Wikipedia twwiki https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratafa_Titiriw MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.8 first-letter Media Soronko Nkitahode Dwumadini Dwumadini nkitahode Wikipedia Wikipedia nkitahode File File nkitahode MediaWiki MediaWiki nkitahode Nhwɛsoɔ Nhwɛsoɔ nkitahode Mmoa Mmoa nkitahode Nkyekyεmu Nkyekyεmu nkitahode TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3639 200252 185551 2026-06-25T02:29:18Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 200252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} [[File:Muglisaraisurat.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Surat]] [[Category:Kuro]] [[Category:India]] '''Surat'''({{Audio|tw-Surat.ogg|pronunciation of "Surat"}}) yε kuro kεseε a ɛwɔ [[India]] atɔeɛ famu.Esian sɛ kuro no wɔ Asuo Tapti ano no nti, na ɛhɔ yɛ suhyɛn gyinabea kɛseɛ. Mprenpren ɛhɔ yɛ dwadibea ma South Gujarat na ɛka nkuro akɛseɛ a ɛhɔ abue paa wɔ India atɔeɛ famu no ho. Ɛwɔ ndwumakuo ahodoɔ a ɛyɛ dɛnkyɛmmoɔ ne ntoma ho adwuma.<ref name=":0">https://www.suratsmartcity.com/Surat/AboutSurat</ref> Ɛyɛ beae a wodi ntadeɛ ne ho akadiɛ ho dwa. Dɛnkyɛmmoɔ a wɔde kɔ wiase nyinaa mu ɔha mu nkyekyemu eduokron(90%) na wosiesie no wɔ Surat.<ref>{{Citation |title=Archive copy |url=https://en.israelidiamond.co.il/wikidiamond/diamond-industry-history/surat-city-cuts-90-worlds-diamonds/ |access-date=2022-02-10 |archive-date=2021-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218074514/https://en.israelidiamond.co.il/wikidiamond/diamond-industry-history/surat-city-cuts-90-worlds-diamonds/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/for-the-last-15-years-surats-diamond-polishing-industry-has-evolved-at-jet-speed-here-are-the-reasons-why/articleshow/56082026.cms |access-date=2022-02-10 |archive-date=2021-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218075609/https://www.businessinsider.in/for-the-last-15-years-surats-diamond-polishing-industry-has-evolved-at-jet-speed-here-are-the-reasons-why/articleshow/56082026.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/surat-diamond-bourse-to-start-operations-from-september/articleshow/80514996.cms</ref> Surat ne kuro a ɛtɔ so mmienu a ɛso paa wɔ Gujarat ne nea ɛtɔ so nnwɔtwe wɔ India denam nnipa dodoɔ ne sɛnea kuro no mu abue.<ref name=":0" /> Kuro no ne Surat mansin no ahenkuro. Surat wɔ ɔman no ahenkuro Ganndhinagar anaafoɔ famu ne [[Mumbai]] atifi famu.Kuro no bɛn Asuo Tapti,wɔ Arabia Po no nkyɛn.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120105012914/http://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/content/city/history.shtml</ref>'Economic Times' ayɛ nhwehwɛmu ahunu sɛ firi afe 2019 kosi afe 2035 no, Surat bɛyɛ kuro a enya nkɔanim ntɛmtɛm kyɛn kuro a ɛwɔ wiase biara ho.<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/surat-to-be-worlds-fastest-growing-city-during-2019-35-report/articleshow/66991793.cms?from=mdr</ref>Na nnipa dodoɔ a ɛwɔ Surat yɛ 4,444,691 wɔ afe 2011 mu.<ref>{{Citation |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.populationu.com/cities/surat-population |access-date=2022-02-14 |archive-date=2022-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214235008/https://www.populationu.com/cities/surat-population |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Sɛnea Edin 'Surat' No Bae'== Papa bi a wɔfrɛ no Gopi na ɛkyekyeree Surat kuro no,na ɔtoo no din 'Surajpur' anaa 'Suryapur'.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Surat</ref> Duarte Barbosa frɛɛ Surat Suratt.Jacob Peeters nso de Dutch din Sourratte na ɛfrɛɛ kuro no.<ref>https://el.travelogues.gr/collection.php?view=375</ref>Edin afoforɔ bebree a na wɔde frɛ Surat wɔ abakɔsɛm mu. Wɔfrɛ Surat Surrat,Surate anaa Soorat wɔ nhoma ahodoɔ bi mu. <ref>http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1700_1799/malabar/surat/surat.html</ref> ==Nhomasua== 'Sardat Vallabhhai National Institute of Technology' a ɛwɔ Surat no ka suapɔn eduasa-biako a wosua nfidiedwuma ho adeɛ wɔ [[India]] a aban no bu wɔn sɛ wɔn ho hia paa no ho. Suapɔn foforɔ a ɛwɔ Surat ne 'Indian Institute of Information Technology'. Saa suapɔn yi firii aseɛ afe 2017 mu.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/IIIT-research-centre-soon-in-Surat/articleshow/27098792.cms</ref> 'Kɔlege' ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ mansini ahodoɔ mu no mu dodoɔ ara na ɛdɔm 'Veer Narmad South Gujarat University' (VNSGU, wɔde suapɔn yi too anwensɛm kyerɛwfoɔ Veer Narmad). <ref name=":1">https://collegedunia.com/university/25515-veer-narmad-south-gujarat-university-vnsgu-surat/affiliated-colleges</ref>Saa suapɔn yi adwumayɛbea ti wɔ Surat Mansini no mu. 'Government Medical College' a ɛwɔ Surat yɛ aduruyɛ suukuu a adi boro mfeɛ eduonum na etumi fa sukuufoɔ foforɔ aha-mmienu ne eduonum afe biara. Ayaresabea a ɛwɔ suukuu yi mu ne 'New Civil Hospital'. 'Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research' (SIMMER) yɛ Mpɔtam Aduruyɛ Kɔlege a ɛdɔm 'Veer Narmad South Gujarat University'.<ref name=":1" /> Auro Suapɔn nso afi aseɛ reyɛ adwuma wɔ Surat.<ref>https://aurouniversity.edu.in/</ref> ==Ammamerɛ== '''Aduane''' Sɛ ɛba no aduane a, wonnim Surat sɛ kuro a wodi nnuane ahodoɔ pii na wɔsan tɔn bi wɔ kwan ho. Woka asɛm bi wɔ Gujarati kasa mu sɛ 'Didi wɔ Surat na wu wɔ Kashi ma wo nkra ani nnye'.<ref>https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=6c3ODAAAQBAJ&q=surat+food+famous&pg=PA105&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=surat%20food%20famous&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=PfTnCwAAQBAJ&q=The+food+of+Surat+is+like+dying+in+the+holy+city+of+kaashi&pg=PA539&redir_esc=y</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/There-is-an-old-saying-Surat-Nu-Jaman-Ane-Kashi-Nu-Maran-which-means-Eat-in-Surat-and-Die-in-Kashi-for-the-ultimate-experience-of-the-soul-But-fate-of-around-200-fine-dining-restaurants-in-the-diamond-city-hangs-in-balance-as-all-the-a/c-restaurants-have-come-under-the-service-tax-net-/articleshow/18831930.cms</ref><ref>https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/gujarat/surat-ghari-price-in-shard-poonam-67915</ref><ref>https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/food/Gujju-goes-global/articleshow/21237214.cms</ref> Nnuane ahodoɔ a wodi wɔ Surat no bi ne Locho,Ghari ((nea ɛyɛ dɛ),Surti Bhusu<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Gharis-best-buddy-bhusu/articleshow/44747591.cms</ref>,Alupuri,Kavsa,Ponk,Undhiyu,Dhokla,Khaman,Sev Khamani ne nea ɛkeka ho.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/local-delicacies-from-surat-that-no-foodie-should-ever-miss/photostory/79658965.cms</ref> Ɛnam sɛnea nkorɔfoɔ pɛ Surat nnuane nti, baabi wɔ kurom hɔ a wɔfrɛ no 'Khaudra gali' na wei kyerɛ baabi a obi a ɔpɛ aduane paa tena. Wɔtɔn nnuane ahodoɔ bebree wɔ saa beae yi ɛnkanka Mysore Dosa nnuane. ==Sikasɛm== Surat yɛ kuro a ɛtɔ so nnan wɔ India wɔ sikasɛm mu sɛnea GDP nhyehyɛe no teɛ no. Na ɛwɔ GDP lakh crore no mu mmienu ne ekyiripɔ nsia (US Dollars eduanan wɔ afe 2016 mu)wɔ afe 2016 mu.'The City Mayors Foundation' ayɛ nhwehwɛmu ahunu sɛ wɔ afe 2020 mu no, na Surat GDP no aduru bɛyɛ US Dollars ɔpepepem eduonum-nson.<ref>http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2020.html</ref>Surat yɛ beae titiriw a wosiesie dɛnkyɛmmoɔ.<ref>{{Citation |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.rough-polished.com/en/analytics/77889.html |access-date=2022-02-14 |archive-date=2022-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214122702/https://www.rough-polished.com/en/analytics/77889.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mmeae a wodii kan sii sotɔɔ a wosiesie dɛnkyɛmmoɔ wɔ Gujarat ne Surat ne Navasari wɔ afe 1950 awieɛ.Nnipa a wɔyɛ adwuma wɔ saa ndwumakuo ahodoɔ yi mu no dodoɔ no ara firi Saurashtra Mantam a ɛwɔ Gujarat. Esian sɛnea na amanɔne dwadibea no hwehwɛ dɛnkyɛmmoɔ wɔ afe 1970 awieɛ no mu kosi afe 1980 mfinfini hɔ baabi no nti, Surat nnwumakuo ahodoɔ a wosiesie dɛnkyɛmoɔ no nyaa nkɔanim paa.Mprenpren,nnwumakuo a wosiesie dɛnkyɛmmoɔ no mu dodoɔ no ara wɔ Surat beae a wɔfrɛ no Varachha. Wɔn a wɔyɛ adwuma no wɔ Varacha no mu dodoɔ no ara firi Patel mpɔtam.<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/006996679903300115</ref>Wɔ wiase nyinaa sɛ woyi dɛnkyɛmmoɔ du a ɛwɔ dwadibea a, emu nnwɔtwe na wosiesiee no wɔ Surat. Saa dɛnkyɛmmoɔ adwuma yi ma India man no nya US Dollar ɔpepepem du($10 billiion) firi dwa a wodi no amanɔne no mu afe biara. Wei kɔɔ famu ɔha mu nkyekyemu du-nnwɔtwe wɔ afe 2019 mu berɛ a dɛnkyɛmmoɔ dwa kɔɔ famu no. Dwa no kɔɔ so ara kɔɔ famu wɔ afe 2020 mu berɛ na ɛbaa sɛ ɛwɔ sɛ wɔto adwumakuo no mu denam Covid 19 Nsanyareɛ a ɛbaa India no nti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.thediamondloupe.com/manufacturing/2019-09-16/indias-diamond-polishers-facing-massive-job-losses |access-date=2022-02-14 |archive-date=2022-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214140404/https://www.thediamondloupe.com/manufacturing/2019-09-16/indias-diamond-polishers-facing-massive-job-losses |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wotu dɛnkyɛmmoɔ no ankasa wɔ South Africa ne Abibiman afoforɔ so na wɔde ba Surat besiesie.Wowie a wɔde kɔ mmeae bi te sɛ Antwerp ne Belgium. Surat yɛ kuro a ne sikasɛm dodoɔ no ara gyina nnwumakuo bi te sɛ dɛnkyɛmmoɔ,ntoma,suhyɛn a wosi ne abɛɛfo nfidiedwuma ahodioɔ so. ==Beae A Minyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ== imwl26fuzuv7pv9accaigutpbo0tn63 0 5370 200257 186537 2026-06-25T03:09:38Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 200257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} == Akyire Asɛm == Mfie ɔha yi atwa mu yi ahu yareɛ akeseɛ pii etumi trɛ fa wiase afaneɛ pii wo kwan hare so.<ref>World Health Organization. Global Influenza Programme. Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response. Available at: <nowiki>https://www.who.int/influenza/resources/documents/pandemic_guidance_04_2009/en</nowiki></ref> Yareɛ no ahyeseɛ firi mmoawa bi a wote mmoa mu na. Mmoawa yi tumi fi aboa foforo kɔ foforo mu. ɛnam saa akoneaba die yi so tumi ma mmoawa yi baa nnipa mu. Wofrɛ no zoonotic yareɛ efisɛ ɛfiri mmoa mu. Sɛ yɛɛ ma kwan ada yɛn ne afoforo ntɛm anaa sɛ yɛn mmɔ mpii so bebree wɔ faako no yɛ adehiasɛm keseɛ a ɛboa ma yɛ so yareɛ no ano. Kyerɛkyerɛ ni a wakwadare wo yareɛ a ɛsai wo suapon a ɛwɔ [[Toronto]] a wofrɛ no Dr Jeff Kwong de nsusu yɛ bi aba a ɛkyerɛ sɛ yɛɛ ma kwan ada yɛn ne afoforo ntɛm nkyerɛ sɛ yɛn twe yɛn ho nfi nnipa ho koraa. Na mmom, abre ne abre ano no, ɛwɔ sɛ yɛ ne y’adofo di nkomo. Sɛ nea ɛbɛboa ama y’ate hia a ehia sɛ yɛ bɛma kwan ada yɛn ne afoforo ntɛm no, yɛ de ahyensodeɛ a yareɛ mu nnimdefoɔ de ato dwa. Yɛ de nimdeɛ a yɛ nim fa kwan a yareɛ no da ne ho adi kane wo [[china]] na ɛbe firi aseɛ. Na y’asan ahwɛ kwan a ɛda ne ho adi wo [[Abibrem|South Africa]]. Wei boa ma yɛ tumi hunu nsunsuanso pa ɛwɔ sɛ yɛɛ ma kwan ada yɛn ne afoforo ntɛm. Yɛ bɛ san ahwɛ kwan a yɛ betumi de aso nsusuanso bɔne a ɔwɔ saa nhyehyɛ yɛ yi mu. Nfoni a ɛda ho yi kyerɛ kwan a yareɛ bi ti sɛ COVID-19 fa so. (inserire grafico) Yareɛ a ɛsai mu animdefoɔ kyerɛ sɛ, yareɛ a ɛtrɛ kɔ aman ne nnipa bebree no suban ti sɛ nea ye hu wo nfoni a ɛwɔ soro ho no. Nfoni no kyerɛ nipa dodoɔ a w’anya yareɛ no ne mmere a yare no de sai afoforo. '''Ahyeseɛ''' no, kyerɛ mmere a yareɛ no afi ase ada ne ho adi. Nnipa kakra bi pɛ na ɛnya bi wo saa bere yi mu '''Gyina pɛn mmienu''': Nea edi so no kyerɛ abere a yareɛ no afi ase sɛ ɛtrɛ wo nnipa kuo bi mu. Wɔ saa mmere yi mu no, yareɛ no ahuoden ma ne mu so wo nnipa no mu. Na nnipa no bebree tumi nya yareɛ no na ɛmma no yɛ den sɛ wo be di nnipa wo su su sɛ won aya yareɛ no bi akyi. Ne saa nti no, aban no de taboɔ too ahyɛn a ɛfa nnipa bebree wo nkuro a yareɛ no aduro ho. Wo de nhyehyɛ a efiri dwuma kuo a ɛhwɛ wiase nyinaa apomuden nsɛm mu twerɛ yɛ a ɛkyerɛ kwan a aman nfa so nsi yareɛ no ho kwan senea ɛmma yareɛ no ɛntrɛ nkɔ aman foforo so na edii saa dwuma yi. Nfoni a ɛwɔ aseɛ no da no adi yiye. (inserire grafico) Figure 2: Flattening the curve '''Ofa a ɛto so mmiensa''' wo yareɛ no suban ne n’akwantuo no kyerɛ ɛbere a, y’atumi aso yareɛ no ano koraa na yareɛ no ntrɛ nkɔ nnipa foforo ho biom. Wei kyerɛ sɛ yareɛ COVID-19 trɛ ohare so wo nnipa ne nnipa nkitahodie so. Sɛ yɛ ma kwan da yɛn ne afoforo ntɛm a, ɛboa ma yɛso yareɛ no ano. == Yɛɛ ma kwan ada yɛn ne afoforo ntɛm == Yɛɛ ma kwan ada yɛn ne afoforo ntɛm yɛ amansan apomuden nsɛm mu ade hiadeɛ keseɛ a ɛboa ma wote nnipa a wo yare fi nnipa a wonni yareɛ bi. Saa kwan yi boa ma wosi yareɛ ɛbetumi asae kwan ama n’aya afoforo. ɛhia nhyɛ a ɛmu yɛ duru ti sɛ, wɔ de nhyɛ ato nnipa wo oman anaa sɛ kuroo bi so sɛ ma wɔn mpue nfi won fie mu anaa sɛ ma wɔn nhyia faako. Nfatoho ne nea ɛsii wɔ South Africa man mu wo [[ogyefo]] bosome da a ɛtɔ so aduonu-nsia kosi  [[oforisuo]] bosome da ɛtɔ so du-nsia mu, afe mpem mmienu ne aduonu (2020) mu. Oman no mu npanyinfoɔ gyinaa mmra a ɛfa kwan a wofa so kura kura atowrenkyem mu nsɛm. * Wode tabono to kwan a nnipa fa so de pue fi fie kɔ krom. Mmra no ma kwan sɛ nnipa bɛtumi apue sɛ wo hia aduane ne adeɛ titiriw a ɛho hia paa. * Wo braa nhyiamuu biaa gye sɛ ayiyɔ na eno mpo no nnipa aduonum pɛ na wotumi ahyia. * Wo braa mantem ne mantem mu akwantuo * Won a wɔ tɔn nneɛma a ɛho hia paa nkoa na wo maa wɔn ho kwan sɛ wonni dwuma. Wo hyɛɛ won sɛ won nhwɛ sɛ adwadifuo no betete wɔn ntɛm na bio nso, wode nsuo ne samina a wode behohoro won nsa nso besisi ho. Mmra no nso san de: * Tabono too ewiemu ne nsuo so akwantuo * Tabono too nsa ne taa adwa tɔn deɛ so. * Nhyɛ too nnipa dodoɔ a wotumi fa lorry Wo saa nhyɛ yi nyinaa akyi no, wo san de tumi maa mansin biara mu mpanyinfoɔ sɛ won nkyi nnipa biara wo susu sɛ ɔwɔ yareɛ no bi nhyɛ dan mu. Saa nhyehyeɛ yi boa ma wosi won a w’anya yareɛ no ho kwan ma won ne nnipa foforo won nni yareɛ di nkitahoo. == South Africa man ne won mmoden bɔ == South Africa ayɛ nhweso pa ama wiase nyinaa ɛsan nhyehyeɛ pa a wo dɛ boa ma wo sɔɔ yareɛ no ano. Yareɛ no suban sisa yɛ wo South Africa ne saa nti, yareɛ no ahuoden antumi ampɛ gya keseɛ wo omanfuo no mu. Nea ɛsi yɛ ne sɛ ohare so yareɛ no de trɛ no brɛɛ ase fi oha nkyekyɛmu aduanan-mmienu bɛ duu oha nkyekyɛmu ɛnan esan sɛ wo de nhyɛ to amanfuo so sɛ ma won mpue. Oman no de apomuden adwuma yɛ foɔ bebree agu abonten a wo kɔ afie ne afie mu kɔ yɛ yareɛ no ho nsohwɛ wo amanfuo no mu. Oman panyin Cyril Ramaphosa kasa kyerɛɛ ne manfuo sɛ wonfa nnidie mma nhyɛ a wode agu fam no na wonni so. Yareɛ mu animdefoɔ atu fo sɛ yareɛ no ahuoden bɛtumi ama ne mu so keseɛ paa wo amanfuo mu nti ɛwo sɛ nnipa yɛ ahwɛ yie. ɛsan sɛɛ yareɛ no aba fam no nti, wo bɛ firi aseɛ ɛbrɛɛ nhyɛ no ase == Awieyɛ == COVID-19 yɛ yareɛ a atumi atrɛ ntɛm ntɛm afa wiase aman nyinaa fi mmere a ɛda ne ho adi kane wo [[China]] kuro keseɛ a wofrɛ no [[China|Wuhan]] afe mpem mmienu ne du-nkron (2019) mu wɔ abre a afe mpem mmienu ne du-nkron (2019) ɛreko awieyɛ no mu. Apomuden mu nimdefoɔ huu sɛ okwan mmienu na wo betumi afa so de ako saa yareɛ yi. Nea ɛdi kan ne sɛ, wo de nhyehyeɛ be gu fam a wode bɛ ko atia yareɛ no. Nea ɛtoso ne sɛ, wode abodeɛ mu mpensenpensen mu be nya aduro ama saa yareɛ yi. Abodeɛ mu nimdefoɔ a ne apomuden mu nimdefoɔ a ɛwɔ [[China]] boa bebree ma wo tumi huu coronavirus. Wiase mu apomuden adwuma npanyinfoɔ nso de nhyehyeɛ a edi mu gu fam de boa saa dwuma die yi. Adesua a efiri [[Abibrem|South Africa]] ama y’ahunu no sɛ yɛɛ ma kwan ada nnipa ne nnipa ntɛm no boa paa wɔ kwan a yɛ fa so de sɔ yareɛ no ano. Nnwuma a ɛhwɛ yareɛ ho banbo atu yɛn fo sɛ, yɛn fa abɛɛfo kwan so ne yɛn adofo nni nkitahodie. Ye betumi de telephone ne neɛ ɛkeka ho adi nkommo. Yɛɛ ti yen ho afi afoforo ho tumi de adwen mu nsunsuanso bɔne brɛ nnipa bi nti yɛn nhwɛ kwan a ye be tumi afa so a yen nya saa nsunsuano bɔne yi wo bre a yɛn ne nnipa nni ahyiamu. [[File:Pupil washes hands during COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana.jpg|thumb|316x316px]] == BEAƐ A MENYAA MMOA FIRI YƐ == <references /> [ii] Centers for Disease Control. Keep your distance to slow the spread. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/social-distancing.html [iii] Pearce Katir. What is social distancing and how can it dliw the spread of COVID-19? 13 March 2020. The Hub. Johns Hopkins University. https://hub.jhu.edu/2020/03/13/what-is-social-distancing. Accessed on 12 April 2020 [iv] Graphic accessed at: https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/09-03-2020/the-three-phases-of-covid-19-and-how-we-can-make-it-manageable. Accessed on 10 April 2020. [v] Wiles S. The three phases of Covid-19 and how we can make it manageable. TheSpinoff. Available at: https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/09-03-2020/the-three-phases-of-covid-19-and-how-we-can-make-it-manageable. Accessed on 10 April 2020 [vi] See: https://www.who.int/ihr/publications/9789241580496/en [vii] Image accessed at https://web.archive.org/web/20181211073414/https://m.greatandhra.com/ on 11 April 2020 [viii] Republic of South Africa. Disaster Management Act 57 of 2002. Available at: https://www.gov.za/documents/disaster-management-act [ix] Republic of South Africa. Government Gazette No. 11062. 25 March 2020. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20200701095415/https://www.greengazette.co.za/documents/regulation-gazette-4138-of-25-march-2020-vol-657-no-11062_20200325_GGR-43148 [x] Hollington M and Bennet M. South Africa's world-class fight against COVID-19:The data tells the story. Coronavirus Op-Ed. Daily Maverick. Available at :https://www.eailymaverick.co.za/article/20020 [xi] National Department of Health. Press release, 15 April 2020. Available st: https://web.archive.org/web/20200703095044/https://sacoronavirus.co.za/category/press-releases-and-notices. Accessed on 16 April 2020 [xii] South African Government. President Cyril Ramaphosa: Extension of Coronavirus COVID-19 lockdown to the end of April. Available at: https://www.gov.za/speeches/president-cyril-ramaphosa-extension-coronavirus-covid-19-lockdown-end-april-9-apr-2020-0000. Accessed on 16 April 2020 [xiii] Professor S. Karim. South Africa's Covid-19 epidemic: Trends and next steps. Presentation by the Chairperson of the Ministerial Advisory Group on Covid-19 prepared for the Minister of Health , Dr. Zweli Mkhize. Available at: https://sacaronavirus.co.za/2020/04/13/sas-covid-19-epidemic-trends-next-steps/. Accessed on 15 April 2020. [xiv] Wang Jian-Wei, Cao Bin and Wang Chen. Science in the fight against the novel coronavirus disease. China Medical Journal: 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) collection. Available at: https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/2337/. Accessed on 11 April 2020. [xv] Centers for Disease Control. Keep your distance to slow the spread. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/social-distancing.html. Accessed on 16 April 2020. 0k1bpfc6b82iifovf3eiecz3nsl0ncl 0 12304 200254 200117 2026-06-25T02:48:42Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 200254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} {{Infobox political party | name = United Love Party | logo = | logo_size = | logo_upright = | logo_alt = | caption = | colorcode = <!-- HTML color code (e.g. "red", "#FF0000" or Party metadata color template) otherwise "transparent" --> | abbreviation = <!-- official abbreviation or | abbr = --> | leader = Ramon Osei Akoto | president = | chairperson = <!-- or | chairman = --> | general_secretary = David Nii Sackey Sosi<ref name="ecghana">{{cite web |title=Political Parties |url=https://ec.gov.gh/political-entities/political-parties.html |website=Official website |publisher=Electoral Commission of Ghana |access-date=4 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106173141/https://ec.gov.gh/political-entities/political-parties.html |archive-date=6 November 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | first_secretary = | secretary_general = | presidium = | standing_committee = | secretary = | spokesperson = <!-- or | spokesman = --> | founder = Ramon Osei Akoto<!-- or | founders = --> | founded = 2008<!-- or | foundation = use {{start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | registered = | legalised = <!-- or | legalized = --> | dissolved = <!-- or | banned = or | dissolution = use {{end date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | merger = | split = [[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|National Democratic Congress]] | predecessor = | merged = | successor = | headquarters = [[Cape Coast]] | newspaper = | think_tank = | student_wing = | youth_wing = | womens_wing = | wing1_title = | wing1 = | wing2_title = | wing2 = | wing3_title = | wing3 = | wing4_title = | wing4 = | membership_year = | membership = | ideology = | position = | religion = | national = | regional = <!-- or | regional affiliation = --> | european = | continental = <!-- or | continental affiliation = --> | international = | europarl = | affiliation1_title = | affiliation1 = | affiliation2_title = | affiliation2 = | colours = {{Color box|purple|border=darkgray}} {{Color box|white|border=darkgray}}<br>[[Purple]] And [[White]]<ref name="ecghana"/> | slogan = United Ɛyɛ Free<ref name="ecghana"/><br>''United Is Free'' | anthem = | blank1_title = Emblem | blank1 = Purple, Red Heart<ref name="ecghana"/> | blank2_title = | blank2 = | seats1_title = | seats1 = <!-- {{Infobox political party/seats|50|100|hex=#ff0000}} --> | seats2_title = <!-- up to | seats11_title = --> | seats2 = <!-- up to | seats11 = --> | symbol = | flag = | flag_title = | flag_alt = | website = | state = <!-- or | country = --> | country = Ghana<!-- or | state = --> | country_dab1 = | parties_dab1 = | elections_dab1 = | country2 = | country_dab2 = | parties_dab2 = | elections_dab2 = | footnotes = }} '''United Love Party''' (ULP) yɛ [[Amanyɔ kuo|amanyɔkuo]] a ɛwɔ [[Gaana|Ghana]]. Wɔtee kuo no wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne nnwɔtwe mu.<ref>{{Citation |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.eisa.org/wep/gha2012parties.htm |access-date=2022-07-03 |archive-date=2020-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101173409/https://www.eisa.org/wep/gha2012parties.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Abatoɔ == Amanyɔkuo no kɔfabaeɛ ne nea ɔda ano ne Ramon Osei Akoto. Na ɛyɛ adeɛ a wɔde boa no ama no ayɛ [[Ɔmanpanin (aban abodin)|ɔmanpanin]] anamusini wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne nnwɔtwe [[Gaana|Ghana]] abatoɔ mu. Wantumi anni nkunim nom.<ref>http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/g/ghana/ghana2008.txt</ref> Mfeɛ nan akyi no, ɔsane gyinaa hɔ sɛ ɔmanpanin nanso wansane antumi antwerɛ ne din wɔ [[Gaana|Ghana]] abatoɔ kɔmisa nkrataa nom ma mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du mmienu [[Gaana|Ghana]] abatoɔ nom.<ref name=":0">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781544327112</ref> == Nhyehyɛeɛ == Wɔ wɔn nhyiamudie kɛseɛ no ase wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du baako mu no, Akoto kyerɛ n'adwene sɛ [[Gaana|Ghana]] ɛnte ne ho mfiri amannɔne kuo bi te sɛ International Monetary Find(IMF), World Bank ne United National(UN) ho.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLyU0-Fq6fI</ref> Wɔ News nhyiamudie wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du baako mu no, Akoto hunahuna sɛ ɔbɛ saman [[Gaana|Ghana]] manpanin ne Apomuden Soafoɔ sɛ wagye H1N1 paneɛ no wɔ ɔman yi mu.<ref>{{Citation |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.gbcghana.com/index.php?id=1.476710 |access-date=2013-06-24 |archive-date=2024-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225134533/https://www.gbcghana.com/index.php?id=1.476710 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Akoto sane tweetwee Asoeɛ a ɛhwɛ mfudeɛ sɛ wɔde genetically modified aduaba aba ɔman no mu a ɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛde ɔhaw bɛma yɛn apomuden.<ref>https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=230823</ref> Akoto sane hyɛɛ bɔ sɛ ɔde anyinam kanea papa bɛbrɛ ɔman no, adan ahodoɔ na wasane ate nnwuma bɛyɛ sɛ ɔpepem a akatua wɔm, ne nnyina wɔ mfeɛ nan nom.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781544327112</ref> == Ayɔnkofa == ULP maa nkaebɔ sɛ ɔne Kyineeɛ amanyɔkuo [[National Democratic Congress (NDC)|National Democratic Congress]] a na ɛwɔ aban mu bɛka abom wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du nsia Ghana abatoɔ nom.<ref>https://www.gbcghana.com/1.8505567</ref> == Suapɔn == Wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du mu no, amanyɔkuo no daa paw a wɔrebɛpaw wɔn ara "online suapɔn" ,United Love Party Suapɔn(ULPU) adi. Wɔkyerɛɛ mu sɛ ɛno ne "amanyɔkuo a ɛdikan suapɔn a ɛwɔ wiase afanan nyinaa". Ɛyɛ suapɔn a wɔn adesua ɛkɔ so wɔ abɛɛfo ntentan so a wɔbɛtua hwee.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=179461</ref> == Beaɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Amanyɔkuo ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ Ghana]] s3eeqsy5vxohs35um9tv4pb2zbfjrud 0 14496 200250 177455 2026-06-25T01:38:18Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 200250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Akuapem}} '''Meri Nana-Ama Danquah''' (wɔwoo no 13 September 1967) yɛ Ghana-Amerikani ɔkyerɛwfo, samufo, nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfo ne baguam ɔkasafo, a ne din wɔ awo mu ne '''Mildred Mary Nana-Ama Boakyewaa Brobby''' .<ref name="Willow3">{{cite book|last1=Danquah|first1=Meri Nana-Ama|title=Willow Weep for Me: A Black Woman's Journey Through Depression|date=1998|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|isbn=9780393045673|page=[https://archive.org/details/willowweepformeb00danq/page/103 103]|edition=First|url=https://archive.org/details/willowweepformeb00danq/page/103}}</ref> Wonim no yiye wɔ ne 1998 nkae nhoma ''Willow Weep for Me: A Black Woman’s Journey Through Depression'' . N'asɛm tiawa "Bere a Ɔbarima Dɔ Ɔbaa" no, wɔpaw no tiawa maa 2022 AKO Caine Nkonimdi a ɛfa Afrika Akyerɛw ho . == Nkwa == Wɔwoo Danquah wɔ [[Nkran|Accra]], [[Gaana|Ghana]], na ne maame ne Josephine Nana Korantemaa Danquah ne Norbert Duke Brobby. Ne maame nana ne Ɔbenfo [[J. B Danquah|J. B. Danquah]], ɔkyerɛwfo ne Ghana amammui mu nipa a wagye din, na na ɔyɛ odiyifo [[Paul Danquah na ɔkyerɛwee|Paul Danquah]], a wakyerɛw ne ho asɛm wɔ ''[[Washington Post Nsɛmma Nhoma no|The Washington Post]]'' mu no wɔfase.<ref name="WP2">Nana-Ama Danquah, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/actor-lawyer-lover-of-the-arts-her-uncle-defied-category/2016/06/01/a28668c4-17a0-11e6-9e16-2e5a123aac62_story.html "Actor. Lawyer. Lover of the arts. Her uncle defied category"], ''The Washington Post'', 2 June 2016.</ref> Danquah tu kɔɔ United States bere a na wadi mfe asia no ne ne maame a na otu kɔɔ hɔ mfe abiɛsa a atwam ni [[Howard Sukuupɔn|kɔtena Howard Sukuupɔn]] .<ref name="Willow3"/> N’awofo gyaee aware mfe asia akyi, na wɔtetew mu bere a Danquah dii mfe 11.<ref name="Willow3"/> Bere a na ɔkɔ [[Foxcroft Sukuu no mu|Foxcroft]], sukuu a mmeawa nyinaa te mu a ɛwɔ [[Middleburg, Virginia, na ɛwɔ hɔ|Middleburg, Virginia]], no, Danquah sii gyinae sɛ ɔbɛsesa ne din afi Mildred Brobby ayɛ no Meri Danquah.<ref name="Willow3"/> : 1 . 130 na ɛwɔ hɔ Bere a ogyaee [[Maryland Sukuupɔn mu|Maryland Sukuupɔn]] no, awiei koraa no otu kɔɔ [[Los Angeles]] bere a na wadi mfe 20.<ref name="Willow3"/> : 27. Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so  Danquah woo ne babaa wɔ afe 1991 mu,<ref name="Willow3"/> : 39. Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so na wɔne Danquah adamfo abarimaa a na ɔwɔ hɔ saa bere no ne ne babea no agya tenaa. Bere a ɔde ahyɛde a ɛbɛma ne babea no papa agyina [[ofie basabasayɛ]] so akɔdan no akyi no,<ref name="Willow3" /> : 41. Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so Danquah ne ne babea san tu kɔɔ [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]], faako a na n’awofo ne ne nuabea da so ara te no. Bere a na ɔwɔ DC no, Danquah hui sɛ ɔwɔ [[Adwenemhaw a ɛba ayaresabea|adwenemhaw a ɛwɔ ayaresabea]], yare a ɛbɛyɛ nea obegyina so ayɛ ne nkae nhoma ''Willow Weep for Me: A Black Woman’s Journey Through Depression'', a wotintimii wɔ 1998 mu ma ɛkamfoo no kɛse. Wotintim nhoma no mu nsɛm bi wɔ nhoma a wɔaboaboa ano a wɔato din ''Out of Her Mind: Women Writing on Madness'' .<ref name="Shannonhouse">{{cite book|last1=Shannonhouse|first1=Rebecca|title=Out of Her Mind: Women Writing on Madness|date=2000|publisher=The Modern Library|isbn=9780679603306|pages=[https://archive.org/details/outofhermindwome0000unse/page/151 151–155]|edition=First|url=https://archive.org/details/outofhermindwome0000unse/page/151}}</ref> Ɔman Adwene ne Nkate Ho Akwahosan Fekuw no paw Danquah sɛ wɔn Campaign on Clinical Depression, a nhyehyɛe a wɔde sii Afrikafo-Amerikafo mmea so titiriw no kasamafo.<ref>[http://psychnews.org/pnews/98-05-15/nmha.html "NMHA Depression Campaign Aimed at African Americans"], ''Psychiatric News''.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181020065431/https://www.pomona.edu/news/2015/01/27-author-meri-nana-ama-danquah-discuss-mental-health-and-memoir-healing-practice-feb "Author Meri Nana-Ama Danquah to Discuss Mental Health and Memoir as a Healing Practice on Feb. 12"], [[Pomona College]], 27 January 2015.</ref> Wɔ afe 1999 mu no, Danquah nyaa ne Master of Fine Arts abodin krataa wɔ Adebɔ Akyerɛw ne Nkyerɛwee mu, na ɔde n’adwene sii Adebɔ a Ɛnyɛ Ayɛsɛm so, fii [[Bennington Kɔlege|Bennington College]], ɛmfa ho sɛ wanwie abodin krataa a edi kan da. Wakyerɛ ade wɔ [[University of Ghana|Ghana Suapɔn mu]], wɔ [[Otis Sukuu a Ɛhwɛ Adwinni ne Nneɛma a Wɔayɛ So|Otis College of Art and Design]], ne [[Antiokia Kɔlege|Antioch College]] MFA nhyehyɛe mu, na wɔhwehwɛ no sɛ ɔkasafo ne ɔkyerɛkyerɛfo. Ɔsan nso asiesie mmea nkyerɛwee a wɔaboaboa ano, a ''Shaking the Tree: A Collection of New Fiction and Memoir by Black Women'' (2003) ka ho, a [[Maya Angelou na ɔkyerɛwee|Maya Angelou]] kaa ho asɛm wɔ asɛm bi a ɔkae wɔ anim asɛm bi mu sɛ: "Ms. Danquah awosow nhoma dua bi ampa." Aduaba a ɛhwee ase no bɛma akenkanfo aduan akyɛ. . . ." <ref name="Chickenbones">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170510123039/http://www.nathanielturner.com/shakingthetree.htm "Shaking the Tree: A Collection of New Fiction and Memoir by Black Women". Edited by Meri Nana-Ama Danquah], ''ChickenBones: A Journal''.</ref> Wɔ afe 2011 mu no, Danquah de too gua sɛ ɔreyɛ ayɛsɛm bi. Ɔakyerɛw nsɛm ne nsɛm a wɔakyerɛw wɔ nhoma ahorow a ''The Washington Post'', ''[[Akuraa no ase Nne|The Village Voice]]'', ''[[Los Angeles Nsɛmma Nhoma no|The Los Angeles Times]]'', ''[[Allure (nsɛmma nhoma) .|Allure]]'', ''[[Essence (nsɛmma nhoma) .|Essence]]'', ''[[Afrika Amanneɛbɔ no|The Africa Report]]'' ne ''[[Nsɛm a Wɔka Kyerɛ (Ghana) .|The Daily Graphic]]'' ka ho mu . Ɔyɛ Afrikafo nhoma ne amammerɛ ho samufo panyin wɔ ''[[Los Angeles Nhoma ahorow ho Nhwehwɛmu|Los Angeles Review of Books]]'' .<ref name="WP2"/> Ɔyɛ obi a ɔboaa 2019 nhoma a wɔaboaboa ano ''[[Afrika mmabea|New Daughters of Africa]]'', a [[Margaret Busby na ɔkyerɛwee|Margaret Busby]] na ɔhyehyɛɛ no, a ɔde nkae nhoma "Saying Goodbye to Mary Danquah". Wɔ June 2022 mu no, wɔde n'asɛm "When a Man Loves a Woman", a mfiase no wotintimii wɔ ''Accra Noir'', no too gua wɔ [[Caine Nkonimdi a Wɔde Ma wɔ Afrikafo Nkyerɛwee ho|Caine Prize for African Writing]], no din tiawa mu na [[Doreen Baingana na ɔkyerɛwee|Doreen Baingana]] kaa ho asɛm wɔ ''[[Brittle Krataa a Wɔde Di Dwuma|Brittle Paper]]'' mu sɛ "ɛyɛ anigye." asiane, abotɔyam ne ahintasɛm a ɛwɔ ɔdɔ mu ho adesua". == Nhoma ahorow a wɔahyehyɛ == ==== Sɛ ɔkyerɛwfo no ==== ''Willow Su Ma Me: Ɔbea Abibifo Akwantu a Ɔfa Adwenemhaw Mu'', W. W. Norton & Company, 1998, 1998. ==== Sɛ́ samufo no ==== * ''Dua no Wosow: Ayɛsɛm ne Nkaesɛm Foforo a Wɔaboaboa Ano a Mmea Abibifo kyerɛwee'', W. W. Norton, 2003, 2003. * ''Nipadua Tuntum'' no, [[Nsɛm Ason Nsɛmma Nhoma|Nsɛm Ason Press]], 2009, 2009. * ''Amerikani a Wɔbɛyɛ: Ankorankoro Nsɛm a Awo Ntoatoaso a Edi Kan Mmea Atubrafo'' Kyerɛw, Hyperion Books, 2000, 2000. * ''Amerikani Ɔbaa: Ankorankoro Nkyerɛwee a Awo Ntoatoaso a Edi Kan Mmea Atubrafo'' kyerɛwee (Expanded Second Edition), Seven Stories Press, 2012, 2012. * ''Accra Noir'', [[Akashic Nhoma ahorow|Akashic Nwoma]], 2020, 2020. ==== Nsɛm a wɔakyerɛw ne nsɛm a wɔapaw ==== * [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/middleground/danquah.htm "Asetra sɛ Ɔhɔho"], wɔ O'Hearn, Claudine Chiawei (ed. ), ''Ɔfa ne Fa: Akyerɛwfo a Wɔfa Mmusuakuw ne Amammerɛ Abien a Wonyin Ho'' (Pantheon Books, 1998), ''The Washington Post'', 17 May 1998. * [https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2014/05/28/what-i-learned-from-my-auntie-maya/ "Nea Mesua fii Me Auntie Maya hɔ"], ''[[Wall Street Nsɛmma Nhoma|Wall Street Journal]]'', 28 May 2014. * [http://www.kwelijournal.org/nonfiction/2014/8/6/a-different-breed-by-nana-ama-danquah "Abɔdeɛ soronko bi"] (nkaeɛ nwoma mu nsɛm a wɔatwe afiri mu), ''[[Kweli na ɔkyerɛwee|Kweli]]'', 9 Ɔbɛnem 2014. * "Afro-Kinky Human Hair", wɔ: ''Biribiara Gye Adesoa: Nea Aborɔfo Refa Fi Abibifo Amammerɛ Mu'', [[Greg Tate na ɔkyerɛwee|Greg Tate]] na ɔhyehyɛɛ, 2003, New York: Harlem Moon Broadway Books, 2003. * "Saying Goodbye to Mary Danquah", wɔ ''[[Afrika Mmabea Foforo]]'', a [[Margaret Busby na ɔkyerɛwee|Margaret Busby]] na ɔhyehyɛɛ, 2019. London: [[Nkyerɛkyerɛmu Ahorow a Ɛdɔɔso]] ; New York: [[Amistad Nsɛmma Nhoma Tintimbea]] . * "Bere a Ɔbarima Dɔ Ɔbaa", ''Accra Noir'', 2020.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/565c3d39e4b027c789ba5b70/t/629e2154d520f727f401d1a5/1654530389142/When+A+Man+Loves+A+Woman+-+Nana+Ama+Danquah+%28Accra+Noir%29.pdf|chapter=When A Man Loves A Woman|title=Accra Noir|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=1 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241101075424/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/565c3d39e4b027c789ba5b70/t/629e2154d520f727f401d1a5/1654530389142/When+A+Man+Loves+A+Woman+-+Nana+Ama+Danquah+%28Accra+Noir%29.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Hwɛ nso == * [[Afrikafo-Amerikafo akyerɛwfo din]] * [[Ghana mmaa akyerɛwfo din]] == Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so == kugxsjwiouxm0nvjih5oaes20jmzs01 0 15596 200255 200035 2026-06-25T02:55:28Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 200255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} [[File:Veronique Tadjo IMG 2385.JPG|thumb|Véronique Tadjo {| class="wikitable" !Born |1955 (age 67–68) Paris, France |- !Occupation(s) |Poet, novelist, artist, educator |- !Notable work |''Latérite'' (''Red Earth'');''A vol d'oiseau'' (''As the Crow Flies'');''Mamy Wata and the Monster'' |} ]] Wↄwoo Veronique Tadjo wↄ afe 1955. Ↄyԑ ↄtwerԑfoↄ a ↄtwerԑ anwonsԑm ne ayԑsԑm a ↄfiri Cote d’Ivoire. Watena abibrem ne aman ahodoↄ so ayԑ adwuma nanso ↄwↄ atenka ne ↄdↄ soronko ma Abibiman. Ne nwuma nyinaa no ↄyԑ de bↄ Abibiman ho dawupa == _{'''N'asetena mu nsɛm'''} == ==== '''N’ABRABↃ AHYԐASEԐ NE NE NWOMASUA''' ==== Wↄwoo no wↄ Paris, Veronique Tadjo maame firi Ivory Coast a ↄde ne nsa ne dↄteԑ yԑ adwinie.  Tadjo nyinii wↄ Abidjan a ԑwↄ [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Cote d’Ivoire]], ↄne n’abusua tuu akwan bebree.<ref>{{Citation |title=Véronique Tadjo |url=https://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/TadjoVeroniqueEng.html |access-date=2023-05-30}}</ref> Tadjo wiee n’abↄdin krataa a ԑdikan a ԑyԑ B.A Degree wↄ University of Abidjan ԑna deԑ ԑtↄ so mmiԑnsa a ԑyԑ Doctorate wↄ Sarbronne  wↄ Africa-America kasadwini ne anibue.  Afe 1983 mu no, ↄkↄↄ Howard University a ԑwↄ Washington D.C a Fulbright nhwehwԑwmu  boa no sↄↄ n’asene.<ref>{{Citation |last=Barbara Thrash Murphy, Deborah L. Murphy |title=Black Authors and Illustrators of Books for Children and Young Adults |date=2006-12-21 |url=https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=3BUfDAAAQBAJ&dq=Tadjo+completed+her+BA+degree+at+the+University+of+Abidjan+and+her+doctorate+at+the+Sorbonne+in+African-American+Literature+and+Civilization.+In+1983,+she+went+to+Howard+University+in+Washington,+D.C.,+on+a+Fulbright+research+scholarship.&pg=PA334&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Tadjo%20completed%20her%20BA%20degree%20at%20the%20University%20of%20Abidjan%20and%20her%20doctorate%20at%20the%20Sorbonne%20in%20African-American%20Literature%20and%20Civilization.%20In%201983,%20she%20went%20to%20Howard%20University%20in%20Washington,%20D.C.,%20on%20a%20Fulbright%20research%20scholarship.&f=false |publisher=Routledge |language=en |isbn=978-1-135-87355-4 |access-date=2023-05-30}}</ref> == '''N’adwuma''' == Afe 1973 mu no, Tadjo kyerԑԑ Borↄfo kasa wↄ [https://www.yeclo.com/tag/lycee-moderne-de-korhogo/ Lycee Mordene de Korhogo](ntoasoↄ sukuu) wↄ Cote d’Ivoire atifi afa mu. Ↄbԑyԑԑ ↄkyerԑkyerԑni a na ↄkyerԑ adeԑ wↄ University of Abidjan ne fa a ԑkyerԑ Borↄfo kasa wↄ afe 1993.<ref>{{Citation |title=Véronique Tadjo - Academia.edu |url=https://independent.academia.edu/V%C3%A9roniqueTadjo |access-date=2023-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=James S. Coleman Memorial Lecture: Oral Tradition, Religious Syncretism and Politics: The Example of Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://www.international.ucla.edu/asc/article/120835 |language=en |access-date=2023-05-30 |archive-date=2023-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530033401/https://www.international.ucla.edu/asc/article/120835 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ↄdaa n’anwonsԑn nwoma a ԑdikan adi wↄ afe 1984 a ↄtoo no din Literite/Red Earth. Ↄde saa nwoma yi nyaa abasobↄdeԑ firii Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique<ref>{{Citation |title=Tadjo, Véronique 1955– {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/tadjo-veronique-1955 |access-date=2023-05-30}}</ref> Tadjo nwoma a ↄtwerԑeԑ no bi ne Dauters of Africa a Margaret Busby na ↄsaa mu maa no.<ref>{{Citation |title=‘New Daughters of Africa’ is a must read for aspiring young women writers |date=2020-07-05 |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/weekend/-new-daughters-of-africa-is-a-must-read-for-aspiring-young-women-writers-241888 |language=en |access-date=2023-05-30}}</ref> Afe 1998 mu no, na ↄka Rwanda Ecrire par devoir de memoire dwumadie no ho bi a na ԑyԑ ekuo a ԑyԑ L’Ombre d’Imana (2000) yii ne ti wↄ Rwanda saa berԑ no.<ref>{{Citation |last=N. Hitchcott |title=A Global African Commemoration - Rwanda: ecrire par devoir de memoire |date=2008-07-16 |url=https://academic.oup.com/fmls/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/fmls/cqp003 |work=Forum for Modern Language Studies |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=151–161 |language=en |doi=10.1093/fmls/cqp003 |issn=0015-8518 |access-date=2023-05-30}}</ref> Mfeԑ kakraa bi a atwa mu, ↄdii nteteԑ dwumadie a ԑfa mmↄfra nwoma atwerԑ anim wↄ Mali, Benin, Chad, Haiti, Mauritius, French, Guiana, Burundi, Rwanda, The United States and South Africa. Afe 2006 mu no, na ↄka wiase nyinaa aterԑ dwumadie([https://web.archive.org/web/20230530010002/https://iwp.uiowa.edu/ International Writing Program]) a ԑkↄↄ no wↄ [https://uiowa.edu/ University of lowa] Tadjo atena Paris, Lagos, Mexico City, Nairobi and London. Afe 2007 akyi no na ↄte Johannesburg a na panin a French adesua ano wↄ University of the Witwatersrand.<ref>{{Citation |title=Veronique Tadjo - Wits University (Staff Profile) |date=2015-03-24 |url=http://www.wits.ac.za/staff/veronique.tadjo |access-date=2023-05-30 |archive-date=2015-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324001416/http://www.wits.ac.za/staff/veronique.tadjo |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=.::. UCLA Global .::. |url=https://www.international.ucla.edu/calendar/showevent.asp?eventid=8733 |access-date=2023-05-30 |archive-date=2023-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530034544/https://www.international.ucla.edu/calendar/showevent.asp?eventid=8733 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == '''Abasobↄdeԑ''' == Tadjo nyaa atwerԑ abasobↄdeԑ wↄ [[:fr:Agence_de_coopération_culturelle_et_technique|L’Agence de Coopreation Culturelle et Technique]] wↄ afe 1983 ne UNICEF abasobↄdeԑ no wↄ afe 1993 wↄ ne Mamy Wata ne Monster a na ԑno nso wyi kaa ↄha a adi mu wↄ abibire mu ne 20^th Century mu no ho<ref>{{Citation |title=One Hundred Books from Africa; African Writing Online [many literatures, one voice]; |url=http://www.african-writing.com/seven/100booksfromafricalist.htm |access-date=2023-05-30 |archive-date=2023-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530034553/http://www.african-writing.com/seven/100booksfromafricalist.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Afe 2005 mu no, ↄnyaa abasobdeԑ kԑseԑ a ԑyԑ Grand Prix [[:fr:Grand_prix_littéraire_d'Afrique_noire|litteraire d’Afrique]] noire ԑna afe 2016 no, Bernard Dadie national grand prize for literature. Ne nwoma In the company of men no nso nyaa abasobↄdeԑ wↄ [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times_Book_Prize|Los Angeles Times Book Award.]] == '''Nwuma''' == '''Anwomsԑm nwoma''' * ''Latérite'' ([[:en:Hatier|Éditions Hatier]] "Monde noir Poche", 1984). Bi-lingual edition, ''Red Earth – Latérite''; translated by Peter S. Thompson (Washington University Press, 2006) * ''A vol d'oiseau'' (Éditions Harmattan; 1986); translated by [[:en:Wangui_wa_Goro|Wangui wa Goro]] with the title ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=As_The_Crow_Flies_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1 As The Crow Flies]'' (Heinemann [[:en:Heinemann_African_Writers_Series|African Writers Series]], 2001) * ''A mi-chemin'' (Éditions Harmattan, 2000) '''Ayԑsԑm nwoma''' * ''Le Royaume aveugle'' (Éditions Harmattan, 1991); translated by [[:en:Janis_Mayes|Janis Mayes]] as ''The Blind Kingdom'' (Ayebia Clarke Publishing, 2008) * ''Champs de bataille et d'amour'' (Éditions Présence Africaine; Les Nouvelles Éditions Ivoiriennes, 1999) * ''L'ombre d'Imana: Voyages jusqu'au bout du Rwanda'', Actes Sud, 2000); translated by Veronique Wakerley as ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Shadow_of_Imana:_Travels_in_the_Heart_of_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1 The Shadow of Imana: Travels in the Heart of Rwanda]'' (Heinemann AWS, 2002) * ''Reine Pokou'' (Actes Sud, 2005); translated by Amy B. Reid as ''Queen Pokou'' (Ayebia Clarke Publishing, 2009) * ''Loin de mon père'' (Actes Sud, 2010); translated by Amy B. Reid as ''Far from My Father'' (University of Virginia Press/CARAF, 2014) * ''In the Company of Men'' (Other Press, 2021, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources?isbn=978-1-63542-095-1 ISBN 978-1-63542-095-1]) '''Mmↄfra Nwoma''' * ''La Chanson de la vie'' (1990) * ''Lord of the Dance: An African Retelling'' (''Le Seigneur de la Danse''; Nouvelles Editions Ivoiriennes, 1993; 1988) * ''Grandma Nana'' (''Grand-Mère Nanan''; Nouvelles Editions Ivoiriennes, 1996; 2000) * ''Masque, raconte-moi'' (Nouvelles Editions Ivoiriennes) * ''Si j´étais roi, si j´étais reine'' (Nouvelles Editions Ivoiriennes); translated by the author as ''If I Were a King, If I Were a Queen'' (London: Milet Publishing, 2002) * ''Mamy Wata et le Monstre'' (''Mamy Wata and the Monster'') (Nouvelles Editions Ivoiriennes, 1993; Prix UNICEF, 1993; bi-lingual edition London: Milet Publishing, 2000) * ''Le Grain de Maïs Magique'' (Nouvelles Editions Ivoiriennes, 1996) * ''Le Bel Oiseau et la Pluie'' (Nouvelles Editions Ivoiriennes, 1998) * ''Nelson Mandela: "Non à L'Apartheid"'' (Actes Sud Junior, 2010) * ''Ayanda, la petite fille qui ne voulait pas grandir'' (Actes Sud Junior, 2007; Nouvelles Editions Ivoiriennes/CEDA) == '''Beaeɛ a menyaa mmoa''' == [[Nkyekyεmu:AfroCuration 2023]] [[Category:Ivorian illustrators]] [[Category:International Writing Program alumni]] [[Category:Ivorian women children's writers]] [[Category:Ivorian women illustrators]] [[Category:Ivorian women novelists]] [[Category:Ivorian women poets]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Abidjan]] [[Category:University of Paris alumni]] ar3mov00u068jcw97b3ei85mppajr7n 0 16431 200253 177559 2026-06-25T02:41:22Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 200253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Trichilia martineaui''' yɛ dua bi a ne din de dicotyledonous a Aubrev kaa ho asɛm. & Pellegr. Trichilia martineaui ka Trichilia ne abusua Meliaceae ho . Wɔankyerɛw ɔbosom biara wɔ Catalogue of Life mu.<ref>{{Citation |last= |title=player_list |date= |url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/16836403}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=player_list |date= |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.p00391514?searchUri=filter=name&so=ps_group_by_genus_species+asc&Query=Trichilia+martineaui |language=en |doi= |access-date=2024-02-21}}</ref> == Nkyerɛkyerɛmu == Trichilia martineaui (a wɔsan frɛ no White Cedar, wɔ din afoforo pii a wɔtaa de frɛ no) yɛ dua a ɛso yɛ frɔmfrɔm a ne tenten yɛ mita 25, na ne ntini tenten yɛ sɛntimita 70. Ɛwɔ [[Amerika]] Mfinimfini ne Anafo fam, na ɛwɔ kwae a ɛwɔ asase ase a nsu wɔ hɔ no mu.<ref name=":0" /> == Sɛnea wɔde di dwuma ne mfaso ahorow == Trichilia martineaui yɛ nnua a ɛyɛ fɛ wɔ turo mu, na ɛsan yɛ dua a ɛbɔ ban. Bio nso, ɛyɛ ade titiriw wɔ atetesɛm mu aduruyɛ mu, wɔde di dwuma de tew [[atiridii]], ɛkuru, ne honam mu yare ahorow so.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Plants » Selina Wamucii |url=https://www.selinawamucii.com/plants/meliaceae/trichilia-martineaui/ |language=en-US |access-date=2024-02-21 |archive-date=2024-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221202755/https://www.selinawamucii.com/plants/meliaceae/trichilia-martineaui/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Baabi a wubenya Trichilia martineaui == Trichilia martineaui fi [[Amerika]] Anafo fam, Amerika Mfinimfini fam, ne Caribbean mmeae a osu tɔ no.<ref>{{Citation |title=Plants » Selina Wamucii |url=https://www.selinawamucii.com/plants/meliaceae/trichilia-martineaui/ |language=en-US |access-date=2024-02-21 |archive-date=2024-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221202755/https://www.selinawamucii.com/plants/meliaceae/trichilia-martineaui/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Beaɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == g51y6rzgbkpax9bst9aa2gwhkv0ivvt 0 16622 200256 199173 2026-06-25T02:58:05Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 200256 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Temperature_Bar_Chart_Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|Mfonini a ɛkyerɛ ɔhyew nsakrae wɔ Afrika wɔ 1901 ne 2021 ntam, a kɔla kɔkɔɔ yɛ hyew na bruu yɛ nwini sen sɛnea wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ (wɔfa ɔhyew a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ 1971–2000 mu sɛ ade a wɔde hwɛ nsakrae yi).]] Wim nsakrae a ɛwɔ Afrika no yɛ asiane a emu yɛ den kɛse efisɛ Afrika ka nsasepɔn a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ wim nsakrae nkɛntɛnso ho no ho.<ref>{{cite book|author=Schneider, S. H.|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch19s19-3-3.html|title=Chapter 19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change|publisher=Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-88010-7|editor=Parry, M. L.|series=Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|location=Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK|contribution=19.3.3 Regional vulnerabilities|display-authors=etal|access-date=2011-09-15|display-editors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312104158/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch19s19-3-3.html|archive-date=2013-03-12|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Niang-20142">Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability''. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V. R.; C. B. Field; D. J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf</ref><ref name="Kendon-20192">{{Cite journal|last1=Kendon|first1=Elizabeth J.|last2=Stratton|first2=Rachel A.|last3=Tucker|first3=Simon|last4=Marsham|first4=John H.|last5=Berthou|first5=Ségolène|last6=Rowell|first6=David P.|last7=Senior|first7=Catherine A.|date=2019|title=Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1794|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9|pmc=6478940|pmid=31015416|bibcode=2019NatCo..10.1794K}}</ref> Nsɛm bi mpo bu Afrika sɛ "asasepɔn a ɛyɛ mmerɛw sen biara wɔ Asase so".<ref name="Weather Channel-2022">{{Cite web|title=More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says {{!}} The Weather Channel – Articles from The Weather Channel {{!}} weather.com|url=https://weather.com/news/climate/news/2019-06-18-africa-extreme-weather-drought-flood|access-date=2022-07-01|website=The Weather Channel|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=United Nations|first=UNEP|date=2017|title=Responding to climate change|url=http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change|access-date=2022-07-01|website=UNEP – UN Environment Programme|language=en}}</ref> Ɛda adi sɛ wim nsakrae ne wim nsakrae bɛtew kuayɛ mu nneɛma a wɔyɛ, aduan a wobenya ne nsu a wobenya so<ref name="IPCC_4th_assessment_e">{{cite book|author=Boko, M.|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch9s9-es.html|title=Chapter 9: Africa|publisher=Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-88010-7|editor1=Parry, M. L.|series=Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|location=Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK|contribution=Executive summary|access-date=2011-09-15|display-editors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108085734/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch9s9-es.html|archive-date=8 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ne saa nti, nsunsuanso bɔne bɛba nkurɔfo asetra ne nkɔso a ɛtra hɔ daa so wɔ Afrika<ref name="Niang-20142"/> Wɔ mfe du du a ɛreba no mu no, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae betumi ayɛ hyew wɔ Asase no ani nyinaa, na osu a ɛtɔ wɔ wiase nyinaa no bɛkɔ soro<ref name="Global Warming of 1.5 °C —2">{{Cite web|last=IPCC|date=2018|title=Global Warming of 1.5°C: an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/|access-date=2020-02-16|website=IPCC}}</ref> Mprempren, sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, Afrika rehyew ntɛmntɛm sen wiase aman a aka no. Ebia asasepɔn no afa akɛse bɛyɛ nea wontumi ntena ase esiane nkɛntɛnso a wim nsakrae de ba ntɛmntɛm nti, na ebenya nkɛntɛnso bɔne wɔ nnipa akwahosan, aduan a wobenya, ne ohia so.<ref>{{Cite book|last=European Investment Bank|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/sustainability-report-2021|title=EIB Group Sustainability Report 2021|date=6 July 2022|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-5237-5|language=EN}}</ref><ref name="public.wmo.int2">{{Cite web|date=18 October 2021|title=Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa|url=https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-triggers-mounting-food-insecurity-poverty-and-displacement-africa|access-date=2022-07-26|website=public.wmo.int|language=en|archive-date=2023-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218160445/https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-triggers-mounting-food-insecurity-poverty-and-displacement-africa|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="un.org2">{{Cite web|date=7 December 2018|title=Global warming: severe consequences for Africa|url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2018-march-2019/global-warming-severe-consequences-africa|access-date=2022-07-26|website=Africa Renewal|language=en}}</ref> Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ nkɛntɛnso a osu tɔ wɔ mmeae a osu tɔ wɔ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse wɔ mpɔtam hɔ no bɛsakra kɛse wɔ mmeae ahorow. Mpɛn pii no, nsakrae a ɛbɛkɔ so wɔ beae biako biara no nyɛ nea wontumi nsi pi kɛse. Mpɛn pii no, ɔhyew a wɔahu wɔ asase ani no akɔ soro bɛyɛ 1&nbsp;°C wɔ Afrika fi afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei kosi afeha a ɛto so 21 mfiase.<ref name="IRD-2017">{{Cite book|title=Rural societies in the face of climatic and environmental changes in West Africa|date=2017|publisher=IRD éditions|id=Impr. Jouve|isbn=978-2-7099-2424-5|location=Marseille|oclc=1034784045}}</ref> Wɔ Sahel no, nkɔanim no akɔ soro akodu 3&nbsp;°C ama ɔhyew a ɛba fam koraa wɔ ɔpɛ bere awiei.<ref name="IRD-2017" /> Nsɛm a ɛfa ɔhyew ne osutɔ ho kyerɛ sɛ ɛne nea wɔtaa tɔ no nhyia, wɔ bere ne beae a wɔyɛ no nyinaa mu.<ref name="Niang-20142"/><ref name="Collins-2011">{{cite journal|last1=Collins|first1=Jennifer M.|title=Temperature Variability over Africa|journal=Journal of Climate|date=15 July 2011|volume=24|issue=14|pages=3649–3666|doi=10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1|bibcode=2011JCli...24.3649C|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Conway-2009">{{cite journal|last1=Conway|first1=Declan|last2=Persechino|first2=Aurelie|last3=Ardoin-Bardin|first3=Sandra|last4=Hamandawana|first4=Hamisai|last5=Dieulin|first5=Claudine|last6=Mahé|first6=Gil|title=Rainfall and Water Resources Variability in Sub-Saharan Africa during the Twentieth Century|journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology|date=February 2009|volume=10|issue=1|pages=41–59|doi=10.1175/2008JHM1004.1|bibcode=2009JHyMe..10...41C|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sɛ nhwɛso no, Kenya wɔ baabi a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ nkɛntɛnso a wim nsakrae de ba no ho. Wim tebea mu asiane atitiriw no bi ne ɔpɛ ne nsuyiri efisɛ ɛda adi sɛ osu bɛtɔ kɛse na wontumi nhyɛ nkɔm. Wim tebea ho nhwɛso ahorow kyerɛ sɛ ɔhyew bɛkɔ soro 0.5 kosi 2&nbsp;°C.<ref name="World_Bank2">{{cite web|author=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal|title=Kenya (Vulnerability)|url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/kenya/vulnerability|access-date=2021-01-28|archive-date=2023-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001012517/https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/kenya/vulnerability|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wɔ Nairobi nkurow akɛse mu atrae a ɛnyɛ ɔkwan biara so no, nkurow akɛse mu ɔhyew supɔw so nkɛntɛnso no de ɔhaw no ka ho bere a ɛma ɛhɔ yɛ hyew kɛse mpo no. Eyi fi nneɛma a wɔde si afie, mframa a enni hɔ, mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ frɔmfrɔm a enni hɔ, ne anyinam ahoɔden ne nnwuma afoforo a wontumi nnya no yiye.<ref name="Hirch_2017">{{cite web|last=Hirch|first=Aurther|date=November 2017|title=Effects of climate change likely to be more deadly in poor African settlements|url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/11/06/deadly-climate-change-disproportionately-affects-africa/}}</ref> Afrika Aman Nkabom Kuo no de botaeɛ 47 ne nneyɛeɛ a ɛne no hyia ato hɔ wɔ afe 2014 amanneɛbɔ nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde bɛko atia wim nsakraeɛ wɔ Afrika na wɔabrɛ ase no mu.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/au/cap_draft_auclimatestrategy_2015.pdf|title=AFRICAN STRATEGY ON CLIMATE CHANGE|publisher=African Union|year=2014}}</ref> [[:en:International Monetary Fund|The International Monetary Fund]] no hyɛɛ nyansa wɔ afe 2021 mu sɛ ebia ɛho behia dɔla ɔpepepem 50 na wɔde atua ka a wɔbɔ wɔ wim nsakrae a wɔbɛsakra ho wɔ Afrika no ho.<ref>{{Cite book|last=European Investment Bank|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/finance-in-africa-navigating-the-financial-landscape-in-turbulent-times|title=Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times|date=2022-10-19|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-5382-2|language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2021|url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2021-Report.pdf|website=UN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=United Nations|title=Population growth, environmental degradation and climate change|url=https://www.un.org/en/desa/population-growth-environmental-degradation-and-climate-change|access-date=2022-10-28|website=United Nations|language=en}}</ref>{{Reflist|group=T1}} == Mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a wɔtow gu == Africa’s per person greenhouse gas emissions no sua sɛ wɔde toto nsasepɔn afoforo ho a<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fact sheet - Africa|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/outreach/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FactSheet_Africa.pdf}}</ref> Wɔntumi nsi mframa bɔne a efi nsakrae a ɛba wɔ asase a wɔde di dwuma mu mu ba, titiriw wɔ Afrika Mfinimfini fam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Mostefaoui|first1=Mounia|last2=Ciais|first2=Philippe|last3=McGrath|first3=Matthew J.|last4=Peylin|first4=Philippe|last5=Patra|first5=Prabir K.|last6=Ernst|first6=Yolandi|date=2024-01-11|title=Greenhouse gas emissions and their trends over the last 3 decades across Africa|url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/245/2024/|journal=Earth System Science Data|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=245–275|doi=10.5194/essd-16-245-2024|doi-access=free|bibcode=2024ESSD...16..245M|issn=1866-3516}}</ref> Ade titiriw a ɛde adwenem naayɛ ba no fi carbon dioxide a ɛsen wɔ LULUCF adwumayɛbea no mu (saa asɛmfua tiawa yi gyina hɔ ma asase a wɔde di dwuma, nsakrae a ɛba wɔ asase a wɔde di dwuma mu, ne kwae) .<ref name=":0" /> == Nkɛntɛnso ahorow == [[File:Dar_es_Salaam_(Aerial).jpg|thumb|Tanzania ahenkurow Dar es Salaam a wɔde wim hwɛ]] [[File:Abidjan_des_Lagune.jpg|thumb|450x450px| Abidjan, Ivory Coast sikasɛm mu tumi kɛse no]] === Ɔhyew ne wim tebea a ɛsakra  === Mpɛn pii no, asase ani hyew a wɔahu no akɔ soro wɔ Afrika so fi afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei kosi afeha a ɛto so 21 mfiase bɛyɛ 1&nbsp;°C, nanso wɔ mpɔtam hɔ no, ɛkɔ soro kodu 3&nbsp;°C ma ɔhyew a ɛba fam koraa wɔ Sahel wɔ ɔpɛ bere awiei.<ref name="IRD-2017" /> Osutɔ a wɔahu no kyerɛ sɛ nsonsonoe wɔ beae ne bere mu sɛnea wɔhwɛɛ kwan no.<ref name="Collins-2011" /><ref name="Niang-20142"/> Nsakrae a wɔahu wɔ ɔhyew ne osutɔ mu no gu ahorow wɔ ɔmantam biara mu<ref name="Niang-20142" /><ref name="Collins-2011" /> Mprempren wim tebea ho nhwɛso ahorow (sɛnea wɔabobɔ so wɔ IPCC Nhwehwɛmu Amanneɛbɔ a Ɛto so Nsia no mu) kyerɛ sɛ ɔpɛ ne osu kɛse a ɛtɔ mpɛn pii ne sɛnea emu yɛ den no bɛkɔ soro.<ref name="Armstrong-2022">{{Cite journal|last1=Armstrong|first1=Andrew|last2=Dyer|first2=Ellen|last3=Koehler|first3=Johanna|last4=Hope|first4=Rob|date=2022|title=Intra-seasonal rainfall and piped water revenue variability in rural Africa|journal=Global Environmental Change|language=en|volume=76|pages=102592|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|doi-access=free|bibcode=2022GEC....7602592A}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Wɔhyɛ nkɔm nso sɛ ɛkame ayɛ sɛ osutɔ a ɛkɔ fam wɔ Afrika baabiara, a ahotoso a ɛwɔ mfinimfini kosi kɛse wom. Nanso, ɛda adi sɛ osu a ɛtɔ wɔ mpɔtam hɔ ne asetra ne wim tebea mu nkitahodi bɛda adi wɔ akwan horow a adi afra so. Enti, nkɛntɛnso a wim nsakrae de ba a ɛka bom no bɛyɛ soronko wɔ asasepɔn no so. Wɔ nkuraase no, sɛnea osu tɔ no nya nsu a wɔde di dwuma no so nkɛntɛnso<ref name="Armstrong-2022" /> Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 2019 mu kyerɛe sɛ ɔpɛ bere tenten bɛkɔ soro wɔ osutɔ bere mu na osu a ɛtɔ kɛse no akɔ soro wɔ Afrika.<ref name="Kendon-20192"/> Ɔkwan foforo so no: "Afrika wim tebea a ɛtra so no awiei abien no nyinaa bɛyɛ kɛse".<ref name="Weather Channel-2022" /> Nhwehwɛmu no hunuu sɛ wim tebea ho nhwɛsoɔ dodoɔ no ara rentumi nkyere nsakraeɛ yi kodu ɛfiri sɛ ɛnyɛ convection-permitting wɔ wɔn coarse grid scales no so<ref name="Kendon-20192"/> == Po mu nsu a ɛkɔ soro == Wɔ Afrika no, nnipa dodow a ɛbɛkɔ soro daakye no ma asiane ahorow a efi po mu nsu a ɛkɔ soro mu ba no yɛ kɛse. Nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepem 54.2 na wɔtenaa mpoano mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ toro kɛse (LECZ) bɛyɛ afe 2000. Wɔ ɔkwan a etu mpɔn so no, dodow yi bɛboro nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepem 110 wɔ afe 2030. Edu afe 2060 no ɛbɛyɛ nnipa ɔpepem 185 kosi 230, a egyina nnipa dodow a wɔte so onyini. Sɛ wɔkyekyɛ mu a, ɔmantam no mu po mu nsuo a ɛbɛkɔ soro bɛyɛ sɛntimita 21 wɔ afe 2060. Saa berɛ no, wim nsakraeɛ tebea remma nsonsonoeɛ kɛseɛ biara mma. Nanso mpɔtam hɔ asase ho nsɛm ne nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ so di nkitaho ma asiane ahorow te sɛ mfe 100 nsuyiri a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu no yɛ kɛse wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ den so.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9">Trisos, C. H., I. O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N. P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 2043–2121 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011.</ref> ==== Nnipa dodow a wɔwɔ mmeae a nsuyiri ayiri mfe 100.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9" /><ref group="T1">In millions of people. The second and third columns include both the effects of population growth and the increased extent of floodplains by that point.</ref> ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ɔman !2000 !2030 !2060 !Nkɔso 2000–2060 |- ![[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] !7.4 !13.8 !20.7 !0.28 |- |[[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] |0.1 |0.3 |0.9 |0.84 |- |[[:en:Senegal|Senegal]] |0.4 |1.1 |2.7 |0.76 |- |[[:en:Benin|Benin]] |0.1 |0.6 |1.6 |1.12 |- |[[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] |0.2 |0.9 |4.3 |2.3 |- |[[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] |0.2 |0.6 |2.7 |1.7 |- |[[:en:Cote d'Ivoire|Cote d'Ivoire]] |0.1 |0.3 |0.7 |0.65 |- |[[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] |0.7 |1.4 |2.5 |0.36 |} Wɔ bere tiaa bi mu no, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ nnipa pii a wobetu afi wɔn afie mu no bi bɛba wɔ [[:en:East Africa|East Africa]] mantam. Anyɛ yiye koraa no, ɛda adi sɛ nnipa 750,000 a wɔwɔ hɔ no betu afi mpoano wɔ afe 2020 ne 2050 ntam. Nyansahu mu nhwehwɛmu bu akontaa sɛ Afrika nkuropɔn akɛse 12 bɛka abom anya ɔsɛe a wɔaboaboa ano a ɛyɛ U.S. dɔla ɔpepepem 65 ama wim nsakrae tebea "a ɛkɔ fam" [[:en:Representative Concentration Pathway|RCP4.5]] wɔ afe 2050 mu. Nkurow yi yɛ [[:en:Abidjan|Abidjan]], [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]], [[:en:Algiers|Algiers]], [[:en:Cape Town|Cape Town]], [[:en:Casablanca|Casablanca]], [[:en:Dakar|Dakar]], [[:en:Dar es Salaam|Dar es Salaam]], [[:en:Durban|Durban]], [[:en:Lagos|Lagos]], [[:en:Lomé|Lomé]], [[:en:Luanda|Luanda]] ne [[:en:Maputo|Maputo]]. Wɔ tebea a ɛma mframa bɔne pii gu RCP8.5 ase no, ɔsɛe no bɛyɛ U.S. dɔla ɔpepepem 86.5. Nsukyenee a ɛmma mframa bɔne pii no fa a ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso foforo a efi nsukyenee a entumi nnyina pintinn kɛse mu ba no bɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔsɛe nneɛma a ɛkɔ soro kodu U.S. dɔla ɔpepepem 137.5. Ɔsɛeɛ a ɛbɛfiri saa tebea mmiɛnsa yi mu a ɛde "nsɛm a ɛmma ɛnyɛ yie, a ɛsɛe ade kɛseɛ" bɛka ho no bɛkɔ soro akodu U.S. dɔla ɔpepepem 187, U.S. dɔla ɔpepepem 206 ne U.S. dɔla ɔpepepem 397.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9" /> Wɔ saa akontaabu ahorow yi mu no, Misrifo kurow Alexandria nkutoo na ɛyɛ akontaabu yi bɛyɛ fa.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9" /> Ebia nnipa ɔpehaha pii a wɔwɔ ne mmeae a ɛba fam no behia sɛ wotu kɔtra mmeae foforo dedaw wɔ mfe du a ɛreba no mu.<ref name="Michaelson-2018">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/aug/29/alexandria-little-venice-egypt-climate-change-frontline|title=Houses claimed by the canal: life on Egypt's climate change frontline|last=Michaelson|first=Ruth|date=25 August 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=30 August 2018}}</ref> Wɔ Afrika Sahara anafoɔ fam nyinaa, ɔsɛeɛ a ɛfiri po mu nsuo a ɛkɔ soro no bɛtumi adu GDP 2–4% wɔ afe 2050. Nanso saa akontabuo yi gyina baabi a daakye sikasɛm mu nkɔsoɔ ne nsakraeɛ bɛkɔ so<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9" /> Wɔ bere tenten mu no, ɛda adi sɛ Egypt, Mozambique ne Tanzania na nnipa dodow a nsuyiri a ɛba afe biara ka wɔn sen biara wɔ Afrika aman nyinaa mu. Saa nsusuwii yi fa no sɛ wiase nyinaa hyew bedu 4&nbsp;°C wɔ afeha no awiei. Saa nkɔanim no ne RCP8.5 tebea no wɔ abusuabɔ. Wɔ RCP8.5 ase no, na amammerɛ mmeae a ɛho hia 10 bɛkɔ asiane mu sɛ nsuyiri ne nsuo bɛtɔ wɔ afeha no awieeɛ. Eyinom ne Casbah a ɛwɔ Algiers, Carthage Fam Atutuw beae, Kerkouane, Leptis Magna Fam Atutuw beae, Medina a ɛwɔ Sousse, Medina a ɛwɔ Tunis, Sabratha Fam Atutuw beae, Robben Supɔw, Saint-Louis Supɔw ne Tipasa. Sɛ wɔka ne nyinaa bom a, Ramsar mmeae 15 ne abɔde mu agyapade afoforo behyia asiane a ɛte saa ara. Eyinom ne Bao Bolong Nsuten a Wɔkora So, Delta du Saloum Ɔman Mmoa Yɛmmea, Diawling Ɔman Mmoa Yɛmmea, Golfe de Boughrara, Kalissaye, Lagune de Ghar el Melh ne Delta de la Mejerda, Marromeu Mmoa a Wɔkora So, Parc Naturel des Mangroves du Fleuve Cacheu, Seal Ledges Mantam Abɔde Reserve, Sebkhet Halk Elmanzel ne Oued Essed, Sebkhet Soliman, Réserve Naturelle d’Intérêt Communautaire de la Somone, Songor Abɔde a Nkwa Wom Akorae, Tanbi Nsuo a Ɛyɛ Fɛ ne Watamu Po so Ɔman Mmoa Yɛmmea.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9" /> == Asetra ne sikasɛm mu nkɛntɛnso ahorow == Wim nsakrae bɛka Afrika kɛse esiane nneɛma pii nti. Wɔrete saa nsunsuanso ahorow yi nka dedaw na sɛ wɔanyɛ biribi mfa ntew mframa bɔne a wɔtow gu wiase nyinaa so a, ɛbɛkɔ soro kɛse. Nneɛma a ɛde ba no bi ne ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro, ɔpɛ, osutɔ a ɛsakra, ne wim tebea a ɛsakra kɛse. Saa tebea horow yi nya ahoɔden a wɔyɛ ne nea wɔde di dwuma so nkɛntɛnso. Ɔpɛ a esii nnansa yi wɔ Afrika aman pii mu a wɔde wim nsakrae wɔ abusuabɔ no kaa ahoɔden ahobammɔ ne sikasɛm mu nkɔso nyinaa wɔ asasepɔn no so nyinaa wɔ ɔkwan a enye so. Afrika bɛyɛ mmeae a wim nsakrae de nkɛntɛnso bɔne no aka wɔn kɛse no mu biako.<ref name=":0r">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf|title=Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.|year=2014}}</ref> Nneɛma a ɛma Afrika yɛ mmerɛw no gu ahorow na nea ɛka ho ne tumi a ɛba fam a ɛma wotumi sesa nneɛma, mfiridwuma ne nsɛm a ɛfa nsakrae a ɛboa ma wɔtrɛw mu yiye, ne ahotoso kɛse a wɔde to kuayɛ mu abɔde a nkwa wom so de nya asetrade<ref>{{Cite book|last=Welborn|first=Lily|title=Africa and climate change: Projecting vulnerability and adaptive capacity|publisher=Institute for Security Studies|year=2018}}</ref> Wɔabu aman pii a ɛwɔ Afrika nyinaa sɛ Aman a wonnyaa nkɔso pii (LDCs) a wɔn asetra ne sikasɛm tebea nye, na sɛnea ɛkyerɛ no, wohyia nsɛnnennen titiriw wɔ sɛnea wobedi wim nsakrae nkɛntɛnso ahorow ho dwuma no mu<ref>{{Cite book|last=UNDP/GEF|url=https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/publications/CCA-Africa-Final.pdf|title=Climate Change Adaptation in Africa UNDP: Synthesis of Experiences and Recommendations|publisher=UNDP/GEF|year=2018}}</ref> Asiane a ɛda adi pefee a wɔahu ama Afrika wɔ IPCC Nhwehwɛmu Amanneɛbɔ a Ɛto so Anum mu no fa abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom, nsuo a ɛwɔ hɔ, ne kuayɛ nhyehyɛeɛ ho, na ɛkyerɛ aduane a wɔbɛnya.<ref name=":0r" /> Wɔ afe 2022 mu no, nnipa bɛboro 6,000 a wofi Afrika aman du mu de wɔn ho hyɛɛ wim tebea ho nhwehwɛmu bi a Europa Sikakorabea no yɛe mu.<ref name="EIB-2022a">{{Cite web|title=2022-2023 EIB Climate Survey, part 1 of 2: 88% of respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life|url=https://www.eib.org/en/surveys/climate-survey/5th-climate-survey/africa.htm|access-date=2023-02-28|website=EIB.org|language=en}}</ref> Nhwehwɛmu no hui sɛ wɔn a wobisabisaa wɔn nsɛm no mu 88% kae sɛ wim nsakrae repira wɔn asetra, bere a wɔn a wobisabisaa wɔn nsɛm no mu 61% kae sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔsɛe no no aka wɔn sika a wonya anaa wɔn asetrade fibea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EIB Climate Survey: 88% of African respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life|url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2022-554-eib-climate-survey-88-of-african-respondents-believe-that-climate-change-is-already-affecting-their-everyday-life|access-date=2023-02-28|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref> Mpɛn pii no, ɔpɛ a emu yɛ den, po mu nsu a ɛkɔ soro anaa mpoano a ɛreworo so, anaa wim tebea a emu yɛ den te sɛ nsuyiri anaa ahum na ɛma nneɛma a wɔhwere yi ba.<ref name="EIB-2022a" /> Afrikafo a wobisabisaa wɔn nsɛm no mu bɛboro fa (57%) kae sɛ wɔn anaa nnipa a wonim wɔn no ayɛ nneɛma dedaw de ayɛ nsakrae wɔ nea wim nsakrae de ba no ho<ref name="EIB-2022a" />. Nneɛma a wɔayɛ yi bi ne sika a wɔde bɛto mfiri a wɔde sie nsuo mu de abrɛ ɔpɛ a ɛde ba no ase na wɔayi nsuo a ɛkɔ nsuo mu ansa na nsuyiri aba.<ref name="EIB-2022a" /> === Sikasɛm mu nkɛntɛnso ahorow === Sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, Afrika rehyew ntɛmntɛm sen wiase aman a aka no. Asasepɔn no afa akɛseɛ betumi ayɛ nea wontumi ntena mu ɛnam saa nti na Afrika ɔman no mu nneɛma nyinaa (GDP) betumi akɔ fam 2% esiane wiase hyew a ɛkɔ soro 1&nbsp;°C nti, ne 12% esiane 4&nbsp;°C nti ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro. Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ nnɔbae a wonya no so bɛtew kɛse esiane ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro nti na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ osu kɛse bɛtɔ mpɛn pii na atɔ denneennen wɔ Afrika nyinaa, na ama nsuyiri ho asiane no ayɛ kɛse.<ref name="EIB-2022b">{{Cite book|last=Bank|first=European Investment|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/sustainability-report-2021|title=EIB Group Sustainability Report 2021|date=2022-07-06|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-5237-5|language=EN}}</ref><ref name="WMO-2021">{{Cite web|date=2021-10-18|title=Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa|url=https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-triggers-mounting-food-insecurity-poverty-and-displacement-africa|access-date=2022-07-26|website=public.wmo.int|language=en|archive-date=2023-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218160445/https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-triggers-mounting-food-insecurity-poverty-and-displacement-africa|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Africa Renewal-2018">{{Cite web|date=2018-12-07|title=Global warming: severe consequences for Africa|url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2018-march-2019/global-warming-severe-consequences-africa|access-date=2022-07-26|website=Africa Renewal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-27|title=Climate Change Is an Increasing Threat to Africa|url=https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-is-an-increasing-threat-to-africa|access-date=2022-07-26|website=United Nations Climate Change News}}</ref>. Bio nso, Afrika hwere dɔla ɔpepepem 7 kosi dɔla ɔpepepem 15 afe biara esiane wim nsakrae nti, na wɔkyerɛ sɛ ebedu afe 2030 no, ebedu dɔla ɔpepepem 50.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Rathi|first1=Akshat|last2=Rao|first2=Mythili|date=2024-05-02|title=One Bank Is Turning Africa's Climate Vulnerability Into Opportunity|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-02/inside-the-bank-financing-africa-s-green-growth|access-date=2024-05-11|website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> ==== Kuadwuma ==== Kuadwuma yɛ ade titiriw wɔ Afrika, na ɛboa ma wonya asetrade ne sikasɛm wɔ asasepɔn no so nyinaa. Sɛ wɔkyekyɛ mu a, kuayɛ a ɛwɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo fam no boa 15% wɔ GDP nyinaa mu.<ref name="OECD/FAO">{{Cite book|last=OECD/FAO|url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5778e.pdf|title=OECD‑FAO Agricultural Outlook 2016‑2025|publisher=OECD Publishing|year=2016|isbn=978-92-64-25323-0|pages=59–61}}</ref> Afrika asase ho nsɛm ma ɛyɛ mmerɛw titiriw sɛ wim nsakrae betumi aba, na ɔmanfo no mu 70% de wɔn ho to kuayɛ a osu tɔ na ɛma wonya wɔn asetrade so.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Läderach|first1=Peter|last2=Martinez-Valle|first2=Armando|last3=Bourgoin|first3=Clement|last4=Parker|first4=Louis|date=27 March 2019|title=Vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climate change: The development of a pan-tropical Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment to inform sub-national decision making|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=14|issue=3|pages=e0213641|bibcode=2019PLoSO..1413641P|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0213641|pmc=6436735|pmid=30917146|doi-access=free}}</ref> Mfuw nketewa yɛ nsase a wɔyɛ so adwuma wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo fam no mu 80%.<ref name="OECD/FAO" /> IPCC wɔ afe 2007 mu no hyɛɛ nkɔm sɛ wim nsakraeɛ ne nsakraeɛ bɛma kuayɛ mu nnɔbaeɛ ne aduane a wɔbɛnya no ayɛ basaa kɛseɛ.<ref name="ar4 summary of regional impacts">{{cite book|title=Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|editor=Parry, M. L.|display-editors=et al.|chapter=Summary for Policymakers: C. Current knowledge about future impacts|chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html|access-date=13 December 2023|archive-date=2 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102223635/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wɔde "ahotoso a ɛkorɔn" maa saa projection yi. Nnuadewa nhyehyɛe, mmoa ne mpataayi bɛkɔ asiane kɛse mu sɛ mmoawa ne nyarewa bɛba esiane wim nsakrae a ɛbɛba daakye nti.<ref name="Dhanush">{{Cite journal|author1=Dhanush, D.|author2=Bett, B. K.|author3=Boone, R. B.|author4=Grace, D.|author5=Kinyangi, J.|author6=Lindahl, J. F.|author7=Mohan, C. V.|author8=Ramírez Villegas, J.|author9=Robinson, T. P.|author10=Rosenstock, T. S.|author11=Smith, J.|date=2015|title=Impact of climate change on African agriculture: focus on pests and diseases|url=https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/55241/retrieve|journal=CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)|access-date=2024-06-26|archive-date=2023-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716201342/https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/55241/retrieve|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nnuadewa mu mmoawa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae no yɛ bɛyɛ afuw mu nnɔbae a wɔhwere no nkyem 1/6 dedaw.<ref name="Dhanush" /> Wim nsakrae bɛma mmoawa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae ne nyarewa abu so ntɛmntɛm na ama nsɛm a enya nkɛntɛnso kɛse aba kɛse.<ref name="Dhanush" /> Nkɛntɛnso a wim nsakrae benya wɔ kuayɛ mu nneɛma a wɔyɛ so wɔ Afrika no benya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ aduan a wobenya ne asetrade so. Wɔ afe 2014 ne 2018 ntam no, Afrika na aduane a wonnya nni wɔ wiase nyinaa.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/|title=SOFI 2019 – The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|year=2021|isbn=978-92-5-134325-8|language=en|doi=10.4060/CB4474EN|access-date=|s2cid=241785130}}</ref> Ɛdefa kuayɛ nhyehyɛe ho no, ahotoso a wɔde to kuayɛ a osu tɔ na ɛma wonya asetrade so kɛse ne wim tebea ho kuayɛ ho nneyɛe a nyansa wom a wɔmfa nni dwuma pii no boa ma adwumayɛkuw no yɛ mmerɛw kɛse. Tebea no mu yɛ den esiane ahotoso a enni mu wɔ wim tebea ho nsɛm ne nsɛm a wobetumi anya de aboa nneyɛe a wɔde sakra nsakrae no nti.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dinku|first=Tufa|title=Overcoming challenges in the availability and use of climate data in Africa|url=https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e|website=ICT Update CTA|access-date=13 December 2023|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101070648/https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ɛda adi sɛ osutɔ nhyehyɛe mu ɔhaw a wɔahu na wɔahyɛ ho nkɔm esiane wim nsakrae nti no bɛma bere a wɔde nyin no ayɛ tiaa na aka nnɔbae a wonya wɔ Afrika mmeae pii. Bio nso, akuafo nkumaa a wonni mfiridwuma ne nneɛma a wɔde bɛyɛ nsakrae pii na wodi kuayɛ adwuma a ɛwɔ Afrika no so.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Supporting Sub-Saharan Africa's Farmers – Bayer – Crop Science|url=https://www.cropscience.bayer.com:443/en/stories/2018/supporting-sub-saharan-africas-farmers-closing-the-gap|access-date=2019-08-15|website=www.cropscience.bayer.com}}</ref> Wim nsakrae ne nsakrae ayɛ nea ɛde nsakrae ba wiase nyinaa aduan a wɔyɛ mu wɔ aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso a nneɛma a wɔyɛ no gyina osu so kɛse no mu na ɛda so ara yɛ saa.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Thornton|first1=Philip K|last2=Ericksen|first2=Polly J|last3=Herrero|first3=Mario|last4=Challinor|first4=Andrew J|title=Climate variability and vulnerability to climate change: a review|journal=Global Change Biology|date=November 2014|volume=20|issue=11|pages=3313–3328|doi=10.1111/gcb.12581|bibcode=2014GCBio..20.3313T|pmc=4258067|pmid=24668802}}</ref> Kuadwuma adwuma no te nka wɔ wim tebea mu nsakrae ho,<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Geoffrey|last1=Sabiiti|first2=Joseph Mwalichi|last2=Ininda|first3=Laban|last3=Ogallo|first4=Franklin|last4=Opijah|first5=Alex|last5=Nimusiima|first6=George|last6=Otieno|first7=Saul Daniel|last7=Ddumba|first8=Jamiat|last8=Nanteza|first9=Charles|last9=Basalirwa|author-link3=Ogallo Laban|title=Nanteza and C. Basalirwa. 2016. Empirical relationship between banana yields and climate variability over Uganda|journal=Journal of Environmental & Agricultural Sciences|volume=7|date=2016|pages=3–13|url=https://jeas.agropublishers.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/JEAS-7-1.pdf}}</ref> titiriw no nsakrae a ɛba afe biara ntam wɔ osutɔ, ɔhyew nhyehyɛe, ne wim tebea a emu yɛ den (ɔpɛ ne nsuyiri) mu. Wɔahyɛ nkɔm sɛ wim tebea yi bɛkɔ soro daakye na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɛde nsunsuanso kɛse bɛba kuayɛ adwuma no so.<ref name="Sabiiti et al 2018 Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change">{{cite book|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-64599-5_10|chapter=Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Suitability of Banana Crop Production to Future Climate Change over Uganda|title=Limits to Climate Change Adaptation|series=Climate Change Management|date=2018|last1=Sabiiti|first1=Geoffrey|last2=Ininda|first2=Joseph Mwalichi|last3=Ogallo|first3=Laban Ayieko|last4=Ouma|first4=Jully|last5=Artan|first5=Guleid|last6=Basalirwa|first6=Charles|last7=Opijah|first7=Franklin|last8=Nimusiima|first8=Alex|last9=Ddumba|first9=Saul Daniel|last10=Mwesigwa|first10=Jasper Batureine|last11=Otieno|first11=George|last12=Nanteza|first12=Jamiat|pages=175–190|isbn=978-3-319-64598-8}}</ref> Na eyi benya nnuan bo, aduan a wobenya, ne asase a wɔde bedi dwuma ho gyinaesi ahorow so nkɛntɛnso bɔne.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A1 – 1 Sustainability, food security and climate change: three intertwined challenges {{!}} Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook {{!}} Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/concept/module-a1-introducing-csa/chapter-a1-1/en/|access-date=2019-08-15|website=www.fao.org|archive-date=2019-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601030918/http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/concept/module-a1-introducing-csa/chapter-a1-1/en|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wobetumi atew nnɔbae a efi kuayɛ a osu tɔ so wɔ Afrika aman bi mu no so akodu 50% wɔ afe 2020 mu.<ref name="Sabiiti et al 2018 Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change" /> Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔasiw nkɛntɛnso bɔne a wim nsakrae benya daakye wɔ aduan a wɔyɛ so no ano no, ɛho hia sɛ wɔyɛ nsakrae anaasɛ wɔhyɛ nhyehyɛe ahorow a ebetumi aba a wɔde begyina wim nsakrae a ɛrekɔ soro no ano ho nyansa. Ɛsɛ sɛ Afrika aman kyekye ɔman mmara nhyehyɛe a wɔde bedi aduan ho dwuma sɛnea wim tebea mu nsakrae a wɔhwɛ kwan no te. Nanso, ansa na wbhy nhyehye bi a wde bgyina wim nsakrae a wde bhy mu no ano, titiriw w kuadwuma mu no, s s wnya ntease a emu da h w sde wim nsakrae ka nnuan nnɔbae ahorow ho. Eyi ho hia titiriw wɔ afe 2020 mu esiane Mmoadabi ntua a emu yɛ den a ɛka kuayɛ wɔ Afrika apuei fam wɔ ɔkwan a enye so nti.<ref name="Rosane-2020">{{cite news|last1=Rosane|first1=Olivia|date=27 January 2020|title=Worst Locust Swarm to Hit East Africa in Decades Linked to Climate Crisis|agency=Ecowatch|url=https://www.ecowatch.com/locust-swarm-east-africa-2644928358.html|access-date=6 February 2020}}</ref> Wɔkaa ntua no fa bi fi wim nsakrae – ɔhyew a ɛyɛ hyew ne osu a ɛtɔ kɛse a ɛmaa mmoadabi dodow kɔɔ soro wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ so.<ref name="Rosane-2020" /> Wɔ Afrika Apuei fam no, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae bɛma ɔpɛ ne nsuyiri a ɛtaa ba na emu yɛ den no mu ayɛ den, na ebetumi anya kuayɛ adwuma no so nkɛntɛnso bɔne. Wim nsakrae benya nkɛntɛnso ahorow wɔ kuayɛ mu nneɛma a wɔyɛ wɔ Afrika Apuei fam no so. Nhwehwɛmu a efi Amanaman Ntam Aduan Ho Nhyehyɛe Nhwehwɛmu Asoɛe (IFPRI) mu kyerɛ sɛ atoko nnɔbae a ɛkɔ soro wɔ Afrika Apuei Fam dodow no ara mu, nanso aba a wɔhwere wɔ Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Tanzania ne Uganda atifi fam mmeae bi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013|title=East African agriculture and climate change: A comprehensive analysis|url=http://www.ifpri.org/publication/east-african-agriculture-and-climate-change-comprehensive-analysis|access-date=21 September 2019|website=[[International Food Policy Research Institute]] (IFPRI)|language=en}}</ref> Wɔhwɛ kwan nso sɛ wim nsakrae ho nkɔmhyɛ ahorow bɛtew tumi a asase a wɔyɛ so adwuma no wɔ sɛ ɛbɛma nnɔbae a ɛdɔɔso na ɛyɛ papa no so<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/09/11/000158349_20080911163038/Rendered/PDF/WPS4717.pdf|title=How Will Climate Change Shift Agro-Ecological Zones And Impact African Agriculture?|author1=Kurukulasuriya, P.|author2=Mendelsohn, R.|date=25 September 2008|publisher=The World Bank|series=Policy Research Working Papers|doi=10.1596/1813-9450-4717|hdl=10986/6994|s2cid=129416028}}</ref> Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae a ɛwɔ Kenya no benya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ kuayɛ adwuma a osu na ɛtɔ titiriw na enti ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse sɛ nsakrae a ɛba ɔhyew ne osutɔ mu, ne wim tebea a emu yɛ den mu.<ref name="NCCAP-2018">{{Cite web|last=Ministry of Environment and Forestry|title=National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2018–2022. Volume I|url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/NCCAP-2018-2022-v2.pdf|access-date=13 December 2023|archive-date=2 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402131336/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/NCCAP-2018-2022-v2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ɛda adi sɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ no bɛda adi titire wɔ nsase a ɛso yɛ kusuu ne asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu fa (ASALs) a mmoayɛn ne sikasɛm ne asetena mu adwuma titire no. Wɔ ASALs mu no, mmoa a wowuwu bɛboro 70% fi ɔpɛ.<ref name="NCCAP-2018" /> Wɔ mfeɛ 10 a ɛreba no mu no, [bere bɛn?] ASAL anantwi dodoɔ no mu 52% wɔ asiane mu sɛ wɔbɛhwere ɛnam ɔhyeɛ a ɛyɛ den kɛseɛ nti.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kenya Markets Trust|date=2019|title=Contextualising Pathways to Resilience in Kenya's ASALs under the Big Four Agenda|url=https://www.kenyamarkets.org/contextualising-pathways-to-resilience-in-kenyas-asals-under-the-big-four-agenda/|access-date=13 December 2023|archive-date=16 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216210136/https://www.kenyamarkets.org/contextualising-pathways-to-resilience-in-kenyas-asals-under-the-big-four-agenda/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wim nsakrae bɛma kuayɛ adwuma no mmerɛwyɛ ayɛ kɛse wɔ Afrika Kesee Fam aman dodow no ara a wɔabara dedaw esiane nnwuma a ɛnyɛ papa ne mfiridwuma mu nneɛma a wɔde ba ne nneɛma foforo a wɔyɛ mu a wɔakyɛ nti.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fact sheet|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2016%20CRM%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Southern%20Africa.pdf|access-date=12 July 2020|website=www.climatelinks.org|archive-date=28 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728201021/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2016%20CRM%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Southern%20Africa.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ atoko yɛ asase a wɔyɛ so adwuma wɔ Afrika Kesee Fam no fa, na wɔ wim nsakrae a ɛbɛba daakye ase no, nnɔbae betumi so atew 30%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview [in Southern African Agriculture and Climate Change]|url=http://www.ifpri.org/publication/overview-southern-african-agriculture-and-climate-change|access-date=8 August 2019|website=www.ifpri.org}}</ref> Ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro nso hyɛ nwura ne mmoawa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae a ɛtrɛw kɛse ho nkuran.<ref>http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/127787/filename/127998.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> Wim nsakrae bɛka kuayɛ kɛse wɔ Afrika Atɔe fam denam nsakrae a ɛbɛkɔ soro wɔ aduan a wɔyɛ, nea wonya ne nea wonya mu no so.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Molly E.|last2=Hintermann|first2=B.|last3=Higgins|first3=N.|date=January 2009|title=Markets, Climate Change and Food Security in West Africa|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20090027893.pdf|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=43|issue=21|pages=8016–8020|bibcode=2009EnST...43.8016B|doi=10.1021/es901162d|pmid=19924916|hdl=2060/20090027893|s2cid=9412710}}</ref> Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ osu a ɛtɔ kɛse, ɔpɛ bere tenten ne ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro no bɛka cassava, atoko ne bankye a wɔyɛ wɔ Afrika Mfinimfini fam no wɔ ɔkwan a enye so.<ref name="Climatelinks-2020">{{Cite web|title=Climate Risks in the Central Africa Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE) and Congo Basin|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/file/4614/download?token=rlgPz1eX|website=Climatelinks|access-date=13 December 2023|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728153008/https://www.climatelinks.org/file/4614/download?token=rlgPz1eX|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ nsuyiri ne nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam no bɛsɛe akwantu nhyehyɛe a anohyeto wom dedaw wɔ ɔmantam no mu a ɛbɛma wɔahwere nneɛma wɔ otwa akyi.<ref name="Climatelinks-2020" /> Sikasɛm mu nnɔbae te sɛ kɔfe ne kokoo a wɔde kɔ amannɔne no renya nkɔanim wɔ ɔmantam no mu nanso saa nnɔbae yi yɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ wim nsakrae ho<ref name="Climatelinks-2020" /> Ntawntawdi ne amammui mu a entumi nnyina no anya nkɛntɛnso wɔ kuayɛ mmoa a wɔde ma wɔ ɔmantam no GDP mu no so na wim tebea mu asiane ahorow bɛma saa nkɛntɛnso yi ayɛ kɛse.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013|title=Agriculture in Africa|url=https://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/pubs/2013africanagricultures.pdf|website=United Nations}}</ref> Afrika ɔman no mu nneɛma nyinaa (GDP) betumi akɔ fam 2% esiane wiase hyew a ɛkɔ soro 1&nbsp;°C nti, ne 12% esiane ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro 4&nbsp;°C nti. Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ nnɔbae a wonya no so bɛtew kɛse esiane ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro ne ɔpɛ a ebetumi aba wɔ asasepɔn no so nyinaa a ɛbɛkɔ soro nti. Bio nso, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ osu kɛse bɛtɔ mpɛn pii na atɔ kɛse wɔ Afrika nyinaa, na ama nsuyiri ho asiane ayɛ kɛse..<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bank|first=European Investment|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/sustainability-report-2021|title=EIB Group Sustainability Report 2021|date=6 July 2022|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-5237-5|language=EN}}</ref><ref name="public.wmo.int2"/><ref name="un.org2"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate Change Is an Increasing Threat to Africa|url=https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-is-an-increasing-threat-to-africa|access-date=2022-07-26|website=unfccc.int}}</ref> === Ahoɔden === Esiane sɛ nnipa dodow rekɔ soro na ahoɔden a wɔhwehwɛ a ɛne no hyia nti, ɛsɛ sɛ wodi ahoɔden ahobammɔ ho dwuma efisɛ ahoɔden ho hia kɛse ma nkɔso a ɛtra hɔ daa. Wim nsakrae aka ahoɔden adwumayɛbea ahorow wɔ Afrika efisɛ aman pii de wɔn ho to nsu mu anyinam ahoɔden a wɔyɛ so. Osu a ɛtɔ ne ɔpɛ a ɛso atew no ama nsu a ɛwɔ atare mu no so atew a ɛde nsunsuanso bɔne aba nsu mu anyinam ahoɔden a wɔyɛ so. Eyi ama anyinam ahoɔden a wɔyɛ no sua, anyinam ahoɔden ne anyinam ahoɔden a wɔsɛe no ho ka kɛse anaasɛ nneɛma a wɔde gu mu wɔ Afrika aman bi a wɔde wɔn ho to nsu mu anyinam ahoɔden a wɔyɛ so no mu. Nsu mu anyinam ahoɔden a wɔsɛe no no aka nnwuma ahorow wɔ aman te sɛ [[Gaana|Ghana]], [[Uganda]], Kenya, ne [[Tanzania]] mu wɔ ɔkwan a enye so. === Nsu a ɛho yɛ na === Nsuo pa ne nea ɛwɔ hɔ no asɛe wɔ Afrika mmeae dodow no ara, titiriw esiane wim nsakrae nti<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rankoana|first=Sejabaledi Agnes|date=1 January 2020|title=Climate change impacts on water resources in a rural community in Limpopo province, South Africa: a community-based adaptation to water insecurity|journal=International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management|volume=12|issue=5|pages=587–598|doi=10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033|bibcode=2020IJCCS..12..587R|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nsuo a ɛwɔ hɔ no yɛ nea ɛyɛ mmerɛw na ɛwɔ hokwan sɛ wim nsakrae a ɛde nkɛntɛnso kɛse ba nnipa asetra so no betumi anya so nkɛntɛnso kɛse.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate Change and Water — IPCC|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/publication/climate-change-and-water-2/|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> IPCC hyɛ nkɔm sɛ nnipa ɔpepem pii a wɔwɔ Afrika bɛkɔ so ahyia nsuo ho nhyɛsoɔ a ɛkɔ soro ɛnam wimu nsakraeɛ ne nsakraeɛ nti (IPCC 2013). Nsakrae a ɛba osutɔ nhyehyɛe mu no nya nsu a ɛsen fa asase ani ne nsu a ɛwɔ hɔ no so nkɛntɛnso tẽẽ.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fowler|first1=H. J.|last2=Blenkinsop|first2=S.|last3=Tebaldi|first3=C.|date=October 2007|title=Linking climate change modelling to impacts studies: recent advances in downscaling techniques for hydrological modelling|journal=International Journal of Climatology|volume=27|issue=12|pages=1547–1578|bibcode=2007IJCli..27.1547F|doi=10.1002/joc.1556|s2cid=53472608}}</ref> Ɛda adi sɛ wim nsakrae bɛma nsuo a ɛtwetwe nsuo a ɛyɛ den no ayɛ kɛseɛ bio wɔ Afrika nyinaa – sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, Rufiji asubɔnten a ɛwɔ Tanzania no.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Conway|first1=Declan|last2=Geressu|first2=Robel|last3=Harou|first3=Julien|last4=Kashaigili|first4=Japhet|last5=Pettinotti|first5=L.|last6=Siderius|first6=Christian|date=2019|title=Designing a process for assessing climate resilience in Tanzania's Rufiji basin|url=https://futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/tanzania_rufiji_river_basin_brief.pdf|journal=FCFA Country Brief|access-date=2024-06-27|archive-date=2023-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210055437/https://futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/tanzania_rufiji_river_basin_brief.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>– ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma ahodoɔ, ne asetena mu amammuisɛm mu nsɛnnennen a ɛyɛ den nti. === Akwahosan ho nkɛntɛnso === Afrika aman na wɔwɔ ɔmanfo akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe a ɛnyɛ adwuma yiye koraa wɔ wiase.<ref name="WHO-2014">World Health Organization. (2014). ''The health of the people: what works: the African Regional Health Report 2014''. World Health Organization.</ref> Adesoa a ɛde nyarewa a ɛde ɔyare ba te sɛ asramma, schistosomiasis, dengue atiridii, meningitis, a ɛyɛ mmerɛw wɔ wim tebea ho no dɔɔso sen biara wɔ Afrika Sahara anafo fam mantam no mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nnipa a wonya asramma wɔ wiase nyinaa afe biara no mu bɛboro ɔha biara mu nkyem 90 wɔ Afrika.<ref name="WHO-2014" /> Wim tebea mu nsakrae bɛka nnuru a ɛde ɔyare mmoawa ba no trɛw na ɛbɛsakra sɛnea nkurɔfo wɔ wɔ saa nyarewa yi ho no nso. Sɛnea IPCC Nhwehwɛmu Amanneɛbɔ a Ɛto so Nsia kyerɛ no, wim nsakrae de asiane kɛse ba Afrikafo ɔpepem du du akwahosan so, efisɛ ɛma wonya ɔhyew a ɛnyɛ papa, wim tebea a emu yɛ den, ne nyarewa a wɔde yare mmoawa a wɔde kɔ nnipa mu a ɛkɔ soro ne nea wɔde kɔ nnipa mu no.<ref>{{cite web|title=Final Draft {{!}} Chapter 9 {{!}} IPCC WGII Sixth Assessment Report|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FinalDraft_Chapter09.pdf}}</ref> Wim nsakrae, ne nea ɛde ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro, ahum, ɔpɛ, ne po mu nsu a ɛkɔ soro ba no bɛka nyarewa a ɛde ɔyare mmoawa ba a ɛba ne sɛnea ɛtrɛw wɔ wiase nyinaa.<ref name="Beard-2016">Beard, C. B.; Eisen, R. J.; Barker, C. M.; Garofalo, J. F.; Hahn, M.; Hayden, M.; Schramm, P. J. (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230629095855/https://health2016.globalchange.gov/vectorborne-diseases "Vector-Borne Diseases".] Retrieved 15 February 2017.</ref> Wɔ July 2021 mu no, Wiase Nyinaa Aduan Dwumadibea (WFP) de asodi too Madagascar kesee fam aduan ho haw a ɛrekɔ so no so sɛ wim nsakrae nkutoo na ɛde bae na ɛnyɛ ɔko anaa ntawntawdi. Wɔpaee mu kae sɛ ɛyɛ ɔkɔm a edi kan a wim nsakrae de bae<ref>{{cite news|last1=Baker|first1=Aryn|title=Climate, Not Conflict. Madagascar's Famine is the First in Modern History to be Solely Caused by Global Warming|url=https://time.com/6081919/famine-climate-change-madagascar/|access-date=24 July 2021|magazine=Time|date=20 July 2021|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723003745/https://time.com/6081919/famine-climate-change-madagascar/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Rodrigues|first1=Charlene|title=Madagascar famine becomes first in history to be caused solely by climate crisis|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/madagascar-famine-climate-crisis-b1888058.html|access-date=24 July 2021|work=[[The Independent]]|date=22 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Harding|first=Andrew|date=24 August 2021|title=Madagascar on the brink of climate change-induced famine|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58303792|access-date=2021-09-10}}</ref> ==== Malaria ==== Wɔ Afrika no, asramma kɔ so nya ɔmanfo so nkɛntɛnso kɛse. Bere a wim nsakrae kɔ so no, mmeae pɔtee a ɛda adi sɛ asramma bɛkɔ so afe mũ no nyinaa, a asiane kɛse wom no bɛdan afi Afrika Atɔe fam mpoano akɔ beae bi a ɛda Democratic Republic of the Congo ne Uganda ntam, a wɔfrɛ no Afrika Mmepɔw<ref name="Ryan-2015">{{cite journal|last1=Ryan|first1=Sadie J.|last2=McNally|first2=Amy|last3=Johnson|first3=Leah R.|last4=Mordecai|first4=Erin A.|last5=Ben-Horin|first5=Tal|last6=Paaijmans|first6=Krijn|last7=Lafferty|first7=Kevin D.|year=2015|title=Mapping Physiological Suitability Limits for Malaria in Africa Under Climate Change|journal=Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases|volume=15|issue=12|pages=718–725|doi=10.1089/vbz.2015.1822|pmc=4700390|pmid=26579951}}</ref> Nyansahu mu anohyeto ahorow bere a wɔrehwehwɛ asramma a wɔde kɔ nnipa mu a ɛresakra wɔ Afrika Mmepɔw so no te sɛ nea ɛfa wim nsakrae ne asramma ho ntease a ɛtrɛw ho no. Bere a nhwɛsode a wɔde ɔhyew mu nsakrae kyerɛ no kyerɛ sɛ abusuabɔ bi da ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro ne asramma a ɛkɔ soro ntam no, anohyeto ahorow da so ara wɔ hɔ. Nnipa dodow a wɔbɛsakra daakye a ɛka nnipa dodow, ne nsakrae a ɛbɛba wɔ nwansena nneyɛe mu no betumi aka sɛnea wɔde ɔyare no kɔ nnipa mu no dodow na ɛyɛ nneɛma a ɛto ano hye wɔ asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ asramma bɛpae daakye no mu, na ɛno nso ka nhyehyɛe a wɔbɛyɛ de asiesie wɔn ho sɛnea ɛte wɔ ɔyare mmoawa no ho.<ref name="Ryan-2015" /> Ɛdefa asramma a ɛkɔ Afrika Mmepɔw so no dodow ho no, nneɛma ne nneɛma a ɛda adi a efi nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nsakrae a emu yɛ den te sɛ wim tebea a ɛyɛ hyew, wim tebea a ɛsakra, ne nkɛntɛnso a ɛkɔ soro wɔ nnipa so te sɛ kwae a wotutu mu ba no ma tebea horow a ɛfata ma asramma a ɛkɔ ɔyarefo no ne nea ogye no ntam.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Himeidan YE, Kweka EJ|year=2012|title=Malaria in East African highlands during the past 30 years: impact of environmental changes|journal=Frontiers in Physiology|volume=3|pages=315|doi=10.3389/fphys.2012.00315|pmc=3429085|pmid=22934065|doi-access=free}}</ref> Titiriw no, malaria fi Plasmodium falciparum ne Plasmodium vivax mmoawa a wɔde ɔyare mmoawa Anopheles nwansena no kɔ. Ɛwom mpo sɛ Plasmodium vivax mmoawa no tumi tra ase wɔ ɔhyew a ɛba fam mu de, nanso Plasmodium falciparum ɔyare mmoawa no bɛtra ase na ayɛ foforo wɔ nwansena no mu bere a wim tebea boro 20&nbsp;°C nkutoo<ref name="CDC-2018">{{cite web|date=14 November 2018|title=Where Malaria Occurs|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html|access-date=27 February 2020|website=Center for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne osuo a ɛkɔ soro nso boa ma saa aduru a ɛde ɔyareɛ ba yi yɛ nsɛsoɔ na ɛtra ase.<ref name="Center Science Ed-2011">{{cite web|date=2011|title=Climate Change and Vector-Borne Disease|url=https://scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/climate-change-and-vector-borne-disease|access-date=27 February 2020|website=Center for Science Education}}</ref>, Asramma a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu no bɛyɛ asiane kɛseɛ ama nnipa berɛ a Anopheles nwansena mmaa dodoɔ a wɔanya Plasmodium falciparum anaa Plasmodium vivax mmoawa no kɔ soro no.<ref name="Center Science Ed-2011" /> Nhwehwɛmu ahorow kyerɛ sɛ wim tebea a ɛfata ma asramma a wɔde kɔ nnipa mu no nyinaa kɔ soro a ɛde nnipa dodow a asiane wom sɛ wobenya yare no akɔ soro.<ref name="Caminade-2014">{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Caminade C, Kovats S, Rocklov J, Tompkins AM, Morse AP, Colón-Gonzalez FJ, Stenlund H, Martens P, Lloyd SJ|date=March 2014|title=Impact of climate change on global malaria distribution|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=111|issue=9|pages=3286–3291|bibcode=2014PNAS..111.3286C|doi=10.1073/pnas.1302089111|pmc=3948226|pmid=24596427|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nea ɛho hia kɛse ne ɔyaredɔm a ebetumi aba wɔ mmeae a ɛkorɔn (te sɛ Afrika Mmepɔw) a ɛkɔ soro no. Ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro wɔ mmeae yi betumi asakra mmeae a mpɛn pii no ɛnyɛ asramma no akɔ mmeae a ɔyaredɔm wɔ mmere bi mu.<ref name="pmid7656875">{{cite journal|vauthors=Martens WJ, Niessen LW, Rotmans J, Jetten TH, McMichael AJ|date=May 1995|title=Potential impact of global climate change on malaria risk|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=103|issue=5|pages=458–64|doi=10.1289/ehp.95103458|pmc=1523278|pmid=7656875}}</ref> Ne saa nti, nnipa foforo bɛda yare no adi a ɛde mfe a apɔwmuden bɛhwere. Nea ɛka ho no, ebia yare no ho adesoa no bɛsɛe mmeae a wonni tumi ne nneɛma a wɔde bedi nsɛnnennen ne nhyɛso a ɛtete saa ho dwuma yiye no kɛse.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Wu X, Lu Y, Zhou S, Chen L, Xu B|date=January 2016|title=Impact of climate change on human infectious diseases: Empirical evidence and human adaptation|journal=Environment International|volume=86|pages=14–23|doi=10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007|pmid=26479830|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016EnInt..86...14W}}</ref> As climate change shifts geographic areas of transmission to the African Highlands, the challenge will be to find and control the vector in areas that have not seen it before<ref name="pmid14654317">{{cite journal|vauthors=Tanser FC, Sharp B, le Sueur D|date=November 2003|title=Potential effect of climate change on malaria transmission in Africa|journal=Lancet|volume=362|issue=9398|pages=1792–8|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14898-2|pmid=14654317|s2cid=22850163}}</ref> === Nkɛntɛnso a ɛwɔ ntawntawdi ne atutra so === Amanaman Nkabom no Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Dwumadibea no yɛɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ ntawntawdi akyi wɔ Sudan ho wɔ afe 2007 mu.<ref name="UNEP_2007_a">{{citation |author=UNEP |title=Sudan Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment |date=June 2007 |url=http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/00_fwd.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003632/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/00_fwd.pdf |location=Nairobi, Kenya |publisher=UNEP |isbn=978-92-807-2702-9 |access-date=2022-01-18 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sɛnea amanneɛbɔ yi kyerɛ no, nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nhyɛso a ɛwɔ Sudan no ne asetra, sikasɛm ne amammuisɛm afoforo te sɛ nnipa a wotu fi wɔn afie mu ne akansi a ɛfa abɔde mu nneɛma ho no wɔ abusuabɔ. Wosusuwii sɛ ɔmantam mu wim nsakrae, denam osu a ɛtɔ a ɛso tew so no yɛ nneɛma a ɛde ntawntawdi bae wɔ Darfur no mu biako. Nea ɛka nneɛma afoforo a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho no, wim nsakrae betumi aka daakye nkɔso wɔ Sudan wɔ ɔkwan a enye so. Nyansahyɛ ahorow a UNEP de mae no mu biako ne sɛ amanaman ntam nnipa bɛboa Sudan ma wɔayɛ nsakrae wɔ wim nsakrae mu.<ref name="UNEP_2007_b">{{citation |title=Natural Disasters and Desertification |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602041622/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/03_disasters.pdf |chapter=Ch 3. Natural Disasters |chapter-url=http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/03_disasters.pdf |access-date=2022-01-18 |archive-date=2010-06-02 |url-status=dead}} in {{harvnb|UNEP|2007|p=69}}</ref> == Nkɛntɛnso a ɛwɔ ɔmantam biara mu == === Afrika Mfinimfini fam === Afrika Mfinimfini fam fa kɛse no ara yɛ nea asase ntumi nkɔ hɔ, na wim nsakrae de ne ho to asiane mu wɔ asasesin mu. Esiane sɛ wim tebea a ɛsakrasakra kɛse ne kuayɛ a osu tɔ na ɛyɛ nti, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɔhyew a ɛkyɛ na ɛtaa ba ne nsu a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛboro so a ɛbɛkɔ soro nso.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Diedhiou|first1=Arona|last2=Bichet|first2=Adeline|last3=Wartenburger|first3=Richard|last4=Seneviratne|first4=Sonia I|last5=Rowell|first5=David P|last6=Sylla|first6=Mouhamadou B|last7=Diallo|first7=Ismaila|last8=Todzo|first8=Stella|last9=Touré|first9=N’datchoh E|last10=Camara|first10=Moctar|last11=Ngatchah|first11=Benjamin Ngounou|last12=Kane|first12=Ndjido A|last13=Tall|first13=Laure|last14=Affholder|first14=François|title=Changes in climate extremes over West and Central Africa at 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming|journal=Environmental Research Letters|date=June 2018|volume=13|issue=6|pages=065020|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5|bibcode=2018ERL....13f5020D|doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11850/274346|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wiase nyinaa hyew a ɛwɔ ɔmantam yi mu no bɛkɔ soro 1.5&nbsp;°C kosi 2&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Seneviratne|first1=Sonia I.|last2=Donat|first2=Markus G.|last3=Pitman|first3=Andy J.|last4=Knutti|first4=Reto|last5=Wilby|first5=Robert L.|title=Allowable CO2 emissions based on regional and impact-related climate targets|journal=Nature|date=28 January 2016|volume=529|issue=7587|pages=477–483|doi=10.1038/nature16542|pmid=26789252|s2cid=205247437|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/9482219}}</ref> Tumi a kwae a ɛwɔ Congo Basin no tumi twetwe mframa bɔne no so atew. Saa so tew yi aba esiane ɔhyew ne ɔpɛ a ɛrekɔ soro a ɛde nnua nyin so tew nti. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ wim nsakrae rehaw kwae a wontwaa mpo. Nature nhwehwɛmu bi kyerɛ sɛ ɛduru afe 2030 no, Afrika kwaeɛ no bɛtwe carbon dioxide a ɛsua ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu 14 sene sɛdeɛ na ɛteɛ bɛyɛ afe 2005–2010, na ɛrentwe biara koraa wɔ afe 2035 mu.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Grossman|first1=Daniel|date=4 March 2020|title=The Congo rainforest is losing ability to absorb carbon dioxide. That's bad for climate change.|language=en|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/the-congo-rainforest-is-losing-its-ability-to-absorb-carbon-dioxide-thats-bad-for-climate-change/2020/03/03/3363d218-5ca9-11ea-9055-5fa12981bbbf_story.html|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref> === Afrika Apuei Fam === Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ osu a ɛtɔ wɔ Afrika Apuei fam no nyinaa fi mmeae a osu tɔ wɔ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse wɔ mmere horow mu no<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nicholson|first=Sharon E.|date=2017|title=Climate and climatic variability of rainfall over eastern Africa|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|volume=55|issue=3|pages=590–635|bibcode=2017RvGeo..55..590N|doi=10.1002/2016RG000544|doi-access=free}}</ref> Afrika Apuei fam wɔ osutɔ a ɛsakrasakra kɛse wɔ beae ne bere mu efisɛ ɛtrɛw bɛboro digrii 30 (wɔ equator no so). Ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso ahorow a efi India ne Atlantic Po no nyinaa mu, na ɛwɔ asase ho nneɛma atitiriw (mmepɔw) ne nsu a ɛwɔ asase mu te sɛ Ɔtare Victoria. Enti osutɔ bere no gu ahorow fi osutɔ bere biako afe biara wɔ July–August mu wɔ atifi fam atɔe mmeae bi (a Ethiopia ne South Sudan ka ho, a wim tebea ne Afrika Atɔe fam wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse, a Afrika Atɔe Fam osutɔbere na ɛde osu no ba) kosi nsu biako bere afe biara wɔ December – February wɔ anafo fam (wɔ Tanzania so), a mmeae pii a ɛbɛn equator no nya osu bere abien afe biara,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dunning|first1=Caroline M.|last2=Black|first2=Emily C. L.|last3=Allan|first3=Richard P.|date=2016|title=The onset and cessation of seasonal rainfall over Africa|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|volume=121|issue=19|pages=11,405–11,424|bibcode=2016JGRD..12111405D|doi=10.1002/2016JD025428|doi-access=free}}</ref> bɛyɛ wɔ March–May ("Osu Tenten") ne October kosi December ("Osu Tiatiaa"). Mpɛn pii no, nsakrae nketenkete a ɛba osutɔ bere mu no bata orography ne atare ho. Afe ntam nsakraeɛ betumi ayɛ kɛseɛ na nneɛma a wonim sɛ wɔde di dwuma no bi ne nsakraeɛ a ɛba Po no ani hyeɛ (SSTs) mu wɔ ɛpo mu nsuo ahodoɔ mu, wim nsakraeɛ akwan akɛseɛ te sɛ Madden–Julian Oscilation (MJO) ne ahum a ɛtɔ wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛhɔ yɛ hyeɛ.<ref name="Finney 2109–2129">{{Cite journal|last1=Finney|first1=Declan L.|last2=Marsham|first2=John H.|last3=Jackson|first3=Lawrence S.|last4=Kendon|first4=Elizabeth J.|last5=Rowell|first5=David P.|last6=Boorman|first6=Penelope M.|last7=Keane|first7=Richard J.|last8=Stratton|first8=Rachel A.|last9=Senior|first9=Catherine A.|date=5 February 2019|title=Implications of Improved Representation of Convection for the East Africa Water Budget Using a Convection-Permitting Model|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=32|issue=7|pages=2109–2129|bibcode=2019JCli...32.2109F|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0387.1|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kilavi|first1=Mary|last2=MacLeod|first2=Dave|last3=Ambani|first3=Maurine|last4=Robbins|first4=Joanne|last5=Dankers|first5=Rutger|last6=Graham|first6=Richard|last7=Titley|first7=Helen|last8=Salih|first8=Abubakr A. M.|last9=Todd|first9=Martin C.|date=December 2018|title=Extreme Rainfall and Flooding over Central Kenya Including Nairobi City during the Long-Rains Season 2018: Causes, Predictability, and Potential for Early Warning and Actions|journal=Atmosphere|language=en|volume=9|issue=12|pages=472|bibcode=2018Atmos...9..472K|doi=10.3390/atmos9120472|doi-access=free}}</ref> Osu Tenten ne bere titiriw a wodua nnɔbae wɔ ɔmantam no mu. Afe ntam nkɔmhyɛ a ɛfa saa bere yi ho no sua sɛ wɔde toto Osu Tiatiaa no ho a, na nnansa yi nsu a ɛtɔe no ne wim tebea ho nkɔmhyɛ a ɛfa daakye a ɛyɛ nwini ho ("Afrika Apuei fam wim tebea ho abirabɔ" no bɔ abira.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rowell|first1=David P.|last2=Booth|first2=Ben B. B.|last3=Nicholson|first3=Sharon E.|last4=Good|first4=Peter|title=Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa|journal=Journal of Climate|date=15 December 2015|volume=28|issue=24|pages=9768–9788|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1|bibcode=2015JCli...28.9768R|s2cid=129146135}}</ref> Afrika Apuei fam ahu ɔpɛ a ɛtaa ba na emu yɛ den wɔ nnansa yi mfe du du mu, ne nsuyiri a ɛsɛe ade nso. Nkɔso a ɛkɔ so wɔ osutɔ mu fi 1980 mfe no mu no kyerɛ sɛ osu a ɛtɔ wɔ March – May (MAM) mmere mu no so atew kɛse a ɛkɔ soro kakra wɔ June – September (JJAS) ne October – December (OND) osutɔ mu<ref name="Bernhofer 1–9">{{Cite journal|last1=Bernhofer|first1=Christian|last2=Hülsmann|first2=Stephan|last3=Gebrechorkos|first3=Solomon H.|date=6 August 2019|title=Long-term trends in rainfall and temperature using high-resolution climate datasets in East Africa|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=9|issue=1|pages=11376|bibcode=2019NatSR...911376G|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-47933-8|pmc=6684806|pmid=31388068}}</ref>, ɛwom sɛ ɛte sɛ nea nnansa yi osu a ɛtɔe wɔ MAM no mu asan anya ahoɔden de.<ref name="Wainwright 1–93">{{Cite journal|last1=Wainwright|first1=Caroline M.|last2=Marsham|first2=John H.|last3=Keane|first3=Richard J.|last4=Rowell|first4=David P.|last5=Finney|first5=Declan L.|last6=Black|first6=Emily|last7=Allan|first7=Richard P.|date=12 September 2019|title='Eastern African Paradox' rainfall decline due to shorter not less intense Long Rains|journal=npj Climate and Atmospheric Science|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|page=34|doi=10.1038/s41612-019-0091-7|bibcode=2019npCAS...2...34W|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wɔkyerɛ sɛ daakye osutɔ ne ɔhyew nyinaa bɛsakra wɔ Afrika Apuei fam..<ref name="Dunning 9719–97382">{{cite journal|last1=Dunning|first1=Caroline M.|last2=Black|first2=Emily|last3=Allan|first3=Richard P.|title=Later Wet Seasons with More Intense Rainfall over Africa under Future Climate Change|journal=Journal of Climate|date=December 2018|volume=31|issue=23|pages=9719–9738|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0102.1|bibcode=2018JCli...31.9719D|s2cid=52990163}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Muhati|first1=Godwin Leslie|last2=Olago|first2=Daniel|last3=Olaka|first3=Lydia|date=1 October 2018|title=Past and projected rainfall and temperature trends in a sub-humid Montane Forest in Northern Kenya based on the CMIP5 model ensemble|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=16|pages=e00469|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00469|doi-access=free|bibcode=2018GEcoC..1600469M}}</ref><ref name="Rowell 621–6332">{{Cite journal|last1=Rowell|first1=David P.|last2=Senior|first2=Catherine A.|last3=Vellinga|first3=Michael|last4=Graham|first4=Richard J.|date=1 February 2016|title=Can climate projection uncertainty be constrained over Africa using metrics of contemporary performance?|journal=Climatic Change|language=en|volume=134|issue=4|pages=621–633|bibcode=2016ClCh..134..621R|doi=10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nnansa yi nhwehwɛmu a wɔayɛ wɔ wim tebea ho akontaabu ho no kyerɛ sɛ sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, ɔhyew betumi akɔ soro bɛyɛ 2–3&nbsp;°C wɔ afeha no mfinimfini ne 2–5&nbsp;°C wɔ afeha no awiei.<ref name="Bornemann 365–3842">{{Cite journal|last1=Bornemann|first1=F. Jorge|last2=Rowell|first2=David P.|last3=Evans|first3=Barbara|last4=Lapworth|first4=Dan J.|last5=Lwiza|first5=Kamazima|last6=Macdonald|first6=David M.J.|last7=Marsham|first7=John H.|last8=Tesfaye|first8=Kindie|last9=Ascott|first9=Matthew J.|last10=Way|first10=Celia|date=1 October 2019|title=Future changes and uncertainty in decision-relevant measures of East African climate|journal=Climatic Change|language=en|volume=156|issue=3|pages=365–384|bibcode=2019ClCh..156..365B|doi=10.1007/s10584-019-02499-2|doi-access=free}}</ref> Eyi begyina tebea horow a ɛfa mframa a wɔtow gu ho ne sɛnea wim tebea ankasa yɛ ho biribi bere a wɔde toto nneɛma ahorow a ebetumi afi mu aba a nhwɛso ahorow ada no adi no ho no so. Wim tebea ho nhwɛsoɔ taa kyerɛ sɛ osuo bɛkɔ soro, titire wɔ OND berɛ mu, a wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛno nso bɛba akyiri yi. Saa akyɛde yi wɔ osutɔ bere tiaa mu, wɔde abata Sahara Ɔhyew a ɛba fam no mu dɔ wɔ wim nsakrae ase. Nanso ɛsɛ sɛ yɛhyɛ no nsow sɛ nhwɛso ahorow bi kyerɛ sɛ osu bɛtew,<ref name="Rowell 621–6332"/><ref name="Bornemann 365–3842"/> na wɔ mpɔtam ne mmere bi mu no, wɔada no adi sɛ osutɔ a ɛkɔ soro kɛse paa a wɔhyɛɛ ho nkɔm no fa akwan horow a wontumi nnye nni ho esiane nhyehyɛe mu mfomso ahorow a ɛwɔ nhwɛsode mu nti.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rowell|first=David P.|date=2019|title=An Observational Constraint on CMIP5 Projections of the East African Long Rains and Southern Indian Ocean Warming|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=46|issue=11|pages=6050–6058|bibcode=2019GeoRL..46.6050R|doi=10.1029/2019GL082847|doi-access=free}}</ref> n nea ɛka ho no, nsakrae a ɛba aerosol mu no ma osutɔ nsakrae ho nhyɛso a wɔankyere wɔ wim tebea ho nhwehwɛmu pii mu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scannell|first1=Claire|last2=Booth|first2=Ben B. B.|last3=Dunstone|first3=Nick J.|last4=Rowell|first4=David P.|last5=Bernie|first5=Dan J.|last6=Kasoar|first6=Matthew|last7=Voulgarakis|first7=Apostolos|last8=Wilcox|first8=Laura J.|last9=Acosta Navarro|first9=Juan C.|last10=Seland|first10=Øyvind|last11=Paynter|first11=David J.|date=13 September 2019|title=The Influence of Remote Aerosol Forcing from Industrialized Economies on the Future Evolution of East and West African Rainfall|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=32|issue=23|pages=8335–8354|bibcode=2019JCli...32.8335S|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0716.1|doi-access=free|hdl=10044/1/75583|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Rowell 9768–97882">{{Cite journal|last1=Rowell|first1=David P.|last2=Booth|first2=Ben B. B.|last3=Nicholson|first3=Sharon E.|last4=Good|first4=Peter|date=7 October 2015|title=Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=28|issue=24|pages=9768–9788|bibcode=2015JCli...28.9768R|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1|s2cid=129146135}}</ref> Nsonsonoe a ɛda osu a ɛtɔ wɔ MAM (osu a ɛtɔ tenten) mu wɔ equatorial Apuei Fam Afrika, a nhwɛso dodow no ara hyɛ nkɔm sɛ nsu bɛtɔ daakye no, wɔato din "Afrika Apuei fam wim nsakrae abirabɔ", .<ref name="Rowell 9768–97882"/> ɛwom sɛ osu a ɛtɔe no asan anya ahoɔden bi nnansa yi de. Nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ ɛnyɛ nea ɛda adi sɛ su a ɛma ɛyow no yɛ abɔde mu ade ara kwa, nanso ebia nneɛma te sɛ aerosols na ɛde ba mmom sen mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew,<ref name="Wainwright 1–93"/> Nea ɛne osutɔ ho akontaabu a wontumi nsi pi no hyia no, nsakrae a ɛba osutɔ bere a efi ase mu no yɛ nea wontumi nsi pi wɔ Afrika Apuei Fam a ɛwɔ equatorial no mu, ɛwom sɛ nhwɛso pii hyɛ nkɔm sɛ osu tiawa bɛtɔ akyiri yi na ayɛ nsu de.<ref name="Wainwright 1–93" /> Wonim sɛ Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) no tumi di nsakrae a ɛba afe biara ntam wɔ osu tiawa a ɛtɔ mu no so denneennen,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Black|first1=Emily|last2=Slingo|first2=Julia|last3=Sperber|first3=Kenneth R.|date=1 January 2003|title=An Observational Study of the Relationship between Excessively Strong Short Rains in Coastal East Africa and Indian Ocean SST|journal=Monthly Weather Review|volume=131|issue=1|pages=74–94|bibcode=2003MWRv..131...74B|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0074:AOSOTR>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> na nhwehwɛmu ahorow kyerɛ sɛ IOD ahorow a ɛtra so betumi akɔ soro wɔ wim nsakrae ase.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cai|first1=Wenju|last2=Wang|first2=Guojian|last3=Gan|first3=Bolan|last4=Wu|first4=Lixin|last5=Santoso|first5=Agus|last6=Lin|first6=Xiaopei|last7=Chen|first7=Zhaohui|last8=Jia|first8=Fan|last9=Yamagata|first9=Toshio|date=12 April 2018|title=Stabilised frequency of extreme positive Indian Ocean Dipole under 1.5 °C warming|journal=Nature Communications|volume=9|issue=1|pages=1419|bibcode=2018NatCo...9.1419C|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03789-6|pmid=29650992|pmc=5897553}}</ref> Wɔ wiase nyinaa no, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae bɛma osu atɔ kɛse, efisɛ osu a ɛtɔ kɛse no kɔ soro ntɛmntɛm bere a ɔhyew no kɔ soro sen osu a ɛtɔ nyinaa.<ref name="Global Warming of 1.5 °C —2"/> Nnansa yi adwuma kyerɛ sɛ wɔ Afrika nyinaa no, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wiase nyinaa nhwɛso ahorow bebu nsakrae a ɛba wɔ osu a ɛtɔ kɛse yi mu no adewa,<ref name="Kendon-20192"/> na nsakrae a ɛba osutɔ a ɛtra so mu no betumi atrɛw kɛse asen nea wiase nyinaa nhwɛso ahorow ahyɛ ho nkɔm no<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Finney|first1=Declan L.|last2=Marsham|first2=John H.|last3=Rowell|first3=David P.|last4=Kendon|first4=Elizabeth J.|last5=Tucker|first5=Simon O.|last6=Stratton|first6=Rachel A.|last7=Jackson|first7=Lawrence S.|date=22 January 2020|title=Effects of explicit convection on future projections of mesoscale circulations, rainfall and rainfall extremes over Eastern Africa|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=33|issue=7|pages=2701–2718|bibcode=2020JCli...33.2701F|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0328.1|doi-access=free}}</ref> Afrika Apuei fam mmeae no nya wɔn osu dodow no ara wɔ osutɔ bere biako mu wɔ kesee fam fa awɔw bere mu: wɔ Tanzania so no, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ osu a ɛtɔ wɔ mmere bi mu no bɛkɔ soro wɔ wim nsakrae a ɛbɛba daakye ase, ɛwom sɛ wontumi nsi pi de.<ref name="Dunning 9719–97382"/> Wɔ anafo fam akyirikyiri, wɔ Mozambique so no, wɔahyɛ bere tiaa bi esiane sɛ ebefi ase akyiri yi nti wɔ wim nsakrae a ɛbɛba daakye ase, na bio a wontumi nsi pi wɔ ho kakra<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Bin|last2=Liu|first2=De Li|last3=Waters|first3=Cathy|last4=Yu|first4=Qiang|date=2 October 2018|title=Quantifying sources of uncertainty in projected wheat yield changes under climate change in eastern Australia|journal=Climatic Change|volume=151|issue=2|pages=259–273|bibcode=2018ClCh..151..259W|doi=10.1007/s10584-018-2306-z|s2cid=158743534}}</ref> == Afrika Atɔe Fam ne Sahel == Wobetumi akyekyɛ Afrika Atɔe Fam mantam no mu ayɛ no wim tebea ho mmeae nketewa anan a ɛne Guinea Mpoano, Soudano-Sahel, Sahel (a ɛtrɛw kɔ apuei fam kosi Ethiopia hye so) ne Sahara,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Agyeman|first1=Richard Yao Kuma|last2=Quansah|first2=Emmannuel|last3=Lamptey|first3=Benjamin|last4=Annor|first4=Thompson|last5=Agyekum|first5=Jacob|date=2018|title=Evaluation of CMIP5 Global Climate Models over the Volta Basin: Precipitation|journal=Advances in Meteorology|volume=2018|pages=1–24|doi=10.1155/2018/4853681|doi-access=free}}</ref> emu biara wɔ wim tebea horow a ɛsono emu biara. Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ mmere horow mu no fi sɛnea osu tɔ kɔ anafo fam kɔ ​​atifi fam no titiriw [[:en:Intertropical Convergence Zone|Mpɔtam a Ɛwɔ Ɔhyew Ntam Nkitahodi Beae]] (ITCZ) a nea ɛda nsow ne sɛnea anafo fam atɔe osutɔ mframa a ɛyɛ nwini ne Harmattan atifi fam apuei a ɛyɛ kusuu no bom.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sultan|first1=Benjamin|last2=Janicot|first2=Serge|date=1 November 2003|title=The West African Monsoon Dynamics. Part II: The 'Preonset' and 'Onset' of the Summer Monsoon|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=16|issue=21|pages=3407–3427|bibcode=2003JCli...16.3407S|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<3407:TWAMDP>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wogyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ afe ntam no so a, wɔahu wim tebea titire mmiɛnsa wɔ Sahel: nsuo berɛ a ɛfiri 1950 kɔsi 1960 mfeɛ no mfitiaseɛ a ɛdi akyire no, ɔpɛ berɛ a ɛfiri 1972 kɔsi 1990 ne afei berɛ a ɛfiri 1991 rekɔ a ɛhunuu ne fa bi osutɔ a ɛsan tɔ bio.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Le Barbé|first1=Luc|last2=Lebel|first2=Thierry|last3=Tapsoba|first3=Dominique|date=1 January 2002|title=Rainfall Variability in West Africa during the Years 1950–90|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=15|issue=2|pages=187–202|bibcode=2002JCli...15..187L|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0187:RVIWAD>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rowell|first1=David P.|year=2003|title=The Impact of Mediterranean SSTS on the Sahelian Rainfall Season|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=16|issue=5|pages=849–862|bibcode=2003JCli...16..849R|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0849:tiomso>2.0.co;2|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nicholson|first1=Sharon E.|last2=Fink|first2=Andreas H.|last3=Funk|first3=Chris|year=2018|title=Assessing recovery and change in West Africa's rainfall regime from a 161-year record|journal=International Journal of Climatology|volume=38|issue=10|pages=3770–3786|bibcode=2018IJCli..38.3770N|doi=10.1002/joc.5530|s2cid=134207640|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wɔ ɔpɛ bere no mu no, ɔpɛ a emu yɛ den titiriw pii sii wɔ Sahel, na ɛde ɔhaw kɛse bae.<ref name="Funk2">{{cite journal|last1=Funk|first1=Chris|last2=Fink|first2=Andreas H.|last3=Nicholson|first3=Sharon E.|date=1 August 2018|title=Assessing recovery and change in West Africa's rainfall regime from a 161-year record|journal=International Journal of Climatology|volume=38|issue=10|pages=3770–3786|bibcode=2018IJCli..38.3770N|doi=10.1002/joc.5530|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Nicholson|first=Sharon E.|date=2013|title=The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability|journal=ISRN Meteorology|volume=2013|pages=1–32|doi=10.1155/2013/453521|doi-access=free}}</ref> The recent decades, have also witnessed a moderate increment in annual rainfall since the beginning of 1990s. However, total annual rainfall remains significantly below that observed during the 1950s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Panthou|first1=G|last2=Lebel|first2=T|last3=Vischel|first3=T|last4=Quantin|first4=G|last5=Sane|first5=Y|last6=Ba|first6=A|last7=Ndiaye|first7=O|last8=Diongue-Niang|first8=A|last9=Diopkane|first9=M|title=Rainfall intensification in tropical semi-arid regions: the Sahelian case|journal=Environmental Research Letters|date=June 2018|volume=13|issue=6|pages=064013|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aac334|bibcode=2018ERL....13f4013P|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Funk2"/> Ebinom aka sɛ mfe aduonu abien a atwam no yɛ bere a wɔn ho bɛtɔ wɔn.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sanogo|first1=Souleymane|last2=Fink|first2=Andreas H.|last3=Omotosho|first3=Jerome A.|last4=Ba|first4=Abdramane|last5=Redl|first5=Robert|last6=Ermert|first6=Volker|date=2015|title=Spatio-temporal characteristics of the recent rainfall recovery in West Africa|journal=International Journal of Climatology|volume=35|issue=15|pages=4589–4605|bibcode=2015IJCli..35.4589S|doi=10.1002/joc.4309|s2cid=129607595}}</ref> Afoforo ka eyi ho asɛm sɛ bere a "nsu ho nimdeɛ a emu yɛ den" a osutɔ a ɛkɔ soro afe biara no mu dodow no ara fi osu a ɛtɔ a emu yɛ den kɛse na ɛtɔ mmere bi a nsuyiri sen sɛ osu bɛtɔ mpɛn pii, anaasɛ nnwuma afoforo a ɛte saa ara<ref>{{cite journal|last1=L'Hote|first1=Yann|last2=Mahe|first2=Gil|last3=Some|first3=Bonaventure|title=The 1990s rainfall in the Sahel: the third driest decade since the beginning of the century|journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal|date=June 2003|volume=48|issue=3|pages=493–496|doi=10.1623/hysj.48.3.493.45283|bibcode=2003HydSJ..48..493L|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nicholson|first1=S. E.|last2=Some|first2=B.|last3=Kone|first3=B.|date=1 July 2000|title=An Analysis of Recent Rainfall Conditions in West Africa, Including the Rainy Seasons of the 1997 El Niño and the 1998 La Niña Years|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=13|issue=14|pages=2628–2640|bibcode=2000JCli...13.2628N|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2628:AAORRC>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> si ɔpɛ a ɛkɔ so no so dua ɛwom mpo sɛ osu no akɔ soro de. Efi 1985 no, nsuyiri anum anaa nea ɛboro saa aka nnipa ɔha biara mu 54 wɔ Sahel mantam aman 17 no mu.<ref name="Sahel2011">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170228014910/http://www.unep.org/pdf/UNEP_Sahel_EN.pdf Livelihood Security Climate Change, Migration and Conflict in the Sahel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228014910/http://www.unep.org/pdf/UNEP_Sahel_EN.pdf|date=28 February 2017}} 2011</ref> Wɔ afe 2012 mu no, wɔbɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ ɔpɛ a emu yɛ den sii wɔ Sahel. Nniso ahorow a ɛwɔ ɔmantam no mu yɛɛ ho biribi ntɛm ara, na wofii akwan horow a wɔbɛfa so adi asɛm no ho dwuma ase.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fominyen|first=George|title=Coming weeks critical to tackle Sahel hunger – U.N. humanitarian chief|url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/coming-weeks-critical-to-tackle-sahel-hunger-un-humanitarian-chief|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603231542/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/coming-weeks-critical-to-tackle-sahel-hunger-un-humanitarian-chief/|archive-date=3 June 2012|access-date=10 June 2012|publisher=Thomson Reuters Foundation}}</ref> Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɔmantam no benya nsakrae wɔ osutɔ nhyehyɛe mu, a wim tebea ho nhwɛso ahorow kyerɛ sɛ osutɔ a ɛso tew wɔ osutɔ bere mu no taa yɛ kɛse wɔ Sahel atɔe fam, na ɛkɔ soro kɛse wɔ Sahel mfinimfini kosi apuei fam, ɛwom sɛ wontumi nnye ntom sɛ nneɛma a ɛne ne ho bɔ abira de.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rowell|first1=David P.|last2=Senior|first2=Catherine A.|last3=Vellinga|first3=Michael|last4=Graham|first4=Richard J.|year=2016|title=Can climate projection uncertainty be constrained over Africa using metrics of contemporary performance?|journal=Climatic Change|volume=134|issue=4|pages=621–633|bibcode=2016ClCh..134..621R|doi=10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Berthou|first1=Ségolène|last2=Rowell|first2=David P.|last3=Kendon|first3=Elizabeth J.|last4=Roberts|first4=Malcolm J.|last5=Stratton|first5=Rachel A.|last6=Crook|first6=Julia A.|last7=Wilcox|first7=Catherine|title=Improved climatological precipitation characteristics over West Africa at convection-permitting scales|journal=Climate Dynamics|date=August 2019|volume=53|issue=3–4|pages=1991–2011|doi=10.1007/s00382-019-04759-4|bibcode=2019ClDy...53.1991B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kendon|first1=Elizabeth J.|last2=Stratton|first2=Rachel A.|last3=Tucker|first3=Simon|last4=Marsham|first4=John H.|last5=Berthou|first5=Ségolène|last6=Rowell|first6=David P.|last7=Senior|first7=Catherine A.|date=2019|title=Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale|journal=Nature Communications|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1794|bibcode=2019NatCo..10.1794K|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9|pmc=6478940|pmid=31015416}}</ref> Saa nneɛma yi bɛka nsuyiri, ɔpɛ, anhweatam a ɛdannan, anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, anhweatam so mmoadabi ɔyaredɔm ne nsu a ɛho yɛ na mpɛn pii ne sɛnea emu yɛ den no.<ref>{{cite news|title=IPCC Sees Severe Climate Change Impacts on Africa|publisher=ABC Live|agency=ABC Live|url=http://abclive.in/ipcc-climate-change-impacts-africa/|access-date=7 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Vogel|first=Coleen|author1-link=Coleen Vogel|title=Why Africa is particularly vulnerable to climate change|work=The Conversation|url=http://theconversation.com/why-africa-is-particularly-vulnerable-to-climate-change-41775|access-date=2017-08-07}}</ref> Nanso, ɛmfa ho nsakrae a ɛba osu a ɛtɔ wɔ mmere bi mu no, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ahum a ano yɛ den sen biara no bɛyɛ kɛse, na ɛbɛma nsuyiri a ɛtaa ba no ayɛ kɛse.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Berthou|first1=Ségolène|last2=Rowell|first2=David P.|last3=Kendon|first3=Elizabeth J.|last4=Roberts|first4=Malcolm J.|last5=Stratton|first5=Rachel A.|last6=Crook|first6=Julia A.|last7=Wilcox|first7=Catherine|date=12 April 2019|title=Improved climatological precipitation characteristics over West Africa at convection-permitting scales|journal=Climate Dynamics|volume=53|issue=3–4|pages=1991–2011|bibcode=2019ClDy...53.1991B|doi=10.1007/s00382-019-04759-4|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kendon|first1=Elizabeth J.|last2=Stratton|first2=Rachel A.|last3=Tucker|first3=Simon|last4=Marsham|first4=John H.|last5=Berthou|first5=Ségolène|last6=Rowell|first6=David P.|last7=Senior|first7=Catherine A.|date=23 April 2019|title=Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale|journal=Nature Communications|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1794|bibcode=2019NatCo..10.1794K|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9|pmc=6478940|pmid=31015416}}</ref> Carbon a wɔtow gu a ɛkɔ soro ne wiase nyinaa hyew nso betumi ama osutɔ a ɛkɔ soro titiriw wɔ Guinea Mpoano nyinaa a ɛne nsu a ɛtɔ a ɛso tew wɔ wiase nyinaa hyew a ɛyɛ 1.5&nbsp;°C ne 2&nbsp;°C nyinaa ase no wɔ abusuabɔ.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Klutse|first1=Nana Ama Browne|last2=Ajayi|first2=Vincent O|last3=Gbobaniyi|first3=Emiola Olabode|last4=Egbebiyi|first4=Temitope S|last5=Kouadio|first5=Kouakou|last6=Nkrumah|first6=Francis|last7=Quagraine|first7=Kwesi Akumenyi|last8=Olusegun|first8=Christiana|last9=Diasso|first9=Ulrich|last10=Abiodun|first10=Babatunde J|last11=Lawal|first11=Kamoru|last12=Nikulin|first12=Grigory|last13=Lennard|first13=Christopher|last14=Dosio|first14=Alessandro|title=Potential impact of 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming on consecutive dry and wet days over West Africa|journal=Environmental Research Letters|date=1 May 2018|volume=13|issue=5|pages=055013|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aab37b|doi-access=free|bibcode=2018ERL....13e5013A}}</ref> Sahel mantam mu nnipa ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu dunum nso anya ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro bɛboro 1&nbsp;°C firi afe 1970 kɔsi afe 2010. Sahel mantam no, titire no, bɛnya ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu baako yi mu ne nsakraeɛ a ɛba osuo nhyehyɛeɛ mu, sɛdeɛ no [[:en:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|Aban Ntam Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Wim Tebea Nsakrae So]] (IPCC). == Nsakrae A Wɔyɛ Wɔ Nsakrae Mu == Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔatew nkɛntɛnso a wim nsakrae de ba Afrika aman so no so no, ɛho hia sɛ wɔyɛ nsakrae wɔ akwan horow so – efi mpɔtam hɔ kosi ɔman ne ɔmantam mu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climateanalytics.org/media/schaeffer_et_al__2013__africao__s_a_daptation_gap_technical_report.pdf|title=Africa's Adaptation Gap, Technical Report: Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation Challenges, and Costs for Africa|last=Climate Analytics|website=Climate Analytics|access-date=2024-07-03|archive-date=2022-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117055339/https://climateanalytics.org/media/schaeffer_et_al__2013__africao__s_a_daptation_gap_technical_report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yebetumi akyerɛ awo ntoatoaso a edi kan a wɔyɛ nsakrae wɔ Afrika no kɛse sɛ ɛyɛ nketewa wɔ abɔde mu, a wɔde wɔn adwene asi sika a wɔde asi wɔn ani so wɔ kuayɛ mu ne mfiridwuma a wɔbɛtrɛw mu de aboa gyinaesi a ɛfa nsakrae ho.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Troni|first=Jessica|title=Climate change adaptation in Africa : UNDP synthesis of experiences and recommendations|year=2018|oclc=1079881730}}</ref> Nnansa yi ara, nhyehyɛe ho mmɔdenbɔ asan akɔ mmɔdenbɔ akɛse a wɔayɛ no biako so, na wɔadi nsɛm a ɛfa nnwuma ahorow pii ho no ho dwuma. Sɛnea afe 2023 nhwehwɛmu bi kyerɛ no, Afrika sikakorabea ahorow 59% wɔ wim nsakrae ho nhyehyɛe a wɔayɛ, na 22% foforo nso ayɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ wɔde bi bedi dwuma. Mprempren sikakorabea ahorow 65% susuw wim tebea ho asiane ho bere a wɔresusuw afɛfo anaa nnwuma foforo ho no, na 23% foforo hwɛ kwan sɛ wɔbɛyɛ saa daakye.<ref name="EIB-2023">{{Cite book|last=Bank|first=European Investment|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230088-finance-in-africa|title=Finance in Africa: Uncertain times, resilient banks: African finance at a crossroads|date=2023-09-27|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-5598-7|language=EN}}</ref> Wim tebea ho nkɔmhyɛ mfiridwuma a wɔatu mpɔn wɔ Afrika Sahara anafo fam no ho hia na ama wɔahu sɛnea wɔbɛyɛ wɔn ade wɔ wim nsakrae ho,<ref name="Youds-20212">{{Cite journal|last1=Youds|first1=L.|last2=Parker|first2=D. J.|last3=Adefisan|first3=E. A.|last4=Antwi-Agyei|first4=P.|last5=Bain|first5=C. L.|last6=Black|first6=E. C. L.|last7=Blyth|first7=A. M.|last8=Dougill|first8=A. J.|last9=Hirons|first9=L. C.|date=13 May 2021|title=GCRF African SWIFT White Paper Policy Brief: The future of African weather forecasting|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/174093/|access-date=2021-05-13|website=eprints.whiterose.ac.uk|language=en|doi=10.5518/100/67}}</ref> sɛ ɛbɛboa gyinaesi a ɛfa nsakrae a wɔbɛyɛ wɔ wim nsakrae ho sɛ nhwɛso no<ref name="Youds-20212"/> Wɔ Amanaman Nkabom no Nhyiamu a ɛtɔ so aduonu baako (COP) wɔ afe 2015 mu no, Afrika aman mpaninfoɔ de Africa Adaptation Initiative (AAI) sii hɔ. AAI akwankyerɛ boayikuo no yɛ Afrika Asomfoɔ Nhyiamu a ɛhwɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so (AMCEN) Dwumadibea ne Afrika Nkitahodifoɔ Kuo (AGN) no guamtrani.<ref>[https://africaadaptationinitiative.org/#about2 Africa Adaptation Initiative]</ref> Europa Aman Nkabom Kuo nso boa Africa Adaptation Initiative no<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.africa.undp.org/content/rba/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2020/european-union-ramps-up-support-to-africa-adaptation-initiative-.html|title=European Union ramps up support to Africa Adaptation Initiative|website=United Nations Development Programme|date=22 January 2020|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510103326/https://www.africa.undp.org/content/rba/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2020/european-union-ramps-up-support-to-africa-adaptation-initiative-.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Europa Aman Nkabom Kuo no ne Afrika Aman Nkabom Kuo no ayɛ adwuma abom wɔ nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma yie, nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔbɛtumi agyina ano, ne wim nsakraeɛ a wɔbɛbrɛ ase no ho nkuran<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africa-eu-partnership.org/en/strategic-priority-areas/strengthening-resilience-peace-security-and-governance|title=Strengthening Resilience, Peace, Security and Governance|access-date=13 December 2023|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510085847/https://africa-eu-partnership.org/en/strategic-priority-areas/strengthening-resilience-peace-security-and-governance|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wɔ ɔmantam no mu no, ɔmantam nhyehyɛe ne nneyɛe a wɔde boa nsakrae a wɔbɛyɛ wɔ Afrika nyinaa da so ara wɔ ne mmofraase. [[:en:IPCC Fifth Assessment Report|IPCC Nhwehwɛmu Amanneɛbɔ a Ɛto so Anum (AR5) .]] si nhwɛsoɔ a ɛfa mpɔtam hɔ wim nsakraeɛ ho dwumadie nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ ho so dua, a deɛ wɔayɛ no ka ho [[:en:Southern African Development Community|Afrika Kesee Fam Nkɔso Kuw]] (SADC) ne Ɔtare Victoria Basin Boayikuw.<ref name=":0r2">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf|title=Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.|year=2014}}</ref> Wɔ ɔman no mu no, wɔnam Ɔman Nsakraeɛ Nhyehyɛeɛ a Wɔde Yɛ Adwuma (NAPAs) anaa Ɔman Wim Tebea Nsakraeɛ Ho Mmuaeɛ Ho Nhyehyɛeɛ (NCCRS) so na ɛyɛɛ nhyehyɛeɛ bebree a wɔde bɛyɛ nsakraeɛ ntɛm. Nanso, wɔde adi dwuma brɛoo, na adi afra wɔ nneɛma a wɔde ma mu.<ref name="date">{{Cite journal|last1=Pardoe|first1=Joanna|last2=Conway|first2=Declan|last3=Namaganda|first3=Emilinah|last4=Vincent|first4=Katharine|last5=Dougill|first5=Andy|last6=Kashaigili|first6=Japhet|date=2018|title=Climate Change and the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Policy and Practice in Tanzania.|journal=Climate Policy|volume=18|issue=7|pages=863–877|doi=10.1080/14693062.2017.1386082|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wim nsakrae a wɔde bɛka sikasɛm ne nkɔso ho nhyehyɛe a ɛtrɛw ho no da so ara yɛ kakraa bi nanso ɛrenya nkɔanim.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lessons learned in preparing national adaptation programmes of action in Eastern and Southern Africa|last1=Osman-Elasha|first1=Balgis|last2=Downing|first2=Tom|publisher=Stockholm Environment Institute|year=2007}}</ref><ref name=":0r3">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf|title=Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.|year=2014}}</ref> Wɔ ɔman nketewa mu no, amansin ne nkuropɔn mu atumfoɔ bebree nso reyɛ wɔn ankasa akwan, sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, Western Cape Wim Tebea Nsakraeɛ Ho Mmuaeɛ Nhyehyɛeɛ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2015/march/western_cape_climate_change_response_strategy_2014.pdf|title=Western Cape Climate Change Response Strategy|last=Western Cape Government|date=2014|access-date=2024-07-03|archive-date=2023-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220102835/https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2015/march/western_cape_climate_change_response_strategy_2014.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nanso, mpɛn pii no, mfiridwuma mu ahoɔden ne nneɛma a ɛwɔ hɔ a wɔde bedi nhyehyɛe ahorow ho dwuma no sua. Wɔde adwene kɛse asi Afrika nyinaa so sɛ wɔde nnwuma a wɔde bɛsakra nneɛma a egyina mpɔtam hɔ so bedi dwuma. Wɔagye atom kɛse sɛ mmoa a wɔde ma wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nsakrae ho no ye yiye denam mpɔtam hɔ nsakrae tumi a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw a wobefi ase, na wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ aborɔfo nimdeɛ ne nneyɛe mu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ofoegbu|first1=Chidiebere|last2=Chirwa|first2=Paxie|last3=Francis|first3=Joseph|last4=Babalola|first4=Folaranmi|date=15 May 2017|title=Assessing vulnerability of rural communities to climate change: A review of implications for forest-based livelihoods in South Africa|journal=International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management|volume=9|issue=3|pages=374–386|doi=10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2016-0044|hdl=2263/61659|hdl-access=free}}</ref> IPCC si akwan horow bi a edi mu a wɔfa so hyɛ nsakrae a etu mpɔn ho nkuran wɔ Afrika so dua, na ɛkyerɛ nnyinasosɛm anum a wɔtaa de di dwuma.<ref name=":0r2" /> Eyinom bi ne: # Mmoa a wɔde ma wɔ akwan horow a wɔfa so yɛ nsakrae a wɔde wɔn ho ma no a wɔbɛma ayɛ kɛse; # Adwene a wɔbɛma akɔ soro wɔ amammerɛ, abrabɔ pa, ne hokwan ahorow a wosusuw ho wɔ nsakrae ho (titiriw denam mmea, mmabun, ne ahiafo ne nnipa a wonni ahobammɔ a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ nsakrae dwumadi ahorow mu denneennen so); [[File:Leptis_Magna_amphitheatre_-_panoramio.jpg|left|thumb| Leptis Magna agoprama, a wotumi hu po no wɔ akyi no nkae]] [[File:Access_to_wood_and_water_appears_to_be_severely_impacted_by_climate_change_in_Kenya_and_Cameroon.png|thumb|Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 2022 mu aba no kyerɛ sɛ ɛte sɛ nea wim nsakrae a ɛba Kenya ne Cameroon no aka nnua ne nsu a wobenya no kɛse.]] [[File:Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_(%25_of_surveyed_African_banks).png|thumb|Sikasɛm hokwan ahorow a ɛyɛ ahabammono ne nneɛma a efi sikakorabea ahorow a wɔayɛ mu nhwehwɛmu wɔ European Investment Bank ’s Banking in Africa nhwehwɛmu mu]] [[File:Climate_risk_approach_(%25_of_surveyed_African_banks).png|thumb|Nea efii mu bae a ɛfa Afrika sikakorabea ahorow wim tebea ho asiane kwan (sikakorabea ahorow a wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu no mu %) fi Europa Sikakorabea Sikakorabea wɔ Afrika nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 2021 mu]] [[File:Climate_change_specific_personnel_(%25_of_surveyed_African_banks).png|thumb|Wim nsakrae pɔtee adwumayɛfo a wɔwɔ Afrika sikakorabea ahorow a wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ European Investment Bank Banking in Africa nhwehwɛmu (Afrika sikakorabea ahorow a wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu no mu %) .]] <references /> jiz4vj9v9houkfm7tirm8xzsj5hxiwy 0 16632 200249 181803 2026-06-25T01:30:32Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 200249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} {{Databox|item=Q184674}} Kɔtewuiɛ a wɔsan nso frɛ no '''krawa''', yɛ nna mu haw wɔ mmarima mu a ɛma no yɛ den ma mmarima sɛ wɔn kɔte bɛsɔre agyina so mmerɛ kakra anaa sɛ ɛbɛyɛ den berɛ a wɔne ɔbaa rebɛhyia mu wɔ nna mu no.Ɛno ne nna mu haw pa ara wɔ mmarima so na ɛbɛtumi mpo ama obi anya adwenem haw ɛsiane sɛdeɛ nipa no hunu ne ho na ɔntumi ne ɔbaa nhyia mu no nti. Kɔtewuiɛ a adɔɔso no gyina nneɛma binom a yɛde yɛn ani hunu na ɛbɛtumi aha yɛn no ne deɛ yɛtumi susu no.Yɛbɛtumi akyekyɛ saa nneɛma yi mu sɛ vascular, neurological,local penile, hormonal, ne drug-induced.Kɔtewuiɛ ho nsusuiɛ no bi ne yareɛ a ɛnya nipadua no nyinaa,akoma ne mogya mu yareɛ, asikyire yareɛ, mogyaborosoɔ,ahonhono,mogya mu nsuo mmorosoɔ, yareɛ a wɔfrɛ no [[:en:Hypogonadism|hypogonadism]], nnubɔnenom, wobɛtɔ baha,ne nnuronom.Wɔde nsɛm ahodoɔ bɛyɛ sɛ ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu du(10%) ma adwenem ne nkitahodie a wobɛhunu nneɛma binom te sɛ, wobɛtɔ baha,brɛ, ne ayɔnkofa mu haw. Yareɛ a ɛne kɔtewuiɛ sesɛ no, ɛbi te sɛ [[:en:Priapism|priapism]] no nyɛ pɛ. == Nsɛnkyerɛnne ne Mpopoeɛ == Kɔtewuiɛ yɛ adeɛ ɛyɛ den sɛ wobɛtumi ama kɔteɛ no asɔre na ayɛ den berɛ a nhyiamudie rebɛkɔ so no.Kɔtewuiɛ asekyerɛ ne sɛ worentumi mma wo kɔte nsɔre nyɛ den ma nhyiamudie nkɔso bɛyɛ abosome nsia. == Deɛ ɛde ba == Nneɛma a ɛde kɔtewuiiɛ ba na ɛdidisoɔ yi: * Nnuane a sradeɛ wɔ mu pii no de akoma yareɛ ba,na mpɛn pii no ɛnyɛ na koraa sɛ mmarima a wɔwɔ akoma yareɛ no tumi nya kɔtewuiɛ.<ref>https://health.clevelandclinic.org/can-your-diet-cause-erectile-dysfunction</ref> Ɛkwan bi nso no sɛ wodi nhahanma aduane a, ɛyɛ den sɛ wo kɔte bɛwu.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bauer SR, Breyer BN, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Kenfield SA (November 2020). Rivara FP (ed.). |title=Association of Diet With Erectile Dysfunction Among Men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study |date=2020 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7666422 |doi=https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamanetworkopen.2020.21701}}</ref> * Nnuro a ɛyɛ (sɛ ebia SSRIs, beta blocke<nowiki/>rs, antihistamines, alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, thiazides, hormone modulators, ne 5a-reductase inhibitors)<ref>{{Citation |last=Delgado PL, Brannan SK, Mallinckrodt CH, Tran PV, McNamara RK, Wang F, et al. Freeman MP (ed.) |title=Sexual functioning assessed in 4 double-blind placebo- and paroxetine-controlled trials of duloxetine for major depressive disorder |date=2005 |work=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. |volume=66 (6) |pages=686–92. |publisher=Physicians Postgraduate Press |doi=10.4088/JCP.v66n0603}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Cunningham GR, Rosen RC. Martin KA (Ed) |title=Overview of male sexual dysfunction |date=2018}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=WebMD Editorial Contributors |title=Drugs That Can Cause Erectile Dysfunction |url=https://www.webmd.com/erectile-dysfunction/drugs-linked-erectile-dysfunction |language=en |access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=8 Substances That May Be Killing Your Erection |date=2015-08-26 |url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/8-substances-that-may-be-killing-your-erection-127187355828.html |language=en-US |access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref> * Adwenem haw(ɛbi te sɛ, diabetic neuropathy, temporal lobe epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, multiple system atrophy)<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Chowdhury SH, Cozma AI, Chowdhury JH. |title=Erectile Dysfunction. Essentials for the Canadian Medical Licensing Exam: Review and Prep for MCCQE Part I. 2nd edition. |date=2017 |work=Wolters Kluwer. Hong Kong.}}</ref> * Cavernosal disorders (sɛ ebia; Peyronie yareɛ)<ref name=":0" /> * Hyperprolactinemia (sɛ ebia; ɛsiane prolactinoma) * Adwenemyare: mpamu agudie mu dadwene (performance anxiety), adwennwene ne adwennwenemu yareɛ<ref>{{Citation |title=Causes of Erectile Dysfunction {{!}} health.am |url=http://www.health.am/sex/more/causes_of_erectile_dysfunction/ |language=en-us |access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref> * Surgery (sɛ ebia;radical prostatectomy) * Nkwakoraabere: Sɛ wonyini duru mfeɛ aduanan de rekɔ a, nyini bɛyɛ adeɛ baako a ɛtumi de kɔtewuiiɛ ba, ɛwɔ mu yareɛ ahodoɔ bi a nyini tumi de ba, sɛ ebia testosterone deficiency, cardiovascular diseases, anaa asikyire yareɛ ne deɛ ɛkeka ho nyinaa no nso wɔ nsunsuansoɔ bi.<ref>{{Citation |last=Mehmet İlker Gökçe, Önder Yaman |title=Erectile dysfunction in the elderly male |date=2017-09 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5562240/ |work=Turkish Journal of Urology |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=247–251 |doi=10.5152/tud.2017.70482 |issn=2149-3235 |pmc=5562240 |pmid=28861293 |access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref> * Kidney yareɛ: Kɔtewuiiɛ ne koankorɔ "kidney" yareɛ wɔ nneɛma bi a ɛyɛ pɛ a vascular hormonal dysfunction ka ho na wɔtumi kyɛ nneɛma binom nso, sɛ ebia sasaborɔ ne asikyire yareɛ a ɛtumi de kɔtewuiiɛ ba no.<ref>{{Citation |last=Verze P, Margreiter M, Esposito K, Montorsi P, Mulhall J |title=The Link Between Cigarette Smoking and Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review |date=2015 |work=European Urology Focus |volume=1 (1) |pages=39–46. |doi=10.1016/j.euf.2015.01.003}}</ref> == Patofisiolɔgyi == Sɛ kɔteɛ bɛsɔre no, gyina nneɛma mmienu so: sɛ kɔteɛ no ara ankasa bɛsɔre, a ɛgyina sɛ wode wo nsa bɛka kɔteɛ no ano no, ɛne sɛ w’adwene no bɛma wo kɔte asɔre, a ɛgyina nneɛma bi a ɛfiri wo mu.Deɛ ɛdi kan yɛ nhoma ne w’akyi nkasɛe a ɛwɔ fam no,ɛna deɛ ɛtwa toɔ no yɛ adwenem nneɛma binom.Sɛ ɛsi saa wɔ ne mmienu mu a, na adwene no ne akyikasɛe hia sɛ ɛbɛma kɔteɛ no asɔre.Adeɛ a ɛma kɔteɛ no ano sɔre tumi ma nsuo bi firi mu ba a wɔfrɛ no nitric oxide(NO),a ɛma corpora cavernosa tumi dwodwo ne ho no( ɛno ne adeɛ titire pa ara a ɛma kɔteɛ no sɔre).Bio, testosterone(deɛ hwoa no de ba no) ne intact pituitary gland hia pa ara ma kɔteɛ no tumi sɔre.<ref>{{Citation |last=Rany Shamloul, Anthony J. Bella |title=Erectile Dysfunction |date=2014-03-01 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elg-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR6 |publisher=Biota Publishing |language=en |isbn=978-1-61504-653-9 |access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref> == Nsɔano == [[File:18971230 Male sexual dysfunction ads - The Helena Weekly Independent.jpg|thumb|One ad from 1897 claims to restore "perfect manhood. Failure is impossible with our method". Another "will quickly cure you of all nervous or diseases of the generative organs, such as Lost Manhood, Insomnia, Pains in the Back, Seminal Emissions, Nervous Debility, Pimples, Unfitness to Marry, Exhausting Drains, Varicocele and Constipation". The U.S. Federal Trade Commission warns that "phony cures" exist even today.]] Nsɔano no gyina deɛ ɛde ba no so. Ne nyinaa mu no adwuma, ne titire no honam mu adwuma a yɛde tenetene yɛn mpɔ mu no hia pa ara a ɛtumi boa si kɔtewuiɛ ano wɔ yɛn bra mu.<ref>{{Citation |last=Wespes E (chair) |title=Guidelines on Male Sexual Dysfunction: Erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. |date=2013 |publisher=European Association of Urology}}</ref> Sɛ deɛ ɛde ba no yɛ adwenem haw a, ɛneɛ na kasakyerɛ ho hia, ɛne kwan a wɔfa so te brɛ ne ayamhyehyeɛ a ɛfa ɔbaa ne ɔbarima nhyiamudie ho.<ref>{{Citation |title=Treatment for Erectile Dysfunction - NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/treatment |language=en-US |access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref> Nnuro a wɔde fa wano ne wo kɔte a ɛbɛsɔre kwa no yɛ nsɔano a ɛdi kan, na afei nnuro a wɔde fa paneɛ mu de wɔ kɔteɛ no mu ne adeɛ a wɔpae kɔteɛ no mu de hyɛ mu de sa kɔtewuiɛ no. Pae a wɔpae nipadua no hia ma nnipakuo binom.<ref>{{Citation |title=Encyclopedia of Reproduction |date=2018-06-29 |url=https://shop.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-reproduction/skinner/978-0-12-811899-3 |language=en-US |isbn=978-0-12-811899-3 |access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref> Ayarehwɛ, kyɛn sɛ wɔbɛpae obi no, ɛnsa adwenem haw, na mmom ɛho hia sɛ wɔyɛ ansa na ɔbaa ne ɔbarima nhyiamudie akɔ so.<ref>{{Citation |title=Erectile Dysfunction (ED): Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment - Urology Care Foundation |url=https://www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z/e/erectile-dysfunction-(ed) |access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref> == Lɛsikɔlɔgyi == Latin asɛmfua ''impotentia coeundi'' kyerɛ ɔkwan a wontumi mfa kɔteɛ nhyɛ Ɔbaa twɛ mu; seisei no wɔde nsɛmfua pii ahyɛ anan, ɛbi te sɛ Kɔtewuiɛ. Kɔtewuiɛ ho adesua wɔ nnurosɛm mu no fa kɔteɛ apɔmuden ho, a ɛyɛ nkorabata wɔ kɔteɛ adesua ho. Nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ Kɔtewuiɛ dɔɔso, na wɔasusu sɛ bɛyɛ mmarima mu ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu aduanan(40%) nya kɔtewuiɛ ho mpopoeɛ,da titire.<ref>{{Citation |last=Schouten BW, Bohnen AM, Groeneveld FP, Dohle GR, Thomas S, Bosch JL |title=Erectile dysfunction in the community: trends over time in incidence, prevalence, GP consultation and medication use – the Krimpen study: trends in ED |date=2010 |work=J Sex Med. |volume=7 (7): |pages=2547–53. |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01849.x. PMID 20497307}}</ref> Wɔfrɛ saa tebea no sɛ ''phallic impotence''.<ref>{{Citation |title=Archive copy |url=https://psyartjournal.com/article/show/kahane-bad_timing_the_problematics_of_intimacy_ |access-date=2024-06-23 |archive-date=2021-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019040353/https://psyartjournal.com/article/show/kahane-bad_timing_the_problematics_of_intimacy_ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ɛne priapism na ɛbɔ abira. == Beaɛ A Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ == <references /> 1n0gg5x567xo9lhpixiaaaklpnce143 0 18112 200251 199920 2026-06-25T01:40:05Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 200251 wikitext text/x-wiki [[:en:Mim_(Ghana)|Mim]] tare a mfitiaseɛ no na wɔfrɛ no Anwomasu Ɔtare no yɛ Inland tare a ɛwɔ Mim kurotia wɔ Asunafo North Municipal District wɔ Ahafo Mantam mu wɔ [[:en:Ghana|Ghana.]] Ɔtare no yɛ beae a nsrahwɛfo ahintaw na ɛwɔ tumi a ɛyɛ ɔtare no nkyɛn Ahomegyebea. Apontowfo taa kɔ hɔ kɔgye wɔn ahome.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20250802233210/https://ahafonews.com/south-african-high-commission-counselor-of-economic-embarks-on-two-2-days-visit-to-ahafo-region/ South African High Commission Counselor of Economic Embarks On Two (2) Days Visit To Ahafo Region]". June 8, 2021.</ref><ref>[http://asunafonorth.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/ "ASUNAFO North Municipal Assembly".] ''ASUNAFO North Municipal Assembly''. Retrieved 2021-11-05.</ref><ref>Dennis, Owusu (June 10, 2021). "Ahafo Regional Minister Woos South Africans on potential Investment". ''SoireeNews''.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mim_Lake#cite_note-3:~:text=%22Ahafo%20Regional%20Minister%20Woos%20South%20Africans%20on%20potential%20Investment%22.]</ref> == Asaas Ho Nyansa == Mim ɔtare a ɛwɔ 6.91873°N 2.55269°W no da Mim - [[:en:Kenyasi|kenyasi]] kwan no ho, bɛyɛ kilomita 1 (akwansin 0.62) wɔ [[:en:Mim_(Ghana)|Mim kurow]] no atifi fam. Mpɔtam titiriw a atwa ɔtare yi ho ahyia ne Mim wimhyɛn gyinabea dedaw no, Asukese, ne Nkensere. == Abakɔsɛm == Saa [[:en:Lake|ɔtare]] yi yɛ Anwomasu asubɔnten dedaw a na ɛyɛ abɔde mu ɔtare no ntrɛwmu. Ntrɛwmu no maa [[:en:Natural_lake|abɔde mu ɔtare]] no danee [[:en:Artificial_lake|ɔtare a wɔde nsa]] ayɛ a mfiase no na ɛyɛ mfiridwuma ne afie mu atirimpɔw nyinaa. Bere a wɔde [[:en:Artificial_dam|Ɔtare]] a ɛwɔ abɔde mu nneɛma ahorow adi dwuma mfe du du pii akyi no, wɔkora so sɛ baabi a nsrahwɛfo bɛtwetwe. Ɔtare no wɔ afifide ne mmoa ahorow ahorow. Mpataa ahorow a ɛwɔ ɔtare no mu no bi ne cichlid a ɛwɔ hɔ a wɔfrɛ no [[:en:Hemichromis_frempongi|hemichromis frempongi]], ne cichlid a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛwɔ hɔ a wɔfrɛ no [[:en:Tilapia_busumana|tilapia busumana]] ne [[:en:Tilapia_discolor|T. discolor.]] <ref>"anwomasu lake - Google Search". ''Google''.[https://www.google.com/search?q=anwomasu+lake]</ref>Saa Ɔtare yi nam nsuo afiri bi a ɛkɔ [[:en:Dam|Dam]] bi a ɛwɔ [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mim_Lake&params=6.91056_N_2.5605_W_ 6.9105600°N 2.5605000°W], a ɛfiri Ayum Forest Products Ltd. kɔ hɔ yɛ mita kakraa bi na ɛka bom Saa Dam yi di nnwuma ne afie mu nneɛma nyinaa ho dwuma. == Nsɛm a ɛsisi == Nsɛm abien bi asi a ɛsono emu biara bere a nnipa baanu a wɔadi mfe 57 ne 31 memee wɔ ɔtare no mu wɔ mmere ahorow mu no<ref>"SAD STORY AS 57-YEAR-OLD MAN DROWN 3 DAYS AFTER MISSING AT MIM – Rejoicefmonline.com"[https://web.archive.org/web/20220120214453/https://rejoicefmonline.com/2021/03/26/sad-story-as-57-year-old-man-drown-3-days-after-missing-at-mim/]</ref><ref>https://myrepubliconline.com/ahafo-region-man-57-drowns-in-mim-dam/</ref><ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Man-found-dead-in-a-river-1234051 "Man found dead in a river"]. ''GhanaWeb''. April 15, 2021.</ref> == Ngyinasoɔ nhoma == fj76au3a1ylvwsxu212ze48u4m5o4ao 0 18144 200242 200239 2026-06-24T12:24:19Z MABRIZA 21835 effects 200242 wikitext text/x-wiki Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.<ref>{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba<ref>{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.<ref>{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.<ref>{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia<ref>{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)<ref>{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> == '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' == Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ "asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho."<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}</ref> Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam<ref>{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor & Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ "ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti".<ref>{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, & Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ "anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ" ne "anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode" no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so<ref>{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> == '''<u>Nea ɛde ba</u>''' == '''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara''' Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no<ref>{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.<ref>{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya''' Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.<ref>{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.<ref>{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.<ref>{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.<ref>{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare<ref>{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.<ref>{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward". |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.<ref>{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw<ref>{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation & Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow''' Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse.<ref>{{Citation |last=Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Qiong Zhang |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |date=2016-01-15 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007530 |work=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nyansahyɛ bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsakrae a ɛbaa Sahara fi savanna so kɔɔ sare so wɔ Holocene mfinimfini no fã bi fi anantwi a ɛhɔfo no didi boro so.<ref>{{Citation |last=David K. Wright |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |date=2017-01-26 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2017.00004/full |work=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |language=English |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |issn=2296-6463 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nyansahufo akɔ so ayɛ mmeae a ɛho hia ho nhwehwɛmu, na wɔasi so dua sɛ nnipa dwumadi ne asase mu akwahosan ka wim tebea ho nneɛma ho sɛ nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma anhweatam no yɛ kɛse.Wɔ Mu Us Anhweatam so no, asase akwahosan yɛ anhweatam a ɛkɔ so no mu 37% bere a wim tebea ne nnipa dwumadi yɛ adwuma de siw saa adeyɛ yi ano 46% ne 17%. Mongolia mfimfini anhweatam no yɛ nea wim tebea a ɛboa 24% ne asase so mfaso 34.7% wɔ saa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi nyinaa mu. Shaanxi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira a wim tebea yɛ adwuma tia anhweatam a ɛyɛ adwuma na asase ma ɛyɛ kɛseɛ, na ɛkyerɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ ahodoɔ a abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma nya wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nyinaa.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jiaying Li, Yu Li, Xuhui Wang, Zhongxu Ma |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |date=2024-10-22 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/21/9154 |work=Sustainability |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |language=en |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Wim nsakrae''' Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ anhweatam so no yɛ nea ɛyɛ den, na metric biako biara nni hɔ a ebetumi akyerɛkyerɛ afã horow nyinaa mu. Nanso, wɔda so ara hwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae a emu yɛ den kɛse bɛma asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a ɛwɔ Asase nsasepɔn so mprempren no ayɛ kɛse:efi 38% wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu awieeɛ kɔsi 50% anaa 56% wɔ afeha no awieeɛ, wɔ "ɛyɛ mmerɛ" na ɛyɛ hyew kɛseɛ Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 ne 8.5 ase. Wobehu ntrɛwmu no fã kɛse no ara wɔ mmeae te sɛ “Amerika Atifi fam kesee fam atɔe, Afrika atifi fam ano, Afrika kesee fam, ne Australia.”<ref>{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu kata asase so 41% na ɛka wiase nyinaa kuayɛ asase 45% ho.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa mmeae yi ka abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ wim tebea ne asase a wɔde di dwuma mu nsakrae a nnipa de ba no ho na ɛwɔ asiane mu sɛ anhweatam bɛdan wɔn. Wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a egyina nhwɛsoɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea anhweatam so yɛ adwuma wɔ afe 2020 mu a ɛkyerɛɛ wim nsakraeɛ, wim nsakraeɛ, CO2 a wɔde yɛ nnɔbaeɛ ne afei nso abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom nsakraeɛ a ɛba nkakrankakra ne ntɛmntɛm a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma so ba.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nhwehwɛmu no hunuu sɛ, wɔ afe 1982 ne 2015 ntam no, wiase asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no mu 6% yɛɛ anhweatam a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma a ɛnkɔ so daa a wim nsakraeɛ a nnipa de baeɛ nti. Ɛmfa ho sɛ sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, wiase nyinaa ayɛ ahabammono no, wim nsakrae a nnipa de ba no asɛe asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu 12.6% (5.43 ɔpepem km2), na ɛde anhweatam ayɛ na ɛka nnipa ɔpepem 213, a wɔn mu 93% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Kuadwuma ne kuayɛ dwumadi ahorow''' Kuadwuma mu dwumadi te sɛ mmoa a wodi boro so ma anhweatam yɛ sare. Wɔ saa kuayɛ adwuma yi mu no, wɔma mmoa te sɛ anantwinini ne anantwinini kwan ma wodi asase bi so bere tenten a wondua sare mfa nsi ananmu. Esiane eyi nti, asase no da mpan, ɛda ɔhyew a efi owia mu a ɛma ɛyɛ den, mframa a ano yɛ den a ɛma asase no nso hwere n’aduannuru.<ref>{{Citation |title=Science |url=https://www.science.org/action/cookieAbsent |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Kuadwuma a ɛboro so ne Monocropping yɛ kuayɛ dwumadi afoforo a ɛma anhweatam dan wɔ Afrika. Sɛ wodua nnɔbae koro no ara mpɛn pii wɔ asase koro so a, ɛma aduannuru a ɛho hia a ɛwɔ asase no so no fi hɔ. Sɛ asase no sa a, ɛhwere nneɛma a ɛwɔ mu ne tumi a ɛtumi kura nsuo mu, na ɛma asase no yɛ den na ɛpaapae.<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification, its Causes and why it Matters |date=2012-02-21 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |pages=3–39 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Nkɛntɛnso a efi mu ba''' pgufjtwekvh5deo3z3vfo9sqzsuuntr 200243 200242 2026-06-24T12:28:39Z MABRIZA 21835 translation and citation 200243 wikitext text/x-wiki Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.<ref>{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba<ref>{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.<ref>{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.<ref>{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia<ref>{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)<ref>{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> == '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' == Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ "asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho."<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}</ref> Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam<ref>{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor & Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ "ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti".<ref>{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, & Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ "anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ" ne "anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode" no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so<ref>{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> == '''<u>Nea ɛde ba</u>''' == '''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara''' Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no<ref>{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.<ref>{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya''' Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.<ref>{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.<ref>{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.<ref>{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.<ref>{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare<ref>{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.<ref>{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward". |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.<ref>{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw<ref>{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation & Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow''' Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse.<ref>{{Citation |last=Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Qiong Zhang |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |date=2016-01-15 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007530 |work=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nyansahyɛ bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsakrae a ɛbaa Sahara fi savanna so kɔɔ sare so wɔ Holocene mfinimfini no fã bi fi anantwi a ɛhɔfo no didi boro so.<ref>{{Citation |last=David K. Wright |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |date=2017-01-26 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2017.00004/full |work=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |language=English |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |issn=2296-6463 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nyansahufo akɔ so ayɛ mmeae a ɛho hia ho nhwehwɛmu, na wɔasi so dua sɛ nnipa dwumadi ne asase mu akwahosan ka wim tebea ho nneɛma ho sɛ nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma anhweatam no yɛ kɛse.Wɔ Mu Us Anhweatam so no, asase akwahosan yɛ anhweatam a ɛkɔ so no mu 37% bere a wim tebea ne nnipa dwumadi yɛ adwuma de siw saa adeyɛ yi ano 46% ne 17%. Mongolia mfimfini anhweatam no yɛ nea wim tebea a ɛboa 24% ne asase so mfaso 34.7% wɔ saa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi nyinaa mu. Shaanxi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira a wim tebea yɛ adwuma tia anhweatam a ɛyɛ adwuma na asase ma ɛyɛ kɛseɛ, na ɛkyerɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ ahodoɔ a abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma nya wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nyinaa.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jiaying Li, Yu Li, Xuhui Wang, Zhongxu Ma |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |date=2024-10-22 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/21/9154 |work=Sustainability |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |language=en |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Wim nsakrae''' Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ anhweatam so no yɛ nea ɛyɛ den, na metric biako biara nni hɔ a ebetumi akyerɛkyerɛ afã horow nyinaa mu. Nanso, wɔda so ara hwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae a emu yɛ den kɛse bɛma asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a ɛwɔ Asase nsasepɔn so mprempren no ayɛ kɛse:efi 38% wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu awieeɛ kɔsi 50% anaa 56% wɔ afeha no awieeɛ, wɔ "ɛyɛ mmerɛ" na ɛyɛ hyew kɛseɛ Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 ne 8.5 ase. Wobehu ntrɛwmu no fã kɛse no ara wɔ mmeae te sɛ “Amerika Atifi fam kesee fam atɔe, Afrika atifi fam ano, Afrika kesee fam, ne Australia.”<ref>{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu kata asase so 41% na ɛka wiase nyinaa kuayɛ asase 45% ho.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa mmeae yi ka abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ wim tebea ne asase a wɔde di dwuma mu nsakrae a nnipa de ba no ho na ɛwɔ asiane mu sɛ anhweatam bɛdan wɔn. Wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a egyina nhwɛsoɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea anhweatam so yɛ adwuma wɔ afe 2020 mu a ɛkyerɛɛ wim nsakraeɛ, wim nsakraeɛ, CO2 a wɔde yɛ nnɔbaeɛ ne afei nso abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom nsakraeɛ a ɛba nkakrankakra ne ntɛmntɛm a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma so ba.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nhwehwɛmu no hunuu sɛ, wɔ afe 1982 ne 2015 ntam no, wiase asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no mu 6% yɛɛ anhweatam a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma a ɛnkɔ so daa a wim nsakraeɛ a nnipa de baeɛ nti. Ɛmfa ho sɛ sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, wiase nyinaa ayɛ ahabammono no, wim nsakrae a nnipa de ba no asɛe asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu 12.6% (5.43 ɔpepem km2), na ɛde anhweatam ayɛ na ɛka nnipa ɔpepem 213, a wɔn mu 93% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Kuadwuma ne kuayɛ dwumadi ahorow''' Kuadwuma mu dwumadi te sɛ mmoa a wodi boro so ma anhweatam yɛ sare. Wɔ saa kuayɛ adwuma yi mu no, wɔma mmoa te sɛ anantwinini ne anantwinini kwan ma wodi asase bi so bere tenten a wondua sare mfa nsi ananmu. Esiane eyi nti, asase no da mpan, ɛda ɔhyew a efi owia mu a ɛma ɛyɛ den, mframa a ano yɛ den a ɛma asase no nso hwere n’aduannuru.<ref>{{Citation |title=Science |url=https://www.science.org/action/cookieAbsent |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Kuadwuma a ɛboro so ne Monocropping yɛ kuayɛ dwumadi afoforo a ɛma anhweatam dan wɔ Afrika. Sɛ wodua nnɔbae koro no ara mpɛn pii wɔ asase koro so a, ɛma aduannuru a ɛho hia a ɛwɔ asase no so no fi hɔ. Sɛ asase no sa a, ɛhwere nneɛma a ɛwɔ mu ne tumi a ɛtumi kura nsuo mu, na ɛma asase no yɛ den na ɛpaapae.<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification, its Causes and why it Matters |date=2012-02-21 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |pages=3–39 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Nkɛntɛnso a efi mu ba''' Mfutuma a wɔtow gu wiase nyinaa afe biara no anya nkɔanim 25% wɔ afeha a ɛto so dunkron awiei kosi nnɛ ntam.<ref>{{Citation |last=Tanja Stanelle, Isabelle Bey, Thomas Raddatz, Christian Reick, Ina Tegen |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |date=2014 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2014JD022062 |work=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |language=en |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |issn=2169-8996 |access-date=2026-06-24}}</ref> 58oaf2fmp9px1n14qntpkxtpd0ltca5 200244 200243 2026-06-24T12:37:57Z MABRIZA 21835 translation 200244 wikitext text/x-wiki Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.<ref>{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba<ref>{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.<ref>{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.<ref>{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia<ref>{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)<ref>{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> == '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' == Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ "asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho."<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}</ref> Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam<ref>{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor & Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ "ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti".<ref>{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, & Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ "anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ" ne "anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode" no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so<ref>{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> == '''<u>Nea ɛde ba</u>''' == '''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara''' Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no<ref>{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.<ref>{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya''' Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.<ref>{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.<ref>{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.<ref>{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.<ref>{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare<ref>{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.<ref>{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward". |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.<ref>{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw<ref>{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation & Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow''' Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse.<ref>{{Citation |last=Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Qiong Zhang |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |date=2016-01-15 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007530 |work=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nyansahyɛ bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsakrae a ɛbaa Sahara fi savanna so kɔɔ sare so wɔ Holocene mfinimfini no fã bi fi anantwi a ɛhɔfo no didi boro so.<ref>{{Citation |last=David K. Wright |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |date=2017-01-26 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2017.00004/full |work=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |language=English |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |issn=2296-6463 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nyansahufo akɔ so ayɛ mmeae a ɛho hia ho nhwehwɛmu, na wɔasi so dua sɛ nnipa dwumadi ne asase mu akwahosan ka wim tebea ho nneɛma ho sɛ nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma anhweatam no yɛ kɛse.Wɔ Mu Us Anhweatam so no, asase akwahosan yɛ anhweatam a ɛkɔ so no mu 37% bere a wim tebea ne nnipa dwumadi yɛ adwuma de siw saa adeyɛ yi ano 46% ne 17%. Mongolia mfimfini anhweatam no yɛ nea wim tebea a ɛboa 24% ne asase so mfaso 34.7% wɔ saa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi nyinaa mu. Shaanxi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira a wim tebea yɛ adwuma tia anhweatam a ɛyɛ adwuma na asase ma ɛyɛ kɛseɛ, na ɛkyerɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ ahodoɔ a abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma nya wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nyinaa.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jiaying Li, Yu Li, Xuhui Wang, Zhongxu Ma |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |date=2024-10-22 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/21/9154 |work=Sustainability |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |language=en |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Wim nsakrae''' Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ anhweatam so no yɛ nea ɛyɛ den, na metric biako biara nni hɔ a ebetumi akyerɛkyerɛ afã horow nyinaa mu. Nanso, wɔda so ara hwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae a emu yɛ den kɛse bɛma asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a ɛwɔ Asase nsasepɔn so mprempren no ayɛ kɛse:efi 38% wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu awieeɛ kɔsi 50% anaa 56% wɔ afeha no awieeɛ, wɔ "ɛyɛ mmerɛ" na ɛyɛ hyew kɛseɛ Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 ne 8.5 ase. Wobehu ntrɛwmu no fã kɛse no ara wɔ mmeae te sɛ “Amerika Atifi fam kesee fam atɔe, Afrika atifi fam ano, Afrika kesee fam, ne Australia.”<ref>{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu kata asase so 41% na ɛka wiase nyinaa kuayɛ asase 45% ho.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa mmeae yi ka abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ wim tebea ne asase a wɔde di dwuma mu nsakrae a nnipa de ba no ho na ɛwɔ asiane mu sɛ anhweatam bɛdan wɔn. Wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a egyina nhwɛsoɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea anhweatam so yɛ adwuma wɔ afe 2020 mu a ɛkyerɛɛ wim nsakraeɛ, wim nsakraeɛ, CO2 a wɔde yɛ nnɔbaeɛ ne afei nso abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom nsakraeɛ a ɛba nkakrankakra ne ntɛmntɛm a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma so ba.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nhwehwɛmu no hunuu sɛ, wɔ afe 1982 ne 2015 ntam no, wiase asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no mu 6% yɛɛ anhweatam a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma a ɛnkɔ so daa a wim nsakraeɛ a nnipa de baeɛ nti. Ɛmfa ho sɛ sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, wiase nyinaa ayɛ ahabammono no, wim nsakrae a nnipa de ba no asɛe asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu 12.6% (5.43 ɔpepem km2), na ɛde anhweatam ayɛ na ɛka nnipa ɔpepem 213, a wɔn mu 93% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Kuadwuma ne kuayɛ dwumadi ahorow''' Kuadwuma mu dwumadi te sɛ mmoa a wodi boro so ma anhweatam yɛ sare. Wɔ saa kuayɛ adwuma yi mu no, wɔma mmoa te sɛ anantwinini ne anantwinini kwan ma wodi asase bi so bere tenten a wondua sare mfa nsi ananmu. Esiane eyi nti, asase no da mpan, ɛda ɔhyew a efi owia mu a ɛma ɛyɛ den, mframa a ano yɛ den a ɛma asase no nso hwere n’aduannuru.<ref>{{Citation |title=Science |url=https://www.science.org/action/cookieAbsent |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Kuadwuma a ɛboro so ne Monocropping yɛ kuayɛ dwumadi afoforo a ɛma anhweatam dan wɔ Afrika. Sɛ wodua nnɔbae koro no ara mpɛn pii wɔ asase koro so a, ɛma aduannuru a ɛho hia a ɛwɔ asase no so no fi hɔ. Sɛ asase no sa a, ɛhwere nneɛma a ɛwɔ mu ne tumi a ɛtumi kura nsuo mu, na ɛma asase no yɛ den na ɛpaapae.<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification, its Causes and why it Matters |date=2012-02-21 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |pages=3–39 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Nkɛntɛnso a efi mu ba''' Mfutuma a wɔtow gu wiase nyinaa afe biara no anya nkɔanim 25% wɔ afeha a ɛto so dunkron awiei kosi nnɛ ntam.<ref>{{Citation |last=Tanja Stanelle, Isabelle Bey, Thomas Raddatz, Christian Reick, Ina Tegen |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |date=2014 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2014JD022062 |work=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |language=en |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |issn=2169-8996 |access-date=2026-06-24}}</ref> Anhweatam a ɛreyɛ kɛse no nso ama anhwea ne mfutuma a ayɛ mmerɛw a mframa no betumi agye a awiei koraa no ɛde ahum aba no akɔ soro. Sɛ nhwɛso no, mfutuma ahum a ɛtu wɔ Mfinimfini Apuei “reyɛ nea ɛtaa ba na emu yɛ den wɔ nnansa yi mfe mu” efisɛ “osu a ɛtɔ bere tenten a ɛso tew [ma] asase mu nsu ne afifide a ɛkata so no so tew.” r05lmbcagwel0crddvryrph4611gm61 200245 200244 2026-06-24T12:39:43Z MABRIZA 21835 citation 200245 wikitext text/x-wiki Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.<ref>{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba<ref>{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.<ref>{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.<ref>{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia<ref>{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)<ref>{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> == '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' == Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ "asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho."<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}</ref> Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam<ref>{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor & Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ "ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti".<ref>{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, & Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ "anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ" ne "anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode" no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so<ref>{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> == '''<u>Nea ɛde ba</u>''' == '''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara''' Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no<ref>{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.<ref>{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya''' Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.<ref>{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.<ref>{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.<ref>{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.<ref>{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare<ref>{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.<ref>{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward". |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.<ref>{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw<ref>{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation & Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow''' Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse.<ref>{{Citation |last=Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Qiong Zhang |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |date=2016-01-15 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007530 |work=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nyansahyɛ bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsakrae a ɛbaa Sahara fi savanna so kɔɔ sare so wɔ Holocene mfinimfini no fã bi fi anantwi a ɛhɔfo no didi boro so.<ref>{{Citation |last=David K. Wright |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |date=2017-01-26 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2017.00004/full |work=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |language=English |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |issn=2296-6463 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nyansahufo akɔ so ayɛ mmeae a ɛho hia ho nhwehwɛmu, na wɔasi so dua sɛ nnipa dwumadi ne asase mu akwahosan ka wim tebea ho nneɛma ho sɛ nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma anhweatam no yɛ kɛse.Wɔ Mu Us Anhweatam so no, asase akwahosan yɛ anhweatam a ɛkɔ so no mu 37% bere a wim tebea ne nnipa dwumadi yɛ adwuma de siw saa adeyɛ yi ano 46% ne 17%. Mongolia mfimfini anhweatam no yɛ nea wim tebea a ɛboa 24% ne asase so mfaso 34.7% wɔ saa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi nyinaa mu. Shaanxi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira a wim tebea yɛ adwuma tia anhweatam a ɛyɛ adwuma na asase ma ɛyɛ kɛseɛ, na ɛkyerɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ ahodoɔ a abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma nya wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nyinaa.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jiaying Li, Yu Li, Xuhui Wang, Zhongxu Ma |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |date=2024-10-22 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/21/9154 |work=Sustainability |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |language=en |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Wim nsakrae''' Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ anhweatam so no yɛ nea ɛyɛ den, na metric biako biara nni hɔ a ebetumi akyerɛkyerɛ afã horow nyinaa mu. Nanso, wɔda so ara hwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae a emu yɛ den kɛse bɛma asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a ɛwɔ Asase nsasepɔn so mprempren no ayɛ kɛse:efi 38% wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu awieeɛ kɔsi 50% anaa 56% wɔ afeha no awieeɛ, wɔ "ɛyɛ mmerɛ" na ɛyɛ hyew kɛseɛ Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 ne 8.5 ase. Wobehu ntrɛwmu no fã kɛse no ara wɔ mmeae te sɛ “Amerika Atifi fam kesee fam atɔe, Afrika atifi fam ano, Afrika kesee fam, ne Australia.”<ref>{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu kata asase so 41% na ɛka wiase nyinaa kuayɛ asase 45% ho.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa mmeae yi ka abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ wim tebea ne asase a wɔde di dwuma mu nsakrae a nnipa de ba no ho na ɛwɔ asiane mu sɛ anhweatam bɛdan wɔn. Wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a egyina nhwɛsoɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea anhweatam so yɛ adwuma wɔ afe 2020 mu a ɛkyerɛɛ wim nsakraeɛ, wim nsakraeɛ, CO2 a wɔde yɛ nnɔbaeɛ ne afei nso abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom nsakraeɛ a ɛba nkakrankakra ne ntɛmntɛm a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma so ba.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nhwehwɛmu no hunuu sɛ, wɔ afe 1982 ne 2015 ntam no, wiase asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no mu 6% yɛɛ anhweatam a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma a ɛnkɔ so daa a wim nsakraeɛ a nnipa de baeɛ nti. Ɛmfa ho sɛ sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, wiase nyinaa ayɛ ahabammono no, wim nsakrae a nnipa de ba no asɛe asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu 12.6% (5.43 ɔpepem km2), na ɛde anhweatam ayɛ na ɛka nnipa ɔpepem 213, a wɔn mu 93% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Kuadwuma ne kuayɛ dwumadi ahorow''' Kuadwuma mu dwumadi te sɛ mmoa a wodi boro so ma anhweatam yɛ sare. Wɔ saa kuayɛ adwuma yi mu no, wɔma mmoa te sɛ anantwinini ne anantwinini kwan ma wodi asase bi so bere tenten a wondua sare mfa nsi ananmu. Esiane eyi nti, asase no da mpan, ɛda ɔhyew a efi owia mu a ɛma ɛyɛ den, mframa a ano yɛ den a ɛma asase no nso hwere n’aduannuru.<ref>{{Citation |title=Science |url=https://www.science.org/action/cookieAbsent |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Kuadwuma a ɛboro so ne Monocropping yɛ kuayɛ dwumadi afoforo a ɛma anhweatam dan wɔ Afrika. Sɛ wodua nnɔbae koro no ara mpɛn pii wɔ asase koro so a, ɛma aduannuru a ɛho hia a ɛwɔ asase no so no fi hɔ. Sɛ asase no sa a, ɛhwere nneɛma a ɛwɔ mu ne tumi a ɛtumi kura nsuo mu, na ɛma asase no yɛ den na ɛpaapae.<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification, its Causes and why it Matters |date=2012-02-21 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |pages=3–39 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Nkɛntɛnso a efi mu ba''' Mfutuma a wɔtow gu wiase nyinaa afe biara no anya nkɔanim 25% wɔ afeha a ɛto so dunkron awiei kosi nnɛ ntam.<ref>{{Citation |last=Tanja Stanelle, Isabelle Bey, Thomas Raddatz, Christian Reick, Ina Tegen |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |date=2014 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2014JD022062 |work=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |language=en |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |issn=2169-8996 |access-date=2026-06-24}}</ref> Anhweatam a ɛreyɛ kɛse no nso ama anhwea ne mfutuma a ayɛ mmerɛw a mframa no betumi agye a awiei koraa no ɛde ahum aba no akɔ soro. Sɛ nhwɛso no, mfutuma ahum a ɛtu wɔ Mfinimfini Apuei “reyɛ nea ɛtaa ba na emu yɛ den wɔ nnansa yi mfe mu” efisɛ “osu a ɛtɔ bere tenten a ɛso tew [ma] asase mu nsu ne afifide a ɛkata so no so tew.”<ref>{{Citation |last=Soodabeh Namdari, Neamat Karimi, Armin Sorooshian, GholamHasan Mohammadi, Saviz Sehatkashani |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |date=2018-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6192056/ |work=Atmospheric Environment (Oxford, England: 1994) |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444 |access-date=2026-06-24}}</ref> 98gwiv130f83aqe0koaajioabe8eilm 200246 200245 2026-06-24T12:44:53Z MABRIZA 21835 translation and citation 200246 wikitext text/x-wiki Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.<ref>{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba<ref>{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.<ref>{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.<ref>{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia<ref>{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)<ref>{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> == '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' == Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ "asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho."<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}</ref> Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam<ref>{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor & Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ "ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti".<ref>{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, & Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ "anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ" ne "anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode" no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so<ref>{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> == '''<u>Nea ɛde ba</u>''' == '''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara''' Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no<ref>{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.<ref>{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya''' Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.<ref>{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.<ref>{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.<ref>{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.<ref>{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare<ref>{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.<ref>{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward". |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.<ref>{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw<ref>{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation & Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow''' Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse.<ref>{{Citation |last=Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Qiong Zhang |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |date=2016-01-15 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007530 |work=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nyansahyɛ bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsakrae a ɛbaa Sahara fi savanna so kɔɔ sare so wɔ Holocene mfinimfini no fã bi fi anantwi a ɛhɔfo no didi boro so.<ref>{{Citation |last=David K. Wright |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |date=2017-01-26 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2017.00004/full |work=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |language=English |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |issn=2296-6463 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nyansahufo akɔ so ayɛ mmeae a ɛho hia ho nhwehwɛmu, na wɔasi so dua sɛ nnipa dwumadi ne asase mu akwahosan ka wim tebea ho nneɛma ho sɛ nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma anhweatam no yɛ kɛse.Wɔ Mu Us Anhweatam so no, asase akwahosan yɛ anhweatam a ɛkɔ so no mu 37% bere a wim tebea ne nnipa dwumadi yɛ adwuma de siw saa adeyɛ yi ano 46% ne 17%. Mongolia mfimfini anhweatam no yɛ nea wim tebea a ɛboa 24% ne asase so mfaso 34.7% wɔ saa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi nyinaa mu. Shaanxi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira a wim tebea yɛ adwuma tia anhweatam a ɛyɛ adwuma na asase ma ɛyɛ kɛseɛ, na ɛkyerɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ ahodoɔ a abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma nya wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nyinaa.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jiaying Li, Yu Li, Xuhui Wang, Zhongxu Ma |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |date=2024-10-22 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/21/9154 |work=Sustainability |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |language=en |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Wim nsakrae''' Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ anhweatam so no yɛ nea ɛyɛ den, na metric biako biara nni hɔ a ebetumi akyerɛkyerɛ afã horow nyinaa mu. Nanso, wɔda so ara hwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae a emu yɛ den kɛse bɛma asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a ɛwɔ Asase nsasepɔn so mprempren no ayɛ kɛse:efi 38% wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu awieeɛ kɔsi 50% anaa 56% wɔ afeha no awieeɛ, wɔ "ɛyɛ mmerɛ" na ɛyɛ hyew kɛseɛ Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 ne 8.5 ase. Wobehu ntrɛwmu no fã kɛse no ara wɔ mmeae te sɛ “Amerika Atifi fam kesee fam atɔe, Afrika atifi fam ano, Afrika kesee fam, ne Australia.”<ref>{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu kata asase so 41% na ɛka wiase nyinaa kuayɛ asase 45% ho.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa mmeae yi ka abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ wim tebea ne asase a wɔde di dwuma mu nsakrae a nnipa de ba no ho na ɛwɔ asiane mu sɛ anhweatam bɛdan wɔn. Wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a egyina nhwɛsoɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea anhweatam so yɛ adwuma wɔ afe 2020 mu a ɛkyerɛɛ wim nsakraeɛ, wim nsakraeɛ, CO2 a wɔde yɛ nnɔbaeɛ ne afei nso abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom nsakraeɛ a ɛba nkakrankakra ne ntɛmntɛm a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma so ba.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nhwehwɛmu no hunuu sɛ, wɔ afe 1982 ne 2015 ntam no, wiase asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no mu 6% yɛɛ anhweatam a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma a ɛnkɔ so daa a wim nsakraeɛ a nnipa de baeɛ nti. Ɛmfa ho sɛ sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, wiase nyinaa ayɛ ahabammono no, wim nsakrae a nnipa de ba no asɛe asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu 12.6% (5.43 ɔpepem km2), na ɛde anhweatam ayɛ na ɛka nnipa ɔpepem 213, a wɔn mu 93% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Kuadwuma ne kuayɛ dwumadi ahorow''' Kuadwuma mu dwumadi te sɛ mmoa a wodi boro so ma anhweatam yɛ sare. Wɔ saa kuayɛ adwuma yi mu no, wɔma mmoa te sɛ anantwinini ne anantwinini kwan ma wodi asase bi so bere tenten a wondua sare mfa nsi ananmu. Esiane eyi nti, asase no da mpan, ɛda ɔhyew a efi owia mu a ɛma ɛyɛ den, mframa a ano yɛ den a ɛma asase no nso hwere n’aduannuru.<ref>{{Citation |title=Science |url=https://www.science.org/action/cookieAbsent |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Kuadwuma a ɛboro so ne Monocropping yɛ kuayɛ dwumadi afoforo a ɛma anhweatam dan wɔ Afrika. Sɛ wodua nnɔbae koro no ara mpɛn pii wɔ asase koro so a, ɛma aduannuru a ɛho hia a ɛwɔ asase no so no fi hɔ. Sɛ asase no sa a, ɛhwere nneɛma a ɛwɔ mu ne tumi a ɛtumi kura nsuo mu, na ɛma asase no yɛ den na ɛpaapae.<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification, its Causes and why it Matters |date=2012-02-21 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |pages=3–39 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Nkɛntɛnso a efi mu ba''' Mfutuma a wɔtow gu wiase nyinaa afe biara no anya nkɔanim 25% wɔ afeha a ɛto so dunkron awiei kosi nnɛ ntam.<ref>{{Citation |last=Tanja Stanelle, Isabelle Bey, Thomas Raddatz, Christian Reick, Ina Tegen |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |date=2014 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2014JD022062 |work=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |language=en |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |issn=2169-8996 |access-date=2026-06-24}}</ref> Anhweatam a ɛreyɛ kɛse no nso ama anhwea ne mfutuma a ayɛ mmerɛw a mframa no betumi agye a awiei koraa no ɛde ahum aba no akɔ soro. Sɛ nhwɛso no, mfutuma ahum a ɛtu wɔ Mfinimfini Apuei “reyɛ nea ɛtaa ba na emu yɛ den wɔ nnansa yi mfe mu” efisɛ “osu a ɛtɔ bere tenten a ɛso tew [ma] asase mu nsu ne afifide a ɛkata so no so tew.”<ref>{{Citation |last=Soodabeh Namdari, Neamat Karimi, Armin Sorooshian, GholamHasan Mohammadi, Saviz Sehatkashani |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |date=2018-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6192056/ |work=Atmospheric Environment (Oxford, England: 1994) |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444 |access-date=2026-06-24}}</ref> Mfutuma ahum betumi ama obi anya ɔhome mu haw ahorow bi te sɛ ahurututu mu yare, honam ani yare, ayamtu ne nea ɛkeka ho pii.<ref>{{Citation |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |date=2014-02-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160412013002262 |work=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |access-date=2026-06-24}}</ref> itactmiucau8a1bvdg6ugnni5n9m4ht 200247 200246 2026-06-24T12:46:53Z MABRIZA 21835 translatin 200247 wikitext text/x-wiki Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.<ref>{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba<ref>{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.<ref>{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.<ref>{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia<ref>{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)<ref>{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> == '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' == Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ "asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho."<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}</ref> Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam<ref>{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor & Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ "ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti".<ref>{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, & Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ "anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ" ne "anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode" no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so<ref>{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> == '''<u>Nea ɛde ba</u>''' == '''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara''' Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no<ref>{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.<ref>{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya''' Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.<ref>{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.<ref>{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.<ref>{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.<ref>{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare<ref>{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.<ref>{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward". |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.<ref>{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw<ref>{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation & Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow''' Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse.<ref>{{Citation |last=Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Qiong Zhang |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |date=2016-01-15 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007530 |work=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nyansahyɛ bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsakrae a ɛbaa Sahara fi savanna so kɔɔ sare so wɔ Holocene mfinimfini no fã bi fi anantwi a ɛhɔfo no didi boro so.<ref>{{Citation |last=David K. Wright |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |date=2017-01-26 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2017.00004/full |work=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |language=English |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |issn=2296-6463 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nyansahufo akɔ so ayɛ mmeae a ɛho hia ho nhwehwɛmu, na wɔasi so dua sɛ nnipa dwumadi ne asase mu akwahosan ka wim tebea ho nneɛma ho sɛ nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma anhweatam no yɛ kɛse.Wɔ Mu Us Anhweatam so no, asase akwahosan yɛ anhweatam a ɛkɔ so no mu 37% bere a wim tebea ne nnipa dwumadi yɛ adwuma de siw saa adeyɛ yi ano 46% ne 17%. Mongolia mfimfini anhweatam no yɛ nea wim tebea a ɛboa 24% ne asase so mfaso 34.7% wɔ saa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi nyinaa mu. Shaanxi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira a wim tebea yɛ adwuma tia anhweatam a ɛyɛ adwuma na asase ma ɛyɛ kɛseɛ, na ɛkyerɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ ahodoɔ a abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma nya wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nyinaa.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jiaying Li, Yu Li, Xuhui Wang, Zhongxu Ma |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |date=2024-10-22 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/21/9154 |work=Sustainability |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |language=en |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Wim nsakrae''' Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ anhweatam so no yɛ nea ɛyɛ den, na metric biako biara nni hɔ a ebetumi akyerɛkyerɛ afã horow nyinaa mu. Nanso, wɔda so ara hwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae a emu yɛ den kɛse bɛma asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a ɛwɔ Asase nsasepɔn so mprempren no ayɛ kɛse:efi 38% wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu awieeɛ kɔsi 50% anaa 56% wɔ afeha no awieeɛ, wɔ "ɛyɛ mmerɛ" na ɛyɛ hyew kɛseɛ Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 ne 8.5 ase. Wobehu ntrɛwmu no fã kɛse no ara wɔ mmeae te sɛ “Amerika Atifi fam kesee fam atɔe, Afrika atifi fam ano, Afrika kesee fam, ne Australia.”<ref>{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu kata asase so 41% na ɛka wiase nyinaa kuayɛ asase 45% ho.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa mmeae yi ka abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ wim tebea ne asase a wɔde di dwuma mu nsakrae a nnipa de ba no ho na ɛwɔ asiane mu sɛ anhweatam bɛdan wɔn. Wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a egyina nhwɛsoɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea anhweatam so yɛ adwuma wɔ afe 2020 mu a ɛkyerɛɛ wim nsakraeɛ, wim nsakraeɛ, CO2 a wɔde yɛ nnɔbaeɛ ne afei nso abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom nsakraeɛ a ɛba nkakrankakra ne ntɛmntɛm a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma so ba.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nhwehwɛmu no hunuu sɛ, wɔ afe 1982 ne 2015 ntam no, wiase asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no mu 6% yɛɛ anhweatam a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma a ɛnkɔ so daa a wim nsakraeɛ a nnipa de baeɛ nti. Ɛmfa ho sɛ sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, wiase nyinaa ayɛ ahabammono no, wim nsakrae a nnipa de ba no asɛe asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu 12.6% (5.43 ɔpepem km2), na ɛde anhweatam ayɛ na ɛka nnipa ɔpepem 213, a wɔn mu 93% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Kuadwuma ne kuayɛ dwumadi ahorow''' Kuadwuma mu dwumadi te sɛ mmoa a wodi boro so ma anhweatam yɛ sare. Wɔ saa kuayɛ adwuma yi mu no, wɔma mmoa te sɛ anantwinini ne anantwinini kwan ma wodi asase bi so bere tenten a wondua sare mfa nsi ananmu. Esiane eyi nti, asase no da mpan, ɛda ɔhyew a efi owia mu a ɛma ɛyɛ den, mframa a ano yɛ den a ɛma asase no nso hwere n’aduannuru.<ref>{{Citation |title=Science |url=https://www.science.org/action/cookieAbsent |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Kuadwuma a ɛboro so ne Monocropping yɛ kuayɛ dwumadi afoforo a ɛma anhweatam dan wɔ Afrika. Sɛ wodua nnɔbae koro no ara mpɛn pii wɔ asase koro so a, ɛma aduannuru a ɛho hia a ɛwɔ asase no so no fi hɔ. Sɛ asase no sa a, ɛhwere nneɛma a ɛwɔ mu ne tumi a ɛtumi kura nsuo mu, na ɛma asase no yɛ den na ɛpaapae.<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification, its Causes and why it Matters |date=2012-02-21 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |pages=3–39 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Nkɛntɛnso a efi mu ba''' Mfutuma a wɔtow gu wiase nyinaa afe biara no anya nkɔanim 25% wɔ afeha a ɛto so dunkron awiei kosi nnɛ ntam.<ref>{{Citation |last=Tanja Stanelle, Isabelle Bey, Thomas Raddatz, Christian Reick, Ina Tegen |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |date=2014 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2014JD022062 |work=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |language=en |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |issn=2169-8996 |access-date=2026-06-24}}</ref> Anhweatam a ɛreyɛ kɛse no nso ama anhwea ne mfutuma a ayɛ mmerɛw a mframa no betumi agye a awiei koraa no ɛde ahum aba no akɔ soro. Sɛ nhwɛso no, mfutuma ahum a ɛtu wɔ Mfinimfini Apuei “reyɛ nea ɛtaa ba na emu yɛ den wɔ nnansa yi mfe mu” efisɛ “osu a ɛtɔ bere tenten a ɛso tew [ma] asase mu nsu ne afifide a ɛkata so no so tew.”<ref>{{Citation |last=Soodabeh Namdari, Neamat Karimi, Armin Sorooshian, GholamHasan Mohammadi, Saviz Sehatkashani |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |date=2018-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6192056/ |work=Atmospheric Environment (Oxford, England: 1994) |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444 |access-date=2026-06-24}}</ref> Mfutuma ahum betumi ama obi anya ɔhome mu haw ahorow bi te sɛ ahurututu mu yare, honam ani yare, ayamtu ne nea ɛkeka ho pii.<ref>{{Citation |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |date=2014-02-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160412013002262 |work=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |access-date=2026-06-24}}</ref> Wobetumi agu nsu a ɛda hɔ ho fĩ, atew mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ ahoɔden a ɛho tew no tu mpɔn, na wɔagyae akwantu dodow no ara. d8xvns0oltmyxgazzwe0ex197469csg 200248 200247 2026-06-24T12:48:52Z MABRIZA 21835 translation and citation 200248 wikitext text/x-wiki Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.<ref>{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba<ref>{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.<ref>{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.<ref>{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia<ref>{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)<ref>{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> == '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' == Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ "asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho."<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}</ref> Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam<ref>{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor & Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ "ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti".<ref>{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, & Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ "anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ" ne "anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode" no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so<ref>{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> == '''<u>Nea ɛde ba</u>''' == '''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara''' Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no<ref>{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.<ref>{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya''' Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.<ref>{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.<ref>{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.<ref>{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.<ref>{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare<ref>{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.<ref>{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward". |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.<ref>{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw<ref>{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation & Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow''' Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse.<ref>{{Citation |last=Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Qiong Zhang |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |date=2016-01-15 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007530 |work=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nyansahyɛ bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsakrae a ɛbaa Sahara fi savanna so kɔɔ sare so wɔ Holocene mfinimfini no fã bi fi anantwi a ɛhɔfo no didi boro so.<ref>{{Citation |last=David K. Wright |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |date=2017-01-26 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2017.00004/full |work=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |language=English |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |issn=2296-6463 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nyansahufo akɔ so ayɛ mmeae a ɛho hia ho nhwehwɛmu, na wɔasi so dua sɛ nnipa dwumadi ne asase mu akwahosan ka wim tebea ho nneɛma ho sɛ nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma anhweatam no yɛ kɛse.Wɔ Mu Us Anhweatam so no, asase akwahosan yɛ anhweatam a ɛkɔ so no mu 37% bere a wim tebea ne nnipa dwumadi yɛ adwuma de siw saa adeyɛ yi ano 46% ne 17%. Mongolia mfimfini anhweatam no yɛ nea wim tebea a ɛboa 24% ne asase so mfaso 34.7% wɔ saa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi nyinaa mu. Shaanxi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira a wim tebea yɛ adwuma tia anhweatam a ɛyɛ adwuma na asase ma ɛyɛ kɛseɛ, na ɛkyerɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ ahodoɔ a abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma nya wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nyinaa.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jiaying Li, Yu Li, Xuhui Wang, Zhongxu Ma |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |date=2024-10-22 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/21/9154 |work=Sustainability |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |language=en |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Wim nsakrae''' Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ anhweatam so no yɛ nea ɛyɛ den, na metric biako biara nni hɔ a ebetumi akyerɛkyerɛ afã horow nyinaa mu. Nanso, wɔda so ara hwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae a emu yɛ den kɛse bɛma asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a ɛwɔ Asase nsasepɔn so mprempren no ayɛ kɛse:efi 38% wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu awieeɛ kɔsi 50% anaa 56% wɔ afeha no awieeɛ, wɔ "ɛyɛ mmerɛ" na ɛyɛ hyew kɛseɛ Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 ne 8.5 ase. Wobehu ntrɛwmu no fã kɛse no ara wɔ mmeae te sɛ “Amerika Atifi fam kesee fam atɔe, Afrika atifi fam ano, Afrika kesee fam, ne Australia.”<ref>{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu kata asase so 41% na ɛka wiase nyinaa kuayɛ asase 45% ho.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa mmeae yi ka abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ wim tebea ne asase a wɔde di dwuma mu nsakrae a nnipa de ba no ho na ɛwɔ asiane mu sɛ anhweatam bɛdan wɔn. Wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a egyina nhwɛsoɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea anhweatam so yɛ adwuma wɔ afe 2020 mu a ɛkyerɛɛ wim nsakraeɛ, wim nsakraeɛ, CO2 a wɔde yɛ nnɔbaeɛ ne afei nso abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom nsakraeɛ a ɛba nkakrankakra ne ntɛmntɛm a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma so ba.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nhwehwɛmu no hunuu sɛ, wɔ afe 1982 ne 2015 ntam no, wiase asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no mu 6% yɛɛ anhweatam a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma a ɛnkɔ so daa a wim nsakraeɛ a nnipa de baeɛ nti. Ɛmfa ho sɛ sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, wiase nyinaa ayɛ ahabammono no, wim nsakrae a nnipa de ba no asɛe asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu 12.6% (5.43 ɔpepem km2), na ɛde anhweatam ayɛ na ɛka nnipa ɔpepem 213, a wɔn mu 93% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Kuadwuma ne kuayɛ dwumadi ahorow''' Kuadwuma mu dwumadi te sɛ mmoa a wodi boro so ma anhweatam yɛ sare. Wɔ saa kuayɛ adwuma yi mu no, wɔma mmoa te sɛ anantwinini ne anantwinini kwan ma wodi asase bi so bere tenten a wondua sare mfa nsi ananmu. Esiane eyi nti, asase no da mpan, ɛda ɔhyew a efi owia mu a ɛma ɛyɛ den, mframa a ano yɛ den a ɛma asase no nso hwere n’aduannuru.<ref>{{Citation |title=Science |url=https://www.science.org/action/cookieAbsent |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Kuadwuma a ɛboro so ne Monocropping yɛ kuayɛ dwumadi afoforo a ɛma anhweatam dan wɔ Afrika. Sɛ wodua nnɔbae koro no ara mpɛn pii wɔ asase koro so a, ɛma aduannuru a ɛho hia a ɛwɔ asase no so no fi hɔ. Sɛ asase no sa a, ɛhwere nneɛma a ɛwɔ mu ne tumi a ɛtumi kura nsuo mu, na ɛma asase no yɛ den na ɛpaapae.<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification, its Causes and why it Matters |date=2012-02-21 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |pages=3–39 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Nkɛntɛnso a efi mu ba''' Mfutuma a wɔtow gu wiase nyinaa afe biara no anya nkɔanim 25% wɔ afeha a ɛto so dunkron awiei kosi nnɛ ntam.<ref>{{Citation |last=Tanja Stanelle, Isabelle Bey, Thomas Raddatz, Christian Reick, Ina Tegen |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |date=2014 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2014JD022062 |work=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |language=en |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |issn=2169-8996 |access-date=2026-06-24}}</ref> Anhweatam a ɛreyɛ kɛse no nso ama anhwea ne mfutuma a ayɛ mmerɛw a mframa no betumi agye a awiei koraa no ɛde ahum aba no akɔ soro. Sɛ nhwɛso no, mfutuma ahum a ɛtu wɔ Mfinimfini Apuei “reyɛ nea ɛtaa ba na emu yɛ den wɔ nnansa yi mfe mu” efisɛ “osu a ɛtɔ bere tenten a ɛso tew [ma] asase mu nsu ne afifide a ɛkata so no so tew.”<ref>{{Citation |last=Soodabeh Namdari, Neamat Karimi, Armin Sorooshian, GholamHasan Mohammadi, Saviz Sehatkashani |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |date=2018-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6192056/ |work=Atmospheric Environment (Oxford, England: 1994) |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444 |access-date=2026-06-24}}</ref> Mfutuma ahum betumi ama obi anya ɔhome mu haw ahorow bi te sɛ ahurututu mu yare, honam ani yare, ayamtu ne nea ɛkeka ho pii.<ref>{{Citation |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |date=2014-02-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160412013002262 |work=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |access-date=2026-06-24}}</ref> Wobetumi agu nsu a ɛda hɔ ho fĩ, atew mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ ahoɔden a ɛho tew no tu mpɔn, na wɔagyae akwantu dodow no ara. Mfutuma ne anhwea ahum betumi anya nkɛntɛnso bɔne wɔ wim tebea so a ebetumi ama sare so asɛe kɛse.<ref>{{Citation |last=Tiantian Hu, Di Wu, Yaohui Li, Chenghai Wang |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |date=2017 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1155/2017/4035609 |work=Advances in Meteorology |volume=2017 |issue=1 |pages=4035609 |language=en |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |issn=1687-9317 |access-date=2026-06-24}}</ref> i0gu4cpudodkjwq94hhnf1dam0eg43q 200258 200248 2026-06-25T06:53:43Z MABRIZA 21835 translatin 200258 wikitext text/x-wiki Anhweatam a ɛyɛ asase a ɛyɛ asase a ɛsow aba no sɛe nkakrankakra ma ɛbɛyɛ anhweatam a ɛso yɛ kusuu esiane abɔde mu nneɛma ne nnipa dwumadi ahorow a wɔaka abom nti. Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma. Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide a ɛkata so no kɔ soro no.<ref>{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba<ref>{{Citation |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=https://www.fao.org/4/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ning Zeng, Jinho Yoon |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |date=2009 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009GL039699 |work=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |language=en |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnipa a wɔte asase kesee so no mu 90% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu, baabi a sikasɛm ne asetra mu tebea horow a enye nso hu amane.<ref>{{Citation |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |language=EN |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa tebea yi mu yɛ den esiane asase a wɔsɛe no nti esiane nnɔbae a ɛso tew, asetra mu tebea a ɛyɛ hu ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya nneɛma ne hokwan ahorow nti.<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-22 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&oldid=1360607973 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asasesin a ɛka wɔn kɛse no wɔ Afrika (Sahel mantam), Asia (Gobi Anhweatam ne Mongolia) ne Amerika Kesee Fam mmeae bi. Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no gye Asase asase no bɛyɛ 40–41% na nnipa bɛboro ɔpepepem 2 na wɔte hɔ.<ref>{{Citation |title=Pollution-free Planet – UN Environment Management Group |url=https://unemg.org/pollution-free-planet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nea ɛka anhweatam a ɛdannan no bi ne anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, aduan a wonnya, ne ohia<ref>{{Citation |last=Keegan Carvalho |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |date=2024-12-03 |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Akwan a wɔfa so brɛ anhweatam ase anaasɛ wɔdan no bi ne asase no yiyedi a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn, anhweatam so ayɛ frɔmfrɔm, adidibea a wɔhwɛ so, ne nnua a wodua (kwae a wɔbɛsan asiesie ne kwae a wɔbɛdua)<ref>{{Citation |last=GREEN EARTH GROUP N.V |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Wɔ asase ho abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, anhweatam so nkɔso aba wɔ abɔde mu wɔ bere tenten mu<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> == '''Nkyerɛase''' '''Ahorow''' == Anhweatam a ɛdannan yɛ ade a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra a ɛma asase no yɛ kusuu kɛse. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ anhweatam mu wɔ Amanaman Nkabom Apam a Ɛko Tia Anhweatam (UNCCD) no mu sɛ "asase a wɔsɛe no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu fã na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini a efi nneɛma ahorow mu, a wim nsakrae ne nnipa dwumadi ka ho."<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |access-date=2026-06-23|last=Hulme, Mike; Kelly, Mick (1993)|title=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106|date=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 35 (6): 4–45.}}</ref> Anhweatam ho nkyerɛaseɛ – Saa asase no so beaeɛ a osuo ne sukyerɛmma a ɛtɔ nyinaa sua koraa sene mmeaeɛ foforɔ, baabi a afe biara osuo a ɛtɔ nnu 25CM. Nkyerɛaseɛ a UNO (1995) de maeɛ – Wɔfrɛ asase a ɛsɛe wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛso yɛ kwa, nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne nsuo a ɛnyɛ nwini ɛnam wim nsakraeɛ ne nnipa dwumadiɛ nti, wɔfrɛ no anhweatam<ref>{{Citation |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ɛde besi afe 2005 no, akyinnyegye kɛse wɔ hɔ wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛfata a wɔde ma wɔ asɛmfua anhweatam so a nkyerɛase bɛboro 100 a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ hɔ no ho.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=2017-09-08 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |work=Taylor & Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Eyinom mu nea wogye toom kɛse ne Princeton Sukuupɔn Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ "ɔkwan a asase a ɛsow aba dan sare so mpɛn pii esiane kwae a wotutu, ɔpɛ anaa kuayɛ a ɛmfata/ɛmfata nti".<ref>{{Citation |title=Enable JavaScript to use search |url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=IZw6aoG7CpXU5NoP5Ye5CA |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa nkyerɛaseɛ yi daa abusuabɔ a ɛda anhweatam so ne nnipa dwumadiɛ ntam adi pefee, titire no asase a wɔde di dwuma ne asase sohwɛ ho adeyɛ. Ɛsan nso sii sikasɛm, asetra ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a anhweatam a ɛdannan de ba no so dua. Nanso, wɔapow mfitiase ntease yi a ɛne sɛ anhweatam a wɔbɛdan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtrɛw anhweatam ahorow mu ankasa bere a adwene no akɔ so ayɛ kɛse fi saa bere no<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification {{!}} Description, Causes, & Impacts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Akyinnyegye bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛfa anhweatam ahorow a wɔkyekyɛ mu nketewa ho, a nea ɛka ho ne, nsɛmfua te sɛ "anhweatam a nnipa ayɛ" ne "anhweatam a ɛnyɛ nhwɛsode" no mudi mu kura ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so<ref>{{Citation |last=Helmut J. Geist, Eric F. Lambin |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |date=2004 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/9/817-829/252974 |work=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=817 |language=en |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> == '''<u>Nea ɛde ba</u>''' == '''Nneɛma a ɛde ba ntɛm ara''' Nea ɛde anhweatam no ba ntɛm ara ne afifide dodow no ara a wɔhwere. Nneɛma ahorow bi na ɛde eyi ba, ɛno nkutoo anaasɛ wɔaka abom, te sɛ ɔpɛ, wim nsakrae, afuw a wɔyɛ de yɛ kua, adidibea a wodi boro so ne kwae a wotutu de yɛ pɛtro anaa adansi nneɛma.Ɛwom sɛ afifide di dwuma titiriw wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛwɔ asase no mu a wɔkyerɛ mu de, nanso nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ, wɔ mmeae pii no, nsu a ɛtɔ ne nsu a ɛsen no so tew kɛse bere a afifide kata so kɛse no<ref>{{Citation |last=N. A. Geeson, C. J. Brandt, J. B. Thornes |title=Mediterranean Desertification: A Mosaic of Processes and Responses |date=2003-04-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |isbn=978-0-470-85686-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a wɔmmɔ ho ban no ne mframa bɔ anaasɛ nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm hohoro no, na ɛma asase a ɛwɔ fam a ɛsow aba a ɛtow wɔ owia mu na ɛbɛyɛ kyɛnsee a ɛyɛ den a ɛnsow aba.<ref>{{Citation |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |date=2003-09-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |work=Resources Policy |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Nkɛntɛnso a nnipa dwumadi ahorow nya''' Nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛtaa ma anhweatam dan no mu biako ne adidibea a wodi boro so, afifide a anantwi ne mmoa afoforo di boro so.<ref>{{Citation |last=J. G. Charney |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |date=1975 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |work=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |language=en |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |issn=1477-870X |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nanso, dwuma a mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde di dwuma boro so di wɔ anhweatam a wɔde mae wɔ nnansa yi bere a atwam no mu no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom.<ref>{{Citation |title=The End of Desertification?: Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |editor-last=Roy Behnke, Michael Mortimore |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Mprempren wosusuw sɛ ɔpɛ a ɛba wɔ Sahel mantam mu no fi osutɔ a ɛsakra wɔ mmere horow mu a ɛpo ani hyew a ɛsakra kɛse na ɛde ba titiriw, a nea ɛde ba titiriw ne abɔde mu nsakrae ne aerosols (sulphate nneɛma nketenkete a ɛdannan) ne mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a nnipa de ba.<ref>{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ne saa nti, po mu hyew a ɛresakra ne sulfate a wɔtow gu no so tew no ama ɔmantam no asan ayɛ ahabammono bio.<ref>{{Citation |last=Michela Biasutti |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |date=2019 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617823/ |work=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>Eyi ama nhomanimfo binom aka sɛ afifide a ɛyera esiane kuayɛ nti no yɛ ade ketewaa bi a ɛma anhweatam yɛ sare<ref>{{Citation |title=Digital object identifier |date=2026-06-20 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&oldid=1360223355 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ soro no nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ adidibea a wodi boro so, kuayɛ a ɛboro so ne kwae a wotutu so, efisɛ akwan a kan no na wogye tom no abɛyɛ nea entumi nkɔ so.<ref>{{Citation |last=Epule, Terence Epule; Peng, Changhui; Lepage, Laurent (February 2015). |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward". |date=GeoJournal. 80 (1): 79–92 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoJo..80...79E |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nteaseɛ ahodoɔ bi nti akuafoɔ de kuayɛ a emu yɛ den di dwuma a ɛne kuayɛ kɛseɛ bɔ abira nanso adeɛ titire nti ne sɛ wɔbɛma nnɔbaeɛ ayɛ kɛseɛ.<ref>{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ɛdenam nnɔbae a wɔma ɛkɔ soro so no, wohia nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnɔbae, nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa, ne adwumayɛfo pii na ama wɔatumi ahwɛ mfiri so. Asase no a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa yi ma asase no mu aduannuru sa ntɛmntɛm na ɛma anhweatam trɛw<ref>{{Citation |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Intensive agriculture {{!}} Organic Farming, Crop Rotation & Soil Management {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Abɔde mu nsakrae ahorow''' Nyansahufo gye tom sɛ anhweatam bi a ɛwɔ beae a Sahara anhweatam no wɔ mprempren no fi abɔde mu nsakrae a ɛba owia hann mu esiane Asase no anim a ɛtwa ho hyia nti.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jessica E. Tierney, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Peter B. deMenocal |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |date=2017-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5242556/ |work=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1601503 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nsonsonoe a ɛte saa no nya Afrika Atɔe Fam Osutɔbere no ahoɔden so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛma wonya nsɛm a efi afifide ne mfutuma a wɔtow gu mu a ɛma Sahara wim tebea a ɛyɛ nsu na ɛyɛ kusuu no kyinhyia no yɛ kɛse.<ref>{{Citation |last=Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Qiong Zhang |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |date=2016-01-15 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15007530 |work=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nyansahyɛ bi nso wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsakrae a ɛbaa Sahara fi savanna so kɔɔ sare so wɔ Holocene mfinimfini no fã bi fi anantwi a ɛhɔfo no didi boro so.<ref>{{Citation |last=David K. Wright |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |date=2017-01-26 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2017.00004/full |work=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |language=English |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |issn=2296-6463 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nyansahufo akɔ so ayɛ mmeae a ɛho hia ho nhwehwɛmu, na wɔasi so dua sɛ nnipa dwumadi ne asase mu akwahosan ka wim tebea ho nneɛma ho sɛ nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma anhweatam no yɛ kɛse.Wɔ Mu Us Anhweatam so no, asase akwahosan yɛ anhweatam a ɛkɔ so no mu 37% bere a wim tebea ne nnipa dwumadi yɛ adwuma de siw saa adeyɛ yi ano 46% ne 17%. Mongolia mfimfini anhweatam no yɛ nea wim tebea a ɛboa 24% ne asase so mfaso 34.7% wɔ saa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia yi nyinaa mu. Shaanxi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira a wim tebea yɛ adwuma tia anhweatam a ɛyɛ adwuma na asase ma ɛyɛ kɛseɛ, na ɛkyerɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ ahodoɔ a abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma nya wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nyinaa.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jiaying Li, Yu Li, Xuhui Wang, Zhongxu Ma |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |date=2024-10-22 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/21/9154 |work=Sustainability |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |language=en |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Wim nsakrae''' Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ anhweatam so no yɛ nea ɛyɛ den, na metric biako biara nni hɔ a ebetumi akyerɛkyerɛ afã horow nyinaa mu. Nanso, wɔda so ara hwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae a emu yɛ den kɛse bɛma asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu a ɛwɔ Asase nsasepɔn so mprempren no ayɛ kɛse:efi 38% wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu awieeɛ kɔsi 50% anaa 56% wɔ afeha no awieeɛ, wɔ "ɛyɛ mmerɛ" na ɛyɛ hyew kɛseɛ Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 ne 8.5 ase. Wobehu ntrɛwmu no fã kɛse no ara wɔ mmeae te sɛ “Amerika Atifi fam kesee fam atɔe, Afrika atifi fam ano, Afrika kesee fam, ne Australia.”<ref>{{Citation |last=thomas harrisson |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |date=2019-08-06 |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change/ |language=en |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu kata asase so 41% na ɛka wiase nyinaa kuayɛ asase 45% ho.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Saa mmeae yi ka abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ wim tebea ne asase a wɔde di dwuma mu nsakrae a nnipa de ba no ho na ɛwɔ asiane mu sɛ anhweatam bɛdan wɔn. Wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a egyina nhwɛsoɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea anhweatam so yɛ adwuma wɔ afe 2020 mu a ɛkyerɛɛ wim nsakraeɛ, wim nsakraeɛ, CO2 a wɔde yɛ nnɔbaeɛ ne afei nso abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom nsakraeɛ a ɛba nkakrankakra ne ntɛmntɛm a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma so ba.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Nhwehwɛmu no hunuu sɛ, wɔ afe 1982 ne 2015 ntam no, wiase asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu no mu 6% yɛɛ anhweatam a ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma a ɛnkɔ so daa a wim nsakraeɛ a nnipa de baeɛ nti. Ɛmfa ho sɛ sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, wiase nyinaa ayɛ ahabammono no, wim nsakrae a nnipa de ba no asɛe asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu 12.6% (5.43 ɔpepem km2), na ɛde anhweatam ayɛ na ɛka nnipa ɔpepem 213, a wɔn mu 93% te aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso mu.<ref>{{Citation |last=A. L. Burrell, J. P. Evans, M. G. De Kauwe |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |date=2020-07-31 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |work=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Kuadwuma ne kuayɛ dwumadi ahorow''' Kuadwuma mu dwumadi te sɛ mmoa a wodi boro so ma anhweatam yɛ sare. Wɔ saa kuayɛ adwuma yi mu no, wɔma mmoa te sɛ anantwinini ne anantwinini kwan ma wodi asase bi so bere tenten a wondua sare mfa nsi ananmu. Esiane eyi nti, asase no da mpan, ɛda ɔhyew a efi owia mu a ɛma ɛyɛ den, mframa a ano yɛ den a ɛma asase no nso hwere n’aduannuru.<ref>{{Citation |title=Science |url=https://www.science.org/action/cookieAbsent |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> Kuadwuma a ɛboro so ne Monocropping yɛ kuayɛ dwumadi afoforo a ɛma anhweatam dan wɔ Afrika. Sɛ wodua nnɔbae koro no ara mpɛn pii wɔ asase koro so a, ɛma aduannuru a ɛho hia a ɛwɔ asase no so no fi hɔ. Sɛ asase no sa a, ɛhwere nneɛma a ɛwɔ mu ne tumi a ɛtumi kura nsuo mu, na ɛma asase no yɛ den na ɛpaapae.<ref>{{Citation |title=Desertification, its Causes and why it Matters |date=2012-02-21 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |pages=3–39 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref> '''Nkɛntɛnso a efi mu ba''' Mfutuma a wɔtow gu wiase nyinaa afe biara no anya nkɔanim 25% wɔ afeha a ɛto so dunkron awiei kosi nnɛ ntam.<ref>{{Citation |last=Tanja Stanelle, Isabelle Bey, Thomas Raddatz, Christian Reick, Ina Tegen |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |date=2014 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2014JD022062 |work=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |language=en |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |issn=2169-8996 |access-date=2026-06-24}}</ref> Anhweatam a ɛreyɛ kɛse no nso ama anhwea ne mfutuma a ayɛ mmerɛw a mframa no betumi agye a awiei koraa no ɛde ahum aba no akɔ soro. Sɛ nhwɛso no, mfutuma ahum a ɛtu wɔ Mfinimfini Apuei “reyɛ nea ɛtaa ba na emu yɛ den wɔ nnansa yi mfe mu” efisɛ “osu a ɛtɔ bere tenten a ɛso tew [ma] asase mu nsu ne afifide a ɛkata so no so tew.”<ref>{{Citation |last=Soodabeh Namdari, Neamat Karimi, Armin Sorooshian, GholamHasan Mohammadi, Saviz Sehatkashani |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |date=2018-01 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6192056/ |work=Atmospheric Environment (Oxford, England: 1994) |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444 |access-date=2026-06-24}}</ref> Mfutuma ahum betumi ama obi anya ɔhome mu haw ahorow bi te sɛ ahurututu mu yare, honam ani yare, ayamtu ne nea ɛkeka ho pii.<ref>{{Citation |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |date=2014-02-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160412013002262 |work=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |language=en-US |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |access-date=2026-06-24}}</ref> Wobetumi agu nsu a ɛda hɔ ho fĩ, atew mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ ahoɔden a ɛho tew no tu mpɔn, na wɔagyae akwantu dodow no ara. Mfutuma ne anhwea ahum betumi anya nkɛntɛnso bɔne wɔ wim tebea so a ebetumi ama sare so asɛe kɛse.<ref>{{Citation |last=Tiantian Hu, Di Wu, Yaohui Li, Chenghai Wang |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |date=2017 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1155/2017/4035609 |work=Advances in Meteorology |volume=2017 |issue=1 |pages=4035609 |language=en |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |issn=1687-9317 |access-date=2026-06-24}}</ref> Mfutuma nketenkete a ɛwɔ mframa mu no pete mframa a ɛba fi owia mu ba (Hassan, 2012). qah0fvezrhiis5g682yjfo6g0ebfpku