Wikipedia twwiki https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratafa_Titiriw MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.2 first-letter Media Soronko Nkitahode Dwumadini Dwumadini nkitahode Wikipedia Wikipedia nkitahode File File nkitahode MediaWiki MediaWiki nkitahode Nhwɛsoɔ Nhwɛsoɔ nkitahode Mmoa Mmoa nkitahode Nkyekyεmu Nkyekyεmu nkitahode TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 4 2176 199676 199646 2026-05-16T12:54:35Z Yaw tuba 16280 /* (+) Support */ 199676 wikitext text/x-wiki Old requests: [[Wikipedia:Admin requests/Archive]] == Adesrɛ/Request to continue administrative role == === [[User: Warmglow|Warmglow]] === Merehwehwɛ mmoa afiri obibiara hɔ sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a metumi a toa adwuma yi so sɛ ɔhwɛfoɔ. I'm seeking your support to continue the role of an administrator on Twi Wikipedia. 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I'm seeking your support to continue the role of an administrator on Twi Wikipedia. Wo bɛtumi aboa, you can support below[[Dwumadini:Warmglow|Warmglow]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:Warmglow|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) ==== (+) Support ==== * [[Dwumadini:Rsaawah|Rsaawah]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:Rsaawah|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) Dwumadini Warmglow fata Saa akwanya yi. * {{support}} --- [[User:Robertjamal12|<span style="font-family:EF Barbedor;color:#00F">''Robertjamal12''</span>]] [[User talk:Robertjamal12|<span style="color:#00F">~🔔</span>]] 12:44, 14 Kotonimma 2025 (UTC) * {{support}} [[Dwumadini:Elkan21|Elkan21]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:Elkan21|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 20:20, 19 Kotonimma 2025 (UTC) [[Dwumadini:Opoku Akaadom Sympathy|Opoku Akaadom Sympathy]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:Opoku Akaadom Sympathy|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 21:52, 19 Kotonimma 2025 (UTC) As an editor and a local language advocate, I strongly support this applicant. [[Dwumadini:Opoku Akaadom Sympathy|Opoku Akaadom Sympathy]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:Opoku Akaadom Sympathy|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 21:52, 19 Kotonimma 2025 (UTC) kbk87y5n139upa47fqr7fag2d3d4g2d 199677 199676 2026-05-16T15:31:54Z Vision L1 18908 /* (+) Support */ 199677 wikitext text/x-wiki Old requests: [[Wikipedia:Admin requests/Archive]] == Adesrɛ/Request to continue administrative role == === [[User: Warmglow|Warmglow]] === Merehwehwɛ mmoa afiri obibiara hɔ sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a metumi a toa adwuma yi so sɛ ɔhwɛfoɔ. I'm seeking your support to continue the role of an administrator on Twi Wikipedia. Wo bɛtumi aboa, you can support below ==== (+) Support ==== * {{support}}[[Dwumadini:Opoku Akaadom Sympathy|Opoku Akaadom Sympathy]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:Opoku Akaadom Sympathy|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 13:27, 14 Kotonimma 2026 (UTC) *{{support}}[[Dwumadini:Rsaawah|Rsaawah]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:Rsaawah|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) *{{support}}[[Dwumadini:Zakaria Tunsung|Zakaria Tunsung]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:Zakaria Tunsung|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 18:54, 14 Kotonimma 2026 (UTC) *{{support}} [[Dwumadini:Yaw tuba|Yaw tuba]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:Yaw tuba|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 12:54, 16 Kotonimma 2026 (UTC) *{{Support}}[[Dwumadini:Vision L1|Vision L1]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:Vision L1|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 15:31, 16 Kotonimma 2026 (UTC) == Adesrɛ/Request to continue administrative role == === [[User: Joris Darlington Quarshie|Joris Darlington Quarshie]] === Mereserɛ ɔhwɛfo hokwan ne interface ɔhwɛfo hokwan sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a mɛboa Twi Wikipedia wɔ mfiridwuma afa mu. I am requesting admin rights and interface admin rights to support and help Twi Wikipedia. Minya suahunu firi Wikimania Wiki wɔ saa ɔhwɛfo hokwan mmienu yi nyinaa mu. I do have experience from wikimania wiki for both rights. 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I'm seeking your support to continue the role of an administrator on Twi Wikipedia. Wo bɛtumi aboa, you can support below[[Dwumadini:Warmglow|Warmglow]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:Warmglow|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) ==== (+) Support ==== * [[Dwumadini:Rsaawah|Rsaawah]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:Rsaawah|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) Dwumadini Warmglow fata Saa akwanya yi. * {{support}} --- [[User:Robertjamal12|<span style="font-family:EF Barbedor;color:#00F">''Robertjamal12''</span>]] [[User talk:Robertjamal12|<span style="color:#00F">~🔔</span>]] 12:44, 14 Kotonimma 2025 (UTC) * {{support}} [[Dwumadini:Elkan21|Elkan21]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:Elkan21|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 20:20, 19 Kotonimma 2025 (UTC) [[Dwumadini:Opoku Akaadom Sympathy|Opoku Akaadom Sympathy]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:Opoku Akaadom Sympathy|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 21:52, 19 Kotonimma 2025 (UTC) As an editor and a local language advocate, I strongly support this applicant. [[Dwumadini:Opoku Akaadom Sympathy|Opoku Akaadom Sympathy]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:Opoku Akaadom Sympathy|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 21:52, 19 Kotonimma 2025 (UTC) j6q6jwkm7512fw84few3xuyz7iyznwr 3 15592 199679 167735 2026-05-16T19:42:44Z Leaderbot 19421 /* Notice of expiration of your ipblock-exempt right */ new section 199679 wikitext text/x-wiki == STOP DELETING MY ARTICLE PLEASE == I have just notice some changes you have made in my article created for AMINATA SOW FALL. You deleted my categories and some of my sub-headings. kindly avoid it. I hope you will understand, if you need any help, you can simply send me a message in my talk page and i will be there to help you. [[Dwumadini:Opoku Akaadom Sympathy|Opoku Akaadom Sympathy]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:Opoku Akaadom Sympathy|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 11:59, 28 Kotonimma 2023 (UTC) == Notice of expiration of your ipblock-exempt right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "ipblock-exempt" (IP block exemptions) will expire on 2026-05-23 11:52:21. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[Dwumadini:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:Leaderbot|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 19:42, 16 Kotonimma 2026 (UTC)</div> bj0b22qx4j40d5o1lfegwl43j6gwzww 0 17277 199683 196772 2026-05-17T01:10:08Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 199683 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei wɔ '''Asante Twi''' mu'' {{Databox}} '''Reparations for slavery''' yɛ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde akatua ho ka no di dwuma ma wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn nkoa anaa wɔn asefo. Adwene ahoroɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa akatua ho wɔ mmara nyansapɛ mu ne akatua ho wɔ nsakraeɛ atɛntrenee mu. Wɔ U.S. no, wɔde nkoasom ho akatua ama denam mmara kwan so gyinaesi wɔ asɛnnibea ne/anaasɛ ankorɛankorɛ ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ firi wɔn pɛ mu (a asɛnnibea gyinaesi biara nni ho) so.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). [https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"]. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020</ref> Asɛm a edi kan a wɔatwerɛ ato hɔ a ɛfa nkoasom ho akatua ho wɔ United States ne kanee akoa Belinda Royall wɔ afe 1783 mu, a na ɛyɛ pɛnhyen sika, na efi saa berɛ no wɔda so ara hyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa ntua wɔn ka. Ɛde besi ɛnnɛ no, wɔmfaa aban mmara biara a ɛfa akatua ho mmara biara mmae.<ref>[https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?"]. ''The Royall House and Slave Quarters''. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</ref> 1865 ''Special Field Orders No. 15'' ("''Acre'' aduanan ne afurum") ne mmɔden a wonim no yiye sen biara a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛboa nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho foforɔ ma wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔmanfo mu na wɔaboaboa ahonyade ano.<ref name=":8">Darity, William (2020). ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1469654973|978-1469654973]]</bdi>.</ref> Nanso, Ɔmanpanin Andrew Johnson danee saa ahyɛdeɛ yi, na ɔsan de asase no maa ne kanee Konfederate wuranom. Akatua ayɛ adwene a ɛsan ba wɔ United States amammuonsɛm mu, nnansa yi ara wɔ afe 2020 Demokratik Parti ɔmanpanin akansi a edi kan no mu.<ref>Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained"]. Vox.</ref> Ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa akatua no mu yɛɛ den wɔ afe 2020 mu, wɔ ɔsɔretia a wɔde tia polisifoɔ atirimɔdensɛm ne ''COVID-19'' yaredɔm a abien no nyinaa kunkum Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no mu.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"]. ''The Guardian''. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. <q>Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.</q></ref> Mpɛn pii no, abibifoɔ mpɔtam ne atwerɛfo na wɔfrɛ sɛ wontua mmusua mu nyiyim ne nyiyim a wɔyɛ wɔ U.S. no ka ka ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wontua nkoasom ho ka no ho.<ref>Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section"]. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":7">Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ "The Case for Reparations"]. ''The Atlantic''.</ref><ref>Marable, Manning. [https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/ "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation"]. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</ref> Adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtua wɔn ka no da so ara yɛ akyinnyegye kɛse, esiane nsemmisa ahodoɔ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde bɛma, sika dodoɔ a wɔde bɛma, onii a obɛtua, ne onii a obɛgye ho nti.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name=":3">Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so tua ka a kuro, mantam, ɔman, ne ɔman aban anaa ankorankoro ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ ahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ ''United States'' no bi ne: ankorankoro sika a wotua, sika a wɔde besiesie, sika a wɔde ma, sika a wɔde tua ho ka, ne nhyehyɛeɛ mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔde besi ntɛnkyea ano, akatua a egyina asase so a ɛfa ahofadi ho, kyɛwpa ne ntɛnkyea no a wogye tum, sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nneɛma (te sɛ ɔdan bi a wɔbɛbɔ din de ato obi),<ref name=":1" /> ne nkaedum ne mmɔnten a wɔde din ato nkoa wuranom ne wɔn a wɔbɔ nkoasom ho ban a woyi firi hɔ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"]. ''WLOS''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Esiane sɛ ntɛnkyea ne nyiyimu foforɔ akɔ so firi berɛ a wɔberaa nkoasom wɔ U.S. nti,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200624064531/https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism"]. ''Time''. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/ "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). [https://ncrc.org/holc/ "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). [http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775 "The school to prison pipeline, explained"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System"]. April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> abibifoɔ mpɔtam bi ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a ɛhwɛ ɔmanfoɔ ho kwan ahoroɔ so aka sɛ wontua saa ntɛnkyea ahoroɔ no ho ka ne afei nso sɛ wontua wɔn ka a ɛfa nkoasom ho tẽẽ.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ U.S. afiase nhyehyɛeɛ no, a efiri ase firi nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔabu wɔn fɔ no so na ɛkɔ so denam nnɛyi adwumakuo a aban na ɛwɔ so a wɔfrɛ no ''Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR)'' so no yɛ nnɛyi mmara kwan so nkoasom a ɛda so ara ka abibifoɔ ne nnipa nketewa afoforoɔ titiriw na ɛnsɛ denam ɔko a wɔde ko tia nnubɔne ne nea wɔakasa atia sɛ ɛyɛ nsukwan a wɔde firi sukuu kɔ afiase no so.<ref>Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/09/slavery-prison-system-170901082522072.html "Slavery in the US prison system"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> == U.S. abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm a ɛfa ho == '''<big>Wɔ atubrafoɔ mmerɛ mu</big>''' Akyinnyegye a ɛfa akatua ho no firi afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no mu tɔnn. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Quakerfoɔ a na wɔyɛ wɔn a wodii kan hwehwɛɛ sɛ wotu ase wɔ United States no bi de adwene koro sii so dua sɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no wɔ hokwan sɛ wonya akatua firi wɔn kane wuranom hɔ. Sɛ owura bi nuu ne ho wɔ bɔne a ɔyɛe sɛ ɔwɔ akoa a wɔde nneɛma gu mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔpata no denam nsiesie a obesiesie so. Quakerfoɔ faa Deuteronomium nhoma a wɔhyɛɛ wuranom fo sɛ wɔne wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa nkyɛ wɔn nneɛma no mu asɛm kae.<ref>Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice (2007). ''[https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Slavery and Justice]'' (PDF). Brown University. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/301709830 301709830].</ref>^:60 Wɔ Ɔman Anidan Ko no mu no, Warner Mifflin kamfoo kyerɛe sɛ wɔmfa sika mma wɔn a na anka wɔyɛ nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho no bio wɔ 1778 mu tɔnn, wɔ sika a wotua, asase, ne nnɔbae ho nhyehyɛe a wɔkyɛ mu.<ref>Heller, Mike (March 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&context=qrt "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]. ''George Fox University''. Retrieved March 5, 2021</ref><ref>Polgar, Paul J. (December 1, 2018). [[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|"Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]]. ''Journal of American History''. '''105''' (3): 660–661. doi:[[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|10.1093/jahist/jay310]]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723 0021-8723].</ref><ref>[https://hsp.org/calendar/fearless-and-forgotten-warner-mifflin-quaker-abolitionist-new-nation "The Fearless and Forgotten Warner Mifflin: Quaker Abolitionist of the New Nation"]. ''Historical Society of Pennsylvania''. Retrieved March 5, 2021.</ref> Gary B. Nash kyerɛw sɛ, "ebia wɔbɛfrɛ no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so sɛ Amerikafoɔ reparationism agya".<ref>Nash, Gary B. (2017). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YIIuDwAAQBAJ Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist]''. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 93. ISBN <bdi>978-0812294361</bdi>.</ref><ref>Heller, Mike (March 1, 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/qrt/vol132/iss1/10 "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist (Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017)"]. ''Quaker Religious Thought''. '''132''' (1). ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5088 0033-5088].</ref> '''<big>Ansa na Ɔmanko no baeɛ no</big>''' Ansa na wɔretu nkoasom ase wɔ ɔman no mu wɔ afe 1865 mu no, wɔn a wɔpɛ sɛ wotu nkoasom ase no de nyansahyɛ ahoroɔ mae wɔ nea wobetumi anaasɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ de tua adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa no ka wɔ wɔn ahofadie akyi. Wɔ afe 1859 mfiase no, wɔ nwoma bi a wɔde hyiraa "Old Hero" John Brown so mu no, James Redpath kae sɛ ɔyɛ "reparationist", na ɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔ n'adwene mu no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde Apam no nsase ma nkoa dadaa no.<ref name=":4">Redpath, James (1859). ''[[iarchive:rovingeditorort00redpgoog/page/n10/mode/2up|The roving editor, or, Talks with Slaves in the Southern States]]''. New York: A. B. Burdick.</ref>^:vi Ɔsan nso fa anwensɛm bi a atwam, a William North kyerɛwee, a ɛkyerɛ "akwan a wɔfa so tua ka".<ref name=":4" />^:188 Akyiri yi wɔ saa afe no mu, berɛ a wokum Brown akyi no, Redpath bɔɔ amanneɛ wɔ Brown asetra ho nsɛm a edi kan mu sɛ "na ɔnyɛ obi a ɔpɛ ahofadie ara kwa, na mmom obi a ɔpɛ sɛ wotua nneɛma ka. Na ogye di, ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ woyi nkoasom ho nsɛmmɔnedi no firi hɔ nko, na mmom ɛsɛ sɛ wotua mfomsoɔ a wɔayɛ akoa no ka. Nea ogye di no, ɔyɛɛ. Wɔ saa berɛ yi mu [Missouri raid, 1859], berɛ a ɔka kyerɛɛ nkoa no sɛ wɔde wɔn ho akyi no, obisaa wɔn sɛnea wɔn som no bo yɛ den, na—bere a wɔabua no—ɔkɔɔ so gyee agyapadeɛ koduruu sika dodoɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ abibifoɔ no wɔ saa kwan yi so no."<ref>Redpath, James (1860). ''T[[iarchive:publiclifecaptj02redpgoog/page/n8/mode/2up|he public life of Capt. John Brown]]''. Boston: Thayer and Eldridge.</ref>^:220 Ná Ananmusifoɔ George W. Julian ne Thaddeus Stevens a wɔn baanu nyinaa yɛ Radical Republican kuo no mufoɔ no abɔ afrɛ deda sɛ wonnye nsase a wɔde mfuo yɛ no mfuo daa na wɔsan kyekyɛ bio.<ref>McKivigan, John R. (2008). ''[[iarchive:forgottenfirebra00mcki/page/n5/mode/2up|Forgotten firebrand : James Redpath and the making of nineteenth-century America]]''. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN <bdi>978-0801446733</bdi>.</ref>^:104 '''<big>Rekɔnstrakhyen berɛ no</big>''' Akyinnyegyeɛ a ɛfa akatua ho no gyina nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛkɔ so wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so a ɛfa akatua ahoroɔ pii ho, ne asase ho akatua ankasa a Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ nyae a akyiri yi wogye firii hɔ no so. Wɔ afe 1865 mu, berɛ a wodii Amerika Aman Nkabom no so nkonim wɔ Amerika Ɔmanko no mu akyi no, Ɔsahene William Tecumseh Sherman de ''Special Field Orders'', No. 15 mae sɛ "wɔmma awerɛhyemu sɛ adeyɛ no bɛyɛ pɛ wɔ beaɛ a wɔyɛ adwuma no"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120118190642/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA252324&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf "Harmony of Action" – Sherman as an Army Group Commander]</ref> na wɔadi ɔhaw ahodoɔ a nkoa pii a wɔade wɔn ho no de bae no ho dwuma, berɛ tiaa mu afifideɛ a ɛma abusua biara a wɔade wɔn ho no asase a wobetumi ayɛ adwuma wɔ po so nsupoɔ so ne nea atwa ho ahyia no ''acre'' aduanan Charleston, ''South Carolina'' esiane abibifoɔ a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa nkutoo a wɔde bedi dwuma nti. Na asraafoɔ no nso wɔ mfurumu dodoɔ bi a ɛho nhia a wɔde ma nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho. Wɔde nkoa a wɔade wɔn ho bɛyɛ 40,000 kɔtraa asase a ne kɛse yɛ hɛkta 400,000 (kilomita 1,600) so wɔ Georgia ne ''South Carolina''. Nanso berɛ a wokum Lincoln akyi no, Ɔmampanyin Andrew Johnson danee nhyehyɛeɛ no. Wɔsan de asase no maa wɔn a na wɔwɔ hɔ kan no, na wɔhyɛɛ abibifoɔ ma wofirii hɔ. Wɔ afe 1867 mu no, Thaddeus Stevens boaa mmara bi a wɔde bɛsan akyekyɛ asase ama Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ, nanso ankɔ so. Rekɔnstrakhyen no baa awieɛ no wɔ afe 1877 mu a wɔanni asɛm a ɛfa akatua ho no ho dwuma. Ɛno akyi no, mpaapaemu ne nhyɛsoɔ kuo bi a wɔhyɛɛ da sɔree wɔ Kesee Fam aman mu. Wɔhyehyɛɛ Jim Crow mmara wɔ Kesee Fam Apuei aman bi mu de hyɛɛ pɛyɛ a enni hɔ deda a nkoasom de aba no mu den. Afei nso, aborɔfo ahyehyɛdeɛ ahoroɔ a wɔyɛ katee te sɛ Ku Klux Klan de wɔn ho hyɛɛ amumɔyɛsɛm ɔsatu kɛse bi mu wɔ Kesee Fam Apuei nyinaa sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛma Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ akɔ so atra wɔn asetra mu beaɛ a wɔahyɛ no. Mfe du du pii no, wobuu wei a wosusuo sɛ pɛyɛ a enni hɔ ne ntɛnkyea ho atɛn wɔ asɛnnibea gyinaesi ahodoɔ mu na wogye ho akyinnye wɔ bagyam kasa ahodoɔ mu. Wɔ asɛm bi a ɛyɛ nwanwa mu no, kanee akoa bi a wɔfrɛ no Henrietta Wood de asɛm no kɔdan asɛnnibea yiye sɛ wɔmma no akatua bere a wɔkyeree no fii Ohio mantam a ahofadi wom mu na wɔtɔn no kɔɔ nkoasom mu wɔ Mississippi no. Amerika Ɔmanko no akyi no, wɔmaa no ahofadi na ɔsan kɔɔ Cincinnati, faako a odii nkonim wɔ n’asɛm no mu wɔ aban asennibea wɔ afe 1878 mu, na onyaa $2,500 (~$81,457 wɔ afe 2024 mu) wɔ nneɛma a wɔsɛee no mu. Ɛwom sɛ na atemmuo no yɛ ɔman no atesɛm krataa deɛ, nanso ankanyan su biara sɛ wɔbɛfa nsɛm foforɔ a ɛte saa ara.<ref>McDaniel, W. Caleb. [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/henrietta-wood-sued-reparations-won-180972845/ "In 1870, Henrietta Wood Sued for Reparations – and Won"]. ''Smithsonian''. Retrieved October 6, 2019.</ref> '''<big>Rekɔnstrakhyen Akyi Berɛ mu</big>''' Wɔ afe 1896 mu no, wɔhyehyɛɛ National Ex-Slave Mutual Relief, Bounty and Pension Association (MRB&PA) a atirimpɔ no ne sɛ wobenya pɛnhyen sika ama kan nkoa afiri Ɔmanpanin aban hɔ sɛ akatua ne akatua wɔ wɔn adwuma ne amanehunu a wontuaeɛ no ho. Wɔde ahyehyɛdeɛ no sii hɔ wɔ afe 1898 mu wɔ ''Nashville, Tennessee'', na kanee nkoa Callie House ne Isaiah H. Dickerson na wɔhyehyɛɛ no. Sɛnea abakɔsɛm akyerɛfoɔ binom kyerɛ no, na ahyehyɛdeɛ no ne “kuo a edi kan a wɔde tua nnipa pii ka a Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ dii anim.”<ref>Berry, Mary Frances (2005). ''[[iarchive:myfaceisblackist00berr/page/230|My Face Is Black Is True]]''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 230, 4. <nowiki>ISBN 1-4000-4003-5</nowiki>.</ref> Wɔde atorɔ sobɔ ne nsɛmmɔnedi ho asɛm tiaa ahyehyɛdeɛ no ne n’akannifoɔ kɔsii sɛ wɔtoo ne mpɔtam hɔ baa dwumadibea a etwa to no mu wɔ afe 1930 mfe no mu. Wɔ afe 1915 mu, wɔ Callie House akanni ase no, fekuo no de kuw asɛm, Johnson v. McAdoo, kɔɔ ɔman asennibea tiaa U.S. Sikakorabea Dwumadibea no de gyee dɔla ɔpepem 68. Ná dɔla ɔpepem 68 yɛ kotoku toɔ dodoɔ a wogyee wɔ afe 1862 ne 1868 ntam hɔ, na wɔkyerɛe sɛ na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde tuaa wɔn a wɔde asɛm no kɔdan wɔn no efirisɛ na wɔne wɔn nananom na wɔayɛ saa kotoku yi esiane wɔn nkoasom a wɔmpɛ nti. Wei ne Abibifoɔ akatua ho asɛm a edi kan a wɔkyerɛ ho asɛm wɔ U.S. wɔ aban mpanyimfo gyinabea. U.S. Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛm a Wɔde Kɔdan Asɛnnibea a ɛwɔ Columbia Mantam mu no gyinaa aban ahobammɔ so poɔ asɛm no sɛnea U.S. Asɛnnibea Kunini no yɛe no, na ɛde Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛm a Wɔde Kɔdan Asɛnnibea no gyinaesi no akyi.<ref>Booker Perry, Miranda (Summer 2010). [https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2010/summer/slave-pension.html "No Pensions for Ex-Slaves: How Federal Agencies Suppressed Movement to Aid Freedpeople"]. ''Prologue Magazine''. Vol. 42, no. 2. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 2 May 2021.</ref> '''<big>2020</big>''' Asɛmti no bɛyɛɛ asɛmti titire wɔ afe 2020 Demokratik Party ɔmanpanin akansie no mu berɛ<ref>[https://ballotpedia.org/Super_Tuesday_primaries,_2020 "Super Tuesday primaries, 2020"]. ''Ballotpedia''. Retrieved June 17, 2025.</ref> a nsɛm a ɛha adwene a ɛfa mmirikatuo ho no yɛɛ kɛse esiane nsɛm a esisi mprempren nti.<ref>Hagen, Lisa (February 27, 2019). [https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2019-02-27/2020-democrats-support-for-reparations-lacks-details "2020 Democrats' Support for Reparations Lacks Details"]. ''US News''.</ref> Wɔmaa ɛyɛɛ kɛse bio esiane sɛ na Afrikafoɔ-Amerikafoɔ rewuwu ntɛm na ɛnsɛ esiane COVID-19 ɔyaredɔm no nti. Nhyehyɛeɛ mu nyiyimu a ɛkɔ so ne polisifoɔ atirimuɔdensɛm nso maa abufuo baa ɔman no mu nyinaa, titiriw Breonna Taylor, Afrikani-Amerikani aduruyɛ ho nimdefoɔ a wadi mfe aduonu-nsia (26) a Louisville Metro Polisifoɔ Dwumadibea too tuo kum no wɔ ne fie no; Ahmaud Arbery a wokum no, a wɔtoo no tuo berɛ a na aborɔfo baasa retu mmirika wɔ Georgia no; ne George Floyd, Amerikani Abibifoɔ a wokum no berɛ a Minneapolis polisifoɔ kyeree no berɛ a wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɔpenee $20 sika a ɛnyɛ nokware so akyi, a ɛmaa George Floyd ɔsɔretia a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ ɔman no mu nyinaa bae no kum no.<ref>Peyton, Nellie; Murray, Christine (June 24, 2020). [https://news.trust.org/item/20200624170052-dt00z/ "Calls for reparations gain steam as U.S. reckons with racial injustice"].</ref> Wɔn a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔpaw wɔn a wɔfoaa adwene no so no bi ne: * Andrew Yang kaa sɛ ɔboa H.R. 40, Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act, a Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee boae,<ref>Rep. Jackson Lee, Sheila (January 3, 2019). [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/40 "H.R.40 – 116th Congress (2019–2020): Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act"]. ''Congress.gov''. Library of Congress. Retrieved June 22, 2020.</ref> berɛ a na ɔrekasa wɔ Karen Hunter ɔyɛkyerɛ no so no.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/MEWUwiM3pz0 Ghostarchive] and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200108222825/https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=335s&v=MEWUwiM3pz0&app=desktop Wayback Machine]: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MEWUwiM3pz0 "What is Andrew Yang's Black Agenda?"]. ''www.youtube.com''. November 13, 2019 – via YouTube.</ref> * Marianne Williamson kaa nhyehyɛe bi a wɔayɛ de atua ka ho asɛm kɔɔ akyiri wɔ nsɛm a wobisabisaa Ebony Magazine mu.<ref>Santi, Christina (February 1, 2019). [https://www.ebony.com/news/dem-presidential-candidate-calls-100b-slavery-reparations/ "Dem. Presidential Candidate Calls for $100B in Slavery Reparations"]. ''Ebony''. Retrieved May 2, 2019.</ref> * Sɛnea NPR kyerɛ no, Mmarahyɛ Badwa no mufoɔ Elizabeth Warren ne Cory Booker nyinaa akyerɛ sɛ wɔboa kakra ma wɔatua wɔn ka.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2019/03/01/698916063/2020-democrats-wrestle-with-a-big-question-what-are-reparations "2020 Democrats Wrestle With A Big Question: What Are Reparations?"]. ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 2, 2019.</ref> * Tulsi Gabbard yɛ ɔboafoɔ a ɔboa H.R. 40, mmara baako pɛ a ɛwɔ Mmarahyɛ Badwa no mu a ɛsua na ɛyɛɛ akatua ho nsusuiɛ<ref>[https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/40 "H.R.40 – 116th Congress (2019–2020): Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act"]. June 19, 2019.</ref> ɛna Bernie Sanders yɛ obi a ɔka ho ma Mmarahyɛ Badwa no nkyerɛaseɛ a ɛfa mmara no ho.<ref>[https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1083/cosponsors?q={%22search%22%3A%22S.+1083%22}&r=1&s=1 "S.1083 – H.R. 40 Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act"]. ''Congress.gov''. Retrieved July 12, 2019.</ref> Kamala Harris de too dwa wɔ Oforisuo bosome, afe 2019 mu sɛ ɔboa akatua.<ref>David Weigel (April 4, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/paloma/the-trailer/2019/04/04/the-trailer-in-the-sharpton-primary-democrats-put-civil-rights-and-reparations-at-center-stage/5ca518281b326b0f7f38f30f/?noredirect=on "The Trailer: In the Sharpton primary, Democrats put civil rights and reparations at center stage"]. ''Washington Post''. Retrieved April 6, 2019. <q>asked Sen. Kamala Harris of California whether she supported "some type" of reparations and she said she did</q></ref> Sɛnea U.S. News & World Report kyerɛ no, Beto O’Rourke “abue n’ani sɛ obesusu nneɛma bi a wɔde betua ho ka.”<ref>David Catanese (April 3, 2019). [https://www.usnews.com/news/the-run/articles/2019-04-03/at-al-sharptons-summit-beto-orourke-commits-to-reparations-bill?yptr=yahoo "Beto O'Rourke Takes a Stand on Reparations"]. ''U.S. News & World Report''. Retrieved April 6, 2019. <q>This posture signals he's at least now open to considering some form of reparations.</q></ref><ref>[https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/apr/4/beto-orourke-backs-reparations-commission/ "Beto O'Rourke backs reparations commission: 'Absolutely I would sign that into law'"]. ''The Washington Times''.</ref><ref>Jeremy Wallace (April 3, 2019). [https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/politics/texas/article/Beto-O-Rourke-joins-Juli-n-Castro-in-backing-13739541.php "Beto O'Rourke joins Julián Castro in backing reparations bill in Congress"]. ''Houston Chronicle''. Retrieved April 6, 2019.</ref> Tom Steyer wɔ afe 2020 Democratic Primaries Debate a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ ''South Carolina'' no daa ne mmoa adi sɛ wɔmfa ntua wɔn ka.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bl1afoqSy7U "Tom Steyer on his South Carolina debate performance"]. www.youtube.com. February 26, 2020 - via YouTube.</ref> == Nsusuwii ahodoɔ a ɛfa akatua ho == '''<big>United States aban no</big>''' Nsusuwii ahodoɔ bi ahwehwɛ sɛ wotua sika tẽẽ firi U.S. aban hɔ. Wɔde akontaabuo ahodoɔ ama sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wotua sika a ɛte saa a. Harper's Magazine buu akontaa sɛ akatua a ɛsɛ sɛ wotua nyinaa bɛyɛ "dɔla ɔpepepepem 97, a egyina nnɔnhwere 222,505,049 a wɔde yɛɛ adwuma a wɔhyɛɛ ma wɔyɛe wɔ afe 1619 ne afe 1865 ntam so, ɛmfa ho sɛ na United States nyɛ ɔman a wɔgye tom a ɛde ne ho kosii sɛ Ɔman Anidan Ko no akyi wɔ afe 1787 mu, na ɛkɔɔ soro wɔ mfaso 6% kɔsi afe 1993".<ref>Flaherty, Peter; Carlisle, John (October 2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190904024117/https://nlpc.org/wp-content/uploads/files/Reparationsbook.pdf "The Case Against Slave Reparations"] (PDF). National Legal and Policy Center. p. 1. Retrieved December 20, 2018.</ref> Sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wotua sika yi nyinaa anaa ne fa bi ma nkoa asefoɔ a wɔwɔ United States a, na mprempren U.S. aban no betua saa ka no fa ketewaa bi pɛ, efirisɛ efiri afe 1789 nkutoo na ɛwɔ hɔ. Sɛnea Brookings Asoɛe kyerɛ no, wɔ afe 1860 mu no, na bɛboro dɔla ɔpepepem 3 (dɔla ɔpepepem 83 wɔ afe 2023 mu) ne boɔ a wɔde maa Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa no honam fam nipadua sɛ wɔmfa nni dwuma sɛ adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔde wɔn ho ne nneɛma a wɔyɛ.<ref>Why we need reparations for Black Americans - [https://www.brookings.edu/articles/why-we-need-reparations-for-black-americans/#:~:text=Reparations%E2%80%94a%20system "Black Americans who were enslaved in the United States were valued at an estimated $3 billion in 1860"]. www.b''rookings.edu.'' Retrieved July 19, 2025</ref> Wei yɛ sika pii sene nea wɔde hyɛɛ adwumayɛbea ne keteke akwan mu a wɔaka abom. Wɔ afe 1861 mu no, boɔ a wɔde too kotokuo a Abibifoɔ a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa yɛeɛ no yɛ dɔla ɔpepem 250 (dɔla ɔpepepem 6.66 wɔ afe 2023 mu). Wɔ Abibifoɔ ɔpepem 12.5 a wɔde nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn guu po so hyɛn mu firii Afrika Atɔe fam no asefoɔ fam no, “Amerika wɔ awoɔ mu dɛmdie bi wɔ awoɔ mu berɛ a ɛfa abusuakuo ho asɛmmisa ho no,” sɛnea U.S. ananmusifoɔ Hakeem Jeffries kaaɛ nnansa yi no. Sɛ Amerika bɛpata saa sintɔ yi a, akatua a wɔde ma Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ no yɛ ayaresa ne mpata nhyehyɛe no fa. Ɔsɔfo M.J. Divine a wonim no yie sɛ Agya Divine no yɛ akannifoɔ a wodii kan gyee akyinnye pefee sɛ "akatua a wɔde ma akyi" no mu baako, na wɔfaa Amanaman Ntam Asomdwoe Asɛmpatrɛɛ nwoma ahodoɔ so trɛɛ nkrasɛm no mu. Wɔ Kitawonsa bosome da a ɛtɔ so 28, afe 1951 mu no, Paapa Divine de "asomdwoe stamp" bi a wɔatwerɛɛ so sɛ: "Asomdwoe! Aman ne nnipa a wɔasi wɔn a wonni hokwan no ano na wɔhyɛ wɔn so nyinaa, ɛbɛyɛ wɔn ahyɛdeɛ sɛ wotua Afrika nkoa ne wɔn asefoɔ wɔ nkoasom a wɔantua ho ka nyinaa ne akatua a ɛnteɛ nyinaa ho, a ɛnam so ama wɔagye akatua wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ so wɔ nea atwam no ho." Nkoasom tebea ne mprempren nkoasom tebea no yɛ nea ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ wɔ asɛmti afoforɔ a wonni hokwan biara nyinaa ho banbɔ mu na ɛsɛ sɛ wotua wɔn ka wɔ akyiri berɛ nyinaa".<ref>[http://peacemission.info/media/peace-stamps/?pid=91 "Peace Stamps"]. ''peacemission.info''. Retrieved November 15, 2017.</ref> Wɔ Ɔman Akatua Nhyiamu a edi kan a wɔyɛe wɔ ''Chicago'' wɔ afe 2001 mu no, na nyansahyɛ bi a Howshua Amariel, ''Chicago'' asetena mu ɔdeyɛfoɔ bi de mae no bɛhwehwɛ sɛ aban a ɛwɔ ɔman no mu no tua nkoa asefoɔ a wɔada wɔn ho adi no ka. Bio nso, Amariel kaa sɛ "Wɔ saa abibifoɔ a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔtena Amerika no fam no, ɛsɛ sɛ wonya akatua a ɛyɛ nwomasua a wontua hwee, ayaresa a wontua hwee, mmara kwan so mmoa a wontua hwee ne sikasɛm mu mmoa a wontua hwee mfie aduonum a wontua toɔ biara," ne "Wɔn a wɔpɛ sɛ wofiri Amerika no fam no, abibifoɔ biara bɛnya dɔla ɔpepem baako anaa nea ɛboro saa, a sika kɔkɔɔ tare akyire, de atua wɔn ka. Wɔ nhyiamu no ase no, Amariel nyansahyɛ no nyaa pene firii nnipa 100 anaa nea ɛte saa a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no hɔ.<ref>Paul Shepard (February 11, 2001). [https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20010211/reparation11/us-slavery-reparations-hope-that-a-race-will-be-compensated-gains-momentum "U.S. slavery reparations: Hope that a race will be compensated gains momentum"]. ''Seattle Times''. Retrieved November 10, 2008.</ref> Ne nyinaa mu no, asɛmmisa a ɛne sɛ hwan na obɛgye sika a ɛte saa, hwan na ɛsɛ sɛ otua ne sika dodoɔ a wɔde tua no da so ara yɛ nea akyinnyegyeɛ kɛse wom,<ref>Bright Simons (April 12, 2007). [http://www.worldpress.org/Africa/2750.cfm "Ghanaian President Stirs Controversy Over Slave Trade Reparations"]. ''worldpress.org''. Retrieved November 15, 2017.</ref><ref name=":6">Michelle Chen (March 27, 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070317105452/http://newstandardnews.net/content/index.cfm/items/4449 "Bill to Study Slavery Reparations Still Facing Resistance"]. ''The NewStandard''. Retrieved November 15, 2017.</ref> efirisɛ United States Kankɔ no nhwɛ abusua a efiri nkoa anaa nkoa wuranom mu na ɛde ne ho to mmusuakuo a wɔn ankasa bɔ amanneɛ so. Wɔ Kitawonsa bosome da a ɛtɔ so 30, afe 2008 mu no, United States Aban Mmarahyɛ Badwa no de gyinaesie bi too kyɛwpa wɔ Amerika nkoasom ne nyiyimu ho mmara a edii akyiri bae no ho.<ref name=":15">[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93059465 "Congress Apologizes for Slavery, Jim Crow"]. NPR. but made no mention of reparations.</ref> Aman nkron apa kyɛw wɔ aban kwan so wɔ wɔn ho a wɔde hyɛɛ Afrikafoɔ a wɔde wɔn yɛ nkoa mu no ho. Saa aman no ne: * Alabama – Oforisuo bosome da ɛtɔ so 25, afe 2007 mu<ref name=":5">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200103084333/https://blerdplanet.com/what-states-have-apologized-for-slavery/ "What States Have Apologized for Slavery"]. ''Blerd Planet''. June 12, 2019. Archived from [https://blerdplanet.com/what-states-have-apologized-for-slavery/ the original] on January 3, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2019.</ref> * Connecticut * Delaware – Ɔpɛpɔn bosome da ɛtɔ so 11, afe 2016 mu<ref name=":17">Moyer, Justin (February 11, 2016). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/02/11/delaware-apologizes-for-slavery-and-jim-crow-no-reparations-forthcoming/ "Delaware apologizes for slavery and Jim Crow. No reparations forthcoming"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 23, 2019.</ref> * Florida – afe 2008 mu<ref name=":5" /> * Maryland – afe 2007 mu<ref name=":5" /> * New Jersey – afe 2008 mu<ref name=":5" /> * North Carolina – afe 2007 mu<ref name=":18">[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna17967662 "North Carolina Senate apologizes for slavery"]. NSNBC. April 5, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2019.</ref> * Tennessee * Virginia – afe 2007 mu<ref name=":5" /> '''<big>Ankorankor</big><big>ɛ ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ</big>''' Ná ankorankorɛ ahyehyɛdeɛ ne nnwumakuo nso de wɔn ho hyɛ nkoasom mu. Wɔ Ɔbɛnim bosome da a ɛtɔ so 8, wɔ afe 2000 mu no, Reuters News Service bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ Deadria Farmer-Paellmann a wawie mmaranimfoɔ sukuu no firii ɔsatu bi a ɔbea baako yɛe ase de abakɔsɛm mu ahwehwɛdeɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛsan de sika a wɔde bɛsan ama ne kyɛwpa afiri nnɛyi nnwumakuo a wodii dwuma tẽẽ wɔ Afrikafoɔ a wɔde wɔn yɛɛ nkoa mu no ase. Aetna Inc. na odii kan de n’ani sii so esiane su a wɔyɛe sɛ wɔretwerɛ nkwa ho insurance nkrataa a ɛfa Afrikafoɔ a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa asetena ho a nkoa wuranom na wonya so mfaso nti. Wɔ Farmer-Paellmann ahwehwɛdeɛ no ho mmuaeɛma mu no, Aetna Inc. de kyɛwpa krataa mae wɔ badwam, na wɔwoo "adwumakuo a wɔsan de nneɛma ma kuo" no.<ref>Smith, Jessie Carney; Wynn, Linda T. (January 1, 2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=lNHVLB7Xc9IC&dq=Farmer-Paellmann+Aetna+Restitution+Study+Group&pg=PA140 Freedom Facts and Firsts: 400 Years of the African American Civil Rights Experience]''. Visible Ink Press. ISBN <bdi>978-1-57859-260-9</bdi>.</ref> Eduruu afe 2002 mu no, wɔde nsɛm nkron kɔdan mmaranimfoɔ wɔ ɔman no mu nyinaa a Farmer-Paellmann ne Restitution Study Group—New York adwumakuo bi a wɔnyɛ adwuma a wɔde hwehwɛ mfasoɔ — na wɔyɛɛ ho nhyehyɛe. Ná nnipa 20 a wɔde asɛm no kɔdan asɛnnibea no ka asɛm no ho, na wɔhwehwɛɛ sɛ nnwumakuo 20 a wofiri sikakorabea, insurance, ntoma, keteke, ne tawa adwumayɛbea ahodoɔ no san ma wɔn. Wɔboaboaa nsɛm no ano wɔ 28 U.S.C. 1407<ref>28 U.S.C. [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1407 § 1407]</ref> mu de kɔɔ amansini pii mu asɛm a wɔde kɔdan United States Ɔmantam Asɛnnibea a ɛhwɛ Illinois Atifi Fam Mantam no so. Ɔmantam asɛnnibea no de adwemmɔne buu mmara mu nsɛm no animtiaa, na wɔn a wɔde asɛm no kɔdan United States Asɛnnibea a Ɛhwɛ Asɛm a Wɔde Kɔdan Asɛnnibea a Ɛto so nson no. Wɔ Ɔpɛnimaa bosome da a ɛtɔ so 13, wɔ afe 2006 mu no, saa asɛnnibea no, wɔ adwene bi a Ɔtemmufoɔ Richard Posner twerɛɛ mu no, sesaa ɔmantam asɛnnibea no atemmuo no ma ɛyɛɛ sɛ wɔayi obi afiri adwumam a enni adwemmɔne, sii ɔmantam asɛnnibea no atemmu dodoɔ no ara so dua, na ɛdanee ɔmantam asɛnnibea no atemmuo no fa a ɛpoɔ asɛm no mu asɛm no mufoɔ no ahobammɔ ho nsɛm a wɔkae no, na wɔde asɛm no san kɔdan wɔn bio a ɛne n’adwene hyia.<ref>http://www.ca7.uscourts.gov/tmp/Z100WR3H.pdf</ref> Enti, wɔn a wɔde asɛm no kɔdan wɔn no betumi de asɛm no aba bio, nanso ɛsɛ sɛ wodi kan yi akwansideɛ akɛseɛ a ɛwɔ asɛnnibea ne nea ɛfa ho no firi hɔ:<blockquote>Sɛ wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho too wɔn so no mu baako anaa nea ɛboro saa buu ɔman mmara bi so denam nkoa a wɔde wɔn kɔe wɔ afe 1850 mu no so, na wɔn a wɔde asɛm no kɔdan wɔn no tumi si gyinabea a wɔde bɛkɔ asɛnnibea so dua, akyerɛ sɛ wɔabu mmara so ɛmfa ho sɛ ɛyɛ tete adeɛ, kyerɛ sɛ na wɔahyɛ da ayɛ mmara no sɛ ɛnyɛ ano aduro (tẽẽ anaasɛ denam nea wogyina so de mmara kwan so adeyɛ a ɛfa atirisopam, adwensakra, anaa nea wɔsan de ma) bɛma nnipa a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa wɔ mmara kwan so anaa wɔn asefoɔ so, wɔbɛkyerɛ wɔn nananom, akyerɛ nneɛma a wɔsɛee no dodoɔ, na wɔdaadaa asɛnnibea no ma wotua mmara a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔagye wɔn berɛ no ho ka a, anka akwansideɛ foforɔ biara rentena hɔ mma ahotɔ a wɔde ma no.<ref>''In re African-American Slave Descendants Litig.'', 471 F.3d 754, 759 (7th Cir. 2006).</ref></blockquote>Wɔ Ahenime bosome mu, afe 2000 mu no, California yɛɛ Slavery Era Disclosure Law a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ insurance nnwumakuo a wɔyɛ adwuma wɔ hɔ no bɔ wɔn dwumadie wɔ nkoasom mu ho amanneɛ. Mmara a ɛfa nsɛm a wɔda no adi ho a Mmarahyɛ Badwa no muni Tom Hayden de bae no ne mmara a ɛte saa ara a wɔahyɛ wɔ amantam 12 a atwa United States ho ahyia no nhwɛsoɔ. NAACP ahyɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ mmara a ɛte saa pii wɔ mpɔtam hɔ ne nnwumakuo mu. Ɛfa Dennis C. Hayes, NAACP kwankyerɛfoɔ panin asɛm ka sɛ, "Korakora, yɛbɛdi akatua akyi afiri nnwumakuo a wɔwɔ abakɔsɛm mu abusuabɔ a ɛda nkoasom ntam no hɔ na yɛama afa ahodoɔ nyinaa aba pono no so."<ref>[http://www.washtimes.com/national/20050712-120944-7745r.htm "NAACP to target private business"]. ''The Washington Times''. July 12, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2017.</ref> Brown Sukuupɔn a na abusua a wɔde wɔn din too so no de wɔn ho hyɛ nkoatɔn mu no nso ayɛ boayikuo bi a wɔbɛhwehwɛ asɛm a ɛfa akatua ho no mu. Wɔ Ɔgyefoɔ bosome afe 2007 mu no, Brown Sukuupɔn de mmuae ahodoɔ<ref>[http://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SJ_response_to_the_report.pdf "Response of Brown University to the Report of the Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice, February 2007"] (PDF). Brown University. Retrieved November 15, 2017.</ref> a wɔde bɛma wɔn Akwankyerɛ Boayikuo a Ɛhwɛ Nkoayɛ ne Atɛntrenee So no too dwa.<ref>''[http://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Slavery and Justice: Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice]''</ref> Berɛ a wɔ afe 1995 mu no, Southern Baptist Nhyiamu no paa kyɛw wɔ "bɔne" a ɛwɔ mmusua mu nyiyimu ho, a nkoasom ka ho.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110428203113/http://www.sbc.net/resolutions/amResolution.asp?ID=899 "Southern Baptist Convention Resolution On Racial Reconciliation On The 150th Anniversary Of The Southern Baptist Convention"]. Southern Baptist Convention. Retrieved November 15, 2017.</ref> Wɔ Ɔpɛnimaa bosome, afe 2005 mu no, akuo a wɔde sika a wɔde tua ho ka a wɔaka abom wɔ Restitution Study Group no boa ase no frɛɛ sɛ wɔmfa wɔn ho nhyɛ mu. Boycott no de wɔn ani si sikakorabea ahodoɔ a wobu wɔn sɛ wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ nkoasom mu no sukuufoɔ boseabɔ nneɛma so—titiriw nea wɔahu wɔ Farmer-Paellmann asɛm no mu no. Sɛ́ boycott no fa no, wɔsrɛ sukuufoɔ sɛ wɔnpaw mfiri sikakorabea afoforɔ mu mfa ntua wɔn sukuufoɔ boseabɔ ho ka.<ref>Brendan Coyne, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160421081801/http://newstandardnews.net/content/?action=show_item&itemid=2653 "Student Loan Boycott Demands Slavery Reparations"], ''The NewStandard'', December 6, 2005.</ref> Akuo a wɔtaa akatua akyi te sɛ National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America kamfo kyerɛ sɛ wɔmfa akatua nyɛ mpɔtam hɔfoɔ a wɔbɛsan asiesie wɔn ho na ɛnyɛ sika a wobetua ama asefoɔ ankorankorɛ.<ref name=":6" /> '''<big>Abibifoɔ Nkwa Ho Hia</big>''' Akuo pii a ɛwɔ Black Lives Matter ahyehyɛdeɛ no ase de ahwehwɛdeɛ ahodoɔ a wɔahyehyɛ ato hɔ, a ebinom bi ne: akatua, wɔ nea wɔka sɛ atwam ne ɔhaw a ɛkɔ so ba Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ so, owu asotwe a wɔbɛma aba awieɛ, mmara a wɔde begye nkoasom nkɛntɛnso atomu, adeyɛ a ɛbɛma wɔagye sika afiri polisifoɔ nsam, afie a aborɔfo mmusua wɔ na wɔama abibifoɔ a wontua hwee,<ref>Miller, Joshua Rhett (August 14, 2020). [https://nypost.com/2020/08/14/seattle-blm-protesters-demand-white-people-give-up-their-homes/ "Seattle BLM protesters demand white people 'give up' their homes"]. Retrieved October 25, 2024.</ref> ne sika a wɔde bɛto nwomasua nhyehyɛe ahodoɔ mu, adwenemyare nnwuma, ne nnwuma ho nhyehyɛe ahodoɔ.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241217023927/https://www.populardemocracy.org/news-and-publications/black-lives-matter-coalition-makes-demands-campaign-heats "Black Lives Matter Coalition Makes Demands as Campaign Heats Up"]. ''The Center for Popular Democracy''. August 1, 2016. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</ref> Wɔahyɛ saa ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa ntua ka yi mu den wɔ COVID-19 ɔyaredɔm ne polisifoɔ atirimɔdensɛm a ɛkɔ soro tia Abibifoɔ no mu.<ref>Keeanga Yamahtta-Taylor (April 16, 2020). [https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-black-plague "The Black Plague"]. ''The New Yorker''. Retrieved March 17, 2021.</ref> == <big>Akyinnyegye a wɔde ma wɔ akatua ho</big> == '''<big>Ahonyade</big><big>ɛ a wɔaboaboa ano</big>''' Adan mu nyiyimu dii dwuma titiriw wɔ mmusuakuo mu ahonyadeɛ mu nsonsonoeɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ no mu. Berɛ a Kesee Fam abibifoɔ Tu kɔɔ ''Chicago'' wɔ 1940 mfie no mu akyi no, wɔde redlining dii dwuma de maa kan nkoa ntetee wɔn ho firii aborɔfo ho na wɔasi abibifoɔ mmusua kwan sɛ wɔrennya dan ka.<ref name=":7" /> Enti wɔhyɛɛ wɔn ma wɔtɔɔ afie wɔ apam ahodoɔ so firii wɔn a wɔtɔn adan ne afie ho, na na ɛyɛ asisie. Ɛnyɛ sɛ wei maa Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ mpempem pii hweree wɔn afie ne wɔn sika nko, na mmom ɛde nea wonim no nnɛ sɛ ''ghettos'' nso bae na amma Abibifoɔ anboaboa ahonyadeɛ ano. Ɛnnɛ, sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, abusua a wɔyɛ aborɔfo no wɔ ahonyadeɛ bɛyɛ sɛ abusua a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ no mmɔho 10, na aborɔfo a wɔawie kɔlege no wɔ ahonyadeɛ bɛboro Abibifoɔ a wɔawie kɔlege no mmɔho nson. United States ahonyadeɛ nyaa nkɔanim kɛse denam Afrikafoɔ ne Amerikafoɔ nkoa adwuma a wɔde dii dwuma no so: ebinom ka sɛ ɛno ne ɔbotan a ɛma U.S. sikasɛm ne kapitalisim yɛ adwuma. Nanso, kan nkoa ne wɔn asefoɔ ka nnipa a wodi hia sen biara wɔ Amerika no ho.<ref name=":9">Kunnie, Julian (Winter–Spring 2018). [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/jaah/2018/103/1-2 "Justice never too late: The historical background to current reparations movements among Africans and African Americans"]. ''The Journal of African American History''. '''103''' (1–2): 44–64. doi:[[doi:10.1086/696364|10.1086/696364]]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149992900 149992900].</ref> Sɛnea saa adwene yi kyerɛ no, na sika a wɔde tua ho ka no som bo titiriw sɛ ɔkwan a wɔbɛfa so asiesie nnɛyi sikasɛm a ɛnkari pɛ. Wɔ afe 2008 mu no, Amerika Nnipa Ho Adesua Fekuo no tintim asɛm bi a ɛkyerɛ sɛ sɛ wɔmaa nkoa a wɔanya ahofadie no kwan ma wonyaa wɔn adwuma mu mfasoɔ na wɔkoraa so a, afei ebia wɔn asefoɔ bedi Amerikafoɔ asetena ne sikasɛm mu ahonyadeɛ no fa kɛse so.<ref>Ananda S. Osel, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090215090041/http://dailyuw.com/2008/8/17/us-apology-slavery-apparently-not-front-page-news/ U.S. Apology for Slavery – Apparently Not Front Page News] ''The Humanist'', Nov/Dec 2008 (American Humanist Association)</ref> Ɛnyɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho no annya mfasoɔ yi mu kyɛfa nko, na mmom wogyee akatua nketenkete a wotua maa wɔn mu binom wɔ Ɔdansi no mu no firii wɔn nsam.<ref>Stevens, Robert (2010). ''T [https://books.google.com/books?id=BE1gAwAAQBAJ&dq=Not+only+did+the+freedmen+not+receive+a+share+of+these+profits%2C+but+they+were+stripped+of+the+small+amounts+of+compensation+paid+to+some+of+them+during+Reconstruction.&pg=PA20 he Bracken Rangers: Company K, 28th Regiment, 1st Indiana Cavalry, and Essays on the American Civil War]''. Lulu.com. ISBN <bdi>978-1257851256</bdi> – via Google Books.</ref> Enti, nwomanimfoɔ ne wɔn a wɔyɛ adwumaden pii frɛ sɛ wɔmfa akatua mma na wɔayi "abusuakuo mu nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ ahonyadeɛ, sika a wonya, nwomasua, akwahosan, asotwe ne afiasenna, amammuonsɛm mu kyɛfa a wonya, ne hokwan ahodoɔ a edi hɔ a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ Amerika amammuo ne asetena mu asetena mu" afiri hɔ.<ref name=":8" /> '''<big>Akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe</big>''' Wɔ afe 2019 mu no, VICE nsɛmma nhoma tintim asɛm bi a ɛkyerɛe sɛ mmusuakuo akwahosan mu nsonsonoe, firi nkoasom so kɔsi Jim Crow so besi nnɛ, ama Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ ahwere sika kɛse wɔ akwahosan ho ka ne akatua a wɔahwere mu, na ɛsɛ sɛ wotua.<ref>Jason Silverstein (June 19, 2019). [https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-healthcare-case-for-reparations-hr40/ "Being Black in America Is a Health Risk. It's Time for Reparations"]. ''Vice''.</ref> Ray ne Perry ka wɔ Brookings asɛm bi mu sɛ asetena mu ahobammɔ afiri a enni hɔ ne ahonyadeɛ mu nsonsonoe no da adi titiriw wɔ COVID-19 ɔyaredɔm no mu. Wɔkyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ “nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe a wobenya mu ne pɛyɛ a enni sikasɛm nhyehyɛe ahodoɔ mu no ka bom,” na ɛma pɛyɛ a enni hɔ yi yɛ asetena anaa owu tebea ma Amerikafoɔ abibifoɔ.<ref name=":10">Ray, Rashawn; Perry, Andre M. (April 15, 2020). [https://www.brookings.edu/policy2020/bigideas/why-we-need-reparations-for-black-americans/ "Why we need reparations for Black Americans"]. ''Brookings''. Retrieved October 30, 2020.</ref> '''<big>Mprempren nyiyimu</big>''' Nnipa pii ka sɛ nkoasom ho akatua a wɔde bɛma no yɛ nea ɛyɛ den dodo, nanso nnyinasoɔ a emu yɛ den wɔ hɔ a wogyina so gyina nyiyimu a atwam ne mprempren a abibifoɔ a wɔwɔ Amerika hyia no so.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":11">Prager, Jeffery (November 4, 2017). "Do Black Lives Matter? A Psychoanalytic Exploration of Racism and American Resistance to Reparations". ''Political Psychology''. '''38''' (4): 637–651. doi:[[doi:10.1111/pops.12436|10.1111/pops.12436]]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149317387 149317387].</ref> Ta-Nehisi Coates kyerɛkyerɛ mu wɔ "The Case for Reparations" asɛm a ɛwɔ The Atlantic mu sɛ "Jim Crow mfie aduɔkron, mfie aduosia a wɔate wɔn ho nanso ɛyɛ pɛ, ne mfie aduasa-num a wɔde yɛɛ adan ho nhyehyɛe a ɛkyerɛ mmusua mu nyiyimu".<ref name=":7" /> Saa nhyehyɛe ahodoɔ yi agyapadeɛ ama Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ anya hokwan ahodoɔ a wɔde bɛkyekye ahonyadeɛ, berɛ a nkoasom "maa nkoa wuranom aborɔfo ne wɔn asefoɔ nyaa ahonyadeɛ".<ref name=":10" /> Ɛnnɛ, North Lawndale mantam a ɛwɔ ''Chicago'', baabi a na redlining mu yɛ den sen biara no ne mpɔtam a wodi hia sen biara wɔ kuro no mu, a adwuma a wonnya nyɛ dodoɔ yɛ 18.6% na ɛhɔfoɔ 42% te ohia ano hyɛtoɔ ase.<ref name=":7" /> Nneyɛe a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 1940 kɔsi 1970 mu no da so ara gyegye nnɛ, efirisɛ sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, Aborɔfo abusua no wɔ ahonyadeɛ bɛyɛ sɛ Abibifoɔ abusua no mmɔho du.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":0">Ward, Marguerite. [https://www.businessinsider.com/welfare-policy-created-white-wealth-largely-leaving-black-americans-behind-2020-8 "How decades of US welfare policies lifted up the white middle class and largely excluded Black Americans"]. ''Business Insider''. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</ref> Sɛnea Bittker ka wɔ ne nwoma The Case for Black Reparations mu no, "berɛ a nkoasom reyera kɔɔ akyi no, caste nhyehyɛe a ɛka aborɔfo tumidie ho dii n'akyi".<ref name=":12">Bittker, Boris (2003). ''The Case for Black Reparations''. Random House.</ref> Nnipa pii ka sɛ berɛ a ebia akatua bɛyɛ anammɔn a edi kan a wɔbɛfa so ayɛ nsakrae wɔ ɔhaw ahodoɔ a nkoasom de ba no mu no, wɔrensiesie nhyehyɛe mu mmusua mu nyiyimu a ɛwɔ ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ pii mu no ntɛm saa. Malcolm X kaa sɛ: "Sɛ wode sekan hyɛ m'akyi nsateakwaa nkron na wotwe no nsateakwaa asia a, nkɔsoɔ biara nni hɔ. Sɛ wotwe no nyinaa firi mu a ɛnyɛ nkɔsoɔ. Nkɔsoɔ yɛ ekuro a ɔhweɛ no de bae no a wobɛsa."<ref>[http://www.notable-quotes.com/x/x_malcolm.html "Malcolm X Quotes"]. ''notable-quotes.com''. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</ref> <big>'''Nneɛma a atwam'''</big> Wɔn a wɔkamfo kyerɛ no de nhwɛsoɔ afoforɔ a ɛfa akatua ho adi dwuma de aka sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wotua wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn nkoa wɔ ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ mu no ka saa ara.<ref>[http://www.abanet.org/irr/hr/spring00humanrights/gifford.html "The Legal Basis of the Claim for Slavery Reparations"]. American Bar Association. Retrieved November 15, 2017.</ref> Wɔ nsɛm pii mu no, aban a ɛwɔ ɔman no mu no apa akuo nketewa kyɛw wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so anaasɛ wɔatua wɔn ka wɔ nneyɛe a atwam ho: * Wɔ Ɔmanfo Ahofadie Mmara a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 1988 mu a Ɔmampanin Ronald Reagan de ne nsa hyɛɛ aseɛ sɛ mmara no ase no, U.S. aban no paa kyɛw wɔ Japanfoɔ Amerikafoɔ a wɔde wɔn guu afiase wɔ Wiase Ko II mu no ho na wɔde $20,000 maa obiara a onyaa ne ti didii mu no ka, de tuaa agyapadeɛ ne ahofadie a wɔhweree wɔ saa berɛ no mu no ka. Nanso wɔamfa akatua biara amma ankorankoroɛ a ɛkaa wɔn no asefoɔ. * Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act no de asase, aban sika, ne sika a wonya firi ngo mu no fa bi maa Alaskafoɔ a wɔyɛ kurom hɔfoɔ. * Apology Resolution a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 1993 mu no paa kyɛw wɔ Hawaii Ahemman a wotuu gui no ho, nanso wɔamfa akatua biara amma. U.S. aman nnisoɔ ahodoɔ ayɛ akatua wɔ tebea pɔtee bi mu: * Virginia hyehyɛɛ sikakorabea bi a wɔde tua wɔn a wɔayɛ wɔn awo a wɔmpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ no ka wɔ afe 2015 mu.<ref>[https://dbhds.virginia.gov/developmental-services/victimsofeugenics/ "Victims of Eugenics Sterilization Compensation Program"]. ''Virginia Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Services (DBHDS)''. Virginia Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Services.</ref> Aman afoforɔ nso apaw sɛ wobetua anwiinwii a atwam no ho ka, te sɛ: * Okunkɛse no ho akatua, a Israel ne West Germany ntam Akatua ho Apam ne nhyehyɛe ahodoɔ a wɔyɛe wɔ Yudafoɔ Nneɛma a Wɔka Tia Germany Ho Nhyiamu no ase ka ho. == Akyinnyegye ahodoɔ a ɛkasa tia akatua a wɔde ma == '''<big>Mmara a ɛfa berɛ a wɔde yɛ adwuma ho</big>''' Ɔman ne aban mmara dodoɔ no ara a afa ahodoɔ betumi de akɔ asɛnnibea sɛ wɔmfa nneɛma a wɔsɛee no ho ka no wɔ mmara a ɛkyerɛ berɛ a etwa to a wɔde bɛkɔ akɔdan aban; weinom nyinaa atwam firi berɛ tenten, na ɛmma asɛnnibea ahodoɔ mma ahotɔ wɔ mmara a ɛwɔ hɔ deda no ase. Wɔde wei adi dwuma yie wɔ nsɛm pii mu, a nea ɛka ho ne In re: African American Slave Descendants, a ɛpoɔ asɛm a ɛkorɔn a wɔde kɔdan nnwumakuo dodoɔ bi a wɔne nkoasom wɔ abusuabɔ no.<ref>[https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-7th-circuit/1446515.html "In re: African-American Slave Descents Ligation"]. ''Case Law''. Retrieved July 9, 2019.</ref> '''<big>Mfiridwuma mu nsɛnnennen</big>''' Mfiridwuma fa a ɛwɔ akatua ho no yɛ nea ɛyɛ den yie, na ebetumi ayɛ nea enti a wonnya mfaa nni dwuma. Ebinom gye akyinnye tia adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde sika bɛto ahodwiriwdeɛ a Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ ahyia no so, na wɔto din "transactionalism".<ref name=":11" /> Ɔkwan foforɔ so no, ebinom poɔ asɛm a ɛfa akatua ho no koraa esiane nneɛma a ɛha adwene a mfasoɔ wɔ so nti, te sɛ hwan na obenya sika a wobetua yi, dɛn nti na ɛsɛ sɛ awo ntoatoasoɔ a ɛwɔ hɔ mprempren no tua mfomsoɔ ahodoɔ a ɛnyɛ wɔn asodie, ne sika dodoɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ wotua. Akontaabuo a ɛfa sika a nkoa adwuma a wowia ne nyiyimu a ɛba akyiri yi ho no gu ahodoɔ “efiri dɔla ɔpepem 3.2 a ɛba fam koraa kosi dɔla ɔpepepem 4.7,” na ɛkɔ dɔla ɔpepepepem 12.<ref name=":9" /> Wei nso ma asɛmmisa a ɛne sɛ hwan na ɛyɛ n’asɛyɛdeɛ sɛ otua ho ka no sɔre. Mpɛn pii no, wɔpene nnipa baasa so: aban a ɛwɔ ɔman no mu ne ɔman no mu, a wɔboaa nkoasom nhyehyɛe no na wɔbɔɔ ho ban; ankorankorɛ nnwumakuo a wonyaa so mfasoɔ; ne “mmusua a wɔyɛ adefoɔ a wɔde wɔn ahonyadeɛ no fa pa bi ka nkoasom”.<ref name=":13">Breeanna Hare and Doug Criss (August 15, 2020). [https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/15/us/slavery-reparations-explanation-trnd/index.html "People are again talking about slavery reparations. But it's a complex and thorny issue"]. ''CNN''. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</ref> Ebinom ka sɛ ahonyadeɛ mu nsonsonoeɛ a wɔbɛto mu no hwehwɛ sɛ wotua nkoa asefo ka “ankorankorɛ sika a ɛbɛma wɔato Abibifoɔ ne aborɔfo abusuakuo ahonyadeɛ mu mpaapaemu no mu.”<ref name=":12" /> Nyansahyɛ foforɔ ne sɛ akatua "bɛba wɔ ahonyadeɛ hokwan ahodoɔ a edi mmusuakuo mu nsonsonoeɛ a ɛwɔ nwomasua, adan, ne adwumayɛ mu wurayɛ mu ho dwuma".<ref name=":10" /> Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, wɔ Asheville kuropɔn mu, North Carolina no, wɔde akatua a wɔde tua no adi dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛne "sika a wɔde bɛto mmeaeɛ a Abibifoɔ a wɔte hɔ no hyia nsonsonoeɛ".<ref name=":13" /> Nanso, nsɛnnennen a atwa wei ho ahyia no yɛ kɛse, na afoforɔ ka sɛ sika no a wɔde bɛto mpɔtam hɔ no nyɛ nea etu mpɔn, esiane nnipa a wotu kɔtra baabi foforɔ ne ''gentrification'' nti.<ref name=":8" /> Wɔ ne nwoma no mu no, Bittker de ɔhaw ahodoɔ a mfasoɔ wɔ so ne mmarahyɛ badwa mu a ɛbɛyɛ sɛ ɛbɛsɔre de abɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛyɛ nhyehyɛe bi a wɔde betua Abibifoɔ ka no bi.<ref name=":12" /> So ɛbɛyɛ sika koro a wobetua ama obiara? So na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nananom kyerɛ Afrikani akoa bi, anaasɛ ɛbɛyɛ abibifoɔ biara a wɔde ne ho hyɛ mmusua mu nyiyimu ase? Nsɛmmisa yi ho mmuaeɛ ankasa biara nni hɔ, efirisɛ wei yɛ asɛm a ebi mmaa da. Nsɛm afoforɔ a ɛfa akatua ho, te sɛ nea ɛfa Yudafoɔ nkurɔfoɔ a wonyaa wɔn ti didii mu wɔ Okunkɛse no mu anaa Amerikafoɔ Ankasa a wɔwɔ United States no ho no yɛ soronko koraa wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ mmerɛ kɛse sɛ wobehu kuo a ɛsɛ sɛ wonya bi no mu, na wotuaa akatua no ntɛmntɛm sen nea ɛfa nkoasom ho akatua ho. '''<big>Akyinnyegye ne adwene afoforɔ</big>''' Steven Greenhut, atɔe fam mantam kwankyerɛfo ma R Street Asoɛe no ahyɛ nyansa sɛ sika a wɔde tua ho ka no bɛma mmusua mu nyiyimu asɛe kɛse.<ref>Greenhut, Steven (April 5, 2019). [https://reason.com/2019/04/05/reparations-likely-to-divide-not-heal/ "Reparations Are More Likely to Divide the Nation Than Heal It"]. ''Reason''.</ref> ''Republican'' mmarahyɛ badwani Mitch McConnell a ofiri Kentucky, a ɔyɛ nkoa wuranom aseni,<ref>Siemaszko, Corky (July 8, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/mitch-mcconnell-ancestors-slave-owners-alabama-1800s-census-n1027511 "Sen. Mitch McConnell's great-great-grandfathers owned 14 slaves, bringing reparations issue close to home"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.</ref> berɛ a ogye tom sɛ nkoasom yɛ “mfitiaseɛ bɔne” a United States yɛe no, ɔsɔre tia sɛ wɔde akatua bɛma efiriɛ ogye di sɛ “yɛn mu biara nni hɔ a ɔte ase mprempren no na ɔde asodie no to no so.”<ref>Ted Barrett, Ted (June 19, 2019). [https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/18/politics/mitch-mcconnell-opposes-reparations-slavery/index.html "McConnell opposes paying reparations: 'None of us currently living are responsible' for slavery"]. ''CNN''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Nwoma baako a ɛkasa tia akatua ne David Horowitz, ''Uncivil Wars: The Controversy Over Reparations for Slavery (2002)''. Nnwuma afoforɔ a ɛka ɔhaw ahodoɔ a ɛfa akatua ho asɛm no bi ne John Torpey ''nwoma Making Whole What Has Been Smashed: On Reparations Politics (2006)'', Alfred Brophy nwoma ''Reparations Pro and Con (2006), ne Nahshon Perez nwoma Freedom from Past Injustices (Edinburgh University Press, 2012)''. Akatua a wɔde ma wɔ U.S. no nnyaa ɔmanfoɔ mmoa a ɛtrɛw da.<ref name=":11" /> Mpɛn pii no wɔ saa nkɔmmɔbɔ ahodoɔ yi mu no, White reaction ne sɛ wɔbɛka sɛ wei yɛ "reverse racism" a ɛnteɛ, anaasɛ sɛ wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wotua wɔn ka no yɛ "Abibifoɔ po a wɔpoo sɛ wɔbɛkɔ akyiri asen nkoasom ho nkae" no ho nhwɛsoɔ.<ref name=":11" /> Afe 2020 nhwehwɛmu bi a ɛfiri The Washington Post kyerɛe sɛ "Amerikafoɔ 63% nsusu sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ U.S. tua nkoa asefoɔ akatua".<ref name=":13" /> Nea ɛda nso ne sɛ, Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ 82% gyina sika a wɔde tua ho ka akyi, berɛ a Amerikafoɔ Aborɔfoɔ 75% ntumi nyɛ saa. Akyinnyegye ahodoɔ bi nso si nsɛnnennen a ɛwɔ akatua akyi so dua, te sɛ "ɛnyɛ Amerikafoɔ Abibifoɔ nyinaa na wɔyɛ nkoa asefoɔ" anaasɛ sɛ nnipa a wɔte ase nnɛ no nni nkoasom mu ɔhaw ahodoɔ no ho asodie. Afoforɔ da so ara ka sɛ akatua rentumi nyɛ hwee wɔ mmusua mu nyiyimu anim, na nsakrae a wɔbɛyɛ wɔ nhyehyɛe ne nhyehyɛe mu no bɛyɛ nea etu mpɔn kɛseɛ. Wɔ Amerika mmusuakuo mu basabasayɛ a ɛkɔɔ so firi afe 2020 besi nnɛ no mu no, wɔdaa saa nhyɛsoɔ ahodoɔ yi adi titiriw.^{[''[[:en:Wikipedia:No original research|original research?]]'']} == Akatua ne COVID-19 == Ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wɔmfa ntua ka no ayɛ kɛse esiane coronavirus ɔyaredɔm nti, na ɛda adi sɛ wobeyi nnipa a wɔn kɔla gu ahodoɔ afiri adwumam wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so, wɔbɛpere wɔn ho wɔ sikasɛm mu, na wɔawuwu wɔ mmoawa no ho.<ref name=":0" /> Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, nnwuma a abibifoɔ na wɔwɔ no mu 40% ato mu daa firi March ɛnam ɔyaredɔm no nti, sɛ wɔde toto nnwuma a aborɔfo na wɔwɔ mu 17% wɔ saa berɛ korɔ no ara mu.<ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-owned-busineses-close-thousands-coronavirus-pandemic/ "40% of black-owned businesses not expected to survive coronavirus"]. ''CBS News''. June 22, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</ref> Wei fa nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ aborɔfo mmusua wɔ ahonyadeɛ bɛyɛ abibifoɔ mmusua de mmɔho du no ho.<ref name=":9" /> Wei siw nnwuma a abibifo na wɔwɔ no kwan sɛ wobenya bosea ne bosea, na wonni ahobammɔ afiri wɔ ɔhaw berɛ mu sɛnea nnwuma pii a aborɔfo na wɔwɔ yɛ no. Bio nso, Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ kɔ so nya yareɛ no na wɔwuwu wɔ COVID-19 mu wɔ dodoɔ a ɛboro wɔn kyɛfa wɔ nnipa dodoɔ mu mmɔho 1.5.<ref name=":14">Wood, Daniel (September 23, 2020). [https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/09/23/914427907/as-pandemic-deaths-add-up-racial-disparities-persist-and-in-some-cases-worsen "As Pandemic Deaths Add Up, Racial Disparities Persist — And In Some Cases Worsen"]. ''NPR News''. Retrieved October 30, 2020.</ref> Wɔ August 2020 mu no, CDC de nsɛm a ɛkyerɛ sɛ Abibifoɔ, Latinofoɔ, ne Amerika Indiafoɔ rehyia ayaresabea a wɔde wɔn kɔ ayaresabea a ɛboro aborɔfoɔ a wɔnyɛ Hispanicfoɔ so mpɛn 4.5 kɔsi 5.5, na Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ rewuwu wɔ aborɔfoɔ dodoɔ mmɔho 2.4.<ref name=":14" /> == Mmara ne nneyɛe afoforo == '''<big>Federal aban</big>''' Wɔ Kitawonsa 30, 2008 no, United States Aban Mmarahyɛ Badwa no too gyinaesi bi a ɛpaa kyɛw wɔ Amerika nkoasom ne nyiyim mmara a edii akyi bae no ho.<ref name=":15" /> Mmarahyɛ Badwa no paa kyɛw wɔ afe 2009 mu.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucich, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved October 21, 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/06/18/senate.slavery/index.html "Senate approves resolution apologizing for slavery"]. ''CNN''. Retrieved October 21, 2023.</ref> '''<big>Aman</big>''' '''<big>Mmarahyɛ Badwa</big>''' * '''California''' – Wɔgyee mmara a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ insurance nnwumakuo hwɛ sɛ ebia wɔwɔ twerɛtohɔ a ɛkɔ akyiri koduru berɛ a nkoasom wɔ ɔman yi mu, na sɛ ɛte saa a, wɔde insurance nhyehyɛeɛ a nkoa wuranom kura wɔ nkoa ho no ho nsɛm bɛma ɔman no insurance dwumadibea.<ref name=":16">McCarthy, Kevin (February 1, 2012). [https://www.cga.ct.gov/2012/rpt/2012-R-0072.htm Slavery Era Insurance Registry Laws] (Report). OLR Research Report. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Wɔhyehyɛɛ California Reparations Task Force wɔ afe 2020 mu sɛ ɔman adwumakuo a ɛnyɛ mmara kwan so sɛ wɔbɛsua na wɔayɛ asiesie ho nsusuiɛ. * '''Illinois''' – Wɔfaa mmara a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ insurance nnwumakuw hwɛ sɛ ebia wɔwɔ twerɛtohɔ ahodoɔ a ɛkɔ akyiri koduru berɛ a na nkoasom wɔ ɔman yi mu no, na sɛ ɛte saa a, wɔde insurance nhyehyɛe ahodoɔ a nkoa wuranom kura wɔ nkoa ho no ho nsɛm bɛma ɔman no insurance dwumadibea.<ref name=":16" /> * '''Iowa''' – Wɔgyee mmara a ɛka kyerɛɛ insurance commissioner no sɛ ɔnbisa sɛ insurance nnwumakuo a wɔwɔ twerɛtohɔ a ɛkɔ akyiri kɔ berɛ a nkoasom wɔ ɔman yi mu na, sɛ ɛte saa a, ɔmfa nsɛm a ɛfa insurance nhyehyɛeɛ a nkoa wuranom kura wɔ nkoa ho no mma ɔman no insurance dwumadibea.<ref name=":16" /> * '''Maryland''' – Wɔgyee mmara a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ insurance nnwumakuo hwɛ sɛ ebia wɔwɔ twerɛtohɔ a ɛkɔ akyiri kodu berɛ a nkoasom wɔ ɔman yi mu na, sɛ ɛte saa a, wɔde nsɛm a ɛfa insurance nhyehyɛeɛ a nkoa wuranom kura wɔ nkoa ho no bɛma ɔman no insurance dwumadibea.<ref name=":16" /> * '''New York''' – Wɔ Ɔpɛnimaa bosome, afe 2023 mu no, Gov. Kathy Hochul de ne nsa hyɛɛ mmara bi ase de hyehyɛɛ badwa bi a wɔbɛsua nkoasom agyapadeɛ ho adesua. Ebia badwa no de nyansahyɛ ahodoɔ bɛma wɔ sika a wɔde bɛtua wɔn ka anaasɛ akatua afoforɔ a wɔde bɛma New York Abibifoɔ a wɔte hɔ no ho wɔ mmɔdenmɔ no ase. Ɔman Mmarahyɛ Badwa a Democratfoɔ di so no penee adeyɛ no so wɔ Ayɛwohomumɔ bosome mu.<ref>Robinson, David (December 19, 2023). [https://www.uticaod.com/story/news/local/new-york/2023/12/19/ny-black-reparations-new-law-launches-study-of-slavery-compensation-payments/71971068007/ "NY to study reparations for slavery, possible direct payments to Black residents"]. ''Utica Observer-Dispatch''.</ref> '''<big>Akyɛwpa</big>''' * '''Alabama''' – Ɔpaa kyɛw sɛ ɔde ne ho hyɛɛ Afrikafoɔ nkoasom mu wɔ April 25, 2007.<ref name=":5" /><ref>[https://www.apr.org/2007-05-31/riley-signs-slavery-apology "Riley Signs Slavery Apology"]. ''Alabama Public Radio''. May 31, 2007. Retrieved January 30, 2022.</ref><ref>White, David (May 31, 2007). [https://www.al.com/spotnews/2007/05/riley_signs_slaveryapology_res.html "Riley signs slavery-apology resolution"]. ''AL.com''. Retrieved January 30, 2022.</ref> * '''Connecticut''' – Wɔ afe 2009 mu no, ɔpaa kyɛw wɔ ne ho a ɔde hyɛɛ Afrikafoɔ a wɔde wɔn yɛɛ nkoa no mu.<ref>[https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-2009-05-22-apology-house-0522-art-story.html "House Passes Resolution to Apologize for Slavery"]. ''Hartford Courant''. May 22, 2009.</ref> * '''Delaware''' – Ɔpaa kyɛw wɔ ne ho a ɔde hyɛɛ Afrikafoɔ nkoasom mu wɔ Ɔpɛpɔn 11, 2016.<ref name=":17" /> * '''Florida''' – Wɔ afe 2008 mu no, ɔpaa kyɛw sɛ ɔde ne ho hyɛɛ Afrikafoɔ a wɔde wɔn yɛɛ nkoa wɔ Amerika no mu.<ref name=":5" /> * '''Maryland''' – Wɔ afe 2007 mu no, ɔpaa kyɛw wɔ ne ho a ɔde hyɛɛ Afrikafoɔ a wɔde wɔn yɛɛ nkoa wɔ Amerika no mu.<ref name=":5" /> * '''New Jersey''' – Wɔ afe 2007 mu no, ɔpaa kyɛw sɛ ɔde ne ho hyɛɛ Afrikafoɔ a wɔde wɔn yɛɛ nkoa wɔ Amerika no mu.<ref name=":5" /> * '''North Carolina''' – Wɔ afe 2007 mu no, ɔpaa kyɛw sɛ ɔde ne ho hyɛɛ Afrikafoɔ a wɔde wɔn yɛɛ nkoa wɔ Amerika no mu.<ref name=":18" /> * '''Tennessee''' – Wɔ afe 2007 mu no, Tennessee Aban Asoɛe no too aba de boaa gyinaesi bi a ɛkyerɛ sɛ "wɔn yaw" sɛ wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ Afrikafo nkoayɛ mu. Na Aban no ayi "pa kyɛw" kasa biara afi gyinaesi no mu pɔtee.<ref>[https://www.tracingcenter.org/blog/2014/04/tennessee-weighs-an-apology-for-slavery/ "Tennessee weighs an apology for slavery"]. April 16, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/story/2014/apr/16/tn-votes-express-regret-slavery-not-apologize/137478/ "TN votes to express regret for slavery, but not apologize"]. ''Chattanooga Times Free Press''. Associated Press. April 16, 2020.</ref> * '''Virginia''' – Ɔpaa kyɛw sɛ ɔde ne ho hyɛɛ Afrikafoɔ nkoasom mu wɔ Ɔpɛpɔn 26, 2007.<ref name=":5" /> '''<big>Amansin aho</big><big>doɔ</big>''' Buncombe Mantam, ''North Carolina'': Wɔ Ayɛwohomumɔ bosome mu, da ɛtɔ so 16, afe 2020 mu, wɔ abatoɔ a ewiee 7–0 mu no, Buncombe Mantam Komisafoɔ sii gyinaeɛ sɛ wɔbɛyi Apamfoɔ nkaedum dodoɔ bi a Vance Nkaedum<ref>Penter, Caitlyn (June 16, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/confederate-monuments-to-be-moved-from-downtown-asheville "Confederate monuments to be moved from downtown Asheville"]. Retrieved July 15, 2020.</ref> a wɔde ''North Carolina'' amrado Zeb Vance, nkoa wura bi a ɔde adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔabu wɔn fɔ de sii keteke kwan a ɛkɔ ''North Carolina'' Atɔeɛ fam no din ka ho.<ref>Ready, Milton (June 25, 2015). [https://mountainx.com/opinion/when-past-is-present-zeb-vance-and-his-monument/ "When past is present: Zeb Vance and his monument"]. Retrieved July 15, 2020.</ref> Mpɔtam hɔfoɔ a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu kɛse na ɛma wosii gyinae. Wɔ abatoɔ no anim no, badwa no nsa kaa nkrasɛm 549 a ɛfoa so na 19 nso sɔre tia.<ref>Walter, Rebecca (June 17, 2020). [https://eu.citizen-times.com/story/news/2020/06/17/buncombe-county-board-commissioners-votes-remove-confederate-monuments/3201563001/ "Monumental decision: Buncombe County approves removal of Confederate statues"].</ref> '''<big>Nkuro akɛseɛ</big>''' '''Chicago, Illinois''': "Wɔ afe 2015 mu no, Chicago hyɛɛ mmara a ɛfa akatua ho mmara a ɛfa Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ ɔhaha pii a polisifoɔ yɛɛ wɔn ayayadeɛ firi 1970 mfe no mu kɔsi 1990 mfe no mu. Mmara no hwehwɛ sɛ wotua sika dɔla ɔpepem 5.5, ne mpempem ɔhaha pii foforɔ ma ɔmanfoɔ nkae, ne mmoa ahodoɔ a ɛfa akwahosan, nwomasua ne nkate mu yiedie ho."<ref>Hassan, Adeel; Healy, Jack (June 19, 2019). [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/19/us/reparations-slavery.html "America Has Tried Reparations Before. Here Is How It Went"]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> '''Evanston, Illinois''': "Kuro no Badwa a ɛwɔ Evanston, Illinois, too aba sɛ wɔbɛkyekyɛ toɔtua a edi kan a ɛyɛ dɔla ɔpepem 10 a wonya firi wii a wɔde gye wɔn ani (a ɛbɛyɛɛ mmara kwan so wɔ ɔman no mu wɔ Ɔpɛpɔn 1, 2020) no mu de atua sika a wɔde tua ho ka nhyehyɛe ahodoɔ a edi nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ ahonyadeɛ ne hokwan a abibifoɔ a wɔte hɔ no mu ho dwuma."<ref name=":1" /> '''Asheville, North Carolina''': Kuro no badwa no penee akatua so wɔ abatoɔ 7–0 so wɔ Kitawonsa 14, 2020. "Sikasɛm ne nhyehyɛe mu nneɛma a ɛho hia no betumi ayɛ nea ɛka ho nanso ɛnyɛ ne nyinaa ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnipa kakraa bi afie a wɔwɔ ne adan afoforɔ a ne boɔ yɛ den a wobenya, adwumayɛfoɔ nketewa a wɔwɔ ne adwumayɛ hokwan ahodoɔ a wɔbɛma akɔ soro, akwan ahodoɔ a wɔbɛfa so ama pɛyɛ ne awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ ahonyadeɛ anyini, a wɔbɛto mu nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe, nwomasua, adwumayɛ ne akatua, mpɔtam hɔ ahobammɔ ne atɛntrenee mu wɔ nsɛmmɔnedi ho atɛntrenee mu," saa na gyinaesi no kenkan. Nsusuiɛ no de ''Community Reparations Commission'' a ɛbɛma nyansahyɛ a ɛyɛ nokware ama nhyehyɛeɛ ne nneɛma a wɔbɛkyekyɛ ama awieeɛ koraa no wɔbɛyɛ akatua no.<ref name=":19">Burgess, Joel (July 14, 2020). [https://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2020/07/14/asheville-passes-reparations-black-residents-historic/5438597002/ "In historic move, Asheville approves reparations for Black residents"]. ''Citizen Times''. Retrieved October 30, 2020.</ref> Asheville Kuropɔn Badwa no nso de adwene koro too aba wɔ Ayɛwohomumɔ bosome mu, da a ɛtɔ so 9, afe 2020 mu, sɛ wobeyi nkaedum mmienu a wɔaka abom no afiri hɔ esiane ahwehwɛdeɛ ahodoɔ a kuo bi a wɔfrɛ no "Black Asheville Demands"<ref>[http://ashevilledailyplanet.com/news/4747-city-oks-monuments-removal-pending-county-approval- "City OKs monuments' removal, pending county approval"]. June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2020.</ref> de too dwa ne adwuma a ''Racial Justice Coalition'' ne adwuma a wɔyɛe no dii anim wɔ mmɔdenbɔ no mu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200718163750/https://www.registerguard.com/zz/news/20200715/in-historic-move-north-carolina-city-approves-reparations-for-black-residents "In historic move, North Carolina city approves reparations for Black residents"]. July 15, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2020.</ref> Kuro no badwafoɔ nhyiamu no wɔ mpɔtam hɔfoɔ a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu pii araa ma wɔtrɛw ɔmanfoɔ nsɛm mu dɔnhwere baako foforɔ sen berɛ a wɔtaa de yɛ nhyiamu no.<ref name=":19" /> '''San Francisco, California''': Wɔ Ɔbɛnim bosome afe 2023 mu no, "San Francisco’s Board of Supervisors wɔde adwene koro gyee sika a wɔde tuaa ka a ɛyɛ dɔla ɔpepem 5 a wɔde tuaa Abibifoɔ a wɔfata sɛ wɔte hɔ no toom."<ref>Grove, Rashad (March 16, 2023). [https://www.ebony.com/san-francisco-board-approves-5-million-reparation-payments/ "NEWS & POLITICS: SAN FRANCISCO BOARD APPROVES $5 MILLION REPARATION PAYMENTS FOR BLACK RESIDENTS"]. ''Ebony''.</ref> '''<big>Ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ ne ahyehyɛdeɛ ahodoɔ</big>''' '''Aetna''': Ɔpaa kyɛw wɔ afe 2000 mu sɛ ɔde nkwa ho insurance nkrataa maa nkoa a wɔde tuaa nnipa a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa nkwa firi c. 1853 kɔsi 1860.<ref>Groark, Virginia (May 5, 2002). [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/05/nyregion/slave-policies.html "Slave Policies"]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved May 2, 2010.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131017235053/http://www.globalethics.org/newsline/2000/03/13/aetna-apologizes-for-pre-civil-war-policies-issued-on-lives-of-slaves/ "Ethics Newsline® » News » Aetna Apologizes For Pre-Civil-War Policies Issued On Lives Of Slaves"]. Globalethics.org. March 13, 2000. Archived from [http://www.globalethics.org/newsline/2000/03/13/aetna-apologizes-for-pre-civil-war-policies-issued-on-lives-of-slaves/ the original] on October 17, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2011.</ref> Wɔ afe 2002 mu, bere a Farmer-Paellman de asɛm kɔdan Aetna, CSX ne Fleet sɛ wɔde "nhyehyɛe bi a ɛde nnipa yɛɛ nkoa, yɛɛ wɔn ayayadeɛ, ɔkɔm de wɔn na wɔde wɔn dii dwuma,"<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/money/general/2002/03/25/slave-reparations.htm "Aetna, CSX, FleetBoston face slave reparations suit"]. ''USA Today''. March 24, 2002. Retrieved May 2, 2010.</ref> wɔama wɔn ahonyadeɛ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ so no, wɔpoo saa asɛm yi.<ref>Cox, James (January 26, 2004). [https://www.usatoday.com/money/companies/regulation/2004-01-26-reparations_x.htm?csp=34 "Judge rejects lawsuit seeking reparations"]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved May 2, 2010.</ref><ref>Olson, Walter (October 31, 2008). [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-oct-31-oe-olson31-story.html "So long, slavery reparations"]. ''Los Angeles Times''. Retrieved May 2, 2010.</ref> '''Alabama Sukuupɔn''': Ɔpaa kyɛw wɔ nkoasom ho abakɔsɛm wɔ sukuupɔn no mu wɔ afe 2004 mu.<ref>Cruz, Gilbert (April 20, 2004). [https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/news/2004/04/21/ua-apologizes-for-history-of-slavery/27863767007/ "UA apologizes for history of slavery"]. ''Tuscaloosa News''. Retrieved January 30, 2022.</ref> '''Georgetown Suapɔn''': "Wɔ afe 2016 mu no [sukuupɔn no penee so] sɛ wɔbɛma nkoa 272 no asefo agye wɔn a wɔbɛgye wɔn atom[,] paa kyɛw wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ dwumadie a ɛdi wɔ nkoasom mu no ho [na] [sesaa] adan mmienu a ɛwɔ ne sukuupɔn no mu din de gyee nnipa a wɔde wɔn ayɛ nkoa no nkwa toom. Wɔ Ɔbɛnem bosome, afe 2019 mu no, sukuufoɔ a wɔwɔ Georgetown Suapɔn mu too aba sɛ wɔbɛma wɔn adesua ho ka akɔ soro $27.20 de anya nkoa 272 a Jesuitfoɔ a wɔhwɛɛ sukuu no so wɔ afe 1838 mu no asefoɔ so mfasoɔ.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/19/us/reparations-slavery.html "America Has Tried Reparations Before. Here Is How It Went"]. ''The New York Times''. June 19, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2020. <q>In 2015, Chicago enacted a reparations ordinance covering hundreds of African Americans tortured by police from the 1970s to the 1990s. The law calls for $5.5 million in financial compensation, as well as hundreds of thousands more for a public memorial, and a range of assistance related to health, education and emotional well-being.</q></ref> Akyiri yi wɔ saa afe no mu, wɔ nhyɛsoɔ foforɔ ne akyi a efiri Georgetown Sukuupɔn Asuafoɔ Fekuo no hɔ akyi no,<ref>Li, Amy (June 25, 2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220602130008/https://thehoya.com/board-directors-meets-not-vote-gu272-referendum/ "Board of Directors Meets, Does Not Vote on GU272 Referendum"]. ''The Hoya''. Georgetown University. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> awieeɛ koraa no, sukuupɔn no kɔɔ n’anim de nyansahyɛ a ɛte saa ara bae a asuafoɔ no amfa adesua ho ka a wɔmaa so no antua ka no.<ref>Ebbs, Stephanie (October 30, 2019). [https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/georgetown-university-announces-reparations-fund-benefit-descendants-slaves/story?id=66642286 "Georgetown University announces reparations fund to benefit descendants of slaves once sold by the school"]. ''ABC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> '''Harvard Suapɔn''' hyɛɛ aseɛ yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛda ne nkoasom ntam wɔ afe 2007. Wɔ afe 2016 mu no Harvard titrani Drew Faust gye toom sɛ sukuupɔn no "ayɛ adwuma tẽẽ" wɔ nkoasom mu. Wɔ afe 2022 mu no sukuupɔn no tintim ''Harvard & the Legacy of Slavery'' a ne tenten boro nkratafa ɔha. Amanneɛbɔ no kaa nyansahyɛ ahodoɔ a wɔde mae sɛ wɔne abakɔsɛm mu Abibifoɔ kɔlege ne sukuupɔn ahodoɔ bɛyɛ nwomasua mu fekubɔ, ayɛ ɔmanfoɔ nkae, na wɔahu nnipa a sukuupɔn adwumayɛfoɔ, akannifoɔ ne akyerɛkyerɛfoɔ de wɔn ayɛ nkoa no asefoɔ a wɔte ase. Na US$100m endowment wɔ hɔ a wɔde bedi dwuma. Suapɔn no ama nkoa asefoɔ a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔgye wɔn kɔ sukuu no mu na wɔayɛ mpata sikakorabea ama wɔn.<ref>Moscufo, Michela (June 21, 2025). [https://www.theguardian.com/news/2025/jun/21/harvard-slavery-decendants-of-the-enslaved "Harvard hired a researcher to uncover its ties to slavery. He says the results cost him his job: 'We found too many slaves'"]. ''The Guardian''.</ref> '''JP Morgan Chase''': Ɔpaa kyɛw wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛda ne nkoasom ntam wɔ afe 2005 mu.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4193797.stm "JP Morgan admits US slavery links"]. ''BBC News''. November 15, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2017.</ref> '''Princeton Nyamekyerɛ Sukuu''': Wɔ afe 2019 mu no Seminary no de too dwa sɛ wɔde dɔla ɔpepem 27 ahyɛ bɔ ama nnwuma ahodoɔ a wɔde bɛhunu sɛdeɛ ɛnya mfasoɔ firi abibifoɔ nkoasom mu. Wei ne sikasɛm mu ahofama kɛseɛ a nwomasua asoɛe bi de asie.<ref name=":1" /> '''Virginia Nyamekyerɛ Sukuu''': Wɔde dɔla ɔpepem 1.7 sii hɔ sɛ wɔmfa ntua Amerikafoɔ a wɔyɛ abibifoɔ asefoɔ a wɔde wɔn yɛɛ nkoa sɛ wɔnkɔyɛ adwuma wɔ wɔn sukuupɔn mu no asefoɔ, a wodii kan kyekyɛe wɔ afe 2021 mu.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Wright, Will (May 31, 2021). [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/31/us/reparations-virginia-theological-seminary.html "Seminary Built on Slavery and Jim Crow Labor Has Begun Paying Reparations"]. ''The New York Times''. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331].</ref> '''Wachovia''': Ɔpaa kyɛw wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛda ne nkoasom ntam wɔ afe 2005 mu.<ref>Katie Benner (June 2, 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025745/https://money.cnn.com/2005/06/02/news/fortune500/wachovia_slavery/ "Wachovia apologizes for ties to slavery"]. CNN/Money. Retrieved November 15, 2017.</ref> == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Africa Wiki Challenge]] [[Nkyekyεmu:2025]] ieezmno2vmoy6dmbariho1ygks2cxmz 0 17982 199680 198352 2026-05-17T00:01:06Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 199680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Abena Amponsah Buansi | image = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = Ghana | education = Ghana School of Law | alma_mater = Ghana School of Law | occupation = Judge, Lawyer | years_active = 2010–present | known_for = Justice of the High Court, Treasurer of IAWJ Ghana Chapter | title = Justice of the High Court | predecessor = | successor = | spouse = | children = | relatives = | awards = | website = }} Ne Som Abena Amponsah Buansi yɛ Ghana temmufoɔ a wayɛ Ghana Asɛnnibea Kunini no Temmufoɔ firi Ɔpɛpɔn 2023<ref>{{Citation |title=21 new High Court Justices sworn into office |date=2023-02-07 |url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/news/politics/21-new-high-court-justices-sworn-into-office/2023/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The Law Platform |url=https://www.thelawplatform.online/ |language=en |access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Emmanuel Cudjoe |title=21 New Justices of the High Court Sworn-in |url=https://judicial.gov.gh/index.php/publications/news-publications/js-latest-news/item/441-21-new-justices-of-the-high-court-sworn-in |language=en-gb |access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref>. Ɔyɛ Amanaman Ntam Mmea Atemmufo Fekuw (IAWJ) no muni na mprempren ɔyɛ ne Ghana Ti no Sikakorabea sohwɛfo<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Justice Abena Amponsah Buansi - IAWJ, Ghana Chapter. |url=https://iawjghana.org/about/6561d81eefb2b/team |access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref>. N’atemmu adwuma a ɛboro mfe du no, ahyɛ no agyirae wɔ gyinaesi ahorow a nea ɛka ho ne gyinaesi a wɔde tiaa Ecobank Ghana Limited sɛ wɔde asɛnnibea nhyehyɛe a wɔde dii dwuma ɔkwammɔne so no ka ho<ref>{{Citation |title=Ecobank abusing process of Court – High Court judge rules in Dan Ofori case |date=2023-09-29 |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Ecobank-abusing-process-of-Court-ndash-High-Court-judge-rules-in-Dan-Ofori-case-1853219 |work=GhanaWeb |language=en-US |access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=GNA |title=Ecobank Ghana Limited abusing court processes — court rules |date=2023-09-28 |url=https://gna.org.gh/2023/09/ecobank-ghana-limited-abusing-court-processes-court-rules/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=High Court Scolds Ecobank …For Abusing Process – The New Crusading Guide Online |url=https://thenewcrusadingguideonline.com/high-court-scolds-ecobank-for-abusing-process/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref>. == Nwomasua == Ɔtemmufo Amponsah Buansi nyaa ne mmara ho adesua wɔ Ghana Mmara Sukuu mu, faako a onyaa ne adwumayɛ ho mmara ho adansedi krataa<ref name=":0" />. Akyiri yi wɔfrɛɛ no ​​kɔɔ Ghana Bar wɔ afe 2010 mu, bɛyɛɛ mmaranimfoɔ a wɔakyerɛw ne din a ɔfata sɛ ɔyɛ mmaranimfoɔ wɔ Republic of Ghana<ref name=":0" />. == Adwuma == Ɔtemmufoɔ Amponsah Buansi akwantuo a ɔde kɔɔ bench no hyɛɛ aseɛ wɔ afe 2014 mu, faako a wɔpaw no sɛ Ɔtemmufoɔ, na ɛhyɛɛ n’Atemmuo adwuma a ɛwɔ mmara mu no ase<ref>{{Citation |title=District Magistrates |url=https://www.glc.gov.gh/resources/list-of-judges/district-magistrates/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-03-18 |archive-date=2025-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206100055/https://www.glc.gov.gh/resources/list-of-judges/district-magistrates/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Bere a wɔpaw no nea edi kan akyi no, wɔmaa no so kɔɔ Ɔmansin Temmufo dibea, adwuma a odii bɛyɛ mfe akron kosii sɛ wɔmaa no dibea kɔɔ Asɛnnibea Kunini<ref>{{Citation |title=Akufo-Addo swears in 20 new High Court judges |date=2023-02-08 |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Akufo-Addo-swears-in-20-new-High-Court-judges-1710326 |work=GhanaWeb |language=en-US |access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=MAXWELL OFORI |title=21 High Court judges sworn into office |date=2023-02-08 |url=https://thechronicle.com.gh/21-high-court-judges-sworn-into-office/ |language=en-GB |access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Superlaw Admin, admin |title=JUSTICES OF THE HIGH COURT - AS AT OCTOBER 2024 - |date=2024-10-07 |url=https://superlawgh.com/justice-of-the-high-court-october-2024/ |language=en-UK |access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref>. == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == 37rk10erqcg9yg2wr48dgon8daaax66 0 18071 199681 199521 2026-05-17T00:48:51Z S A Habadah 10544 199681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Dialect|Asante}} '''Agogô''' yɛ idiophone dɔn a wɔde bɔ nnwom. Esiane sɛ efii aseɛ wɔ Afrika Atɔe Fam nnwom mu nti, mprempren wɔtaa de di dwuma wɔ Brazilfoɔ nnwom a wɔde di dwuma wɔ amanne kwan so ne nea agye din mu.<ref>https://kalango.com/en/product-guide/agogo?srsltid=AfmBOooA_fvQEtA-ZG2P37Hml2u66BNMh_kHOfwmcz7oF8SrldBRAGXq</ref> Wɔtaa de ndadeɛ nkukruwa mmienu a ɛsono emu biara  nnyigyeɛ na ɛyɛ agogô.<ref>https://organology.net/instrument/agogo/</ref> == Edin Agogô No Ase == Asɛmfua agogô ase firi Afrika Atɔeɛ Fam. Edo, Idoma, Igala, ne Yorubafo a wɔwɔ [[Nigeria]] de Ágogo di dwuma de kyerɛ dɔn a ɛyɛ baako anaa ɛbɔ ho mmienu.<ref>https://www.agogode4bocas.com/english</ref> Wɔde asɛmfua òjè a ɛkyerɛ "dadeɛ" na egyina hɔ ma dɔn ahodoɔ a enni clappers nyinaa. Afrika Atɔe Famfo a abrɔfo no faa wɔn kɔyɛɛ  nkoa na wɔde dɔn no din ne sɛnea wosi yɛ dɔn yi ho nimdeɛ kɔɔ [[Amerika]]<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/30249790</ref> == Sɛnea Wɔyɛ No == Wɔde dadeɛ a wɔde yɛ nneɛma (wrought iron) na ɛdii kan yɛɛ agogô no, nanso nnɛ wɔhwɛ dadeɛ no tebea ne ne kɛseɛ na wɔde yɛ sɛnea ɛbɛma nnyegyeɛ ahodoɔ aba. Wɔde dadeɛ tɛtrɛtɛ a wɔabobɔ no ma ayɛ krukruwa na ɛyɛ agogô dadeɛ no dɔn no. Afei wɔde dade a ɛte sɛ U na ɛka dɔn mmienu no bom. Ɛsono dɔn biara tenten, na ɛma wotumi yɛ nnyigyei a ɛsono sɛnea wɔbɔ no a egyina dɔn a wɔabɔ so. Wɔnam ne tenten so na ɛkyerɛ dɔn no nne; dɔn atenten ma nnyigyei a ɛba fam ba, bere a dɔn ntiantiaa no ano yɛ den. Ade foforo a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea nnyigyei no te ne sɛnea nneɛma no mu duru teɛ.<ref>https://omeka-s.grinnell.edu/s/MusicalInstruments/item/2681</ref> ==Baabi A Minyaa Mmoa Firii== 3hvl4v20g06k0g9wxwb9fkusyb3pzav 0 18083 199684 199658 2026-05-17T01:21:24Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 199684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dondo''' anaa ('''Talking drum''') a ɛkasa yɛ sanku a ɛte sɛ dɔnhwerew a efi Afrika Atɔe fam, wobetumi de adi dwuma sɛ ɔkasa a wɔde si ananmu denam ne nne ne ne nnyigyei a wɔbɛhwɛ so de asuasua nnipa kasa mu ɛnne ne nsɛmfua a wɔde di dwuma no so.<ref>{{Citation |last=Livia Gershon |title=How Does the West African Talking Drum Accurately Mimic Human Speech? |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-west-african-drums-really-talk-180978296/ |language=en |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> Ɛwɔ mpoma ti abien a wɔde aboa nhoma asɔw ano. Mpɛn pii no, wɔtaa bɔ no bere a wɔhyɛ obi nsa ase. Odwontofo no betumi de ne nsa ne ne nipadua ntam hama a ɔde twe no no ama no so atew.<ref name=":3">{{Citation |title=Talking Drum |url=https://percussion.byu.edu/talking-drum |language=en |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 mu no, na wɔn a wɔto mpintin a wotumi kasa no de nnyigyei ka asɛm, te sɛ amanneɛbɔ a ɛfa afahyɛ ne ahyɛde ahorow ho, wɔ akyirikyiri akyirikyiri.<ref name=":3" /> [[File:Gangan.jpg|thumb|Gangan]] [[File:Iya_Ilu_Dundun.png|thumb|Iya Ilu, Yoruba talking drum.]] [[File:The_talking_drum_wooden_frame.jpg|thumb|Wooden frames of talking drums]] [[File:Omele_Bata_drum.jpg|thumb|Batá]] == Din a wɔde frɛ abɛn a ɛkasa sɛnea wɔn kasa anaa wɔn man te == {| class="wikitable" |+ |'''Kasa''' |'''Din''' |- |Akan languages (Fante, Twi, Baoule) |Dondo, Odondo |- |Bambara, Bozo, Dyula |Tamanin |- |Dagbani, Gurunsi, Moore |Lunna, Donno |- |Efik |Obodom |- |Fulani |Mbaggu, Baggel |- |Hausa |Kalangu, Dan Kar'bi |- |Songhai |Doodo |- |Serer, Wolof, Mandinka |Tama, Tamma |- |Yoruba |Dùndún, Gánga |} == Abakɔsɛm == Abɛn a ɛkasa no yɛ nnwinnade a akyɛ paa a Afrika Atɔe fam griots<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Kassoumay - Instruments traditionnels de musique du Sénégal et de la Casamance |url=http://www.kassoumay.com/musique-senegal/instruments-senegal.html |access-date=2026-05-15 |archive-date=2012-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705103703/http://www.kassoumay.com/musique-senegal/instruments-senegal.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> de di dwuma, na wɔn ho abakɔsɛm wɔ Bonofo, Yorubafo, Ghana Ahemman<ref>{{Citation |last=Eva Lewin Richter Meyerowitz |title=The Akan of Ghana, Their Ancient Beliefs |date=1958 |url=https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=ExJPAQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |publisher=Faber & Faber |language=en |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> ne Hausafo mu. Yorubafo a wɔwɔ Nigeria ne Benin anafo fam atɔe fam ne Dagombafo a wɔwɔ Ghana atifi fam no nyinaa anya nnwom a wɔto a wɔfrɛ no griot no bi a ɛyɛ den paa, a wɔto no wɔ sanku so<ref>{{Citation |title=player_list |date= |url=https://journal.ru.ac.za/index.php/africanmusic/article/view/223}}</ref> Wɔayɛ mpopaho a wotumi kasa no ahorow pii, na wɔn mu dodow no ara wɔ nea yɛaka ho asɛm wɔ atifi hɔ no ara. Ɛnkyɛ koraa na wɔn a wɔn ani gye ho sɛ wɔbɛfa saa kwan yi so ayɛ biribi foforo bi, te sɛ Dunan ne Fontomfrom. 9] Saa adansi yi gyina hɔ ma nnɛyi Afrika Atɔe fam hye no so, gye sɛ [[Cameroon]] atifi fam ne Chad atɔe fam, ne mmeae a nnipa a wɔwɔ hɔ no yɛ nnipa a wɔdɔɔso wɔ Afrika Atɔe fam aman a ɛbɛn wɔn no mu, te sɛ Kanuri, [[Djemila|Djerma]], Fulani, ne [[Hausa koko|Hausa]].<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Mikael Hård |title=Communicating and Trading in West Africa: Talking Drums and Pack Animals |date=2023 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22813-1_3 |work=Microhistories of Technology |pages=43–70 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-031-22812-4 |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> === Sererfo === Wɔ Senegal ne [[Gambian Migrants Returned from Libya and the Mediterranean|Gambia]] abakɔsɛm mu no, tama (wɔ Serer kasa mu) yɛ nnwom bi a na Sererfo "Woong" amammerɛ mu no (sɛnea Serer mmarimaa a wɔantwa wɔn twetia no yɛ wɔn asaw no), a wɔsan frɛ no "Xaat" (wɔ Serer kasa mu). Tama abɛn no wɔ Serer som mu ntease (a na ɛwɔ hɔ ansa na Ghana Ahemman no reba). <blockquote>Sɛ akokɔ bɔ a, Xaat no bɛhome na wada kosi sɛ wɔbɛtwa no twetia, sɛ wobu no sɛ obetumi asaw wɔ Woong no mu a, tam-tam anan atwa ne ho ahyia. Perngel, Odwammaa, Qiin ne Tama. — Henry Gravrand</blockquote> Sɛ yɛhwɛ abakɔsɛm mu a, na wɔboro tama (sɛ Serer junjung) no wɔ mmere soronko bi mu, te sɛ akokoakoko mu, bere a na ahemfo no pɛ sɛ wɔkasa kyerɛ wɔn manfo no, ne bere a na Serer man mu no, na wɔfrɛ no martyrdom, te sɛ ɔsɛe a esii wɔ Tahompa (afeha a ɛto so 19 mu ) ne Naoudourou ɔko no, baabi a Serers a wɔadi nkogu no kunkum wɔn ho sen sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ wɔn ma wɔadi wɔn so anaasɛ wɔbɛhyɛ wɔn ma wɔabɛsom Islam. Sererfo som mu no, sɛ obi kunkum ne ho a, ɛsɛ sɛ odi Sererfo mmara a ɛne Jom (hwɛ Sererfo som). Asɛmfua "Jom" kyerɛ "anuonyam" wɔ Serer kasa mu.<ref>{{Citation |last=The Nation |title=‘My life as an editor and gangan drummer’ |date=2016-04-09 |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/life-editor-gangan-drummer/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> === Yorubafo === ==== Ayangalu ==== Wogye di sɛ Ayangalu ne Yoruba sankubɔfo a odi kan. Bere a owui no, wɔsom no sɛ nyame, enti seesei wɔkan no wɔ Orishafo no mu. Yorubafo som akyidifo gye di sɛ ɔyɛ wɔn a wɔto sanku no nyinaa honhom, na sɛ ɔyɛ sankufo a ɔhyɛ wɔn nkuran ma wɔto sanku yiye. Asɛmfua "Ayan" kyerɛ odumfo wɔ Yoruba kasa mu. Eyi nti na Yoruba abusua mu din bi wɔ Ayan, te sɛ Ayanbisi, Ayangbade, Ayantunde, Ayanwande, ne nea ɛkeka ho. Saa asɛm yi kyerɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔde saa asɛm yi ka wɔn ho no yɛ Ayangalu ahintasɛm no ho ahwɛfo.<ref name=":2" /> Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 no mu no, abɛn a ɛkasa bɛyɛɛ nnwom a agye din wɔ Afrika Atɔe Fam. Wɔde di dwuma wɔ Mbalax nnwom a ɛwɔ Senegal ne Fuji ne Jùjú nnwom a ɛwɔ Nigeria mu (ɛhɔ na wɔfrɛ no dù, a ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔde toto Dundun bass drum a ɛwɔ Mandéfo mu no ho).<ref name=":2" /> Wɔsan de abɛn a ɛkasa no di dwuma wɔ afahyɛ ahorow te sɛ ayeforohyia, ayiyɛ, ne ankorankoro dwumadi ahorow mu. Nea ɛho hia sen biara no, Afrika nnwontofo akuw taa de di dwuma sɛ wɔn nnwom nnyigyei afã.<ref name=":2" /> == Sɛnea Wɔfa So De Di Agoru == [[File:Kwarastatedrummers.jpg|thumb|sɛnea wɔde de di agoru]] Wɔsesae bɔt no nnyigyei sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛyɛ te sɛ kasa. Wɔyɛ eyi denam tensile a wɔde to drumhead no so a wɔsakra so: wɔde tensile cord a edi nsɛ na ɛbɔ drumheads a ɛne wɔn ani nhyia no. Wɔkyekyere sanku no abɔso ne ne mparow ntam, enti sɛ wɔkyekyere sanku no so a, etumi yɛ den, na ɛma etumi bɔ nnwom a ɛbɔ nnwom a ɛbɔ nnwom a ɛbɔ nnwom a ɛbɔ nnwom a ɛbɔ nnwom no; wobetumi asesa sanku no nnyigyei bere koro mu ma etumi bɔ nnwom a ɛbɔ nnwom no. Enti otum no betumi akyerɛ sɛnea nnipa kasa yɛ den, ne sɛnea ɛbɔ kɔ akyiri, nanso entumi nkyerɛ sɛnea ɛnne nkyerɛwde a ɛwɔ kasa mu te anaa sɛnea ɛnne nkyerɛwde foforo te.<ref name=":1" /> Europafo huu sɛnea wɔtaa bɔ sanku a etumi kasa no wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 no fã a edi kan mu. Ná wotumi de nkrasɛm a emu da hɔ fi akuraa biako mu kɔ akuraa foforo mu ntɛmntɛm sen sɛ obi de ka pɔnkɔ mu. Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 mu no, Roger T. Clarke a ɔyɛ ɔsɛmpatrɛwfo no hui sɛ "nsɛnkyerɛnne ahorow no gyina hɔ ma nsɛmfua a ɛwɔ nsɛm a wɔtaa ka mu a ɛyɛ anwensɛm no.<ref name=":1" /> Afrika kasa bebree yɛ tonal; kyerɛ sɛ, ɛnne no ho hia paa wɔ asɛmfua bi nkyerɛase mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Yoruba kasa no wɔ nnyigyei atitiriw abiɛsa, a emu yɛ duru, emu yɛ duru, ne emu yɛ duru, a ɛte sɛ nea wɔto so wɔ Sol-fa no mu no. Wɔfrɛ no do, re, ne mi; na wɔde nnyigyei ahorow abiɛsa no mu nnyigyei ahorow di dwuma de kyerɛ nsɛm ahorow. Dwumadi nhyehyɛe koro no ara a ɛfa nnyigyei atitiriw abiɛsa ne wɔn nnyigyei ahorow ho no fa sɛnea bɔre no kasa wɔ Yoruba nnwom ne amammerɛ mu no ho. Nanso, Serer kasa ne ne busuani Senegambian kasa ahorow no nni nnyigyei te sɛ Niger-Congo kasa ahorow a aka no.<ref name=":1" /> Ɔhaw no ne sɛnea wɔbɛka nsɛm a emu yɛ den a wɔmfa ɛnne nkyerɛwde anaa nkyerɛwde foforo biara nka ho, na mmom wɔde nne kɛkɛ na aka ho asɛm. John F. Carrington, wɔ ne nhoma The Talking Drums of Africa, a ɔkyerɛwee wɔ afe 1949 mu no, kyerɛkyerɛɛ sɛnea na Afrika abɛnbɔfo tumi de nsɛm a emu yɛ den di nkitaho wɔ akyirikyiri. Bere a drummer no de nnyigyei a emu yɛ den a wɔfrɛ no mmarima nnyigyei ne mmea nnyigyei a emu yɛ den di dwuma no, otumi de nsɛmfua ne nkakrankakra a etumi kɔ akyiri bɛboro kilomita 4 kɔsi 5 no di nkitaho. Ɛtumi gye bere tenten sen sɛ obi bɛkyerɛ asɛm bi mu, nanso na ɛyɛ papa sɛ wɔbɛka atoyerɛnkyɛm anaa amanne bi a ɛrekɔ so ho asɛm akyerɛ nkuraase a ɛbɛn hɔ. Ohui sɛ wɔde asɛmfua foforo bi ka asɛm tiawa biara a wɔbɔ wɔ abɛn no so no ho, na ɛno de, sɛ obi rekasa a, ɛremma asɛm no so, nanso ɛma abɛn no nnyigyei no nya biribi yɛ.<ref name=":1" /> == Nneɛma a wɔayɛ no ho nsɛm a ɛkɔ akyiri == Ɛsono sɛnea sanku no kɛse te wɔ mmusuakuw ahorow mu, nanso ne nyinaa di mfitiase nhyehyɛe koro no ara akyi.<ref name=":4">{{Citation |title=Drum History - Talking Drums |url=https://talkingdrums.co.za/drum-history/ |work=Talking Drums |language=en-US |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> Tama a Serer, Wolof ne Mandinkafo ka ho no, ne kɛse yɛ ketewaa bi, na ne tenten yɛ 13 Sɛntimita a ne ti no tenten yɛ 7 Sɛntimita. Eyi ma ɛnne a ano yɛ den sen nea ɛwɔ dade a ɛte sɛ ɛno ara mu a etumi kasa.<ref name=":4" /> Yorubafo ne Dagombafo nso wɔ wɔn Lunna ne Dù Dùng ensembles a wɔn ano yɛ duru sen biara, a ne tenten yɛ 23-38 Sɛntimita na ne ti no mu trɛw yɛ 10 ne 18 Sɛntimita. Wɔ Yoruba nnwontofo akuw a wɔto mpintin a wɔde kasa no mu no, wɔde mpintin akɛse yi ne mpintin nketewa a ɛte sɛ Tama, a wɔfrɛ no Gangan wɔ Yoruba kasa mu no bom yɛ adwuma<ref name=":4" /> == Sɛnea wɔbɔ no == [[File:WIKI_LOVES_AFRICA_2016_HYPERFOCALSTUDIOS.jpg|thumb]] Nnwom a wɔto no ne sɛnea wɔbɔ sanku no ne kasa biara mu nnyigyei ahorow di nsɛ. Nsonsonoe a ɛda adi wɔ sɛnea wɔbɔ nnwom mu wɔ mmeae a Fulani ne Mandefo dodow no ara te, ne mmeae a na wɔtaa bɔ nnwom wɔ apuei fam no.<ref>{{Citation |title=Mbalax |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000051499 |work=Grove Music Online |language=en-US |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000051499 |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=BBC Audio {{!}} The Forum {{!}} The talking drums of West Africa |url=https://www.bbc.com/audio/play/w3cswptb |language=en-GB |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> Nnwom a wɔto wɔ mmeae bi a ɛwɔ atɔe fam te sɛ [[Senegal]], [[Gambian Migrants Returned from Libya and the Mediterranean|Gambia]], atɔe fam [[Mali]], ne [[Guinea]] no yɛ nea wɔto no ntɛmntɛm, na wɔto no tiawa wɔ nnwom a wɔto no bere a wɔto nnwom no mu no, na ɛne kasa ahorow a wɔnte no wɔ hɔ no hyia. Eyi yɛ nkyerɛwde a wɔtaa te wɔ Mbalax nnwom a ɛwɔ Senegal no mu.<ref>{{Citation |title=Mbalax |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000051499 |work=Grove Music Online |language=en-US |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000051499 |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> `<ref name=":2" /> Wɔ mmusuakuw bi mu no, na wɔde "bɔre din" ma onipa biara a wobetumi de akyerɛkyerɛ nsɛm mu tẽẽ akyerɛ nnipa pɔtee bi. Nhwɛso ahorow a efi Bulufo a wɔwɔ [[Cameroon]] hɔ no bi ne "Sɛ wohyɛ ntade a ɛyɛ fɛ mpo a, ɔdɔ ne ade koro pɛ no" anaa "Dua mu ɔbran kɛse no nni ba, ofie ɔbran no nni ba". Wɔn a wɔbobɔ sanku a wotumi kasa no de obi a wɔrebɛbɔ sanku no din ne nea ɔrebɔ sanku no din ne asɛm a wɔrebɛbɔ no na na ɛbɔ.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> == Baabi A Minya Mmoa Fi == iernpm6mpiuxg16wivmuawtxjj0n70y 0 18084 199682 199621 2026-05-17T00:50:48Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 199682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nana Kwame Ampadu''' a wɔwoo no Ɔbɛnem bosome ne da a ɛtɔ so 31 wo afe 1945 mu na owui wo Ɛbɔ bosome ne da a ɛtɔ so 28 wɔ afe 2021 mu. Ɔyɛ [[Gaana|Ghana]] nnwontofo ne nnwontofo. Wobu no sɛ Ghana nnwontofo a ɔsen biara wɔ bere nyinaa mu, wɔagye no din sɛ ɔhyehyɛɛ nnwom ahorow a ɛboro 800. <ref>{{Citation |title=My Life {{!}} nanakwameampadu1 |url=https://www.nanakwameampadu.com/my-life |language=en |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Nana Kwame Ampadu at 50 |date=2013-10-31 |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/nana-kwame-ampadu-at-50.html |language=en-gb |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> Wɔsan frɛ no Adwomtofo Nyinaa hempɔn.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Nana Ampadu predicted his death - Mark Okraku reveals |date=2021-10-01 |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Nana-Ampadu-predicted-his-death-Mark-Okraku-reveals-1370419 |work=GhanaWeb |language=en-US |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref>Na ɔyɛ nnwontofo panyin, nnwom kyerɛwfo panyin, na ɔno na ɔhyehyɛɛ "African Brothers Band". Wobu no sɛ highlife ne afrobeat nnwom no mu ɔkannifo ne Ghana nnwomtofoɔ a wɔagye din paa wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so 20 mu no mu baako.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ryan Mutuku |title=Nana Ampadu: Everything you need to know about the late Ghanaian highlife musician - YEN.COM.GH |date=2022-01-25 |url=https://yen.com.gh/facts-lifehacks/biographies/200432-nana-ampadu-everything-late-ghanaian-highlife-musician/ |language=en |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Nana Ampadu: Ghana highlife legend die at age 76 |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-58732510 |work=BBC News Pidgin |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation |title=My Life {{!}} nanakwameampadu1 |url=https://www.nanakwameampadu.com/my-life |language=en |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> == Nnwom == Wɔhyehyɛɛ Ampadu "[[African Americans|African]] Brothers Band" wɔ afe 1963 mu. African Brothers Band fofor no mu kor nye Eddie Donkor. Na edin no yɛ Kwame Nkrumah frɛ a ɔde too gua sɛ Afrika bɛyɛ biako no akyi kwan. Akyiri yi wɔsesaa wɔn din yɛɛ no African Brothers International Band wɔ afe 1973 mu.<ref name=":0" /> Ampadu nyaa ne din wɔ afe 1967 mu bere a ɔyii ne dwom Ebi Te Yie adi no. Saa dwom yi na na wɔhwɛ sɛ ɛyɛ nea ɛkasa tia National Liberation Council a na ɛwɔ tumi saa bere no. Wɔ afe 1973 mu no, odii akansi bi a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ ɔman no mu nyinaa wɔ Ghana, na wɔmaa no adehye din '''Odwontofoohene'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Kofi Anyidoho, James Gibbs |title=FonTomFrom: Contemporary Ghanaian Literature, Theatre and Film |date=2000 |url=https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=BktpS2StnxQC&dq=nana+ampadu&pg=PA143&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=Rodopi |language=en |isbn=978-90-420-1273-8 |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> Ne nnwonto adwuma no de no baa amanyɔsɛm mu nso, a nea ɛka ho ne sɛ ɔhyehyɛɛ dwom bi maa Jerry Rawlings' National Democratic Congress party no de dii dwuma wɔ 1992 abatoɔ no mu. Ampadu nso yii dwom bi a na ɛkasa tia mmɔden a wɔbɔe sɛ wobekum Rawlings afi 1992 abatoɔ no mu.<ref>{{Citation |last=Joseph K. Adjaye, Adrianne R. Andrews |title=Language, Rhythm, and Sound: Black Popular Cultures into the Twenty-first Century |date=1997-03-15 |url=https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=mGIRAq5w4ngC&dq=nana+ampadu&pg=PA71&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Pre |language=en |isbn=978-0-8229-7177-1 |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> == Nneɛma A Ɔyɛe == Nana Ampadu ne S. K. Oppong Drama Group, a na wɔyɛ nnwonto ne nnwonto a ɛyɛ tiawa wɔ ne nnwontofo kuw no dwumadi mu. Akyiri yi, saa kuw yi bɛyɛɛ Osofo Dadzie, Ghana TV drama a na agye din paa wɔ mfe pii mu no. Ne nnwom no mu baako, Obra, bɛyɛɛ Obra, Ghana TV drama a agye din no mu baako. Ɔkyerɛw nnwom a wɔto maa ɔman no Operation Feed Yourself dwumadi no a ɛyɛ asraafo National Redemption Council a ɛhwɛ ɔman no nnuan ho.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Celebrate the Legacy of Nana Kwame Ampadu with Timeless Highlife Music |url=https://nanakwameampadu.com/ |language=en |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> == N'asetra == Wɔwoo Ampadu wɔ Obo Kwahu a ɛwɔ Ghana Apuei mantam mu wɔ Ɔbɛnem bosome ne da a ɛtɔ so 31 wɔ afe 1945 mu<ref>{{Citation |title=Nana Kwame Ampadu 1 and his African Brothers Band Int. |url=http://nanakwameampadu.com/mylife.htm |access-date=2026-05-15 |archive-date=2003-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030602203425/http://nanakwameampadu.com/mylife.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Pastors Chase Nana Ampadu Music Videos. |url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/15857/pastors-chase-nana-ampadu-music-videos.html |language=en |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref>. Ne din a wɔde woo no no yɛ Patrick Kwame Ampadu na n'awofo din de Opanyin Kwame Ampadu ne Mercy Afua Ntiriwaa, wɔn baanu nyinaa fi Obo Kwahu a ɛwɔ Ghana Apuei Mantam no mu.<ref name=":0" /> == Abasobɔde ahorow == Nana Ampadu nyaa abasobɔde pii wɔ Ghana.<ref>{{Citation |title=Celebrate the Legacy of Nana Kwame Ampadu with Timeless Highlife Music |url=https://nanakwameampadu.com/ |language=en |access-date=2026-05-15}}</ref> * Akwankyerɛ Kuw no abasobɔde wɔ afe 1977 mu. * Odwontofoohene a Ghana Adwumakuw a Ɛhwɛ Adwinni ho nsɛm so yɛɛ no afe 1973. * Ɔmanman Asaw Ahorow Nhyiam a edi kan wɔ 1972 mu. == Baabi A Me Nya Me Mmoa Fi == 9iby5de4wklz0o9j4f71lgyynbykwu8 0 18088 199678 2026-05-16T15:53:38Z ~2026-29496-43 21721 Created page with "[[File:2023-11-16 Gala de los Latin Grammy, 03 (cropped)02.jpg|right|thumb|Shakira (2023)]] '''Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll''' (Wɔwoo no Ɔgyefuo da a ɛtɔ so mmienu, afe 1977) yɛ [[Colombia|Colombia]] ɔnwomtofoɔ, nwom hyehyɛfoɔ, ɔsawfoɔ, ɔyɛkyerɛfoɔ, ne ɔboafoɔ. Ɔgye din pa ara wɔ nnɛyi Latin ne pop nwom mu, ɛnti amansan frɛ no "Latin Nnwom Ɔhemaa." == N'abrabɔ mu Nsɛm == Shakira gye din kɛseɛ pa ara ɛnam ne nwom nhoma 'Pies Descalzos' (1995)..." 199678 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:2023-11-16 Gala de los Latin Grammy, 03 (cropped)02.jpg|right|thumb|Shakira (2023)]] '''Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll''' (Wɔwoo no Ɔgyefuo da a ɛtɔ so mmienu, afe 1977) yɛ [[Colombia|Colombia]] ɔnwomtofoɔ, nwom hyehyɛfoɔ, ɔsawfoɔ, ɔyɛkyerɛfoɔ, ne ɔboafoɔ. Ɔgye din pa ara wɔ nnɛyi Latin ne pop nwom mu, ɛnti amansan frɛ no "Latin Nnwom Ɔhemaa." == N'abrabɔ mu Nsɛm == Shakira gye din kɛseɛ pa ara ɛnam ne nwom nhoma 'Pies Descalzos' (1995) so a ɛmu nnwom te sɛ "Estoy Aquí" ne "Pies Descalzos, Sueños Blancos" kɔɔ soro pa ara wɔ Latin America nwom kyerɛwtohɔ mu.<ref>[https://tn.com.ar/musica/noticias/2025/10/07/pies-descalzos-de-shakira-cumplio-30-anos-el-disco-que-le-abrio-el-camino-por-el-mundo/ “Pies descalzos” de Shakira cumplió 30 años: el disco que le abrió el camino por el mundo | TN]</ref> Ne nwom nhoma 'Dónde Están los Ladrones?' (1998) nso maa no gye din kɛseɛ wɔ Latin America.<ref>[https://www.eltiempo.com/cultura/gente/donde-estan-los-ladrones-el-exito-de-shakira-que-tiene-una-historia-real-en-bogota-3430310 '¿Dónde están los ladrones?', el éxito de Shakira que tiene una historia real en Bogotá]</ref> Ne Borɔfo nwom nhoma a ɛdi kan 'Laundry Service' (2001) nyaa ne dwom a ɛdi kan "Whenever, Wherever" a ɛkɔɔ soro wɔ wiase mmeammea pii, ne "Underneath Your Clothes" a ɛmaa Shakira bɛyɛɛ South America ɔnwomtofoɔ a ɔdi kan a ɔgye din wɔ wiase afanan nyinaa.<ref>[https://variety.com/2021/music/news/shakira-laundry-service-album-anniversary-interview-1235111293/ Shakira Recalls Mammoth Crossover Moment as 'Laundry Service' Turns 20]</ref> Ne nwom nhoma 'Fijación Oral, Vol. 1' (2005) ne ne Borɔfo nwom nhoma 'Oral Fixation, Vol. 2' (2005) nyaa nnwom akɛseɛ te sɛ "La Tortura" ne "Hips Don't Lie" a ɛbɛyɛɛ South America ɔbaa bi nwom a ɛdi kan a ɛtɔɔ so baako wɔ America Billboard Hot 100 nwom kyerɛwtohɔ mu.<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/music/music-news/shakira-insisted-hips-dont-lie-added-to-album-1236213060/ Shakira Insisted Label Add 'Hips Don't Lie' to Album]</ref> Ne nwom nhoma 'She Wolf' (2009) kasa faa fawohodie ho,<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/music/hips-dont-lie-and-waka-waka-top-10-shakira-pop-songs-that-defined-her-global-sound-and-chart-dominance/photostory/128637333.cms 'Hips Don’t Lie' and 'Waka Waka': Top 10 Shakira pop songs that defined her global sound and chart dominance]</ref> ɛnna 'Sale el Sol' (2010) nso gyinaa Latin nwom su so a ɛwɔ dwom "Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)" a ɛbɛyɛɛ afe 2010 Wiase Kupɔn akansi (World Cup) dwom titiriw pa ara.<ref>[https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/2010/06/10/shakira-con-su-waka-waka-destaco-en-exitoso-conciereal-de-sudafrica-2010.shtml Shakira con su ‘Waka Waka’ destacó en exitoso concierto inaugural de ‘Sudáfrica 2010′ | Notas | BioBioChile]</ref><ref>[https://www.allaboutjazz.com/news/shakira-releases-sale-el-sol-the-sun-comes-out/ Jazz news: Shakira Releases "Sale el Sol / The Sun Comes Out"]</ref> Ne nwom nhoma 'Shakira' (2014) ne 'El Dorado' (2017) nyaa nnwom akɛseɛ te sɛ "La La La" ne "Chantaje." Ne nwom nhoma 'Las Mujeres Ya No Lloran' (2024) gyinaa n'abrabɔ mu nsɛm foforɔ te sɛ awaregyaeɛ ne n'adwene mu apɔwmuden ho nsɛm so.<ref>[https://www.megastar.fm/musica/noticias/reconstruccion-personal-shakira-las-mujeres-lloran-album-que-marca-regreso-20240322_3211478 La reconstrucción personal de Shakira en 'Las Mujeres Ya No Lloran', el álbum que marca su regreso]</ref> Akyiri yi, Shakira tuu kwan kyinii aman pii so yɛɛ kɔnsate akwantuo kɛseɛ bi a wɔfrɛ no 'Las Mujeres Ya No Lloran World Tour' (2025–2026) na ɔnyaa nkamfoɔ kɛseɛ ne sika bɛboro dɔla ɔpepe 350 wɔ mu.<ref>[https://www.billboard.com/pro/shakira-highest-grossing-latin-tour-guinness-record/ Shakira Sets Record for Highest-Grossing Latin Tour of All Time]</ref> Shakira yɛ ɔnwomtofoɔ a ne nnwom atɔn kɛseɛ pa ara wɔ wiase abakɔsɛm mu, na ne nnwom bɛboro ɔpepe 95 na atɔn wɔ wiase baabiara.<ref>[https://news.epson.com/news/shakira-latin-america-brand-ambassador%20Epson%20and%20Global%20Music%20Superstar%20Shakira%20Partner%20to%20Take%20Latin%20America%20by%20Storm%20%7C%20Epson%20US]</ref><ref>[https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/shakira-billboard-latin-woman-of-the-year-1235313382/ Shakira Is Billboard's First 'Latin Woman of the Year']</ref> Ɔanya nnwom pii a ɛkɔɔ soro wɔ United States ne wiase mmeammea pii, na ɔsan anya Grammy abasobɔdeɛ nnan ne Latin Grammy abasobɔdeɛ dunum.<ref>[https://www.grammy.com/artists/shakira/17393 Shakira | Artist | GRAMMY.com]</ref><ref>[https://www.latingrammy.com/en/artists/shakira/22743-01 Shakira | Artist | LatinGRAMMY.com]</ref> Forbes nso gyinaa ne sika so bɔɔ ne din sɛ mmaa a wonya sika pii wɔ nwom mu no baako.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/profile/shakira-mebarak/ Shakira Mebarak]</ref> Ne dwumadie wɔ afe 2020 Super Bowl halftime a ɔne Jennifer Lopez yɛeɛ no yɛ deɛ nnipa pii pa ara ahwɛ wɔ abakɔsɛm mu.<ref>[https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/j-lo-shakira-emmy-nomination-highlights-9425279/ J.Lo & Shakira Land Emmy Nods for Their Super Bowl Halftime Show & Other Nomination Highlights]</ref> Wɔ nwom akyi no, ɔbuee ahyehyɛdeɛ 'Fundación Pies Descalzos' de boaa mmofra nwomasua wɔ Colombia,<ref>[https://holrmagazine.com/shakiras-new-school-project-changing-lives-in-catatumbo/ Shakira's New School Project: Changing Lives in Catatumbo -]</ref> na ɔyɛɛ Gazelle nne wɔ sini 'Zootopia' (2016) ne 'Zootopia 2' (2025) mu,<ref>[https://deadline.com/2025/11/shakira-zootopia-2-music-video-gazelle-zoo-song-1236615726/ Shakira's 'Zoo' Song Gets Music Video Ahead Of 'Zootopia 2']</ref> na ɔsan yɛɛ ɔtemmufoɔ wɔ dwumadie 'The Voice' mu firi afe 2013 kɔsi 2014.<ref>[https://uk.news.yahoo.com/shakira-leave-voice-just-one-season-185320999.html Shakira to leave The Voice after just one season - Yahoo News UK]</ref> Ɔsan yɛ obi a nnipa pii pa ara di n'akyi wɔ abɛfo ntentan (social media) so na ɔwɔ akyidifoɔ bɛboro ɔpepe 90.<ref>[https://www.infobae.com/tecno/2026/01/01/shakira-la-reina-de-las-redes-sociales-122-millones-en-facebook-y-941-millones-en-instagram/ Shakira, la reina de las redes sociales: 122 millones en Facebook y 94,1 millions en Instagram - Infobae]</ref> == Nnwom Nhoma == === Nnwom Nhoma a wɔyɛeɛ wɔ studio === * ''Magia'' (1991) * ''Peligro'' (1993) * ''Pies Descalzos'' (1995) * ''Dónde Están los Ladrones?'' (1998) * ''Laundry Service'' (2001) * ''Fijación Oral, Vol. 1'' (2005) * ''Oral Fixation, Vol. 2'' (2005) * ''She Wolf'' (2009) * ''Sale el Sol'' (2010) * ''Shakira'' (2014) * ''El Dorado'' (2017) * ''Las Mujeres Ya No Lloran'' (2024) === Kɔnsate Nnwom Nhoma === * ''MTV Unplugged'' (2000) * ''Live & off the Record'' (2004) * ''Oral Fixation Tour'' (2007) * ''Live from Paris'' (2011) * ''Shakira in Concert: El Dorado World Tour'' (2019) * ''Anniversary: Oral Fixation (20th) and Pies Descalzos (30th) Live'' (2025) == References == <references /> 4qpl70ne4b2hzi2kmizovfyil99tsi8