Wikipedia twwiki https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratafa_Titiriw MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.2 first-letter Media Soronko Nkitahode Dwumadini Dwumadini nkitahode Wikipedia Wikipedia nkitahode File File nkitahode MediaWiki MediaWiki nkitahode Nhwɛsoɔ Nhwɛsoɔ nkitahode Mmoa Mmoa nkitahode Nkyekyεmu Nkyekyεmu nkitahode TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6120 199768 185989 2026-05-20T03:27:22Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 199768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} [[File:École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay 5 - Université Paris-Saclay.jpg|thumb|Université Paris-Saclay]] '''Université Paris-Saclay'''({{Audio|tw-Université Paris-Saclay.ogg|pronounciation of "Université Paris-Saclay"}}) yε sukuupɔn a ɛwɔ [[Gif-sur-Yvette]], [[France]]. '''Paris-Saclay University''' yɛ amansan suapɔn a wɔyɛ nhwehwɛ mu a wɔwɔ [[Paris]], [[France]] ahenkuro no mu. ɛka [[Paris-Saclay]] dwumadie ahodoɔ no ho bi, a wɔn botae ne sɛ wɔbɛyɛ nhwehwɛmu a yɛka no borɔfo mu sɛ [[research-intensive cluster|research-intensive]] adesua kampus ne dwadie ahodoɔ nyinaa wɔkyerɛ bi wɔ Plateau de Saclay a ɛbɛn [[Paris]], na ɛhɔ nso ne beaɛ titiriw a wɔtee afoforɔ sane nso yɛ nhwehwɛ mu ahodoɔ wɔ [[Paris-Saclay]].<ref>"Paris-Sud University is part of Paris-Saclay's project – Université Paris-Sud".</ref> <ref>"France plans elite top-10 mega-university"</ref> Paris-Saclay suapɔn no agye ne din yie pa ara wɔ nkontabuo adesua mu.<ref>Ranking of mathematics departments".</ref> ɛbɛsi afe 2021 mu no, na nnipa du mmienu (12) bi a wɔgyee abasobɔdeɛ nyinaa yɛ wɔn a wɔkɔgyee nteteeɛ wɔ suapɔn yi mu ne ne associated research institute no mu, a ɛmu bi ne Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques - a ɛhɔ na yɛhunu no sɛ ɛyɛ awoɔ bea de ma ɛnɛ mmerɛ yi mu [[algebraic geometry]] ne [[catastrophe theory]] adesua mu.<ref>"The IHÉS at Forty"</ref> [[Category:Frεnkye]] == Abakwasɛm== wɔ afe 2019 mu no, Paris-Saclay suapɔn yi bɛhyɛɛ Paris-Sud (Paris XI) suapɔn a wɔtee no afe [[1971]] mu no anan mu,<ref>"Paris-Saclay à la première place en maths du classement de Shanghai, «une conséquence de notre politique"".</ref> a saa suapɔn no nso bɛhyɛɛ suapɔn a yɛfrɛ no sɛ [[University of Paris]] a wɔtee ɛno nso wɔ [[1150]] mu no anan mu. Berɛ a wiase nyinaa ntɔkwa a ɛtɔ so mmienu no baa awieɛ no (World War II), na ɛho abɛhia sɛ wɔyɛ nhwehwɛ mu ntɛntɛm so de fa nuclear physics ne chemistry mu nti na nnipa a wɔbɛyɛ saa nhwhwɛmu yi ho abɛhia yie pa ara, a na ɛno nso ɛhia nnipa dodoɔ no ara mmoa wɔ mmeaɛ beberee mu. University of Paris, afei École Normale Supérieure ɛne Collège de France hwehwɛɛ baabi a ɛhɔ bae a ɛwɔ Paris atɔeɛ fam a ɛbɛn Orsay. ɛkyire yi no adekyerɛ dwumadie bi a na ɛkɔ so wɔ Faculty of Sciences a ɛwɔ Paris no wɔde ne nyinaa baa [[Orsay]] wɔ afe 1956 berɛ a [[Irène Joliot-Curie]] ne [[Frédéric Joliot-Curie]] de adesrɛdeɛ kɔeɛ. ɛsiane nnipa dodoɔ a na wɔreba suapɔn no mu no nti ɛmaa Orsay suapɔn beɛeɛ hɔ no nso bɛdee ne ho wɔ March 1, 1965. Afei ɛbɛyɛɛ University of Paris-Sud (Paris XI) wɔ afe 1971 mu. Mprɛmprɛn yi ɛkura laboratory ahodoɔ akɛseɛ wɔ n'asaase (236 ha) no so wɔ na Kampus a ɛwɔ Paris-Saclay no. French laboratory akɛseɛ ahodoɔ no mu pii ka ho; ɛbinom ne baabi a wɔyɛ nhwehwɛ mu de fa [[particle physics]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210716124608/https://www.lal.in2p3.fr/ Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire]. Lal.in2p3.fr. Retrieved on 2014-06-16.</ref> [[nuclear physics]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210810170601/http://ipnwww.in2p3.fr/ Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay]. ipnwww.in2p3.fr. Retrieved on 2019-11-03.</ref><ref>"French national synchrotron facility"</ref> [[astrophysics]],<ref>[http://www.ias.u-psud.fr/en Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale]. ias.u-psud.fr. Retrieved 2019-11-03</ref> [[atomic physics]] and [[molecular physics]],<ref>[http://www.lac.u-psud.fr/ Laboratoire Aimé Cotton – UPR 3321]. Lac.u-psud.fr. Retrieved on 2014-06-16.</ref> [[condensed matter physics]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.lps.u-psud.fr/?lang=en |access-date=2022-02-06 |archive-date=2021-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019215911/https://www.lps.u-psud.fr/?lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[theoretical physics]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721022641/http://www.th.u-psud.fr/ Laboratoire de Physique Théorique d'Orsay]. Th.u-psud.fr. Retrieved on 2014-06-16.</ref> [[electronics]], [[nanoscience]] ne [[nanotechnology]] ho.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211019220439/https://www.c2n.universite-paris-saclay.fr/en/ Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies]. c2n.universite-paris-saclay.fr. Retrieved 2019-11-03</ref> === Faculty ahodoɔ ne Institute ahodoɔ === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Name !! Foundation<ref>Foundation of the oldest constituent part of the school</ref> !Academic degree!! Field !! Students !Campus |- |Paris-Saclay Undergraduate University School<ref>"Paris-Saclay Undergraduate University School".</ref> |2019 |[[Undergraduate degree|Undergraduate]] |[[Law]], [[Economics]] and [[Science]] |13,000<ref>"Université Paris-Saclay : Ouverture en septembre du premier cycle universitaire".</ref> |[[Paris-Saclay]], [[Guyancourt]], [[Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine|Sceaux]], [[Évry-Courcouronnes]] |- | [[Paris-Saclay Faculty of Sciences]] || 1956 and 1971 | rowspan="9" |[[Undergraduate degree|Undergraduate]] and [[Graduate degree|postgraduate]]||[[Science]]|| 10,000 |[[Paris-Saclay]] |- | Paris-Saclay Faculty of Law, Economics and Management || 1968 ||[[Law]] and [[economics]]|| 6,000 |[[Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine|Sceaux]] |- | Paris-Saclay Faculty of Pharmacy || 1972 || rowspan="2" |[[Medicine]]|| 3,500 |[[Châtenay-Malabry]] |- |[[Paris-Saclay Medical School]]|| 1971 || 3,400 |[[Le Kremlin-Bicêtre]], [[Paris-Saclay]] |- |Paris-Saclay Faculty of Sports Sciences |1985 |[[Science]] |1,500 |[[Paris-Saclay]] |- |[[:fr:École polytechnique universitaire de l'université Paris-Saclay|Paris-Saclay Polytechnic School]] |2004 |[[Engineering]] |820 |[[Paris-Saclay]] |- |Orsay University Institute of Technology |1971 | rowspan="3" |[[Science]] and [[engineering]] |440 |[[Paris-Saclay]] |- |Sceaux University Institute of Technology |1970 |1,500 |[[Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine|Sceaux]] |- |Cachan University Institute of Technology |1971 |1,000 |[[Cachan]] |} === ''Grandes École ahodoɔ ne'' graduate sukuu ahodoɔ === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Name !! Foundation ! Field !! Students !Campus |- | [[AgroParisTech]] | 1826 | [[Life sciences]] || 2,420 |[[Paris-Saclay]] |- | [[CentraleSupélec]] || 2015 || [[Science]] and [[Engineering]] || 5,350 |[[Paris-Saclay]], [[Rennes]], [[Metz]] |- | [[École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay|ENS Paris-Saclay]] | 1892 || [[Science]] || 1,360 |[[Paris-Saclay]] |- | [[École supérieure d'optique|Institut d'optique Graduate School]] || 1917 || [[Optics]] || 440 |[[Paris-Saclay]] |- |Paris-Saclay Graduate School of Law |2019 |[[Law]] | |[[Guyancourt]], [[Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine|Sceaux]] |- |Paris-Saclay Graduate School of Physics |2019 |[[Physics]] | |[[Paris-Saclay]], [[Versailles, Yvelines|Versailles]], [[Évry-Courcouronnes]] |- |Paris-Saclay Graduate School of Economics and Management |2019 |[[Economics]] | |[[Guyancourt]], [[Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine|Sceaux]] |- |Institute of Light Sciences |2019 |[[Science]] | |[[Paris-Saclay]] |- |Paris-Saclay Graduate School of Life Sciences and Health |2019 |[[List of life sciences|Life Sciences]] and [[Health]] | |[[Paris-Saclay]], [[Le Kremlin-Bicêtre]] |- |Paris-Saclay Graduate School of Mathematics |2019 |[[Mathematics]] | |[[Paris-Saclay]] |- |Paris-Saclay Graduate School of Sociology and Political science |2019 |[[Politics]] and [[sociology]] | |[[Guyancourt]], [[Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine|Sceaux]] |- |Paris-Saclay Graduate School of Engineering and Systems science |2019 | rowspan="2" |[[Science]] and [[engineering]] | | rowspan="2" |[[Paris-Saclay]] |- |Paris-Saclay Graduate School of Computer Science |2019 | |} === Associated universities === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Name !! Foundation<ref name="ReferenceA">Foundation of the oldest constituent part of the school</ref> !Academic degree!! Field !! Students !Campus |- |[[Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University]]|| 1987 and 1991 | rowspan="2" |[[Undergraduate degree|Undergraduate]] and [[Graduate degree|postgraduate]]||[[Science]], [[social science]] and [[life science]]|| 19,000 |[[Versailles, Yvelines|Versailles]], [[Montigny-le-Bretonneux]], [[Guyancourt]] |- |[[University of Évry Val d'Essonne]]|| 1991 ||[[Science]], [[social science]] and [[life science]]|| 10,500 |[[Évry-Courcouronnes]] |} ===Nwumakuo ahodoɔ a wɔne wɔn yɛ nhwehwɛmu=== saa nwumakuo a ɛdidi soɔ yi asi nhwehwɛmu beaeɛ wɔ Paris-Saclay suapɔn no mu. Nhwehwɛmu ahodoɔ ne nwuma ahodoɔ a saa nwumakuo yi mu biara bɛdi no wɔbɔ ho ban yie firi afoforɔ nkyɛn. Berɛ a wɔbɛma Paris-Saclay suapɔn no nhwehwɛ beaeɛ bi atom sɛ ɛni dwuma a mmara ma no kwan no, wɔhwehwɛ sɛ saa nhwehwɛmu beaeɛ yi bɛdi ne dwuma te sɛ Jet Propulsion Laboratory a ɛwɔ Caltech: * [[Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives|CEA]] (Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission) * [[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS]] (French National Centre for Scientific Research) * [[French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation|Inria]] (French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation) * [[French Institute of Health and Medical Research|INSERM]] (French Institute of Health and Medical Research) * [[Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques]] (Institute of Advanced Scientific Studies) * [[Institut national de la recherche agronomique|INRA]] (French National Institute for Agricultural Sciences) * [[ONERA]] (National Board of Study and Aerospace Research) * [[SOLEIL]] (national [[synchrotron]] facility) * Pascal Institute - University of Paris-Saclay<ref>"Pascal Institute".</ref> == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == q23nw2ywx67oizesc8ye504gkv0dp6z 0 11383 199767 190525 2026-05-20T03:01:21Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 199767 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roy Allela''' yɛ Kenyani a wayɛ ade sorɔnko wadi mfeɛ aduonus num. Ɔno na wayɛ Sign-IO abɛɛfo mfididwuma<ref name=":0">https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/jan/01/africa-inspired-inventors-royal-academy-of-engineering-prize</ref>nwanwasoɔ a yɛde sesa kasa a yɛye yɛ nsa na ɛyɛ kɔ kasa a yɛde yɛano ka mu. Ne botaeɛ ne sɛ yɛbɛtumi de mfidie asua adeɛ na ɛbɛ boa ama yɛatumi asi asetena mu haw ano kwan.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Archive copy |url=https://gesatech.com/african-inventor-of-the-month-roy-allela-smart-gloves/#.YjVDLPffWEc |access-date=2022-03-19 |archive-date=2024-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624084120/https://gesatech.com/african-inventor-of-the-month-roy-allela-smart-gloves/#.YjVDLPffWEc |url-status=dead }}</ref>Ɛwɔ nimdeɛwɔ adea bɔrɔfo kasa mu yɛtrɛ no " programming " mu. Deɛ Ɛkanyan Allela maa no yɛɛ afidie nwanwasoɔ yi yɛ ne nkitahodie mu berɛa ɔme na abusua rekasa, na ɔnsane nnim kasa a yɛde yɛn nsa yɛ nso.<ref name=":1" /> Sign-IO afidie dwuma mmienu a ɛdikan a obibini yi yɛeɛ no wɔ sɔ hwɛe wɔ. Migori ɛwɔ Kenya == Ne mmɔfra ase ne n'adesua == Wɔwoo Roy Allela sane tete no wɔ Kenya man mu.Ɔkɔɔ sukuu wɔ University of Nairobi suapɔn mu firi mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du-mmienu Ku si mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du-nsia mu. Ɔnyaa abusing krataa wɔ"Microprocessor Technology ne Instrument".<ref name=":2">https://de.linkedin.com/in/allelaroy</ref> == Abɔdin ne na dwuma == Sign-IO afidie nwanwaso a Roy Allela yɛeɛ no abɛyɛ mfasodeɛ kɛseɛ ama nnipa a wɔwɔ haw wɔ kasa ho. Wɔ yi Allela Sign-IO afidie no wɔ mfeɛ mmienu ne du-nkron mu " Africa Prize of the Royal Academy of Engineers abasobɔdeɛ no mu. Allela Sign-IO afidie no na nyaa " Hardware Trailblazer " abasobɔdeɛ no wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du- nson mu a "Asme innovation showcase (ISHOW)" akansie a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ American Society of Mechanical(ASME).<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/jan/01/africa-inspired-inventors-royal-academy-of-engineering-prize</ref> Ɔsane bɛdii knumin wɔ " Intel University App Challenge" akansie mu. Allela ayɛ adwuma sɛ "Software Engineer" ɛfiri mfeɛ mpem ne du- nsia ne ɔkyerɛkyerɛni wɔ "Oxford University"suapɔn mu. == Beaɛ Menyaa mmoa firieɛ == <references responsive="" /> l02q6hgnowjhh3ksgu1oqaamhazkx6e 0 12332 199754 199112 2026-05-19T13:24:04Z ~2026-30093-12 21731 199754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} [[File:1925 Ford Model T touring.jpg|thumb|Wɔka sɛ Ford Model T a wɔyɛɛ no ​​fi 1908 kosi 1927 no ne kar a edi kan a ne bo yɛ den pii, na ɛda so ara yɛ kar a wɔtɔn sen biara wɔ bere nyinaa mu no mu biako.]] '''Ɛhyɛn''' (anaa ade a ɛtumi firi baabi kɔ baabi) yɛ ntwahonan kar a wɔde tu kwan. Nkyerɛkyerɛm bebiree a ɛfa ahyɛn ho ka sɛ ɛdwane ho akwan so, fa nipa baako kɔsi nwɔtwe, wɔ ntwahonan nan, na ɛtaa de nnipa tu kwan kyɛn nneɛma.<ref>Fowler, H.W.; Fowler, F.G., eds. (1976). ''Pocket Oxford Dictionary''. Oxford University Press. ISBN <bdi>978-0198611134</bdi>.</ref><ref>"motor car, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press. September 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.</ref> Mfe apem ɔha nwɔtwe ne aduowɔtwe nsia (1886) na wɔsusu sɛ ɛhyɛn baeɛ a Germanfoɔ yɛɛ Carl Benz ma no bɛnyaa Benz Patent-Mortowagen tumidie krataa. Mfeha aduonu a ɛtwam no mu na ɛhyɛn baa wiase a wɔde dii dwuma, na aman a ɛkɔ anim nso gyina so yɛɛ adwuma.<ref>Stein, Ralph (1967). The Automobile Book. Paul Hamlyn.</ref><ref>"1885–1886. The first automobile". Daimler. Retrieved 30 July 2021.</ref><ref>Garrison, Ervan G. (2018). History of Engineering and Technology: Artful Methods. Routledge. p. 272. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1351440486</nowiki>.</ref> Ɛhyɛn ahorow bɛyɛɛ nea wobetumi anya bi wɔ mfeha a ɛto so aduonu (20) no mu. Ɔhyɛn ahorow a edi kan a nnipadɔdoɔ no ara tumi tɔɔ no no mu baako ne afe apem ahankron ne nwɔtwe (1908) Model T, [[Amerika]] ɛhyɛn bi a Ford Motor Company yɛe no. Wogyee ɛhyɛn no toom ntɛmntɛm wɔ U.S., faako a wɔde teaseɛnam ne nteaseɛnam a mmoa twe ananmu no.<ref name=":0">"Automobile History". www.history.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2021.</ref> Wɔ Europe ne wiase mmeae afoforo no, ɛhyɛn a wɔhwehwɛ no ankɔ soro kosii Wiase Ko II akyi.<ref name=":0" /> Wobu ɛhyɛn no sɛ ɛyɛ sikasɛm a anya nkɔso no fa titiriw. Ɛhyɛn ahorow wɔ kwan a wɔde bɔ ahyɛnkafo ho ban, baabi a wɔde ɛhyɛn sisi, akwantufo ahotɔ, ne akanea ahorow. Wɔ mfe du du pii mu no, wɔde nneɛma foforo ne nea wɔde di dwuma aka ɛhyɛn ho, na ɛma ɛyɛ den nkakrankakra. Weinom bi ne mfoninitwa mfiri a ɛdannan akyi, mframa a wɔde yɛ adwuma, ɛhyɛn a wɔde fa ɛhyɛn mu, ne anigyede a wɔde gye wɔn ani wɔ ɛhyɛn mu. Ɛhyɛn dodow no ara a wɔde di dwuma wɔ mfe mpem aduonu ne aduonu (2020) no mfiase no, engine a ɛhyew wɔ mu na ɛma ɛyɛ adwuma, a ɛnam pɛtro a efi abo mu hyew so na ɛma ɛyɛ kɛse. Anyinam ahoɔden ɛhyɛn a wɔyɛe wɔ ɛhyɛn no abakɔsɛm mfiase no bɛyɛɛ nea wotumi tɔ wɔ mfe mpem mmienu (2000) no mu na wɔahyɛ nkɔm sɛ ɛho ka sua sɛ wɔbɛtɔ sen ɛhyɛn a wɔde pɛtro yɛ ansa na afe mpem aduonu ne aduonu num (2025) aba.<ref>"EV Price Parity Coming Soon, Claims VW Executive". CleanTechnica. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.</ref><ref>"Electric V Petrol - British Gas". Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.</ref> Nsakrae a efi pɛtro a efi abo mu kɔ anyinam ahoɔden kar mu no da adi kɛse wɔ wim nsakrae a wɔbrɛ ase ho nsɛm dodow no ara mu,<ref>"Factcheck: How electric vehicles help to tackle climate change". Carbon Brief. 13 May 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2020.</ref> te sɛ Project Drawdown ano aduru ɔha (100) a wobetumi de adi dwuma wɔ wim nsakrae ho no.<ref>"Electric Cars @ProjectDrawdown #ClimateSolutions". Project Drawdown. 6 February 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2020.</ref> Ɛka ne mfaso ahodoɔ wɔ ɛhyɛn a wɔde di dwuma ho. Ɛka a wɔbɔ wɔ onipa ho no bi ne ɛhyɛn a obegye, sika a wobetua (sɛ wɔde sika tua kar no a), ɛhyɛn no ho esiesie, pɛtro ne bo a ɛso tew, bere a wɔde ka ɛhyɛn, sika a wɔtua wɔ baabi a wɔde ɛhyɛn sisi, tow, ne insurance.<ref>"Car Operating Costs". RACV. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2009.</ref> Ɛka a wɔbɔ wɔ ɔmanfo ho no bi ne akwan a wɔbɛhwɛ so yie, asase a wɔde di dwuma, akwan a ayɛ ma, mframa a wɔsɛe no, ɔmanfo nkwahosan, akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe, ne ɛhyɛn a wɔbɛtow agu bere a etumi nyɛ adwuma bio. Ɛhyɛn akwan a ɛbɔ wɔn no ne ade kɛse a ɛma nnipa wuwu ɛnam opira a wɔpira na ɛde owuo aba wiase yi mu nyinaa.<ref>Peden, Margie; Scurfield, Richard; Sleet, David; Mohan, Dinesh; Hyder, Adnan A.; Jarawan, Eva; Mathers, Colin, eds. (2004). World report on road traffic injury prevention. World Health Organization. <nowiki>ISBN 92-4-156260-9</nowiki>. Retrieved 24 June 2008.</ref> '''Beaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ''' p6e6x6t6b75i3zsuozy3y0ogtlunr8h 0 13718 199763 196137 2026-05-20T01:52:18Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 199763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} {{Infobox officeholder |honorific-prefix = Hon. |name = Harry Halifax Hayford |honorific-suffix = |image = |alt = |caption = | order = | office = | term_start = | term_end = | president = | predecessor = | successor = |constituency_MP1 = |parliament1 = Ghana |majority1 = |term_start1 = |term_end1 = | president1 = |predecessor1 = |successor1 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by adding a number--> |prior_term = | order2 = | office2 = | term_start2 = | term_end2 = | president2 = | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | order3 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | office3 = | term_start3 = | term_end3 = | president3 = | predecessor3 = | successor3 = | order4 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | office4 = Member of Parliament for Abura-Asebu-Kwamankese Constituency | term_start4 = 7 Ɔpɛpɔn 2001 | term_end4 = 6 Ɔpɛpɔn 2005 | president4 = [[John Kufuor]] | predecessor4 = | successor4 = Augustine Solomon Ekye | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | restingplace = | restingplacecoordinates = | birthname = | nationality = [[Ghana]]ian | party = [[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|National Democratic Congress]] | otherparty = <!--For additional political affiliations--> | spouse = | partner = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--> | relations = | children = | residence = | alma_mater = | occupation = Amanyɔsɛm | profession = Mmranimfoɔ | cabinet = | committees = | portfolio = | signature = | signature_alt = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Harry Halifax Hayford''' yɛ [[Gaana]] [[Mmarahyɛbadwani|mmrahyɛbadwani]] ne Mmranimfoɔ. Ghanaian. Na ɔka mmarahyɛbadwakuo a ɛtɔ so miensa wɔ Ghana kabimamenkabi adehyeman amanmuo a ɛtɔ so nan no mu. Na [[amanyɔkuo]] ne [[National Democratic Congress (NDC)|National Democratic Congress]], Ɔyɛɛ mmrahyɛbadwani maa [[Abura-Asebu-Kwamankese (Ghana mmrahyɛbadwam mpɛsoa)|Abura- Asebu-Kwamankese]] [[abatoɔ]] mpasua a ɛwɔ [[Mfinfini Mantan|Mfifini mantan]].<ref>https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Confusion-at-Cape-Coast-Circuit-Tribunal-18502</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.glc.gov.gh/resources/roll-of-lawyers/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928170637/https://www.glc.gov.gh/resources/roll-of-lawyers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Archive copy |url=https://lawsghana.com/judgement/Ghana/Court-of-Appeal/645 |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2022-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913161140/https://lawsghana.com/judgement/Ghana/Court-of-Appeal/645 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Abrabɔ ahyɛase ne Amanyɔsɛm == Hayford, wɔ woo no wɔ Mfifini mantan. Na adwuma ankasa Mmranimfoɔ.<ref>https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Confusion-at-Cape-Coast-Circuit-Tribunal-18502</ref> Afe 2000, na ɔhyɛɛ n'amanyɔ adwuma ase bere a wɔ too ne so aba sɛ ɔgyina Abura- Asebu-Kwamankese abatoɔ mpasua no din mu wɔ [[Mmarahyɛbadwafie|mmrahyɛbadwafie]].<ref>https://www.modernghana.com/news/390783/nigerian-couple-in-court-over-illegal-biometric.html</ref> Saa afe n'abatoɔ no, Hayford ne n'amanyɔkuo National Democratic Congress nyaa mma 13,66 a ɛyɛ 44.90%. Na Andrew Kingsford Mensah [[New Patriotic Party (NPP)|New Patriotic Party]], Raymond Nonnatus Osei [[Convention People's Party (CPP)|Convention People's Party]] nyaa 2,570 a ɛyɛ 8.40%, Joshua Alfred Amuah nyaa 1,093 a ɛyɛ 3.60%, Ametorwo Richard Korbla [[People's National Convention (PNC)|People's National Convention]] nyaa 321a ɛyɛ 1.10% na Yeboah Peter [[United Ghana Movement]] nyaa 263 a ɛyɛ 0.90%.<ref>{{Citation |title=Archive copy |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/central/64/index.php |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2022-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913161346/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/central/64/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Afe 2004, Hayford antumi ankɔ mmrahyɛbadwafie bio efirisɛ ɛmrɛ too delegate so aba wɔ ne mpasua so no ɔdii nkuguo maa Augustine Solomon Ekye dii ne so nkunim.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Halifax-Hayford#cite_note-9</ref><ref>http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/ghana/02987.pdf</ref> == Beaɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == ndre2arzpjpqra6rpvckx6k7d1ua2lp 0 15060 199761 163215 2026-05-20T00:43:01Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 199761 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anna Beninati''' (wɔwoo no Ɔpɛnimma 24, 1992) yɛ [[Amerikani]] Paralympic alpine skier . Ɔnyaa '''kɔbere''' nkonimboɔ wɔ afe 2016 Wiase Kupɔn no mu. == Adwuma == Osuaa ade wɔ [[Colorado Ɔman Sukuupɔn]] mu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|date=2018-03-07|title=An Adaptive Skier Shows Us How to Never Give Up|url=https://www.powder.com/stories/interviews/never-give-up/|access-date=2022-12-03|website=POWDER Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Odii kan sɔɔ sit-ski (afiri a wɔde tu mmirika a wɔtra ase a wɔde ski abien gu ase) hwɛe wɔ afe 2011 mu, wɔ akwanhyia no akyi asram abien pɛ. Bere a Beninati ne Dave Schoeneck ne Peter Mandler sua ade wiei no, ɔdan kɔɔ skiing a wɔde tu mmirika biako so, na ɛde ne ho kɛse. Bere a ɔresiesie ne ho ama Paralympics no, otu kɔɔ Park City, na ɔde ne ho kɔbɔɔ Paralympic kuw bi a wɔde mmirika tu mmirika wɔ mmepɔw so wɔ mmepɔw so. Wɔ afe 2015 mu no ɔdii nkonim wɔ ɔman no mu abodin a ɛdi kan na afe akyi no ɔdii nkonim wɔ Wiase Kupɔn no mu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anna Beninati|url=https://discovernac.org/athletes/anna-beninati/|access-date=2022-12-03|website=National Ability Center|archive-date=2022-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201230426/https://discovernac.org/athletes/anna-beninati/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wɔ 2016 Wiase Kupɔn no mu no, Beninati dii nea ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa wɔ seated slalom mmirikatuo mu, a ɔde bere 1:54.05 dii Anna-Lena Forster , a ɔde sika kɔkɔɔ wɔ 1:27.98 ne Laurie Stephens, a ɔde dwetɛ wɔ 1:34.83 akyi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=USA, France, Germany, Russia, Japan win slalom World Cup globes|url=https://www.paralympic.org/news/usa-france-germany-russia-japan-win-slalom-world-cup-globes|access-date=2022-12-03|website=International Paralympic Committee|language=en}}</ref> Afe a edi hɔ no, wɔbɔɔ ne din sɛ ɔnkɔ United States Paralympic National Ski Team mu maa 2018 Awɔw Bere mu Paralympic Agumadi a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Pyeong Chang, South Korea, na wɔde no too Agumadi no mu ɔsram biako.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anna Beninati: My Road To Training at The Olympic Training Center – Wasatch Adaptive Sports|url=https://wasatchadaptivesports.org/anna-beninati-from-freight-train-survivor-to-us-paralympic-skier|access-date=2022-12-03|language=en-US}}</ref> Wɔ 2019 Wiase Para Alpine Skiing Championships, wɔ Kranjska Gora/Sella Nevea wɔ Slovenia no, ɔdii anum wɔ seated slalom mmirikatu mu, wɔ super combined ne seated super-G mu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anna Beninati - Alpine Skiing {{!}} Paralympic Athlete Profile|url=https://www.paralympic.org/anna-beninati|access-date=2022-12-03|website=International Paralympic Committee|language=en}}</ref> Wɔ Paralympic alpine skiing akansi ahorow a wɔyɛe wɔ United States ne Canada mu no, oduu asɛnka agua so mpɛn 10. Ɔyɛ obi a ɔkyerɛkyerɛ ski wɔ Snowbird.<ref>{{Cite web|last=robertevans|date=2015-06-30|title=Amputee Fetishes: Realities Of Losing Both Legs As A Girl|url=https://www.cracked.com/personal-experiences-1786-6-things-you-learn-losing-both-your-legs-to-train.html|access-date=2022-12-03|website=Cracked.com|language=en}}</ref> == References == dwsv0asnmh4ijguarliqv84b6nc8w5x 0 17130 199764 199148 2026-05-20T02:03:14Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 199764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Joshua Mortoti | image = | caption = | birth_name = Joshua Mortoti | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | other_names = | education = | alma_mater = [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]] and [[Henley Business School|Henley Management College]] | nationality = Ghanaian | occupation = Mining Executive | years_active = | employer = | known_for = | title = | boards = | spouse = | children = | relatives = }} '''Joshua Mortoti''' yɛ [[Gaana|Ghana]] mfiridwumayɛfoɔ ne fam agudeɛtuo dwuma ho nimdefoɔ.<ref>{{Citation |last=Mohammed Awal |title=Joshua Mortoti appointed Gold Fields West Africa head |date=2022-08-15 |url=https://thebftonline.com/2022/08/15/joshua-mortoti-appointed-gold-fields-west-africa-head/#google_vignette |language=en-GB |access-date=2024-12-22}}</ref> Ɔyɛɛ adwuma sɛ adwuma mu ɔmampanyin abadiakyiri ne Panyin a ɔda [[West Africa|Afrika Atɔe fam]] ano ma Gold Fields Limited.<ref>{{Citation |title=Joshua Mortoti appointed Gold Fields West Africa head - MyJoyOnline |date=2022-08-11 |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/joshua-mortoti-appointed-gold-fields-west-africa-head/ |language=en-US |access-date=2024-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Mortoti appointed vice-president and head of West Africa for Gold Fields - Asaase Radio |date=2024-02-25 |url=https://www.asaaseradio.com/mortoti-appointed-vice-president-and-head-of-west-africa-for-gold-fields/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |archive-date=2024-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160342/https://www.asaaseradio.com/mortoti-appointed-vice-president-and-head-of-west-africa-for-gold-fields/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Na ɔsan yɛ Ghana Chamber of Mines no titrani.<ref>{{Citation |title=Joshua Mortoti resigns from Gold Fields - Asaase Radio |date=2024-08-09 |url=https://www.asaaseradio.com/joshua-mortoti-resigns-from-gold-fields/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |archive-date=2024-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809121453/https://www.asaaseradio.com/joshua-mortoti-resigns-from-gold-fields/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Gold Fields Ghana Limited has appointed Mr. Joshua Mortoti as its Executive Vice President and Head of West Africa Region. |date=2022-08-11 |url=https://www.wassamaninsider.com/2022/08/gold-fields-ghana-limited-has-appointed.html |language=en |access-date=2024-12-22 |archive-date=2025-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219091035/https://www.wassamaninsider.com/2022/08/gold-fields-ghana-limited-has-appointed.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Nhomasua == Mortoti nyaa ne Bachelor of Science wɔ Mechanical Engineering mu wɔ [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]] ne Master of Science wɔ Agudeɛtuo mfiridwuma mu wɔ University of Mines and Technology.<ref>{{Citation |title=Joshua Mortoti is the New President of Ghana Chamber of Mines |date=2022-06-07 |url=https://businessweekghana.com/joshua-mortoti-is-the-new-president-of-ghana-chamber-of-mines/ |language=en-US |access-date=2024-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Michael Boadi Nkansah – Ghana Mining & Energy Summit |date=2023-04-04 |url=https://www.ghanaminingsummit.com/author/boadiwaidy/ |language=en-US |access-date=2024-12-22 |archive-date=2024-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222174359/https://www.ghanaminingsummit.com/author/boadiwaidy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ɔnyaa MBA wɔ Henley Management College a ɛwɔ [[United Kingdom]] na ɔyɛ Chartered Management Accountant (CIMA CGMA) ne Ghana Institution of Engineering kuw no muni.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ghana Chamber of Mines elects new President, executives - MyJoyOnline |date=2022-06-07 |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/ghana-chamber-of-mines-elects-new-president-executives/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |language=en-US |access-date=2024-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Joshua Mortoti resigns from Gold Fields - Asaase Radio |date=2024-08-09 |url=https://www.asaaseradio.com/joshua-mortoti-resigns-from-gold-fields/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |archive-date=2024-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809121453/https://www.asaaseradio.com/joshua-mortoti-resigns-from-gold-fields/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> == Adwuma == Mortoti fii n’adwuma ase wɔ agudeetuo dwumadi mu, na ɔde n’adwene sii agudeɛ adwumayɛ, mfiridwuma, nhyehyɛe a wɔde bɛyɛ adwuma, ne adwumayɛ nkɔso so.<ref>{{Citation |last=GNA |title=Joshua Mortoti to take over Newmont Goldcorp Akyem Mine as General Manager {{!}} News Ghana |date=2020-01-05 |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/joshua-mortoti-to-take-over-newmont-goldcorp-akyem-mine-as-general-manager/ |language=en-US |access-date=2024-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Mining firms acquire own power resource |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/133124/mining-firms-acquire-own-power-resource.html |language=en |access-date=2024-12-22}}</ref> Ɔdii mfeɛ 15 wɔ Newmont, na ɔyɛɛ adwuma ahodoɔ a ɛyɛ adwuma sohwɛfoɔ ne adwumayɛfoɔ, a Akyem Mine sohwɛfoɔ ne Ahafo Mine sohwɛfoɔ panin ka ho.<ref>{{Citation |last=modern ghana |title=Newmont Ghana Akyem Mines Supports New Abirem Government Hospital With COVID-19 Supplies |date=2020-09-07 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1027947/newmont-ghana-akyem-mines-supports-new-abirem-gove.html}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Joshua Mortoti to take over Newmont Goldcorp Akyem Mine as General Manager - MyJoyOnline |date=2020-01-05 |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/joshua-mortoti-to-take-over-newmont-goldcorp-akyem-mine-as-general-manager/ |language=en-US |access-date=2024-12-22}}</ref> Wɔ April 2021 mu no, ɔde ne ho bɔɔ Gold Fields sɛ ɔpanyin abadiakyiri a ɔhwɛ adwumayɛ so ma West Africa mantam no.<ref>{{Citation |title=Gold Fields to enhance capacity of instrumentation engineers with state-of-the-art training rig - MyJoyOnline |date=2023-08-08 |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/gold-fields-to-enhance-capacity-of-instrumentation-engineers-with-state-of-the-art-training-rig/ |language=en-US |access-date=2024-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=ghanaweb |title=Joshua Mortoti |date= |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Large-scale-gold-production-hits-all-time-high-in-2022-1783427?gallery=1}}</ref> Ansa na ɔrebɛka Gold Fields ho no, na ɔyɛ adwuma sɛ adwumayɛ nkɔso sohwɛfo wɔ AngloGold Ashanti, West Africa adwumayɛbea no mu.<ref>{{Citation |title=Gold Fields Ghana to increase gold production capacity with €450,000 hi-tech rig – Citi Business News |url=https://citibusinessnews.com/2023/08/gold-fields-ghana-to-increase-gold-production-capacity-with-e450000-hi-tech-rig/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |archive-date=2025-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810225913/https://citibusinessnews.com/2023/08/gold-fields-ghana-to-increase-gold-production-capacity-with-e450000-hi-tech-rig/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=admin |title=Gold Fields Ghana, AngloGold Ashanti JV to be completed end of year — Joshua Mortoti |date=2023-03-27 |url=https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/gold-fields-ghana-anglogold-ashanti-jv-to-be-completed-end-of-year-joshua-mortoti/ |language=en |access-date=2024-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Gold Fields hands over $1.5 million projects to communities |date=2024-03-18 |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-gold-fields-hands-over-1-5-million-projects-to-communities.html |language=en-gb |access-date=2024-12-22}}</ref> Wɔ June 2022 mu no, wɔpaw Mortoti sɛ Ghana Chamber of Mines no Titenani, na osii Eric Asubonteng anan.<ref>{{Citation |last=Mohammed Awal |title=Gold output up 32% as country returns to top spot |date=2023-06-12 |url=https://thebftonline.com/2023/06/12/gold-output-up-32-as-country-returns-to-top-spot/ |language=en-GB |access-date=2024-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=admin |title=Govt must scrap taxes on mining exploration activities - Ghana Chamber of Mines |date=2023-11-07 |url=https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/govt-must-scrap-taxes-on-mining-exploration-activities-ghana-chamber-of-mines/ |language=en |access-date=2024-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Ghana Chamber of Mines gets new President, Executives |date=2022-06-07 |url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/news/business/ghana-chamber-of-mines-gets-new-president-executives/2022/ |language=en-US |access-date=2024-12-22}}</ref> Bio nso, wayɛ Ghana Public Utilities Regulatory Commission, Ghana Standards Board, ne Energy Commission no mfiridwuma ho boayikuo no muni.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ghana Chamber of Mines elects new President, executives - MyJoyOnline |date=2022-06-07 |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/ghana-chamber-of-mines-elects-new-president-executives/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |language=en-US |access-date=2024-12-22}}</ref> == Beaɛ a menyaa mmoa fii == <references /> 4l5njkbuhiugire9wwtozcbh6xplbo2 0 17747 199765 195842 2026-05-20T02:17:16Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 199765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} Kyereben yɛ nwɔ a wɔn ho yɛ fɛ na wɔn ho san nso yɛ hu para no mu baako<ref>{{Citation |title=List of snakes {{!}} Venomous, Nonvenomous, Constrictors, Pythons, Cobras, Vipers, & Taxonomy {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/list-of-snakes-2032997 |language=en |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Common Names |url=https://toxicology.ucsd.edu/snakebite_common_names.htm |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>. kyereben yɛ aboa bi a ne ho yɛ fɛ yie nanso sɛ wodi n’ahoɔfɛ akyi de no di agorɔ a, ɔbɛka wo akum wo. Ɔkyereben ho yɛ fɛ nanso ne ho yɛ hu san nso yɛ ahomete. Wɔ dwom yi mu no, ɔkyereben gyina hɔ ma ahoɔfɛ, nnaadaa ne ahobraseɛ<ref>{{Citation |title=Common Names |url=https://toxicology.ucsd.edu/snakebite_common_names.htm |access-date=2025-08-26 |archive-date=2023-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004132706/http://toxicology.ucsd.edu/snakebite_common_names.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>. N'ano borɔ ano yɛ de. Ɛkɔ onipa bi anaa aboa bi mu a, ɛnkyɛ koraa na aforo no. Ɛforo no saa nso a, ɛnkyɛ na adi bɔne. Onipa korɔ anaa aboa a kyereben yi borɔ akɔ ne mu no tumi wu<ref>{{Citation |title=https://byjus.com/biology/scientific-name-of-snake/ |url=https://byjus.com/biology/scientific-name-of-snake/ |language=en |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>. == Baabi a Mmoa Firi == fj11c9lz4vgnbz7q2pxv0mqjn7muw3q 0 18069 199766 199456 2026-05-20T02:54:58Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 199766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ghanaian highlife artist}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Rex Omar (AKA Rex Owusu Marfo) | image = | image_size = | landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --> | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | alias = | birth_date = | birth_place = [[Ghana]] | origin = [[Ghanaian]] | death_date = <!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date 1st) --> | death_place = | genre = [[Highlife]] | occupation = | instrument = vocal | years_active = 1989–present | label = | associated_acts = {{flatlist}} * [[Nana Ampadu]] * [[Nana Acheampong]] * [[A. B. Crentsil]] * [[Akosua Agyapong]] * [[Amandzeba Nat Brew]] * [[Nakorex]] | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> }} '''Rex Omar''' (ne din ankasa ne Rex Owusu Marfo<ref>{{cite news |last1=Andam |first1=E.A. |title=Rex Omar - His View Of Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAJBxij8hysC&dq=%22Rex+Omar%22&pg=PA6 |accessdate=19 December 2018 |work=Graphic Showbiz |publisher=Daily Graphic |date=2 November 2005}}</ref>) yɛ [[Ghana]] [[highlife]] dwontoni. Odii kan gyee ne din wɔ afe 1989 mu wɔ bere a ɔde "Aware Pa" apaawa bae no, nnwom foforo a na ɛwɔ apaawa no so ne "Wodofo Ne Hwan?" Wei akyi no, wɔ afe1992 mu no, ɔne Highlife adwontofo te sɛ [[Nat Brew]] ne [[Akosua Agyapong]] tee Highlife [[Supergroup (music)|Supergroup]] [[Nakorex]], kuw no nyaa ne din fii akyerɛwde a edi kan wɔ kuw ba biara din mu.<ref>{{cite book |title=Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, Volumes 7-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTwuAQAAIAAJ&q=Amandzeba |date=2003 |accessdate=19 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Broughton |first1=Simon |last2=Ellingham |first2=Mark |last3=Lusk |first3=Jon |last4=Antony Clark |first4=Duncan |title=The Rough Guide to World Music: Africa & Middle East |date=2006 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=1843535513 |page=133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbc7AQAAIAAJ&q=Amandzeba |accessdate=19 December 2018}}</ref> Afei, ɔno nko ara dii dwuma a na esi n'ani so akyi. Ɔne [[Sony Achiba]] too dwom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sony Achiba Biography |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/ghana/people/musicians/sony_achiba/biography/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.peacefmonline.com}}</ref> Afe 2004 mu no, wɔpaw Omar kaa nnipa a na wɔfata [[Kora Awards|Kora award]] ho no, wɔ afe 2005 mu nso, wɔpaw no kaa nnipa a na wɔrepre "Artiste of the Year" wɔ [[Ghana]] Music Awards.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ghana Music Awards 2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3qkXT_wlCdUC&dq=%22Rex+Omar%22&pg=PA20 |accessdate=21 December 2018 |work=The Mirror (Ghana) |page=26 |date=2 April 2005|first = Margaret |last = Safo }}</ref> Ekuw no gui akyi no, ɔbɛyɛɛ panyin paa wɔ [[Ghana]] Music Rights Organisation ([[Ghana Music Rights Organization|GHAMRO]]), na ogu so redi ne dwuma sɛ obi a ɔhwɛ bɔ [[Ghanaian people|Ghanaian]] adwontofo nimde a wɔde yɛ wɔn adwinni no ho ban no, otumi dɛɛdɛɛ ɔmampanyin [[John Agyekum Kufuor]] ma ɔgye gyinaa mu ma wɔde mmra foforo a wɔfrɛ no "Copyright Bill" too mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a n'ahobammɔ mu bɛyɛ den. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Asamoah-Baidoo |first1=Arnold |title=Ghana Month: In celebration of Rex Omar |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/ghana-month-in-celebration-of-rex-omar.html |location=Accra, Ghana|accessdate=19 December 2018 |date=5 March 2018|newspaper=[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Daily Graphic]]}}</ref>Ɔsan nso hwɛɛ sɛ ahobammɔ a ɛbɔ [[Ghanaian people|Ghanaian]] nnwom efi wiase de ho no mu bɛyɛ den.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Amoofia |first1=Max |title=Rex Omar calls for 'cultural warfare' to protect Ghana's identity |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/May-3rd/rex-omar-calls-for-cultural-warfare-to-protect-ghanas-identity.php |accessdate=19 December 2018 |work=Joy Online |date=3 May 2018 |archive-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220034007/https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/May-3rd/rex-omar-calls-for-cultural-warfare-to-protect-ghanas-identity.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Joy Industries de ne dwom "Dada Di Da" fa bi bɔɔ Joy Dadi Bitters ho dawuro wɔ bere a wɔammɔ no amanne ma ɔde kɔɔ asennibea ma odii nkunim wɔ Ɔpɛpɔn bosome wɔ afe 2020 mu. High Court no hyɛɛ dwumakuw no ma wotuaa GH₵ 30,000 maa aban na wɔsan tuaa GH₵ 200,000 de maa Rex Omar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2020/January-29th/rex-omar-wins-copyright-case-against-joy-dadi-bitters-awarded-200k-in-damages.php|title=Rex Omar wins copyright case against Joy Dadi Bitters; awarded ¢200k in damages|website=www.myjoyonline.com|access-date=2020-01-30}}</ref> Omar ne ne yɔnko a ɔne no bɔɔ nnwom, [[Akosua Agyapong]], nyaa akasakasa faa GHAMBRO sika bi a na wosusu sɛ afa baabi no ho.<ref>{{cite news |title=VGMA20: I impressed upon 'feuding' Akosua Agyapong, Rex Omar to come together - Amandzeba |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/VGMA20-I-impressed-upon-feuding-Akosua-Agyapong-Rex-Omar-to-come-together-Amandzeba-1064422 |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=My News GH via Ghanaweb.com |date=20 September 2020}}</ref> == Ne Nnwom == Ne nnwom a agye din no bi ne; # Obi Do [https://open.spotify.com/track/08vSfTPqEkWWlhTrAYhOba ba] # Abiba [https://open.spotify.com/track/6F0D7wS8XbrClBxhC4Okex?autoplay=true] # Konkontey # Dada # Dangerous # Mama etc. [https://www.boomplay.com/artists/4951096] ==References== {{reflist|30em}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Omar, Rex}} [[Category:Ghanaian highlife musicians]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian musicians]] [[Category:Ghanaian male musicians]] {{ghana-musician-stub}} qq0xmd7uz97k4j62oqwg7suivrsu13v 0 18071 199755 199681 2026-05-19T13:42:16Z S A Habadah 10544 199755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Dialect|Asante}} '''Agogô''' yɛ idiophone dɔn a wɔde bɔ nnwom. Esiane sɛ efii aseɛ wɔ Afrika Atɔe Fam nnwom mu nti, mprempren wɔtaa de di dwuma wɔ Brazilfoɔ nnwom a wɔde di dwuma wɔ amanne kwan so ne nea agye din mu.<ref>https://kalango.com/en/product-guide/agogo?srsltid=AfmBOooA_fvQEtA-ZG2P37Hml2u66BNMh_kHOfwmcz7oF8SrldBRAGXq</ref> Wɔtaa de ndadeɛ nkukruwa mmienu a ɛsono emu biara  nnyigyeɛ na ɛyɛ agogô.<ref>https://organology.net/instrument/agogo/</ref> == Edin Agogô No Ase == Asɛmfua agogô ase firi Afrika Atɔeɛ Fam. Edo, Idoma, Igala, ne Yorubafo a wɔwɔ [[Nigeria]] de Ágogo di dwuma de kyerɛ dɔn a ɛyɛ baako anaa ɛbɔ ho mmienu.<ref>https://www.agogode4bocas.com/english</ref> Wɔde asɛmfua òjè a ɛkyerɛ "dadeɛ" na egyina hɔ ma dɔn ahodoɔ a enni clappers nyinaa. Afrika Atɔe Famfo a abrɔfo no faa wɔn kɔyɛɛ  nkoa na wɔde dɔn no din ne sɛnea wosi yɛ dɔn yi ho nimdeɛ kɔɔ [[Amerika]]<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/30249790</ref> == Sɛnea Wɔyɛ No == Wɔde dadeɛ a wɔde yɛ nneɛma (wrought iron) na ɛdii kan yɛɛ agogô no, nanso nnɛ wɔhwɛ dadeɛ no tebea ne ne kɛseɛ na wɔde yɛ sɛnea ɛbɛma nnyegyeɛ ahodoɔ aba. Wɔde dadeɛ tɛtrɛtɛ a wɔabobɔ no ma ayɛ krukruwa na ɛyɛ agogô dadeɛ no dɔn no. Afei wɔde dade a ɛte sɛ U na ɛka dɔn mmienu no bom. Ɛsono dɔn biara tenten, na ɛma wotumi yɛ nnyigyei a ɛsono sɛnea wɔbɔ no a egyina dɔn a wɔabɔ so. Wɔnam ne tenten so na ɛkyerɛ dɔn no nne; dɔn atenten ma nnyigyei a ɛba fam ba, bere a dɔn ntiantiaa no ano yɛ den. Ade foforo a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea nnyigyei no te ne sɛnea nneɛma no mu duru teɛ.<ref>https://omeka-s.grinnell.edu/s/MusicalInstruments/item/2681</ref> == Sɛnea Wɔde Di Dwuma == Wɔde nsa baako na wɔde kura  agogô ɛbɔ , sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ne fa baako no bɛda nea ɔbɔ no nsa baako no mu. Ɛsɛ sɛ dɔn no ano a ɛbue no hwɛ baabi a nea ɔrebɔ no ani hwɛ no,na dɔn ketewa no wɔ nea ɛsõ no atifi. Wobetumi de sankuo dua anaa biribi foforɔ a wɔde bɔ ɛdɔn a wɔde nnua anaa dadeɛ ayɛ abɔ agogo no.<ref>https://omeka-s.grinnell.edu/s/MusicalInstruments/item/2681</ref> == Dwuma A Wɔde Di == === Nigeria === Twene yɛ Yoruba nnwom no fã titire, na nnwom no nso yɛ ade titire wɔ Yorubafoɔ amammerɛ wɔn nyamesom mu. Wɔtaa de âgogo no di dwuma kɛse wɔ Ìpèsè, twene nnwontofoɔ kuo bi a wɔde di dwuma wɔ Ifá afahyɛ ahodoɔ ase no mu. Nnwontofoɔ kuo no nso bɔ berɛ a wɔreyɛ amanneɛ ahodoɔ de abɔ mpae. Bio nso, âgogo di dwuma titire wɔ Yoruba nnwom nketewa a ɛne Juju, Afro-juju, Apala, Fuji, ne nea ɛkeka ho. Nigeria nnwontofoɔ taa de dɔn no di dwuma de da Yorubafo amammerɛ adi kyerɛ nnipadɔm bebree.<ref>https://everyevery.ng/a-yoruba-musical-instrument-agogo/</ref> ==Baabi A Minyaa Mmoa Firii== 3dj8eq5l6ipcwu23qympsedqr4xptai 199757 199755 2026-05-19T14:11:16Z S A Habadah 10544 199757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Dialect|Asante}} '''Agogô''' yɛ idiophone dɔn a wɔde bɔ nnwom. Esiane sɛ efii aseɛ wɔ Afrika Atɔe Fam nnwom mu nti, mprempren wɔtaa de di dwuma wɔ Brazilfoɔ nnwom a wɔde di dwuma wɔ amanne kwan so ne nea agye din mu.<ref>https://kalango.com/en/product-guide/agogo?srsltid=AfmBOooA_fvQEtA-ZG2P37Hml2u66BNMh_kHOfwmcz7oF8SrldBRAGXq</ref> Wɔtaa de ndadeɛ nkukruwa mmienu a ɛsono emu biara  nnyigyeɛ na ɛyɛ agogô.<ref>https://organology.net/instrument/agogo/</ref> == Edin Agogô No Ase == Asɛmfua agogô ase firi Afrika Atɔeɛ Fam. Edo, Idoma, Igala, ne Yorubafo a wɔwɔ [[Nigeria]] de Ágogo di dwuma de kyerɛ dɔn a ɛyɛ baako anaa ɛbɔ ho mmienu.<ref>https://www.agogode4bocas.com/english</ref> Wɔde asɛmfua òjè a ɛkyerɛ "dadeɛ" na egyina hɔ ma dɔn ahodoɔ a enni clappers nyinaa. Afrika Atɔe Famfo a abrɔfo no faa wɔn kɔyɛɛ  nkoa na wɔde dɔn no din ne sɛnea wosi yɛ dɔn yi ho nimdeɛ kɔɔ [[Amerika]]<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/30249790</ref> == Sɛnea Wɔyɛ No == Wɔde dadeɛ a wɔde yɛ nneɛma (wrought iron) na ɛdii kan yɛɛ agogô no, nanso nnɛ wɔhwɛ dadeɛ no tebea ne ne kɛseɛ na wɔde yɛ sɛnea ɛbɛma nnyegyeɛ ahodoɔ aba. Wɔde dadeɛ tɛtrɛtɛ a wɔabobɔ no ma ayɛ krukruwa na ɛyɛ agogô dadeɛ no dɔn no. Afei wɔde dade a ɛte sɛ U na ɛka dɔn mmienu no bom. Ɛsono dɔn biara tenten, na ɛma wotumi yɛ nnyigyei a ɛsono sɛnea wɔbɔ no a egyina dɔn a wɔabɔ so. Wɔnam ne tenten so na ɛkyerɛ dɔn no nne; dɔn atenten ma nnyigyei a ɛba fam ba, bere a dɔn ntiantiaa no ano yɛ den. Ade foforo a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea nnyigyei no te ne sɛnea nneɛma no mu duru teɛ.<ref>https://omeka-s.grinnell.edu/s/MusicalInstruments/item/2681</ref> == Sɛnea Wɔde Di Dwuma == Wɔde nsa baako na wɔde kura  agogô ɛbɔ , sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ne fa baako no bɛda nea ɔbɔ no nsa baako no mu. Ɛsɛ sɛ dɔn no ano a ɛbue no hwɛ baabi a nea ɔrebɔ no ani hwɛ no,na dɔn ketewa no wɔ nea ɛsõ no atifi. Wobetumi de sankuo dua anaa biribi foforɔ a wɔde bɔ ɛdɔn a wɔde nnua anaa dadeɛ ayɛ abɔ agogo no.<ref>https://omeka-s.grinnell.edu/s/MusicalInstruments/item/2681</ref> == Dwuma A Wɔde Di == === Nigeria === Twene yɛ Yoruba nnwom no fã titire, na nnwom no nso yɛ ade titire wɔ Yorubafoɔ amammerɛ wɔn nyamesom mu. Wɔtaa de âgogo no di dwuma kɛse wɔ Ìpèsè, twene nnwontofoɔ kuo bi a wɔde di dwuma wɔ Ifá afahyɛ ahodoɔ ase no mu. Nnwontofoɔ kuo no nso bɔ berɛ a wɔreyɛ amanneɛ ahodoɔ de abɔ mpae. Bio nso, âgogo di dwuma titire wɔ Yoruba nnwom nketewa a ɛne Juju, Afro-juju, Apala, Fuji, ne nea ɛkeka ho. Nigeria nnwontofoɔ taa de dɔn no di dwuma de da Yorubafo amammerɛ adi kyerɛ nnipadɔm bebree.<ref>https://everyevery.ng/a-yoruba-musical-instrument-agogo/</ref> === Brazil === Afrika Atɔe famfoɔ a na wɔyɛ nkoa na wodii kan de agogô baa [[Brasil|Brazil]]. Ɛhɔ no, wɔde dii dwuma wɔ nyamesom amanneɛ a  efiri Afrika te sɛ Candomblé mu,  afei nso na wɔde ka Afro-Brazil akodie a wɔfrɛ no capoeira ho. Europa nnwinnade te sɛ guitar a ɛwɔ nhama ason, ne nnwinnade te sɛ maracas ne âgogo yɛ ade a wɔde dii dwuma titire wɔ afe 1920 mu. Agogo asan agye din wɔ samba baterias, Carnival afahyɛ no fa a ɛfa nnwomtoɔ ho. Brazil ne Afro-Brazil nnwontofoɔ a wɔagye din pii de âgogo di dwuma wɔ wɔn nnwom mu, titire ne Afro-Brazil nnwom mu. <ref>https://omeka-s.grinnell.edu/s/MusicalInstruments/page/samba</ref> ==Baabi A Minyaa Mmoa Firii== 6lc5rn122o4yz9lsa2h17mpj9jjdnb5 0 18086 199758 199718 2026-05-19T17:15:49Z Nana Sintim 11223 Mede atwerɛ bi aka ho 199758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} '''Drums in communication,''' Wɔn a wɔde ntwene yi di dwuma yɛ wɔn a wɔbɛn kwaeɛ mu.Wɔde ntwene na ɛdii kan too nkra wɔ mmeaeɛ a mmɛn. Wɔde ntwene di dwuma wɔ adwabɔ ase ne ɔsom mu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dance|first=Omaha School of Music and|date=2016-06-17|title=History of The Drum {{!}} 5 Ways Drums are Used to Communicate|url=https://omahaschoolofmusicanddance.com/our-blog/5-ways-drums-are-used-to-communicate/|access-date=2025-11-17|website=OSMD|language=en-US}}</ref>{{Short description|Drums used for long-distance signalling and communications}} [[File:TamTam.jpg|thumb|[[Bamileke]] people tamtam]] == Ahodoɔ == === Talking drum === '''Talking drum''' yɛ twene wɔde dua na ayɛ a ɛfiri Abibirem Atɔeɛ fam a wɔde yɛ kasa ho adwuma na wɔyɛ no sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ ɛbɛtumi ne nipa deɛ ayɛ pɛ.<ref name="Gershon">{{cite journal|last1=Gershon|first1=Livia|title=How Does the West African Talking Drum Accurately Mimic Human Speech?|journal=Smithsonian Magazine|date=2021-07-27|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-west-african-drums-really-talk-180978296/|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gninyomo|first=Luc|date=2021-08-14|title=What Is a Talking Drum in Africa?|url=http://www.sheenmagazine.com/what-is-a-talking-drum-in-africa/|access-date=2023-02-11|website=Sheen Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Ɛwɔ etire mmienu a wɔde aboanwoma na ayɛ. Wɔtae de hyɛ wɔn mmɔtuam na ɛbɔ. Deɛ ɔreyan twene no bɛtumi asesa twene no nne wɔ berɛ a ɔreyere anaa ɔregyae mu kakara wɔ ne mmɔtuam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Talking Drum|url=https://percussion.byu.edu/talking-drum|access-date=2026-02-25|website=BYU Percussion Techniques|language=en}}</ref> Twene a wɔde kasa hyɛɛ aseɛ firii 18th century, wɔn a wɔde twene di dwuma no de nne na ɛde asɛm no to dwa, nsɛm bi te sɛ kɛseɛ a ɛfa dwabɔ bi ho ne ɔhyɛ a ɛfiri akwansini bɛyɛ 4 kɔpem kwasini 5 (6.4-8.0).<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Ong|first=Walter|title=Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture|year=1977|page=101}}</ref> Deɛ ɔnim twene no bɔ no tumi bɔ ɛfa mmienu no nyinaa. Ntwene a wɔde kasa no dodoɔ no ara gyegye sɛ nnipa nne na ɛgyina deɛ ɔrebɔ. Twene a ɛte sɛ hourglass-shaped no yɛhu no wɔ Asia nanso wɔanyɛ no sɛ wɔde kasa na mmom [[:en:Idakka|idakka]] na wɔde to nkra sane de kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acoustics of Idakkā: An Indian snare drum with definite pitch|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324828208|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|year=2018|doi=10.1121/1.5038111|last1=Jose|first1=Kevin|last2=Chatterjee|first2=Anindya|last3=Gupta|first3=Anurag|volume=143|issue=5|pages=3184–3194|pmid=29857748|bibcode=2018ASAJ..143.3184J}}</ref> Ɛwom sɛ hourglass twene no yɛbɛtumi ayɛno sɛdeɛ yɛpɛ na mmom ne nnyegyeeɛ ntumi ntra mmeaeɛ wɔabɔ dwa ne beaeɛ a wɔdi dwa na ne botae yɛ sɛ yɛbɔ no ɛfa hyɛ ase.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Talking drum {{!}} African, West African, Musical Instrument {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/talking-drum|access-date=2025-11-17|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Ɛfa hyɛ bi te sɛ, asa,amammerɛ, anansesɛmtoɔ ne kasa nnidisoɔ. Abibirem no, [[:en:New_Guinea|New Guinea]] ne Amerika nkuro no bi mu nnipa de twene ato nkra mfeɛ bebree akyi wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛware mu. Berɛ a Europofoɔ ba bɛhunuu no ɛyɛɛ wɔn nwanwa sɛ amanfoɔ ahunu sɛ wɔreba ne wɔn tirimpɔ. Sɛ wcrebɔ amaneɛ afiri baabi akɔ beaeɛ foforɔ, Abibifoɔ ayanfoɔ tumi yan twene ne kaseɛ atwa kwasini 100 wɔ dɔnhwere baako ntam.<ref>{{cite web|last=Davis|first=Ernest|title=Information, from drums to Wikipedia|url=http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article760768.ece|work=[[James Gleick]]. [[The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood]]. 526pp. Fourth Estate. 978 0 00 722573 6|publisher=The Times Literary Supplement|date=23 August 2011|access-date=12 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114011403/http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article760768.ece|archive-date=14 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Wɔ ntwene wɔde to nkra a agye din pa ara no firi Abibirem Atɔeɛ. Firi [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] ne [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]] ɛwɔ baabiara, [[:en:United_States|America]] ne [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] wɔ nkoa dwadie berɛ mu no. Ɛhɔ no wɔde ɔhyɛ too so ɛfiri sɛ na nkoa no de twene no to nkra wɔ kwan tenten so.<ref name="Epstein">{{cite journal|first=Dena J.|last=Epstein|year=1963|title=Slave Music in the United States before 1860: A Survey of Sources (Part II)|journal=Music Library Association Notes|series=Second Series|volume=20|issue=3|pages=377–390|doi=10.2307/895685|jstor=895685}}</ref> Ntwene a yɛde to nkra no nso wɔde di dwuma wɔ Abibirem Apueeɛ na wɔkyerɛm sɛ Andreus Bauer wɔ 'Street of Caravans', wɔ ne berɛ so na wɔ fa no sɛ bammɔ wɔ Wissmann Truppe de ma caravan of Charles Stokes. Ntwene ahodoɔ a yɛde kasa wɔ Abibirem Atɔeɛ fa mu ne nnipakuo ne sɛdeɛ wɔfrɛ no: * '''Tama''' ([[:en:Wolof_people|Wolof]] a ɛfiri [[:en:Senegal|Senegal]]) * '''Gan gan''', '''Dun Dun''' ([[:en:Yoruba_people|Yoruba]] a ɛfiri [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] ne [[Benin|Benein]] apueeɛ) * '''Dondo''' ([[:en:Akan_people|Akan]] a wɔfiri Ghana mfimfini ne [[:en:Côte_d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]]) * '''Lunna''' ([[:en:Dagomba_people|Dagomba]] a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]; [[:en:Mossi_people|Mossi]] aɛwɔ [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]]) * '''Kalangu''' ([[:en:Hausa_people|Hausa]] a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]], [[:en:Niger|Niger]], a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]], [[:en:Benin|Benin]] ne [[:en:Cameroon|Cameroon]]) * '''Doodo''' ([[:en:Songhai_people|Songhai]] ne [[:en:Zarma_people|Zarma]] a ɛwɔ [[:en:Mali|Mali]], [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]], ne [[:en:Niger|Niger]]) In the 20th century the talking drums have become a part of popular music in West Africa, especially in the music genres of [[:en:Jùjú_music|Jùjú]] (Nigeria) and [[:en:Mbalax|Mbalax]] (Senegal).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jùjú music {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research|url=https://www.ebsco.com/|access-date=2025-11-17|website=EBSCO|language=en}}</ref> === Slit gongs === Message drums, or more properly [[:en:Slit_gong|slit gongs]], with hollow chambers and long, narrow openings that resonate when struck, are larger all-wood instruments hollowed out from a single log. Slit-log drums are common in the drum communication systems of [[:en:Papua_New_Guinea|Papua New Guinea]], where they are known in [[:en:Tok_Pisin|Tok Pisin]] as ''[[:en:Garamut|garamut]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Becoming a Garamut Player in Baluan, Papua New Guinea Musical Analysis As a Pathway to Learning|last=Lewis, Tony|isbn=9781315406480|oclc=1033693900|date=2018-04-19|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Variations in the thickness of the walls give varying tones when struck by the heavy wooden [[:en:Percussion_mallet|drum sticks]]. While some are simple and utilitarian, they can also be highly elaborate works of sculpture while still retaining their function. A long slit is cut in one side of a log, then it is hollowed out through the slit, leaving lips (wooden ledges) on each side of the opening. Using a larger log enables a louder sound that can be heard over longer distances. By hollowing more under one lip and less under the other, the drum can be [[:en:Musical_tuning|tuned]] to produce two different notes, a lower and a higher one. The drum's lips are hit with sticks, beating out rhythms of high and low notes. Small stands are often placed under each end of the drum to keep it off the ground and let it vibrate more freely. Under ideal conditions, the sound can be understood at {{convert|3|to(-)|7|mi|order=flip|spell=in|km|0}},<ref name="OLAp470">{{cite book|last=Finnegan|first=Ruth|title=Oral Literature in Africa|year=2012|publisher=Open Book Publishers|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-1-906924-72-0|page=470|url=https://unglue.it/work/81834/|quote="Drum messages can be heard at a distance of between three to seven miles, according to Carrington 1949b: 25."}}</ref> but interesting messages usually get relayed on by the next village. Drums used by the [[:en:Bulu_people|Bulu people]] of Cameroon might be heard as far away as 10 to 15 miles at night, compared to three to four during daytime.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Good|first=AI|title=Drum Talk Is the African's "Wireless"|year=1942|journal=Natural History Magazine|url=https://www.naturalhistorymag.com/htmlsite/editors_pick/1942_09_pick.html}}</ref> === Cambarysu === The [[:en:Catuquinaru|Catuquinaru]] tribe of Brazil reportedly used a drum called the [[:en:Cambarysu|cambarysu]] to send vibrations through the ground to other cambarysus up to 1.5&nbsp;km away.<ref name="Prometheus">''Prometheus: Illustrierte Wochenschrift über die Fortschritte'', volume 20 (1908)</ref><ref name="EHG">Enrico Hillyer Giglioli, ''Il "Cambarysú": telefono dei Catuquinarú dell'Amazzonia'' (1898)</ref><ref name="Ensign">[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=ME18981213.2.16&cl=&srpos=0&e=-------10--1----0-- ''The original of the telephone''], ''Mataura Ensign'', issue 520, 13 December 1898, page 4]</ref> Some scholars expressed skepticism about the claim that it sent vibrations through the ground (rather than the air), and about the claim that it existed.<ref name="Prometheus" /> == Deɛ ɛde to dwa == Two different types of traditional drum communication are found in Africa. The first type associates each idea with a particular rhythmic pattern, and the second type represents spoken utterances by mimicking their accentual profiles.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=Jeremy|date=2010-11-27|title=Speaking in Rhythm — Drums That Talk, Voices That Drum - ThisWorldMusic|url=https://thisworldmusic.com/speaking-in-rhythm-drums-that-talk-voices-that-drum/|access-date=2026-04-19|language=en-US}}</ref> Drum communication methods are not languages in their own right, though they can be based on spoken languages. In such cases, the sounds produced are conventionalized or idiomatic signals based on speech patterns. The drummed messages are normally very stereotyped and context-dependent; speakers of true languages have the ability to form new combinations and expressions that will immediately be understood by the listener, but that is not the case in drum communication. In Central and East Africa, drum patterns represent the [[:en:Stress_(linguistics)|stresses]], [[:en:Syllable|syllable]] lengths and [[:en:Tone_(linguistics)|tone]] of the particular language. In [[:en:Tone_language|tone languages]], where syllables are associated with a certain tone, some words are distinguished only by their [[:en:Prosody_(linguistics)|suprasegmental profile]]. Therefore, syllable drum languages can often transfer a message using the [[:en:Phoneme|tonal phonemes]] alone.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-04|title='Talking Drums': Long-Distance Communication in Early Africa|url=https://brewminate.com/talking-drums-long-distance-communication-in-early-africa/|access-date=2026-04-19|language=en-US}}</ref> In certain languages, the pitch of each syllable is uniquely determined in relation to adjacent syllables. In these cases, messages can be transmitted as rapid beats at the same speed as speech, as the rhythm and melody both match the equivalent spoken utterance. Misinterpretations can occur due to the highly ambiguous nature of the communication. The ambiguity is reduced by context effects and the use of [[:en:Stock_phrase|stock phrases]]. For example, in [[:en:Jabo_(language)|Jabo]], most stems are monosyllabic. By using a [[:en:Proverb|proverb]] or honorary title to create an expanded version of the name of a person, animal, or object, the indistinguishable single beat of an ordinary name can be replaced with a particular rhythmic and melodic [[:en:Motif_(music)|motif]] for each subject. In practice not all listeners understand all of the stock phrases; the drum language is understood only to the level of each person's immediate concern.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Franich|first1=Kathryn H.|last2=Lendja Ngnemzué|first2=Ange B.|date=2021-06-16|title=Feeling the Beat in an African Tone Language: Rhythmic Mapping Between Language and Music|journal=Frontiers in Communication|volume=6|article-number=653747|doi=10.3389/fcomm.2021.653747|doi-access=free|issn=2297-900X}}</ref> == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == sb3phpzctv0x5611hn35f48bxb15dgr 199759 199758 2026-05-19T17:39:29Z Nana Sintim 11223 Mede atwerɛ no bi aka ho 199759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} '''Drums in communication,''' Wɔn a wɔde ntwene yi di dwuma yɛ wɔn a wɔbɛn kwaeɛ mu.Wɔde ntwene na ɛdii kan too nkra wɔ mmeaeɛ a mmɛn. Wɔde ntwene di dwuma wɔ adwabɔ ase ne ɔsom mu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dance|first=Omaha School of Music and|date=2016-06-17|title=History of The Drum {{!}} 5 Ways Drums are Used to Communicate|url=https://omahaschoolofmusicanddance.com/our-blog/5-ways-drums-are-used-to-communicate/|access-date=2025-11-17|website=OSMD|language=en-US}}</ref>{{Short description|Drums used for long-distance signalling and communications}} [[File:TamTam.jpg|thumb|[[Bamileke]] people tamtam]] == Ahodoɔ == === Talking drum === '''Talking drum''' yɛ twene wɔde dua na ayɛ a ɛfiri Abibirem Atɔeɛ fam a wɔde yɛ kasa ho adwuma na wɔyɛ no sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ ɛbɛtumi ne nipa deɛ ayɛ pɛ.<ref name="Gershon">{{cite journal|last1=Gershon|first1=Livia|title=How Does the West African Talking Drum Accurately Mimic Human Speech?|journal=Smithsonian Magazine|date=2021-07-27|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-west-african-drums-really-talk-180978296/|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gninyomo|first=Luc|date=2021-08-14|title=What Is a Talking Drum in Africa?|url=http://www.sheenmagazine.com/what-is-a-talking-drum-in-africa/|access-date=2023-02-11|website=Sheen Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Ɛwɔ etire mmienu a wɔde aboanwoma na ayɛ. Wɔtae de hyɛ wɔn mmɔtuam na ɛbɔ. Deɛ ɔreyan twene no bɛtumi asesa twene no nne wɔ berɛ a ɔreyere anaa ɔregyae mu kakara wɔ ne mmɔtuam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Talking Drum|url=https://percussion.byu.edu/talking-drum|access-date=2026-02-25|website=BYU Percussion Techniques|language=en}}</ref> Twene a wɔde kasa hyɛɛ aseɛ firii 18th century, wɔn a wɔde twene di dwuma no de nne na ɛde asɛm no to dwa, nsɛm bi te sɛ kɛseɛ a ɛfa dwabɔ bi ho ne ɔhyɛ a ɛfiri akwansini bɛyɛ 4 kɔpem kwasini 5 (6.4-8.0).<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Ong|first=Walter|title=Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture|year=1977|page=101}}</ref> Deɛ ɔnim twene no bɔ no tumi bɔ ɛfa mmienu no nyinaa. Ntwene a wɔde kasa no dodoɔ no ara gyegye sɛ nnipa nne na ɛgyina deɛ ɔrebɔ. Twene a ɛte sɛ hourglass-shaped no yɛhu no wɔ Asia nanso wɔanyɛ no sɛ wɔde kasa na mmom [[:en:Idakka|idakka]] na wɔde to nkra sane de kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acoustics of Idakkā: An Indian snare drum with definite pitch|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324828208|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|year=2018|doi=10.1121/1.5038111|last1=Jose|first1=Kevin|last2=Chatterjee|first2=Anindya|last3=Gupta|first3=Anurag|volume=143|issue=5|pages=3184–3194|pmid=29857748|bibcode=2018ASAJ..143.3184J}}</ref> Ɛwom sɛ hourglass twene no yɛbɛtumi ayɛno sɛdeɛ yɛpɛ na mmom ne nnyegyeeɛ ntumi ntra mmeaeɛ wɔabɔ dwa ne beaeɛ a wɔdi dwa na ne botae yɛ sɛ yɛbɔ no ɛfa hyɛ ase.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Talking drum {{!}} African, West African, Musical Instrument {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/talking-drum|access-date=2025-11-17|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Ɛfa hyɛ bi te sɛ, asa,amammerɛ, anansesɛmtoɔ ne kasa nnidisoɔ. Abibirem no, [[:en:New_Guinea|New Guinea]] ne Amerika nkuro no bi mu nnipa de twene ato nkra mfeɛ bebree akyi wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛware mu. Berɛ a Europofoɔ ba bɛhunuu no ɛyɛɛ wɔn nwanwa sɛ amanfoɔ ahunu sɛ wɔreba ne wɔn tirimpɔ. Sɛ wcrebɔ amaneɛ afiri baabi akɔ beaeɛ foforɔ, Abibifoɔ ayanfoɔ tumi yan twene ne kaseɛ atwa kwasini 100 wɔ dɔnhwere baako ntam.<ref>{{cite web|last=Davis|first=Ernest|title=Information, from drums to Wikipedia|url=http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article760768.ece|work=[[James Gleick]]. [[The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood]]. 526pp. Fourth Estate. 978 0 00 722573 6|publisher=The Times Literary Supplement|date=23 August 2011|access-date=12 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114011403/http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article760768.ece|archive-date=14 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Wɔ ntwene wɔde to nkra a agye din pa ara no firi Abibirem Atɔeɛ. Firi [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] ne [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]] ɛwɔ baabiara, [[:en:United_States|America]] ne [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] wɔ nkoa dwadie berɛ mu no. Ɛhɔ no wɔde ɔhyɛ too so ɛfiri sɛ na nkoa no de twene no to nkra wɔ kwan tenten so.<ref name="Epstein">{{cite journal|first=Dena J.|last=Epstein|year=1963|title=Slave Music in the United States before 1860: A Survey of Sources (Part II)|journal=Music Library Association Notes|series=Second Series|volume=20|issue=3|pages=377–390|doi=10.2307/895685|jstor=895685}}</ref> Ntwene a yɛde to nkra no nso wɔde di dwuma wɔ Abibirem Apueeɛ na wɔkyerɛm sɛ Andreus Bauer wɔ 'Street of Caravans', wɔ ne berɛ so na wɔ fa no sɛ bammɔ wɔ Wissmann Truppe de ma caravan of Charles Stokes. Ntwene ahodoɔ a yɛde kasa wɔ Abibirem Atɔeɛ fa mu ne nnipakuo ne sɛdeɛ wɔfrɛ no: * '''Tama''' ([[:en:Wolof_people|Wolof]] a ɛfiri [[:en:Senegal|Senegal]]) * '''Gan gan''', '''Dun Dun''' ([[:en:Yoruba_people|Yoruba]] a ɛfiri [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] ne [[Benin|Benein]] apueeɛ) * '''Dondo''' ([[:en:Akan_people|Akan]] a wɔfiri Ghana mfimfini ne [[:en:Côte_d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]]) * '''Lunna''' ([[:en:Dagomba_people|Dagomba]] a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]; [[:en:Mossi_people|Mossi]] aɛwɔ [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]]) * '''Kalangu''' ([[:en:Hausa_people|Hausa]] a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]], [[:en:Niger|Niger]], a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]], [[:en:Benin|Benin]] ne [[:en:Cameroon|Cameroon]]) * '''Doodo''' ([[:en:Songhai_people|Songhai]] ne [[:en:Zarma_people|Zarma]] a ɛwɔ [[:en:Mali|Mali]], [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]], ne [[:en:Niger|Niger]]) Afe 20th century mu no ntwene a wɔde to nkra no bɛkaa nnwom a agye din wɔ Abibirem atɔeɛ fam ne titre ne nnwom ahodoɔ bi te sɛ [[:en:Jùjú_music|Jùjú]] (Nigeria) ne [[:en:Mbalax|Mbalax]] (Senegal).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jùjú music {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research|url=https://www.ebsco.com/|access-date=2025-11-17|website=EBSCO|language=en}}</ref> === Slit gongs === Ntwene a wɔde to nkra, or more properly [[:en:Slit_gong|slit gongs]], with hollow chambers and long, narrow openings that resonate when struck, are larger all-wood instruments hollowed out from a single log. Slit-log drums are common in the drum communication systems of [[:en:Papua_New_Guinea|Papua New Guinea]], where they are known in [[:en:Tok_Pisin|Tok Pisin]] as ''[[:en:Garamut|garamut]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Becoming a Garamut Player in Baluan, Papua New Guinea Musical Analysis As a Pathway to Learning|last=Lewis, Tony|isbn=9781315406480|oclc=1033693900|date=2018-04-19|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Variations in the thickness of the walls give varying tones when struck by the heavy wooden [[:en:Percussion_mallet|drum sticks]]. While some are simple and utilitarian, they can also be highly elaborate works of sculpture while still retaining their function. A long slit is cut in one side of a log, then it is hollowed out through the slit, leaving lips (wooden ledges) on each side of the opening. Using a larger log enables a louder sound that can be heard over longer distances. By hollowing more under one lip and less under the other, the drum can be [[:en:Musical_tuning|tuned]] to produce two different notes, a lower and a higher one. The drum's lips are hit with sticks, beating out rhythms of high and low notes. Small stands are often placed under each end of the drum to keep it off the ground and let it vibrate more freely. Under ideal conditions, the sound can be understood at {{convert|3|to(-)|7|mi|order=flip|spell=in|km|0}},<ref name="OLAp470">{{cite book|last=Finnegan|first=Ruth|title=Oral Literature in Africa|year=2012|publisher=Open Book Publishers|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-1-906924-72-0|page=470|url=https://unglue.it/work/81834/|quote="Drum messages can be heard at a distance of between three to seven miles, according to Carrington 1949b: 25."}}</ref> but interesting messages usually get relayed on by the next village. Drums used by the [[:en:Bulu_people|Bulu people]] of Cameroon might be heard as far away as 10 to 15 miles at night, compared to three to four during daytime.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Good|first=AI|title=Drum Talk Is the African's "Wireless"|year=1942|journal=Natural History Magazine|url=https://www.naturalhistorymag.com/htmlsite/editors_pick/1942_09_pick.html}}</ref> === Cambarysu === The [[:en:Catuquinaru|Catuquinaru]] tribe of Brazil reportedly used a drum called the [[:en:Cambarysu|cambarysu]] to send vibrations through the ground to other cambarysus up to 1.5&nbsp;km away.<ref name="Prometheus">''Prometheus: Illustrierte Wochenschrift über die Fortschritte'', volume 20 (1908)</ref><ref name="EHG">Enrico Hillyer Giglioli, ''Il "Cambarysú": telefono dei Catuquinarú dell'Amazzonia'' (1898)</ref><ref name="Ensign">[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=ME18981213.2.16&cl=&srpos=0&e=-------10--1----0-- ''The original of the telephone''], ''Mataura Ensign'', issue 520, 13 December 1898, page 4]</ref> Some scholars expressed skepticism about the claim that it sent vibrations through the ground (rather than the air), and about the claim that it existed.<ref name="Prometheus" /> == Deɛ ɛde to dwa == Two different types of traditional drum communication are found in Africa. The first type associates each idea with a particular rhythmic pattern, and the second type represents spoken utterances by mimicking their accentual profiles.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=Jeremy|date=2010-11-27|title=Speaking in Rhythm — Drums That Talk, Voices That Drum - ThisWorldMusic|url=https://thisworldmusic.com/speaking-in-rhythm-drums-that-talk-voices-that-drum/|access-date=2026-04-19|language=en-US}}</ref> Drum communication methods are not languages in their own right, though they can be based on spoken languages. In such cases, the sounds produced are conventionalized or idiomatic signals based on speech patterns. The drummed messages are normally very stereotyped and context-dependent; speakers of true languages have the ability to form new combinations and expressions that will immediately be understood by the listener, but that is not the case in drum communication. In Central and East Africa, drum patterns represent the [[:en:Stress_(linguistics)|stresses]], [[:en:Syllable|syllable]] lengths and [[:en:Tone_(linguistics)|tone]] of the particular language. In [[:en:Tone_language|tone languages]], where syllables are associated with a certain tone, some words are distinguished only by their [[:en:Prosody_(linguistics)|suprasegmental profile]]. Therefore, syllable drum languages can often transfer a message using the [[:en:Phoneme|tonal phonemes]] alone.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-04|title='Talking Drums': Long-Distance Communication in Early Africa|url=https://brewminate.com/talking-drums-long-distance-communication-in-early-africa/|access-date=2026-04-19|language=en-US}}</ref> In certain languages, the pitch of each syllable is uniquely determined in relation to adjacent syllables. In these cases, messages can be transmitted as rapid beats at the same speed as speech, as the rhythm and melody both match the equivalent spoken utterance. Misinterpretations can occur due to the highly ambiguous nature of the communication. The ambiguity is reduced by context effects and the use of [[:en:Stock_phrase|stock phrases]]. For example, in [[:en:Jabo_(language)|Jabo]], most stems are monosyllabic. By using a [[:en:Proverb|proverb]] or honorary title to create an expanded version of the name of a person, animal, or object, the indistinguishable single beat of an ordinary name can be replaced with a particular rhythmic and melodic [[:en:Motif_(music)|motif]] for each subject. In practice not all listeners understand all of the stock phrases; the drum language is understood only to the level of each person's immediate concern.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Franich|first1=Kathryn H.|last2=Lendja Ngnemzué|first2=Ange B.|date=2021-06-16|title=Feeling the Beat in an African Tone Language: Rhythmic Mapping Between Language and Music|journal=Frontiers in Communication|volume=6|article-number=653747|doi=10.3389/fcomm.2021.653747|doi-access=free|issn=2297-900X}}</ref> == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == 9v1q6nhi9bbwoqj2mtl5r3d0it31vxo 199760 199759 2026-05-19T19:41:27Z Nana Sintim 11223 Mede atwerɛ no bi aka ho 199760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} '''Drums in communication,''' Wɔn a wɔde ntwene yi di dwuma yɛ wɔn a wɔbɛn kwaeɛ mu.Wɔde ntwene na ɛdii kan too nkra wɔ mmeaeɛ a mmɛn. Wɔde ntwene di dwuma wɔ adwabɔ ase ne ɔsom mu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dance|first=Omaha School of Music and|date=2016-06-17|title=History of The Drum {{!}} 5 Ways Drums are Used to Communicate|url=https://omahaschoolofmusicanddance.com/our-blog/5-ways-drums-are-used-to-communicate/|access-date=2025-11-17|website=OSMD|language=en-US}}</ref>{{Short description|Drums used for long-distance signalling and communications}} [[File:TamTam.jpg|thumb|[[Bamileke]] people tamtam]] == Ahodoɔ == === Talking drum === '''Talking drum''' yɛ twene wɔde dua na ayɛ a ɛfiri Abibirem Atɔeɛ fam a wɔde yɛ kasa ho adwuma na wɔyɛ no sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ ɛbɛtumi ne nipa deɛ ayɛ pɛ.<ref name="Gershon">{{cite journal|last1=Gershon|first1=Livia|title=How Does the West African Talking Drum Accurately Mimic Human Speech?|journal=Smithsonian Magazine|date=2021-07-27|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-west-african-drums-really-talk-180978296/|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gninyomo|first=Luc|date=2021-08-14|title=What Is a Talking Drum in Africa?|url=http://www.sheenmagazine.com/what-is-a-talking-drum-in-africa/|access-date=2023-02-11|website=Sheen Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Ɛwɔ etire mmienu a wɔde aboanwoma na ayɛ. Wɔtae de hyɛ wɔn mmɔtuam na ɛbɔ. Deɛ ɔreyan twene no bɛtumi asesa twene no nne wɔ berɛ a ɔreyere anaa ɔregyae mu kakara wɔ ne mmɔtuam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Talking Drum|url=https://percussion.byu.edu/talking-drum|access-date=2026-02-25|website=BYU Percussion Techniques|language=en}}</ref> Twene a wɔde kasa hyɛɛ aseɛ firii 18th century, wɔn a wɔde twene di dwuma no de nne na ɛde asɛm no to dwa, nsɛm bi te sɛ kɛseɛ a ɛfa dwabɔ bi ho ne ɔhyɛ a ɛfiri akwansini bɛyɛ 4 kɔpem kwasini 5 (6.4-8.0).<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Ong|first=Walter|title=Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture|year=1977|page=101}}</ref> Deɛ ɔnim twene no bɔ no tumi bɔ ɛfa mmienu no nyinaa. Ntwene a wɔde kasa no dodoɔ no ara gyegye sɛ nnipa nne na ɛgyina deɛ ɔrebɔ. Twene a ɛte sɛ hourglass-shaped no yɛhu no wɔ Asia nanso wɔanyɛ no sɛ wɔde kasa na mmom [[:en:Idakka|idakka]] na wɔde to nkra sane de kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acoustics of Idakkā: An Indian snare drum with definite pitch|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324828208|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|year=2018|doi=10.1121/1.5038111|last1=Jose|first1=Kevin|last2=Chatterjee|first2=Anindya|last3=Gupta|first3=Anurag|volume=143|issue=5|pages=3184–3194|pmid=29857748|bibcode=2018ASAJ..143.3184J}}</ref> Ɛwom sɛ hourglass twene no yɛbɛtumi ayɛno sɛdeɛ yɛpɛ na mmom ne nnyegyeeɛ ntumi ntra mmeaeɛ wɔabɔ dwa ne beaeɛ a wɔdi dwa na ne botae yɛ sɛ yɛbɔ no ɛfa hyɛ ase.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Talking drum {{!}} African, West African, Musical Instrument {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/talking-drum|access-date=2025-11-17|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Ɛfa hyɛ bi te sɛ, asa,amammerɛ, anansesɛmtoɔ ne kasa nnidisoɔ. Abibirem no, [[:en:New_Guinea|New Guinea]] ne Amerika nkuro no bi mu nnipa de twene ato nkra mfeɛ bebree akyi wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛware mu. Berɛ a Europofoɔ ba bɛhunuu no ɛyɛɛ wɔn nwanwa sɛ amanfoɔ ahunu sɛ wɔreba ne wɔn tirimpɔ. Sɛ wcrebɔ amaneɛ afiri baabi akɔ beaeɛ foforɔ, Abibifoɔ ayanfoɔ tumi yan twene ne kaseɛ atwa kwasini 100 wɔ dɔnhwere baako ntam.<ref>{{cite web|last=Davis|first=Ernest|title=Information, from drums to Wikipedia|url=http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article760768.ece|work=[[James Gleick]]. [[The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood]]. 526pp. Fourth Estate. 978 0 00 722573 6|publisher=The Times Literary Supplement|date=23 August 2011|access-date=12 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114011403/http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article760768.ece|archive-date=14 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Wɔ ntwene wɔde to nkra a agye din pa ara no firi Abibirem Atɔeɛ. Firi [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] ne [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]] ɛwɔ baabiara, [[:en:United_States|America]] ne [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] wɔ nkoa dwadie berɛ mu no. Ɛhɔ no wɔde ɔhyɛ too so ɛfiri sɛ na nkoa no de twene no to nkra wɔ kwan tenten so.<ref name="Epstein">{{cite journal|first=Dena J.|last=Epstein|year=1963|title=Slave Music in the United States before 1860: A Survey of Sources (Part II)|journal=Music Library Association Notes|series=Second Series|volume=20|issue=3|pages=377–390|doi=10.2307/895685|jstor=895685}}</ref> Ntwene a yɛde to nkra no nso wɔde di dwuma wɔ Abibirem Apueeɛ na wɔkyerɛm sɛ Andreus Bauer wɔ 'Street of Caravans', wɔ ne berɛ so na wɔ fa no sɛ bammɔ wɔ Wissmann Truppe de ma caravan of Charles Stokes. Ntwene ahodoɔ a yɛde kasa wɔ Abibirem Atɔeɛ fa mu ne nnipakuo ne sɛdeɛ wɔfrɛ no: * '''Tama''' ([[:en:Wolof_people|Wolof]] a ɛfiri [[:en:Senegal|Senegal]]) * '''Gan gan''', '''Dun Dun''' ([[:en:Yoruba_people|Yoruba]] a ɛfiri [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] ne [[Benin|Benein]] apueeɛ) * '''Dondo''' ([[:en:Akan_people|Akan]] a wɔfiri Ghana mfimfini ne [[:en:Côte_d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]]) * '''Lunna''' ([[:en:Dagomba_people|Dagomba]] a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]; [[:en:Mossi_people|Mossi]] aɛwɔ [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]]) * '''Kalangu''' ([[:en:Hausa_people|Hausa]] a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]], [[:en:Niger|Niger]], a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]], [[:en:Benin|Benin]] ne [[:en:Cameroon|Cameroon]]) * '''Doodo''' ([[:en:Songhai_people|Songhai]] ne [[:en:Zarma_people|Zarma]] a ɛwɔ [[:en:Mali|Mali]], [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]], ne [[:en:Niger|Niger]]) Afe 20th century mu no ntwene a wɔde to nkra no bɛkaa nnwom a agye din wɔ Abibirem atɔeɛ fam ne titre ne nnwom ahodoɔ bi te sɛ [[:en:Jùjú_music|Jùjú]] (Nigeria) ne [[:en:Mbalax|Mbalax]] (Senegal).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jùjú music {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research|url=https://www.ebsco.com/|access-date=2025-11-17|website=EBSCO|language=en}}</ref> === Slit gongs === Ntwene a wɔde to nkra pa ara ne [[:en:Slit_gong|slit gongs]], na wato amena a ɛyɛ feaa a ɛboa sɛ wɔbɔ mu a ɛgyegye, saa twene wɔde dua kɛseɛ wayi afiri nnua mu na ayɛ. Wɔde Slit-log ntwene di dwuma wɔ nketahodie mu wɔ [[:en:Papua_New_Guinea|Papua New Guinea]] a wɔnim sɛ [[:en:Tok_Pisin|Tok Pisin]] yɛ ''[[:en:Garamut|garamut]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Becoming a Garamut Player in Baluan, Papua New Guinea Musical Analysis As a Pathway to Learning|last=Lewis, Tony|isbn=9781315406480|oclc=1033693900|date=2018-04-19|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Variations in the thickness of the walls give varying tones when struck by the heavy wooden [[:en:Percussion_mallet|drum sticks]]. While some are simple and utilitarian, they can also be highly elaborate works of sculpture while still retaining their function. A long slit is cut in one side of a log, then it is hollowed out through the slit, leaving lips (wooden ledges) on each side of the opening. Using a larger log enables a louder sound that can be heard over longer distances. By hollowing more under one lip and less under the other, the drum can be [[:en:Musical_tuning|tuned]] to produce two different notes, a lower and a higher one. The drum's lips are hit with sticks, beating out rhythms of high and low notes. Small stands are often placed under each end of the drum to keep it off the ground and let it vibrate more freely. Under ideal conditions, the sound can be understood at {{convert|3|to(-)|7|mi|order=flip|spell=in|km|0}},<ref name="OLAp470">{{cite book|last=Finnegan|first=Ruth|title=Oral Literature in Africa|year=2012|publisher=Open Book Publishers|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-1-906924-72-0|page=470|url=https://unglue.it/work/81834/|quote="Drum messages can be heard at a distance of between three to seven miles, according to Carrington 1949b: 25."}}</ref> but interesting messages usually get relayed on by the next village. Drums used by the [[:en:Bulu_people|Bulu people]] of Cameroon might be heard as far away as 10 to 15 miles at night, compared to three to four during daytime.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Good|first=AI|title=Drum Talk Is the African's "Wireless"|year=1942|journal=Natural History Magazine|url=https://www.naturalhistorymag.com/htmlsite/editors_pick/1942_09_pick.html}}</ref> === Cambarysu === The [[:en:Catuquinaru|Catuquinaru]] tribe of Brazil reportedly used a drum called the [[:en:Cambarysu|cambarysu]] to send vibrations through the ground to other cambarysus up to 1.5&nbsp;km away.<ref name="Prometheus">''Prometheus: Illustrierte Wochenschrift über die Fortschritte'', volume 20 (1908)</ref><ref name="EHG">Enrico Hillyer Giglioli, ''Il "Cambarysú": telefono dei Catuquinarú dell'Amazzonia'' (1898)</ref><ref name="Ensign">[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=ME18981213.2.16&cl=&srpos=0&e=-------10--1----0-- ''The original of the telephone''], ''Mataura Ensign'', issue 520, 13 December 1898, page 4]</ref> Some scholars expressed skepticism about the claim that it sent vibrations through the ground (rather than the air), and about the claim that it existed.<ref name="Prometheus" /> == Deɛ ɛde to dwa == Two different types of traditional drum communication are found in Africa. The first type associates each idea with a particular rhythmic pattern, and the second type represents spoken utterances by mimicking their accentual profiles.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=Jeremy|date=2010-11-27|title=Speaking in Rhythm — Drums That Talk, Voices That Drum - ThisWorldMusic|url=https://thisworldmusic.com/speaking-in-rhythm-drums-that-talk-voices-that-drum/|access-date=2026-04-19|language=en-US}}</ref> Drum communication methods are not languages in their own right, though they can be based on spoken languages. In such cases, the sounds produced are conventionalized or idiomatic signals based on speech patterns. The drummed messages are normally very stereotyped and context-dependent; speakers of true languages have the ability to form new combinations and expressions that will immediately be understood by the listener, but that is not the case in drum communication. In Central and East Africa, drum patterns represent the [[:en:Stress_(linguistics)|stresses]], [[:en:Syllable|syllable]] lengths and [[:en:Tone_(linguistics)|tone]] of the particular language. In [[:en:Tone_language|tone languages]], where syllables are associated with a certain tone, some words are distinguished only by their [[:en:Prosody_(linguistics)|suprasegmental profile]]. Therefore, syllable drum languages can often transfer a message using the [[:en:Phoneme|tonal phonemes]] alone.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-04|title='Talking Drums': Long-Distance Communication in Early Africa|url=https://brewminate.com/talking-drums-long-distance-communication-in-early-africa/|access-date=2026-04-19|language=en-US}}</ref> In certain languages, the pitch of each syllable is uniquely determined in relation to adjacent syllables. In these cases, messages can be transmitted as rapid beats at the same speed as speech, as the rhythm and melody both match the equivalent spoken utterance. Misinterpretations can occur due to the highly ambiguous nature of the communication. The ambiguity is reduced by context effects and the use of [[:en:Stock_phrase|stock phrases]]. For example, in [[:en:Jabo_(language)|Jabo]], most stems are monosyllabic. By using a [[:en:Proverb|proverb]] or honorary title to create an expanded version of the name of a person, animal, or object, the indistinguishable single beat of an ordinary name can be replaced with a particular rhythmic and melodic [[:en:Motif_(music)|motif]] for each subject. In practice not all listeners understand all of the stock phrases; the drum language is understood only to the level of each person's immediate concern.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Franich|first1=Kathryn H.|last2=Lendja Ngnemzué|first2=Ange B.|date=2021-06-16|title=Feeling the Beat in an African Tone Language: Rhythmic Mapping Between Language and Music|journal=Frontiers in Communication|volume=6|article-number=653747|doi=10.3389/fcomm.2021.653747|doi-access=free|issn=2297-900X}}</ref> == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == lpane8box9hrlrkf23cd1m6sf6xuc2d 199769 199760 2026-05-20T11:46:33Z Nana Sintim 11223 Mede atwerɛ bi aka ho 199769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} '''Drums in communication,''' Wɔn a wɔde ntwene yi di dwuma yɛ wɔn a wɔbɛn kwaeɛ mu.Wɔde ntwene na ɛdii kan too nkra wɔ mmeaeɛ a mmɛn. Wɔde ntwene di dwuma wɔ adwabɔ ase ne ɔsom mu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dance|first=Omaha School of Music and|date=2016-06-17|title=History of The Drum {{!}} 5 Ways Drums are Used to Communicate|url=https://omahaschoolofmusicanddance.com/our-blog/5-ways-drums-are-used-to-communicate/|access-date=2025-11-17|website=OSMD|language=en-US}}</ref>{{Short description|Drums used for long-distance signalling and communications}} [[File:TamTam.jpg|thumb|[[Bamileke]] people tamtam]] == Ahodoɔ == === Talking drum === '''Talking drum''' yɛ twene wɔde dua na ayɛ a ɛfiri Abibirem Atɔeɛ fam a wɔde yɛ kasa ho adwuma na wɔyɛ no sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ ɛbɛtumi ne nipa deɛ ayɛ pɛ.<ref name="Gershon">{{cite journal|last1=Gershon|first1=Livia|title=How Does the West African Talking Drum Accurately Mimic Human Speech?|journal=Smithsonian Magazine|date=2021-07-27|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-west-african-drums-really-talk-180978296/|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gninyomo|first=Luc|date=2021-08-14|title=What Is a Talking Drum in Africa?|url=http://www.sheenmagazine.com/what-is-a-talking-drum-in-africa/|access-date=2023-02-11|website=Sheen Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Ɛwɔ etire mmienu a wɔde aboanwoma na ayɛ. Wɔtae de hyɛ wɔn mmɔtuam na ɛbɔ. Deɛ ɔreyan twene no bɛtumi asesa twene no nne wɔ berɛ a ɔreyere anaa ɔregyae mu kakara wɔ ne mmɔtuam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Talking Drum|url=https://percussion.byu.edu/talking-drum|access-date=2026-02-25|website=BYU Percussion Techniques|language=en}}</ref> Twene a wɔde kasa hyɛɛ aseɛ firii 18th century, wɔn a wɔde twene di dwuma no de nne na ɛde asɛm no to dwa, nsɛm bi te sɛ kɛseɛ a ɛfa dwabɔ bi ho ne ɔhyɛ a ɛfiri akwansini bɛyɛ 4 kɔpem kwasini 5 (6.4-8.0).<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Ong|first=Walter|title=Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture|year=1977|page=101}}</ref> Deɛ ɔnim twene no bɔ no tumi bɔ ɛfa mmienu no nyinaa. Ntwene a wɔde kasa no dodoɔ no ara gyegye sɛ nnipa nne na ɛgyina deɛ ɔrebɔ. Twene a ɛte sɛ hourglass-shaped no yɛhu no wɔ Asia nanso wɔanyɛ no sɛ wɔde kasa na mmom [[:en:Idakka|idakka]] na wɔde to nkra sane de kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acoustics of Idakkā: An Indian snare drum with definite pitch|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324828208|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|year=2018|doi=10.1121/1.5038111|last1=Jose|first1=Kevin|last2=Chatterjee|first2=Anindya|last3=Gupta|first3=Anurag|volume=143|issue=5|pages=3184–3194|pmid=29857748|bibcode=2018ASAJ..143.3184J}}</ref> Ɛwom sɛ hourglass twene no yɛbɛtumi ayɛno sɛdeɛ yɛpɛ na mmom ne nnyegyeeɛ ntumi ntra mmeaeɛ wɔabɔ dwa ne beaeɛ a wɔdi dwa na ne botae yɛ sɛ yɛbɔ no ɛfa hyɛ ase.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Talking drum {{!}} African, West African, Musical Instrument {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/talking-drum|access-date=2025-11-17|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Ɛfa hyɛ bi te sɛ, asa,amammerɛ, anansesɛmtoɔ ne kasa nnidisoɔ. Abibirem no, [[:en:New_Guinea|New Guinea]] ne Amerika nkuro no bi mu nnipa de twene ato nkra mfeɛ bebree akyi wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛware mu. Berɛ a Europofoɔ ba bɛhunuu no ɛyɛɛ wɔn nwanwa sɛ amanfoɔ ahunu sɛ wɔreba ne wɔn tirimpɔ. Sɛ wcrebɔ amaneɛ afiri baabi akɔ beaeɛ foforɔ, Abibifoɔ ayanfoɔ tumi yan twene ne kaseɛ atwa kwasini 100 wɔ dɔnhwere baako ntam.<ref>{{cite web|last=Davis|first=Ernest|title=Information, from drums to Wikipedia|url=http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article760768.ece|work=[[James Gleick]]. [[The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood]]. 526pp. Fourth Estate. 978 0 00 722573 6|publisher=The Times Literary Supplement|date=23 August 2011|access-date=12 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114011403/http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article760768.ece|archive-date=14 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Wɔ ntwene wɔde to nkra a agye din pa ara no firi Abibirem Atɔeɛ. Firi [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] ne [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]] ɛwɔ baabiara, [[:en:United_States|America]] ne [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] wɔ nkoa dwadie berɛ mu no. Ɛhɔ no wɔde ɔhyɛ too so ɛfiri sɛ na nkoa no de twene no to nkra wɔ kwan tenten so.<ref name="Epstein">{{cite journal|first=Dena J.|last=Epstein|year=1963|title=Slave Music in the United States before 1860: A Survey of Sources (Part II)|journal=Music Library Association Notes|series=Second Series|volume=20|issue=3|pages=377–390|doi=10.2307/895685|jstor=895685}}</ref> Ntwene a yɛde to nkra no nso wɔde di dwuma wɔ Abibirem Apueeɛ na wɔkyerɛm sɛ Andreus Bauer wɔ 'Street of Caravans', wɔ ne berɛ so na wɔ fa no sɛ bammɔ wɔ Wissmann Truppe de ma caravan of Charles Stokes. Ntwene ahodoɔ a yɛde kasa wɔ Abibirem Atɔeɛ fa mu ne nnipakuo ne sɛdeɛ wɔfrɛ no: * '''Tama''' ([[:en:Wolof_people|Wolof]] a ɛfiri [[:en:Senegal|Senegal]]) * '''Gan gan''', '''Dun Dun''' ([[:en:Yoruba_people|Yoruba]] a ɛfiri [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] ne [[Benin|Benein]] apueeɛ) * '''Dondo''' ([[:en:Akan_people|Akan]] a wɔfiri Ghana mfimfini ne [[:en:Côte_d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]]) * '''Lunna''' ([[:en:Dagomba_people|Dagomba]] a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]; [[:en:Mossi_people|Mossi]] aɛwɔ [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]]) * '''Kalangu''' ([[:en:Hausa_people|Hausa]] a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]], [[:en:Niger|Niger]], a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]], [[:en:Benin|Benin]] ne [[:en:Cameroon|Cameroon]]) * '''Doodo''' ([[:en:Songhai_people|Songhai]] ne [[:en:Zarma_people|Zarma]] a ɛwɔ [[:en:Mali|Mali]], [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]], ne [[:en:Niger|Niger]]) Afe 20th century mu no ntwene a wɔde to nkra no bɛkaa nnwom a agye din wɔ Abibirem atɔeɛ fam ne titre ne nnwom ahodoɔ bi te sɛ [[:en:Jùjú_music|Jùjú]] (Nigeria) ne [[:en:Mbalax|Mbalax]] (Senegal).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jùjú music {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research|url=https://www.ebsco.com/|access-date=2025-11-17|website=EBSCO|language=en}}</ref> === Slit gongs === Ntwene a wɔde to nkra pa ara ne [[:en:Slit_gong|slit gongs]], na wato amena a ɛyɛ feaa a ɛboa sɛ wɔbɔ mu a ɛgyegye, saa twene wɔde dua kɛseɛ wayi afiri nnua mu na ayɛ. Wɔde Slit-log ntwene di dwuma wɔ nketahodie mu wɔ [[:en:Papua_New_Guinea|Papua New Guinea]] a wɔnim sɛ [[:en:Tok_Pisin|Tok Pisin]] yɛ ''[[:en:Garamut|garamut]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Becoming a Garamut Player in Baluan, Papua New Guinea Musical Analysis As a Pathway to Learning|last=Lewis, Tony|isbn=9781315406480|oclc=1033693900|date=2018-04-19|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Ntwene no mu duro sesa firi ɛmu biara ho na ne nnyegyeeɛ no nso gyina nnua a wɔde bɔ no so. Berɛ ntwene no binom nso nyɛ deɛ ɛboro so saa nanso wɔtumi yɛ n'adwuma a ɛwɔ sɛ ɛyɛ. Wɔtwitwa nnua nkumaa atenten kakra de hyehyɛ ntwene no nkyɛn. Sɛ wɔde mmaa atenten bɔ ntwene no a ɛma wote no wɔ akyirikyiri baabi. Sɛ wobɔ baabi faako kyɛn baako no a, ɛma wo nnyegyeeɛ foforɔ na ɛnam sɛ baako wɔ soro kyɛn baako no nti ɛma yɛnya nnyegyeeɛ a ɛwɔ soro ne fam. Twene no anim na yɛde mmaa no bɔ na ɛma yɛn soro ne fam nnyegyeeɛ. Wɔyɛ adeɛ kumaa bi de twene no twene no ma no gyina yie na atumi agyegye yie. Ne yie mu no wote nnyegyeeɛ no wɔ kwansini nnum kɔpem kwansini du-baako ntam.<ref name="OLAp470">{{cite book|last=Finnegan|first=Ruth|title=Oral Literature in Africa|year=2012|publisher=Open Book Publishers|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-1-906924-72-0|page=470|url=https://unglue.it/work/81834/|quote="Drum messages can be heard at a distance of between three to seven miles, according to Carrington 1949b: 25."}}</ref> Nanso amanebɔ a ɛyɛ anika no wɔte akuraa ɛdi hɔ no so. Ntwene a [[:en:Bulu_people|Bulu people]] a wɔfiri Cameroon de di dwuma no wote nnyegyeeɛ no kwansini 10 de rekɔ kwansini 15 wɔ anwummerɛ ntam sɛ wode toto ɛda no mu a wote no kwansini 3 kɔpem 4.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Good|first=AI|title=Drum Talk Is the African's "Wireless"|year=1942|journal=Natural History Magazine|url=https://www.naturalhistorymag.com/htmlsite/editors_pick/1942_09_pick.html}}</ref> === Cambarysu === The [[:en:Catuquinaru|Catuquinaru]] tribe of Brazil reportedly used a drum called the [[:en:Cambarysu|cambarysu]] to send vibrations through the ground to other cambarysus up to 1.5&nbsp;km away.<ref name="Prometheus">''Prometheus: Illustrierte Wochenschrift über die Fortschritte'', volume 20 (1908)</ref><ref name="EHG">Enrico Hillyer Giglioli, ''Il "Cambarysú": telefono dei Catuquinarú dell'Amazzonia'' (1898)</ref><ref name="Ensign">[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=ME18981213.2.16&cl=&srpos=0&e=-------10--1----0-- ''The original of the telephone''], ''Mataura Ensign'', issue 520, 13 December 1898, page 4]</ref> Some scholars expressed skepticism about the claim that it sent vibrations through the ground (rather than the air), and about the claim that it existed.<ref name="Prometheus" /> == Deɛ ɛde to dwa == Two different types of traditional drum communication are found in Africa. The first type associates each idea with a particular rhythmic pattern, and the second type represents spoken utterances by mimicking their accentual profiles.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=Jeremy|date=2010-11-27|title=Speaking in Rhythm — Drums That Talk, Voices That Drum - ThisWorldMusic|url=https://thisworldmusic.com/speaking-in-rhythm-drums-that-talk-voices-that-drum/|access-date=2026-04-19|language=en-US}}</ref> Drum communication methods are not languages in their own right, though they can be based on spoken languages. In such cases, the sounds produced are conventionalized or idiomatic signals based on speech patterns. The drummed messages are normally very stereotyped and context-dependent; speakers of true languages have the ability to form new combinations and expressions that will immediately be understood by the listener, but that is not the case in drum communication. In Central and East Africa, drum patterns represent the [[:en:Stress_(linguistics)|stresses]], [[:en:Syllable|syllable]] lengths and [[:en:Tone_(linguistics)|tone]] of the particular language. In [[:en:Tone_language|tone languages]], where syllables are associated with a certain tone, some words are distinguished only by their [[:en:Prosody_(linguistics)|suprasegmental profile]]. Therefore, syllable drum languages can often transfer a message using the [[:en:Phoneme|tonal phonemes]] alone.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-04|title='Talking Drums': Long-Distance Communication in Early Africa|url=https://brewminate.com/talking-drums-long-distance-communication-in-early-africa/|access-date=2026-04-19|language=en-US}}</ref> In certain languages, the pitch of each syllable is uniquely determined in relation to adjacent syllables. In these cases, messages can be transmitted as rapid beats at the same speed as speech, as the rhythm and melody both match the equivalent spoken utterance. Misinterpretations can occur due to the highly ambiguous nature of the communication. The ambiguity is reduced by context effects and the use of [[:en:Stock_phrase|stock phrases]]. For example, in [[:en:Jabo_(language)|Jabo]], most stems are monosyllabic. By using a [[:en:Proverb|proverb]] or honorary title to create an expanded version of the name of a person, animal, or object, the indistinguishable single beat of an ordinary name can be replaced with a particular rhythmic and melodic [[:en:Motif_(music)|motif]] for each subject. In practice not all listeners understand all of the stock phrases; the drum language is understood only to the level of each person's immediate concern.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Franich|first1=Kathryn H.|last2=Lendja Ngnemzué|first2=Ange B.|date=2021-06-16|title=Feeling the Beat in an African Tone Language: Rhythmic Mapping Between Language and Music|journal=Frontiers in Communication|volume=6|article-number=653747|doi=10.3389/fcomm.2021.653747|doi-access=free|issn=2297-900X}}</ref> == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == an0bf2yytjil9xda7tz60ioxp8i9j8u 0 18091 199762 199699 2026-05-20T01:42:59Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 199762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ghanaian burger-highlife musician (1951–2024)}} {{Use Ghanaian English|date=March 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}} {{Infobox musical artist | honorific_prefix = | name = George Darko | honorific_suffix = | image = | image_upright = | image_size = | landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --> | alt = | caption = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_name = <!-- leave empty if the same "name" --> | alias = Nana Yaw Ampem Darko<br>(Tufuhene of [[Akropong-Akuapim]]) | birth_date = {{Birth date|1951|01|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Akropong]], [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] | origin = Ghana | death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|3|20|1951|01|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[Akuapim-Mampong]], Ghana | genre = [[Burger-highlife]] | occupation = Musician | instrument = Vocal, guitar | years_active = <!-- YYYY–YYYY (or –present) --> | label = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} or {{Official URL}} --> | module = | module2 = | module3 = }} {{Dialect|Asante}} '''George Darko''' (12 Ɔpɛpɔn 1951-20 Ɔbenem 2024) yɛ Ghanani burger-highlife nnwontofoɔ, sankubɔfoɔ, nnwom hyehyɛfoɔ ne nnwom kyerɛwfoɔ, a na ɔwɔ nnwom mu firi 1960s mu. Ɔfiri Akropong a ɛwɔ Ghana, na ɔyɛ kurob , Darko gyee din wɔ 1970, 1980 ne 1990 mfeɛ no mu, na ne nnwom yɛ nnwom a ɛyɛ dɛ na ɛkyɛ a ɛtena hɔ daa wɔ Ghana highlife nnwontofoɔ kuo mu no bi. Ne bere sofoɔ no bi ne Ben Brako, C.K. Mann, Daddy Lumba, Ernest Nana Acheampong, Nana Kwame Ampadu ne Pat Thomas, ne afoforɔ. Wobuu no kɛse sɛ ɔyɛ burger-highlife akwampaefoɔ no mu baako denam ne nnwom a edi kan a ɛyɛ dɛ "Ako Te Brofo" ("The Parrots Speak/Understand English") a woyii no adi wɔ afe 1983. Dwom no da so ara gye din wɔ Ghanafoɔ mu wɔ fie ne amannɔne nyinaa, na wɔda so ara bɔ wɔ ayie ne apontoɔ ase, <ref>{{Citation |title=Goethe-Institut Celebration of Burger Highlife - History of Burger Highlife - Ham-Burger Highlife |url=http://www.goethe.de/INS/gh/prj/bhi/bhm/ent/enindex.htm |language=en |access-date=2026-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=GC Staff bG |title=Celebration Of Burger Highlife With George Darko - GhanaCelebrities.Com |date=2012-05-31 |url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/05/31/celebration-of-burger-highlife-with-george-darko/ |work=GhanaCelebrities.Com |language=en-US |access-date=2026-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=adomonline.com |title=Ghana News - George Darko plotting to kill me - Lee Dodou asserts |url=http://www.ghana-news.adomonline.com/entertainment/2015/january-16th/george-darko-plotting-to-kill-me-lee-dodou-asserts.php |access-date=2026-05-17 |archive-date=16 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116131830/http://www.ghana-news.adomonline.com/entertainment/2015/january-16th/george-darko-plotting-to-kill-me-lee-dodou-asserts.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> George Darko yɛ ɔpanyin bi a ɔyɛ Ohene bi ba barima, osuaa ade wɔ Presbyterian Sukuu a ɛwɔ Akropong no mu. Bere a Darko bɔɔ nnwom maa asraafoɔ kuo no wieɛ no, Darko sane baa Ghana, na ɔbɛtee kuo a na yɛfrɛ no Golden Stool Band. Wɔ 1970s mu no, nnwontofoɔ kuo no kɔɔ Germany, na Darko kɔ tee ne ho kɔɔ solo na ɔhyehyɛɛ Bus Stop annwontofoɔ kuo wɔ afe 1982. Ɔsan kɔɔ Akropong wɔ afe 1988 mu no, wɔyɛɛ no ​​Tufuhene wɔ Akropong-Akuapim wɔ afe 1991 mu a wɔde nkonnwa din '''Nana Yaw Ampem Darko''' maa no. Wɔ Ɔpɛpɔn 2010 mu no, ɔhwehwɛɛ na onyaa kyɛwpa firii koowaa krataa bi a na ɛbɔɔ no kwaadu fa nna ho nsɛm. <ref>{{Citation |title=Apology To Nana George Darko |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/260536/apology-to-nana-george-darko.html |language=en |access-date=2026-05-17}}</ref> Ɔyɛ Germanni Rapfoɛ ne Odwontofoɔ Manuellsen a ɔwoo no. == Abrabɔ Ahyaseɛ Ne Adwuma == Na George Darko yɛ dehyeɛ wɔ Akropong, Akuapem a ɛwɔ Ghana Apuei Fam Mantam mu. Ɔhyɛɛ ne nnwom no ase sɛ sankubɔfoɔ. Sɛnea na otumi bɔ guitar yiye no maa otumi de ne ho hyɛɛ nnwontofo kuo biara mu. Ne nnwom mu mmɔdenbɔ no fii ase wɔ ne mmofraase bere a ɔhyɛɛ aseɛ yɛɛ n’ankasa guitar de nneɛma te sɛ nnua, asaawa, nhoma ne afoforoɔ yɛe no. Akyiri yi osuaa sɛnea wɔbɔ guitar na mmɔdenmɔ de no kɔɔ mmeaɛ a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri. <ref>{{Citation |title=Legend of The Week – George Darko - MyJoyOnline |date=2025-04-27 |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/legend-of-the-week-george-darko/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-05-17}}</ref> . == Owu. == George Darko wui wɔ 20 Obenem 2024, a na wadi mfeɛ 73. Na wawɔ ayaresabea wɔ Tetteh Quarshie Memorial Hospital wɔ Akuapim-Mampong bɛyɛ bosome mmiɛnsa ansa na ɔrewuo. <ref>{{Citation |title=Highlife legend George Darko is dead |date=2024-03-20 |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Highlife-legend-George-Darko-is-dead-1922262 |work=GhanaWeb |language=en-US |access-date=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Beaɛ A Mennyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ. == <references /> hndjzng3h17afl8m6whnswixmaipwu6 0 18101 199752 2026-05-19T12:16:07Z Ebensarfo05 21715 i added a paragraph and a citation 199752 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Burger-Highlife''' yɛ nnwom a ɛyɛ soronko a Ghanafoɔ a wɔatu akɔtena Germany na wɔbɔe. Wobu no sɛ Germanfoɔ nnwom kwan. Wɔ 1980s mfe no mu no, na reggae nnwom renya nkɔanim wɔ wiase nyinaa na na ɛde wiase nnwom afoforo a ɛnyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛsa no agye din kɛseɛ. Highlife nnwom a wɔtaa de reggae frafrae no nyaa atiefoɔ pii wɔ Europa ne Amerika Atifi fam saa bere no. Wɔ 1970 mfeɛ no awieeɛ-1980 mfeɛ no mfitiaseɛ mu no, Ghanafoɔ te sɛ Seidu Mohammed tu kɔɔ amannɔne nsaase so kɛseɛ. Aman a ɛtwee Ghanafoɔ no mu biako ne Germany, na pii de nkurow Berlin, Düsseldorf ne Hamburg yɛɛ wɔn fie a ɛto so mmienu. Wɔwoo Burger-Highlife bere a Ghana annwontofoɔ a wɔwɔ Germany fiiri aseɛ ne German annwontofoɔ ne wɔn a wɔyɛ nnwon ɛka boomu. Wɔyɛɛ crossover nnwom a ɛfiri highlife, disco ne funk nnwom mu. Saa adebɔ a ɛfa amammerɛ ahodoɔ ntam awoɔ a ɛbɛba aman mmienu ne amammerɛ ahodoɔ mmienu ntam yi kura baakoyɛ ho agyinahyɛdeɛ titiriw nyinaa. Nnipa a wofiri amammerɛ mu ahodoɔ mu baae bɛka boomu hyiae, bɛkaa wɔn adwene ne wɔn nimdeɛ boomu, na wɔyɛɛ saa no,wɔn tumi de biribi foforɔ a ɛdanso na ɛde anigyeɛ ne anidasoɔ bae na saa adeyi abɛtena ɔman Ghana mu ne aman foforɔ so mu afebɔɔ. Amammerɛ ketewa bi a ɛwɔ ɛno ankasa ntadehyɛ ne wɔn asetena mu puei. Burger Highlife akwampaefoɔ no bi ne George Darko, <ref>{{Citation |last=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/BREAKING-Highlife-legend-George-Darko-is-dead-1922262 |title= |date=}}</ref> Lee Dodou, Lumba Brothers, Rex Gyamfi ne Charles Amoah. == Beaɛ A Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ. == <references /> quhlfc9n3m01wxnrrxgz53zzio9vzrq 199753 199752 2026-05-19T12:20:39Z Ebensarfo05 21715 199753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} '''Burger-Highlife''' yɛ nnwom a ɛyɛ soronko a Ghanafoɔ a wɔatu akɔtena Germany na wɔbɔe. Wobu no sɛ Germanfoɔ nnwom kwan. Wɔ 1980s mfe no mu no, na reggae nnwom renya nkɔanim wɔ wiase nyinaa na na ɛde wiase nnwom afoforo a ɛnyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛsa no agye din kɛseɛ. Highlife nnwom a wɔtaa de reggae frafrae no nyaa atiefoɔ pii wɔ Europa ne Amerika Atifi fam saa bere no. Wɔ 1970 mfeɛ no awieeɛ-1980 mfeɛ no mfitiaseɛ mu no, Ghanafoɔ te sɛ Seidu Mohammed tu kɔɔ amannɔne nsaase so kɛseɛ. Aman a ɛtwee Ghanafoɔ no mu biako ne Germany, na pii de nkurow Berlin, Düsseldorf ne Hamburg yɛɛ wɔn fie a ɛto so mmienu. Wɔwoo Burger-Highlife bere a Ghana annwontofoɔ a wɔwɔ Germany fiiri aseɛ ne German annwontofoɔ ne wɔn a wɔyɛ nnwon ɛka boomu. Wɔyɛɛ crossover nnwom a ɛfiri highlife, disco ne funk nnwom mu. Saa adebɔ a ɛfa amammerɛ ahodoɔ ntam awoɔ a ɛbɛba aman mmienu ne amammerɛ ahodoɔ mmienu ntam yi kura baakoyɛ ho agyinahyɛdeɛ titiriw nyinaa. Nnipa a wofiri amammerɛ mu ahodoɔ mu baae bɛka boomu hyiae, bɛkaa wɔn adwene ne wɔn nimdeɛ boomu, na wɔyɛɛ saa no,wɔn tumi de biribi foforɔ a ɛdanso na ɛde anigyeɛ ne anidasoɔ bae na saa adeyi abɛtena ɔman Ghana mu ne aman foforɔ so mu afebɔɔ. Amammerɛ ketewa bi a ɛwɔ ɛno ankasa ntadehyɛ ne wɔn asetena mu puei. Burger Highlife akwampaefoɔ no bi ne George Darko, <ref>{{Citation |last=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/BREAKING-Highlife-legend-George-Darko-is-dead-1922262 |title= |date=}}</ref> Lee Dodou, Lumba Brothers, Rex Gyamfi ne Charles Amoah. == Beaɛ A Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ. == <references /> qzp05bdsbfc1o90txr24hjkxqxx5rpx 11 18102 199756 2026-05-19T13:59:04Z MediaWiki message delivery 4551 /* Edit request: Update Template:Wikidata_image to close null operation loop */ new section 199756 wikitext text/x-wiki == Edit request: Update Template:Wikidata_image to close null operation loop == ''(Apologies for posting in English)'' Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding the Template:Wikidata_image that is used in many pages. The template contains many operations that have no output; despite having no result, the operation is still processed. 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