Wikipedia twwiki https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratafa_Titiriw MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Soronko Nkitahode Dwumadini Dwumadini nkitahode Wikipedia Wikipedia nkitahode File File nkitahode MediaWiki MediaWiki nkitahode Nhwɛsoɔ Nhwɛsoɔ nkitahode Mmoa Mmoa nkitahode Nkyekyεmu Nkyekyεmu nkitahode TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3487 199781 196892 2026-05-22T11:33:53Z Gotitbro 7992 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/196892|196892]] by [[Special:Contributions/~2025-35745-32|~2025-35745-32]] ([[User talk:~2025-35745-32|talk]]) 199781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} [[File:Flag of India.svg|thumb|right|250px|Flag of India]] [[File:India_in_its_region_(disputed).svg|thumb|right|250px|India]] '''India''' (''भारत'') yε ɔman. [[India]] [[Ahenkuro]] yε [[Dεlhi Foforɔ]]. [[Category:Ɔman]] [[Category:India]] g936ao7nfb9mtmx2ufiakery0hwf255 2 17910 199780 196930 2026-05-22T07:14:17Z PK2 10176 add user pages for new Wikipedia editions 199780 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%" |- | [[User:PK2/sandbox|This]] is where my sandbox pages in different languages are |} ;<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; font-size:85%">My user pages in different languages by language code</div> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ A |- | [[:ab:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]]<br />(code: <code>ab</code>) | [[:ace:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Acehnese language|Acehnese]]<br />(code: <code>ace</code>) | [[:ady:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Adyghe language|Adyghe]]<br />(code: <code>ady</code>) | [[:af:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Afrikaans|Afrikaans]]<br />(code: <code>af</code>) | [[:als:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Alemannic German|Alemannic German]]<br />(code: <code>als</code>) | [[:alt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Southern Altai language|Southern Altai]]<br />(code: <code>alt</code>) | [[:am:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]<br />(code: <code>am</code>) | [[:ami:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Amis language|Amis]]<br />(code: <code>ami</code>) | [[:an:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Aragonese language|Aragonese]]<br />(code: <code>an</code>) | [[:ang:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Old English|Old English]]<br />(code: <code>ang</code>) |- | [[:ann:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Obolo language|Obolo]]<br />(code: <code>ann</code>) | [[:anp:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Angika|Angika]]<br />(code: <code>anp</code>) | [[:ar:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]]<br />(code: <code>ar</code>) | [[:arc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Aramaic|Aramaic]] ([[:en:Syriac language|Syriac]])<br />(code: <code>arc</code>) | [[:ary:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Moroccan Arabic|Moroccan Arabic]]<br />(code: <code>ary</code>) | [[:arz:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian Arabic]]<br />(code: <code>arz</code>) | [[:as:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Assamese language|Assamese]]<br />(code: <code>as</code>) | [[:ast:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Asturleonese language|Asturleonese]] ([[:en:Asturian language|Asturian]])<br />(code: <code>ast</code>) | [[:atj:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Atikamekw language|Atikamekw]]<br />(code: <code>atj</code>) | [[:av:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Avar language|Avar]]<br />(code: <code>av</code>) |- | [[:avk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kotava|Kotava]]<br />(code: <code>avk</code>) | [[:awa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Awadhi language|Awadhi]]<br />(code: <code>awa</code>) | [[:ay:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Aymara language|Aymara]]<br />(code: <code>ay</code>) | [[:az:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]<br />(code: <code>az</code>) | [[:azb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Azerbaijani language#South Azerbaijani|South Azerbaijani]]<br />(code: <code>azb</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ B |- | [[:ba:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bashkir language|Bashkir]]<br />(code: <code>ba</code>) | [[:ban:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Balinese language|Balinese]]<br />(code: <code>ban</code>) | [[:bar:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bavarian language|Bavarian]]<br />(code: <code>bar</code>) | [[:bat-smg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Samogitian language|Samogitian]]<br />(code: <code>bat-smg</code>) | [[:bbc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Toba Batak language|Toba Batak]]<br />(code: <code>bbc</code>) | [[:bcl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Central Bikol|Central Bikol]]<br />(code: <code>bcl</code>) | [[:bdr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sama–Bajaw languages|West Coast Bajau]]<br />(code: <code>bdr</code>) | [[:be:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Belarusian language|Belarusian]]<br />(code: <code>be</code>) | [[:be-tarask:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Belarusian language|Belarusian]] ([[:en:Taraškievica|Taraškievica]])<br />(code: <code>be-tarask</code>) | [[:bew:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Betawi language|Betawi]]<br />(code: <code>bew</code>) |- | [[:bg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]<br />(code: <code>bg</code>) | [[:bh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bihari languages|Bihari]] ([[:en:Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]])<br />(code: <code>bh</code>) | [[:bi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bislama|Bislama]]<br />(code: <code>bi</code>) | [[:bjn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Banjarese language|Banjarese]]<br />(code: <code>bjn</code>) | [[:blk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pa'O language|Pa'O]]<br />(code: <code>blk</code>) | [[:bm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bambara language|Bambara]]<br />(code: <code>bm</code>) | [[:bn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />(code: <code>bn</code>) | [[:bo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Central Tibetan|Central Tibetan]] ([[:en:Lhasa Tibetan|Lhasa Tibetan]])<br />(code: <code>bo</code>) | [[:bpy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bishnupriya Manipuri|Bishnupriya Manipuri]]<br />(code: <code>bpy</code>) | [[:br:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Breton language|Breton]]<br />(code: <code>br</code>) |- | [[:bs:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bosnian language|Bosnian]]<br />(code: <code>bs</code>) | [[:btm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mandailing Batak language|Mandailing Batak]]<br />(code: <code>btm</code>) | [[:bug:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Buginese language|Buginese]]<br />(code: <code>bug</code>) | [[:bxr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Buryat language|Buryat]] (Russia Buriat)<br />(code: <code>bxr</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ C |- | [[:ca:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Catalan language|Catalan]]<br />(code: <code>ca</code>) | [[:cbk-zam:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chavacano|Chavacano]] (Zamboanga)<br />(code: <code>cbk-zam</code>) | [[:cdo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Eastern Min|Eastern Min]]<br />(code: <code>cdo</code>) | [[:ce:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chechen language|Chechen]]<br />(code: <code>ce</code>) | [[:ceb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cebuano language|Cebuano]]<br />(code: <code>ceb</code>) | [[:ch:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chamorro language|Chamorro]]<br />(code: <code>ch</code>) | [[:chr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cherokee language|Cherokee]]<br />(code: <code>chr</code>) | [[:chy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cheyenne language|Cheyenne]]<br />(code: <code>chy</code>) |- | [[:ckb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kurdish language|Kurdish]] ([[:en:Sorani|Sorani]])<br />(code: <code>ckb</code>) | [[:co:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Corsican language|Corsican]]<br />(code: <code>co</code>) | [[:crh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]]<br />(code: <code>crh</code>) | [[:cs:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Czech language|Czech]]<br />(code: <code>cs</code>) | [[:csb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kashubian language|Kashubian]]<br />(code: <code>csb</code>) | [[:cu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic]]<br />(code: <code>cu</code>) | [[:cv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chuvash language|Chuvash]]<br />(code: <code>cv</code>) | [[:cy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Welsh language|Welsh]]<br />(code: <code>cy</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ D |- | [[:da:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Danish language|Danish]]<br />(code: <code>da</code>) | [[:dag:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dagbani language|Dagbani]]<br />(code: <code>dag</code>) | [[:de:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:German language|German]]<br />(code: <code>de</code>) | [[:dga:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dagaare language|Dagaare]]<br />(code: <code>dga</code>) | [[:din:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dinka language|Dinka]]<br />(code: <code>din</code>) | [[:diq:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Zaza language|Zaza]]<br />(code: <code>diq</code>) | [[:dsb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]<br />(code: <code>dsb</code>) | [[:dtp:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dusun language|Dusun]]<br />(code: <code>dtp</code>) | [[:dty:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Doteli|Doteli]]<br />(code: <code>dty</code>) | [[:dv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Maldivian language|Maldivian]]<br />(code: <code>dv</code>) | [[:dz:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dzongkha|Dzongkha]]<br />(code: <code>dz</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ E |- | [[:ee:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ewe language|Ewe]]<br />(code: <code>ee</code>) | [[:el:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Greek language|Greek]]<br />(code: <code>el</code>) | [[:eml:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Emilian–Romagnol|Emilian–Romagnol]]<br />(code: <code>eml</code>) | [[:en:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:English language|English]]<br />(code: <code>en</code>) | [[:eo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Esperanto|Esperanto]]<br />(code: <code>eo</code>) | [[:es:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Spanish language|Spanish]]<br />(code: <code>es</code>) | [[:et:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Estonian language|Estonian]]<br />(code: <code>et</code>) | [[:eu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Basque language|Basque]]<br />(code: <code>eu</code>) | [[:ext:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]]<br />(code: <code>ext</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ F |- | [[:fa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Persian language|Persian]]<br />(code: <code>fa</code>) | [[:fat:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Akan language|Akan]] ([[:en:Fante dialect|Fante]])<br />(code: <code>fat</code>) | [[:ff:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Fula language|Fula]]<br />(code: <code>ff</code>) | [[:fi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Finnish language|Finnish]]<br />(code: <code>fi</code>) | [[:fiu-vro:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Võro language|Võro]]<br />(code: <code>fiu-vro</code>) | [[:fj:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Fijian language|Fijian]]<br />(code: <code>fj</code>) | [[:fo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Faroese language|Faroese]]<br />(code: <code>fo</code>) | [[:fon:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Fon language|Fon]]<br />(code: <code>fon</code>) | [[:fr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:French language|French]]<br />(code: <code>fr</code>) | [[:frp:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Franco-Provençal|Franco-Provençal]]<br />(code: <code>frp</code>) | [[:frr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:North Frisian language|North Frisian]]<br />(code: <code>frr</code>) | [[:fur:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Friulian language|Friulian]]<br />(code: <code>fur</code>) | [[:fy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:West Frisian language|West Frisian]]<br />(code: <code>fy</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ G |- | [[:ga:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Irish language|Irish]]<br />(code: <code>ga</code>) | [[:gag:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gagauz language|Gagauz]]<br />(code: <code>gag</code>) | [[:gan:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gan Chinese|Gan Chinese]]<br />(code: <code>gan</code>) | [[:gcr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:French Guianese Creole|French Guianese Creole]]<br />(code: <code>gcr</code>) | [[:gd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Scottish Gaelic|Scottish Gaelic]]<br />(code: <code>gd</code>) | [[:gl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Galician language|Galician]]<br />(code: <code>gl</code>) | [[:glk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gilaki language|Gilaki]]<br />(code: <code>glk</code>) | [[:gn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Guarani language|Guarani]]<br />(code: <code>gn</code>) | [[:gom:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Konkani language|Konkani]] (Goan Konkani)<br />(code: <code>gom</code>) |- | [[:gor:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gorontalo language|Gorontalo]]<br />(code: <code>gor</code>) | [[:got:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gothic language|Gothic]]<br />(code: <code>got</code>) | [[:gpe:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ghanaian Pidgin English|Ghanaian Pidgin English]]<br />(code: <code>gpe</code>) | [[:gu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br />(code: <code>gu</code>) | [[:guc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Wayuu language|Wayuu]]<br />(code: <code>guc</code>) | [[:gur:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Farefare language|Farefare]]<br />(code: <code>gur</code>) | [[:guw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gun language|Gun]]<br />(code: <code>guw</code>) | [[:gv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Manx language|Manx]]<br />(code: <code>gv</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ H |- | [[:ha:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hausa language|Hausa]]<br />(code: <code>ha</code>) | [[:hak:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hakka Chinese|Hakka Chinese]]<br />(code: <code>hak</code>) | [[:haw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]<br />(code: <code>haw</code>) | [[:he:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hebrew language|Hebrew]]<br />(code: <code>he</code>) | [[:hi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hindi|Hindi]]<br />(code: <code>hi</code>) | [[:hif:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Fiji Hindi|Fiji Hindi]]<br />(code: <code>hif</code>) | [[:hr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Croatian language|Croatian]]<br />(code: <code>hr</code>) | [[:hsb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]<br />(code: <code>hsb</code>) | [[:ht:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Haitian Creole|Haitian Creole]]<br />(code: <code>ht</code>) | [[:hu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]<br />(code: <code>hu</code>) | [[:hy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Armenian language|Armenian]] ([[:en:Eastern Armenian|Eastern Armenian]])<br />(code: <code>hy</code>) | [[:hyw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Western Armenian|Western Armenian]]<br />(code: <code>hyw</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ I |- | [[:ia:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Interlingua|Interlingua]]<br />(code: <code>ia</code>) | [[:iba:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Iban language|Iban]]<br />(code: <code>iba</code>) | [[:id:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Indonesian language|Indonesian]]<br />(code: <code>id</code>) | [[:ie:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Interlingue|Interlingue]]<br />(code: <code>ie</code>) | [[:ig:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Igbo language|Igbo]]<br />(code: <code>ig</code>) | [[:igl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Igala language|Igala]]<br />(code: <code>igl</code>) | [[:ik:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Iñupiaq language|Iñupiaq]]<br />(code: <code>ik</code>) | [[:ilo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ilocano language|Ilocano]]<br />(code: <code>ilo</code>) | [[:inh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ingush language|Ingush]]<br />(code: <code>inh</code>) | [[:io:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ido|Ido]]<br />(code: <code>io</code>) | [[:is:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]<br />(code: <code>is</code>) | [[:it:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Italian language|Italian]]<br />(code: <code>it</code>) | [[:iu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Inuktitut|Inuktitut]]<br />(code: <code>iu</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ J |- | [[:ja:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Japanese language|Japanese]]<br />(code: <code>ja</code>) | [[:jam:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Jamaican Patois|Jamaican Patois]]<br />(code: <code>jam</code>) | [[:jbo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lojban|Lojban]]<br />(code: <code>jbo</code>) | [[:jv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Javanese language|Javanese]]<br />(code: <code>jv</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ K |- | [[:ka:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Georgian language|Georgian]]<br />(code: <code>ka</code>) | [[:kaa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]]<br />(code: <code>kaa</code>) | [[:kab:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kabyle language|Kabyle]]<br />(code: <code>kab</code>) | [[:kai:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Karai-karai|Karai-karai]]<br />(code: <code>kai</code>) | [[:kaj:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Jju language|Jju]]<br />(code: <code>kaj</code>) | [[:kbd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kabardian language|Kabardian]]<br />(code: <code>kbd</code>) | [[:kbp:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kabiye language|Kabiye]]<br />(code: <code>kbp</code>) | [[:kcg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tyap|Tyap]]<br />(code: <code>kcg</code>) | [[:kg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kongo language|Kongo]]<br />(code: <code>kg</code>) | [[:kge:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Komering language|Komering]]<br />(code: <code>kge</code>) | [[:ki:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kikuyu language|Kikuyu]]<br />(code: <code>ki</code>) | [[:kk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kazakh language|Kazakh]]<br />(code: <code>kk</code>) | [[:km:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Khmer language|Khmer]]<br />(code: <code>km</code>) |- | [[:kn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kannada|Kannada]]<br />(code: <code>kn</code>) | [[:knc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Central Kanuri|Central Kanuri]]<br />(code: <code>knc</code>) | [[:ko:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Korean language|Korean]]<br />(code: <code>ko</code>) | [[:koi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Komi-Permyak language|Komi-Permyak]]<br />(code: <code>koi</code>) | [[:krc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Karachay-Balkar|Karachay-Balkar]]<br />(code: <code>krc</code>) | [[:ks:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]<br />(code: <code>ks</code>) | [[:ksh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]]<br />(code: <code>ksh</code>) | [[:ku:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kurdish language|Kurdish]] ([[:en:Kurmanji|Kurmanji]])<br />(code: <code>ku</code>) | [[:kus:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kusaal language|Kusaal]]<br />(code: <code>kus</code>) | [[:kv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Komi language|Komi]]<br />(code: <code>kv</code>) | [[:kw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cornish language|Cornish]]<br />(code: <code>kw</code>) | [[:ky:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]<br />(code: <code>ky</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ L |- | [[:la:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Latin|Latin]]<br />(code: <code>la</code>) | [[:lad:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Judaeo-Spanish|Judaeo-Spanish]]<br />(code: <code>lad</code>) | [[:lb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Luxembourgish|Luxembourgish]]<br />(code: <code>lb</code>) | [[:lbe:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lak language|Lak]]<br />(code: <code>lbe</code>) | [[:lez:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lezgian language|Lezgian]]<br />(code: <code>lez</code>) | [[:lfn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lingua Franca Nova|Lingua Franca Nova]]<br />(code: <code>lfn</code>) | [[:lg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Luganda|Luganda]]<br />(code: <code>lg</code>) | [[:li:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Limburgish|Limburgish]]<br />(code: <code>li</code>) |- | [[:lij:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ligurian language|Ligurian]]<br />(code: <code>lij</code>) | [[:lld:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ladin language|Ladin]]<br />(code: <code>lld</code>) | [[:lmo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lombard language|Lombard]]<br />(code: <code>lmo</code>) | [[:ln:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lingala|Lingala]]<br />(code: <code>ln</code>) | [[:lo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lao language|Lao]]<br />(code: <code>lo</code>) | [[:lt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]<br />(code: <code>lt</code>) | [[:ltg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Latgalian language|Latgalian]]<br />(code: <code>ltg</code>) | [[:lv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Latvian language|Latvian]]<br />(code: <code>lv</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ M |- | [[:mad:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Madurese language|Madurese]]<br />(code: <code>mad</code>) | [[:mai:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Maithili language|Maithili]]<br />(code: <code>mai</code>) | [[:map-bms:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Javanese language|Javanese]] ([[:en:Banyumasan dialect|Banyumasan]])<br />(code: <code>map-bms</code>) | [[:mdf:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Moksha language|Moksha]]<br />(code: <code>mdf</code>) | [[:mg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Malagasy language|Malagasy]]<br />(code: <code>mg</code>) | [[:mhr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Meadow Mari language|Meadow Mari]]<br />(code: <code>mhr</code>) | [[:mi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Māori language|Māori]]<br />(code: <code>mi</code>) | [[:min:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]<br />(code: <code>min</code>) | [[:mk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Macedonian language|Macedonian]]<br />(code: <code>mk</code>) | [[:ml:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Malayalam|Malayalam]]<br />(code: <code>ml</code>) | [[:mn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mongolian language|Mongolian]]<br />(code: <code>mn</code>) |- | [[:mni:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Meitei language|Meitei]]<br />(code: <code>mni</code>) | [[:mnw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mon language|Mon]]<br />(code: <code>mnw</code>) | [[:m:mos:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mooré|Mooré]]<br />(code: <code>mos</code>) | [[:mr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />(code: <code>mr</code>) | [[:mrj:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hill Mari language|Hill Mari]]<br />(code: <code>mrj</code>) | [[:ms:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Malay language|Malay]]<br />(code: <code>ms</code>) | [[:mt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Maltese language|Maltese]]<br />(code: <code>mt</code>) | [[:mwl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mirandese language|Mirandese]]<br />(code: <code>mwl</code>) | [[:my:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Burmese language|Burmese]]<br />(code: <code>my</code>) | [[:myv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Erzya language|Erzya]]<br />(code: <code>myv</code>) | [[:mzn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]]<br />(code: <code>mzn</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ N |- | [[:nah:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nahuatl|Nahuatl]]<br />(code: <code>nah</code>) | [[:nap:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]]<br />(code: <code>nap</code>) | [[:nds:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Low German|Low German]]<br />(code: <code>nds</code>) | [[:nds-nl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dutch Low Saxon|Dutch Low Saxon]]<br />(code: <code>nds-nl</code>) | [[:ne:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nepali language|Nepali]]<br />(code: <code>ne</code>) | [[:new:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Newar language|Newar]]<br />(code: <code>new</code>) | [[:nia:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nias language|Nias]]<br />(code: <code>nia</code>) | [[:nl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dutch language|Dutch]]<br />(code: <code>nl</code>) | [[:nn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ([[:en:Nynorsk|Nynorsk]])<br />(code: <code>nn</code>) |- | [[:no:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ([[:en:Bokmål|Bokmål]])<br />(code: <code>no</code>) | [[:nov:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Novial|Novial]]<br />(code: <code>nov</code>) | [[:nqo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:N'Ko language|N'Ko]]<br />(code: <code>nqo</code>) | [[:nr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]]<br />(code: <code>nr</code>) | [[:nrm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Norman language|Norman]]<br />(code: <code>nrm</code>) | [[:nso:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Northern Sotho|Northern Sotho]]<br />(code: <code>nso</code>) | [[:nup:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nupe language|Nupe]]<br />(code: <code>nup</code>) | [[:nv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Navajo language|Navajo]]<br />(code: <code>nv</code>) | [[:ny:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chewa language|Chewa]]<br />(code: <code>ny</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ O |- | [[:oc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Occitan language|Occitan]]<br />(code: <code>oc</code>) | [[:olo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Livvi-Karelian language|Livvi-Karelian]]<br />(code: <code>olo</code>) | [[:om:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Oromo language|Oromo]]<br />(code: <code>om</code>) | [[:or:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Odia language|Odia]]<br />(code: <code>or</code>) | [[:os:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ossetian language|Ossetian]]<br />(code: <code>os</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ P |- | [[:pa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />(code: <code>pa</code>) | [[:pag:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]]<br />(code: <code>pag</code>) | [[:pam:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]<br />(code: <code>pam</code>) | [[:pap:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Papiamento|Papiamento]]<br />(code: <code>pap</code>) | [[:pcd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Picard language|Picard]]<br />(code: <code>pcd</code>) | [[:pcm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nigerian Pidgin|Nigerian Pidgin]]<br />(code: <code>pcm</code>) | [[:pdc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]]<br />(code: <code>pdc</code>) | [[:pfl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Palatine German dialects|Palatine German]]<br />(code: <code>pfl</code>) | [[:pi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pali|Pali]]<br />(code: <code>pi</code>) |- | [[:pl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Polish language|Polish]]<br />(code: <code>pl</code>) | [[:pms:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]]<br />(code: <code>pms</code>) | [[:pnb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (Western Punjabi)<br />(code: <code>pnb</code>) | [[:pnt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pontic Greek|Pontic Greek]]<br />(code: <code>pnt</code>) | [[:ppl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nawat language|Nawat]]<br />(code: <code>ppl</code>) | [[:ps:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pashto|Pashto]]<br />(code: <code>ps</code>) | [[:pt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<br />(code: <code>pt</code>) | [[:pwn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Paiwan language|Paiwan]]<br />(code: <code>pwn</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ Q |- | [[:qu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Quechuan languages|Quechua]] ([[:en:Southern Quechua|Southern Quechua]])<br />(code: <code>qu</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ R |- | [[:rki:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Rakhine language|Rakhine]]<br />(code: <code>rki</code>) | [[:rm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Romansh language|Romansh]]<br />(code: <code>rm</code>) | [[:rmy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Romani language|Romani]] ([[:en:Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]])<br />(code: <code>rmy</code>) | [[:rn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kirundi|Kirundi]]<br />(code: <code>rn</code>) | [[:ro:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Romanian language|Romanian]]<br />(code: <code>ro</code>) | [[:roa-rup:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Aromanian language|Aromanian]]<br />(code: <code>roa-rup</code>) | [[:roa-tara:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]] ([[:en:Tarantino dialect|Tarantino]])<br />(code: <code>roa-tara</code>) | [[:rsk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pannonian Rusyn|Pannonian Rusyn]]<br />(code: <code>rsk</code>) | [[:ru:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Russian language|Russian]]<br />(code: <code>ru</code>) | [[:rue:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Rusyn language|Rusyn]]<br />(code: <code>rue</code>) | [[:rw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kinyarwanda|Kinyarwanda]]<br />(code: <code>rw</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ S |- | [[:sa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]]<br />(code: <code>sa</code>) | [[:sah:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Yakut language|Yakut]]<br />(code: <code>sah</code>) | [[:sat:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Santali language|Santali]]<br />(code: <code>sat</code>) | [[:sc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sardinian language|Sardinian]]<br />(code: <code>sc</code>) | [[:scn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sicilian language|Sicilian]]<br />(code: <code>scn</code>) | [[:sco:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Scots language|Scots]]<br />(code: <code>sco</code>) | [[:sd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sindhi language|Sindhi]]<br />(code: <code>sd</code>) | [[:se:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Northern Sámi|Northern Sámi]]<br />(code: <code>se</code>) | [[:sg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sango language|Sango]]<br />(code: <code>sg</code>) | [[:sh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Serbo-Croatian|Serbo-Croatian]]<br />(code: <code>sh</code>) | [[:shi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Shilha language|Shilha]]<br />(code: <code>shi</code>) |- | [[:shn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Shan language|Shan]]<br />(code: <code>shn</code>) | [[:si:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sinhala language|Sinhala]]<br />(code: <code>si</code>) | [[:simple:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Basic English|Basic English]]<br />(code: <code>simple</code>) | [[:sk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Slovak language|Slovak]]<br />(code: <code>sk</code>) | [[:skr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Saraiki language|Saraiki]]<br />(code: <code>skr</code>) | [[:sl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Slovene language|Slovene]]<br />(code: <code>sl</code>) | [[:sm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Samoan language|Samoan]]<br />(code: <code>sm</code>) | [[:smn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Inari Sámi language|Inari Sámi]]<br />(code: <code>smn</code>) | [[:sn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Shona language|Shona]]<br />(code: <code>sn</code>) | [[:so:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Somali language|Somali]]<br />(code: <code>so</code>) | [[:sq:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Albanian language|Albanian]]<br />(code: <code>sq</code>) |- | [[:sr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Serbian language|Serbian]]<br />(code: <code>sr</code>) | [[:srn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sranan Tongo|Sranan Tongo]]<br />(code: <code>srn</code>) | [[:ss:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Swazi language|Swazi]]<br />(code: <code>ss</code>) | [[:st:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sotho language|Sotho]]<br />(code: <code>st</code>) | [[:stq:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]]<br />(code: <code>stq</code>) | [[:su:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sundanese language|Sundanese]]<br />(code: <code>su</code>) | [[:sv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Swedish language|Swedish]]<br />(code: <code>sv</code>) | [[:sw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Swahili language|Swahili]]<br />(code: <code>sw</code>) | [[:syl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sylheti language|Sylheti]]<br />(code: <code>syl</code>) | [[:szl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Silesian language|Silesian]]<br />(code: <code>szl</code>) | [[:szy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sakizaya language|Sakizaya]]<br />(code: <code>szy</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ T |- | [[:ta:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />(code: <code>ta</code>) | [[:tay:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Atayal language|Atayal]]<br />(code: <code>tay</code>) | [[:tcy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tulu language|Tulu]]<br />(code: <code>tcy</code>) | [[:tdd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tai Nuea language|Tai Nuea]]<br />(code: <code>tdd</code>) | [[:te:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />(code: <code>te</code>) | [[:tet:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tetum language|Tetum]]<br />(code: <code>tet</code>) | [[:tg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tajik language|Tajik]]<br />(code: <code>tg</code>) | [[:th:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Thai language|Thai]]<br />(code: <code>th</code>) | [[:ti:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]<br />(code: <code>ti</code>) | [[:tig:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tigre language|Tigre]]<br />(code: <code>tig</code>) | [[:tk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Turkmen language|Turkmen]]<br />(code: <code>tk</code>) | [[:tl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tagalog language|Tagalog]]<br />(code: <code>tl</code>) | [[:tly:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Talysh language|Talysh]]<br />(code: <code>tly</code>) |- | [[:tn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tswana language|Tswana]]<br />(code: <code>tn</code>) | [[:to:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tongan language|Tongan]]<br />(code: <code>to</code>) | [[:tok:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Toki Pona|Toki Pona]]<br />(code: <code>tok</code>) | [[:tpi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tok Pisin|Tok Pisin]]<br />(code: <code>tpi</code>) | [[:tr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Turkish language|Turkish]]<br />(code: <code>tr</code>) | [[:trv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Seediq language|Seediq]]<br />(code: <code>trv</code>) | [[:ts:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tsonga language|Tsonga]]<br />(code: <code>ts</code>) | [[:tt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tatar language|Tatar]]<br />(code: <code>tt</code>) | [[:tum:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]]<br />(code: <code>tum</code>) | [[:tw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Akan language|Akan]] (Twi)<br />(code: <code>tw</code>) | [[:ty:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tahitian language|Tahitian]]<br />(code: <code>ty</code>) | [[:tyv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tuvan language|Tuvan]]<br />(code: <code>tyv</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ U |- | [[:udm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Udmurt language|Udmurt]]<br />(code: <code>udm</code>) | [[:ug:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Uyghur language|Uyghur]]<br />(code: <code>ug</code>) | [[:uk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]<br />(code: <code>uk</code>) | [[:ur:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Urdu|Urdu]]<br />(code: <code>ur</code>) | [[:uz:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Uzbek language|Uzbek]]<br />(code: <code>uz</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ V |- | [[:ve:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Venda language|Venda]]<br />(code: <code>ve</code>) | [[:vec:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Venetian language|Venetian]]<br />(code: <code>vec</code>) | [[:vep:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Veps language|Veps]]<br />(code: <code>vep</code>) | [[:vi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]<br />(code: <code>vi</code>) | [[:vls:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:West Flemish|West Flemish]]<br />(code: <code>vls</code>) | [[:vo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Volapük|Volapük]]<br />(code: <code>vo</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ W |- | [[:wa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Walloon language|Walloon]]<br />(code: <code>wa</code>) | [[:war:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Waray language|Waray]]<br />(code: <code>war</code>) | [[:wo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Wolof language|Wolof]]<br />(code: <code>wo</code>) | [[:wuu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Wu Chinese|Wu Chinese]]<br />(code: <code>wuu</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ X |- | [[:xal:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Oirat language|Oirat]] ([[:en:Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk Oirat]])<br />(code: <code>xal</code>) | [[:xh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Xhosa language|Xhosa]]<br />(code: <code>xh</code>) | [[:xmf:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]]<br />(code: <code>xmf</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ Y |- | [[:yi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Yiddish|Yiddish]]<br />(code: <code>yi</code>) | [[:yo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Yoruba language|Yoruba]]<br />(code: <code>yo</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ Z |- | [[:za:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Zhuang languages|Zhuang]] ([[:en:Standard Zhuang|Standard Zhuang]])<br />(code: <code>za</code>) | [[:zea:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Zeelandic|Zeelandic]]<br />(code: <code>zea</code>) | [[:zgh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Standard Moroccan Amazigh|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]]<br />(code: <code>zgh</code>) | [[:zh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[:en:Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]])<br />(code: <code>zh</code>) | [[:zh-classical:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]]<br />(code: <code>zh-classical</code>) | [[:zh-min-nan:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Southern Min|Southern Min]]<br />(code: <code>zh-min-nan</code>) | [[:zh-yue:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cantonese|Cantonese]]<br />(code: <code>zh-yue</code>) | [[:zu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Zulu language|Zulu]]<br />(code: <code>zu</code>) |} dud3tixug1qffje4pl8q76cccmmhg8l 0 18086 199776 199773 2026-05-21T15:27:23Z Nana Sintim 11223 Mede atwerɛ bi aka ho 199776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} '''Drums in communication,''' Wɔn a wɔde ntwene yi di dwuma yɛ wɔn a wɔbɛn kwaeɛ mu.Wɔde ntwene na ɛdii kan too nkra wɔ mmeaeɛ a mmɛn. Wɔde ntwene di dwuma wɔ adwabɔ ase ne ɔsom mu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dance|first=Omaha School of Music and|date=2016-06-17|title=History of The Drum {{!}} 5 Ways Drums are Used to Communicate|url=https://omahaschoolofmusicanddance.com/our-blog/5-ways-drums-are-used-to-communicate/|access-date=2025-11-17|website=OSMD|language=en-US}}</ref>{{Short description|Drums used for long-distance signalling and communications}} [[File:TamTam.jpg|thumb|[[Bamileke]] people tamtam]] == Ahodoɔ == === Talking drum === '''Talking drum''' yɛ twene wɔde dua na ayɛ a ɛfiri Abibirem Atɔeɛ fam a wɔde yɛ kasa ho adwuma na wɔyɛ no sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ ɛbɛtumi ne nipa deɛ ayɛ pɛ.<ref name="Gershon">{{cite journal|last1=Gershon|first1=Livia|title=How Does the West African Talking Drum Accurately Mimic Human Speech?|journal=Smithsonian Magazine|date=2021-07-27|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-west-african-drums-really-talk-180978296/|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gninyomo|first=Luc|date=2021-08-14|title=What Is a Talking Drum in Africa?|url=http://www.sheenmagazine.com/what-is-a-talking-drum-in-africa/|access-date=2023-02-11|website=Sheen Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Ɛwɔ etire mmienu a wɔde aboanwoma na ayɛ. Wɔtae de hyɛ wɔn mmɔtuam na ɛbɔ. Deɛ ɔreyan twene no bɛtumi asesa twene no nne wɔ berɛ a ɔreyere anaa ɔregyae mu kakara wɔ ne mmɔtuam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Talking Drum|url=https://percussion.byu.edu/talking-drum|access-date=2026-02-25|website=BYU Percussion Techniques|language=en}}</ref> Twene a wɔde kasa hyɛɛ aseɛ firii 18th century, wɔn a wɔde twene di dwuma no de nne na ɛde asɛm no to dwa, nsɛm bi te sɛ kɛseɛ a ɛfa dwabɔ bi ho ne ɔhyɛ a ɛfiri akwansini bɛyɛ 4 kɔpem kwasini 5 (6.4-8.0).<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Ong|first=Walter|title=Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture|year=1977|page=101}}</ref> Deɛ ɔnim twene no bɔ no tumi bɔ ɛfa mmienu no nyinaa. Ntwene a wɔde kasa no dodoɔ no ara gyegye sɛ nnipa nne na ɛgyina deɛ ɔrebɔ. Twene a ɛte sɛ hourglass-shaped no yɛhu no wɔ Asia nanso wɔanyɛ no sɛ wɔde kasa na mmom [[:en:Idakka|idakka]] na wɔde to nkra sane de kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acoustics of Idakkā: An Indian snare drum with definite pitch|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324828208|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|year=2018|doi=10.1121/1.5038111|last1=Jose|first1=Kevin|last2=Chatterjee|first2=Anindya|last3=Gupta|first3=Anurag|volume=143|issue=5|pages=3184–3194|pmid=29857748|bibcode=2018ASAJ..143.3184J}}</ref> Ɛwom sɛ hourglass twene no yɛbɛtumi ayɛno sɛdeɛ yɛpɛ na mmom ne nnyegyeeɛ ntumi ntra mmeaeɛ wɔabɔ dwa ne beaeɛ a wɔdi dwa na ne botae yɛ sɛ yɛbɔ no ɛfa hyɛ ase.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Talking drum {{!}} African, West African, Musical Instrument {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/talking-drum|access-date=2025-11-17|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Ɛfa hyɛ bi te sɛ, asa,amammerɛ, anansesɛmtoɔ ne kasa nnidisoɔ. Abibirem no, [[:en:New_Guinea|New Guinea]] ne Amerika nkuro no bi mu nnipa de twene ato nkra mfeɛ bebree akyi wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛware mu. Berɛ a Europofoɔ ba bɛhunuu no ɛyɛɛ wɔn nwanwa sɛ amanfoɔ ahunu sɛ wɔreba ne wɔn tirimpɔ. Sɛ wcrebɔ amaneɛ afiri baabi akɔ beaeɛ foforɔ, Abibifoɔ ayanfoɔ tumi yan twene ne kaseɛ atwa kwasini 100 wɔ dɔnhwere baako ntam.<ref>{{cite web|last=Davis|first=Ernest|title=Information, from drums to Wikipedia|url=http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article760768.ece|work=[[James Gleick]]. [[The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood]]. 526pp. Fourth Estate. 978 0 00 722573 6|publisher=The Times Literary Supplement|date=23 August 2011|access-date=12 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114011403/http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article760768.ece|archive-date=14 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Wɔ ntwene wɔde to nkra a agye din pa ara no firi Abibirem Atɔeɛ. Firi [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] ne [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]] ɛwɔ baabiara, [[:en:United_States|America]] ne [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] wɔ nkoa dwadie berɛ mu no. Ɛhɔ no wɔde ɔhyɛ too so ɛfiri sɛ na nkoa no de twene no to nkra wɔ kwan tenten so.<ref name="Epstein">{{cite journal|first=Dena J.|last=Epstein|year=1963|title=Slave Music in the United States before 1860: A Survey of Sources (Part II)|journal=Music Library Association Notes|series=Second Series|volume=20|issue=3|pages=377–390|doi=10.2307/895685|jstor=895685}}</ref> Ntwene a yɛde to nkra no nso wɔde di dwuma wɔ Abibirem Apueeɛ na wɔkyerɛm sɛ Andreus Bauer wɔ 'Street of Caravans', wɔ ne berɛ so na wɔ fa no sɛ bammɔ wɔ Wissmann Truppe de ma caravan of Charles Stokes. Ntwene ahodoɔ a yɛde kasa wɔ Abibirem Atɔeɛ fa mu ne nnipakuo ne sɛdeɛ wɔfrɛ no: * '''Tama''' ([[:en:Wolof_people|Wolof]] a ɛfiri [[:en:Senegal|Senegal]]) * '''Gan gan''', '''Dun Dun''' ([[:en:Yoruba_people|Yoruba]] a ɛfiri [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] ne [[Benin|Benein]] apueeɛ) * '''Dondo''' ([[:en:Akan_people|Akan]] a wɔfiri Ghana mfimfini ne [[:en:Côte_d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]]) * '''Lunna''' ([[:en:Dagomba_people|Dagomba]] a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]; [[:en:Mossi_people|Mossi]] aɛwɔ [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]]) * '''Kalangu''' ([[:en:Hausa_people|Hausa]] a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]], [[:en:Niger|Niger]], a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]], [[:en:Benin|Benin]] ne [[:en:Cameroon|Cameroon]]) * '''Doodo''' ([[:en:Songhai_people|Songhai]] ne [[:en:Zarma_people|Zarma]] a ɛwɔ [[:en:Mali|Mali]], [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]], ne [[:en:Niger|Niger]]) Afe 20th century mu no ntwene a wɔde to nkra no bɛkaa nnwom a agye din wɔ Abibirem atɔeɛ fam ne titre ne nnwom ahodoɔ bi te sɛ [[:en:Jùjú_music|Jùjú]] (Nigeria) ne [[:en:Mbalax|Mbalax]] (Senegal).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jùjú music {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research|url=https://www.ebsco.com/|access-date=2025-11-17|website=EBSCO|language=en}}</ref> === Slit gongs === Ntwene a wɔde to nkra pa ara ne [[:en:Slit_gong|slit gongs]], na wato amena a ɛyɛ feaa a ɛboa sɛ wɔbɔ mu a ɛgyegye, saa twene wɔde dua kɛseɛ wayi afiri nnua mu na ayɛ. Wɔde Slit-log ntwene di dwuma wɔ nketahodie mu wɔ [[:en:Papua_New_Guinea|Papua New Guinea]] a wɔnim sɛ [[:en:Tok_Pisin|Tok Pisin]] yɛ ''[[:en:Garamut|garamut]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Becoming a Garamut Player in Baluan, Papua New Guinea Musical Analysis As a Pathway to Learning|last=Lewis, Tony|isbn=9781315406480|oclc=1033693900|date=2018-04-19|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Ntwene no mu duro sesa firi ɛmu biara ho na ne nnyegyeeɛ no nso gyina nnua a wɔde bɔ no so. Berɛ ntwene no binom nso nyɛ deɛ ɛboro so saa nanso wɔtumi yɛ n'adwuma a ɛwɔ sɛ ɛyɛ. Wɔtwitwa nnua nkumaa atenten kakra de hyehyɛ ntwene no nkyɛn. Sɛ wɔde mmaa atenten bɔ ntwene no a ɛma wote no wɔ akyirikyiri baabi. Sɛ wobɔ baabi faako kyɛn baako no a, ɛma wo nnyegyeeɛ foforɔ na ɛnam sɛ baako wɔ soro kyɛn baako no nti ɛma yɛnya nnyegyeeɛ a ɛwɔ soro ne fam. Twene no anim na yɛde mmaa no bɔ na ɛma yɛn soro ne fam nnyegyeeɛ. Wɔyɛ adeɛ kumaa bi de twene no twene no ma no gyina yie na atumi agyegye yie. Ne yie mu no wote nnyegyeeɛ no wɔ kwansini nnum kɔpem kwansini du-baako ntam.<ref name="OLAp470">{{cite book|last=Finnegan|first=Ruth|title=Oral Literature in Africa|year=2012|publisher=Open Book Publishers|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-1-906924-72-0|page=470|url=https://unglue.it/work/81834/|quote="Drum messages can be heard at a distance of between three to seven miles, according to Carrington 1949b: 25."}}</ref> Nanso amanebɔ a ɛyɛ anika no wɔte akuraa ɛdi hɔ no so. Ntwene a [[:en:Bulu_people|Bulu people]] a wɔfiri Cameroon de di dwuma no wote nnyegyeeɛ no kwansini 10 de rekɔ kwansini 15 wɔ anwummerɛ ntam sɛ wode toto ɛda no mu a wote no kwansini 3 kɔpem 4.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Good|first=AI|title=Drum Talk Is the African's "Wireless"|year=1942|journal=Natural History Magazine|url=https://www.naturalhistorymag.com/htmlsite/editors_pick/1942_09_pick.html}}</ref> === Cambarysu === Nnipa wɔyɛ [[:en:Catuquinaru|Catuquinaru]] a wɔfiri Brazil no wɔbɔɔ wɔn kwaadu sɛ wɔde twene a yɛfrɛ no [[:en:Cambarysu|cambarysu]] to nkra fa esum ase ma cambarysusfoɔ kɔpem 1.5km.<ref name="Prometheus">''Prometheus: Illustrierte Wochenschrift über die Fortschritte'', volume 20 (1908)</ref><ref name="EHG">Enrico Hillyer Giglioli, ''Il "Cambarysú": telefono dei Catuquinarú dell'Amazzonia'' (1898)</ref><ref name="Ensign">[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=ME18981213.2.16&cl=&srpos=0&e=-------10--1----0-- ''The original of the telephone''], ''Mataura Ensign'', issue 520, 13 December 1898, page 4]</ref> Animdifoɔ abɔ kwaadu sɛ sɛ wɔbɔ twene no a ɛfa fam a anka ɛwɔ sɛ ɛfa mframa mu.<ref name="Prometheus" /> == Deɛ ɛde to dwa == Tete ntwene ahodoɔ mmienu na wɔde to nkra wɔ Abibirem. Deɛ ɛdi kan no wɔ kwan a ɛfa so gyegye ɛna deɛ ɛtɔ so mmienu no na ɛkasa na mmom ɛhwɛ kasa wɔreka no na ɛno nso ayɛ bi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=Jeremy|date=2010-11-27|title=Speaking in Rhythm — Drums That Talk, Voices That Drum - ThisWorldMusic|url=https://thisworldmusic.com/speaking-in-rhythm-drums-that-talk-voices-that-drum/|access-date=2026-04-19|language=en-US}}</ref> Twene a yɛde kasa no nyɛ ɛno ankasa kasa na mmom wɔgyina kasa obi ka na ɔno nso yɛ bi. Wei nti kasa a ɛde to dwa no nam kasa bɛbuo so na ɛde to dwa wɔ sɛdeɛ kasa no si gyegye no. Ayan nkaebɔ akɔyɛ sɛ ɛfa nnipa kuo bi ho. Wɔn a wɔka saa kasa no wɔ tumi sɛ wɔyɛ nsakraeɛ ma wɔn a wɔretie no te aseɛ nanso ɛnyɛ saa na ɛteɛ wɔ ayan mu. In Central and East Africa, drum patterns represent the [[:en:Stress_(linguistics)|stresses]], [[:en:Syllable|syllable]] lengths and [[:en:Tone_(linguistics)|tone]] of the particular language. In [[:en:Tone_language|tone languages]], where syllables are associated with a certain tone, some words are distinguished only by their [[:en:Prosody_(linguistics)|suprasegmental profile]]. Therefore, syllable drum languages can often transfer a message using the [[:en:Phoneme|tonal phonemes]] alone.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-04|title='Talking Drums': Long-Distance Communication in Early Africa|url=https://brewminate.com/talking-drums-long-distance-communication-in-early-africa/|access-date=2026-04-19|language=en-US}}</ref> In certain languages, the pitch of each syllable is uniquely determined in relation to adjacent syllables. In these cases, messages can be transmitted as rapid beats at the same speed as speech, as the rhythm and melody both match the equivalent spoken utterance. Misinterpretations can occur due to the highly ambiguous nature of the communication. The ambiguity is reduced by context effects and the use of [[:en:Stock_phrase|stock phrases]]. For example, in [[:en:Jabo_(language)|Jabo]], most stems are monosyllabic. By using a [[:en:Proverb|proverb]] or honorary title to create an expanded version of the name of a person, animal, or object, the indistinguishable single beat of an ordinary name can be replaced with a particular rhythmic and melodic [[:en:Motif_(music)|motif]] for each subject. In practice not all listeners understand all of the stock phrases; the drum language is understood only to the level of each person's immediate concern.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Franich|first1=Kathryn H.|last2=Lendja Ngnemzué|first2=Ange B.|date=2021-06-16|title=Feeling the Beat in an African Tone Language: Rhythmic Mapping Between Language and Music|journal=Frontiers in Communication|volume=6|article-number=653747|doi=10.3389/fcomm.2021.653747|doi-access=free|issn=2297-900X}}</ref> == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == nyccjefzq97cads9bvnm7l8jm8jjamp 199777 199776 2026-05-21T16:32:42Z Nana Sintim 11223 Mede atwerɛ bi aka ho 199777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} '''Drums in communication,''' Wɔn a wɔde ntwene yi di dwuma yɛ wɔn a wɔbɛn kwaeɛ mu.Wɔde ntwene na ɛdii kan too nkra wɔ mmeaeɛ a mmɛn. Wɔde ntwene di dwuma wɔ adwabɔ ase ne ɔsom mu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dance|first=Omaha School of Music and|date=2016-06-17|title=History of The Drum {{!}} 5 Ways Drums are Used to Communicate|url=https://omahaschoolofmusicanddance.com/our-blog/5-ways-drums-are-used-to-communicate/|access-date=2025-11-17|website=OSMD|language=en-US}}</ref>{{Short description|Drums used for long-distance signalling and communications}} [[File:TamTam.jpg|thumb|[[Bamileke]] people tamtam]] == Ahodoɔ == === Talking drum === '''Talking drum''' yɛ twene wɔde dua na ayɛ a ɛfiri Abibirem Atɔeɛ fam a wɔde yɛ kasa ho adwuma na wɔyɛ no sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ ɛbɛtumi ne nipa deɛ ayɛ pɛ.<ref name="Gershon">{{cite journal|last1=Gershon|first1=Livia|title=How Does the West African Talking Drum Accurately Mimic Human Speech?|journal=Smithsonian Magazine|date=2021-07-27|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-west-african-drums-really-talk-180978296/|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gninyomo|first=Luc|date=2021-08-14|title=What Is a Talking Drum in Africa?|url=http://www.sheenmagazine.com/what-is-a-talking-drum-in-africa/|access-date=2023-02-11|website=Sheen Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Ɛwɔ etire mmienu a wɔde aboanwoma na ayɛ. Wɔtae de hyɛ wɔn mmɔtuam na ɛbɔ. Deɛ ɔreyan twene no bɛtumi asesa twene no nne wɔ berɛ a ɔreyere anaa ɔregyae mu kakara wɔ ne mmɔtuam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Talking Drum|url=https://percussion.byu.edu/talking-drum|access-date=2026-02-25|website=BYU Percussion Techniques|language=en}}</ref> Twene a wɔde kasa hyɛɛ aseɛ firii 18th century, wɔn a wɔde twene di dwuma no de nne na ɛde asɛm no to dwa, nsɛm bi te sɛ kɛseɛ a ɛfa dwabɔ bi ho ne ɔhyɛ a ɛfiri akwansini bɛyɛ 4 kɔpem kwasini 5 (6.4-8.0).<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Ong|first=Walter|title=Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture|year=1977|page=101}}</ref> Deɛ ɔnim twene no bɔ no tumi bɔ ɛfa mmienu no nyinaa. Ntwene a wɔde kasa no dodoɔ no ara gyegye sɛ nnipa nne na ɛgyina deɛ ɔrebɔ. Twene a ɛte sɛ hourglass-shaped no yɛhu no wɔ Asia nanso wɔanyɛ no sɛ wɔde kasa na mmom [[:en:Idakka|idakka]] na wɔde to nkra sane de kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acoustics of Idakkā: An Indian snare drum with definite pitch|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324828208|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|year=2018|doi=10.1121/1.5038111|last1=Jose|first1=Kevin|last2=Chatterjee|first2=Anindya|last3=Gupta|first3=Anurag|volume=143|issue=5|pages=3184–3194|pmid=29857748|bibcode=2018ASAJ..143.3184J}}</ref> Ɛwom sɛ hourglass twene no yɛbɛtumi ayɛno sɛdeɛ yɛpɛ na mmom ne nnyegyeeɛ ntumi ntra mmeaeɛ wɔabɔ dwa ne beaeɛ a wɔdi dwa na ne botae yɛ sɛ yɛbɔ no ɛfa hyɛ ase.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Talking drum {{!}} African, West African, Musical Instrument {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/talking-drum|access-date=2025-11-17|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Ɛfa hyɛ bi te sɛ, asa,amammerɛ, anansesɛmtoɔ ne kasa nnidisoɔ. Abibirem no, [[:en:New_Guinea|New Guinea]] ne Amerika nkuro no bi mu nnipa de twene ato nkra mfeɛ bebree akyi wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛware mu. Berɛ a Europofoɔ ba bɛhunuu no ɛyɛɛ wɔn nwanwa sɛ amanfoɔ ahunu sɛ wɔreba ne wɔn tirimpɔ. Sɛ wcrebɔ amaneɛ afiri baabi akɔ beaeɛ foforɔ, Abibifoɔ ayanfoɔ tumi yan twene ne kaseɛ atwa kwasini 100 wɔ dɔnhwere baako ntam.<ref>{{cite web|last=Davis|first=Ernest|title=Information, from drums to Wikipedia|url=http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article760768.ece|work=[[James Gleick]]. [[The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood]]. 526pp. Fourth Estate. 978 0 00 722573 6|publisher=The Times Literary Supplement|date=23 August 2011|access-date=12 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114011403/http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article760768.ece|archive-date=14 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Wɔ ntwene wɔde to nkra a agye din pa ara no firi Abibirem Atɔeɛ. Firi [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] ne [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]] ɛwɔ baabiara, [[:en:United_States|America]] ne [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] wɔ nkoa dwadie berɛ mu no. Ɛhɔ no wɔde ɔhyɛ too so ɛfiri sɛ na nkoa no de twene no to nkra wɔ kwan tenten so.<ref name="Epstein">{{cite journal|first=Dena J.|last=Epstein|year=1963|title=Slave Music in the United States before 1860: A Survey of Sources (Part II)|journal=Music Library Association Notes|series=Second Series|volume=20|issue=3|pages=377–390|doi=10.2307/895685|jstor=895685}}</ref> Ntwene a yɛde to nkra no nso wɔde di dwuma wɔ Abibirem Apueeɛ na wɔkyerɛm sɛ Andreus Bauer wɔ 'Street of Caravans', wɔ ne berɛ so na wɔ fa no sɛ bammɔ wɔ Wissmann Truppe de ma caravan of Charles Stokes. Ntwene ahodoɔ a yɛde kasa wɔ Abibirem Atɔeɛ fa mu ne nnipakuo ne sɛdeɛ wɔfrɛ no: * '''Tama''' ([[:en:Wolof_people|Wolof]] a ɛfiri [[:en:Senegal|Senegal]]) * '''Gan gan''', '''Dun Dun''' ([[:en:Yoruba_people|Yoruba]] a ɛfiri [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] ne [[Benin|Benein]] apueeɛ) * '''Dondo''' ([[:en:Akan_people|Akan]] a wɔfiri Ghana mfimfini ne [[:en:Côte_d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]]) * '''Lunna''' ([[:en:Dagomba_people|Dagomba]] a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]; [[:en:Mossi_people|Mossi]] aɛwɔ [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]]) * '''Kalangu''' ([[:en:Hausa_people|Hausa]] a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]], [[:en:Niger|Niger]], a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]], [[:en:Benin|Benin]] ne [[:en:Cameroon|Cameroon]]) * '''Doodo''' ([[:en:Songhai_people|Songhai]] ne [[:en:Zarma_people|Zarma]] a ɛwɔ [[:en:Mali|Mali]], [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]], ne [[:en:Niger|Niger]]) Afe 20th century mu no ntwene a wɔde to nkra no bɛkaa nnwom a agye din wɔ Abibirem atɔeɛ fam ne titre ne nnwom ahodoɔ bi te sɛ [[:en:Jùjú_music|Jùjú]] (Nigeria) ne [[:en:Mbalax|Mbalax]] (Senegal).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jùjú music {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research|url=https://www.ebsco.com/|access-date=2025-11-17|website=EBSCO|language=en}}</ref> === Slit gongs === Ntwene a wɔde to nkra pa ara ne [[:en:Slit_gong|slit gongs]], na wato amena a ɛyɛ feaa a ɛboa sɛ wɔbɔ mu a ɛgyegye, saa twene wɔde dua kɛseɛ wayi afiri nnua mu na ayɛ. Wɔde Slit-log ntwene di dwuma wɔ nketahodie mu wɔ [[:en:Papua_New_Guinea|Papua New Guinea]] a wɔnim sɛ [[:en:Tok_Pisin|Tok Pisin]] yɛ ''[[:en:Garamut|garamut]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Becoming a Garamut Player in Baluan, Papua New Guinea Musical Analysis As a Pathway to Learning|last=Lewis, Tony|isbn=9781315406480|oclc=1033693900|date=2018-04-19|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Ntwene no mu duro sesa firi ɛmu biara ho na ne nnyegyeeɛ no nso gyina nnua a wɔde bɔ no so. Berɛ ntwene no binom nso nyɛ deɛ ɛboro so saa nanso wɔtumi yɛ n'adwuma a ɛwɔ sɛ ɛyɛ. Wɔtwitwa nnua nkumaa atenten kakra de hyehyɛ ntwene no nkyɛn. Sɛ wɔde mmaa atenten bɔ ntwene no a ɛma wote no wɔ akyirikyiri baabi. Sɛ wobɔ baabi faako kyɛn baako no a, ɛma wo nnyegyeeɛ foforɔ na ɛnam sɛ baako wɔ soro kyɛn baako no nti ɛma yɛnya nnyegyeeɛ a ɛwɔ soro ne fam. Twene no anim na yɛde mmaa no bɔ na ɛma yɛn soro ne fam nnyegyeeɛ. Wɔyɛ adeɛ kumaa bi de twene no twene no ma no gyina yie na atumi agyegye yie. Ne yie mu no wote nnyegyeeɛ no wɔ kwansini nnum kɔpem kwansini du-baako ntam.<ref name="OLAp470">{{cite book|last=Finnegan|first=Ruth|title=Oral Literature in Africa|year=2012|publisher=Open Book Publishers|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-1-906924-72-0|page=470|url=https://unglue.it/work/81834/|quote="Drum messages can be heard at a distance of between three to seven miles, according to Carrington 1949b: 25."}}</ref> Nanso amanebɔ a ɛyɛ anika no wɔte akuraa ɛdi hɔ no so. Ntwene a [[:en:Bulu_people|Bulu people]] a wɔfiri Cameroon de di dwuma no wote nnyegyeeɛ no kwansini 10 de rekɔ kwansini 15 wɔ anwummerɛ ntam sɛ wode toto ɛda no mu a wote no kwansini 3 kɔpem 4.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Good|first=AI|title=Drum Talk Is the African's "Wireless"|year=1942|journal=Natural History Magazine|url=https://www.naturalhistorymag.com/htmlsite/editors_pick/1942_09_pick.html}}</ref> === Cambarysu === Nnipa wɔyɛ [[:en:Catuquinaru|Catuquinaru]] a wɔfiri Brazil no wɔbɔɔ wɔn kwaadu sɛ wɔde twene a yɛfrɛ no [[:en:Cambarysu|cambarysu]] to nkra fa esum ase ma cambarysusfoɔ kɔpem 1.5km.<ref name="Prometheus">''Prometheus: Illustrierte Wochenschrift über die Fortschritte'', volume 20 (1908)</ref><ref name="EHG">Enrico Hillyer Giglioli, ''Il "Cambarysú": telefono dei Catuquinarú dell'Amazzonia'' (1898)</ref><ref name="Ensign">[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=ME18981213.2.16&cl=&srpos=0&e=-------10--1----0-- ''The original of the telephone''], ''Mataura Ensign'', issue 520, 13 December 1898, page 4]</ref> Animdifoɔ abɔ kwaadu sɛ sɛ wɔbɔ twene no a ɛfa fam a anka ɛwɔ sɛ ɛfa mframa mu.<ref name="Prometheus" /> == Deɛ ɛde to dwa == Tete ntwene ahodoɔ mmienu na wɔde to nkra wɔ Abibirem. Deɛ ɛdi kan no wɔ kwan a ɛfa so gyegye ɛna deɛ ɛtɔ so mmienu no na ɛkasa na mmom ɛhwɛ kasa wɔreka no na ɛno nso ayɛ bi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=Jeremy|date=2010-11-27|title=Speaking in Rhythm — Drums That Talk, Voices That Drum - ThisWorldMusic|url=https://thisworldmusic.com/speaking-in-rhythm-drums-that-talk-voices-that-drum/|access-date=2026-04-19|language=en-US}}</ref> Twene a yɛde kasa no nyɛ ɛno ankasa kasa na mmom wɔgyina kasa obi ka na ɔno nso yɛ bi. Wei nti kasa a ɛde to dwa no nam kasa bɛbuo so na ɛde to dwa wɔ sɛdeɛ kasa no si gyegye no. Ayan nkaebɔ akɔyɛ sɛ ɛfa nnipa kuo bi ho. Wɔn a wɔka saa kasa no wɔ tumi sɛ wɔyɛ nsakraeɛ ma wɔn a wɔretie no te aseɛ nanso ɛnyɛ saa na ɛteɛ wɔ ayan mu. Wɔ mfimfini ne Abibirem apueɛ fa mu no, twene nyegyeeɛ no gyina kasa no nhyehyɛeɛ, nne wɔ saa kasa no mu. Kasa nne mu no, kasa ne nhyehyɛeɛ nti no ɛma nne no bi sesɛ nsɛmfua nsesaeɛ gyina ɛnne no so. Wei nti, twene kasa nhyehyɛeɛ de kaseɛ to dwa berɛ ɛnam ɛnne no so nko ara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-04|title='Talking Drums': Long-Distance Communication in Early Africa|url=https://brewminate.com/talking-drums-long-distance-communication-in-early-africa/|access-date=2026-04-19|language=en-US}}</ref> Wɔ kasa bi mu no, kasa no nnyegyeeɛ yɛhunu no sononko kwan so. Wei nti nkaebɔ bɛtumi akɔ ntɛm sɛdeɛ kasa teɛ no a ne nnidisoɔ ne ɛnne te sɛ kasa yɛka pɛpɛɛpɛ. Misinterpretations can occur due to the highly ambiguous nature of the communication. The ambiguity is reduced by context effects and the use of [[:en:Stock_phrase|stock phrases]]. For example, in [[:en:Jabo_(language)|Jabo]], most stems are monosyllabic. By using a [[:en:Proverb|proverb]] or honorary title to create an expanded version of the name of a person, animal, or object, the indistinguishable single beat of an ordinary name can be replaced with a particular rhythmic and melodic [[:en:Motif_(music)|motif]] for each subject. In practice not all listeners understand all of the stock phrases; the drum language is understood only to the level of each person's immediate concern.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Franich|first1=Kathryn H.|last2=Lendja Ngnemzué|first2=Ange B.|date=2021-06-16|title=Feeling the Beat in an African Tone Language: Rhythmic Mapping Between Language and Music|journal=Frontiers in Communication|volume=6|article-number=653747|doi=10.3389/fcomm.2021.653747|doi-access=free|issn=2297-900X}}</ref> == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == 3ys0sdvzk8lnumh6z5pv6kbx3tsx3pu 199778 199777 2026-05-21T19:04:34Z Nana Sintim 11223 Mede atwerɛ bi aka ho 199778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} '''Drums in communication,''' Wɔn a wɔde ntwene yi di dwuma yɛ wɔn a wɔbɛn kwaeɛ mu.Wɔde ntwene na ɛdii kan too nkra wɔ mmeaeɛ a mmɛn. Wɔde ntwene di dwuma wɔ adwabɔ ase ne ɔsom mu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dance|first=Omaha School of Music and|date=2016-06-17|title=History of The Drum {{!}} 5 Ways Drums are Used to Communicate|url=https://omahaschoolofmusicanddance.com/our-blog/5-ways-drums-are-used-to-communicate/|access-date=2025-11-17|website=OSMD|language=en-US}}</ref>{{Short description|Drums used for long-distance signalling and communications}} [[File:TamTam.jpg|thumb|[[Bamileke]] people tamtam]] == Ahodoɔ == === Talking drum === '''Talking drum''' yɛ twene wɔde dua na ayɛ a ɛfiri Abibirem Atɔeɛ fam a wɔde yɛ kasa ho adwuma na wɔyɛ no sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ ɛbɛtumi ne nipa deɛ ayɛ pɛ.<ref name="Gershon">{{cite journal|last1=Gershon|first1=Livia|title=How Does the West African Talking Drum Accurately Mimic Human Speech?|journal=Smithsonian Magazine|date=2021-07-27|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-west-african-drums-really-talk-180978296/|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gninyomo|first=Luc|date=2021-08-14|title=What Is a Talking Drum in Africa?|url=http://www.sheenmagazine.com/what-is-a-talking-drum-in-africa/|access-date=2023-02-11|website=Sheen Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Ɛwɔ etire mmienu a wɔde aboanwoma na ayɛ. Wɔtae de hyɛ wɔn mmɔtuam na ɛbɔ. Deɛ ɔreyan twene no bɛtumi asesa twene no nne wɔ berɛ a ɔreyere anaa ɔregyae mu kakara wɔ ne mmɔtuam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Talking Drum|url=https://percussion.byu.edu/talking-drum|access-date=2026-02-25|website=BYU Percussion Techniques|language=en}}</ref> Twene a wɔde kasa hyɛɛ aseɛ firii 18th century, wɔn a wɔde twene di dwuma no de nne na ɛde asɛm no to dwa, nsɛm bi te sɛ kɛseɛ a ɛfa dwabɔ bi ho ne ɔhyɛ a ɛfiri akwansini bɛyɛ 4 kɔpem kwasini 5 (6.4-8.0).<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Ong|first=Walter|title=Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture|year=1977|page=101}}</ref> Deɛ ɔnim twene no bɔ no tumi bɔ ɛfa mmienu no nyinaa. Ntwene a wɔde kasa no dodoɔ no ara gyegye sɛ nnipa nne na ɛgyina deɛ ɔrebɔ. Twene a ɛte sɛ hourglass-shaped no yɛhu no wɔ Asia nanso wɔanyɛ no sɛ wɔde kasa na mmom [[:en:Idakka|idakka]] na wɔde to nkra sane de kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acoustics of Idakkā: An Indian snare drum with definite pitch|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324828208|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|year=2018|doi=10.1121/1.5038111|last1=Jose|first1=Kevin|last2=Chatterjee|first2=Anindya|last3=Gupta|first3=Anurag|volume=143|issue=5|pages=3184–3194|pmid=29857748|bibcode=2018ASAJ..143.3184J}}</ref> Ɛwom sɛ hourglass twene no yɛbɛtumi ayɛno sɛdeɛ yɛpɛ na mmom ne nnyegyeeɛ ntumi ntra mmeaeɛ wɔabɔ dwa ne beaeɛ a wɔdi dwa na ne botae yɛ sɛ yɛbɔ no ɛfa hyɛ ase.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Talking drum {{!}} African, West African, Musical Instrument {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/talking-drum|access-date=2025-11-17|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Ɛfa hyɛ bi te sɛ, asa,amammerɛ, anansesɛmtoɔ ne kasa nnidisoɔ. Abibirem no, [[:en:New_Guinea|New Guinea]] ne Amerika nkuro no bi mu nnipa de twene ato nkra mfeɛ bebree akyi wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛware mu. Berɛ a Europofoɔ ba bɛhunuu no ɛyɛɛ wɔn nwanwa sɛ amanfoɔ ahunu sɛ wɔreba ne wɔn tirimpɔ. Sɛ wcrebɔ amaneɛ afiri baabi akɔ beaeɛ foforɔ, Abibifoɔ ayanfoɔ tumi yan twene ne kaseɛ atwa kwasini 100 wɔ dɔnhwere baako ntam.<ref>{{cite web|last=Davis|first=Ernest|title=Information, from drums to Wikipedia|url=http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article760768.ece|work=[[James Gleick]]. [[The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood]]. 526pp. Fourth Estate. 978 0 00 722573 6|publisher=The Times Literary Supplement|date=23 August 2011|access-date=12 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114011403/http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article760768.ece|archive-date=14 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Wɔ ntwene wɔde to nkra a agye din pa ara no firi Abibirem Atɔeɛ. Firi [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] ne [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]] ɛwɔ baabiara, [[:en:United_States|America]] ne [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] wɔ nkoa dwadie berɛ mu no. Ɛhɔ no wɔde ɔhyɛ too so ɛfiri sɛ na nkoa no de twene no to nkra wɔ kwan tenten so.<ref name="Epstein">{{cite journal|first=Dena J.|last=Epstein|year=1963|title=Slave Music in the United States before 1860: A Survey of Sources (Part II)|journal=Music Library Association Notes|series=Second Series|volume=20|issue=3|pages=377–390|doi=10.2307/895685|jstor=895685}}</ref> Ntwene a yɛde to nkra no nso wɔde di dwuma wɔ Abibirem Apueeɛ na wɔkyerɛm sɛ Andreus Bauer wɔ 'Street of Caravans', wɔ ne berɛ so na wɔ fa no sɛ bammɔ wɔ Wissmann Truppe de ma caravan of Charles Stokes. Ntwene ahodoɔ a yɛde kasa wɔ Abibirem Atɔeɛ fa mu ne nnipakuo ne sɛdeɛ wɔfrɛ no: * '''Tama''' ([[:en:Wolof_people|Wolof]] a ɛfiri [[:en:Senegal|Senegal]]) * '''Gan gan''', '''Dun Dun''' ([[:en:Yoruba_people|Yoruba]] a ɛfiri [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] ne [[Benin|Benein]] apueeɛ) * '''Dondo''' ([[:en:Akan_people|Akan]] a wɔfiri Ghana mfimfini ne [[:en:Côte_d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]]) * '''Lunna''' ([[:en:Dagomba_people|Dagomba]] a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]; [[:en:Mossi_people|Mossi]] aɛwɔ [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]]) * '''Kalangu''' ([[:en:Hausa_people|Hausa]] a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]], [[:en:Niger|Niger]], a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]], [[:en:Benin|Benin]] ne [[:en:Cameroon|Cameroon]]) * '''Doodo''' ([[:en:Songhai_people|Songhai]] ne [[:en:Zarma_people|Zarma]] a ɛwɔ [[:en:Mali|Mali]], [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]], ne [[:en:Niger|Niger]]) Afe 20th century mu no ntwene a wɔde to nkra no bɛkaa nnwom a agye din wɔ Abibirem atɔeɛ fam ne titre ne nnwom ahodoɔ bi te sɛ [[:en:Jùjú_music|Jùjú]] (Nigeria) ne [[:en:Mbalax|Mbalax]] (Senegal).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jùjú music {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research|url=https://www.ebsco.com/|access-date=2025-11-17|website=EBSCO|language=en}}</ref> === Slit gongs === Ntwene a wɔde to nkra pa ara ne [[:en:Slit_gong|slit gongs]], na wato amena a ɛyɛ feaa a ɛboa sɛ wɔbɔ mu a ɛgyegye, saa twene wɔde dua kɛseɛ wayi afiri nnua mu na ayɛ. Wɔde Slit-log ntwene di dwuma wɔ nketahodie mu wɔ [[:en:Papua_New_Guinea|Papua New Guinea]] a wɔnim sɛ [[:en:Tok_Pisin|Tok Pisin]] yɛ ''[[:en:Garamut|garamut]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Becoming a Garamut Player in Baluan, Papua New Guinea Musical Analysis As a Pathway to Learning|last=Lewis, Tony|isbn=9781315406480|oclc=1033693900|date=2018-04-19|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Ntwene no mu duro sesa firi ɛmu biara ho na ne nnyegyeeɛ no nso gyina nnua a wɔde bɔ no so. Berɛ ntwene no binom nso nyɛ deɛ ɛboro so saa nanso wɔtumi yɛ n'adwuma a ɛwɔ sɛ ɛyɛ. Wɔtwitwa nnua nkumaa atenten kakra de hyehyɛ ntwene no nkyɛn. Sɛ wɔde mmaa atenten bɔ ntwene no a ɛma wote no wɔ akyirikyiri baabi. Sɛ wobɔ baabi faako kyɛn baako no a, ɛma wo nnyegyeeɛ foforɔ na ɛnam sɛ baako wɔ soro kyɛn baako no nti ɛma yɛnya nnyegyeeɛ a ɛwɔ soro ne fam. Twene no anim na yɛde mmaa no bɔ na ɛma yɛn soro ne fam nnyegyeeɛ. Wɔyɛ adeɛ kumaa bi de twene no twene no ma no gyina yie na atumi agyegye yie. Ne yie mu no wote nnyegyeeɛ no wɔ kwansini nnum kɔpem kwansini du-baako ntam.<ref name="OLAp470">{{cite book|last=Finnegan|first=Ruth|title=Oral Literature in Africa|year=2012|publisher=Open Book Publishers|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-1-906924-72-0|page=470|url=https://unglue.it/work/81834/|quote="Drum messages can be heard at a distance of between three to seven miles, according to Carrington 1949b: 25."}}</ref> Nanso amanebɔ a ɛyɛ anika no wɔte akuraa ɛdi hɔ no so. Ntwene a [[:en:Bulu_people|Bulu people]] a wɔfiri Cameroon de di dwuma no wote nnyegyeeɛ no kwansini 10 de rekɔ kwansini 15 wɔ anwummerɛ ntam sɛ wode toto ɛda no mu a wote no kwansini 3 kɔpem 4.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Good|first=AI|title=Drum Talk Is the African's "Wireless"|year=1942|journal=Natural History Magazine|url=https://www.naturalhistorymag.com/htmlsite/editors_pick/1942_09_pick.html}}</ref> === Cambarysu === Nnipa wɔyɛ [[:en:Catuquinaru|Catuquinaru]] a wɔfiri Brazil no wɔbɔɔ wɔn kwaadu sɛ wɔde twene a yɛfrɛ no [[:en:Cambarysu|cambarysu]] to nkra fa esum ase ma cambarysusfoɔ kɔpem 1.5km.<ref name="Prometheus">''Prometheus: Illustrierte Wochenschrift über die Fortschritte'', volume 20 (1908)</ref><ref name="EHG">Enrico Hillyer Giglioli, ''Il "Cambarysú": telefono dei Catuquinarú dell'Amazzonia'' (1898)</ref><ref name="Ensign">[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=ME18981213.2.16&cl=&srpos=0&e=-------10--1----0-- ''The original of the telephone''], ''Mataura Ensign'', issue 520, 13 December 1898, page 4]</ref> Animdifoɔ abɔ kwaadu sɛ sɛ wɔbɔ twene no a ɛfa fam a anka ɛwɔ sɛ ɛfa mframa mu.<ref name="Prometheus" /> == Deɛ ɛde to dwa == Tete ntwene ahodoɔ mmienu na wɔde to nkra wɔ Abibirem. Deɛ ɛdi kan no wɔ kwan a ɛfa so gyegye ɛna deɛ ɛtɔ so mmienu no na ɛkasa na mmom ɛhwɛ kasa wɔreka no na ɛno nso ayɛ bi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=Jeremy|date=2010-11-27|title=Speaking in Rhythm — Drums That Talk, Voices That Drum - ThisWorldMusic|url=https://thisworldmusic.com/speaking-in-rhythm-drums-that-talk-voices-that-drum/|access-date=2026-04-19|language=en-US}}</ref> Twene a yɛde kasa no nyɛ ɛno ankasa kasa na mmom wɔgyina kasa obi ka na ɔno nso yɛ bi. Wei nti kasa a ɛde to dwa no nam kasa bɛbuo so na ɛde to dwa wɔ sɛdeɛ kasa no si gyegye no. Ayan nkaebɔ akɔyɛ sɛ ɛfa nnipa kuo bi ho. Wɔn a wɔka saa kasa no wɔ tumi sɛ wɔyɛ nsakraeɛ ma wɔn a wɔretie no te aseɛ nanso ɛnyɛ saa na ɛteɛ wɔ ayan mu. Wɔ mfimfini ne Abibirem apueɛ fa mu no, twene nyegyeeɛ no gyina kasa no nhyehyɛeɛ, nne wɔ saa kasa no mu. Kasa nne mu no, kasa ne nhyehyɛeɛ nti no ɛma nne no bi sesɛ nsɛmfua nsesaeɛ gyina ɛnne no so. Wei nti, twene kasa nhyehyɛeɛ de kaseɛ to dwa berɛ ɛnam ɛnne no so nko ara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-04|title='Talking Drums': Long-Distance Communication in Early Africa|url=https://brewminate.com/talking-drums-long-distance-communication-in-early-africa/|access-date=2026-04-19|language=en-US}}</ref> Wɔ kasa bi mu no, kasa no nnyegyeeɛ yɛhunu no sononko kwan so. Wei nti nkaebɔ bɛtumi akɔ ntɛm sɛdeɛ kasa teɛ no a ne nnidisoɔ ne ɛnne te sɛ kasa yɛka pɛpɛɛpɛ. Nkyerɛaseɛ foforo bɛtumi aba ɛnam da ayan no mu nna hɔ no. Nkyerɛaseɛ foforɔ so bɛte a na ɛnam sɛdeɛ ayan no siteɛ ne deɛ kasasini no kɔ fa. Nhwɛsoɔ, wɔ [[:en:Jabo_(language)|Jabo]] wɔn kasafua no yɛ baako berɛ a wode ɛbɛ redi dwuma anaa wodi rebaebae obi edin mu, aboa anaa adeɛ bi, sɛ wobɔ edin bi a ɛbɛtumi nnyegyeeɛ bi asi anan. Wɔ nhwɛsoɔ mu, ɛnyɛ atiefoɔ nyinaa na ɛte ayan ase. Ayan nteaseɛ no gyina wogyina bea wɔ kasa no mu anaa wo mfeɛ so.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Franich|first1=Kathryn H.|last2=Lendja Ngnemzué|first2=Ange B.|date=2021-06-16|title=Feeling the Beat in an African Tone Language: Rhythmic Mapping Between Language and Music|journal=Frontiers in Communication|volume=6|article-number=653747|doi=10.3389/fcomm.2021.653747|doi-access=free|issn=2297-900X}}</ref> == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == juc2f7fqp46n667bvcoyn8ky2g83wpx 199779 199778 2026-05-21T19:27:53Z Nana Sintim 11223 I add hyperlink 199779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} '''Drums in communication,''' Wɔn a wɔde ntwene yi di dwuma yɛ wɔn a wɔbɛn [[Kwaɛ|kwaeɛ]] mu.Wɔde ntwene na ɛdii kan too nkra wɔ mmeaeɛ a mmɛn. Wɔde ntwene di dwuma wɔ adwabɔ ase ne ɔsom mu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dance|first=Omaha School of Music and|date=2016-06-17|title=History of The Drum {{!}} 5 Ways Drums are Used to Communicate|url=https://omahaschoolofmusicanddance.com/our-blog/5-ways-drums-are-used-to-communicate/|access-date=2025-11-17|website=OSMD|language=en-US}}</ref>{{Short description|Drums used for long-distance signalling and communications}} [[File:TamTam.jpg|thumb|[[Bamileke]] people tamtam]] == Ahodoɔ == === Talking drum === '''Talking drum''' yɛ twene wɔde dua na ayɛ a ɛfiri [[Abibrem|Abibirem]] [[Atɔɛ Mantam|Atɔeɛ]] fam a wɔde yɛ kasa ho adwuma na wɔyɛ no sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ ɛbɛtumi ne nipa deɛ ayɛ pɛ.<ref name="Gershon">{{cite journal|last1=Gershon|first1=Livia|title=How Does the West African Talking Drum Accurately Mimic Human Speech?|journal=Smithsonian Magazine|date=2021-07-27|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-west-african-drums-really-talk-180978296/|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gninyomo|first=Luc|date=2021-08-14|title=What Is a Talking Drum in Africa?|url=http://www.sheenmagazine.com/what-is-a-talking-drum-in-africa/|access-date=2023-02-11|website=Sheen Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Ɛwɔ etire mmienu a wɔde aboanwoma na ayɛ. Wɔtae de hyɛ wɔn mmɔtuam na ɛbɔ. Deɛ ɔreyan twene no bɛtumi asesa twene no nne wɔ berɛ a ɔreyere anaa ɔregyae mu kakara wɔ ne mmɔtuam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Talking Drum|url=https://percussion.byu.edu/talking-drum|access-date=2026-02-25|website=BYU Percussion Techniques|language=en}}</ref> Twene a wɔde kasa hyɛɛ aseɛ firii 18th century, wɔn a wɔde twene di dwuma no de nne na ɛde asɛm no to dwa, nsɛm bi te sɛ kɛseɛ a ɛfa dwabɔ bi ho ne ɔhyɛ a ɛfiri akwansini bɛyɛ 4 kɔpem kwasini 5 (6.4-8.0).<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Ong|first=Walter|title=Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture|year=1977|page=101}}</ref> Deɛ ɔnim twene no bɔ no tumi bɔ ɛfa mmienu no nyinaa. Ntwene a wɔde [[kasa]] no dodoɔ no ara gyegye sɛ nnipa nne na ɛgyina deɛ ɔrebɔ. Twene a ɛte sɛ hourglass-shaped no yɛhu no wɔ Asia nanso wɔanyɛ no sɛ wɔde kasa na mmom idakka na wɔde to nkra sane de [[kasa]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acoustics of Idakkā: An Indian snare drum with definite pitch|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324828208|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|year=2018|doi=10.1121/1.5038111|last1=Jose|first1=Kevin|last2=Chatterjee|first2=Anindya|last3=Gupta|first3=Anurag|volume=143|issue=5|pages=3184–3194|pmid=29857748|bibcode=2018ASAJ..143.3184J}}</ref> Ɛwom sɛ hourglass twene no yɛbɛtumi ayɛno sɛdeɛ yɛpɛ na mmom ne nnyegyeeɛ ntumi ntra mmeaeɛ wɔabɔ dwa ne beaeɛ a wɔdi dwa na ne botae yɛ sɛ yɛbɔ no ɛfa hyɛ ase.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Talking drum {{!}} African, West African, Musical Instrument {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/talking-drum|access-date=2025-11-17|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Ɛfa hyɛ bi te sɛ, asa,amammerɛ, anansesɛmtoɔ ne kasa nnidisoɔ. Abibirem no, [[Guinea]] ne [[Amerika]] nkuro no bi mu nnipa de twene ato nkra mfeɛ bebree akyi wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛware mu. Berɛ a Europofoɔ ba bɛhunuu no ɛyɛɛ wɔn nwanwa sɛ amanfoɔ ahunu sɛ wɔreba ne wɔn tirimpɔ. Sɛ wcrebɔ amaneɛ afiri baabi akɔ beaeɛ foforɔ, Abibifoɔ ayanfoɔ tumi yan twene ne kaseɛ atwa kwasini 100 wɔ dɔnhwere baako ntam.<ref>{{cite web|last=Davis|first=Ernest|title=Information, from drums to Wikipedia|url=http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article760768.ece|work=[[James Gleick]]. [[The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood]]. 526pp. Fourth Estate. 978 0 00 722573 6|publisher=The Times Literary Supplement|date=23 August 2011|access-date=12 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114011403/http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article760768.ece|archive-date=14 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Wɔ ntwene wɔde to nkra a agye din pa ara no firi Abibirem Atɔeɛ. Firi [[Nigeria]] ne [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]] ɛwɔ baabiara, [[:en:United_States|America]] ne Caribbean wɔ nkoa dwadie berɛ mu no. Ɛhɔ no wɔde ɔhyɛ too so ɛfiri sɛ na nkoa no de twene no to nkra wɔ kwan tenten so.<ref name="Epstein">{{cite journal|first=Dena J.|last=Epstein|year=1963|title=Slave Music in the United States before 1860: A Survey of Sources (Part II)|journal=Music Library Association Notes|series=Second Series|volume=20|issue=3|pages=377–390|doi=10.2307/895685|jstor=895685}}</ref> Ntwene a yɛde to nkra no nso wɔde di dwuma wɔ Abibirem Apueeɛ na wɔkyerɛm sɛ Andreus Bauer wɔ 'Street of Caravans', wɔ ne berɛ so na wɔ fa no sɛ bammɔ wɔ Wissmann Truppe de ma caravan of Charles Stokes. Ntwene ahodoɔ a yɛde kasa wɔ Abibirem Atɔeɛ fa mu ne nnipakuo ne sɛdeɛ wɔfrɛ no: * '''Tama''' (Wolof a ɛfiri [[Senegal]]) * '''Gan gan''', '''Dun Dun''' ([[:en:Yoruba_people|Yoruba]] a ɛfiri [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] ne [[Benin|Benein]] apueeɛ) * '''Dondo''' ([[:en:Akan_people|Akan]] a wɔfiri Ghana mfimfini ne [[Côte d'Ivoire]]) * '''Lunna''' ([[:en:Dagomba_people|Dagomba]] a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]; [[:en:Mossi_people|Mossi]] aɛwɔ [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]]) * '''Kalangu''' ([[:en:Hausa_people|Hausa]] a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]], [[:en:Niger|Niger]], a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]], [[:en:Benin|Benin]] ne [[:en:Cameroon|Cameroon]]) * '''Doodo''' ([[:en:Songhai_people|Songhai]] ne [[:en:Zarma_people|Zarma]] a ɛwɔ [[:en:Mali|Mali]], [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]], ne [[:en:Niger|Niger]]) Afe 20th century mu no ntwene a wɔde to nkra no bɛkaa nnwom a agye din wɔ Abibirem atɔeɛ fam ne titre ne nnwom ahodoɔ bi te sɛ Jùjú (Nigeria) ne Mbalax (Senegal).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jùjú music {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research|url=https://www.ebsco.com/|access-date=2025-11-17|website=EBSCO|language=en}}</ref> === Slit gongs === Ntwene a wɔde to nkra pa ara ne slit gongs, na wato amena a ɛyɛ feaa a ɛboa sɛ wɔbɔ mu a ɛgyegye, saa twene wɔde dua kɛseɛ wayi afiri nnua mu na ayɛ. Wɔde Slit-log ntwene di dwuma wɔ nketahodie mu wɔ Papua [[Guinea]] a wɔnim sɛ Tok Pisin yɛ ''garamut''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Becoming a Garamut Player in Baluan, Papua New Guinea Musical Analysis As a Pathway to Learning|last=Lewis, Tony|isbn=9781315406480|oclc=1033693900|date=2018-04-19|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Ntwene no mu duro sesa firi ɛmu biara ho na ne nnyegyeeɛ no nso gyina nnua a wɔde bɔ no so. Berɛ ntwene no binom nso nyɛ deɛ ɛboro so saa nanso wɔtumi yɛ n'adwuma a ɛwɔ sɛ ɛyɛ. Wɔtwitwa nnua nkumaa atenten kakra de hyehyɛ ntwene no nkyɛn. Sɛ wɔde [[Mma|mmaa]] atenten bɔ ntwene no a ɛma wote no wɔ akyirikyiri baabi. Sɛ wobɔ baabi faako kyɛn baako no a, ɛma wo nnyegyeeɛ foforɔ na ɛnam sɛ baako wɔ soro kyɛn baako no nti ɛma yɛnya nnyegyeeɛ a ɛwɔ soro ne fam. Twene no anim na yɛde mmaa no bɔ na ɛma yɛn soro ne fam nnyegyeeɛ. Wɔyɛ adeɛ kumaa bi de twene no twene no ma no gyina yie na atumi agyegye yie. Ne yie mu no wote nnyegyeeɛ no wɔ kwansini nnum kɔpem kwansini du-baako ntam.<ref name="OLAp470">{{cite book|last=Finnegan|first=Ruth|title=Oral Literature in Africa|year=2012|publisher=Open Book Publishers|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-1-906924-72-0|page=470|url=https://unglue.it/work/81834/|quote="Drum messages can be heard at a distance of between three to seven miles, according to Carrington 1949b: 25."}}</ref> Nanso amanebɔ a ɛyɛ anika no wɔte akuraa ɛdi hɔ no so. Ntwene a Bulu [[nnipakuo]] a wɔfiri [[Cameroon]] de di dwuma no wote nnyegyeeɛ no kwansini 10 de rekɔ kwansini 15 wɔ anwummerɛ ntam sɛ wode toto ɛda no mu a wote no kwansini 3 kɔpem 4.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Good|first=AI|title=Drum Talk Is the African's "Wireless"|year=1942|journal=Natural History Magazine|url=https://www.naturalhistorymag.com/htmlsite/editors_pick/1942_09_pick.html}}</ref> === Cambarysu === Nnipa wɔyɛ Catuquinaru a wɔfiri [[Brasil|Brazil]] no wɔbɔɔ wɔn kwaadu sɛ wɔde twene a yɛfrɛ no cambarysu to nkra fa esum ase ma cambarysusfoɔ kɔpem 1.5km.<ref name="Prometheus">''Prometheus: Illustrierte Wochenschrift über die Fortschritte'', volume 20 (1908)</ref><ref name="EHG">Enrico Hillyer Giglioli, ''Il "Cambarysú": telefono dei Catuquinarú dell'Amazzonia'' (1898)</ref><ref name="Ensign">[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=ME18981213.2.16&cl=&srpos=0&e=-------10--1----0-- ''The original of the telephone''], ''Mataura Ensign'', issue 520, 13 December 1898, page 4]</ref> Animdifoɔ abɔ kwaadu sɛ sɛ wɔbɔ twene no a ɛfa fam a anka ɛwɔ sɛ ɛfa mframa mu.<ref name="Prometheus" /> == Deɛ ɛde to dwa == [[Tetefo|Tete]] ntwene ahodoɔ mmienu na wɔde to nkra wɔ [[Abibrem|Abibirem]]. Deɛ ɛdi kan no wɔ kwan a ɛfa so gyegye ɛna deɛ ɛtɔ so mmienu no na ɛkasa na mmom ɛhwɛ kasa wɔreka no na ɛno nso ayɛ bi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=Jeremy|date=2010-11-27|title=Speaking in Rhythm — Drums That Talk, Voices That Drum - ThisWorldMusic|url=https://thisworldmusic.com/speaking-in-rhythm-drums-that-talk-voices-that-drum/|access-date=2026-04-19|language=en-US}}</ref> Twene a yɛde kasa no nyɛ ɛno ankasa kasa na mmom wɔgyina kasa obi ka na ɔno nso yɛ bi. Wei nti kasa a ɛde to dwa no nam kasa bɛbuo so na ɛde to dwa wɔ sɛdeɛ kasa no si gyegye no. Ayan nkaebɔ akɔyɛ sɛ ɛfa nnipa kuo bi ho. Wɔn a wɔka saa kasa no wɔ tumi sɛ wɔyɛ nsakraeɛ ma wɔn a wɔretie no te aseɛ nanso ɛnyɛ saa na ɛteɛ wɔ ayan mu. Wɔ [[Mfinfii Mantan|mfimfini]] ne [[Abibrem|Abibirem]] apueɛ fa mu no, twene nyegyeeɛ no gyina kasa no nhyehyɛeɛ, nne wɔ saa kasa no mu. Kasa nne mu no, kasa ne nhyehyɛeɛ nti no ɛma nne no bi sesɛ nsɛmfua nsesaeɛ gyina ɛnne no so. Wei nti, twene kasa nhyehyɛeɛ de kaseɛ to dwa berɛ ɛnam ɛnne no so nko ara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-04|title='Talking Drums': Long-Distance Communication in Early Africa|url=https://brewminate.com/talking-drums-long-distance-communication-in-early-africa/|access-date=2026-04-19|language=en-US}}</ref> Wɔ kasa bi mu no, kasa no [[Nnyegyeɛ (Tones)|nnyegyeeɛ]] yɛhunu no sononko kwan so. Wei nti nkaebɔ bɛtumi akɔ ntɛm sɛdeɛ kasa teɛ no a ne nnidisoɔ ne ɛnne te sɛ kasa yɛka pɛpɛɛpɛ. Nkyerɛaseɛ foforo bɛtumi aba ɛnam da ayan no mu nna hɔ no. Nkyerɛaseɛ foforɔ so bɛte a na ɛnam sɛdeɛ ayan no siteɛ ne deɛ [[Kasasin|kasasini]] no kɔ fa. Nhwɛsoɔ, wɔ Jabo wɔn kasafua no yɛ baako berɛ a wode ɛbɛ redi dwuma anaa wodi rebaebae obi edin mu, aboa anaa adeɛ bi, sɛ wobɔ edin bi a ɛbɛtumi [[Nnyegyeɛ (Tones)|nnyegyeeɛ]] bi asi anan. Wɔ nhwɛsoɔ mu, ɛnyɛ atiefoɔ nyinaa na ɛte ayan ase. Ayan nteaseɛ no gyina wogyina bea wɔ kasa no mu anaa wo mfeɛ so.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Franich|first1=Kathryn H.|last2=Lendja Ngnemzué|first2=Ange B.|date=2021-06-16|title=Feeling the Beat in an African Tone Language: Rhythmic Mapping Between Language and Music|journal=Frontiers in Communication|volume=6|article-number=653747|doi=10.3389/fcomm.2021.653747|doi-access=free|issn=2297-900X}}</ref> == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == 3gczgfuhxzc11p6mv2qzgpq4uj8hstl