Wikipedia:Community Portal

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&lt;center&gt;{{Wikipedia:Community Portal/Archive Header}}&lt;/center&gt;


== Do you use Wikidata in Wikimedia sibling projects? Tell us about your experiences ==

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''Note: Apologies for cross-posting and sending in English.''

Hello, the '''[[m:WD4WMP|Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects]]''' team at Wikimedia Deutschland would like to hear about your experiences using Wikidata in the sibling projects. If you are interested in sharing your opinion and insights, please consider signing up for an interview with us in this '''[https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Interviews Registration form]'''.&lt;br&gt; 
''Currently, we are only able to conduct interviews in English.''

The front page of the form has more details about what the conversation will be like, including how we would '''compensate''' you for your time.

For more information, visit our ''[[m:WD4WMP/AddIssue|project issue page]]'' where you can also share your experiences in written form, without an interview.&lt;br&gt;We look forward to speaking with you, [[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 08:53, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
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== Reusing references: Can we look over your shoulder? ==

''Apologies for writing in English.''

The Technical Wishes team at Wikimedia Deutschland is planning to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. For our research, we are looking for wiki contributors willing to show us how they are interacting with references.

* The format will be a 1-hour video call, where you would share your screen. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ More information here].
* Interviews can be conducted in English, German or Dutch.
* [[mw:WMDE_Engineering/Participate_in_UX_Activities#Compensation|Compensation is available]].
* Sessions will be held in January and February.
* [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ Sign up here if you are interested.]
* Please note that we probably won’t be able to have sessions with everyone who is interested. Our UX researcher will try to create a good balance of wiki contributors, e.g. in terms of wiki experience, tech experience, editing preferences, gender, disability and more. If you’re a fit, she will reach out to you to schedule an appointment.

We’re looking forward to seeing you, [[m:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)| Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]]
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== Feminism and Folklore 2024 ==

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[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
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&lt;center&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/center&gt;

Dear Wiki Community,

You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2024, to March 31, 2024 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia.
 
You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles.
 
Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project:
# Create a page for the contest on the local wiki.
# Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool.
# Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes.
# Request local admins for site notice.
# Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta project page]].

This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools''']

Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance.
 
We look forward to your immense coordination.
 
Thank you and Best wishes,

'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024 International Team]]'''

::::Stay connected [[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp; [[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]

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--[[Dwumadini:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:MediaWiki message delivery|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 07:26, 18 Ɔpɛpɔn 2024 (UTC)

== Wiki Loves Folklore is back! ==

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{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]

Dear Wiki Community,
You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore 2024]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March.

You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&amp;campaign=wlf_2024 submitting] them in this commons contest.

You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language.

Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. 

'''Kind regards,'''

'''Wiki loves Folklore International Team'''

-- [[Dwumadini:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:MediaWiki message delivery|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 07:26, 18 Ɔpɛpɔn 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Vote on the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello all,

I am reaching out to you today to announce that the voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) Charter is now open. Community members may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|cast their vote and provide comments about the charter via SecurePoll]] now through '''2 February 2024'''. Those of you who voiced your opinions during the development of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|UCoC Enforcement Guidelines]] will find this process familiar.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|current version of the U4C Charter]] is on Meta-wiki with translations available. 

Read the charter, go vote and share this note with others in your community. I can confidently say the U4C Building Committee looks forward to your participation.

On behalf of the UCoC Project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18:08, 19 Ɔpɛpɔn 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Last days to vote on the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello all,

I am reaching out to you today to remind you that the voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) charter will close on '''2 February 2024'''. Community members may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|cast their vote and provide comments about the charter via SecurePoll]]. Those of you who voiced your opinions during the development of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|UCoC Enforcement Guidelines]] will find this process familiar.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|current version of the U4C charter]] is on Meta-wiki with translations available. 

Read the charter, go vote and share this note with others in your community. I can confidently say the U4C Building Committee looks forward to your participation.

On behalf of the UCoC Project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 17:00, 31 Ɔpɛpɔn 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Announcing the results of the UCoC Coordinating Committee Charter ratification vote&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

Thank you everyone for following the progress of the Universal Code of Conduct. I am writing to you today to announce the outcome of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|ratification vote]] on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee Charter]]. 1746 contributors voted in this ratification vote with 1249 voters supporting the Charter and 420 voters not. The ratification vote process allowed for voters to provide comments about the Charter. 

A report of voting statistics and a summary of voter comments will be published on Meta-wiki in the coming weeks.

Please look forward to hearing about the next steps soon.

On behalf of the UCoC Project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
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[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18:24, 12 Ogyefuo 2024 (UTC)
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== Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024: We are back! ==

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[[File:UCDM 2024 general.jpg|180px|right]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Hello, dear Wikipedians!&lt;br/&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the forth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2024. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes.&lt;br/&gt;

We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2024|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]])
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Report of the U4C Charter ratification and U4C Call for Candidates now available&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hello all,

I am writing to you today with two important pieces of information. First, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Vote results|report of the comments from the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter ratification]] is now available. Secondly, the call for candidates for the U4C is open now through April 1, 2024.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members are invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Per the charter, there are 16 seats on the U4C: eight community-at-large seats and eight regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement.

Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Meta-wiki]].

On behalf of the UCoC project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
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[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 16:25, 5 Ɔbɛnem 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2024 Selection&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
: ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
: ''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Dear all,

This year, the term of 4 (four) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Elections Committee]] will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Board Governance Committee created a Board Selection Working Group from Trustees who cannot be candidates in the 2024 community- and affiliate-selected trustee selection process composed of Dariusz Jemielniak, Nataliia Tymkiv, Esra'a Al Shafei, Kathy Collins, and Shani Evenstein Sigalov [3]. The group is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2024 trustee selection process, and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4]. 

Here are the key planned dates:

*  May 2024: Call for candidates and call for questions
*  June 2024: Affiliates vote to shortlist 12 candidates (no shortlisting if 15 or less candidates apply) [5]
*  June-August 2024: Campaign period
*  End of August / beginning of September 2024: Two-week community voting period
*  October–November 2024: Background check of selected candidates
*  Board's Meeting in December 2024: New trustees seated

Learn more about the 2024 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|this Meta-wiki page]], and make your plan.

'''Election Volunteers'''

Another way to be involved with the 2024 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Election Volunteers|Meta-wiki page]].

Best regards,

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Pundit|Dariusz Jemielniak]] (Governance Committee Chair, Board Selection Working Group)

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Results#Elected

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter

[3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Minutes:2023-08-15#Governance_Committee

[4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles

[5] Even though the ideal number is 12 candidates for 4 open seats, the shortlisting process will be triggered if there are more than 15 candidates because the 1-3 candidates that are removed might feel ostracized and it would be a lot of work for affiliates to carry out the shortlisting process to only eliminate 1-3 candidates from the candidate list.&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
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[[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]]19:57, 12 Ɔbɛnem 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikimedia Foundation nhyehyɛ yɛ ma afe yi ==

Mekyea mo nyinaa!

Sɛnea mo nim no, Wikimedia Foundation adwuma ɔyɛ no, afe biara, wɔde ho nhyehyeɛ to dwa. Yɛde deɛ [[metawiki:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2024-2025/Goals/Infrastructure|ɛda yɛni so]] sɛ yɛbɛyɛ afi wei mu ma Product ni Technology aba.

Mompɛ adaagyeɛ na mo nkan. Mon nni ho nkɔmɔ na mo mfa mo adwenkyerɛ nto dwa wɔ ha.

Yɛn nsem bisa a yɛ pɛsɛ mo yi ano wɔ mo adwenkyerɛ no mu nie:

# Editors a yɛntua ɔmo ka, ɛwɔsɛ yɛpɛ kwan pa so yɛ biribi ma wɔn na wɔn ani nka ha sei. Kwan bɛn na yɛbɛ fa so ama mo ani aka anaa sɛ mo ani agye adwuma ne ho?
# Nsɛm mo a yɛ twerɛ gu Wikipedia so no, ɛwɔsɛ ɛyɛ nokware. Ɛho hia ma akekan foɔ a ɛwɔ wiase nyinaa. Kwan bɛn na yɛbɛ faso ama yɛn nsɛm twerɛ no akoso adi mu?
# Internet yi so no, ɛkuo bi nom tesɛ yɛn wɔ hɔ. Akenkan foɔ kɔ ɛhɔ nso. Kwan bɛn na yɛ bɛ fa soama  akenkan foɔ ne ɔmo a ɔmo ɛhwɛ mfoni ahodoɔ bɛ kɔso aba yɛn deɛ so, ama wɔn a wɔ ma yɛn sika no nso atoa so aboa yɛn?
# Ɛwiase ɛredane wɔ kwan a yɛ fa so bɔ yɛ ho ban wɔ internet no so. Bɔni wɔ internet no so adɔɔso. Aban a ɔwɔ aman bebree so pɛsɛ wɔ hyehyɛ mmra fa sa nsɛm wei ho a ɛbɛka yɛn. Deɛn na ɛwɔsɛ yɛ yɔ di hyia saa mrɛ yi mu a yɛwɔ?
# MediaWiki ne yɛ software pɔn a yɛde yɛ adwuma wɔ ha sei. Dɛn na ɛwɔ sɛ yɛ yɔ de ma MediaWiki etupɔn?

Mo nkyerɛ mo adwen wɔ me nkaebɔ yi ase. Mɛ san aba bɛ soɛ mo so bio, de nkra no bio abɛka ho.

Meda mo ase. –– [[Dwumadini:STei (WMF)|STei (WMF)]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:STei (WMF)|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 23:04, 12 Ɔbɛnem 2024 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Your wiki will be in read-only soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}'''. The test will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-03-20T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-03-20T14:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-03-20|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]], 00:01, 15 Ɔbɛnem 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Vote now to select members of the first U4C&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through May 9, 2024. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility.

The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

On behalf of the UCoC project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 20:20, 25 Oforisuo 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikimedia Foundation nhyehyɛ yɛ ma afe yi: Nkaebɔ a ɛtɔ so mienu ==

Mekyea mo nyinaa!

Sɛnea mo nim no, Wikimedia Foundation adwuma ɔyɛ no, afe biara, wɔde ho nhyehyeɛ to dwa. Afi wei mu adwuma [[metawiki:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2024-2025/Goals/Infrastructure|ɛda yɛni so]] page no ayɛ krado. 

Me srɛ mo nyinaa sɛ mo nkenkan, na mo nkyerɛ m'adwen.

Meda mo ase. –– [[Dwumadini:STei (WMF)|STei (WMF)]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:STei (WMF)|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 23:59, 10 Kotonimma 2024 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Sign up for the language community meeting on May 31st, 16:00 UTC&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;Hello all,

The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks - May 31st at 16:00 UTC. If you're interested, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Language_engineering/Community_meetings#31_May_2024 sign up on this wiki page].

This is a participant-driven meeting, where we share language-specific updates related to various projects, collectively discuss technical issues related to language wikis, and work together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, the topics included the machine translation service (MinT) and the languages and models it currently supports, localization efforts from the Kiwix team, and technical challenges with numerical sorting in files used on Bengali Wikisource.

Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates related to your project? Any problems that you would like to bring for discussion during the meeting? Do you need interpretation support from English to another language? Please reach out to me at ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org and [[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-may-2024|add agenda items to the document here]].

We look forward to your participation!
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:22, 14 Kotonimma 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Feedback invited on Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

[[File:Sibling Project Lifecycle Conversation 3.png|150px|right|link=:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]]

Dear community members,

The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee]] (CAC) of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] invites you to give feedback on a '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle|draft Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]]'''. This draft Procedure outlines proposed steps and requirements for opening and closing Wikimedia Sibling Projects, and aims to ensure any newly approved projects are set up for success. This is separate from the procedures for opening or closing language versions of projects, which is handled by the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Language committee|Language Committee]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Closing_projects_policy|closing projects policy]]. 

You can find the details on [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle#Review|this page]], as well as the ways to give your feedback from today until the end of the day on '''June 23, 2024''', anywhere on Earth. 

You can also share information about this with the interested project communities you work with or support, and you can also help us translate the procedure into more languages, so people can join the discussions in their own language.

On behalf of the CAC,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 02:26, 22 Kotonimma 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Announcing the first Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hello,

The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote results. We are following up with the results of the first [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) election]]. 

We are pleased to announce the following individuals as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a two-year term:

* North America (USA and Canada)
** –
* Northern and Western Europe
** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ghilt|Ghilt]]
* Latin America and Caribbean
** –
* Central and East Europe (CEE)
** —
* Sub-Saharan Africa
** –
* Middle East and North Africa
** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ibrahim.ID|Ibrahim.ID]]
* East, South East Asia and Pacific (ESEAP)
** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:0xDeadbeef|0xDeadbeef]]
* South Asia
** –

The following individuals are elected to be community-at-large members of the U4C, fulfilling a one-year term:

* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Barkeep49|Barkeep49]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Superpes15|Superpes15]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Civvì|Civvì]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Luke081515|Luke081515]]
* –
* –
* –
* –

Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community.

Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. Follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-wiki]].

On behalf of the UCoC project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 08:15, 3 Ayɛwohomumɔ 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;The final text of the Wikimedia Movement Charter is now on Meta&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hi everyone,

The final text of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] is now up on Meta in more than 20 languages for your reading.

'''What is the Wikimedia Movement Charter?'''

The Wikimedia Movement Charter is a proposed document to define roles and responsibilities for all the members and entities of the Wikimedia movement, including the creation of a new body – the Global Council – for movement governance.

'''Join the Wikimedia Movement Charter “Launch Party”'''

Join the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Movement Charter Launch Party|“Launch Party”]] on '''June 20, 2024''' at '''14.00-15.00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1718892000 your local time]). During this call, we will celebrate the release of the final Charter and present the content of the Charter. Join and learn about the Charter before casting your vote.

'''Movement Charter ratification vote'''

Voting will commence on SecurePoll on '''June 25, 2024''' at '''00:01 UTC''' and will conclude on '''July 9, 2024''' at '''23:59 UTC.''' You can read more about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|voting process, eligibility criteria, and other details]] on Meta.

If you have any questions, please leave a comment on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter|Meta talk page]] or email the MCDC at [mailto:mcdc@wikimedia.org mcdc@wikimedia.org].

On behalf of the MCDC,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 08:45, 11 Ayɛwohomumɔ 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Voting to ratify the Wikimedia Movement Charter is now open – cast your vote&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello everyone,

The voting to ratify the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|'''Wikimedia Movement Charter''']] is now open. The Wikimedia Movement Charter is a document to define roles and responsibilities for all the members and entities of the Wikimedia movement, including the creation of a new body – the Global Council – for movement governance.

The final version of the Wikimedia Movement Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|available on Meta in different languages]] and attached [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Movement_Charter_(June_2024).pdf here in PDF format] for your reading.

Voting commenced on SecurePoll on '''June 25, 2024''' at '''00:01 UTC''' and will conclude on '''July 9, 2024''' at '''23:59 UTC'''. Please read more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|voter information and eligibility details]].

After reading the Charter, please [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|'''vote here''']] and share this note further.

If you have any questions about the ratification vote, please contact the Charter Electoral Commission at [mailto:cec@wikimedia.org '''cec@wikimedia.org'''].

On behalf of the CEC,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 10:52, 25 Ayɛwohomumɔ 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Voting to ratify the Wikimedia Movement Charter is ending soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello everyone,

This is a kind reminder that the voting period to ratify the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] will be closed on '''July 9, 2024''', at '''23:59 UTC'''.

If you have not voted yet, please vote [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|on SecurePoll]]. 

On behalf of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral_Commission|Charter Electoral Commission]],&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 03:46, 8 Kitawonsa 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;U4C Special Election - Call for Candidates&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hello all,

A special election has been called to fill additional vacancies on the U4C. The call for candidates phase is open from now through July 19, 2024.

The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the [[:foundation:Wikimedia Foundation Universal Code of Conduct|UCoC]]. Community members are invited to submit their applications in the special election for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please review the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|U4C Charter]].

In this special election, according to [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#2. Elections and Terms|chapter 2 of the U4C charter]], there are 9 seats available on the U4C: '''four''' community-at-large seats and '''five''' regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement. [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#5. Glossary|No more than two members of the U4C can be elected from the same home wiki]]. Therefore, candidates must not have English Wikipedia, German Wikipedia, or Italian Wikipedia as their home wiki.

Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Meta-wiki]].

In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:03, 10 Kitawonsa 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Movement Charter ratification voting results&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello everyone,

After carefully tallying both individual and affiliate votes, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral Commission|Charter Electoral Commission]] is pleased to announce the final results of the Wikimedia Movement Charter voting.  

As [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter#Thank you for your participation in the Movement Charter ratification vote!|communicated]] by the Charter Electoral Commission, we reached the quorum for both Affiliate and individual votes by the time the vote closed on '''July 9, 23:59 UTC'''. We thank all 2,451 individuals and 129 Affiliate representatives who voted in the ratification process. Your votes and comments are invaluable for the future steps in Movement Strategy.

The final results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] ratification voting held between 25 June and 9 July 2024 are as follows: 

'''Individual vote:'''

Out of 2,451 individuals who voted as of July 9 23:59 (UTC), 2,446 have been accepted as valid votes. Among these, '''1,710''' voted “yes”; '''623''' voted “no”; and '''113''' selected “–” (neutral). Because the neutral votes don’t count towards the total number of votes cast, 73.30% voted to approve the Charter (1710/2333), while 26.70% voted to reject the Charter (623/2333).

'''Affiliates vote:'''

Out of 129 Affiliates designated voters who voted as of July 9 23:59 (UTC), 129 votes are confirmed as valid votes. Among these, '''93''' voted “yes”; '''18''' voted “no”; and '''18''' selected “–” (neutral). Because the neutral votes don’t count towards the total number of votes cast, 83.78% voted to approve the Charter (93/111), while 16.22% voted to reject the Charter (18/111).

'''Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation:'''

The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees voted '''not to ratify''' the proposed Charter during their special Board meeting on July 8, 2024. The Chair of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees, Nataliia Tymkiv, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/Board_resolution_and_vote_on_the_proposed_Movement_Charter|shared the result of the vote, the resolution, meeting minutes and proposed next steps]].  

With this, the Wikimedia Movement Charter in its current revision is '''not ratified'''.

We thank you for your participation in this important moment in our movement’s governance.

The Charter Electoral Commission,

[[m:User:Abhinav619|Abhinav619]], [[m:User:Borschts|Borschts]], [[m:User:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]], [[m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]], [[m:User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Dwumadini:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:MediaWiki message delivery|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 17:52, 18 Kitawonsa 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Vote now to fill vacancies of the first U4C&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through '''August 10, 2024'''. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility.

The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 02:48, 27 Kitawonsa 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Reminder! Vote closing soon to fill vacancies of the first U4C&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

The voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is closing soon. It is open through 10 August 2024. Read the information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024_Special_Election#Voting|the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility]]. If you are eligible to vote and have not voted in this special election, it is important that you vote now.

'''Why should you vote?''' The U4C is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community input into the committee membership is critical to the success of the UCoC.

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 15:31, 6 Ɔsanaa 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Coming soon: A new sub-referencing feature – try it!&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Sub-referencing&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]]
Hello. For many years, community members have requested an easy way to re-use references with different details. Now, a MediaWiki solution is coming: The new sub-referencing feature will work for wikitext and Visual Editor and will enhance the existing reference system. You can continue to use different ways of referencing, but you will probably encounter sub-references in articles written by other users. More information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|the project page]].

'''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you:

* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]]. 
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand.

Please help us spread the message. --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC)
&lt;section end=&quot;Sub-referencing&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Sign up for the language community meeting on August 30th, 15:00 UTC ==

Hi all,

The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks—on August 30th at 15:00 UTC. If you're interested in joining, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#30_August_2024 sign up on this wiki page].

This participant-driven meeting will focus on sharing language-specific updates related to various projects, discussing technical issues related to language wikis, and working together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, topics included the Language Converter, the state of language research, updates on the Incubator conversations, and technical challenges around external links not working with special characters on Bengali sites.

Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates or discuss challenges? Please add agenda items to the document [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/language-community-meeting-aug-2024 here] and reach out to ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org. We look forward to your participation!

[[Dwumadini:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:MediaWiki message delivery|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 23:20, 22 Ɔsanaa 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hello all,

The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]].

I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026:

* North America (USA and Canada)
** Ajraddatz

The following seats were not filled during this special election:

* Latin America and Caribbean
* Central and East Europe (CEE)
* Sub-Saharan Africa
* South Asia
* The four remaining Community-At-Large seats

Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community.

Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]].

On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 14:06, 2 Ɛbɔ 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Have your say: Vote for the 2024 Board of Trustees!&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Hello all,

The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. There are twelve (12) candidates running for four (4) seats on the Board.

Learn more about the candidates by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|reading their statements]] and their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|answers to community questions]].

When you are ready, go to the [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]] voting page to vote. '''The vote is open from September 3rd at 00:00 UTC to September 17th at 23:59 UTC'''.

To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]].

Best regards,

The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Dwumadini:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:MediaWiki message delivery|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 12:14, 3 Ɛbɔ 2024 (UTC)
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== Akan labels in Wikidata ==

Hi!

The Akan Wikipedia was closed long ago, and replaced by Fante and Twi. However, there is still some data in Wikidata that is marked as &quot;Akan&quot; (ak).

I looked over some of that data, and I suspect that almost all of it are labels that were added automatically by bots by copying the English label. This was done in names of many cities and towns, for example. In these cases, there is nothing uniquely Akan about it, and these labels are useless. (Copying the English label was considered useful once for the sake of easier search, but English is the fallback anyway, and for cases when many languages have the same label, there's now the &quot;mul&quot; language code.)

A few labels are actually written in Akan. I can't be fully sure, but most of them would probably be valid in Twi.

For the sake of cleaning that up, I suggest going over all the items on Wikidata, and doing the following:
# If the label in Akan is identical to the label in English, and there are no aliases or descriptions in Akan, delete that label.
# If the label in Akan is different from English, but there is a label in Twi, and they are identical, delete the Akan label.
# If the label in Akan is different from English, and there is no label in Twi, and the label in Akan looks like it could be a valid label in Twi, copy it to Twi. If there are also aliases and descriptions that could be valid in Twi, copy them, too.

1 and 2 can be easily done using a bot, and I can do it myself.

3 probably can't be done using a bot because bots don't know Twi :) However, there are probably very few cases of this kind.

Does this sound like a valid thing to do? [[Dwumadini:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:Amire80|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 01:29, 11 Ɛbɔ 2024 (UTC)

:@[[Dwumadini:Amire80|Amire80]] Thank you for this Amir. I agree this is a valid thing to do and I support this -- [[User:Robertjamal12|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:EF Barbedor;color:#00F&quot;&gt;''Robertjamal12''&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User talk:Robertjamal12|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00F&quot;&gt;~🔔&lt;/span&gt;]] 09:50, 6 Ahinime 2024 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Your wiki will be in read-only soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2024-09-25|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-09-25T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-09-25T15:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-09-25|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. 

'''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]], 09:38, 20 Ɛbɔ 2024 (UTC)
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== 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.&lt;/i&gt;{{tracked|T66315}}

Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project.
The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the &lt;span style=&quot;color: #54595d;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;''General''&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt; section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the &lt;span style=&quot;color: #54595d;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;''In Other Projects''&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt; section.

We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the   [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2.
More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;We welcome your feedback and questions.&lt;br&gt; [[Dwumadini:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:MediaWiki message delivery|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 18:56, 27 Ɛbɔ 2024 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Invitation to Participate in Wiki Loves Ramadan Community Engagement Survey ==

Dear all,

Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language.
We are excited to announce the upcoming [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan|Wiki Loves Ramadan]] event, a global initiative aimed at celebrating Ramadan by enriching Wikipedia and its sister projects with content related to this significant time of year. As we plan to organize this event globally, your insights and experiences are crucial in shaping the best possible participation experience for the community.

To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is engaging, inclusive, and impactful, we kindly invite you to participate in our community engagement survey. Your feedback will help us understand the needs of the community, set the event's focus, and guide our strategies for organizing this global event.

Survey link: https://forms.gle/f66MuzjcPpwzVymu5

Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will make a difference!

Thank you for being a part of our journey to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success.


Warm regards,

User:ZI Jony 03:20, 6 Ahinime 2024 (UTC)

Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Preliminary results of the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Hello all,

Thank you to everyone who participated in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]. Close to 6000 community members from more than 180 wiki projects have voted.

The following four candidates were the most voted:

# [[User:Kritzolina|Christel Steigenberger]]
# [[User:Nadzik|Maciej Artur Nadzikiewicz]]
# [[User:Victoria|Victoria Doronina]]
# [[User:Laurentius|Lorenzo Losa]]

While these candidates have been ranked through the vote, they still need to be appointed to the Board of Trustees. They need to pass a successful background check and meet the qualifications outlined in the Bylaws. New trustees will be appointed at the next Board meeting in December 2024.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|Learn more about the results on Meta-Wiki.]]

Best regards,

The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group

&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 08:26, 14 Ahinime 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. 

Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages:
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]]

Applications for the committees open on 16 October 2024. Applications for the Affiliations Committee close on 18 November 2024, and applications for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on 2 December 2024. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Committee_appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email [mailto:cst@wikimedia.org cst@wikimedia.org] with any questions you may have.

For the Committee Support team,
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:08, 16 Ahinime 2024 (UTC)
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== 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. ==

Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:28, 22 Ahinime 2024 (UTC)
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== Final Reminder: Join us in Making Wiki Loves Ramadan Success ==

Dear all,

We’re thrilled to announce the Wiki Loves Ramadan event, a global initiative to celebrate Ramadan by enhancing Wikipedia and its sister projects with valuable content related to this special time of year. As we organize this event globally, we need your valuable input to make it a memorable experience for the community.

Last Call to Participate in Our Survey: To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is inclusive and impactful, we kindly request you to complete our community engagement survey. Your feedback will shape the event’s focus and guide our organizing strategies to better meet community needs.

* Survey Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSffN4prPtR5DRSq9nH-t1z8hG3jZFBbySrv32YoxV8KbTwxig/viewform?usp=sf_link Complete the Survey]
* Deadline: November 10, 2024
Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will truly make a difference!

'''Volunteer Opportunity''': Join the Wiki Loves Ramadan Team! We’re seeking dedicated volunteers for key team roles essential to the success of this initiative. If you’re interested in volunteer roles, we invite you to apply.
* Application Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfXiox_eEDH4yJ0gxVBgtL7jPe41TINAWYtpNp1JHSk8zhdgw/viewform?usp=sf_link Apply Here]
* Application Deadline: October 31, 2024
Explore Open Positions: For a detailed list of roles and their responsibilities, please refer to the position descriptions here: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oy0_tilC6kow5GGf6cEuFvdFpekcubCqJlaxkxh-jT4/ Position Descriptions]

Thank you for being part of this journey. We look forward to working together to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success!


Warm regards,&lt;br&gt;
The Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team 05:13, 29 Ahinime 2024 (UTC)
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== Proposal to enable the &quot;Contribute&quot; entry point in Twi Wikipedia ==

{{Int:Hello}} Twi Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called &quot;Contribute&quot; to your Wikipedia.

The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia.

Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Twi Wikipedia.

'''Who can access it'''

Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the &quot;Contribute&quot; icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to &quot;view contributions&quot; is also available to access the list of your contributions.

[[File:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|link=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]]                             [[File:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|link=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]]

For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the &quot;Contributions&quot; option unless they change it to the &quot;Contribute&quot; manually.

This feature is available in four Wikipedia (Albanian, Malayalam, Mongolian, and Tagalog). We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the &quot;Contributions&quot; entry point as default.          

We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 20th November 2024.

We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the &quot;Contribute&quot; entry point in your Wikipedia.

We look forward to your response soon.

Thank you!

On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[Dwumadini:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:UOzurumba (WMF)|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 02:37, 7 Obubuo 2024 (UTC)

== Sign up for the language community meeting on November 29th, 16:00 UTC ==

Hello everyone,

The next language community meeting is coming up next week, on November 29th, at 16:00 UTC (Zonestamp! For your timezone &lt;https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000&gt;). If you're interested in joining, you can sign up on this wiki page: &lt;https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#29_November_2024&gt;.

This participant-driven meeting will be organized by the Wikimedia Foundation’s Language Product Localization team and the Language Diversity Hub. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Moore Wikipedia, and the language support track at Wiki Indaba. We will also have members from the Wayuunaiki community joining us to share their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community within our movement. This meeting will have a Spanish interpretation.

Looking forward to seeing you at the language community meeting! Cheers, [[User:SSethi (WMF)|Srishti]] 19:54, 21 Obubuo 2024 (UTC)
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== Launching! Join Us for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025! ==

Dear All,

We’re happy to announce the launch of [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]], an annual international campaign dedicated to celebrating and preserving Islamic cultures and history through the power of Wikipedia. As an active contributor to the Local Wikipedia, you are specially invited to participate in the launch. 

This year’s campaign will be launched for you to join us write, edit, and improve articles that showcase the richness and diversity of Islamic traditions, history, and culture.

* Topic: [[m:Event:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch]]
* When: Jan 19, 2025 
* Time: 16:00 Universal Time UTC and runs throughout Ramadan (starting February 25, 2025).
* Join Zoom Meeting: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88420056597?pwd=NdrpqIhrwAVPeWB8FNb258n7qngqqo.1 
* Zoom meeting hosted by [[m:Wikimedia Bangladesh|Wikimedia Bangladesh]]

To get started, visit the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|campaign page]] for details, resources, and guidelines: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025.

Add [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participant|your community here]], and organized Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 in your local language.

Whether you’re a first-time editor or an experienced Wikipedian, your contributions matter. Together, we can ensure Islamic cultures and traditions are well-represented and accessible to all.

Feel free to invite your community and friends too. Kindly reach out if you have any questions or need support as you prepare to participate.

Let’s make Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 a success!

For the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Team|International Team]] 12:08, 16 Ɔpɛpɔn 2025 (UTC)
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== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 01:11, 24 Ɔpɛpɔn 2025 (UTC)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2025 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/center&gt;

Dear Wiki Community,

You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia.
 
You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles.
 
Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project:
# Create a page for the contest on the local wiki.
# Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool.
# Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes.
# Request local admins for site notice.
# Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta project page]].

This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools''']

Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance.
 
We look forward to your immense coordination.
 
Thank you and Best wishes,

'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]'''

::::Stay connected [[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp; [[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Dwumadini:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:MediaWiki message delivery|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 02:36, 29 Ɔpɛpɔn 2025 (UTC)

== Wiki Loves Folklore is back! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]

Dear Wiki Community,
You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore 2025]]''' an international media contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March.

You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&amp;campaign=wlf_2025 submitting] them in this commons contest.

You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language.

Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. 

'''Kind regards,'''

'''Wiki loves Folklore International Team'''
--[[Dwumadini:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:MediaWiki message delivery|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 02:36, 29 Ɔpɛpɔn 2025 (UTC)
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== Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. 

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:49, 3 Ogyefuo 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt; Upcoming Language Community Meeting (Feb 28th, 14:00 UTC) and Newsletter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Hello everyone!
[[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=An image symbolising multiple languages]]
We’re excited to announce that the next '''Language Community Meeting''' is happening soon, '''February 28th at 14:00 UTC'''! If you’d like to join, simply sign up on the '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|wiki page]]'''.

This is a participant-driven meeting where we share updates on language-related projects, discuss technical challenges in language wikis, and collaborate on solutions. In our last meeting, we covered topics like developing language keyboards, creating the Moore Wikipedia, and updates from the language support track at Wiki Indaba.

'''Got a topic to share?''' Whether it’s a technical update from your project, a challenge you need help with, or a request for interpretation support, we’d love to hear from you! Feel free to '''reply to this message''' or add agenda items to the document '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|here]]'''.

Also, we wanted to highlight that the sixth edition of the Language &amp; Internationalization newsletter (January 2025) is available here: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. This newsletter provides updates from the October–December 2024 quarter on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects and support efforts, details about community meetings, and ideas for contributing to projects. To stay updated, you can subscribe to the newsletter on its wiki page: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]].

We look forward to your ideas and participation at the language community meeting, see you there!
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 08:29, 22 Ogyefuo 2025 (UTC)
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== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 18:51, 7 Ɔbɛnem 2025 (UTC)

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== An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
{{Int:hello}} Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device.

With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below.
[[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the &quot;For you&quot; and &quot;...More&quot; buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups (&quot;Create new pages&quot; and &quot;Expand with new sections&quot;)-one for each activity.]]
[[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]]
We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''.
Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. 

Thank you!

On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:56, 13 Ɔbɛnem 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Your wiki will be in read-only soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-03-19|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-03-19T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-03-19T14:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-03-19|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. 

'''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:14, 14 Ɔbɛnem 2025 (UTC)
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== Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon.

Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. 

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 02:04, 4 Oforisuo 2025 (UTC)
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== Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Hello, dear Wikipedians!&lt;br/&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! 

The most active contesters will receive prizes.

If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.
&lt;br/&gt;

We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]])
&lt;/div&gt;

16:11, 16 Oforisuo 2025 (UTC)
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== Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines (&quot;UCoC EG&quot;) and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:35, 17 Oforisuo 2025 (UTC)
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== Sub-referencing: User testing ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]]
&lt;small&gt;''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''&lt;/small&gt;

Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further:

#'''Try it out and share your feedback'''
#:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. 
#'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs'''
#:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''.

We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well.

Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! &lt;/div&gt; &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:04, 28 Oforisuo 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- &lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:41, 29 Oforisuo 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! ==

''(Apologies for posting in English)''

Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them.

As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]].

After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki.

The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org.

If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]].

Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:07, 6 Kotonimma 2025 (UTC)
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== WMF afe afe nhyehyeɛ foforɔ mu nsɛm ==

Me kyea obiara - Me nam akwanya yi so rebɛka asɛmpa akyerɛ mo. Wikimedian Foundation de ne nhyehyɛeɛ foforɔ koraa na ɛde ato dwa a ɛfa yɛn [[metawiki:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2025-2026|dwumadie a yɛbɛyɛ]] no wɔ afe a ɛdi yɛn anim yi mu (Kitawonsa 2025 kɔsi Ayɛwohomumɔ 2026). Wei ka [[metawiki:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2025-2026|adwumayɛkuo no ho nsɛm a wɔabɔ no tɔfa]]  (a ɛwɔ [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]] nso) a ɛfa yɛn [[metawiki:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2025-2026/Goals|botaeɛ titiri]] mmiɛnsa ho(([[metawiki:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2025-2026/Product_&amp;_Technology_OKRs|Infrastructure]], [[metawiki:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer_Support|Volunteer Support,]] and [[metawiki:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]) ne yɛn [[metawiki:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2025-2026/Budget_Overview|sikasɛm]] ne [[metawiki:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2025-2026/Financial_Model|nhyehyɛeɛ]] nsɛm ho. Kwan da hɔ sɛ wowɔ asɛm foforɔ bi ne asɛmmisa bi wo hɔ a wobɛtumi de aba anaa sɛ fa kɔ kasa  kratafa ([[metawiki:Talk:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2025-2026|talk page]]) no so kɔsi Kotonimaa awieeɛ. 

Me fa nsɛm yi wɔ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(WMF)#Sharing_latest_updates_to_WMF_annual_plan ---- [[User:Robertjamal12|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:EF Barbedor;color:#00F&quot;&gt;''Robertjamal12''&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User talk:Robertjamal12|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#00F&quot;&gt;~🔔&lt;/span&gt;]] 19:37, 6 Kotonimma 2025 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]].

You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC.

If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|kasa]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:07, 15 Kotonimma 2025 (UTC)
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== RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)''

Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. 

We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation.

You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 15:27, 22 Kotonimma 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection &amp; Call for Questions&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats.

The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4].

Here are the key planned dates:

* May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6]
* June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates
* July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5]
* August 2025: Campaign period
* August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period
* October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates
* Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated

Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]].

'''Call for Questions'''

In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]]

'''Election Volunteers'''

Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]]

Thank you!

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter

[3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024

[4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles

[5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ

[6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates

Best regards,

Victoria Doronina

Board Liaison to the Elections Committee

Governance Committee&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Dwumadini:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:MediaWiki message delivery|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 03:08, 28 Kotonimma 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;  Upcoming Deployment of the CampaignEvents Extension&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Hello everyone,  

''(Apologies for posting in English if English is not your first language. Please help translate to your language.)''

The Campaigns Product Team is planning a global deployment of the '''[[:mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]]''' to all Wikipedias, including this wiki, during the '''week of June 23rd'''.

This extension is designed to help organizers plan and manage events, WikiProjects, and other on-wiki collaborations - and to make these efforts more discoverable.

The three main features of this extension are:

* '''[[:m:Event_Center/Registration|Event Registration]]''': A simple way to sign up for events on the wiki.
*  '''[[:m:CampaignEvents/Collaboration_list|Collaboration List]]''': A global list of events and a local list of WikiProjects, accessible at '''[[:m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]]'''.
*  '''[[:m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Invitation_list|Invitation Lists]]''': A tool to help organizers find editors who might want to join, based on their past contributions.

'''Note''': The extension comes with a new user right called '''&quot;Event Organizer&quot;''', which will be managed by administrators on this wiki. Organizer tools like Event Registration and Invitation Lists will only work if someone is granted this right. The Collaboration List is available to everyone immediately after deployment.

The extension is already live on several wikis, including '''Meta, Wikidata, English Wikipedia''', and more ( [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#Current_Deployment_Status_for_CampaignEvents_extension| See the full deployment list]])

If you have any questions, concerns, or feedback, please feel free to share them on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents| extension talkpage]]. We’d love to hear from you before the rollout.

Thank you! &lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|kasa]]) 16:48, 29 Kotonimma 2025 (UTC)&lt;/bdi&gt;
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== Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}

Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 Ayɛwohomumɔ 2025 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;
Hello all,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position.

This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3]

Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election.

Best regards,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;
Chair of the Elections Committee

On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term.

[3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Dwumadini:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:MediaWiki message delivery|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 17:44, 17 Ayɛwohomumɔ 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Dear Wikimedia Community,

The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]]  of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]].

A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity.

Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact.

Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement.

Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate.

Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended.

=== Wikispore ===

The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects.

After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. 

We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future.

As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting.

Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed.

=== Wikinews ===

We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways.

Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf &lt;nowiki&gt;[1]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 &lt;nowiki&gt;[2]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[3]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years.

While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews &lt;nowiki&gt;[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[5]&lt;/nowiki&gt;, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? &lt;nowiki&gt;[6]&lt;/nowiki&gt;].

[[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews.

Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs.

SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives.

'''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to:
*Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects,
*Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace,
*Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects,
*Archive Wikinews projects.
Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels.

=== Feedback and next steps ===

We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language.

I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. 
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:57, 27 Ayɛwohomumɔ 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes ==

''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)''

Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations.

The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''.
The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below:
[[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]]

These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages.

Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change.

Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]].

Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. [[Dwumadini:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:MediaWiki message delivery|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 12:46, 14 Kitawonsa 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Temporary accounts will be rolled out soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;body&quot;/&gt;
Hello, we are the Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]] team. We would like to announce that '''we plan to enable [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] for this wiki in the week of September 1'''.

Temporary accounts are successfully live on 30 wikis, including many large ones like German, Japanese, and French. The change they bring is especially relevant to logged-out editors, who this feature is designed to protect. But it is also relevant to community members like mentors, patrollers, and admins – anyone who reverts edits, blocks users, or otherwise interacts with logged-out editors as part of keeping the wikis safe and accurate. 

'''Why we are building temporary accounts'''

Our wikis should be safer to edit by default for logged-out editors. Temporary accounts allow people to continue editing the wikis without creating an account, while avoiding publicly tying their edits to their IP address. We believe this is in the best interest of our logged-out editors, who make valuable contributions to the wikis and who may later create accounts and grow our community of editors, admins, and other roles. Even though the wikis do warn logged-out editors that their IP address will be associated with their edit, many people may not understand what an IP address is, or that it could be used to connect them to other information about them in ways they might not expect. 

Additionally, our moderation software and tools rely too heavily on network origin (IP addresses) to identify users and patterns of activity, especially as IP addresses themselves are becoming less stable as identifiers. Temporary accounts allow for more precise interactions with logged-out editors, including more precise blocks, and can help limit how often we unintentionally end up blocking good-faith users who use the same IP addresses as bad-faith users.

'''How temporary accounts work'''
[[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb]]
Any time a logged-out user publishes an edit on this wiki, a cookie will be set in this user's browser, and a temporary account tied with this cookie will be automatically created. This account's name will follow the pattern: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;~2025-12345-67&lt;/code&gt; (a tilde, current year, a number). On pages like Recent Changes or page history, this name will be displayed. The cookie will expire 90 days after its creation. As long as it exists, all edits made from this device will be attributed to this temporary account. It will be the same account even if the IP address changes, unless the user clears their cookies or uses a different device or web browser. A record of the IP address used at the time of each edit will be stored for 90 days after the edit. However, only some logged-in users will be able to see it.

'''What does this mean for different groups of users?'''

'''For logged-out editors'''

* This increases privacy: currently, if you do not use a registered account to edit, then everybody can see the IP address for the edits you made, even after 90 days. That will no longer be possible on this wiki.
* If you use a temporary account to edit from different locations in the last 90 days (for example at home and at a coffee shop), the edit history and the IP addresses for all those locations will now be recorded together, for the same temporary account. Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the relevant requirements]] will be able to view this data. If this creates any personal security concerns for you, please contact talktohumanrights at wikimedia.org for advice.

'''For community members interacting with logged-out editors'''

* A temporary account is uniquely linked to a device. In comparison, an IP address can be shared with different devices and people (for example, different people at school or at work might have the same IP address).
* Compared to the current situation, it will be safer to assume that a temporary user's talk page belongs to only one person, and messages left there will be read by them. As you can see in the screenshot, temporary account users will receive notifications. It will also be possible to thank them for their edits, ping them in discussions, and invite them to get more involved in the community.

'''For users who use IP address data to moderate and maintain the wiki'''

* '''For patrollers''' who track persistent abusers, investigate violations of policies, etc.: Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the requirements]] will be able to reveal temporary users' IP addresses and all contributions made by temporary accounts from a specific IP address or range ([[Special:IPContributions]]). They will also have access to useful information about the IP addresses thanks to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Info]] feature. Many other pieces of software have been built or adjusted to work with temporary accounts, including AbuseFilter, global blocks, Global User Contributions, and more. (For information for volunteer developers on how to update the code of your tools – see the last part of the message.)
* '''For admins blocking logged-out editors''':
** It will be possible to block many abusers by just blocking their temporary accounts. A blocked person won't be able to create new temporary accounts quickly if the admin selects the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblock]] option.
** It will still be possible to block an IP address or IP range.
* Temporary accounts will not be retroactively applied to contributions made before the deployment. On Special:Contributions, you will be able to see existing IP user contributions, but not new contributions made by temporary accounts on that IP address. Instead, you should use Special:IPContributions for this.

'''Our requests for you, and next steps'''

* If you know of any tools, bots, gadgets etc. using data about IP addresses or being available for logged-out users, you may want to test if they work on [[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] or [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]]. If you are a volunteer developer, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|read our documentation for developers]], and in particular, the section on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers#How should I update my code?|how your code might need to be updated]].
* If you want to test the temporary account experience, for example just to check what it feels like, go to testwiki or test2wiki and edit without logging in.
* Tell us if you know of any difficulties that need to be addressed. We will try to help, and if we are not able, we will consider the available options.
* Look at our [[m:Meta:Babel#Temporary_Accounts:_access_to_IP_addresses_and_next_steps|previous message]] about requirements for users without extended rights who may need access to IP addresses.

To learn more about the project, check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/FAQ|our FAQ]] – you will find many useful answers there. You may also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|look at the updates]] (we have just posted one) and [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|subscribe to our new newsletter]]. If you'd like to talk to me (Szymon) off-wiki, you will find me on Discord and Telegram. Thank you!&lt;section end=&quot;body&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:user:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]], [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:36, 26 Ɔsanaa 2025 (UTC)
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== Introducing Paste Check: a new Edit Check for Wikipedia ==

Hello!

Sorry for using English language. {{int:please-translate}}. {{int:Thank-you}}

Paste Check is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check can prompt them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content.

'''Why Paste Check?'''

Paste Check benefits two audiences:

* Newcomers: Many new editors are unaware of Wikipedia’s policies regarding copyright violations. Some mistakenly believe that pasting from what they consider reliable sources is the way to edit.
* Experienced editors: Paste Check aims to make it easier to identify and patrol edits that may contain pasted content (which can be either legit or copyright violations), helping us save time.

The goal is to reduce the rate of copyright violations by at least 10% among newer editors.

'''How it works'''

By default, Paste Check will be shown to editors who have published 100 or fewer edits locally.

When an editor matching this requirement pastes at least 50 characters of text from somewhere else, Paste Check will ask them to confirm if they wrote the content. Two options are then available:

* Keep the text – the user is then asked to explain why.
* Remove the text – the text is removed.

In both cases, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|edits will be tagged]] so that experienced editors can identify edits in which Paste Check was shown. The tag will be visible even if the final edit didn’t include any pasted text.

Paste Check will trigger when text is pasted a source it doesn’t recognize as another editing environment. It won’t show up if the editor has pasted text that we can technically recognize is coming from another MediaWiki visual editor instance, MS Office, Libre Office, Google Docs, or is plain text.

To start, Paste Check will only work in the visual editor.

'''Get involved'''

The Editing team is seeking input on the proposed user experience and configuration.

We plan to test the following interface with new users ([https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;showMessage=editcheck-dialog-addref-reject-question&amp;group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate please help translating it]):  

[[File:Paste_Check_interface_for_September_2025's_test.png|575x575px]]

We're planning to refine this interface over time, but want to start by launching a test so that we can determine whether the check is useful. We presented this interface to people who don't participate in Wikipedia, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#Qualitative evaluation|they found it practical and easy to understand]].

As a consequence, we would like to start by showing the feature to a fraction of newcomers for approximately 6 weeks. After this point, we will review the experiment results and decide what to do next.

'''Configuration and test'''

For experienced users, Paste Check will be configurable by the local communities (e.g. edit count thresholds, ignored sections and namespaces). Edits triggering Paste Check will be marked with the tag &lt;code&gt;editcheck-paste-shown&lt;/code&gt; for easier tracking.

You can try the proposed Paste Check interface:

* visit https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Cats&amp;veaction=edit&amp;ecenable=2

* Paste 50 characters or more from an external source, such as a website, to see the prompt.

Your feedback is valuable! Please share your thoughts below, and ping me. {{int:Thank-you}}

[[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 13:47, 18 Ɛbɔ 2025 (UTC)
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:This test is planned to start on this Wednesday, 8 October. Let me know if you have any question! [[Dwumadini:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:Trizek (WMF)|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 15:27, 6 Ahinime 2025 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-09-24T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-09-24T15:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. 
You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&amp;task=view&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. 

'''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])&lt;/span&gt; 15:41, 18 Ɛbɔ 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Have your say: vote for the 2025 Board of Trustees&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Hello all,

The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|2025 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Candidates are running for two (2) seats on the Board.

To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|voter eligibility page]].

Learn more about them by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|reading their application statements and watch their candidacy videos]].

When you are ready, go to the [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|SecurePoll voting page to vote]].

'''The vote is open from October 8 at 00:00 UTC to October 22 at 23:59 UTC.'''

Best regards,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;Chair, Elections Committee&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Dwumadini:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:MediaWiki message delivery|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 04:48, 9 Ahinime 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere).

There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:43, 20 Ahinime 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. 

Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages:
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]]

Applications for the committees open on October 30, 2025. Applications for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on December 11, 2025. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with any questions you may have.

For the Committee Support team,
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:13, 30 Ahinime 2025 (UTC)
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== Will you help us test an updated Databox? ==

''Apologies for posting in English - you can help by translating it''

Hello everyone, we have recently been developing updates for the [[Module:Databox]] / [[Template:Databox]] page, with the following changes:

* A Wikidata logo and link to the connected Wikidata Item

* New parameters &lt;code&gt;useImage=&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;excludeProperties=&lt;/code&gt; can be invoked in the source code to give a greater degree of control on what the Databox displays.
** '''&lt;code&gt;useImage=&lt;/code&gt;''' choose a different [[wikidata:Property:P18|image(P18)]] to display in the Databox. Example: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Databox|useImage=Hubble_Ultra_Deep_Field_part d.jpg}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
** '''&lt;code&gt;excludeParameters=&lt;/code&gt;''' hides selected Properties (and values) in from displaying in the current Databox. Example: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Databox|excludeProperties=P1290,P66}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

* The parameters can be combined, separated by a pipe |: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Databox|&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''useImage='''image_file.jpg|'''excludeProperties='''&lt;nowiki&gt;P123}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

=== How can you help? ===
Firstly, as the [[Module:Databox]] page is protected, we need an Admin to contact us so we can add the new code changes to the Module Lua code.

Then, we would request your help by playing with the new features, adding Databoxes to articles and using the new parameters (if it is good for the article). Mostly we just wanyt to collect feedbakc on whether this is a positive change, is useful, interrupts your editing workflowand / or causes any issues or bugs.

Only the first change (Wikidata Logo+Link) will automatically apply to existing Databoxes (may take upto 30 days from this post) or after any edit to a page with a Databox (including null-edits).

The two Parameters will only show if the &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Databox}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; wikitext is edited with the new parameter code.

[[metawiki:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Databox#Changes_to_Databox|Find instructions to do that here]].

Any questions, please feel free to reply here or add them to the [[metawiki:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Databox|Talk page]].

Thank you, -[[Dwumadini:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 14:58, 5 Obubuo 2025 (UTC) on behalf of the [[metawiki:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] Team

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki&lt;/span&gt;. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 Obubuo 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Migration to Parsoid&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]&lt;/em&gt;

Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier.

If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation.

There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki.

To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:43, 28 Obubuo 2025 (UTC)
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== Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 ==

Dear Wikimedia communities,

We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year.

''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.''

In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects.

We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community.

📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]]

If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs:  
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]]

''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]'''''

''Stay connected and receive updates:''  
* [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel]  
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list]

We look forward to collaborating with you and your community.


'''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:44, 16 Ɔpɛpɔn 2026 (UTC)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 

Dear Wiki Community,

We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia.

The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects.

;About the Campaign 
'''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices.

;What Can Participants Write About? 
Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to:

* Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations  
* Folk dances, music, and traditional performances  
* Women and queer figures in folklore  
* Women in mythology and oral traditions  
* Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives  
* Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends  
* Folk games, sports, and cultural practices  

Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools.

;How to Sign Up as an Organizer 
Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community:

# Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] 
# Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool  
# Prepare a local article list and clearly mention:
#* Campaign timeline  
#* Local and international prizes  
# Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]]  
# Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]'''

;Campaign Tools

The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants:

* '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats.
* '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore.

Both tools are now available for use in the campaign.  '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]'''

;Learn More &amp; Get Support
For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''.

If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via:
* '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]'''
* Email us using details on the contact page.

;Join Us 
We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia.

Thank you and best wishes,
  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]'''

----

''Stay connected:''  
[[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp;
[[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
Hello everyone,

We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe.

;About Wiki Loves Folklore 

'''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight:
* Folk traditions and rituals  
* Cultural festivals and celebrations  
* Traditional attire and crafts 
* Performing arts, music, and dance  
* Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage  

Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world.

[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] 

; Host a Local Edition 

As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to:
* Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture  
* Engage new contributors in your community  
* Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content  

'''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:'''  

If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know.

If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region.

;Get in Touch 
If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via:

* The project Talk pages  
* Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org'''

We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail.

Warm regards,  

'''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Dwumadini:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:MediaWiki message delivery|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 13:21, 18 Ɔpɛpɔn 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:02, 19 Ɔpɛpɔn 2026 (UTC)
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== Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikipedians!

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''.

The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences.

🧩'''How to participate?'''

Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine.

🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''.

'''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.'''

If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&amp;messages=&amp;language=en&amp;x=D banner] into your own language.

Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! 

[[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Dwumadini:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:MediaWiki message delivery|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 17:11, 3 Oforisuo 2026 (UTC)
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== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}}
A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[Dwumadini:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:MediaWiki message delivery|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 00:58, 26 Oforisuo 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/bdi&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Vote now in the 2026 U4C election&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:15, 27 Kotonimma 2026 (UTC)
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== RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|kasa]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:12, 23 Ayɛwohomumɔ 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=30513860 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tnbs8e67paxzdjif30ouy163y3g6tsx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indian Ocean</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>18140</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200123</id>
      <parentid>200119</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T14:10:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Crab44</username>
        <id>20048</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>de asɛm a wɔafa aka kaa ho</comment>
      <origin>200123</origin>
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India Po no yɛ wiase po mu mpaapaemu anum no mu nea ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa, na ne kɛseɛ yɛ kilomita 70,560,000 (27,240,000 sq mi) anaa bɛyɛ Asase ani nsuo 20%&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Indian Ocean |date=2026-06-11 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&amp;oldid=1358922594 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.Asia na ɛbɔ ho hye wɔ atifi fam, Afrika wɔ atɔe fam ne Australia wɔ apuei fam. Wɔ anafo fam no, Kesee Fam Po anaa Antarctica na ɛbɔ ho hye, a egyina nkyerɛase a wɔde di dwuma no so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Definition of INDIAN OCEAN |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indian+ocean |language=en |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.India Po no wɔ po akɛse a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri anaa ɔmantam mu, a Andaman Po, Arabia Po, Bengal Po, ne Laccadive Po ka ho.

Wɔ asase ho nimdeɛ mu no, India Po no ne po no mu kumaa sen biara (edi Tethys Po a ɛpaapaee kɔɔ Mediterranea Po no mu ne India Po no mu mfe ɔpepem 20 pɛ a atwam ni no di anim tẽẽ) .&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Or M. Bialik, Martin Frank, Christian Betzler, Ray Zammit, Nicolas D. Waldmann |title=Two-step closure of the Miocene Indian Ocean Gateway to the Mediterranean |date=2019-06-20 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6586870/ |work=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=8842 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-45308-7 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6586870 |pmid=31222018 |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;na ɛwɔ nneɛma soronko te sɛ asasepɔn so mmeae a ɛyɛ teateaa.Sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, ne bun yɛ mita 3,741.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=John Misachi March 28 2021 in Bodies of Water |title=Indian Ocean |date=2021-03-28 |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/oceans/indian-ocean.html |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛyɛ po a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew sen biara, na ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ wiase nyinaa wim tebea so esiane sɛnea ɛne wim di nkitaho nti.Indian Ocean Walker a ɛkyinkyini no nya ne nsu so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛde po mu nsu a ɛsen soronko ne nsu a ɛforo kɔ soro ba.India Po no mu nneɛma gu ahorow, na abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛho hia te sɛ akorade, mangrove, ne po mu sare mpa wɔ hɔ. Ɛhɔ na wiase no mu tuna a wɔkyere no fã kɛse no ara wɔ, na ɛhɔ na ɛpo mu mmoa a wɔn ase reyɛ atɔre te. Wim tebea a atwa India Po no ho ahyia no yɛ nea osu tɔ kɛse.

== Nsɛm a wɔde gyina hɔ ma ==</text>
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      <parentid>200123</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T14:32:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Crab44</username>
        <id>20048</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de asɛm a wɔafa aka kaa ho</comment>
      <origin>200139</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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India Po no yɛ wiase po mu mpaapaemu anum no mu nea ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa, na ne kɛseɛ yɛ kilomita 70,560,000 (27,240,000 sq mi) anaa bɛyɛ Asase ani nsuo 20%&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Indian Ocean |date=2026-06-11 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&amp;oldid=1358922594 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.Asia na ɛbɔ ho hye wɔ atifi fam, Afrika wɔ atɔe fam ne Australia wɔ apuei fam. Wɔ anafo fam no, Kesee Fam Po anaa Antarctica na ɛbɔ ho hye, a egyina nkyerɛase a wɔde di dwuma no so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Definition of INDIAN OCEAN |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indian+ocean |language=en |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.India Po no wɔ po akɛse a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri anaa ɔmantam mu, a Andaman Po, Arabia Po, Bengal Po, ne Laccadive Po ka ho.

Wɔ asase ho nimdeɛ mu no, India Po no ne po no mu kumaa sen biara (edi Tethys Po a ɛpaapaee kɔɔ Mediterranea Po no mu ne India Po no mu mfe ɔpepem 20 pɛ a atwam ni no di anim tẽẽ) .&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Or M. Bialik, Martin Frank, Christian Betzler, Ray Zammit, Nicolas D. Waldmann |title=Two-step closure of the Miocene Indian Ocean Gateway to the Mediterranean |date=2019-06-20 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6586870/ |work=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=8842 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-45308-7 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6586870 |pmid=31222018 |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;na ɛwɔ nneɛma soronko te sɛ asasepɔn so mmeae a ɛyɛ teateaa.Sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, ne bun yɛ mita 3,741.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=John Misachi March 28 2021 in Bodies of Water |title=Indian Ocean |date=2021-03-28 |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/oceans/indian-ocean.html |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛyɛ po a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew sen biara, na ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ wiase nyinaa wim tebea so esiane sɛnea ɛne wim di nkitaho nti.Indian Ocean Walker a ɛkyinkyini no nya ne nsu so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛde po mu nsu a ɛsen soronko ne nsu a ɛforo kɔ soro ba.India Po no mu nneɛma gu ahorow, na abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛho hia te sɛ akorade, mangrove, ne po mu sare mpa wɔ hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=EBSCO - Research Databases, EBooks, Discovery Service |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛhɔ na wiase no mu tuna a wɔkyere no fã kɛse no ara wɔ, na ɛhɔ na ɛpo mu mmoa a wɔn ase reyɛ atɔre te. Wim tebea a atwa India Po no ho ahyia no yɛ nea osu tɔ kɛse.

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India Po no yɛ wiase po mu mpaapaemu anum no mu nea ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa, na ne kɛseɛ yɛ kilomita 70,560,000 (27,240,000 sq mi) anaa bɛyɛ Asase ani nsuo 20%&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Indian Ocean |date=2026-06-11 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&amp;oldid=1358922594 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.Asia na ɛbɔ ho hye wɔ atifi fam, Afrika wɔ atɔe fam ne Australia wɔ apuei fam. Wɔ anafo fam no, Kesee Fam Po anaa Antarctica na ɛbɔ ho hye, a egyina nkyerɛase a wɔde di dwuma no so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Definition of INDIAN OCEAN |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indian+ocean |language=en |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.India Po no wɔ po akɛse a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri anaa ɔmantam mu, a Andaman Po, Arabia Po, Bengal Po, ne Laccadive Po ka ho.

Wɔ asase ho nimdeɛ mu no, India Po no ne po no mu kumaa sen biara (edi Tethys Po a ɛpaapaee kɔɔ Mediterranea Po no mu ne India Po no mu mfe ɔpepem 20 pɛ a atwam ni no di anim tẽẽ) .&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Or M. Bialik, Martin Frank, Christian Betzler, Ray Zammit, Nicolas D. Waldmann |title=Two-step closure of the Miocene Indian Ocean Gateway to the Mediterranean |date=2019-06-20 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6586870/ |work=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=8842 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-45308-7 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6586870 |pmid=31222018 |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;na ɛwɔ nneɛma soronko te sɛ asasepɔn so mmeae a ɛyɛ teateaa.Sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, ne bun yɛ mita 3,741.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=John Misachi March 28 2021 in Bodies of Water |title=Indian Ocean |date=2021-03-28 |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/oceans/indian-ocean.html |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛyɛ po a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew sen biara, na ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ wiase nyinaa wim tebea so esiane sɛnea ɛne wim di nkitaho nti.Indian Ocean Walker a ɛkyinkyini no nya ne nsu so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛde po mu nsu a ɛsen soronko ne nsu a ɛforo kɔ soro ba.India Po no mu nneɛma gu ahorow, na abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛho hia te sɛ akorade, mangrove, ne po mu sare mpa wɔ hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=EBSCO - Research Databases, EBooks, Discovery Service |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛhɔ na wiase no mu tuna a wɔkyere no fã kɛse no ara wɔ, na ɛhɔ na ɛpo mu mmoa a wɔn ase reyɛ atɔre te. Wim tebea a atwa India Po no ho ahyia no yɛ nea osu tɔ kɛse.

India Po no ayɛ beae titiriw a wɔde amammerɛ ne aguadi sesa fi tete. Edii dwuma titiriw wɔ nnipa a wodii kan tu kɔtraa mmeae foforo ne anibuei ahorow a ɛtrɛwee no mu.Wɔ nnɛyi mmere yi mu no, ɛda so ara ho hia kɛse ma wiase nyinaa aguadi, titiriw wɔ ngo ne hydrocarbon mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Indian Ocean |date=2026-06-23 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&amp;oldid=1360778509 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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India Po no yɛ wiase po mu mpaapaemu anum no mu nea ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa, na ne kɛseɛ yɛ kilomita 70,560,000 (27,240,000 sq mi) anaa bɛyɛ Asase ani nsuo 20%&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Indian Ocean |date=2026-06-11 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&amp;oldid=1358922594 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.Asia na ɛbɔ ho hye wɔ atifi fam, Afrika wɔ atɔe fam ne Australia wɔ apuei fam. Wɔ anafo fam no, Kesee Fam Po anaa Antarctica na ɛbɔ ho hye, a egyina nkyerɛase a wɔde di dwuma no so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Definition of INDIAN OCEAN |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indian+ocean |language=en |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.India Po no wɔ po akɛse a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri anaa ɔmantam mu, a Andaman Po, Arabia Po, Bengal Po, ne Laccadive Po ka ho.

Wɔ asase ho nimdeɛ mu no, India Po no ne po no mu kumaa sen biara (edi Tethys Po a ɛpaapaee kɔɔ Mediterranea Po no mu ne India Po no mu mfe ɔpepem 20 pɛ a atwam ni no di anim tẽẽ) .&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Or M. Bialik, Martin Frank, Christian Betzler, Ray Zammit, Nicolas D. Waldmann |title=Two-step closure of the Miocene Indian Ocean Gateway to the Mediterranean |date=2019-06-20 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6586870/ |work=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=8842 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-45308-7 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6586870 |pmid=31222018 |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;na ɛwɔ nneɛma soronko te sɛ asasepɔn so mmeae a ɛyɛ teateaa.Sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, ne bun yɛ mita 3,741.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=John Misachi March 28 2021 in Bodies of Water |title=Indian Ocean |date=2021-03-28 |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/oceans/indian-ocean.html |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛyɛ po a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew sen biara, na ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ wiase nyinaa wim tebea so esiane sɛnea ɛne wim di nkitaho nti.Indian Ocean Walker a ɛkyinkyini no nya ne nsu so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛde po mu nsu a ɛsen soronko ne nsu a ɛforo kɔ soro ba.India Po no mu nneɛma gu ahorow, na abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛho hia te sɛ akorade, mangrove, ne po mu sare mpa wɔ hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=EBSCO - Research Databases, EBooks, Discovery Service |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛhɔ na wiase no mu tuna a wɔkyere no fã kɛse no ara wɔ, na ɛhɔ na ɛpo mu mmoa a wɔn ase reyɛ atɔre te. Wim tebea a atwa India Po no ho ahyia no yɛ nea osu tɔ kɛse.

India Po no ayɛ beae titiriw a wɔde amammerɛ ne aguadi sesa fi tete. Edii dwuma titiriw wɔ nnipa a wodii kan tu kɔtraa mmeae foforo ne anibuei ahorow a ɛtrɛwee no mu.Wɔ nnɛyi mmere yi mu no, ɛda so ara ho hia kɛse ma wiase nyinaa aguadi, titiriw wɔ ngo ne hydrocarbon mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Indian Ocean |date=2026-06-23 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&amp;oldid=1360778509 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ne asase ho amammuisɛm a ɛhaw adwene wɔ ɔmantam no mu bi ne wim nsakrae, mpataayi a ɛboro so, efĩ, adwowtwafo, ne nsupɔw so nsasesin ho ntawntawdi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Nsɛm a wɔde gyina hɔ ma ==</text>
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      <comment>maa asɛm no tu mpɔn</comment>
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India Po no yɛ wiase po mu mpaapaemu anum no mu nea ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa, na ne kɛseɛ yɛ kilomita 70,560,000 (27,240,000 sq mi) anaa bɛyɛ Asase ani nsuo 20%&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Indian Ocean |date=2026-06-11 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&amp;oldid=1358922594 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.Asia na ɛbɔ ho hye wɔ atifi fam, Afrika wɔ atɔe fam ne Australia wɔ apuei fam. Wɔ anafo fam no, Kesee Fam Po anaa Antarctica na ɛbɔ ho hye, a egyina nkyerɛase a wɔde di dwuma no so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Definition of INDIAN OCEAN |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indian+ocean |language=en |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.India Po no wɔ po akɛse a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri anaa ɔmantam mu, a Andaman Po, Arabia Po, Bengal Po, ne Laccadive Po ka ho.

Wɔ asase ho nimdeɛ mu no, India Po no ne po no mu kumaa sen biara (edi Tethys Po a ɛpaapaee kɔɔ Mediterranea Po no mu ne India Po no mu mfe ɔpepem 20 pɛ a atwam ni no di anim tẽẽ) .&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Or M. Bialik, Martin Frank, Christian Betzler, Ray Zammit, Nicolas D. Waldmann |title=Two-step closure of the Miocene Indian Ocean Gateway to the Mediterranean |date=2019-06-20 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6586870/ |work=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=8842 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-45308-7 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6586870 |pmid=31222018 |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;na ɛwɔ nneɛma soronko te sɛ asasepɔn so mmeae a ɛyɛ teateaa.Sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, ne bun yɛ mita 3,741.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=John Misachi March 28 2021 in Bodies of Water |title=Indian Ocean |date=2021-03-28 |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/oceans/indian-ocean.html |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛyɛ po a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew sen biara, na ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ wiase nyinaa wim tebea so esiane sɛnea ɛne wim di nkitaho nti.Indian Ocean Walker a ɛkyinkyini no nya ne nsu so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛde po mu nsu a ɛsen soronko ne nsu a ɛforo kɔ soro ba.India Po no mu nneɛma gu ahorow, na abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛho hia te sɛ akorade, mangrove, ne po mu sare mpa wɔ hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=EBSCO - Research Databases, EBooks, Discovery Service |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛhɔ na wiase no mu tuna a wɔkyere no fã kɛse no ara wɔ, na ɛhɔ na ɛpo mu mmoa a wɔn ase reyɛ atɔre te. Wim tebea a atwa India Po no ho ahyia no yɛ nea osu tɔ kɛse.

India Po no ayɛ beae titiriw a wɔde amammerɛ ne aguadi sesa fi tete. Edii dwuma titiriw wɔ nnipa a wodii kan tu kɔtraa mmeae foforo ne anibuei ahorow a ɛtrɛwee no mu.Wɔ nnɛyi mmere yi mu no, ɛda so ara ho hia kɛse ma wiase nyinaa aguadi, titiriw wɔ ngo ne hydrocarbon mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Indian Ocean |date=2026-06-23 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&amp;oldid=1360778509 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ne asase ho amammuisɛm a ɛhaw adwene wɔ ɔmantam no mu bi ne wim nsakrae, mpataayi a ɛboro so, efĩ, adwowtwafo, ne nsupɔw so nsasesin ho ntawntawdi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Nsɛmfua mfiase ho adesua ==
Wɔde ne mprempren din afrɛ India Po no fi anyɛ yiye koraa no 1515, bere a wodii Latin kasa Oceanus Orientalis Indicus (lit. ‘India Apuei Po’) ho adanse, a wɔde India a ɛhyɛn mu no din too so no. Kan no na wɔfrɛ no Apuei Fam Po, asɛmfua a na wɔda so ara de di dwuma wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 mfinimfini, a ɛne Atɔe Fam Po (Atlantic) bɔ abira ansa na wɔresusuw sɛ Pacific bɛba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Etymonline |date=2026-06-18 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etymonline&amp;oldid=1360008344 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsɛm a wɔde gyina hɔ ma ==</text>
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      <comment>mma krata yi tuu mpɔn</comment>
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India Po no yɛ wiase po mu mpaapaemu anum no mu nea ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa, na ne kɛseɛ yɛ kilomita 70,560,000 (27,240,000 sq mi) anaa bɛyɛ Asase ani nsuo 20%&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Indian Ocean |date=2026-06-11 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&amp;oldid=1358922594 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.Asia na ɛbɔ ho hye wɔ atifi fam, Afrika wɔ atɔe fam ne Australia wɔ apuei fam. Wɔ anafo fam no, Kesee Fam Po anaa Antarctica na ɛbɔ ho hye, a egyina nkyerɛase a wɔde di dwuma no so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Definition of INDIAN OCEAN |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indian+ocean |language=en |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.India Po no wɔ po akɛse a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri anaa ɔmantam mu, a Andaman Po, Arabia Po, Bengal Po, ne Laccadive Po ka ho.

Wɔ asase ho nimdeɛ mu no, India Po no ne po no mu kumaa sen biara (edi Tethys Po a ɛpaapaee kɔɔ Mediterranea Po no mu ne India Po no mu mfe ɔpepem 20 pɛ a atwam ni no di anim tẽẽ) .&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Or M. Bialik, Martin Frank, Christian Betzler, Ray Zammit, Nicolas D. Waldmann |title=Two-step closure of the Miocene Indian Ocean Gateway to the Mediterranean |date=2019-06-20 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6586870/ |work=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=8842 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-45308-7 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6586870 |pmid=31222018 |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;na ɛwɔ nneɛma soronko te sɛ asasepɔn so mmeae a ɛyɛ teateaa.Sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, ne bun yɛ mita 3,741.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=John Misachi March 28 2021 in Bodies of Water |title=Indian Ocean |date=2021-03-28 |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/oceans/indian-ocean.html |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛyɛ po a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew sen biara, na ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ wiase nyinaa wim tebea so esiane sɛnea ɛne wim di nkitaho nti.Indian Ocean Walker a ɛkyinkyini no nya ne nsu so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛde po mu nsu a ɛsen soronko ne nsu a ɛforo kɔ soro ba.India Po no mu nneɛma gu ahorow, na abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛho hia te sɛ akorade, mangrove, ne po mu sare mpa wɔ hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=EBSCO - Research Databases, EBooks, Discovery Service |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛhɔ na wiase no mu tuna a wɔkyere no fã kɛse no ara wɔ, na ɛhɔ na ɛpo mu mmoa a wɔn ase reyɛ atɔre te. Wim tebea a atwa India Po no ho ahyia no yɛ nea osu tɔ kɛse.

India Po no ayɛ beae titiriw a wɔde amammerɛ ne aguadi sesa fi tete. Edii dwuma titiriw wɔ nnipa a wodii kan tu kɔtraa mmeae foforo ne anibuei ahorow a ɛtrɛwee no mu.Wɔ nnɛyi mmere yi mu no, ɛda so ara ho hia kɛse ma wiase nyinaa aguadi, titiriw wɔ ngo ne hydrocarbon mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Indian Ocean |date=2026-06-23 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&amp;oldid=1360778509 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ne asase ho amammuisɛm a ɛhaw adwene wɔ ɔmantam no mu bi ne wim nsakrae, mpataayi a ɛboro so, efĩ, adwowtwafo, ne nsupɔw so nsasesin ho ntawntawdi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Nsɛmfua mfiase ho adesua ==
Wɔde ne mprempren din afrɛ India Po no fi anyɛ yiye koraa no 1515, bere a wodii Latin kasa Oceanus Orientalis Indicus (lit. ‘India Apuei Po’) ho adanse, a wɔde India a ɛhyɛn mu no din too so no. Kan no na wɔfrɛ no Apuei Fam Po, asɛmfua a na wɔda so ara de di dwuma wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 mfinimfini, a ɛne Atɔe Fam Po (Atlantic) bɔ abira ansa na wɔresusuw sɛ Pacific bɛba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Etymonline |date=2026-06-18 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etymonline&amp;oldid=1360008344 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnɛyi Hindi din a wɔde frɛ Po no ne हिंद महासागर (Hind Mahāsāgar; lit. nkyerɛase. India Po).

== Nsɛm a wɔde gyina hɔ ma ==</text>
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India Po no yɛ wiase po mu mpaapaemu anum no mu nea ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa, na ne kɛseɛ yɛ kilomita 70,560,000 (27,240,000 sq mi) anaa bɛyɛ Asase ani nsuo 20%&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Indian Ocean |date=2026-06-11 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&amp;oldid=1358922594 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.Asia na ɛbɔ ho hye wɔ atifi fam, Afrika wɔ atɔe fam ne Australia wɔ apuei fam. Wɔ anafo fam no, Kesee Fam Po anaa Antarctica na ɛbɔ ho hye, a egyina nkyerɛase a wɔde di dwuma no so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Definition of INDIAN OCEAN |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indian+ocean |language=en |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.India Po no wɔ po akɛse a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri anaa ɔmantam mu, a Andaman Po, Arabia Po, Bengal Po, ne Laccadive Po ka ho.

Wɔ asase ho nimdeɛ mu no, India Po no ne po no mu kumaa sen biara (edi Tethys Po a ɛpaapaee kɔɔ Mediterranea Po no mu ne India Po no mu mfe ɔpepem 20 pɛ a atwam ni no di anim tẽẽ) .&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Or M. Bialik, Martin Frank, Christian Betzler, Ray Zammit, Nicolas D. Waldmann |title=Two-step closure of the Miocene Indian Ocean Gateway to the Mediterranean |date=2019-06-20 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6586870/ |work=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=8842 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-45308-7 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6586870 |pmid=31222018 |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;na ɛwɔ nneɛma soronko te sɛ asasepɔn so mmeae a ɛyɛ teateaa.Sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, ne bun yɛ mita 3,741.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=John Misachi March 28 2021 in Bodies of Water |title=Indian Ocean |date=2021-03-28 |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/oceans/indian-ocean.html |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛyɛ po a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew sen biara, na ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ wiase nyinaa wim tebea so esiane sɛnea ɛne wim di nkitaho nti.Indian Ocean Walker a ɛkyinkyini no nya ne nsu so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛde po mu nsu a ɛsen soronko ne nsu a ɛforo kɔ soro ba.India Po no mu nneɛma gu ahorow, na abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛho hia te sɛ akorade, mangrove, ne po mu sare mpa wɔ hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=EBSCO - Research Databases, EBooks, Discovery Service |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛhɔ na wiase no mu tuna a wɔkyere no fã kɛse no ara wɔ, na ɛhɔ na ɛpo mu mmoa a wɔn ase reyɛ atɔre te. Wim tebea a atwa India Po no ho ahyia no yɛ nea osu tɔ kɛse.

India Po no ayɛ beae titiriw a wɔde amammerɛ ne aguadi sesa fi tete. Edii dwuma titiriw wɔ nnipa a wodii kan tu kɔtraa mmeae foforo ne anibuei ahorow a ɛtrɛwee no mu.Wɔ nnɛyi mmere yi mu no, ɛda so ara ho hia kɛse ma wiase nyinaa aguadi, titiriw wɔ ngo ne hydrocarbon mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Indian Ocean |date=2026-06-23 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&amp;oldid=1360778509 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ne asase ho amammuisɛm a ɛhaw adwene wɔ ɔmantam no mu bi ne wim nsakrae, mpataayi a ɛboro so, efĩ, adwowtwafo, ne nsupɔw so nsasesin ho ntawntawdi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Nsɛmfua mfiase ho adesua ==
Wɔde ne mprempren din afrɛ India Po no fi anyɛ yiye koraa no 1515, bere a wodii Latin kasa Oceanus Orientalis Indicus (lit. ‘India Apuei Po’) ho adanse, a wɔde India a ɛhyɛn mu no din too so no. Kan no na wɔfrɛ no Apuei Fam Po, asɛmfua a na wɔda so ara de di dwuma wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 mfinimfini, a ɛne Atɔe Fam Po (Atlantic) bɔ abira ansa na wɔresusuw sɛ Pacific bɛba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Etymonline |date=2026-06-18 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etymonline&amp;oldid=1360008344 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnɛyi Hindi din a wɔde frɛ Po no ne हिंद महासागर (Hind Mahāsāgar; lit. nkyerɛase. India Po).

Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, Chinafo akwantufo (e.g., Zheng He wɔ Ming ahemman no mu) a wotuu kwan kɔɔ India Po no so wɔ afeha a ɛto so 15 mu no frɛɛ no ​​Atɔe Fam Po.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Yang Wei |title=Admiral Zheng He's Voyages to the &quot;West Oceans&quot; |date=2014-09-30 |url=https://doi.org/10.65959/eaa.1272 |work=Education About Asia |volume=19 |issue=2 |doi=10.65959/eaa.1272 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Etymonline |date=2026-06-18 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etymonline&amp;oldid=1360008344 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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India Po no yɛ wiase po mu mpaapaemu anum no mu nea ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa, na ne kɛseɛ yɛ kilomita 70,560,000 (27,240,000 sq mi) anaa bɛyɛ Asase ani nsuo 20%&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Indian Ocean |date=2026-06-11 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&amp;oldid=1358922594 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.Asia na ɛbɔ ho hye wɔ atifi fam, Afrika wɔ atɔe fam ne Australia wɔ apuei fam. Wɔ anafo fam no, Kesee Fam Po anaa Antarctica na ɛbɔ ho hye, a egyina nkyerɛase a wɔde di dwuma no so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Definition of INDIAN OCEAN |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indian+ocean |language=en |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.India Po no wɔ po akɛse a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri anaa ɔmantam mu, a Andaman Po, Arabia Po, Bengal Po, ne Laccadive Po ka ho.

Wɔ asase ho nimdeɛ mu no, India Po no ne po no mu kumaa sen biara (edi Tethys Po a ɛpaapaee kɔɔ Mediterranea Po no mu ne India Po no mu mfe ɔpepem 20 pɛ a atwam ni no di anim tẽẽ) .&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Or M. Bialik, Martin Frank, Christian Betzler, Ray Zammit, Nicolas D. Waldmann |title=Two-step closure of the Miocene Indian Ocean Gateway to the Mediterranean |date=2019-06-20 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6586870/ |work=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=8842 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-45308-7 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6586870 |pmid=31222018 |access-date=2026-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;na ɛwɔ nneɛma soronko te sɛ asasepɔn so mmeae a ɛyɛ teateaa.Sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, ne bun yɛ mita 3,741.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=John Misachi March 28 2021 in Bodies of Water |title=Indian Ocean |date=2021-03-28 |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/oceans/indian-ocean.html |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛyɛ po a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew sen biara, na ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ wiase nyinaa wim tebea so esiane sɛnea ɛne wim di nkitaho nti.Indian Ocean Walker a ɛkyinkyini no nya ne nsu so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛde po mu nsu a ɛsen soronko ne nsu a ɛforo kɔ soro ba.India Po no mu nneɛma gu ahorow, na abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛho hia te sɛ akorade, mangrove, ne po mu sare mpa wɔ hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=EBSCO - Research Databases, EBooks, Discovery Service |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛhɔ na wiase no mu tuna a wɔkyere no fã kɛse no ara wɔ, na ɛhɔ na ɛpo mu mmoa a wɔn ase reyɛ atɔre te. Wim tebea a atwa India Po no ho ahyia no yɛ nea osu tɔ kɛse.

India Po no ayɛ beae titiriw a wɔde amammerɛ ne aguadi sesa fi tete. Edii dwuma titiriw wɔ nnipa a wodii kan tu kɔtraa mmeae foforo ne anibuei ahorow a ɛtrɛwee no mu.Wɔ nnɛyi mmere yi mu no, ɛda so ara ho hia kɛse ma wiase nyinaa aguadi, titiriw wɔ ngo ne hydrocarbon mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Indian Ocean |date=2026-06-23 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&amp;oldid=1360778509 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ne asase ho amammuisɛm a ɛhaw adwene wɔ ɔmantam no mu bi ne wim nsakrae, mpataayi a ɛboro so, efĩ, adwowtwafo, ne nsupɔw so nsasesin ho ntawntawdi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Nsɛmfua mfiase ho adesua ==
Wɔde ne mprempren din afrɛ India Po no fi anyɛ yiye koraa no 1515, bere a wodii Latin kasa Oceanus Orientalis Indicus (lit. ‘India Apuei Po’) ho adanse, a wɔde India a ɛhyɛn mu no din too so no. Kan no na wɔfrɛ no Apuei Fam Po, asɛmfua a na wɔda so ara de di dwuma wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 mfinimfini, a ɛne Atɔe Fam Po (Atlantic) bɔ abira ansa na wɔresusuw sɛ Pacific bɛba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Etymonline |date=2026-06-18 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etymonline&amp;oldid=1360008344 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnɛyi Hindi din a wɔde frɛ Po no ne हिंद महासागर (Hind Mahāsāgar; lit. nkyerɛase. India Po).

Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, Chinafo akwantufo (e.g., Zheng He wɔ Ming ahemman no mu) a wotuu kwan kɔɔ India Po no so wɔ afeha a ɛto so 15 mu no frɛɛ no ​​Atɔe Fam Po.

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      <comment>Created page with &quot;Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma tit...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="984" sha1="r3tlhoozv3gkruk68ts208pih2sw243" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="1715" sha1="msijfx0vipy69tqy4zb5o548t8faoge" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="2454" sha1="9e7zwecekpydulm3kh3smk196nk1e7y" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="3778" sha1="loa1p4wzt1wb06oq7s5f8quqamkwhcx" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="3809" sha1="f2wahobvj498bgngrfdu5twdolmvv3i" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow'''</text>
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      <text bytes="4295" sha1="bykawt9jo14xcmstbybiuggl0e37o3z" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow'''

Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="4485" sha1="mquib9subcxarb1tqva2u9141tsxhw5" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow'''

Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="4982" sha1="7vjkatji544tzkmejmf8tli8fb22o3q" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow'''

Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="5512" sha1="iosasshd3r6m1knucxbocn03bgtmc14" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow'''

Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="5896" sha1="lidcbheifzx916vk22vaxrlau31kzmn" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow'''

Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="6540" sha1="tc6whgb989xc4epdk3ubw4oipske9rt" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow'''

Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="7093" sha1="e75torfihbwfzxlnpoxrryho5r2f5nz" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow'''

Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="7119" sha1="au6yjobighw03x7w0vhrl0zj8hg92zv" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow'''

Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="7154" sha1="0sprgxzin74iqz30byqlbz8kzhh48vm" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow'''

Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;'''

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      <text bytes="7164" sha1="aobinaxq6hd7d09qrq5bvqdovm5qavb" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="7960" sha1="0pf1mgpii8usdfvyu3h521cspsvkmyj" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="8457" sha1="84wrx9u8bdmu4vdvz8r3bv7r6ssou8n" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="8503" sha1="04k1li3ch5bow3qm1ny9l2l8zxz9km6" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''</text>
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      <text bytes="9021" sha1="ogqc3cfzg4ppmqb8xsj1izo78a5lds4" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="9575" sha1="rjwwkoncf0w8f1mgbx72i4edw96zvg1" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="10236" sha1="8dmkirjj1a0zf2vyb5k6u5txk89pal4" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="10721" sha1="jwwbqw9485st1874kwgqpwwgk100650" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="11053" sha1="qek7qk7sj6r4azvajofcdy85stz9x1s" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="11586" sha1="5f9w1asz5s0h87gj4o6j9y93bn1fqkl" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward&quot;. |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="12004" sha1="tf008fssmobw677b7lom65itlpvr2l3" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward&quot;. |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="12455" sha1="7t7r9bmv8fmw2fyhbnikdulwjy2ngh6" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward&quot;. |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="12706" sha1="mp95kha7oc0xdyzft96dlmffm7m3o8k" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward&quot;. |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation &amp; Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="12732" sha1="t4q13q5kn5gisp74bw5naysqjbtgdul" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward&quot;. |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation &amp; Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Natural variations'''</text>
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      <text bytes="12909" sha1="glyav5su7guc0yuhc3o5asabycgusu6" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward&quot;. |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation &amp; Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow'''

Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti</text>
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      <text bytes="13269" sha1="jzyjnovs9sxlpp49ce0y3ysw73qy2md" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward&quot;. |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation &amp; Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow'''

Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="13490" sha1="2z56qlw9xrjfi8s1m6cpf24k3ze4hca" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward&quot;. |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation &amp; Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow'''

Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse</text>
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      <text bytes="13921" sha1="067etcaelm4uwa5ct5htey723451kf5" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward&quot;. |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation &amp; Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow'''

Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Qiong Zhang |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |date=2016-01-15 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007530 |work=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="14445" sha1="lqgn6a831gzbeda37hheyjpbvf5de8b" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward&quot;. |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation &amp; Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow'''

Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Qiong Zhang |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |date=2016-01-15 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007530 |work=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyansahyɛ bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsakrae a ɛbaa Sahara fi savanna so kɔɔ sare so wɔ Holocene mfinimfini no fã bi fi anantwi a ɛhɔfo no didi boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=David K. Wright |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |date=2017-01-26 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2017.00004/full |work=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |language=English |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |issn=2296-6463 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="15560" sha1="0r8waow73n3foupegd0mfffo72qrqdf" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward&quot;. |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation &amp; Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow'''

Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Qiong Zhang |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |date=2016-01-15 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007530 |work=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyansahyɛ bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsakrae a ɛbaa Sahara fi savanna so kɔɔ sare so wɔ Holocene mfinimfini no fã bi fi anantwi a ɛhɔfo no didi boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=David K. Wright |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |date=2017-01-26 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2017.00004/full |work=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |language=English |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |issn=2296-6463 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyansahufo akɔ so ayɛ mmeae a ɛho hia ho nhwehwɛmu, na wɔasi so dua sɛ nnipa dwumadi ne asase mu akwahosan ka wim tebea ho nneɛma ho sɛ nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma anhweatam no yɛ kɛse.Wɔ Mu Us Anhweatam so no, asase akwahosan yɛ anhweatam a ɛkɔ so no mu 37% bere a wim tebea ne nnipa dwumadi yɛ adwuma de siw saa adeyɛ yi ano 46% ne 17%. Mongolia mfimfini anhweatam no yɛ nea wim tebea a ɛboa 24% ne asase so mfaso 34.7% wɔ saa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi nyinaa mu. Shaanxi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira a wim tebea yɛ adwuma tia anhweatam a ɛyɛ adwuma na asase ma ɛyɛ kɛseɛ, na ɛkyerɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ ahodoɔ a abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma nya wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nyinaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jiaying Li, Yu Li, Xuhui Wang, Zhongxu Ma |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |date=2024-10-22 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/21/9154 |work=Sustainability |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |language=en |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="15579" sha1="jrnxewc9stb0ea9x4umwpx3iulv4s51" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward&quot;. |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation &amp; Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow'''

Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Qiong Zhang |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |date=2016-01-15 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007530 |work=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyansahyɛ bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsakrae a ɛbaa Sahara fi savanna so kɔɔ sare so wɔ Holocene mfinimfini no fã bi fi anantwi a ɛhɔfo no didi boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=David K. Wright |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |date=2017-01-26 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2017.00004/full |work=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |language=English |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |issn=2296-6463 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyansahufo akɔ so ayɛ mmeae a ɛho hia ho nhwehwɛmu, na wɔasi so dua sɛ nnipa dwumadi ne asase mu akwahosan ka wim tebea ho nneɛma ho sɛ nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma anhweatam no yɛ kɛse.Wɔ Mu Us Anhweatam so no, asase akwahosan yɛ anhweatam a ɛkɔ so no mu 37% bere a wim tebea ne nnipa dwumadi yɛ adwuma de siw saa adeyɛ yi ano 46% ne 17%. Mongolia mfimfini anhweatam no yɛ nea wim tebea a ɛboa 24% ne asase so mfaso 34.7% wɔ saa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi nyinaa mu. Shaanxi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira a wim tebea yɛ adwuma tia anhweatam a ɛyɛ adwuma na asase ma ɛyɛ kɛseɛ, na ɛkyerɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ ahodoɔ a abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma nya wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nyinaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jiaying Li, Yu Li, Xuhui Wang, Zhongxu Ma |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |date=2024-10-22 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/21/9154 |work=Sustainability |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |language=en |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Wim nsakrae'''</text>
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      <text bytes="16445" sha1="clwlxtaucuepsrcak6nsoa3i64hxns5" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward&quot;. |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation &amp; Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow'''

Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Qiong Zhang |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |date=2016-01-15 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007530 |work=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyansahyɛ bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsakrae a ɛbaa Sahara fi savanna so kɔɔ sare so wɔ Holocene mfinimfini no fã bi fi anantwi a ɛhɔfo no didi boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=David K. Wright |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |date=2017-01-26 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2017.00004/full |work=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |language=English |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |issn=2296-6463 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyansahufo akɔ so ayɛ mmeae a ɛho hia ho nhwehwɛmu, na wɔasi so dua sɛ nnipa dwumadi ne asase mu akwahosan ka wim tebea ho nneɛma ho sɛ nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma anhweatam no yɛ kɛse.Wɔ Mu Us Anhweatam so no, asase akwahosan yɛ anhweatam a ɛkɔ so no mu 37% bere a wim tebea ne nnipa dwumadi yɛ adwuma de siw saa adeyɛ yi ano 46% ne 17%. Mongolia mfimfini anhweatam no yɛ nea wim tebea a ɛboa 24% ne asase so mfaso 34.7% wɔ saa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi nyinaa mu. Shaanxi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira a wim tebea yɛ adwuma tia anhweatam a ɛyɛ adwuma na asase ma ɛyɛ kɛseɛ, na ɛkyerɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ ahodoɔ a abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma nya wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nyinaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jiaying Li, Yu Li, Xuhui Wang, Zhongxu Ma |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |date=2024-10-22 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/21/9154 |work=Sustainability |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |language=en |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Wim nsakrae'''

Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ anhweatam so no yɛ nea ɛyɛ den, na metric biako biara nni hɔ a ebetumi akyerɛkyerɛ afã horow nyinaa mu. Nanso, wɔda so ara hwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae a emu yɛ den kɛse bɛma asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a ɛwɔ Asase nsasepɔn so mprempren no ayɛ kɛse:efi 38% wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu awieeɛ kɔsi 50% anaa 56% wɔ afeha no awieeɛ, wɔ &quot;ɛyɛ mmerɛ&quot; na ɛyɛ hyew kɛseɛ Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 ne 8.5 ase. Wobehu ntrɛwmu no fã kɛse no ara wɔ mmeae te sɛ “Amerika Atifi fam kesee fam atɔe, Afrika atifi fam ano, Afrika kesee fam, ne Australia.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="16934" sha1="kuxnjwuls5psbnuuh6gburo4q27rxfy" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward&quot;. |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation &amp; Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow'''

Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Qiong Zhang |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |date=2016-01-15 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007530 |work=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyansahyɛ bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsakrae a ɛbaa Sahara fi savanna so kɔɔ sare so wɔ Holocene mfinimfini no fã bi fi anantwi a ɛhɔfo no didi boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=David K. Wright |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |date=2017-01-26 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2017.00004/full |work=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |language=English |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |issn=2296-6463 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyansahufo akɔ so ayɛ mmeae a ɛho hia ho nhwehwɛmu, na wɔasi so dua sɛ nnipa dwumadi ne asase mu akwahosan ka wim tebea ho nneɛma ho sɛ nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma anhweatam no yɛ kɛse.Wɔ Mu Us Anhweatam so no, asase akwahosan yɛ anhweatam a ɛkɔ so no mu 37% bere a wim tebea ne nnipa dwumadi yɛ adwuma de siw saa adeyɛ yi ano 46% ne 17%. Mongolia mfimfini anhweatam no yɛ nea wim tebea a ɛboa 24% ne asase so mfaso 34.7% wɔ saa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi nyinaa mu. Shaanxi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira a wim tebea yɛ adwuma tia anhweatam a ɛyɛ adwuma na asase ma ɛyɛ kɛseɛ, na ɛkyerɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ ahodoɔ a abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma nya wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nyinaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jiaying Li, Yu Li, Xuhui Wang, Zhongxu Ma |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |date=2024-10-22 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/21/9154 |work=Sustainability |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |language=en |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Wim nsakrae'''

Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ anhweatam so no yɛ nea ɛyɛ den, na metric biako biara nni hɔ a ebetumi akyerɛkyerɛ afã horow nyinaa mu. Nanso, wɔda so ara hwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae a emu yɛ den kɛse bɛma asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a ɛwɔ Asase nsasepɔn so mprempren no ayɛ kɛse:efi 38% wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu awieeɛ kɔsi 50% anaa 56% wɔ afeha no awieeɛ, wɔ &quot;ɛyɛ mmerɛ&quot; na ɛyɛ hyew kɛseɛ Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 ne 8.5 ase. Wobehu ntrɛwmu no fã kɛse no ara wɔ mmeae te sɛ “Amerika Atifi fam kesee fam atɔe, Afrika atifi fam ano, Afrika kesee fam, ne Australia.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu kata asase so 41% na ɛka wiase nyinaa kuayɛ asase 45% ho&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="17108" sha1="bh3y4boh5wm171qisgaifm8716y24dc" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward&quot;. |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation &amp; Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow'''

Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Qiong Zhang |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |date=2016-01-15 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007530 |work=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyansahyɛ bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsakrae a ɛbaa Sahara fi savanna so kɔɔ sare so wɔ Holocene mfinimfini no fã bi fi anantwi a ɛhɔfo no didi boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=David K. Wright |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |date=2017-01-26 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2017.00004/full |work=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |language=English |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |issn=2296-6463 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyansahufo akɔ so ayɛ mmeae a ɛho hia ho nhwehwɛmu, na wɔasi so dua sɛ nnipa dwumadi ne asase mu akwahosan ka wim tebea ho nneɛma ho sɛ nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma anhweatam no yɛ kɛse.Wɔ Mu Us Anhweatam so no, asase akwahosan yɛ anhweatam a ɛkɔ so no mu 37% bere a wim tebea ne nnipa dwumadi yɛ adwuma de siw saa adeyɛ yi ano 46% ne 17%. Mongolia mfimfini anhweatam no yɛ nea wim tebea a ɛboa 24% ne asase so mfaso 34.7% wɔ saa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi nyinaa mu. Shaanxi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira a wim tebea yɛ adwuma tia anhweatam a ɛyɛ adwuma na asase ma ɛyɛ kɛseɛ, na ɛkyerɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ ahodoɔ a abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma nya wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nyinaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jiaying Li, Yu Li, Xuhui Wang, Zhongxu Ma |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |date=2024-10-22 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/21/9154 |work=Sustainability |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |language=en |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Wim nsakrae'''

Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ anhweatam so no yɛ nea ɛyɛ den, na metric biako biara nni hɔ a ebetumi akyerɛkyerɛ afã horow nyinaa mu. Nanso, wɔda so ara hwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae a emu yɛ den kɛse bɛma asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a ɛwɔ Asase nsasepɔn so mprempren no ayɛ kɛse:efi 38% wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu awieeɛ kɔsi 50% anaa 56% wɔ afeha no awieeɛ, wɔ &quot;ɛyɛ mmerɛ&quot; na ɛyɛ hyew kɛseɛ Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 ne 8.5 ase. Wobehu ntrɛwmu no fã kɛse no ara wɔ mmeae te sɛ “Amerika Atifi fam kesee fam atɔe, Afrika atifi fam ano, Afrika kesee fam, ne Australia.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu kata asase so 41% na ɛka wiase nyinaa kuayɛ asase 45% ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa mmeae yi ka abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ wim tebea ne asase a wɔde di dwuma mu nsakrae a nnipa de ba no ho na ɛwɔ asiane mu sɛ anhweatam bɛdan wɔn.</text>
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      <text bytes="17387" sha1="i3sprsrq3inl96c0g9xlf0geaiz0a6w" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward&quot;. |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation &amp; Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow'''

Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Qiong Zhang |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |date=2016-01-15 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007530 |work=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyansahyɛ bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsakrae a ɛbaa Sahara fi savanna so kɔɔ sare so wɔ Holocene mfinimfini no fã bi fi anantwi a ɛhɔfo no didi boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=David K. Wright |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |date=2017-01-26 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2017.00004/full |work=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |language=English |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |issn=2296-6463 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyansahufo akɔ so ayɛ mmeae a ɛho hia ho nhwehwɛmu, na wɔasi so dua sɛ nnipa dwumadi ne asase mu akwahosan ka wim tebea ho nneɛma ho sɛ nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma anhweatam no yɛ kɛse.Wɔ Mu Us Anhweatam so no, asase akwahosan yɛ anhweatam a ɛkɔ so no mu 37% bere a wim tebea ne nnipa dwumadi yɛ adwuma de siw saa adeyɛ yi ano 46% ne 17%. Mongolia mfimfini anhweatam no yɛ nea wim tebea a ɛboa 24% ne asase so mfaso 34.7% wɔ saa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi nyinaa mu. Shaanxi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira a wim tebea yɛ adwuma tia anhweatam a ɛyɛ adwuma na asase ma ɛyɛ kɛseɛ, na ɛkyerɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ ahodoɔ a abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma nya wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nyinaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jiaying Li, Yu Li, Xuhui Wang, Zhongxu Ma |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |date=2024-10-22 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/21/9154 |work=Sustainability |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |language=en |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Wim nsakrae'''

Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ anhweatam so no yɛ nea ɛyɛ den, na metric biako biara nni hɔ a ebetumi akyerɛkyerɛ afã horow nyinaa mu. Nanso, wɔda so ara hwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae a emu yɛ den kɛse bɛma asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a ɛwɔ Asase nsasepɔn so mprempren no ayɛ kɛse:efi 38% wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu awieeɛ kɔsi 50% anaa 56% wɔ afeha no awieeɛ, wɔ &quot;ɛyɛ mmerɛ&quot; na ɛyɛ hyew kɛseɛ Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 ne 8.5 ase. Wobehu ntrɛwmu no fã kɛse no ara wɔ mmeae te sɛ “Amerika Atifi fam kesee fam atɔe, Afrika atifi fam ano, Afrika kesee fam, ne Australia.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu kata asase so 41% na ɛka wiase nyinaa kuayɛ asase 45% ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa mmeae yi ka abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ wim tebea ne asase a wɔde di dwuma mu nsakrae a nnipa de ba no ho na ɛwɔ asiane mu sɛ anhweatam bɛdan wɔn. Wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a egyina nhwɛsoɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea anhweatam so yɛ adwuma wɔ afe 2020 mu a ɛkyerɛɛ wim nsakraeɛ, wim nsakraeɛ, CO2 a wɔde yɛ nnɔbaeɛ ne afei nso abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom nsakraeɛ a ɛba nkakrankakra ne ntɛmntɛm a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma so ba</text>
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      <text bytes="17793" sha1="svpxb14wk514bagjpy4mts23o3r47bt" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward&quot;. |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation &amp; Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow'''

Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Qiong Zhang |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |date=2016-01-15 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007530 |work=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyansahyɛ bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsakrae a ɛbaa Sahara fi savanna so kɔɔ sare so wɔ Holocene mfinimfini no fã bi fi anantwi a ɛhɔfo no didi boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=David K. Wright |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |date=2017-01-26 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2017.00004/full |work=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |language=English |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |issn=2296-6463 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyansahufo akɔ so ayɛ mmeae a ɛho hia ho nhwehwɛmu, na wɔasi so dua sɛ nnipa dwumadi ne asase mu akwahosan ka wim tebea ho nneɛma ho sɛ nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma anhweatam no yɛ kɛse.Wɔ Mu Us Anhweatam so no, asase akwahosan yɛ anhweatam a ɛkɔ so no mu 37% bere a wim tebea ne nnipa dwumadi yɛ adwuma de siw saa adeyɛ yi ano 46% ne 17%. Mongolia mfimfini anhweatam no yɛ nea wim tebea a ɛboa 24% ne asase so mfaso 34.7% wɔ saa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi nyinaa mu. Shaanxi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira a wim tebea yɛ adwuma tia anhweatam a ɛyɛ adwuma na asase ma ɛyɛ kɛseɛ, na ɛkyerɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ ahodoɔ a abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma nya wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nyinaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jiaying Li, Yu Li, Xuhui Wang, Zhongxu Ma |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |date=2024-10-22 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/21/9154 |work=Sustainability |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |language=en |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Wim nsakrae'''

Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ anhweatam so no yɛ nea ɛyɛ den, na metric biako biara nni hɔ a ebetumi akyerɛkyerɛ afã horow nyinaa mu. Nanso, wɔda so ara hwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae a emu yɛ den kɛse bɛma asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a ɛwɔ Asase nsasepɔn so mprempren no ayɛ kɛse:efi 38% wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu awieeɛ kɔsi 50% anaa 56% wɔ afeha no awieeɛ, wɔ &quot;ɛyɛ mmerɛ&quot; na ɛyɛ hyew kɛseɛ Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 ne 8.5 ase. Wobehu ntrɛwmu no fã kɛse no ara wɔ mmeae te sɛ “Amerika Atifi fam kesee fam atɔe, Afrika atifi fam ano, Afrika kesee fam, ne Australia.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu kata asase so 41% na ɛka wiase nyinaa kuayɛ asase 45% ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa mmeae yi ka abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ wim tebea ne asase a wɔde di dwuma mu nsakrae a nnipa de ba no ho na ɛwɔ asiane mu sɛ anhweatam bɛdan wɔn. Wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a egyina nhwɛsoɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea anhweatam so yɛ adwuma wɔ afe 2020 mu a ɛkyerɛɛ wim nsakraeɛ, wim nsakraeɛ, CO2 a wɔde yɛ nnɔbaeɛ ne afei nso abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom nsakraeɛ a ɛba nkakrankakra ne ntɛmntɛm a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma so ba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="18656" sha1="mrvma8zbisrlltl42srdnmdlk8uf4of" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward&quot;. |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation &amp; Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow'''

Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Qiong Zhang |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |date=2016-01-15 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007530 |work=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyansahyɛ bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsakrae a ɛbaa Sahara fi savanna so kɔɔ sare so wɔ Holocene mfinimfini no fã bi fi anantwi a ɛhɔfo no didi boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=David K. Wright |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |date=2017-01-26 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2017.00004/full |work=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |language=English |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |issn=2296-6463 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyansahufo akɔ so ayɛ mmeae a ɛho hia ho nhwehwɛmu, na wɔasi so dua sɛ nnipa dwumadi ne asase mu akwahosan ka wim tebea ho nneɛma ho sɛ nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma anhweatam no yɛ kɛse.Wɔ Mu Us Anhweatam so no, asase akwahosan yɛ anhweatam a ɛkɔ so no mu 37% bere a wim tebea ne nnipa dwumadi yɛ adwuma de siw saa adeyɛ yi ano 46% ne 17%. Mongolia mfimfini anhweatam no yɛ nea wim tebea a ɛboa 24% ne asase so mfaso 34.7% wɔ saa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi nyinaa mu. Shaanxi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira a wim tebea yɛ adwuma tia anhweatam a ɛyɛ adwuma na asase ma ɛyɛ kɛseɛ, na ɛkyerɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ ahodoɔ a abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma nya wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nyinaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jiaying Li, Yu Li, Xuhui Wang, Zhongxu Ma |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |date=2024-10-22 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/21/9154 |work=Sustainability |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |language=en |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Wim nsakrae'''

Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ anhweatam so no yɛ nea ɛyɛ den, na metric biako biara nni hɔ a ebetumi akyerɛkyerɛ afã horow nyinaa mu. Nanso, wɔda so ara hwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae a emu yɛ den kɛse bɛma asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a ɛwɔ Asase nsasepɔn so mprempren no ayɛ kɛse:efi 38% wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu awieeɛ kɔsi 50% anaa 56% wɔ afeha no awieeɛ, wɔ &quot;ɛyɛ mmerɛ&quot; na ɛyɛ hyew kɛseɛ Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 ne 8.5 ase. Wobehu ntrɛwmu no fã kɛse no ara wɔ mmeae te sɛ “Amerika Atifi fam kesee fam atɔe, Afrika atifi fam ano, Afrika kesee fam, ne Australia.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu kata asase so 41% na ɛka wiase nyinaa kuayɛ asase 45% ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa mmeae yi ka abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ wim tebea ne asase a wɔde di dwuma mu nsakrae a nnipa de ba no ho na ɛwɔ asiane mu sɛ anhweatam bɛdan wɔn. Wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a egyina nhwɛsoɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea anhweatam so yɛ adwuma wɔ afe 2020 mu a ɛkyerɛɛ wim nsakraeɛ, wim nsakraeɛ, CO2 a wɔde yɛ nnɔbaeɛ ne afei nso abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom nsakraeɛ a ɛba nkakrankakra ne ntɛmntɛm a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma so ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nhwehwɛmu no hunuu sɛ, wɔ afe 1982 ne 2015 ntam no, wiase asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no mu 6% yɛɛ anhweatam a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma a ɛnkɔ so daa a wim nsakraeɛ a nnipa de baeɛ nti. Ɛmfa ho sɛ sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, wiase nyinaa ayɛ ahabammono no, wim nsakrae a nnipa de ba no asɛe asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu 12.6% (5.43 ɔpepem km2), na ɛde anhweatam ayɛ na ɛka nnipa ɔpepem 213, a wɔn mu 93% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Kuadwuma ne kuayɛ dwumadi ahorow</comment>
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      <text bytes="18697" sha1="472ku00yc2i2xqt8c4qkkkwungi7zyl" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward&quot;. |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation &amp; Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow'''

Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Qiong Zhang |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |date=2016-01-15 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007530 |work=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyansahyɛ bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsakrae a ɛbaa Sahara fi savanna so kɔɔ sare so wɔ Holocene mfinimfini no fã bi fi anantwi a ɛhɔfo no didi boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=David K. Wright |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |date=2017-01-26 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2017.00004/full |work=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |language=English |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |issn=2296-6463 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyansahufo akɔ so ayɛ mmeae a ɛho hia ho nhwehwɛmu, na wɔasi so dua sɛ nnipa dwumadi ne asase mu akwahosan ka wim tebea ho nneɛma ho sɛ nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma anhweatam no yɛ kɛse.Wɔ Mu Us Anhweatam so no, asase akwahosan yɛ anhweatam a ɛkɔ so no mu 37% bere a wim tebea ne nnipa dwumadi yɛ adwuma de siw saa adeyɛ yi ano 46% ne 17%. Mongolia mfimfini anhweatam no yɛ nea wim tebea a ɛboa 24% ne asase so mfaso 34.7% wɔ saa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi nyinaa mu. Shaanxi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira a wim tebea yɛ adwuma tia anhweatam a ɛyɛ adwuma na asase ma ɛyɛ kɛseɛ, na ɛkyerɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ ahodoɔ a abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma nya wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nyinaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jiaying Li, Yu Li, Xuhui Wang, Zhongxu Ma |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |date=2024-10-22 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/21/9154 |work=Sustainability |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |language=en |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Wim nsakrae'''

Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ anhweatam so no yɛ nea ɛyɛ den, na metric biako biara nni hɔ a ebetumi akyerɛkyerɛ afã horow nyinaa mu. Nanso, wɔda so ara hwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae a emu yɛ den kɛse bɛma asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a ɛwɔ Asase nsasepɔn so mprempren no ayɛ kɛse:efi 38% wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu awieeɛ kɔsi 50% anaa 56% wɔ afeha no awieeɛ, wɔ &quot;ɛyɛ mmerɛ&quot; na ɛyɛ hyew kɛseɛ Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 ne 8.5 ase. Wobehu ntrɛwmu no fã kɛse no ara wɔ mmeae te sɛ “Amerika Atifi fam kesee fam atɔe, Afrika atifi fam ano, Afrika kesee fam, ne Australia.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu kata asase so 41% na ɛka wiase nyinaa kuayɛ asase 45% ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa mmeae yi ka abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ wim tebea ne asase a wɔde di dwuma mu nsakrae a nnipa de ba no ho na ɛwɔ asiane mu sɛ anhweatam bɛdan wɔn. Wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a egyina nhwɛsoɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea anhweatam so yɛ adwuma wɔ afe 2020 mu a ɛkyerɛɛ wim nsakraeɛ, wim nsakraeɛ, CO2 a wɔde yɛ nnɔbaeɛ ne afei nso abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom nsakraeɛ a ɛba nkakrankakra ne ntɛmntɛm a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma so ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nhwehwɛmu no hunuu sɛ, wɔ afe 1982 ne 2015 ntam no, wiase asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no mu 6% yɛɛ anhweatam a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma a ɛnkɔ so daa a wim nsakraeɛ a nnipa de baeɛ nti. Ɛmfa ho sɛ sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, wiase nyinaa ayɛ ahabammono no, wim nsakrae a nnipa de ba no asɛe asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu 12.6% (5.43 ɔpepem km2), na ɛde anhweatam ayɛ na ɛka nnipa ɔpepem 213, a wɔn mu 93% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kuadwuma ne kuayɛ dwumadi ahorow'''</text>
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      <text bytes="19210" sha1="sdxi32i746ll0icnyg2stedm4u40a22" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward&quot;. |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation &amp; Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow'''

Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Qiong Zhang |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |date=2016-01-15 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007530 |work=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyansahyɛ bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsakrae a ɛbaa Sahara fi savanna so kɔɔ sare so wɔ Holocene mfinimfini no fã bi fi anantwi a ɛhɔfo no didi boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=David K. Wright |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |date=2017-01-26 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2017.00004/full |work=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |language=English |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |issn=2296-6463 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyansahufo akɔ so ayɛ mmeae a ɛho hia ho nhwehwɛmu, na wɔasi so dua sɛ nnipa dwumadi ne asase mu akwahosan ka wim tebea ho nneɛma ho sɛ nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma anhweatam no yɛ kɛse.Wɔ Mu Us Anhweatam so no, asase akwahosan yɛ anhweatam a ɛkɔ so no mu 37% bere a wim tebea ne nnipa dwumadi yɛ adwuma de siw saa adeyɛ yi ano 46% ne 17%. Mongolia mfimfini anhweatam no yɛ nea wim tebea a ɛboa 24% ne asase so mfaso 34.7% wɔ saa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi nyinaa mu. Shaanxi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira a wim tebea yɛ adwuma tia anhweatam a ɛyɛ adwuma na asase ma ɛyɛ kɛseɛ, na ɛkyerɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ ahodoɔ a abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma nya wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nyinaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jiaying Li, Yu Li, Xuhui Wang, Zhongxu Ma |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |date=2024-10-22 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/21/9154 |work=Sustainability |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |language=en |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Wim nsakrae'''

Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ anhweatam so no yɛ nea ɛyɛ den, na metric biako biara nni hɔ a ebetumi akyerɛkyerɛ afã horow nyinaa mu. Nanso, wɔda so ara hwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae a emu yɛ den kɛse bɛma asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a ɛwɔ Asase nsasepɔn so mprempren no ayɛ kɛse:efi 38% wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu awieeɛ kɔsi 50% anaa 56% wɔ afeha no awieeɛ, wɔ &quot;ɛyɛ mmerɛ&quot; na ɛyɛ hyew kɛseɛ Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 ne 8.5 ase. Wobehu ntrɛwmu no fã kɛse no ara wɔ mmeae te sɛ “Amerika Atifi fam kesee fam atɔe, Afrika atifi fam ano, Afrika kesee fam, ne Australia.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu kata asase so 41% na ɛka wiase nyinaa kuayɛ asase 45% ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa mmeae yi ka abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ wim tebea ne asase a wɔde di dwuma mu nsakrae a nnipa de ba no ho na ɛwɔ asiane mu sɛ anhweatam bɛdan wɔn. Wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a egyina nhwɛsoɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea anhweatam so yɛ adwuma wɔ afe 2020 mu a ɛkyerɛɛ wim nsakraeɛ, wim nsakraeɛ, CO2 a wɔde yɛ nnɔbaeɛ ne afei nso abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom nsakraeɛ a ɛba nkakrankakra ne ntɛmntɛm a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma so ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nhwehwɛmu no hunuu sɛ, wɔ afe 1982 ne 2015 ntam no, wiase asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no mu 6% yɛɛ anhweatam a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma a ɛnkɔ so daa a wim nsakraeɛ a nnipa de baeɛ nti. Ɛmfa ho sɛ sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, wiase nyinaa ayɛ ahabammono no, wim nsakrae a nnipa de ba no asɛe asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu 12.6% (5.43 ɔpepem km2), na ɛde anhweatam ayɛ na ɛka nnipa ɔpepem 213, a wɔn mu 93% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kuadwuma ne kuayɛ dwumadi ahorow'''

Kuadwuma mu dwumadi te sɛ mmoa a wodi boro so ma anhweatam yɛ sare. Wɔ saa kuayɛ adwuma yi mu no, wɔma mmoa te sɛ anantwinini ne anantwinini kwan ma wodi asase bi so bere tenten a wondua sare mfa nsi ananmu. Esiane eyi nti, asase no da mpan, ɛda ɔhyew a efi owia mu a ɛma ɛyɛ den, mframa a ano yɛ den a ɛma asase no nso hwere n’aduannuru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Science |url=https://www.science.org/action/cookieAbsent |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="19539" sha1="2a63vgc413ih6fmp2430b3lf46qf0t8" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward&quot;. |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation &amp; Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow'''

Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Qiong Zhang |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |date=2016-01-15 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007530 |work=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyansahyɛ bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsakrae a ɛbaa Sahara fi savanna so kɔɔ sare so wɔ Holocene mfinimfini no fã bi fi anantwi a ɛhɔfo no didi boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=David K. Wright |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |date=2017-01-26 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2017.00004/full |work=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |language=English |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |issn=2296-6463 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyansahufo akɔ so ayɛ mmeae a ɛho hia ho nhwehwɛmu, na wɔasi so dua sɛ nnipa dwumadi ne asase mu akwahosan ka wim tebea ho nneɛma ho sɛ nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma anhweatam no yɛ kɛse.Wɔ Mu Us Anhweatam so no, asase akwahosan yɛ anhweatam a ɛkɔ so no mu 37% bere a wim tebea ne nnipa dwumadi yɛ adwuma de siw saa adeyɛ yi ano 46% ne 17%. Mongolia mfimfini anhweatam no yɛ nea wim tebea a ɛboa 24% ne asase so mfaso 34.7% wɔ saa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi nyinaa mu. Shaanxi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira a wim tebea yɛ adwuma tia anhweatam a ɛyɛ adwuma na asase ma ɛyɛ kɛseɛ, na ɛkyerɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ ahodoɔ a abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma nya wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nyinaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jiaying Li, Yu Li, Xuhui Wang, Zhongxu Ma |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |date=2024-10-22 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/21/9154 |work=Sustainability |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |language=en |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Wim nsakrae'''

Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ anhweatam so no yɛ nea ɛyɛ den, na metric biako biara nni hɔ a ebetumi akyerɛkyerɛ afã horow nyinaa mu. Nanso, wɔda so ara hwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae a emu yɛ den kɛse bɛma asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a ɛwɔ Asase nsasepɔn so mprempren no ayɛ kɛse:efi 38% wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu awieeɛ kɔsi 50% anaa 56% wɔ afeha no awieeɛ, wɔ &quot;ɛyɛ mmerɛ&quot; na ɛyɛ hyew kɛseɛ Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 ne 8.5 ase. Wobehu ntrɛwmu no fã kɛse no ara wɔ mmeae te sɛ “Amerika Atifi fam kesee fam atɔe, Afrika atifi fam ano, Afrika kesee fam, ne Australia.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu kata asase so 41% na ɛka wiase nyinaa kuayɛ asase 45% ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa mmeae yi ka abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ wim tebea ne asase a wɔde di dwuma mu nsakrae a nnipa de ba no ho na ɛwɔ asiane mu sɛ anhweatam bɛdan wɔn. Wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a egyina nhwɛsoɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea anhweatam so yɛ adwuma wɔ afe 2020 mu a ɛkyerɛɛ wim nsakraeɛ, wim nsakraeɛ, CO2 a wɔde yɛ nnɔbaeɛ ne afei nso abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom nsakraeɛ a ɛba nkakrankakra ne ntɛmntɛm a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma so ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nhwehwɛmu no hunuu sɛ, wɔ afe 1982 ne 2015 ntam no, wiase asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no mu 6% yɛɛ anhweatam a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma a ɛnkɔ so daa a wim nsakraeɛ a nnipa de baeɛ nti. Ɛmfa ho sɛ sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, wiase nyinaa ayɛ ahabammono no, wim nsakrae a nnipa de ba no asɛe asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu 12.6% (5.43 ɔpepem km2), na ɛde anhweatam ayɛ na ɛka nnipa ɔpepem 213, a wɔn mu 93% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kuadwuma ne kuayɛ dwumadi ahorow'''

Kuadwuma mu dwumadi te sɛ mmoa a wodi boro so ma anhweatam yɛ sare. Wɔ saa kuayɛ adwuma yi mu no, wɔma mmoa te sɛ anantwinini ne anantwinini kwan ma wodi asase bi so bere tenten a wondua sare mfa nsi ananmu. Esiane eyi nti, asase no da mpan, ɛda ɔhyew a efi owia mu a ɛma ɛyɛ den, mframa a ano yɛ den a ɛma asase no nso hwere n’aduannuru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Science |url=https://www.science.org/action/cookieAbsent |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuadwuma a ɛboro so ne Monocropping yɛ kuayɛ dwumadi afoforo a ɛma anhweatam dan wɔ Afrika. Sɛ wodua nnɔbae koro no ara mpɛn pii wɔ asase koro so a, ɛma aduannuru a ɛho hia a ɛwɔ asase no so no fi hɔ. Sɛ asase no sa a, ɛhwere nneɛma a ɛwɔ mu ne tumi a ɛtumi kura nsuo mu, na ɛma asase no yɛ den na ɛpaapae</text>
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      <text bytes="19783" sha1="j6ytwn1zo7cwfubtzi3y1cy5cwxtmlm" xml:space="preserve">Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere.

Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' ==
Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ &quot;asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor &amp; Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ &quot;ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, &amp; Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ &quot;anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ&quot; ne &quot;anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode&quot; no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''&lt;u&gt;Nea ɛde ba&lt;/u&gt;''' ==
'''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara'''

Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya'''

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward&quot;. |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation &amp; Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow'''

Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Qiong Zhang |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |date=2016-01-15 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007530 |work=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyansahyɛ bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsakrae a ɛbaa Sahara fi savanna so kɔɔ sare so wɔ Holocene mfinimfini no fã bi fi anantwi a ɛhɔfo no didi boro so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=David K. Wright |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |date=2017-01-26 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2017.00004/full |work=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |language=English |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |issn=2296-6463 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyansahufo akɔ so ayɛ mmeae a ɛho hia ho nhwehwɛmu, na wɔasi so dua sɛ nnipa dwumadi ne asase mu akwahosan ka wim tebea ho nneɛma ho sɛ nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma anhweatam no yɛ kɛse.Wɔ Mu Us Anhweatam so no, asase akwahosan yɛ anhweatam a ɛkɔ so no mu 37% bere a wim tebea ne nnipa dwumadi yɛ adwuma de siw saa adeyɛ yi ano 46% ne 17%. Mongolia mfimfini anhweatam no yɛ nea wim tebea a ɛboa 24% ne asase so mfaso 34.7% wɔ saa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi nyinaa mu. Shaanxi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira a wim tebea yɛ adwuma tia anhweatam a ɛyɛ adwuma na asase ma ɛyɛ kɛseɛ, na ɛkyerɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ ahodoɔ a abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma nya wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nyinaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jiaying Li, Yu Li, Xuhui Wang, Zhongxu Ma |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |date=2024-10-22 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/21/9154 |work=Sustainability |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |language=en |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Wim nsakrae'''

Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ anhweatam so no yɛ nea ɛyɛ den, na metric biako biara nni hɔ a ebetumi akyerɛkyerɛ afã horow nyinaa mu. Nanso, wɔda so ara hwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae a emu yɛ den kɛse bɛma asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a ɛwɔ Asase nsasepɔn so mprempren no ayɛ kɛse:efi 38% wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu awieeɛ kɔsi 50% anaa 56% wɔ afeha no awieeɛ, wɔ &quot;ɛyɛ mmerɛ&quot; na ɛyɛ hyew kɛseɛ Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 ne 8.5 ase. Wobehu ntrɛwmu no fã kɛse no ara wɔ mmeae te sɛ “Amerika Atifi fam kesee fam atɔe, Afrika atifi fam ano, Afrika kesee fam, ne Australia.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu kata asase so 41% na ɛka wiase nyinaa kuayɛ asase 45% ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa mmeae yi ka abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ wim tebea ne asase a wɔde di dwuma mu nsakrae a nnipa de ba no ho na ɛwɔ asiane mu sɛ anhweatam bɛdan wɔn. Wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a egyina nhwɛsoɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea anhweatam so yɛ adwuma wɔ afe 2020 mu a ɛkyerɛɛ wim nsakraeɛ, wim nsakraeɛ, CO2 a wɔde yɛ nnɔbaeɛ ne afei nso abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom nsakraeɛ a ɛba nkakrankakra ne ntɛmntɛm a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma so ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nhwehwɛmu no hunuu sɛ, wɔ afe 1982 ne 2015 ntam no, wiase asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no mu 6% yɛɛ anhweatam a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma a ɛnkɔ so daa a wim nsakraeɛ a nnipa de baeɛ nti. Ɛmfa ho sɛ sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, wiase nyinaa ayɛ ahabammono no, wim nsakrae a nnipa de ba no asɛe asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu 12.6% (5.43 ɔpepem km2), na ɛde anhweatam ayɛ na ɛka nnipa ɔpepem 213, a wɔn mu 93% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kuadwuma ne kuayɛ dwumadi ahorow'''

Kuadwuma mu dwumadi te sɛ mmoa a wodi boro so ma anhweatam yɛ sare. Wɔ saa kuayɛ adwuma yi mu no, wɔma mmoa te sɛ anantwinini ne anantwinini kwan ma wodi asase bi so bere tenten a wondua sare mfa nsi ananmu. Esiane eyi nti, asase no da mpan, ɛda ɔhyew a efi owia mu a ɛma ɛyɛ den, mframa a ano yɛ den a ɛma asase no nso hwere n’aduannuru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Science |url=https://www.science.org/action/cookieAbsent |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuadwuma a ɛboro so ne Monocropping yɛ kuayɛ dwumadi afoforo a ɛma anhweatam dan wɔ Afrika. Sɛ wodua nnɔbae koro no ara mpɛn pii wɔ asase koro so a, ɛma aduannuru a ɛho hia a ɛwɔ asase no so no fi hɔ. Sɛ asase no sa a, ɛhwere nneɛma a ɛwɔ mu ne tumi a ɛtumi kura nsuo mu, na ɛma asase no yɛ den na ɛpaapae.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification, its Causes and why it Matters |date=2012-02-21 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |pages=3–39 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ</text>
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== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase</text>
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      <text bytes="934" sha1="c3w5oby191fhggrjq4hwg1uygjf3dig" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam,</text>
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      <text bytes="1030" sha1="mvnnasws5ww581aoa9yuv3ldwqr2ano" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee,</text>
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      <text bytes="1046" sha1="deidbduo3nc8xftvm7pbqyuyhtb28af" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi</text>
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      <text bytes="1096" sha1="ihzixcyvdnk1kyl36pberq9g989zl5z" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu.</text>
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      <text bytes="1159" sha1="7x9ads9xtshtsf5w97lbmxeqtwm0md5" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160)</text>
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      <text bytes="1183" sha1="kgpso9al5h765sgtedzst5ujx3q9xi8" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔn</text>
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      <text bytes="1193" sha1="pn8hifdfekl5by472lwe351nckr4l1l" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa</text>
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      <text bytes="1243" sha1="5rroxvpkwk3a4sr4xg9k6i1j9v74yxs" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen.</text>
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      <text bytes="1299" sha1="ctqo14cmf98nr4w6luphspxyqzdxr0o" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a</text>
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      <text bytes="1379" sha1="dn3vxe3z6p23kcngp6pkvo3hk19t7bg" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara</text>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="2396" sha1="mj67f0lgz7bdygr2qi8ovjidqylem7j" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="2418" sha1="1kvgzvsx3kw4la2zdw5mwp9iu6yxvrx" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2455" sha1="is1vbz2aocjfilsygzeq5wue5t8s3e7" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten</text>
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      <text bytes="2496" sha1="1vkuzlbmxii9kjojpkdt7g82mcotuav" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi</text>
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      <text bytes="2577" sha1="jxzksw2vw6tagu2gp1rg2hx6mx4lbgy" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2</text>
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      <text bytes="2626" sha1="95292f0kvr2tdti4geicvnhmknih988" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ</text>
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      <text bytes="2659" sha1="7jlrg4esf206yl7xcuzk9n3ibqu3627" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire,</text>
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      <text bytes="2724" sha1="7r0xcnt1eke2bpbv1py6p4lcds2u8qp" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu</text>
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      <text bytes="2751" sha1="7inqdmm359278w46kjau90bs4rr2mln" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.</text>
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== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho. Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na</text>
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      <text bytes="2903" sha1="4ah5kpj67fyaq4538ejs758hfo72918" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho. Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi.</text>
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      <text bytes="2961" sha1="azdq4h73dbmbnrlwkqtbx8lbgd4rxw1" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho. Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi. Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu,</text>
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      <text bytes="2982" sha1="bttj6b65rr8pf1abie5xptwoln773uo" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho. Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi. Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere</text>
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      <text bytes="2997" sha1="b52eco24m4gawho85ft7ncqf9204yko" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho. Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi. Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ</text>
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      <text bytes="3023" sha1="akshitfz1bjxgeak0s2cfevidcksgkx" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho. Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi. Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi</text>
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      <text bytes="3037" sha1="m5fu1x6ittqroemb4uajgprajhy57eh" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho. Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi. Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a</text>
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      <text bytes="3057" sha1="cakyr94hjriu1rhbw12wj86biqm1i5r" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho. Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi. Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.</text>
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      <text bytes="3606" sha1="caf4h8o8sj4kuwfr25370u99ndupsnf" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi. Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.</text>
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      <text bytes="3889" sha1="7a241ymt8wmdv2yu7ynuwfqr8jxd67s" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Fig. 1. The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.</text>
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      <text bytes="4438" sha1="8y11cwtm9w4f00ensvuxdfskdanirf5" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Fig. 1. The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="4514" sha1="lxxap6hq2dg88qj6z95rgsyd47yr2hg" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Fig. 1. The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asase Ho Adesua ne Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ==
Asubɔnten no sen fa</text>
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      <text bytes="4532" sha1="b9fb0h89pq6vhl3nywmsra7dm0sabcq" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Fig. 1. The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asase Ho Adesua ne Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ==
Asubɔnten no sen fa Namaqualand asase</text>
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      <text bytes="4550" sha1="fg8yxjxh8n7klfrgnli8jg9lgiznm3y" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Fig. 1. The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asase Ho Adesua ne Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ==
Asubɔnten no sen fa Namaqualand asase  ho mantam a tete</text>
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      <text bytes="4566" sha1="4xyjzjzpd7ajrjr4y8atbl1lfxw3eqm" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Fig. 1. The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asase Ho Adesua ne Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ==
Asubɔnten no sen fa Namaqualand asase  ho mantam a tete granite, gnesis</text>
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      <text bytes="4616" sha1="5y4g0uwcrtj08ob01yh5ds9v8ib4x12" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Fig. 1. The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asase Ho Adesua ne Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ==
Asubɔnten no sen fa Namaqualand asase  ho mantam a tete granite, gnesis, ne abotan a ɛyɛ metamorphic na ɛwɔ hɔ kɛse</text>
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      <text bytes="4635" sha1="1u334hw69ubbfumetcxumap4gzbgpza" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Fig. 1. The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asase Ho Adesua ne Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ==
Asubɔnten no sen fa Namaqualand asase  ho mantam a tete granite, gnesis, ne abotan a ɛyɛ metamorphic na ɛwɔ hɔ kɛse no mu. Ɔmantam no</text>
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      <text bytes="4656" sha1="ng8u1xsbwt9wbtls34xi10dvda482k8" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Fig. 1. The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asase Ho Adesua ne Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ==
Asubɔnten no sen fa Namaqualand asase  ho mantam a tete granite, gnesis, ne abotan a ɛyɛ metamorphic na ɛwɔ hɔ kɛse no mu. Ɔmantam no yɛ beae a ɛhɔ yɛ</text>
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      <text bytes="4671" sha1="30xgm8guhggxhbaw2ptx7n5cjlcd4rh" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Fig. 1. The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asase Ho Adesua ne Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ==
Asubɔnten no sen fa Namaqualand asase  ho mantam a tete granite, gnesis, ne abotan a ɛyɛ metamorphic na ɛwɔ hɔ kɛse no mu. Ɔmantam no yɛ beae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã bi a</text>
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      <text bytes="4710" sha1="bozgqczgewwonmgfxhy7posb03gjz8s" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Fig. 1. The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asase Ho Adesua ne Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ==
Asubɔnten no sen fa Namaqualand asase  ho mantam a tete granite, gnesis, ne abotan a ɛyɛ metamorphic na ɛwɔ hɔ kɛse no mu. Ɔmantam no yɛ beae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã bi a afifide kakraa bi na ɛwɔ hɔ a ɛyɛ</text>
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      <text bytes="4733" sha1="iogbhvzgpog47kf0di23p8t9236n1yh" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Fig. 1. The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asase Ho Adesua ne Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ==
Asubɔnten no sen fa Namaqualand asase  ho mantam a tete granite, gnesis, ne abotan a ɛyɛ metamorphic na ɛwɔ hɔ kɛse no mu. Ɔmantam no yɛ beae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã bi a afifide kakraa bi na ɛwɔ hɔ a ɛyɛ nea ɛfata ɔpɛ tebea</text>
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      <text bytes="4734" sha1="aetiwem9hysv6rqofc20621ej0hosig" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Fig. 1. The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asase Ho Adesua ne Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ==
Asubɔnten no sen fa Namaqualand asase  ho mantam a tete granite, gnesis, ne abotan a ɛyɛ metamorphic na ɛwɔ hɔ kɛse no mu. Ɔmantam no yɛ beae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã bi a afifide kakraa bi na ɛwɔ hɔ a ɛyɛ nea ɛfata ɔpɛ tebea.</text>
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      <text bytes="4745" sha1="10g2tv5u92v7zk1cfysaupxav2nieml" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Fig. 1. The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asase Ho Adesua ne Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ==
Asubɔnten no sen fa Namaqualand asase  ho mantam a tete granite, gnesis, ne abotan a ɛyɛ metamorphic na ɛwɔ hɔ kɛse no mu. Ɔmantam no yɛ beae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã bi a afifide kakraa bi na ɛwɔ hɔ a ɛyɛ nea ɛfata ɔpɛ tebea. Esiane sɛ</text>
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      <text bytes="4772" sha1="g8ijr4qweupuj0g6ls94va8pgnnmv6j" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Fig. 1. The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asase Ho Adesua ne Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ==
Asubɔnten no sen fa Namaqualand asase  ho mantam a tete granite, gnesis, ne abotan a ɛyɛ metamorphic na ɛwɔ hɔ kɛse no mu. Ɔmantam no yɛ beae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã bi a afifide kakraa bi na ɛwɔ hɔ a ɛyɛ nea ɛfata ɔpɛ tebea. Esiane sɛ asase no mu nnɔ na abotan</text>
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      <text bytes="4810" sha1="rdbtxu3blworh27uggleidcrzd7me9g" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Fig. 1. The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asase Ho Adesua ne Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ==
Asubɔnten no sen fa Namaqualand asase  ho mantam a tete granite, gnesis, ne abotan a ɛyɛ metamorphic na ɛwɔ hɔ kɛse no mu. Ɔmantam no yɛ beae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã bi a afifide kakraa bi na ɛwɔ hɔ a ɛyɛ nea ɛfata ɔpɛ tebea. Esiane sɛ asase no mu nnɔ na abotan wɔ hɔ nti, entumi nkora nsu pii so,</text>
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      <text bytes="4862" sha1="0efcg2w13wptg8n0h3ccbmsalchcopm" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Fig. 1. The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asase Ho Adesua ne Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ==
Asubɔnten no sen fa Namaqualand asase  ho mantam a tete granite, gnesis, ne abotan a ɛyɛ metamorphic na ɛwɔ hɔ kɛse no mu. Ɔmantam no yɛ beae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã bi a afifide kakraa bi na ɛwɔ hɔ a ɛyɛ nea ɛfata ɔpɛ tebea. Esiane sɛ asase no mu nnɔ na abotan wɔ hɔ nti, entumi nkora nsu pii so, enti osutɔ nsu sen ntɛmntɛm bere a osu atɔ akyi</text>
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      <text bytes="5040" sha1="atto6feg804c1ksjdme6x7p492yxfyx" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Fig. 1. The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asase Ho Adesua ne Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ==
Asubɔnten no sen fa Namaqualand asase  ho mantam a tete granite, gnesis, ne abotan a ɛyɛ metamorphic na ɛwɔ hɔ kɛse no mu. Ɔmantam no yɛ beae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã bi a afifide kakraa bi na ɛwɔ hɔ a ɛyɛ nea ɛfata ɔpɛ tebea. Esiane sɛ asase no mu nnɔ na abotan wɔ hɔ nti, entumi nkora nsu pii so, enti osutɔ nsu sen ntɛmntɛm bere a osu atɔ akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Research Portal |url=https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/esploro/outputs/graduate/The-provenance-of-the-Buffels-River/9911142007691 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="5405" sha1="0y8cql1ey5gh5dmi18pst2on8prdezl" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ asubɔnten a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Fig. 1. The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asase Ho Adesua ne Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ==
Asubɔnten no sen fa Namaqualand asase  ho mantam a tete granite, gnesis, ne abotan a ɛyɛ metamorphic na ɛwɔ hɔ kɛse no mu. Ɔmantam no yɛ beae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã bi a afifide kakraa bi na ɛwɔ hɔ a ɛyɛ nea ɛfata ɔpɛ tebea. Esiane sɛ asase no mu nnɔ na abotan wɔ hɔ nti, entumi nkora nsu pii so, enti osutɔ nsu sen ntɛmntɛm bere a osu atɔ akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Research Portal |url=https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/esploro/outputs/graduate/The-provenance-of-the-Buffels-River/9911142007691 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="5427" sha1="jzgoscx2ozjkpegu4fe7yc3zta4me5t" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ [[Asubonten Ankobra|asubɔnten]] a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ South Africa. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Fig. 1. The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asase Ho Adesua ne Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ==
Asubɔnten no sen fa Namaqualand asase  ho mantam a tete granite, gnesis, ne abotan a ɛyɛ metamorphic na ɛwɔ hɔ kɛse no mu. Ɔmantam no yɛ beae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã bi a afifide kakraa bi na ɛwɔ hɔ a ɛyɛ nea ɛfata ɔpɛ tebea. Esiane sɛ asase no mu nnɔ na abotan wɔ hɔ nti, entumi nkora nsu pii so, enti osutɔ nsu sen ntɛmntɛm bere a osu atɔ akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Research Portal |url=https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/esploro/outputs/graduate/The-provenance-of-the-Buffels-River/9911142007691 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="5431" sha1="8cgqcztxj0hyqavfwz9ysqja5gh5bgu" xml:space="preserve">'''Buffels Asubɔnten''' yɛ [[Asubonten Ankobra|asubɔnten]] a ɛsen bere tiaa bi pɛ wɔ osutɔ akyi na ɛyɛ kusuu afe fã kɛse no ara. Ɛwɔ Northern Cape mantam mu wɔ [[South Africa]]. Ɛsen fa Namaqualand mantam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no mu na mpɛn pii no ɛsen kɔ atɔe fam kɔ Atlantic Po no mu a  ɛbɛn Kleinzee. Asubɔnten no yɛ nsuo a ɛsen a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ koraa, ɛgyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmerɛ bi mu wɔ ne nsuo a ɛtwa mu no so titire&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adesua ne basin ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no fi ase wɔ Northern Cape mmepɔw a ɛwɔ asase mu no so na ɛsen fa Namaqualand kɔ atɔe fam, ɛfa nkurow te sɛ Springbok, Nababeep, ne Okiep ansa na adu Atlantic mpoano a ɛbɛn Kleinzee, baabi a ebetumi ayɛ bere tiaa mu asubɔnten wɔ nsuyiri bere mu. Asubɔnten no nyinaa tenten bɛyɛ kilomita 250 (akwansin 160). Wɔ ne fam no, asubɔnten no taa yɛ kusuu na osu kɛse atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛyɛ bere tiaa mu de kɛse, ɛsen katee wɔ nsukyiri a ntɛmntɛm ne osu kɛse mu, na ɛkɔ so yɛ kusuu koraa afe no fã kɛse no ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=SDSU Geological Sciences - Thesis - Steven Stuart |date=2008-10-15 |url=https://doi.org/10.4016/7962.01 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=J. van Gend, M. L. Francis, A. P. Watson, L. Palcsu, A. Horváth, P. H. Macey, P. le Roux, C. E. Clarke, J. A. Miller |title=Saline groundwater in the Buffels River catchment, Namaqualand, South Africa: A new look at an old problem |date=2021-03-25 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720366705 |work=Science of The Total Environment |volume=762 |pages=143140 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsu ho nimdeɛ ==
Buffels Asubɔnten no yɛ asubɔnten a ɛtra hɔ bere tiaa bi a osu atɔ akyi nkutoo na ɛsen. Ɛma nsuo kɔ beaeɛ a nsuo a ɛtwa mu bɛyɛ 9,000–9,500 km2 na ɛgyina austral awɔberɛ mu osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ May ne September ntam so titire, ɛwom sɛ nsuo a ɛtwa mu no apueeɛ fam no nya ahohuru berɛ mu osuo a ɛbata aprannaa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ ɔmantam no mu no yɛ mm 100 kosi mm 300 afe biara, na ɛma asubɔnten no taa nya nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm na osu bere tenten di akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Fig. 1. The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsuyiri dodow no ara ba wɔ awɔw bere mu osutɔ bere mu, ɛwom sɛ awɔw bere mu osu a ɛtɔ bere ne bere mu no betumi ama nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm de.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=G. Benito, B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, O. Dahan |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |date=2011-04-08 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |work=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |language=English |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asase Ho Adesua ne Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ==
Asubɔnten no sen fa Namaqualand asase  ho mantam a tete granite, gnesis, ne abotan a ɛyɛ metamorphic na ɛwɔ hɔ kɛse no mu. Ɔmantam no yɛ beae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã bi a afifide kakraa bi na ɛwɔ hɔ a ɛyɛ nea ɛfata ɔpɛ tebea. Esiane sɛ asase no mu nnɔ na abotan wɔ hɔ nti, entumi nkora nsu pii so, enti osutɔ nsu sen ntɛmntɛm bere a osu atɔ akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Research Portal |url=https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/esploro/outputs/graduate/The-provenance-of-the-Buffels-River/9911142007691 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |date=2011-05-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |work=Quaternary Research |volume=75 |issue=3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |issn=0033-5894 |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;Adar Asubɔnten (anaa Khor Adar), a Dinkafo frɛ no Yal,[1] yɛ White Nile asubɔnten a ɛwɔ Upper Nile mantam mu, South Sudan.&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="227" sha1="pdg32k823ayaif3mz35u58iuyoo8ctm" xml:space="preserve">Adar Asubɔnten (anaa Khor Adar), a Dinkafo frɛ no Yal,[1] yɛ White Nile asubɔnten a ɛwɔ Upper Nile mantam mu, South Sudan. Ɛsen fi Machar Marshes kɔ atifi fam atɔe na ɛkɔ White Nile mu wɔ Melut kurow no atifi pɛɛ.</text>
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      <text bytes="224" sha1="lgelylivy4aopv6u93579w1m8si3kym" xml:space="preserve">Adar Asubɔnten (anaa Khor Adar), a Dinkafo frɛ no Yal, yɛ White Nile asubɔnten a ɛwɔ Upper Nile mantam mu, South Sudan. Ɛsen fi Machar Marshes kɔ atifi fam atɔe na ɛkɔ White Nile mu wɔ Melut kurow no atifi pɛɛ.</text>
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      <text bytes="620" sha1="tk8lmm86974hv0lkdhvjdlshl1t34tr" xml:space="preserve">Adar [[Asubonten Ankobra|Asubɔnten]] (anaa Khor Adar), a Dinkafo frɛ no Yal,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Adar River |date=2026-06-01 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adar_River&amp;oldid=1357211445 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; yɛ White Nile asubɔnten a ɛwɔ Upper Nile mantam mu, South Sudan. Ɛsen fi Machar Marshes&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Adar River |date=2026-06-01 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adar_River&amp;oldid=1357211445 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; kɔ atifi fam atɔe na ɛkɔ White Nile mu wɔ Melut kurow no atifi pɛɛ.</text>
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