiŵiri chakale chomene pa charu chose. Pa nyengo iyi, charu cha Liberia chikaŵa pa mtende na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Boma ili likagomezganga kuti Ethiopia ni boma la Italy nangauli charu ichi chikapokelera yayi fundo iyi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chapman |first=Mark |date=2 March 2018 |title=Adwa Day in Ethiopia {{!}} Tesfa Tours |url=https://www.tesfatours.com/adwa-day-in-ethiopia/ |access-date=2019-12-25 |website=www.tesfatours.com |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024142256/https://www.tesfatours.com/adwa-day-in-ethiopia/ |archive-date=2021-10-24}}</ref> Padera pa ufumu wa Italy uwo ukaŵako pakati pa 1936 na 1941 na ŵasilikari ŵa Benito Mussolini, Etiyopiya ni charu chakale chomene mu Africa. === Vinthu ivyo vikuchitika mazuŵa ghano === {{Further|Decolonisation of Africa|Neocolonialism}} [[File:Sudan_Map_Oelgas.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sudan_Map_Oelgas.png|thumb|Kupeleka mafuta na gasi ku Sudan ️ 2004]] Ŵasayansi awo ŵakususka wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵakukolerana na ivyo vikachitikanga kale na ivyo vikachitikanga mu Africa. Apo vyaru vya ku Africa vikamba kujiwusa vyekha pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, vinthu vyawo vikaŵa makora yayi. Kanandi ndalama zinandi izo ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga zikafumanga ku vyakurya panji ku vinthu vinyake. Ŵasayansi aŵa ŵakuti vinthu vikasintha chomene mu Africa chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake. Ŵakayowoyaso kuti mapulogiramu gha kusintha vinthu ghakawovwira kuti maboma ghanandi gha mu Africa ghaŵe na wanangwa wa vinthu vya ndyali na vyachuma.<ref>Southall and Melber, ''A New Scramble For Africa?: Imperialism, Investment and Development,'' pp. 41–45</ref> === Vithuzithuzi vya mafuta === Mu nyengo ya kuzgaluka kwa vinthu pa caru cose, vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa vyazgoka vyaru vya mafuta (nga ni Angola, Cameroon, Nigeria, na Sudan). Vyaru ivi ni vyaru ivyo vikukolerana pa nkhani za cuma na ndyali pakati pa makampani gha mafuta gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana na ŵamazaza ŵa mu vyaru vya mu Africa ivyo vili na mafuta ghanandi. Mu nyengo iyi, vyaru vinandi vikamba kukolerana na Africa. Mary Gilmartin wakati: "Kuŵa na vinthu vyakuthupi na vimanyikwiro vya malo [ntchakuzirwa chomene] kuti ufumu upharazgike na kulamulira". Makampani gha mafuta gha boma gha ku China (na vyaru vinyake vya ku Asia) ghasanga nchito yikuru ya mafuta mu Africa. China National Petroleum Corporation yikagura 40% ya Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company. Kweniso, charu cha Sudan chikuguliska mafuta 50~60% ku China. Charu cha China chikuguliskaso masheya mu malo gha mafuta gha mu Africa, kugwiliskira nchito ndalama pakupanga vinthu vyakukhumbikwa mu vyaru ivi na kusanga malo gha mafuta mu vyaru vya mu Africa.<ref>Southall, Roger and Melber, Henning. “A New Scramble For Africa?: Imperialism, Investment and Development,” South Africa: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2009: 192</ref> == Wonaniso == {{Portal|History|Africa}} * [[:en:Analysis_of_Western_European_colonialism_and_colonization|Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization]] * [[:en:Chronology_of_Western_colonialism|Chronology of Western colonialism]] * [[:en:Durand_Line|Durand Line]] * [[:en:Economic_history_of_Africa|Economic history of Africa]] * [[:en:French_colonial_empire|French colonial empire]] * [[:en:Historiography_of_the_British_Empire|Historiography of the British Empire]] * [[:en:International_relations_(1814–1919)|International relations (1814–1919)]] * [[:en:List_of_former_sovereign_states|List of former sovereign states]] * [[:en:List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies|List of French possessions and colonies]] * [[:en:Sykes–Picot_Agreement|Sykes–Picot Agreement]] * [[:en:White_Africans_of_European_ancestry|White Africans of European ancestry]] == Vyakulemba == <references group="note" responsive="1"></references> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> === Works cited === * {{cite book|last=Hochschild|first=Adam|author-link=Adam Hochschild|title=[[King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa]]|publisher=Pan Books|location=London|year=2006|orig-year=1998|isbn=978-0-330-44198-8}} * {{cite book|last=Shillington|first=Kevin|title=History of Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofafrica0002shil|date=2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-59957-0}} == Wonani vinandi == * Aldrich, Robert. ''Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion'' (1996) * Atkinson, David. "Constructing Italian Africa: Geography and Geopolitics". ''Italian colonialism'' (2005): 15–26. * Axelson, Eric. ''Portugal and the Scramble for Africa: 1875–1891'' (Johannesburg, Witwatersrand UP, 1967) * Betts, Raymond F., ed. ''The scramble for Africa: causes and dimensions of empire'' (Heath, 1972), short excerpts from historians. [[iarchive:scrambleforafric0000bett|online]] * Boddy-Evans, Alistair. "What Caused the Scramble for Africa?" ''African History'' (2012). [https://www.seal-pa.org/hs/staff/teachers/wswitala/courses/wahg2/SiteAssets/SitePages/colonial/What%20Caused%20the%20Scramble%20for%20Africa%20KINDLE.pdf online] * Brantlinger, Patrick. "Victorians and Africans: The genealogy of the myth of the dark continent." ''Critical Inquiry'' (1985): 166–203. [http://www.uwf.edu/dearle/imperialadventure/imperial%20adventure/documents/brantlinger%20victorians%20and%20africans.pdf online] * Chamberlain, Muriel Evelyn. ''The scramble for Africa'' (4th ed. Routledge, 2014) [https://www.amazon.com/Scramble-Africa-Seminar-Studies/dp/1408220148/ excerpt and text search]; also [[iarchive:scrambleforafric0000cham/page/n3/mode/2up|complete text of 2nd edition 1999]] * Curtin, Philip D. ''Disease and empire: The health of European Troops in the Conquest of Africa'' ([[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press]], 1998) * Darwin, John. "Imperialism and the Victorians: The dynamics of territorial expansion." ''English Historical Review'' (1997) 112#447 pp.&nbsp;614–42. * Finaldi, Giuseppe. ''Italian National Identity in the Scramble for Africa: Italy's African Wars in the Era of Nation-building, 1870–1900'' (Peter Lang, 2009) * Förster, Stig, Wolfgang Justin Mommsen, and Ronald Edward Robinson, eds. ''Bismarck, Europe and Africa: The Berlin Africa conference 1884–1885 and the onset of partition'' ([[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]], 1988) [[iarchive:bismarckeuropeandafricatheberlinafricaconference18841885andtheonsetofpartitionst|online]] * Gifford, Prosser, and William Roger Louis. ''France and Britain in Africa: Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Rule'' (1971) * Gifford, Prosser, and William Roger Louis. ''Britain and Germany in Africa: Imperial rivalry and colonial rule'' (1967) [[iarchive:britaingermanyin0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up|online]]. * {{cite journal|last=Gjersø|first=Jonas Fossli|title=The Scramble for East Africa: British Motives Reconsidered, 1884–95|journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=43|issue=5|pages=831–860|date=2015|s2cid=143514840|doi=10.1080/03086534.2015.1026131|doi-access=free}} * Hammond, Richard James. ''Portugal and Africa, 1815–1910: a study in uneconomic imperialism'' ([[:en:Stanford_University_Press|Stanford University Press]], 1966) [[iarchive:portugalafrica180000hamm|online]] * Henderson, W.O. ''The German Colonial Empire, 1884–1919'' (London: Frank Cass, 1993) * Hinsley, F.H. ed. ''The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 11: Material Progress and World-Wide Problems, 1870–98'' (1962) [http://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/toc/z2010_334.pdf contents] pp.&nbsp;593–40. * Klein, Martin A. ''Slavery and colonial rule in French West Africa'' (Cambridge University Press, 1998) * Koponen, Juhani, ''The Partition of Africa: A Scramble for a Mirage?'' Nordic Journal of African Studies, 2, no. 1 (1993): 134. * Lewis, David Levering. ''The race to Fashoda : European colonialism and African resistance in the scramble for Africa'' (1988) [[iarchive:racetofashodaeur0000lewi_u0m1|online]] * Lovejoy, Paul E. ''Transformations in slavery: a history of slavery in Africa'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011) * Lloyd, Trevor Owen. ''Empire: the history of the British Empire'' (2001). * Mackenzie J.M. ''The Partition of Africa, 1880–1900, and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century'' (London 1983) [[iarchive:partitionofafric0000mack|online]] * Middleton, Lamar. ''The Rape Of Africa'' (London, 1936) [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.77361/page/n207/mode/2up|online]] * Minawi, Mustafa. ''The Ottoman Scramble for Africa Empire and Diplomacy an the Sahara and the Hijaz'' (2016) [[iarchive:kaoikaprophe007_gmail_20180922|online]] * Oliver, Roland, ''Sir Harry Johnston and the Scramble for Africa'' (1959) [[iarchive:sirharryjohnston0000oliv|online]] * {{cite book|last=Pakenham|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Pakenham (historian)|title=The Scramble for Africa|title-link=The Scramble for Africa (book)|location=London|publisher=Abacus|year=1992|isbn=978-0-349-10449-2}} [[iarchive:scrambleforafric00pake_0|online]] * Penrose, E.F., ed. ''European Imperialism and the Partition of Africa'' (London, 1975). * Perraudin, Michael, and Jürgen Zimmerer, eds. ''German colonialism and national identity'' (London: Taylor & Francis, 2010). * Porter, Andrew, ed. ''The Oxford history of the British Empire: The nineteenth century. Vol. 3'' (1999) [[iarchive:oxfordhistoryofthebritishempirevol3_829_k|online]] pp 624–650. * Robinson, Ronald, and John Gallagher. "The partition of Africa", in ''The New Cambridge Modern History'' vol XI, pp.&nbsp;593–640 (Cambridge, 1962). * Robinson, Ronald, and John Gallagher. ''Africa and the Victorians: The official mind of imperialism'' (Macmillan, 1961). [[iarchive:africavictorians00robi_0|online]] * Rotberg, Robert I. ''The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power'' (1988) [https://www.amazon.com/The-Founder-Cecil-Rhodes-Pursuit/dp/0195066685/ excerpt and text search]; * Sarr, Felwine, and Savoy, Bénédicte, ''The Restitution of African Cultural Heritage, Toward a New Relational Ethics'' (2018) https://web.archive.org/web/20210326204535/http://restitutionreport2018.com/sarr_savoy_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326204535/http://restitutionreport2018.com/sarr_savoy_en.pdf|date=2021-03-26}} * Sanderson, G.N., "The European partition of Africa: Coincidence or conjuncture?" ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' (1974) 3#1 pp.&nbsp;1–54. * Stoecker, Helmut. ''German imperialism in Africa: From the beginnings until the Second World War'' (Hurst & Co., 1986.) * Thomas, Antony. ''Rhodes: The Race for Africa'' (1997) [https://www.amazon.com/Rhodes-Race-Africa-Antony-Thomas/dp/0312169825/ excerpt and text search] * Thompson, Virginia, and Richard Adloff. ''French West Africa'' (Stanford University Press, 1958) * Vandervort, Bruce. ''Wars of Imperial Conquest in Africa, 1830―1914'' ([[:en:Indiana_University_Press|Indiana University Press]], 2009). * Wesseling, H.L. and [[:en:Arnold_J._Pomerans|Arnold J. Pomerans]]. ''Divide and rule: The partition of Africa, 1880–1914'' (Praeger, 1996.) === Primary sources === * Brooke-Smith, Robin. ''Documents And Debate: The Scramble For Africa'' (Macmillan Education, 1987) [[iarchive:DocumentsAndDebatesRobinBrookeSmithB.A.M.Sc.auth.TheScrambleForAfricaMacmillanEducationUK1987|online]] * Chamberlain. M.E. ''The Scramble for Africa'' (2nd ed. 1999) pp 94-125 [[iarchive:scrambleforafric0000cham/page/n3/mode/2up|online]] == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jul/13/humanities.artsandhumanities|newspaper=The Guardian|date=13 July 2002|title=Belgium exhumes its colonial demons|last1=Osborn|first1=Andrew}} * {{cite thesis|url=https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/docviews/abstract.php?id=42990|last=Gülstorff|first=Torben|year=2016|place=Berlin|title=Trade follows Hallstein? Deutsche Aktivitäten im zentralafrikanischen Raum des Second Scramble.|doi=10.18452/17628}} * {{cite news|last=Fischer|first=Hilke|date=25 February 2015|title=130 years ago: carving up Africa in Berlin|work=Deutsche Welle|url=https://www.dw.com/en/130-years-ago-carving-up-africa-in-berlin/a-18278894|access-date=6 June 2021}} {{Africa topics}}{{Great Power diplomacy}}{{World War I}} hf42pgyg8yhw2bt2w8kjwf24lyton8q 0 39686 123199 98998 2026-10-10T00:44:45Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|2|0 */ 123199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Callista Mutharika | nickname = | image = Callista Chimombo small.jpg | order1 = [[First Ladies and Gentlemen of Malawi|First Lady of Malawi]] | term_label1 = In role | term_start1 = 1 May 2010 | term_end1 = 5 April 2012 | predecessor1 = [[Ethel Mutharika]] | successor1 = [[Richard Banda]] | office2 = [[Chairperson of the African Union|First Lady of African Union]] | term_start2 = 1 May 2010 | term_end2 = 31 January 2011 | president2 = [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] | predecessor2 = [[Safia Farkash]] | successor2 = [[Constancia Mangue]] | party = [[Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|Democratic Progressive Party]] | spouse = [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] (2010–2012) | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|5|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Zomba, Malawi|Zomba]], [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]<br />{{small|(now [[Malawi]])}} | death_date = | death_place = | alma_mater = | religion = | children = | residence = | relations = | signature = }}Nyamama '''Callista Chapola-Chimombo''' (Callista Mutharika) (born 24 May 1959)<ref>{{cite web |date=2011-08-22 |title=Profile of First Lady Callista Mutharika |url=http://www.malawidemocrat.com/politics/profile-of-first-lady-callista-mutharika/ |publisher=Malawidemocrat.com |accessdate=2012-04-16}}</ref> ni [[wandale]] wa ku [[Malaŵi|Malawi]] ndipo nchokoro ca President [[Bingu wa Mutharika]]. Wakateŵetera nga ni [[First Lady]] wa Malawi kufuma mu 2010 mpaka 2012. Chimombo wakaŵapo kale mu wupu wa Malawi nga ni National Coordinator of Maternal, Infant and Child Health and HIV/Nutrition/Malaria and Tuberculosis. Pasono wakuteŵetera nga ni High Commissioner wa Malawi mu Republic of [[Kenya]], ndipo wakapeleka chikalata chake ku president wa Kenya pa 1 April 2022. Wakaŵaso mamembala gha chalo cha Pan-African Parliament, ndipo wakaŵa Minister wa Tourism, Wildlife and Culture wa Malawi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotland-malawipartnership.org/news.html?newsid=34 |title=Malawi Announces Cabinet Reshuffle |date=2007-05-11 |accessdate=2007-09-09 |work=Scotland-MalawiPartnership.org |publisher=Scotland Malawi Partnership |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103133842/http://www.scotland-malawipartnership.org/news.html?newsid=34 |archivedate=2011-01-03 }}</ref> Mu 2005, wakaŵa Secretary wa Malawi Women's Caucus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parlcent.ca/africa/Gender/Malawi_e.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050731080030/http://www.parlcent.ca/africa/Gender/Malawi_e.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-07-31 |title=Parliamentary Centre Hosts A Southern Africa Regional Workshop On Micro Finance as Strategy for Poverty Reduction |accessdate=2007-09-09 |work=ParlCent.ca |publisher=Parliamentary Centre of Canada }}</ref> Chimombo wakaŵa wa Democratic Progressive Party ndipo wakaŵa wa [[United Democratic Front (UDF)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.africa-union.org/organs/pan%20african%20parliament/List%20of%20Members%20pap.pdf |title=List of Members of the Pan African Parliament |accessdate=2007-09-09 |work=Africa-Union.org |publisher=[[African Union]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518171107/http://www.africa-union.org/organs/pan%20african%20parliament/List%20of%20Members%20pap.pdf |archivedate=2011-05-18 }}</ref> ==Vyamunthu== Mu Janyuwale 2010, pamanyuma pa kukhuŵara kukuru, ŵakapharazga kuti Chimombo na President Mutharika ŵakhala pachibwezi ndipo ŵatorenge pa 1 May 2010. Ŵakatorana pa Zuŵa la Ŵakutemweka mu 2010 mu ciphikiro ca kaluso ico cikayowoyeka pa nyuzipepara.<ref name="africanews.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100218172140/http://www.africanews.com/site/Mutharika_Till_death_do_us_part/list_messages/30048] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218172140/http://www.africanews.com/site/Mutharika_Till_death_do_us_part/list_messages/30048|date=February 18, 2010}}</ref> Pa nyengo yinyake, Mutharika na Callista ŵakalongora cimwemwe cawo mwa kuluta na mwana wawo ku malo ghakuwambira kuvina uko ŵana ŵake, ŵamumbumba na ŵalendo ŵakayezga kuvina kwa maminiti pafupifupi 20. Ŵakatorana mu tchalitchi la Katolika.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8471751.stm Malawi's President Mutharika to marry ex-minister] BBC News, 24 January 2010</ref> ==Ntchito== Wakagwiranga nchito ku Joyce Banda's Hunger Project pambere wandambe ndyali.<ref name="afriquejet.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/malawi-first-lady-weighs-in-on-sacked-vp-vilification-campaign-2010121864612.html |accessdate=December 18, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220022458/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/malawi-first-lady-weighs-in-on-sacked-vp-vilification-campaign-2010121864612.html |archivedate=December 20, 2010 |title=Malawi First Lady weighs in on sacked VP vilification campaign }}</ref> === Ntchito ya ndale === Mu 2005, wakaŵa Secretary wa Malawi Women's Caucus. Wakateŵeteranga mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Likangala mu chigaŵa cha Zomba.<ref name="afriquejet.com"/> Wakaŵaso yumoza wa mamembala gha chalo cha Pan-African Parliament ndipo wakaŵa Minister of Tourism and Culture ku Malawi. Wakazgoka First Lady wa Malawi wati watora Bingu wa Mutharika. == Mwanakazi Wakwamba wa Malaŵi == Wakati watora Bingu Wa Mutharika, wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba wa Malawi mpaka nyifwa ya Mutharika pa 5 April 2012. Mutharika wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba wa boma<ref name="afriquejet.com" />. Wakayowoyapo pa chigamulo cha DPP cha kufumiska vice president wakwamba na wachiŵiri pakulongosora kuti Joyce Banda (uyo wakakhumba yayi kuŵa president) wakaŵa wakwenelera yayi kuŵa president<ref name="afriquejet.com" />. Wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na Banda ŵakujipusika waka na nkhani ya Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, pulezidenti wakwamba wa ku Liberia. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti wangasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti mu 2014.<ref name="afriquejet.com"/> === Ntchito ya kuŵa Mama Wakuvikilirika === Mu Ogasiti 2010, pulezidenti wakufwa Bingu wa Mutharika wakamwimika kuŵa African Union Goodwill Ambassador for Safe Motherhood, m'malo mwa Vice President Joyce Banda. Fundo ya National Coordinator for Safe Maternity mu Malawi yikatolera ku fundo ya National Goodwill Ambassador for Safe Maternity iyo yikambiska na African Union Conference of Ministers of Health mu 2005. Kweniso wakaŵa mulara wa wupu wakuwona vya umoyo wa ŵana. Wupu wa First Lady's Foundation ukakhumbanga kukhozga ŵanakazi na ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika mu vigaŵa vyose vya caru cithu ico cikusintha mwaluŵiro.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101123093512/http://cmsafemotherhood.org/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123093512/http://cmsafemotherhood.org/|date=November 23, 2010}}</ref> ===Malaria program=== Mutharika, nayo wakaŵa mulara wa pulogiramu yakulimbana na maleriya.<ref name="nationmw.net"/>Pa Seputembala 8, 2011, nduna iyi yikamba kugwira ntchito iyi. === Milimo ya boma na udindo wa nduna === Wakati wafika pa mazaza, mwanakazi wakwamba uyu wakapika maudindo gha Vice-President, sono ni President Joyce Banda ndipo zina la Banda likafumiskika pa ndandanda ya nduna za Malawi. Kweniso wakasankhika ku Malawi Cabinet pa September 8, 2011 nga ni National Coordinator of Maternal, Infant and Child Health and HIV/Nutrition/Malaria and Tuberculosis. <ref name="malawidemocrat.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120326072617/http://www.malawidemocrat.com/politics/first-lady-is-not-vice-president-malawi-government/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326072617/http://www.malawidemocrat.com/politics/first-lady-is-not-vice-president-malawi-government/|date=March 26, 2012}}</ref>Ntchito yake, kusazgapo ntchito ya wovwiri wa ŵanthu, yikuwoneka nga ni malipiro agho boma la Mutharika likupeleka ndipo wakupokera ndalama zakukwana $7,000 pa mwezi chifukwa cha ntchito ya wovwiri wa ŵanthu. Pa Seputembala 8, 2011, nyuzipepala ya pa intaneti, Maravi post na nyuzipepala ya Nyasatimes zikalemba kuti Callista Mutharika wali kulembeka mwangozi panji mwadala nga ni Vice President wa Malawi pa webusayiti ya boma la Malawi ndipo wali na vithuzithuzi. Nkhani iyi yikanozgeka pa webusayiti ya boma. Kweni boma la Mutharika likukana kuti iyo ni Vice President wa chalo.<ref name="malawidemocrat.com"/> === Kweruzga mawupu gha boma yayi na wupu wa ŵanthu === Callista Mutharika wakapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano cifukwa ca nkhani iyo wakayowoya iyo wakadandawura na mawupu gha boma yayi agho "ghakukhozgera kugonana kwa ŵanalume pera na ŵanakazi pera na kusokoneza mtende". Wakayowoya kuti mawupu gha boma ghakupokera ndalama kuti ghambiske suzgo na kuthandazga uzaghali mu caru. Wakasuskaso magulu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa wanangwa wa ŵanthu chifukwa cha kunozga viphikiro vya pa Julayi 20, 2011 ku Malawi ndipo wakachiska ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi kuti ŵaleke kuchitako viphikiro ivi.<ref name="nationmw.net">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140717015257/http://www.nationmw.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=23717%3Amalawi-first-lady-bashes-local-ngos&catid=1%3Anational-news&Itemid=3] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717015257/http://www.nationmw.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=23717%3Amalawi-first-lady-bashes-local-ngos&catid=1%3Anational-news&Itemid=3|date=2014-07-17}}</ref> Ŵakamususka comene cifukwa ca ivyo wakayowoya pa ungano uwu. Mabungwe 8 ghakasayina chikalata chakuphalira boma kuti wali na wanangwa wakuyowoya, kweni ŵakakayika pa udindo wake pakuŵa muyowoyeri wa chipani chifukwa dango la boma pa nyengo iyo likati waleke kuŵa muyowoyeri. Ŵakamupa mulandu wakuti wakuthandazga mautesi ndipo ŵakati ivyo wakayowoya 'ni vyambura mahara ndiposo ni vyambura kuzomerezgeka'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/ngo%E2%80%99s-hit-back-at-%E2%80%98reckless%E2%80%99-first-lady/ |title=NGO's hit back at 'reckless' First Lady &#124; Malawi news, Malawi - NyasaTimes breaking online news source from Malawi |website=www.nyasatimes.com |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120401205643/http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/ngo%E2%80%99s-hit-back-at-%E2%80%98reckless%E2%80%99-first-lady/ |archive-date=1 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chimombo, Callista}} [[Category:1959 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Members of the Pan-African Parliament from Malawi]] [[Category:Malawian Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi) politicians]] [[Category:Government ministers of Malawi]] [[Category:United Democratic Front (Malawi) politicians]] [[Category:First ladies and gentlemen of Malawi]] [[Category:Women government ministers of Malawi]] [[Category:21st-century women politicians]] [[Category:Women members of the Pan-African Parliament]] sly53zv2k7rn5dx8mcjgul8t2vhdho8 10 43676 123192 105153 2026-10-09T14:04:03Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 123192 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Empty section}} 8fc4cob4181ym0n103ebzu4ljqk3rzf 123193 123192 2026-10-09T14:04:09Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Redirected page to [[Template:Empty section]] 123193 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Empty section]] 46x7gul9f0ocwj4o8psa6i7996bkugn 0 44352 123201 106376 2026-10-10T00:47:02Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 123201 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Traunkirchen''' ni msumba mu chigaŵa cha [[Upper Austria, Austria|Upper Austria]] mu charu cha [[Austria]] mu [[chilwa]] chikulu cha [[Europe|Ulaya]] (Europe). [[File:EU-Austria.svg|thumb|[[Austria]] ku [[Yulaya]]]] ==Ulendo== Nyanja na mapiri vikupereka mwaŵi wakuti munthu wachite vinthu vya kuwaro nga nkhukwera phiri, kukwera boti, kujibisa, kuseŵera pa ski, kusambira, na kuseŵera pa maji. {{See also|Mndandanda wa misumba na matauni ghaku Austria}} {{stub}} [[Category:Misumba yaku Austria]] [[Category:Austria]] [[Category:Malo ghakusangika mu Austria]] [[Category:Austria, Yulaya]] [[Category:Yulaya]] [[Category:Upper Austria, Austria]] kb2j7l3yokhurzhjhwef2hx60afaj8v 0 47342 123200 115841 2026-10-10T00:45:22Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 123200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Kara]] mu charu cha [[Togo]]. [[Category:Togo]] rfmx36bssnj5ady0ajtb7ibizmvqk2t 3 47402 123196 122910 2026-10-09T14:23:55Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 123196 wikitext text/x-wiki <center><big>⚠️ Please don't inform me if you want to create language articles. [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/Creating_articles_using_Ethnologue|Go here]] and follow the formats given. ⚠️</big></center> {{VvM Talk 1}} {{Archives}} == congrats! == Hi @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], You currently appear as Mulembi wa Mwezi on the Tumwiki Main Page. 🎉 This is an automatic system, not a manually selected award. The gadget checks editors' contributions during the previous 30 days and identifies the registered editor with the highest number of qualifying article edits. The current criteria are: * registered editors only; * edits in the main/article namespace; * contributions from the previous 30 days; * bot edits are excluded; * anonymous/IP edits are excluded; * obvious undo/rollback edits are excluded where they can be identified. The result is calculated automatically, so whoever meets the criteria at the time is displayed on the Main Page. Your name appeared first under the current calculation. Congratulations, and yewo chomene for your contributions to Tumwiki! 🎉 [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 21:02, 7 Lupya 2026 (UTC) == Legacy and emergency == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Hello, if you see that I am not active for more than 4 months, it means that something is wrong as I am far from home (country). Since you are one of the users I can trust on this wiki, along native @[[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] who doesn't know much about templates and how home page works, I will leave this with you. If you see that the home page is broken or the home is showing broken links of templates, such as red links with dates or month, please update it. If you see that the home is entirely gone, you can use any of these '''emergency stable basic backup interface ''' diffs: <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=26301 1,] <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=24431 2,] <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=105397 3,] <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=108878 4,] <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=109763 5,] <br> Our needed home page is located [[Chikaya chikulu 9 demo|here]], which is currently down. How to fix the current broken page? Since it says: <br> [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Lupya/19]], etc, them move the page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Sekutembala/19]] into [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Lupya/19]] them move the page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Sekutembala/19]]. You only need to change the month name, nothing else. And importantly, leave a redirect behind as an alternative, don't delete the behind page. If you do that, you can see changes [[Chikaya chikulu 9 demo|here]], and not on main page, unless you swap it with [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Vyose&oldid=120042 this revision]. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 09:28, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) :Ok, its a lot of work to do, I can't be certain I'd get it all done, but I'll try. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 09:32, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] Also, can you give me a list of English months and Tumbuka months? I know I previously asked but I really want to know. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 09:37, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) :Alright thank you will work on that. Hope your situation gets better whatever it is. And thank you for the message you left me a few weeks back. I saw it just forgot to respond. [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 19:00, 21 Lupya 2026 (UTC) == Use Ethnologue make articles == hey there I see your one of the people on Wikipedia that create language articles. I want to make some with ethnologue. Share you're thoughts. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-52997-58|~2026-52997-58]] ([[User talk:~2026-52997-58|pakuchezgela]]) 02:44, 3 Zimya 2026 (UTC) :Sure! But please follow these notable steps: :* Use the template <nowiki>{{InterWiki|code=XYZ}}</nowiki> at the bottom of the articles :* Add the category <nowiki>[[Category:Viyowoyelo]]</nowiki> at the bottom of the articles :Thanks. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 02:46, 3 Zimya 2026 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:~2026-52997-58|~2026-52997-58]], thanks for all the work this hour, but the article [[ChiEstonia]] appears non-encyclopedic and can be deleted if not improved. I added the Revision tag. Thanks. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 04:07, 3 Zimya 2026 (UTC) == Every villages in Liechtenstein covered in the Tumbuka Wikipedia == Honestly why are you creating every single village in Liechetnstein as an article? What tumbuka person would read articles about Liechtenstein villags? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] ([[User talk:~2026-53536-92|pakuchezgela]]) 07:29, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] Is there a problem with that? Anyone can create articles on the Tumbuka Wikipedia about anything they want. For example, I'm interested in villages of [[Liechtenstein]], so that's why I created all of those articles on villages of Liechtenstein in Tumbuka. :I don't just create villages of Lichtenstein articles. I also create many other different articles about villages in the world, different people, and geographical features. But I really, really like geography, so that's why I do lots of geography content on this wiki. :And I've always wanted to visit Liechtenstein, so that's why I had been creating articles about all of the villages in the country. :Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 07:33, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC) ::it feels like your trying to not get many views on your articles. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] ([[User talk:~2026-53536-92|pakuchezgela]]) 07:37, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] No, that is not what I'm intending at all. All I want to know is that there is information about that topic where the Tumbuka people would be able to find it and read about it. :::I don't really know what else to add to this conversation, so I'm going to leave it here. I'm not trying to be rude, I just can't think of anything else to say. Sorry. :::Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 07:40, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC) ppqdu4py1u55k0ykvssp6j8n3e1rcoo 123197 123196 2026-10-09T14:24:29Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 123197 wikitext text/x-wiki <center><big>⚠️ Please don't inform me if you want to create language articles. [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/Creating_articles_using_Ethnologue|'''Go here''']] and follow the formats given. ⚠️</big></center> {{VvM Talk 1}} {{Archives}} == congrats! == Hi @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], You currently appear as Mulembi wa Mwezi on the Tumwiki Main Page. 🎉 This is an automatic system, not a manually selected award. The gadget checks editors' contributions during the previous 30 days and identifies the registered editor with the highest number of qualifying article edits. The current criteria are: * registered editors only; * edits in the main/article namespace; * contributions from the previous 30 days; * bot edits are excluded; * anonymous/IP edits are excluded; * obvious undo/rollback edits are excluded where they can be identified. The result is calculated automatically, so whoever meets the criteria at the time is displayed on the Main Page. Your name appeared first under the current calculation. Congratulations, and yewo chomene for your contributions to Tumwiki! 🎉 [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 21:02, 7 Lupya 2026 (UTC) == Legacy and emergency == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Hello, if you see that I am not active for more than 4 months, it means that something is wrong as I am far from home (country). Since you are one of the users I can trust on this wiki, along native @[[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] who doesn't know much about templates and how home page works, I will leave this with you. If you see that the home page is broken or the home is showing broken links of templates, such as red links with dates or month, please update it. If you see that the home is entirely gone, you can use any of these '''emergency stable basic backup interface ''' diffs: <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=26301 1,] <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=24431 2,] <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=105397 3,] <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=108878 4,] <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=109763 5,] <br> Our needed home page is located [[Chikaya chikulu 9 demo|here]], which is currently down. How to fix the current broken page? Since it says: <br> [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Lupya/19]], etc, them move the page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Sekutembala/19]] into [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Lupya/19]] them move the page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Sekutembala/19]]. You only need to change the month name, nothing else. And importantly, leave a redirect behind as an alternative, don't delete the behind page. If you do that, you can see changes [[Chikaya chikulu 9 demo|here]], and not on main page, unless you swap it with [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Vyose&oldid=120042 this revision]. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 09:28, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) :Ok, its a lot of work to do, I can't be certain I'd get it all done, but I'll try. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 09:32, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] Also, can you give me a list of English months and Tumbuka months? I know I previously asked but I really want to know. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 09:37, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) :Alright thank you will work on that. Hope your situation gets better whatever it is. And thank you for the message you left me a few weeks back. I saw it just forgot to respond. [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 19:00, 21 Lupya 2026 (UTC) == Use Ethnologue make articles == hey there I see your one of the people on Wikipedia that create language articles. I want to make some with ethnologue. Share you're thoughts. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-52997-58|~2026-52997-58]] ([[User talk:~2026-52997-58|pakuchezgela]]) 02:44, 3 Zimya 2026 (UTC) :Sure! But please follow these notable steps: :* Use the template <nowiki>{{InterWiki|code=XYZ}}</nowiki> at the bottom of the articles :* Add the category <nowiki>[[Category:Viyowoyelo]]</nowiki> at the bottom of the articles :Thanks. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 02:46, 3 Zimya 2026 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:~2026-52997-58|~2026-52997-58]], thanks for all the work this hour, but the article [[ChiEstonia]] appears non-encyclopedic and can be deleted if not improved. I added the Revision tag. Thanks. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 04:07, 3 Zimya 2026 (UTC) == Every villages in Liechtenstein covered in the Tumbuka Wikipedia == Honestly why are you creating every single village in Liechetnstein as an article? What tumbuka person would read articles about Liechtenstein villags? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] ([[User talk:~2026-53536-92|pakuchezgela]]) 07:29, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] Is there a problem with that? Anyone can create articles on the Tumbuka Wikipedia about anything they want. For example, I'm interested in villages of [[Liechtenstein]], so that's why I created all of those articles on villages of Liechtenstein in Tumbuka. :I don't just create villages of Lichtenstein articles. I also create many other different articles about villages in the world, different people, and geographical features. But I really, really like geography, so that's why I do lots of geography content on this wiki. :And I've always wanted to visit Liechtenstein, so that's why I had been creating articles about all of the villages in the country. :Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 07:33, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC) ::it feels like your trying to not get many views on your articles. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] ([[User talk:~2026-53536-92|pakuchezgela]]) 07:37, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] No, that is not what I'm intending at all. All I want to know is that there is information about that topic where the Tumbuka people would be able to find it and read about it. :::I don't really know what else to add to this conversation, so I'm going to leave it here. I'm not trying to be rude, I just can't think of anything else to say. Sorry. :::Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 07:40, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC) 9vu89yop7wldf7odaj1g1d1idul4mi9 0 49561 123195 121882 2026-10-09T14:08:09Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 123195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} Kutanthauzira yakulondezgapo yikupelekeka nga ni ndondomeko ya nthowa ya metric: '''[[Nthowa ya metric]]''' – [[Nthowa yakupimira|nthowa zakupimira]] zakupambanapambana zakukhwaskana mwakufwatuka izo zikulongosora umo zikambira ku ndondomeko ya kupimira ya desimali iyo yikayambiskika ku [[France]] pa nyengo ya [[French Revolution]]. == Mtundu wa nthowa ya metric == === Fundo yikuru ya nthowa ya metric === {{...}} === Filosofe yakubisika === Kudumbiskana kwa fundo zakuzirwa za nthowa ya metric (na ndondomeko zinyake zakupimira) kukusazgapo: *[[Coherence (mayuniti ghakupimira)]] *[[Realisation (metrology)]] == Mayuniti ghakupimira == {{...}} == Mbiri ya nthowa ya metric == [[Mbiri ya nthowa ya metric]] – nthowa ya metric yikapangika kufuma ku ndondomeko ya desimali ya kuyezga iyo yikazomerezgeka na France pamanyuma pa French Revolution. === Mndandanda wa nyengo mbiri ya nthowa ya metric === === Mbiri ya metrication === [[File:Metric and imperial systems (2019).svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Vyalo ivyo vikugwiriskira nchito nthowa ya [[Nthowa ya metric|metric]], [[Nthowa ya imperial|imperial]] na [[Nthowa ya chikhalidwe cha US|chikhalidwe cha US]] kufuma mu 2019.]] === Kusintha kwa nthowa ya metric ya mbiri yakale === {{...}} === Mbiri ya mayuniti vya metric === {{...}} == Ndale za nthowa ya metric == {{...}} == Munthazi mwa nthowa ya metric == {{...}} == Metrication magulu na ŵamazaza == * [[US Metric Association]] (USA, 1916–sono) * [[Metric Commission]] (Canada, 1971–1985) * [[Metrication Board]] (Ufumu Ubanyi, 1969–1981) == Mabuku gha nthowa ya metric == * ''[[:en:Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States|Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States]]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20160819195416/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/jeffplan.htm malemba] ([[Thomas Jefferson]] 1790) == Ŵanthu awo ŵakuwovwira mu nthowa ya metric == * [[Simon Stevin]] (1548–1620) * [[Gabriel Mouton]] (1618–1694) * [[Marquis de Condorcet]] (1743–1794) * [[Pierre Méchain]] (1744–1804) * [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]] (1749–1827) * [[Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre]] (1749–1822) * [[Adrien-Marie Legendre]] (1753–1834) * [[James Clerk Maxwell]] (1831–1879) * [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin]] (1824–1907) * [[Giovanni Giorgi]] (1871–1950) == Malinki gha kuwaro == {{Sister project links|Metric system}} * [https://www.metric-conversions.org/ Metric conversions] {{Outline footer}} [[Category:Nthowa ya metric]] re8ootbsqf0r8mro68ucn06i3ur7j5c 0 49788 123202 122602 2026-10-10T01:00:30Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 123202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Databox}} '''Fremantle Dockers''' ni gulu la mpira wamalundi la ku [[Australia]] ilo likuchita mpikisano mu [[AFL]], mpikisano wa maseŵero agha.<ref>https://abr.business.gov.au/ABN/View?abn=83066055249</ref> Gulu ili likakhazikiskika mu 1994 kuti liyimilire msumba wa [[Fremantle]] uwo uli pa doko. ==Kachitiro== ===Kuchita kwa chaka na chaka=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;" |- style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;" ||'''&nbsp;''' | colspan="6"|'''Home na away''' | colspan="4"|'''Vimaliro''' | rowspan=2|'''Kochi''' |- style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;" ||'''Chaka''' ||'''P''' ||'''W''' ||'''D''' ||'''L''' ||'''%''' ||'''Maudindo''' ||'''P''' ||'''W''' ||'''L''' ||'''Maudindo''' |- | [[2026 AFL season|2026]]||23||19||0||4||137.2||1/18|||4||2||2||2/18|| [[Justin Longmuir|Longmuir]] |- | [[2025 AFL season|2025]]||23||16||0||7||109.0||6/18|||1||0||1||8/18|| [[Justin Longmuir|Longmuir]] |- | [[2024 AFL season|2024]]||23||12||1||10||111.9||10/18|| ||||||10/18|| [[Justin Longmuir|Longmuir]] |- | [[2023 AFL season|2023]]||23||10||0||13||96.68||14/18||||||||14/18|| [[Justin Longmuir|Longmuir]] |- | [[2022 AFL season|2022]]||22||15||1||6||117.00||5/18||2||1||1||6/18|| [[Justin Longmuir|Longmuir]] |- | [[2021 AFL season|2021]]||22||10||0||12||86.50||11/18|||| || ||11/18|| [[Justin Longmuir|Longmuir]] |- | [[2020 AFL season|2020]]||17||7||0||10||93.72||12/18|||| || ||12/18|| [[Justin Longmuir|Longmuir]] |- | [[2019 AFL season|2019]]||22||9||0||13||91.90||13/18|||| || ||13/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]]/[[David Hale|Hale]] |- | [[2018 AFL season|2018]]||22||8||0||14||76.24||14/18|||| || ||14/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]] |- | [[2017 AFL season|2017]]||22||8||0||14||74.40||14/18|||| || ||14/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]] |- | [[2016 AFL season|2016]]||22||4||0||18||74.28||16/18|||| || ||16/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]] |- | [[2015 AFL season|2015]]||22||17||0||5||118.73||1/18||2||1||1||3/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]] |- | [[2014 AFL season|2014]]||22||16||0||6||130.40||4/18||2||0||2||6/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]] |- | [[2013 AFL season|2013]]||22||16||1||5||134.10||3/18||3||2||1||2/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]] |- | [[2012 AFL season|2012]]||22||14||0||8||115.67||7/18||2||1||1||6/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]] |- | [[2011 AFL season|2011]]||22||9||0||13||83.11||11/17|||| || ||11/17|| [[Mark Harvey|Harvey]] |- | [[2010 AFL season|2010]]||22||13||0||9||103.88||6/16||2||1||1||6/16|| [[Mark Harvey|Harvey]] |- | [[2009 AFL season|2009]]||22||6||0||16||77.34||14/16||||||||14/16|| [[Mark Harvey|Harvey]] |- | [[2008 AFL season|2008]]||22||6||0||16||93.73||14/16||||||||14/16|| [[Mark Harvey|Harvey]] |- | [[2007 AFL season|2007]]||22||10||0||12||102.55||11/16||||||||11/16|| [[Chris Connolly|Connolly]]/[[Mark Harvey|Harvey]] |- | [[2006 AFL season|2006]]||22||15||0||7||109.83||3/16||3||1||2||3/16|| [[Chris Connolly|Connolly]] |- | [[2005 AFL season|2005]]||22||11||0||11||100.15|| 10/16||||||||10/16|| [[Chris Connolly|Connolly]] |- | [[2004 AFL season|2004]]||22||11||0||11||100.64||9/16||||||||9/16|| [[Chris Connolly|Connolly]] |- | [[2003 AFL season|2003]]||22||14||0||8||103.13||5/16||1||0||1||7/16|| [[Chris Connolly|Connolly]] |- | [[2002 AFL season|2002]]||22||9||0||13||88.33||13/16|| || ||||13/16|| [[Chris Connolly|Connolly]] |- | [[2001 AFL season|2001]]||22||2||0||20||72.02||16/16||||||||16/16|| [[Damian Drum|Drum]]/[[Ben Allan|Allan]] |- | [[2000 AFL season|2000]]||22||8||0||14||72.04||12/16||||||||12/16|| [[Damian Drum|Drum]] |- | [[1999 AFL season|1999]]||22||5||0||17||82.44||15/16|| || ||||15/16|| [[Damian Drum|Drum]] |- | [[1998 AFL season|1998]]||22||7||0||15||76.37||15/16|| || ||||15/16|| [[Gerard Neesham|Neesham]] |- | [[1997 AFL season|1997]]||22||10||0||12||91.90||12/16||||||||12/16|| [[Gerard Neesham|Neesham]] |- | [[1996 AFL season|1996]]||22||7||0||15||92.28||13/16|| || ||||13/16|| [[Gerard Neesham|Neesham]] |- | [[1995 AFL season|1995]]||22||8||0||14||92.85||13/16|| || ||||13/16|| [[Gerard Neesham|Neesham]] |- | '''Total/Avg'''||'''703'''||'''332'''||'''3'''||'''368'''||'''95.18'''|| || '''21'''||'''9'''||'''12'''|| || |- | '''Overall'''||'''724'''||'''341'''||'''3'''||'''380'''||'''95.07'''|| || |||||| || |- |colspan=12|<small>P = Played, W = Win, D = Draw, L = Loss, % = Kupokera kwa/Kupokera kulimbana.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ukaboni: [https://web.archive.org/web/20260928035353/https://www.afltables.com/afl/teams/fremantle/season.html AFL Tables]</small> |} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{Commons category| Fremantle Football Club}} *{{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Makalabu ya mpira]] 6dy0nxs6nafp18ki7tswqymgif9k9yp 0 49883 123208 123000 2026-10-10T01:08:16Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 123208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Great Australian Bight''' ni nyanja yikuru uwo uli pakati na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumwera kwa [[Australia]]. Nyanja iyi yikasangika na ŵasayansi ŵa ku Europe mu 1627, ndipo pamanyuma pake yikalembeka makora na munthu wa ku England uyo wakalongozganga pa nyanja [[Matthew Flinders]] mu 1802. Great Australian Bight yikaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 50 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha apo chigaŵa chikuru cha Gondwana chikagaŵikana, ndipo chikapatuska [[Antarctica]] na Australia. Maji gha Bight ghali na vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana, chomenechomene mu zooplankton, chifukwa cha maji ghanyake agho ghakwenda mu nyanja. Kweni, kafukufuku wakusazgikira wakukhumbikwa kuti ŵamanye makora umo vyakumera na vinyama vikukhalira mu chigaŵa ichi ndiposo ivyo vingachitika chifukwa cha ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita, nga nkhusanga vinthu vyakuthupi. Southern bluefin tuna ndiyo yikumanyikwa chomene pakukolera somba mu Bight, ndipo pakaŵa kuyezgayezga kufufuza malo agha kuti ŵasange mafuta na gasi kufuma mu 1960s. Kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakususkika chomene na ivyo ŵakughanaghana ivi chifukwa chakuti vingakhwaska chilengiwa. ==Malinka gha kuwaro== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070702235742/http://www.tep.com.au/nationalparks/np_bight.htm Great Australian Bight Marine Park – Eyre Peninsula]- chigaŵa cha South Australia cha paki *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110219215329/http://www.aerialvideo.com.au/nullabor.html vidiyo ya mlengalenga ya Great Australian Bight] [[Category:Australia]] [[Category:Nyanja]] 1pohi5742dmfpy04bmfgwykfkabwnpv 0 49931 123189 2026-10-09T13:52:38Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Nthowa ya tramu ya ku Melbourne''' ni nthowa ya [[tramu]] iyo yikuteŵetera msumba wa [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]. Nthowa ya tramu iyi yili pakatikati pa [[chigaŵa cha bizinesi cha Melbourne]] (CBD) ndipo yili na malo pafupifupi 1,700 ghakuyimira tram mu nthowa 24. Ni msewu ukuru chomene uwo ukugwira ntchito mu misumba ya tramu pa charu chose, ndipo umoza mwa msewu uwo ukugwiriskirika nchito chomene.<ref>https://yarratr..." 123189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nthowa ya tramu ya ku Melbourne''' ni nthowa ya [[tramu]] iyo yikuteŵetera msumba wa [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]. Nthowa ya tramu iyi yili pakatikati pa [[chigaŵa cha bizinesi cha Melbourne]] (CBD) ndipo yili na malo pafupifupi 1,700 ghakuyimira tram mu nthowa 24. Ni msewu ukuru chomene uwo ukugwira ntchito mu misumba ya tramu pa charu chose, ndipo umoza mwa msewu uwo ukugwiriskirika nchito chomene.<ref>https://yarratrams.com.au/facts-figures</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * [http://www.yarratrams.com.au/ Yarra Trams] * [http://ptv.vic.gov.au/ Public Transport Victoria] * [https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/assets/PDFs/Maps/Network-maps/417bb4810a/PTV_Tram-Network-Map_2017.pdf Mapu yose ya nthowa] [[Category:Tramu]] [[Category:Melbourne]] 3em6rpts730igmf2e1z01mwysgn2x10 123223 123189 2026-10-10T02:01:38Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 123223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nthowa ya tramu ya ku Melbourne''' ni nthowa ya [[tramu]] iyo yikuteŵetera msumba wa [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]. Nthowa ya tramu iyi yili pakatikati pa [[chigaŵa cha bizinesi cha Melbourne]] (CBD) ndipo yili na malo pafupifupi 1,700 ghakuyimira tram mu nthowa 24. Ni msewu ukuru chomene uwo ukugwira ntchito mu misumba ya tramu pa charu chose, ndipo umoza mwa msewu uwo ukugwiriskirika nchito chomene.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200226002728/https://yarratrams.com.au/facts-figures</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== * [http://www.yarratrams.com.au/ Yarra Trams] * [http://ptv.vic.gov.au/ Public Transport Victoria] * [https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/assets/PDFs/Maps/Network-maps/417bb4810a/PTV_Tram-Network-Map_2017.pdf Mapu yose ya nthowa] [[Category:Tramu]] [[Category:Melbourne]] c5ybmbpfct7bc4frbsxqmkzy46qgxrq 0 49932 123190 2026-10-09T14:00:15Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Redirected page to [[Ma tramu ku Melbourne]] 123190 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ma tramu ku Melbourne]] 5odlskbg8l1skmfealj90sa1mvd9ou3 0 49933 123203 2026-10-10T01:01:41Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} Mu [[munkhwala]], '''kuyezgelera''' panji '''sampuli''' ni kuwunganya vinthu kufuma mu thupi kuti viwovwire pa ndondomeko ya kusangika kwa munkhwala na/panji kuwunika chimanyikwiro cha munkhwala, kuyezgeka kwa munkhwala kunyake panji ndondomeko zinyake. Mu fundo iyi, '''kuyezgelera''' ni chinthu icho chawunganyika, ndipo '''chida cha kuyezgelera''' panji '''chiyelezgero''' ni munthu panji chinthu icho chizamuwunganya kuyezgelera. Kuyezgelera ndiyo yikukhumbi..." 123203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mu [[munkhwala]], '''kuyezgelera''' panji '''sampuli''' ni kuwunganya vinthu kufuma mu thupi kuti viwovwire pa ndondomeko ya kusangika kwa munkhwala na/panji kuwunika chimanyikwiro cha munkhwala, kuyezgeka kwa munkhwala kunyake panji ndondomeko zinyake. Mu fundo iyi, '''kuyezgelera''' ni chinthu icho chawunganyika, ndipo '''chida cha kuyezgelera''' panji '''chiyelezgero''' ni munthu panji chinthu icho chizamuwunganya kuyezgelera. Kuyezgelera ndiyo yikukhumbikwa chomene pa mayeso ghanandi gha vyaumoyo, kweni kanandi yayi pa mbiri ya vyaumoyo, kuyezgeka kwa thupi na kuyezgeka kwa radiologic.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Chastre | first1 = J. | last2 = Viau | first2 = F. | last3 = Brun | first3 = P. | last4 = Pierre | first4 = J. | last5 = Dauge | first5 = M. C. | last6 = Bouchama | first6 = A. | last7 = Akesbi | first7 = A. | last8 = Gibert | first8 = C. | title = Prospective evaluation of the protected specimen brush for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in ventilated patients | journal = The American Review of Respiratory Disease | volume = 130 | issue = 5 | pages = 924–929 | year = 1984 | doi = 10.1164/arrd.1984.130.5.924 | doi-broken-date = 12 July 2025 | pmid = 6497170 }}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kuyezgelera]] nbxynwed09o0w4dhn6bdc3r0kwdt3fn 123204 123203 2026-10-10T01:02:36Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 123204 wikitext text/x-wiki Mu [[munkhwala]], '''kuyezgelera''' panji '''sampuli''' ni kuwunganya vinthu kufuma mu thupi kuti viwovwire pa ndondomeko ya kusangika kwa munkhwala na/panji kuwunika chimanyikwiro cha munkhwala, kuyezgeka kwa munkhwala kunyake panji ndondomeko zinyake. Mu fundo iyi, '''kuyezgelera''' ni chinthu icho chawunganyika, ndipo '''chida cha kuyezgelera''' panji '''chiyelezgero''' ni munthu panji chinthu icho chizamuwunganya kuyezgelera. Kuyezgelera ndiyo yikukhumbikwa chomene pa mayeso ghanandi gha vyaumoyo, kweni kanandi yayi pa mbiri ya vyaumoyo, kuyezgeka kwa thupi na kuyezgeka kwa radiologic.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Chastre | first1 = J. | last2 = Viau | first2 = F. | last3 = Brun | first3 = P. | last4 = Pierre | first4 = J. | last5 = Dauge | first5 = M. C. | last6 = Bouchama | first6 = A. | last7 = Akesbi | first7 = A. | last8 = Gibert | first8 = C. | title = Prospective evaluation of the protected specimen brush for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in ventilated patients | journal = The American Review of Respiratory Disease | volume = 130 | issue = 5 | pages = 924–929 | year = 1984 | doi = 10.1164/arrd.1984.130.5.924 | doi-broken-date = 12 July 2025 | pmid = 6497170 }}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kuyezgelera]] i56vtbdjtedl4dpjq9swp9hd5khojfg 123206 123204 2026-10-10T01:05:26Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 123206 wikitext text/x-wiki Mu [[munkhwala]], '''kuyezgelera''' panji '''sampuli''' ni kuwunganya vinthu kufuma mu thupi kuti viwovwire pa ndondomeko ya kusangika kwa munkhwala na/panji kuwunika chimanyikwiro cha munkhwala, kuyezgeka kwa munkhwala kunyake panji ndondomeko zinyake. Mu fundo iyi, '''chiyezgelero''' ni chinthu icho chawunganyika, ndipo '''chida cha kuyezgelera''' panji '''chiyelezgero''' ni munthu panji chinthu icho chizamuwunganya kuyezgelera. Kuyezgelera ndiyo yikukhumbikwa chomene pa mayeso ghanandi gha vyaumoyo, kweni kanandi yayi pa mbiri ya vyaumoyo, kuyezgeka kwa thupi na kuyezgeka kwa radiologic.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Chastre | first1 = J. | last2 = Viau | first2 = F. | last3 = Brun | first3 = P. | last4 = Pierre | first4 = J. | last5 = Dauge | first5 = M. C. | last6 = Bouchama | first6 = A. | last7 = Akesbi | first7 = A. | last8 = Gibert | first8 = C. | title = Prospective evaluation of the protected specimen brush for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in ventilated patients | journal = The American Review of Respiratory Disease | volume = 130 | issue = 5 | pages = 924–929 | year = 1984 | doi = 10.1164/arrd.1984.130.5.924 | doi-broken-date = 12 July 2025 | pmid = 6497170 }}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kuyezgelera]] m9n25a4nej4hz207ipdvzxix7kl0m55 14 49934 123205 2026-10-10T01:04:26Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Paste from English 123205 wikitext text/x-wiki This category lists pages that have cs1|2 templates that use <code>&#x7C;doi=</code>, where a digital object identifier '''doi''' value has been specified but then recognized as inactive. These are collected in [[:Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive]]. [[Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive]] 616lufpio6v65g24v8xiblyr4evzn6d 0 49935 123210 2026-10-10T01:10:44Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Redirected page to [[ChiZungu]] 123210 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ChiZungu]] jvhlxbcxgocxxtqbp4m6i9bqr2bfbui 123211 123210 2026-10-10T01:18:40Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Removed redirect to [[ChiZungu]] 123211 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:English language distribution.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Charu cha ChiNgelezi]] '''Charu cha ChiNgelezi''' chili na vyaru 88 na vigaŵa ivyo [[ChiNgelezi]] ntchiyowoyero cha boma panji cha chikhalidwe. Mu vyaka vya m’ma 2000, ŵanthu pakati pa biliyoni yimoza na ziŵiri ŵakayowoyanga ChiNgelezi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |date=2004 |title=The language revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/languagerevoluti0000crys |url-access=registration |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |language=en-US |isbn=978-0-745-63313-8}}</ref><ref name="Two thousand million">{{Cite journal|title=Two thousand million?|journal=English Today|volume=24|pages=3–6|language=en-US|doi=10.1017/S0266078408000023|year=2008|last1=Crystal|first1=David|s2cid=145597019|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kugaŵika kwa viyowoyero mu malo]] 17hgttc7nlhqtyl54h42ggv5dh9g1f4 123213 123211 2026-10-10T01:22:12Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 123213 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:English language distribution.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Charu cha ChiNgelezi]] '''Charu cha ChiNgelezi''' chili na vyaru na vigaŵa ivyo [[ChiNgelezi]] ntchiyowoyero cha boma panji cha chikhalidwe. Mu vyaka vya m’ma 2000, ŵanthu pakati pa biliyoni yimoza na ziŵiri ŵakayowoyanga ChiNgelezi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |date=2004 |title=The language revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/languagerevoluti0000crys |url-access=registration |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |language=en-US |isbn=978-0-745-63313-8}}</ref><ref name="Two thousand million">{{Cite journal|title=Two thousand million?|journal=English Today|volume=24|pages=3–6|language=en-US|doi=10.1017/S0266078408000023|year=2008|last1=Crystal|first1=David|s2cid=145597019|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kugaŵika kwa viyowoyero mu malo]] lsu582aviuy16jjsd8fxqxi7vbns5no 14 49936 123212 2026-10-10T01:19:35Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[Category:Viyowoyelo]]" 123212 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] mt21q5a110cuwx45tp3ad1f1ilotgwg 0 49937 123214 2026-10-10T01:25:05Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[File:Map-Francophone World.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Charu cha ChiFurenchi]] '''Charu cha ChiFurenchi''' chili na vyaru na vigaŵa ivyo [[ChiFurenchi]] ntchiyowoyero cha boma panji cha chikhalidwe. Lizgu ili likapangika na Onésime Reclus mu 1880<ref>[http://geography.uoregon.edu/murphy/articles/Murphy%20-%20Placing%20Louisiana%20in%20the%20Francophone%20World%20with%20figures.pdf Alexander B. Murphy, "Placing Louisiana in the Francophone World: Opportunities and Challenge..." 123214 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map-Francophone World.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Charu cha ChiFurenchi]] '''Charu cha ChiFurenchi''' chili na vyaru na vigaŵa ivyo [[ChiFurenchi]] ntchiyowoyero cha boma panji cha chikhalidwe. Lizgu ili likapangika na Onésime Reclus mu 1880<ref>[http://geography.uoregon.edu/murphy/articles/Murphy%20-%20Placing%20Louisiana%20in%20the%20Francophone%20World%20with%20figures.pdf Alexander B. Murphy, "Placing Louisiana in the Francophone World: Opportunities and Challenges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510154922/http://geography.uoregon.edu/murphy/articles/Murphy%20-%20Placing%20Louisiana%20in%20the%20Francophone%20World%20with%20figures.pdf |date=10 May 2013 }}, page 4, published in ''Atlantic Studies'', Volume 5, Issue 3, 2008; Special Issue: ''New Orleans in the Atlantic World, II'', accessed 7 April 2013</ref> ndipo likaŵa lakuzirwa chomene nga ni chigaŵa cha kughanaghanirapo vya mitundu na malo ku umaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1900. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kugaŵika kwa viyowoyero mu malo]] 05zqqqsh3vg022kx6dqnu6kbp3e0vkm 0 49938 123215 2026-10-10T01:29:22Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[File:Map-Hispanophone_World.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Charu cha ChiSpanish]] '''Charu cha ChiSpanish''' chili na vyaru 88 na vigaŵa ivyo [[ChiSpanish]] ntchiyowoyero cha boma panji cha chikhalidwe. Likusazgapo vigaŵa ivi: [[Spain]], [[Latin America]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], na vigaŵa vinyake vya [[United States]].<ref name=":0">[https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2022.pdf El español: una lengua viva - Informe 2022], Instituto..." 123215 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map-Hispanophone_World.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Charu cha ChiSpanish]] '''Charu cha ChiSpanish''' chili na vyaru 88 na vigaŵa ivyo [[ChiSpanish]] ntchiyowoyero cha boma panji cha chikhalidwe. Likusazgapo vigaŵa ivi: [[Spain]], [[Latin America]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], na vigaŵa vinyake vya [[United States]].<ref name=":0">[https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2022.pdf El español: una lengua viva - Informe 2022], [[Instituto Cervantes]]. Retrieved 29 Malichi 2022. (mu ChiSpanish)</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kugaŵika kwa viyowoyero mu malo]] ot24z6zee6075s3uftn1vdeby5q7ut8 123216 123215 2026-10-10T01:30:29Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 123216 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map-Hispanophone_World.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Charu cha ChiSpanish]] '''Charu cha ChiSpanish''' chili na vyaru na vigaŵa ivyo [[ChiSpanish]] ntchiyowoyero cha boma panji cha chikhalidwe. Likusazgapo vigaŵa ivi: [[Spain]], [[Latin America]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], na vigaŵa vinyake vya [[United States]].<ref name=":0">[https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2022.pdf El español: una lengua viva - Informe 2022], [[Instituto Cervantes]]. Retrieved 29 Malichi 2022. (mu ChiSpanish)</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kugaŵika kwa viyowoyero mu malo]] h1ukt0pza0y26a7rdchstuum8a6qrjc 10 49939 123217 2026-10-10T01:32:49Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Image label begin|image=Paisos_catalans.svg|350px|width={{{width|350}}}|float={{{float|none}}}}} {{Image label small|x=0.62|y=0.16|scale={{{width|350}}}|text=[[Northern Catalonia]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.45|y=0.27|scale={{{width|350}}}|text=[[Catalonia]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.85|y=0.51|scale={{{width|350}}}|text=[[Alghero]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.28|y=0.28|scale={{{width|350}}}|text={{center|[[La Franja]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=0.18|y=0.69|scale={{{width|..." 123217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Image label begin|image=Paisos_catalans.svg|350px|width={{{width|350}}}|float={{{float|none}}}}} {{Image label small|x=0.62|y=0.16|scale={{{width|350}}}|text=[[Northern Catalonia]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.45|y=0.27|scale={{{width|350}}}|text=[[Catalonia]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.85|y=0.51|scale={{{width|350}}}|text=[[Alghero]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.28|y=0.28|scale={{{width|350}}}|text={{center|[[La Franja]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=0.18|y=0.69|scale={{{width|350}}}|text={{center|[[Valencian Community|Valencia]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=0.51|y=0.62|scale={{{width|350}}}|text={{center|[[Balearic Islands|Balearic<br>Islands]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=0.09|y=0.84|scale={{{width|350}}}|text=[[Carche]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.95|y=0.465|scale={{{width|350}}}|text=''[[Italy]]''}} {{Image label small|x=0.04|y=0.60|scale={{{width|350}}}|text=''[[Spain]]''}} {{Image label small|x=0.30|y=0.05|scale={{{width|400}}}|text=''[[France]]''}} {{Image label small|x=0.29|y=0.89|scale={{{width|350}}}|text=''[[Mediterranean Sea]]''}} {{Image label small|x=0.55|y=0.50|scale={{{width|350}}}|text=''[[Balearic Sea]]''}} {{Image label small|x=0.43|y=0.12|scale={{{width|400}}}|text=''[[Andorra]]''}} {{Image label small|x=0.48|y=0.32|scale={{{width|350}}}|text=[[Image:Flag of Catalonia.svg|20px|border|center]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.22|y=0.74|scale={{{width|350}}}|text=[[Image:Flag of the Valencian Community (2x3).svg|20px|border|center]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.535|y=0.7|scale={{{width|350}}}|text=[[Image:Flag of the Balearic Islands.svg|20px|border|center]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.45|y=0.08|scale={{{width|400}}}|text=[[Image:Flag of Andorra.svg|20px|border|center]]}} {{Image label end}}<noinclude> [[Category:Catalonia templates]] [[Category:Labelled map templates]] </noinclude> 1wgdnr2huey3y1b6s1crmxxz6cemj80 0 49940 123218 2026-10-10T01:36:34Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "'''Charu cha ChiCatalan''' chili na vigaŵa ivyo [[ChiCatalan]] ntchiyowoyero cha boma panji cha chikhalidwe.<ref name=Frommer>{{cite book|last1=Stone|first1=Peter|title=Frommer's Barcelona|date=2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0470096925|page=77|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8ehi--t7EYC&pg=PA77}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Enciclopedia universal Larousse |date=2006 |publisher=[[Éditions Larousse]] |isbn=84-8332-879-8 |pages=1133 |edition..." 123218 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charu cha ChiCatalan''' chili na vigaŵa ivyo [[ChiCatalan]] ntchiyowoyero cha boma panji cha chikhalidwe.<ref name=Frommer>{{cite book|last1=Stone|first1=Peter|title=Frommer's Barcelona|date=2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0470096925|page=77|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8ehi--t7EYC&pg=PA77}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Enciclopedia universal Larousse |date=2006 |publisher=[[Éditions Larousse]] |isbn=84-8332-879-8 |pages=1133 |edition=Edición especial para RBA Coleccionables, S.A. |language=es |chapter=Volume 6 |quote=Catalan Countries: denomination that encompasses the Catalan-speaking territories}}</ref> Vyalo ivyo vikuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi ni [[Spain]], [[France]] na [[Andorra]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wheeler|first=Max|year=2005|title=The Phonology of Catalan|url=https://archive.org/details/phonologycatalan00whee|url-access=limited|place=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925814-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/phonologycatalan00whee/page/n13 1]}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kugaŵika kwa viyowoyero mu malo]] 76x74zv0x5dymwxp76omgen7c92l596 123219 123218 2026-10-10T01:37:46Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 123219 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charu cha ChiCatalan''' chili na vigaŵa ivyo [[ChiCatalan]] ntchiyowoyero cha boma panji cha chikhalidwe.<ref name=Frommer>{{cite book|last1=Stone|first1=Peter|title=Frommer's Barcelona|date=2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0470096925|page=77|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8ehi--t7EYC&pg=PA77}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Enciclopedia universal Larousse |date=2006 |publisher=[[Éditions Larousse]] |isbn=84-8332-879-8 |pages=1133 |edition=Edición especial para RBA Coleccionables, S.A. |language=es |chapter=Volume 6 |quote=Catalan Countries: denomination that encompasses the Catalan-speaking territories}}</ref> Vyalo ivyo vikuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi ni [[Spain]], [[France]] na [[Andorra]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wheeler|first=Max|year=2005|title=The Phonology of Catalan|url=https://archive.org/details/phonologycatalan00whee|url-access=limited|place=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925814-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/phonologycatalan00whee/page/n13 1]}}</ref> ==Mapu== {{Catalan Countries}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kugaŵika kwa viyowoyero mu malo]] 19twysym05jp57eegb440ljged0qo0s 0 49941 123220 2026-10-10T01:39:49Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Redirected page to [[Charu cha ChiNgelezi]] 123220 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Charu cha ChiNgelezi]] et3fpexoe9jleb3szt9rv9gve6z81f2 0 49942 123228 2026-10-10T04:08:36Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[File:Map-Sinophone World.png|thumb|upright=1.8|Charu cha ChiChayinizi]] '''Charu cha ChiChayinizi''' chili na vyaru na vigaŵa ivyo [[ChiChayinizi]] ntchiyowoyero cha boma panji cha chikhalidwe. Kweniso kanandi likuyowoya za munthu uyo ​​wakuyowoya ChiChayinizi cha mtundu umoza.<ref>McDonald, Edward. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230430054007/http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/tien-hsia.php?searchterm=025_sinophone.inc&issue=025 The '中国通' or the 'Sinophon..." 123228 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map-Sinophone World.png|thumb|upright=1.8|Charu cha ChiChayinizi]] '''Charu cha ChiChayinizi''' chili na vyaru na vigaŵa ivyo [[ChiChayinizi]] ntchiyowoyero cha boma panji cha chikhalidwe. Kweniso kanandi likuyowoya za munthu uyo ​​wakuyowoya ChiChayinizi cha mtundu umoza.<ref>McDonald, Edward. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230430054007/http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/tien-hsia.php?searchterm=025_sinophone.inc&issue=025 The '中国通' or the 'Sinophone'? Towards a political economy of Chinese language teaching], School of Asian Studies, [[University of Auckland]], 2010.</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kugaŵika kwa viyowoyero mu malo]] i3vk5j7agjfpzbnagehw4uxiuqyeyi8 0 49943 123229 2026-10-10T04:15:13Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[File:Map_of_the_German_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|300px|Kugaŵika kwa malo kwa awo ŵakuyowoya ChiJeremani]] '''Charu cha ChiJeremani''' chili na vyaru na vigaŵa ivyo [[ChiJeremani]] ntchiyowoyero cha boma panji cha chikhalidwe. Padera pa [[Germanosphere]] ku [[Europe]], ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakuyowoya ChiJeremani ŵali mu vyaru vinyake vinandi ndiposo pa makontinenti ghose 6 agho ghakukhala ŵanthu. Ŵakughanaghana kuti pafupifupi ŵanthu 90..." 123229 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map_of_the_German_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|300px|Kugaŵika kwa malo kwa awo ŵakuyowoya ChiJeremani]] '''Charu cha ChiJeremani''' chili na vyaru na vigaŵa ivyo [[ChiJeremani]] ntchiyowoyero cha boma panji cha chikhalidwe. Padera pa [[Germanosphere]] ku [[Europe]], ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakuyowoya ChiJeremani ŵali mu vyaru vinyake vinandi ndiposo pa makontinenti ghose 6 agho ghakukhala ŵanthu. Ŵakughanaghana kuti pafupifupi ŵanthu 90–95 miliyoni ŵakuyowoya ChiJeremani nga ntchiyowoyero chakwamba.<ref name="Ethnologue (2015)">Sum of Standard German, Swiss German, and all German dialects not listed under "Standard German" at [[Ethnologue]] (18th ed., 2015)</ref><ref name="Marten">{{cite book |editor1-first=Thomas |editor1-last=Marten |editor2-first=Fritz Joachim|editor2-last= Sauer |title=Länderkunde&nbsp;– Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz und Liechtenstein im Querschnitt |trans-title=Regional Geography&nbsp;– An Overview of Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein |year=2005 |publisher=Inform-Verlag |location=Berlin |language=de |isbn=3-9805843-1-3 |page=7 }}</ref><ref name="eurobarometer">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |title=Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and their languages |type=report |date=June 2012 |publisher=European Commission |access-date=2015-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |archive-date=2016-01-06 }}</ref><ref name=Statista>{{cite web |url=http://www.statista.com/statistics/266808/the-most-spoken-languages-worldwide/ |title=The most spoken languages worldwide (speakers and native speaker in millions) |publisher=Statista, The Statistics Portal |location=New York |quote=Native speakers=105, total speakers=185 |access-date=2015-07-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628162716/http://www.statista.com/statistics/266808/the-most-spoken-languages-worldwide/ |archive-date=2015-06-28 }}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kugaŵika kwa viyowoyero mu malo]] lmcoxwxi0t5ks505lu519jwur7uqpp7 123230 123229 2026-10-10T04:15:27Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 123230 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map_of_the_German_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|400px|Kugaŵika kwa malo kwa awo ŵakuyowoya ChiJeremani]] '''Charu cha ChiJeremani''' chili na vyaru na vigaŵa ivyo [[ChiJeremani]] ntchiyowoyero cha boma panji cha chikhalidwe. Padera pa [[Germanosphere]] ku [[Europe]], ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakuyowoya ChiJeremani ŵali mu vyaru vinyake vinandi ndiposo pa makontinenti ghose 6 agho ghakukhala ŵanthu. Ŵakughanaghana kuti pafupifupi ŵanthu 90–95 miliyoni ŵakuyowoya ChiJeremani nga ntchiyowoyero chakwamba.<ref name="Ethnologue (2015)">Sum of Standard German, Swiss German, and all German dialects not listed under "Standard German" at [[Ethnologue]] (18th ed., 2015)</ref><ref name="Marten">{{cite book |editor1-first=Thomas |editor1-last=Marten |editor2-first=Fritz Joachim|editor2-last= Sauer |title=Länderkunde&nbsp;– Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz und Liechtenstein im Querschnitt |trans-title=Regional Geography&nbsp;– An Overview of Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein |year=2005 |publisher=Inform-Verlag |location=Berlin |language=de |isbn=3-9805843-1-3 |page=7 }}</ref><ref name="eurobarometer">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |title=Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and their languages |type=report |date=June 2012 |publisher=European Commission |access-date=2015-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |archive-date=2016-01-06 }}</ref><ref name=Statista>{{cite web |url=http://www.statista.com/statistics/266808/the-most-spoken-languages-worldwide/ |title=The most spoken languages worldwide (speakers and native speaker in millions) |publisher=Statista, The Statistics Portal |location=New York |quote=Native speakers=105, total speakers=185 |access-date=2015-07-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628162716/http://www.statista.com/statistics/266808/the-most-spoken-languages-worldwide/ |archive-date=2015-06-28 }}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kugaŵika kwa viyowoyero mu malo]] 5x5az045uux854g4od378unu8nu66v4 0 49944 123231 2026-10-10T04:20:23Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[File:Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Russophone_world.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Kugaŵika kwa malo kwa awo ŵakuyowoya ChiRussia]] '''Charu cha ChiRussia''' chili na vyaru na vigaŵa ivyo [[ChiRussia]] ntchiyowoyero cha boma panji cha chikhalidwe. Soviet Union yikati yamara mu 1991, kanandi ŵanthu ŵakasuskanga umo ChiRussia chikaŵira.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121103111112/http://www.sras.org/empire__nationalities__and_the_collapse_of_the_ussr</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{refli..." 123231 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Russophone_world.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Kugaŵika kwa malo kwa awo ŵakuyowoya ChiRussia]] '''Charu cha ChiRussia''' chili na vyaru na vigaŵa ivyo [[ChiRussia]] ntchiyowoyero cha boma panji cha chikhalidwe. Soviet Union yikati yamara mu 1991, kanandi ŵanthu ŵakasuskanga umo ChiRussia chikaŵira.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121103111112/http://www.sras.org/empire__nationalities__and_the_collapse_of_the_ussr</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kugaŵika kwa viyowoyero mu malo]] t9ar4bdzuwaw4lg0a530km5v5m1xw2p