Wikipedia twwiki https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratafa_Titiriw MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Media Soronko Nkitahode Dwumadini Dwumadini nkitahode Wikipedia Wikipedia nkitahode File File nkitahode MediaWiki MediaWiki nkitahode Nhwɛsoɔ Nhwɛsoɔ nkitahode Mmoa Mmoa nkitahode Nkyekyεmu Nkyekyεmu nkitahode TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 3 6176 200518 199915 2026-08-10T18:54:30Z MediaWiki message delivery 4551 /* Translation notification: Event:Open Heritage-Wikidata Contest */ new section 200518 wikitext text/x-wiki == Translation request == Hello. Can you translate and upload the articles [[:en:Azerbaijanis]], [[:en:Azerbaijani language]] and [[:en:Azerbaijan]] in Twi Wikipedia? Short and simple articles will suffice. Yours sincerely, [[User:Multituberculata|Multituberculata]] ([[User talk:Multituberculata|talk]]) 06:59, 3 November 2021 (UTC) == Hello == Hi there, Thank you so much for creating this [[Chop Bar|article]]. --- [[User:Robertjamal12|<span style="font-family:EF Barbedor;color:#00F">''Robertjamal12''</span>]] [[User talk:Robertjamal12|<span style="color:#00F">~🔔</span>]] 16:39, 7 Ogyefuo 2022 (UTC) == Links == Hello there,Don't link too many words. It is possible to create links to every word in an article. But providing too many defeats their purpose by obscuring the most relevant links link you are doing for [[Kwame Nkrumah]] article. Thank you [[User:Robertjamal12|<span style="font-family:EF Barbedor;color:#00F">''Robertjamal12''</span>]] [[User talk:Robertjamal12|<span style="color:#00F">~🔔</span>]] 21:18, 30 Kotonimma 2022 (UTC) :well noted with thanks. [[Dwumadini:Opoku Akaadom Sympathy|Opoku Akaadom Sympathy]] ([[Dwumadini nkitahode:Opoku Akaadom Sympathy|Nkitahode beaɛ]]) 13:00, 24 Ayɛwohomumɔ 2022 (UTC) == Translation notification: WWC2023/Scholarship == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Akan, Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:WWC2023/Scholarship|WWC2023/Scholarship]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-WWC2023%2FScholarship&language=ak&action=page translate to Akan] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-WWC2023%2FScholarship&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-WWC2023%2FScholarship&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2023-10-22. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">this page is available for translating, you can start working on it</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 21:41, 26 Ayɛwohomumɔ 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sandra Hanbo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Akan, Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+elections+committee%2FNominatons%2F2023%2FAnnouncement+-+new+members&language=ak&action=page translate to Akan] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+elections+committee%2FNominatons%2F2023%2FAnnouncement+-+new+members&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+elections+committee%2FNominatons%2F2023%2FAnnouncement+-+new+members&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">We are hoping to send this message globally using MassMessage once the Board made official announcement, which will be linked later. </div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 05:16, 27 Ayɛwohomumɔ 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Category:Moved to Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Akan, Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Category:Moved to Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki|Category:Moved to Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Category%3AMoved+to+Wikimedia+Foundation+Governance+Wiki&language=ak&action=page translate to Akan] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Category%3AMoved+to+Wikimedia+Foundation+Governance+Wiki&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Category%3AMoved+to+Wikimedia+Foundation+Governance+Wiki&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Many WMF policies have been moved to foundation wiki and their local counterparts are blanked and redirected. This category should be created to keep everything together.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 16:12, 29 Ayɛwohomumɔ 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Proposed update == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Akan, Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Proposed update|Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Proposed update]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Legal+department%2F2023+ToU+updates%2FProposed+update&language=ak&action=page translate to Akan] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Legal+department%2F2023+ToU+updates%2FProposed+update&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Legal+department%2F2023+ToU+updates%2FProposed+update&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is high. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Massive changes to the pages. Would require a review to keep information updated as per the English version.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:45, 23 Kitawonsa 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Movement Charter == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Akan, Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Movement Charter|Movement Charter]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Movement+Charter&language=ak&action=page translate to Akan] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Movement+Charter&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Movement+Charter&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Requires an update/review.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 06:34, 27 Kitawonsa 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Trust and Safety == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Akan, Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Trust and Safety|Trust and Safety]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Trust+and+Safety&language=ak&action=page translate to Akan] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Trust+and+Safety&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Trust+and+Safety&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Would require a review and update on existing policy</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 14:54, 27 Kitawonsa 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Movement Charter/Navbox == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Akan, Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Movement Charter/Navbox|Template:Movement Charter/Navbox]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AMovement+Charter%2FNavbox&language=ak&action=page translate to Akan] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AMovement+Charter%2FNavbox&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AMovement+Charter%2FNavbox&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Navigational template for Movement Charter, assist to translate to your language.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:51, 29 Kitawonsa 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Basic information == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Akan, Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Basic information|Template:Basic information]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ABasic+information&language=ak&action=page translate to Akan] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ABasic+information&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ABasic+information&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Navigational template about the Wikimedia world and its relevant polices.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 08:37, 29 Kitawonsa 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Proposed update == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Akan, Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Proposed update|Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Proposed update]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Legal+department%2F2023+ToU+updates%2FProposed+update&language=ak&action=page translate to Akan] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Legal+department%2F2023+ToU+updates%2FProposed+update&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Legal+department%2F2023+ToU+updates%2FProposed+update&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Severely outdated page. Kindly assist to update.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 11:50, 2 Ɔsanaa 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Bot policy == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Akan, Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Bot policy|Bot policy]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Bot+policy&language=ak&action=page translate to Akan] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Bot+policy&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Bot+policy&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Global policy, requires a check &amp; minor updates is needed.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 09:13, 6 Ɔsanaa 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: $1 == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Akan, Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:$1|$1]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-%241&language=ak&action=page translate to Akan] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-%241&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-%241&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Assist to translate welcome template</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 14:49, 6 Ɔsanaa 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Blocked user == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Akan, Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Blocked user|Blocked user]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Blocked+user&language=ak&action=page translate to Akan] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Blocked+user&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Blocked+user&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Information page about blocked users, please check and translate into your language. Thanks.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 13:41, 7 Ɔsanaa 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Movement Charter/Community Consultation == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Akan, Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Movement Charter/Community Consultation|Movement Charter/Community Consultation]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Movement+Charter%2FCommunity+Consultation&language=ak&action=page translate to Akan] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Movement+Charter%2FCommunity+Consultation&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Movement+Charter%2FCommunity+Consultation&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Severely outdated. Requires review and translation.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:18, 10 Ɔsanaa 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Interwiki map header == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Akan, Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Interwiki map header|Template:Interwiki map header]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AInterwiki+map+header&language=ak&action=page translate to Akan] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AInterwiki+map+header&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AInterwiki+map+header&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:15, 16 Ɔsanaa 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Billinghurst@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:FormerAffiliate == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Akan, Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:FormerAffiliate|Template:FormerAffiliate]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AFormerAffiliate&language=ak&action=page translate to Akan] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AFormerAffiliate&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AFormerAffiliate&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Template indicating former affiliates. Please assist to translate into your language.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 08:01, 26 Ɔsanaa 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Disambiguation == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Disambiguation|Template:Disambiguation]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ADisambiguation&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ADisambiguation&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Widely used disambiguation template. Please assist to translate into your language.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 02:53, 1 Ɛbɔ 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Blocked user == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Blocked user|Blocked user]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Blocked+user&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Blocked+user&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Contains outdated content. Please assist to translate to your language.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:37, 2 Ɛbɔ 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Bot == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Bot|Bot]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Bot&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Bot&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Kindly check for outdated translation and update it accordingly.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:48, 2 Ɛbɔ 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wiktionary == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wiktionary|Wiktionary]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wiktionary&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wiktionary&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Kindly check for outdated translation and update it accordingly.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:48, 2 Ɛbɔ 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikiquote == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikiquote|Wikiquote]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikiquote&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikiquote&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Kindly assist to check and translate the page. Also, proceed to [https://translatewiki.net/ translatewiki] to translate the remaining interface languages for [[Template:Int]] used on this page.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:53, 7 Ɛbɔ 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Communications == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Communications|Template:Communications]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ACommunications&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ACommunications&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Important nav template for [[Wikimedia Foundation Communications Department]]. Kindly assist to translate.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 09:19, 9 Ɛbɔ 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Help:Unified login == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Help:Unified login|Help:Unified login]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3AUnified+login&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3AUnified+login&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is high. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Contains multiple outdated translation units. Please assist to check and translate them.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 15:16, 10 Ɛbɔ 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates/2023-09 == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates/2023-09|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates/2023-09]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-IP+Editing%3A+Privacy+Enhancement+and+Abuse+Mitigation%2FUpdates%2F2023-09&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-IP+Editing%3A+Privacy+Enhancement+and+Abuse+Mitigation%2FUpdates%2F2023-09&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">I have made the image translatable because there is a Japanese version of the image at [[:File:MediaWiki Temporary accounts page history mockup 2023-09 ja.gif]]. You can use the image that you think is best for your language. It is possible that one short sentence will be added to this message, but no other changes are expected. This message will be sent to most wikis next week.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 21:39, 15 Ɛbɔ 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Whatamidoing (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Founding principles == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Founding principles|Founding principles]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Founding+principles&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Founding+principles&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Contains outdated text. Kindly assist to translate.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:31, 18 Ɛbɔ 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: WikiWomenCamp 2023 == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:WikiWomenCamp 2023|WikiWomenCamp 2023]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-WikiWomenCamp+2023&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-WikiWomenCamp+2023&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The deadline for translating this page is 2023-10-19. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">It is an information page about the upcoming WikiWomenCamp.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 11:14, 6 Ahinime 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Asaf (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Legal+department%2FCommittee+appointments%2FAnnouncement%2FShort&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Legal+department%2FCommittee+appointments%2FAnnouncement%2FShort&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">:Hello everyone, ::Today I ask for your help translating 105 words. ::Although the message seeks an English speaker, we hope to reach a wider audience through translations. :Thank you for your time and ongoing translation efforts. :[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 16:59, 7 Ahinime 2023 (UTC)''</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 16:59, 7 Ahinime 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short|Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+elections%2F2024%2FAnnouncement%2FRules+package+review+-+short&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+elections%2F2024%2FAnnouncement%2FRules+package+review+-+short&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is high. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 06:21, 16 Ahinime 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - closing == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - closing|Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - closing]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+elections%2F2024%2FAnnouncement%2FRules+package+review+-+closing&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+elections%2F2024%2FAnnouncement%2FRules+package+review+-+closing&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 01:06, 25 Ahinime 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Meta:Policies and guidelines == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Meta:Policies and guidelines|Meta:Policies and guidelines]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3APolicies+and+guidelines&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3APolicies+and+guidelines&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Index of policies and guidelines, useful to be translated into different languages for users.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 08:45, 13 Ɔpɛpɔn 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Ombuds commission == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Ombuds+commission&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Ombuds+commission&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:50, 21 Ɔpɛpɔn 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia committees == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia committees|Wikimedia committees]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+committees&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+committees&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 11:15, 21 Ɔpɛpɔn 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Threats of harm == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Threats of harm|Threats of harm]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Threats+of+harm&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Threats+of+harm&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 07:21, 4 Ogyefuo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikidata == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikidata&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikidata&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:44, 11 Ogyefuo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Staff group == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Staff group|Staff group]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Staff+group&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Staff+group&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:08, 11 Ogyefuo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: User groups == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:User groups|User groups]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-User+groups&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-User+groups&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 05:31, 11 Ogyefuo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Help:Two-factor authentication == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Help:Two-factor authentication|Help:Two-factor authentication]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3ATwo-factor+authentication&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3ATwo-factor+authentication&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 13:49, 12 Ogyefuo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Meta:Babylon == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Meta:Babylon|Meta:Babylon]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3ABabylon&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3ABabylon&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 10:51, 18 Ogyefuo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Global interface editors == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Global interface editors|Global interface editors]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Global+interface+editors&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Global+interface+editors&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Global group has been renamed, please update the translations accordingly.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:50, 19 Ogyefuo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Help:Signature == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Help:Signature|Help:Signature]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3ASignature&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3ASignature&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 02:21, 21 Ogyefuo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Amical Wikimedia == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Amical Wikimedia|Amical Wikimedia]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Amical+Wikimedia&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Amical+Wikimedia&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 06:28, 23 Ogyefuo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikidata/Development == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikidata/Development|Wikidata/Development]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikidata%2FDevelopment&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikidata%2FDevelopment&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 12:50, 27 Ogyefuo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Global bans == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Global bans|Global bans]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Global+bans&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Global+bans&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 08:40, 29 Ogyefuo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates/Legal == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates/Legal|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates/Legal]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-IP+Editing%3A+Privacy+Enhancement+and+Abuse+Mitigation%2FUpdates%2FLegal&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-IP+Editing%3A+Privacy+Enhancement+and+Abuse+Mitigation%2FUpdates%2FLegal&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 02:48, 2 Ɔbɛnem 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikivoyage == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikivoyage|Wikivoyage]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikivoyage&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikivoyage&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 08:27, 5 Ɔbɛnem 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:53, 7 Ɔbɛnem 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Small Wiki Monitoring Team == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Small Wiki Monitoring Team|Small Wiki Monitoring Team]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Small+Wiki+Monitoring+Team&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Small+Wiki+Monitoring+Team&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 13:51, 16 Ɔbɛnem 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Steward election status == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Steward election status|Template:Steward election status]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ASteward+election+status&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ASteward+election+status&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 19:02, 18 Ɔbɛnem 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Kaganer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Steward election status == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Steward election status|Template:Steward election status]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ASteward+election+status&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ASteward+election+status&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is high. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Outdated text which may mislead users, please assist to update at your earliest convenience.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:53, 19 Ɔbɛnem 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Grants:Knowledge Sharing/Connect/Team == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Grants:Knowledge Sharing/Connect/Team|Grants:Knowledge Sharing/Connect/Team]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Grants%3AKnowledge+Sharing%2FConnect%2FTeam&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Grants%3AKnowledge+Sharing%2FConnect%2FTeam&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is high. The deadline for translating this page is 2024-03-20. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">This is not urgent, but the Let's Connect Working Group team and I (Program Lead) would love if the entire page was translated. Please message letsconnect@wikimedi.org or Cassie Casares ccasares@wikimedia.org if you have any questions or concerns. </div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 22:40, 19 Ɔbɛnem 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:CCasares (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Board+of+Trustees&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Board+of+Trustees&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 07:45, 23 Ɔbɛnem 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Special global permissions/Seealso == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Special global permissions/Seealso|Template:Special global permissions/Seealso]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ASpecial+global+permissions%2FSeealso&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ASpecial+global+permissions%2FSeealso&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 05:24, 1 Oforisuo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Board+of+Trustees&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Board+of+Trustees&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">This page contains outdated information. Please assist in updating the page to prevent confusion.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:48, 19 Oforisuo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Fundraising/Translation == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Fundraising/Translation|Fundraising/Translation]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Fundraising%2FTranslation&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Fundraising%2FTranslation&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 14:11, 25 Oforisuo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Movement Charter == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Movement Charter|Movement Charter]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Movement+Charter&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Movement+Charter&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is high. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 05:31, 12 Ayɛwohomumɔ 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia LGBT+/Portal == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia LGBT+/Portal|Wikimedia LGBT+/Portal]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+LGBT%2B%2FPortal&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+LGBT%2B%2FPortal&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 10:03, 30 Ayɛwohomumɔ 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Voter eligibility guidelines == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Voter eligibility guidelines|Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Voter eligibility guidelines]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+elections%2F2024%2FVoter+eligibility+guidelines&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+elections%2F2024%2FVoter+eligibility+guidelines&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is high. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:43, 2 Kitawonsa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Strategy == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Strategy|Strategy]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Strategy&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Strategy&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 14:27, 7 Kitawonsa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Meta:Shortcut == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Meta:Shortcut|Meta:Shortcut]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3AShortcut&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3AShortcut&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 15:31, 7 Kitawonsa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia and Libraries User Group == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia and Libraries User Group|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+and+Libraries+User+Group&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+and+Libraries+User+Group&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 16:04, 7 Kitawonsa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia and Libraries User Group/Mission and goals == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia and Libraries User Group/Mission and goals|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group/Mission and goals]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+and+Libraries+User+Group%2FMission+and+goals&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+and+Libraries+User+Group%2FMission+and+goals&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 09:20, 8 Kitawonsa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wiki Loves Women/SheSaid/SheSaid 2024 == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wiki Loves Women/SheSaid/SheSaid 2024|Wiki Loves Women/SheSaid/SheSaid 2024]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wiki+Loves+Women%2FSheSaid%2FSheSaid+2024&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wiki+Loves+Women%2FSheSaid%2FSheSaid+2024&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 09:56, 8 Kitawonsa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-WMDE+Technical+Wishes%2FSub-referencing&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-WMDE+Technical+Wishes%2FSub-referencing&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">The sub-referencing feature is planned to be implemented until the end of 2024 on various wikis. Therefore, it would be great to have information about the feature ready in multiple languages.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 20:36, 8 Ɔsanaa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)/Sub-referencing == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)/Sub-referencing|User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)/Sub-referencing]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-User%3AJohannes+Richter+%28WMDE%29%2FSub-referencing&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-User%3AJohannes+Richter+%28WMDE%29%2FSub-referencing&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2024-08-19. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Dear translators, Wikimedia Deutschland is currently developing a new feature for referencing ([[WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-references]]). Development will still take a while, but we'll send an announcement to the global communities soon, in order to let them know in advance and ask for feedback. Thanks for helping us translate this mass message!</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 12:01, 9 Ɔsanaa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johannnes89@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Meta:What Meta is not == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Meta:What Meta is not|Meta:What Meta is not]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3AWhat+Meta+is+not&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3AWhat+Meta+is+not&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Meta-Wiki guideline page</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 14:03, 15 Ɔsanaa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Meta:Administrators/Removal (inactivity) == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Meta:Administrators/Removal (inactivity)|Meta:Administrators/Removal (inactivity)]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3AAdministrators%2FRemoval+%28inactivity%29&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3AAdministrators%2FRemoval+%28inactivity%29&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 06:37, 18 Ɔsanaa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Blue button == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Blue button|Template:Blue button]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ABlue+button&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ABlue+button&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 10:12, 18 Ɔsanaa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:User groups == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:User groups|Template:User groups]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AUser+groups&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AUser+groups&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 11:59, 18 Ɔsanaa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Guideline == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Guideline|Template:Guideline]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AGuideline&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AGuideline&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 01:32, 19 Ɔsanaa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Keeping events safe == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Keeping events safe|Keeping events safe]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Keeping+events+safe&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Keeping+events+safe&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:18, 19 Ɔsanaa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety|Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation%2FLegal%2FCommunity+Resilience+and+Sustainability%2FTrust+and+Safety&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation%2FLegal%2FCommunity+Resilience+and+Sustainability%2FTrust+and+Safety&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 05:39, 19 Ɔsanaa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Argentina == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Argentina|Wikimedia Argentina]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Argentina&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Argentina&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 07:09, 20 Ɔsanaa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Amical Wikimedia == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Amical Wikimedia|Amical Wikimedia]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Amical+Wikimedia&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Amical+Wikimedia&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:59, 22 Ɔsanaa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Ombuds commission == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Ombuds+commission&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Ombuds+commission&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 02:29, 23 Ɔsanaa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: WikiGap == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:WikiGap|WikiGap]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-WikiGap&language=tw&action=page translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-WikiGap&language=fat&action=page translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 06:27, 23 Ɔsanaa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Steward requests/Global/block-header == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Steward requests/Global/block-header|Steward requests/Global/block-header]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Steward+requests%2FGlobal%2Fblock-header&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Steward+requests%2FGlobal%2Fblock-header&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Contains information on how to appeal global blocks.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 12:50, 25 Ɛbɔ 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Changing username == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Changing username|Changing username]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Changing+username&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Changing+username&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 10:49, 27 Ahinime 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wiktionary == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wiktionary|Wiktionary]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wiktionary&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wiktionary&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 11:52, 13 Ɔpɛnimma 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Ombuds commission/2019/CU Global Procedure on information disclosure == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Ombuds commission/2019/CU Global Procedure on information disclosure|Ombuds commission/2019/CU Global Procedure on information disclosure]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Ombuds+commission%2F2019%2FCU+Global+Procedure+on+information+disclosure&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Ombuds+commission%2F2019%2FCU+Global+Procedure+on+information+disclosure&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 12:29, 22 Ɔpɛnimma 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MdsShakil@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Deoband Community Wikimedia/News == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Deoband Community Wikimedia/News|Deoband Community Wikimedia/News]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Deoband+Community+Wikimedia%2FNews&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Deoband+Community+Wikimedia%2FNews&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 17:33, 27 Ɔpɛnimma 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Aafi (DCW)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Policy-cross-project == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Policy-cross-project|Template:Policy-cross-project]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3APolicy-cross-project&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3APolicy-cross-project&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 09:12, 30 Ɔpɛnimma 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs|Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Annual+Plan%2F2024-2025%2FProduct+%26+Technology+OKRs&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Annual+Plan%2F2024-2025%2FProduct+%26+Technology+OKRs&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 08:07, 26 Ɔpɛpɔn 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Help:Unified login == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Help:Unified login|Help:Unified login]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3AUnified+login&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3AUnified+login&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 06:05, 23 Ɔbɛnem 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Help:Two-factor authentication == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Help:Two-factor authentication|Help:Two-factor authentication]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3ATwo-factor+authentication&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3ATwo-factor+authentication&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 23:50, 3 Oforisuo 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Tech/News == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Tech/News|Tech/News]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FNews&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FNews&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 01:30, 13 Oforisuo 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FAnnual+review%2F2025%2FVoter+information&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FAnnual+review%2F2025%2FVoter+information&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The deadline for translating this page is 2025-04-25. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">--- Hello, and thank you for the work you do. '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCoC_AR_2025_cookie&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;action=translate We request you also translate these two sentences.]''' There are more details below. There is an ongoing community vote - the voter information is in the page linked for translation above. We would appreciate your help to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCoC_AR_2025_cookie&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;action=translate translate the two sentence CentralNotice banner], as a priority. If you can also translate the voter information page, I know the folks working on this - including the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) group - would be highly appreciative. ~ In cooperation with the U4C</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 15:30, 23 Oforisuo 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: User:Keegan (WMF)/EGCharter closing == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:User:Keegan (WMF)/EGCharter closing|User:Keegan (WMF)/EGCharter closing]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-User%3AKeegan+%28WMF%29%2FEGCharter+closing&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-User%3AKeegan+%28WMF%29%2FEGCharter+closing&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2025-04-29. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">If you have some time to translate this message that will be sent to the communities prior to the close of the vote, it would be of great benefit.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 03:18, 26 Oforisuo 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Call for candidates == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Call for candidates|Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Call for candidates]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FCoordinating+Committee%2FElection%2F2025%2FCall+for+candidates&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FCoordinating+Committee%2FElection%2F2025%2FCall+for+candidates&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is high. The deadline for translating this page is 2025-05-15. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">I'm sorry for the short notice, details for the election came together at the last minute.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 18:53, 14 Kotonimma 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025 == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FCoordinating+Committee%2FElection%2F2025&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FCoordinating+Committee%2FElection%2F2025&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">This is the information page of 2025 U4C election. Please help with translation; your contributions will be greatly appreciated.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 15:09, 19 Kotonimma 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Hide on Rosé@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Incident Reporting System == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Incident Reporting System|Incident Reporting System]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Incident+Reporting+System&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Incident+Reporting+System&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 03:53, 2 Ɔsanaa 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Affiliate recognition pause notice 2025 == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Affiliate recognition pause notice 2025|Template:Affiliate recognition pause notice 2025]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AAffiliate+recognition+pause+notice+2025&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AAffiliate+recognition+pause+notice+2025&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 15:33, 30 Ɔsanaa 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Meta:Deletion policy == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Meta:Deletion policy|Meta:Deletion policy]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3ADeletion+policy&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3ADeletion+policy&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 07:07, 15 Ɛbɔ 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation website == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation website|Wikimedia Foundation website]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+website&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+website&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 05:47, 29 Ɛbɔ 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:AffCom == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:AffCom|Template:AffCom]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AAffCom&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AAffCom&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 04:55, 30 Ahinime 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Cat main == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Cat main|Template:Cat main]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ACat+main&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ACat+main&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 06:12, 6 Obubuo 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Help:Two-factor authentication == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Help:Two-factor authentication|Help:Two-factor authentication]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3ATwo-factor+authentication&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3ATwo-factor+authentication&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 03:09, 6 Ɔpɛnimma 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/Messages/Review open == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/Messages/Review open|Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/Messages/Review open]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FAnnual+review%2FMessages%2FReview+open&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FAnnual+review%2FMessages%2FReview+open&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2026-01-19. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">This message will be sent to all the wikis to inform communities about their chance to participate in proposing changes to the Universal Code of Conduct. </div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 22:30, 14 Ɔpɛpɔn 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/List of Articles/Culture/1 == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/List of Articles/Culture/1|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/List of Articles/Culture/1]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wiki+Loves+Ramadan+2026%2FList+of+Articles%2FCulture%2F1&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wiki+Loves+Ramadan+2026%2FList+of+Articles%2FCulture%2F1&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is low. The deadline for translating this page is 2026-02-28. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Hello! We have a new page for translation: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/List of Articles/Culture/1. Thank you!</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 11:02, 15 Ogyefuo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Julius 12345@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Global username policy == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Global username policy|Global username policy]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Global+username+policy&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Global+username+policy&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2026-12-31. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Hello! We have a new page for translation: Global username policy. Thank you very much!</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 14:25, 15 Ogyefuo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Julius 12345@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Event:Queer Women in Arts == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Event:Queer Women in Arts|Event:Queer Women in Arts]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Event%3AQueer+Women+in+Arts&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Event%3AQueer+Women+in+Arts&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is high. The deadline for translating this page is 2026-02-28. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Hello! We have a new page for translation: Event:Queer Women in Arts. Thanks!</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 19:11, 18 Ogyefuo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Julius 12345@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Mission == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Mission|Mission]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Mission&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Mission&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 02:15, 28 Ogyefuo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Event:Wikipedia & Education User Group Showcase/March 2026 == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Twi and Fanti on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Event:Wikipedia & Education User Group Showcase/March 2026|Event:Wikipedia & Education User Group Showcase/March 2026]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Event%3AWikipedia+%26+Education+User+Group+Showcase%2FMarch+2026&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Event%3AWikipedia+%26+Education+User+Group+Showcase%2FMarch+2026&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is high. The deadline for translating this page is 2026-03-21. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Hi translators, The EduWiki Hub is seeking your support to help translate the Meta page for the EduWiki Knowledge Showcase (March 2026) into Portuguese, Spanish, French, Hindi, and Arabic The event will take place on 24 March 2026, and translations will help make it accessible to more communities. Thank you for your support. Kind regards, Barakat, for the EduWiki Hub.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 12:56, 17 Ɔbɛnem 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:BAdegboye (EdWH)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: User:Keegan (WMF)/U4C eligible voter == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Akan, Twi and Fanti on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:User:Keegan (WMF)/U4C eligible voter|User:Keegan (WMF)/U4C eligible voter]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-User%3AKeegan+%28WMF%29%2FU4C+eligible+voter&language=ak&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Akan] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-User%3AKeegan+%28WMF%29%2FU4C+eligible+voter&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-User%3AKeegan+%28WMF%29%2FU4C+eligible+voter&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2026-05-19. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 00:28, 15 Kotonimma 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2026/Vote now == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Akan, Twi and Fanti on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2026/Vote now|Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2026/Vote now]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FCoordinating+Committee%2FElection%2F2026%2FVote+now&language=ak&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Akan] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FCoordinating+Committee%2FElection%2F2026%2FVote+now&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FCoordinating+Committee%2FElection%2F2026%2FVote+now&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2026-05-26. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 21:17, 20 Kotonimma 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Global locks == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Akan, Twi and Fanti on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Global locks|Global locks]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Global+locks&language=ak&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Akan] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Global+locks&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Global+locks&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 01:45, 7 Ayɛwohomumɔ 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Event:Open Heritage-Wikidata Contest == Hello Opoku Akaadom Sympathy, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Akan, Twi and Fanti on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Event:Open Heritage-Wikidata Contest|Event:Open Heritage-Wikidata Contest]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Event%3AOpen+Heritage-Wikidata+Contest&language=ak&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Akan] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Event%3AOpen+Heritage-Wikidata+Contest&language=tw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Twi] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Event%3AOpen+Heritage-Wikidata+Contest&language=fat&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Fanti] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2026-08-15. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Hello, We are looking forward to translating this page. We highly appreciate your support Best</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. 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Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 18:54, 10 Ɔsanaa 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SanBonne@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> 7i58mgvvyxno6d789b72ughpq1u80f0 0 6748 200497 186127 2026-08-10T18:21:14Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Akuapem}} {{Infobox interventions | name = Awo ano a wosiw | image = Opened Oral Birth Control.jpg | alt = Package of birth control pills | caption = [[Nnuru dodow bi a wɔde siw awo ano]] | ICD10 = | ICD9 = | ICD9unlinked = | MeshID = D003267 | LOINC = | other_codes = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicine = }} '''Awo ano a wosiw''', a wɔsan frɛ no '''contraception''' ne '''awo ho anohyeto''', yɛ akwan anaa nnwinnade a wɔde siw [[nyinsɛn kwan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of Birth control|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351|work=MedicineNet|accessdate=9 August 2012|archive-date=6 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806234913/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351|url-status=dead}}</ref> Awo anosiw a wɔyɛ ho nhyehyɛe, wɔma ɛwɔ hɔ na wɔde di dwuma yɛ nea wɔfrɛ no [[abusua kɛse ho nhyehyɛe]].<ref name=OED2012>{{cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary|date=June 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/19395}}</ref><ref name=WHO-health-topic>{{cite web|last=World Health Organization (WHO)|title=Family planning|url=http://www.who.int/topics/family_planning/en/|work=Health topics|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)}}</ref> Wɔde akwan a wɔfa so siw awo ano adi dwuma fi tete, nanso akwan a wɔfa so yɛ no kwan pa so bae wɔ [[afeha a ɛto so aduonu]] mu.<ref name=Hopkins2010>{{cite book|last1=Hanson|first1=S.J.|last2=Burke|first2=Anne E.|date=21 December 2010|chapter=Fertility control: contraception, sterilization, and abortion|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PR232|editor1-last=Hurt|editor1-first=K. Joseph|editor2-last=Guile|editor2-first=Matthew W.|editor3-last=Bienstock|editor3-first=Jessica L.|editor4-last=Fox|editor4-first=Harold E.|editor5-last=Wallach|editor5-first=Edward E.|title=The Johns Hopkins manual of gynecology and obstetrics|edition=4th|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|pages=382–395|isbn=978-1-60547-433-5}}</ref> Aman binom de anohyeto ma anaa wɔnnhyɛ awo anosiw ho nkuran esiane sɛ wɔte nka sɛ enye wɔ abrabɔ, ɔsom anaa amammui mu nti.<ref name=Hopkins2010/> <!-- Methods --> Akwan a etu mpɔn a wɔfa so siw awo ano ne [[Abawo tumi a wɔsɛe no (aduruyɛ)|abawo tumi a wɔsɛe]] denam [[oprehyen]] wɔ mmarima mu ne [[awotwaa no fa bi a wɔkyekyere]] wɔ mmea mu,[[adwinnade a wɔde hyɛ awotwaa mu]] IUD, ne [[awo anosiw afiri a wɔde hyɛ nipaduam|adwinnade a wɔde hyɛ nipaduam siw awo ano]].<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011/> --> Nea wɔyɛ wɔ eyi akyi yɛ [[nipaduam nnuru a wɔde siw awo ano|akwan a wɔde nipaduam nnuru di dwuma]] a ebi ne [[topae nnuru a wɔnom|topae a wɔnom]], [[awo anosiw kwan|akwan]], [[ɔbea ase kawa]], ne [[nea wɔde wɔ mpaane|mpaane]].<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011/> --> Akwan a entu mpɔn pii bi ne [[nea wɔde siw awode mu nsu ano|awode mu nsu a wosiw ano]] te sɛ [[kɔndɔm]], [[Diaphragm(awo anosiw)|diaphragm ahorow]] ne [[awo anosiw sapɔw|sapɔw ahorow a wɔde siw awo ano]] ne [[abawo ho nkyerɛkyerɛ]].<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011/> --> Akwan a entu mpɔn koraa bi ne [[aduru a ekum barima ho nsu]] ne [[barima awode a oyi fi ɔbea de mu|awode a woyi fi ɔfoforo de mu]]a barima no yɛ ansa na[[ne ho aba]].<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011/> --> Ɛwom sɛ awo tumi a wɔsɛe tu mpɔn de nanso sɛ obi yɛ a, ɔrentumi nsan nkɔ dedaw mu bio; wɔ akwan ahorow a aka mu no, obi betumi asan akɔ ne dedaw mu ntɛm ara.<ref name=WHO_FP2011>{{cite book|author=World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research|title=Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration|year=2011|publisher=WHO and Center for Communication Programs|location=Geneva, Switzerland|isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3|url=http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|edition=Rev. and Updated|access-date=2017-05-23|archive-date=2013-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054335/http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Nna mu bammɔ]], te sɛ nea wɔde barima anaa [[mmea kɔndɔm]] di dwuma nso betumi asiw [[nna mu yare]] ano.<ref name="pmid22423463">{{cite journal |last1 = Taliaferro | first1 = L. A. |last2 = Sieving | first2 = R. |last3 = Brady | first3 = S. S. |last4 = Bearinger | first4 = L. H. |title = We have the evidence to enhance adolescent sexual and reproductive health--do we have the will? |journal = Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews |volume = 22 |issue = 3 |pages = 521–543, xii |year = 2011 |pmid = 22423463}}</ref><ref name="pmid22341164">{{cite journal |last1 = Chin |first1 = H. B. |last2 = Sipe |first2 = T. A. |last3 = Elder |first3 = R. |last4 = Mercer |first4 = S. L. |last5 = Chattopadhyay |first5 = S. K. |last6 = Jacob |first6 = V. |last7 = Wethington |first7 = H. R. |last8 = Kirby |first8 = D. |last9 = Elliston |first9 = D. B. |doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.006 |title = The Effectiveness of Group-Based Comprehensive Risk-Reduction and Abstinence Education Interventions to Prevent or Reduce the Risk of Adolescent Pregnancy, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Sexually Transmitted Infections |journal = American Journal of Preventive Medicine |volume = 42 |issue = 3 |pages = 272–294 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22341164 |pmc = |url = http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(11)00906-8/abstract |access-date = 2017-05-23 |archive-date = 2020-01-02 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200102180246/https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(11)00906-8/abstract |url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Nna akyi awo anosiw|Awo a wosiw ano wɔ nna akyi]] betumi asiw awo ano nnafua kakra wɔ nna akyi.<ref name=Gizzo2012>{{cite journal|last=Gizzo|first=S|last2=Fanelli |first2=T |last3=Di Gangi |first3=S |last4=Saccardi |first4=C |last5=Patrelli |first5=TS |last6=Zambon |first6=A |last7=Omar |first7=A |last8=D'Antona |first8=D |last9=Nardelli |first9=GB|title=Nowadays which emergency contraception? Comparison between past and present: latest news in terms of clinical efficacy, side effects and contraindications.|journal=Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology|date=October 2012|volume=28|issue=10|pages=758–63|pmid=22390259|doi=10.3109/09513590.2012.662546}}</ref> Ebinom bu [[nna a wɔmmfa wɔn ho nnhyem|nna mu ayɔnkofa a wonnya]] sɛ ɔkwan a wɔde siw awo ano, nanso [[nanso ɛno nkutoo ho nkyerɛkyerɛ|ɛno nkutoo ho nkyerɛkyerɛ]] betumi ama [[mperewanyinsɛn|mperewa nyinsɛn]] akɔ soro bere a wɔkyerɛkyerɛ ɛno nkutoo a wɔmfa awo anosiw nnuru biara nnka ho no.<ref name="pmid12065267">{{cite journal |author=DiCenso A, Guyatt G, Willan A, Griffith L |title=Interventions to reduce unintended pregnancies among adolescents: systematic review of randomised controlled trials |journal=BMJ |volume=324 |issue=7351|pages=1426 |date=June 2002 |pmid=12065267 |pmc=115855 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.324.7351.1426|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18923389">{{cite journal |last1 = Duffy | first1 = K. |last2 = Lynch | first2 = D. A. |last3 = Santinelli | first3 = J. |doi = 10.1038/clpt.2008.188 |title = Government Support for Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Education |journal = Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics |volume = 84 |issue = 6 |pages = 746–748 |year = 2008|pmid = 18923389 |pmc = |url = http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v84/n6/full/clpt2008188a.html}}</ref> <!--Special populations --> Wɔ [[mperewanyinsɛn|mmabun a wonnii mfe aduonu]] mu no, wɔn nyinsɛn nta mmfa nsunsuanso papa mma.<!-- <ref name="pmid22764559"/> --> [[Nna ho nkyerɛkyerɛ]] a ɛkɔ akyiri ne awo anosiw ho nnuru a wɔde ma brɛ nyinsɛn a wɔmpɛ ase wɔ mmabun yi mu.<ref name="pmid22764559">{{Cite journal |last1 = Black | first1 = A. Y. |last2 = Fleming | first2 = N. A. |last3 = Rome | first3 = E. S. |title = Pregnancy in adolescents |journal = Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews |volume = 23 |issue = 1 |pages = 123–138, xi |year = 2012 |pmid = 22764559}}</ref><ref name="pmid22764557">{{cite journal |last1 = Rowan | first1 = S. P. |last2 = Someshwar | first2 = J. |last3 = Murray | first3 = P. |title = Contraception for primary care providers|journal = Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews |volume = 23 |issue = 1 |pages = 95–110, x–xi|year = 2012 |pmid = 22764557}}</ref> Ɛwom sɛ mmabun tumi de awo anosiw kwan biara adi dwuma de nanso<ref name=WHO_FP2011p260/>[[nea ɛbɛyɛ adwuma akyɛ a obi betumi asan akɔ dedaw mu]] te sɛ nea wɔde hyɛ nipaduam, IUD, anaa ɔbea ase kawa yɛ nea edi dwuma yiye de te mperewanyinsɛn so.<ref name="pmid22764557"/> Bere a ɔbea awo akyi no, sɛ ɛnyɛ nufusu nkutoo na ɔde ma akokoaa no a, obetumi asan anyinsɛn wɔ nnawɔtwe anan kosi asia ntam.<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011p260/>--> Awo anosiw akwan bi wɔ hɔ a wobetumi afi ase wɔ awo akyi pɛɛ, bere a afoforo de ebehia sɛ wɔtwentwɛn so kakra bɛyɛ bosome asia akyi.<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011p260/>--> Wɔ mmea a wɔma nufusu fam no, [[Progestogen nkutoo|progestin nkutoo akwan]] yɛ nea wɔpɛ sen atopae a wɔnom de siw awo ano.<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011p260/>--> Wɔ mmea a wɔadu [[bratwa mu no|bra twa mu no]], wɔhyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔbɛkɔ so asiw awo ano afe biako bere a wɔatwa bra no akyi.<ref name=WHO_FP2011p260>{{cite book|author=World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research|title=Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration|year=2011|pages=260–300|publisher=WHO and Center for Communication Programs|location=Geneva, Switzerland|isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3|url=http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|edition=Rev. and Updated|access-date=2017-05-23|archive-date=2013-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054335/http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> <!-- Prevalence and effects --> Mmea bɛyɛ ɔpepem ahanu aduonu abien a wɔmpɛ sɛ wɔfa afuru a wɔwɔ [[ɔman a wonni bi|aman a wonni bi]] yɛ nea wɔmfa akwan a aba so nsiw awo ano.<ref name="Guttmacher2012">{{cite web|title=Costs and Benefits of Contraceptive Services: Estimates for 2012|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/AIU-2012-estimates.pdf|work=United Nations Population Fund|pages=1|format=pdf|date=June 2012}}</ref><ref name="pmid22784540">{{cite journal |last1 = Carr |first1 = B. |last2 = Gates |first2 = M. F. |last3 = Mitchell |first3 = A. |last4 = Shah |first4 = R. |title = Giving women the power to plan their families |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60905-2 |journal = The Lancet |volume = 380 |issue = 9837 |pages = 80–82 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22784540 |pmc = |url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60905-2/fulltext |access-date = 2017-05-23 |archive-date = 2013-05-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130510203702/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60905-2/fulltext |url-status = dead }}</ref> Awo anosiw wɔ aman a wonni bi mu abrɛ [[mmaatan a wowu|nkwa a wɔhwere wɔ awo mu anaa awo akyi]] bɛyɛ ɔha mu nkyekyem aduanan(bɛyɛ nnipa mpem ahanu aduosɔn a anka wɔbɛhwere wɔn nkwa) na ebesiw ano ɔha mu nkyekyem aduosɔn sɛ wotumi de awo anosiw akwan no ma sɛnea ɛsɛ a.<ref name="pmid22784533">{{cite journal|last=Cleland|first=J|author2=Conde-Agudelo, A |author3=Peterson, H |author4=Ross, J |author5= Tsui, A |title=Contraception and health.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_july-14-20-2012_380_9837/page/149|journal=Lancet|date=Jul 14, 2012|volume=380|issue=9837|pages=149–56|pmid=22784533|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60609-6}}</ref><ref name="pmid22784531">{{cite journal |last1 = Ahmed |first1 = S. |last2 = Li |first2 = Q. |last3 = Liu |first3 = L. |last4 = Tsui |first4 = A. O. |title = Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: An analysis of 172 countries |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60478-4 |journal = The Lancet |volume = 380 |issue = 9837 |pages = 111–125 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22784531 |pmc = |url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60478-4/fulltext |access-date = 2017-05-23 |archive-date = 2013-05-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130510214305/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60478-4/fulltext |url-status = dead }}</ref> Denam awo ntam a wɔma emu twe no, awo anosiw betumi ama mmea awo ayɛ nea ɔhaw nnim na ɛma wɔn mma nso tena nkwa mu.<ref name="pmid22784533"/> Wɔ aman a wonni bi mu no, mmea akatua [[agyapade]],[[nipaduam ahoɔden|wɔn mu duru]], ne wɔn mma sukuukɔ ne wɔn akwanhosan nyinaa yɛ nea anya nkɔanim esiane awo anosiw a wɔyɛ nti.<ref name="pmid22784535">{{cite journal |last1 = Canning |first1 = D. |last2 = Schultz |first2 = T. P. |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60827-7 |title = The economic consequences of reproductive health and family planning |journal = The Lancet |volume = 380 |issue = 9837 |pages = 165–171 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22784535 |pmc = |url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60827-7/fulltext |access-date = 2017-05-23 |archive-date = 2013-06-02 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130602231028/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60827-7/fulltext |url-status = dead }}</ref> Awo anosiw ma nkɔso wɔ [[sikasɛm mu]] esiane sɛ wonni mma pii a wɔbɛhwɛ wɔn na mmea pii tumi de wɔn ho hyɛ [[nnwuma mu]], na wɔde nneɛma di dwuma kwan pa so.<ref name="pmid22784535" /><ref name="pmid22784542">{{cite journal |last1 = Van Braeckel |first1 = D. |last2 = Temmerman |first2 = M. |last3 = Roelens |first3 = K. |last4 = Degomme |first4 = O. |title = Slowing population growth for wellbeing and development |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60902-7 |journal = The Lancet |volume = 380 |issue = 9837 |pages = 84–85 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22784542 |pmc = |url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60902-7/fulltext |access-date = 2017-05-23 |archive-date = 2013-05-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130510213023/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60902-7/fulltext |url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Nsεm afoforo== <references /> [[Nkyekyem:Gao lazamankwala]] 4xw3csx6g44xbeqj1ghximfsdt44p2n 0 7033 200515 177687 2026-08-10T18:48:01Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Akuapem}} {{merge|Rabies}} {{Infobox disease | Name = Kraman yare | image = Dog with rabies.jpg | caption = Kraman a ͻwͻ ne yare no a anya nkͻanim | DiseasesDB = 11148 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|82||a|82}} | ID9 = {{ICD9|071}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 001334 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1374 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|eerg|493}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1974}} | MeshID = D011818 }} '''Kraman yare''' yɛ Yare Mmoawa [[Yare Mmoawa|a]] ɛde encephalitis, kyerɛ sɛ [[encephalitis, kyerɛ sɛ|adwene no a baabi ahono]] wͻ nipa ne [[mmoa afoforo]] mu.<ref name=WHO2013/> Mfiase nsɛnkyerɛnne bi ne ahoͻhyew ne obi ho a ɛyɛ no dɛ boro so.<ref name=WHO2013/> Nsɛnkyerɛnne binom a edi eyi akyi ne: ahokeka, anigye mmoroso, [[nsu|nsu a obi suro]] , nipadua akwaa a entumi nkeka ne ho, adwenemhaw, ne [[nim a onnim nea ɛrekͻ so]] .<ref name=WHO2013/> Bere a nsɛnkyerɛnne no ada adi awie no, mpɛn pii no kraman yare taa kowie owu mu.<ref name=WHO2013/> Mpɛn pii no ɛtaa di asram biako kosi abiɛsa fi bere a obi nya yare no kosi bere a nsɛnkyerɛnne no da adi no. Nanso, bere yi betumi ayɛ nea ennu nnawͻtwe biako kosi nea ɛboro afe biako.<ref name=WHO2013/> Bere dodow a ebedi no gyina bere a mmoawa no de bedu [[adwene no ne akyi dompe no]] mu.<ref name=Robbins>{{cite book |author=Cotran RS |title=Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease |edition=7th |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |year=2005 |page=1375 |isbn=0-7216-0187-1 |author2=Kumar V |author3=Fausto N }}</ref> == Nea ɛde ba ne sɛnea wohu== Nipa taa nya kraman yare fi mmoa afoforo ho. Wotumi de kraman yare ma bere a aboa a ͻwͻ bi tiw anaa ͻka aboa foforo anaa nipa no.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ntasu a efi aboa a wanya bi a ɛka aboa anaa nipa foforo nso betumi ama wanya yare yi bi.<ref name=WHO2013/> Mpɛn pii no, nipa a wonya yare yi taa nya fi kraman a waka wͻn no.<ref name=WHO2013/> Wͻ aman a nkraman a wͻwͻ yare yi bi dͻͻso wom no, nipa a wonya yare yi bi no ͻha mu nkyekyem aduokrͻn akrͻn na wonya fi kraman a waka wͻn no.<ref name=Tint2010>{{cite book |author=Tintinalli, Judith E. |title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2010 |pages=Chapter 152 |isbn=0-07-148480-9}}</ref> Wͻ [[Amɛrika aman mu no]] , [[ampan]] a waka obi na ɛtaa de yare yi ma nipa, na nipa a wonya bi a wonnu ͻha mu nkyekyem anum na wonya fi kraman a waka wͻn mu.<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Tint2010/> Ɛyɛ den sɛ nkura ne mmoa a wotete saa no benya yare yi.<ref name=Tint2010/> Nea ɛne [[mmoawa a wͻde kraman yare]] ba no nam [[akwaa ahorow a adwene ne akyi dompe nka ho|so kͻ adwene no mu]] . Bere a nsɛnkyerɛnne no afi ase nkutoo na wobetumi ahwehwɛ yare yi mu ahu.<ref name=WHO2013/> == Sɛnea Wosiw ano ne ayaresa == Wͻnam mmoa a wͻhyɛ wͻn so ne nsu a wͻde siw yare kwan nhyehyɛe ahorow so brɛ yare yi ase wͻ aman pii mu.<ref name=WHO2013/> Wͻhyɛ nkuran sɛ wͻde nsu a wͻde siw yare kwan no bɛwͻ wͻn a wobetumi anya bi no paane. Nipa a wobetumi anya bi ne wͻn a wͻwͻ mmeae a mpan wͻ anaa wodi mmere pii wͻ mmeae a yare yi abu so.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ɛdefa nipa a wobetumi anya yare yi no, [[nsu a wͻde siw kraman yare ano]] ne ɛtͻ mmere bi a [[nipaduam akode]] taa siw yare yi kwan sɛ onipa no nya eyi ansa na nsɛnkyerɛnne no afi ase a.<ref name=WHO2013/> Beae a aboa no aka anaa watiw no a wͻde nsu ne samina bɛhohoro simma dunum, [[povidone iodine]] , betumi aboa asiw yare yi kwan.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Rabies Fact Sheet N°99|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=28 February 2014|date=July 2013}}</ref> Nnipa kakraa bi a wͻanya yare no ho nsɛnkyerɛnne no na watena ase. Eyinom yɛ wͻn a wͻanya ayaresa a ɛkͻ akyiri a wͻfrɛ no [[Milwaukee protocol]] no.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Hemachudha T, Ugolini G, Wacharapluesadee S, Sungkarat W, Shuangshoti S, Laothamatas J | title = Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. | journal = Lancet neurology | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 498–513 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23602163 | doi = 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70038-3 }}</ref> ===Nsu a wͻde siw yare kwan=== Wͻde '''nsu a wͻde siw kraman yare kwan''' na [[esiw]] kraman yare .<ref name=WHO2010>{{cite journal|title=Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper|journal=Weekly epidemiological record|date=Aug 6, 2010|volume=32|issue=85|pages=309-320|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8532.pdf?ua=1}}</ref> Yɛwͻ eyinom ahorow wͻ hͻ a edi dwuma yiye.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Wobetumi de asiw kraman yare kwan ansa na aboa no aka obi anaa wͻ ɛno akyi bere dodow bi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Bammͻ a obi nya wͻ yare yi ho no taa kyɛ bere a wͻde nsu no ama mpɛn abiɛsa no.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Mpɛn pii no wͻtaa de nsu no wͻ obi paane wͻ ne honam mu.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Wͻtaa de nsu a wͻde siw yare kwan no ne [[nnuru afoforo ka ho]] .<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Wͻhyɛ nyansa sɛ wͻn a wobetumi anya bi no begye paane yi bi ansa na wͻakͻ beae hͻ.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Nsu a wͻde siw yare kwan no yɛ adwuma yiye wͻ nipa ne mmoa afoforo mu.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Nkraman a wͻbɛwͻ wͻn paane boa ma asiw yare yi a wͻde ma nipa kwan.<ref name=WHO2010/> ==== Ahobammͻ ==== Nipa ͻpepem pii na wͻawͻ wͻn paane yi, na wͻka sɛ eyi asiw yare yi kwan wͻ nipa bɛboro mpem ahanu aduonum afe biara mu.<ref name=WHO2010/> Wobetumi de adi dwuma wͻ nipa a ɛsono wͻn mfe a wͻadi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Wͻn a wͻwͻ wͻn paane no bɛyɛ ͻha mu nkyekyem aduasa anum kosi aduanan anum taa nya yaw kakra wͻ beae a wͻwͻͻ wͻn paane no.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Nipa bɛyɛ ͻha mu nkyekyem anum kosi dunum betumi anya [[ahoͻhyew]] ,[[atipae]] , anaa [[te a obi te nka sɛ ͻbɛfe]] .<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Biribiara nsiw obi kwan sɛ wͻbɛma no eyi bere a wanya yare no.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Nsu a wͻde siw yare no kwan no pii nni [[thimerosal]] .<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Aman binom de nsu a wͻde siw yare kwan a wonya fi nipaduam ntini mu di dwuma, titiriw wͻ Asia ne Latin [[Amerika|Amɛrika]], nanso ɛnyɛ adwuma yiye na asiane kakra wom.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Eyi nti [[Wiase Akwanhosan Ahyehyɛde]] nhyɛ ho nkuran.<ref name=WHO2010/> Ayaresa yi bo yɛ US Dͻla aduanan anan kosi aduosͻn awotwe wͻ afe 2014 mu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vaccine, Rabies|url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=RAB000X&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=&desc=Vaccine%2C%20Rabies&pack=new&frm=VIAL&rte=INJ&class_code2=19%2E3%2E&supplement=&class_name=%2819%2E3%2E%29Vaccines%3Cbr%3E|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=6 December 2015}}</ref> Wͻ United States no, nsu a wͻde siw kraman yare ano no bo boro Dͻla ahansͻn aduonum.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shlim|first1=David|title=Perspectives: Intradermal Rabies Preexposure Immunization|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/perspectives-intradermal-rabies-preexposure-immunization|accessdate=6 December 2015|date=June 30, 2015}}</ref> ==Yare Anosiw ho Adesua== Kraman yare kunkum nipa bɛyɛ mpem aduonu asia kosi mpem aduonum anum afe biara wͻ wiase nyinaa.<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal | author = Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R | title = Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2095–128 | date = Dec 15, 2012 | pmid = 23245604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Owu yi ͻha mu nkyekyem bɛboro aduokrͻn anum si wͻ [[Asia]] ne [[Afrika]] .<ref name=WHO2013/> Kraman yare wͻ aman bɛboro ͻha aduonum wͻ amantam nyinaa gye Antarctica nkutoo.<ref name=WHO2013/> Nipa bɛboro ͻpepepem abiɛsa na wͻtete mmeae a kraman yare wͻ wͻ wiase nyinaa.<ref name=WHO2013/> Wͻ Europa ne [[Australia]] mu no, mpan nkutoo mu na yare yi wͻ.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presence / absence of rabies in 2007|url=http://www.who.int/rabies/Absence_Presence_Rabies_07_large.jpg?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=1 March 2014|year=2007|archive-date=31 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031134650/http://www.who.int/rabies/Absence_Presence_Rabies_07_large.jpg?ua=1|dead-url=no|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Aman nketewa a nsu atwa wͻn ho ahyia pii wͻ hͻ a kraman yare yi bi nni hͻ.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rabies-Free Countries and Political Units|url=http://www.cdc.gov/animalimportation/rabies-free-countries.html|work=CDC|accessdate=1 March 2014}}</ref> ==Nsɛm afoforo== <references /> [[Nkyekyem:Gao lazamankwala]] 0bc9r5yyks3brl6gpb7cwckh9z6jowv 0 7038 200502 188087 2026-08-10T18:29:26Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Akuapem}}{{Databox}} '''Kube''' dua '''''(cocos nucifera)''''' ka nnua abusuakuo no ho. Kube betumi agyina hɔ ama kube [[aduane]], kube dua anaa aduaba no ankasaa. Ɛyɛ mmɛ dua abusua ( [[Arecaceae a ɛwɔ hɔ|Arecaceae]] ) no muni na ɛno nkutoo ne ''Cocos'' abusua no mu de.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Coconut {{!}} Description, Uses, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |date=2024-01-04 |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/coconut |language=en |access-date=2024-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=PMC PubMed |title=Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae): A hytochemical and pharmacological review |date=2015-08-18 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4671521/ |work=Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research |volume=48 |issue=11 |pages=953–964 |doi= |issn=0100-879X |pmc=4671521 |pmid=26292222 |access-date=2024-02-20}}</ref> Edin no fi Portugal asɛmfua dedaw ''coco'', a ɛkyerɛ "ti" anaa "ti konkuro", a wɔde nkyerɛwde abiɛsa a ɛwɔ kube no so a ɛte sɛ anim tebea no akyi. Wɔwɔ baabiara wɔ mpoano mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse na wɔyɛ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse no amammerɛ mu agyiraehyɛde. Kube dua no ma wonya aduan, pɛtro, ahosiesie, amanne nnuru ne adansi nneɛma, ne nneɛma afoforo pii a wɔde di dwuma. Aba a ɛho akokwaw no mu duane, ne kube nufusu a woyi fi mu no yɛ nnipa pii a wɔwɔ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse daa no aduan fa.<ref name=":0" /> Kube yɛ soronko wɔ nnuaba afoforo ho efisɛ wɔn endosperm no kura nsu a emu da hɔ pii, a wɔfrɛ no " kube nsu ". Wobetumi de kube a ɛho akokwaw anaa adwane, a abere, ayɛ aba a wotumi di, anaasɛ wɔayɛ ho adwuma de ayɛ ngo ne afifide nufusu a efi dua mu, fango a efi abon (ne honam) a ɛyɛ den no mu, ne coir a efi nhama a ɛyɛ den no mu . Wɔfrɛ kube adwane, a ayow no '''copra''', na wɔtaa de ngo ne nufusu a wonya fi mu no di dwuma wɔ aduannoa mu – adenhyewee titiriw – ne saa ara nso na wɔ samina ne nnuru a wɔde yɛ ahosiesie mu.<ref name=":0" /> Wotumi de kube mu nsu a ɛyɛ dɛ yɛ anonne anaasɛ wɔde ahyɛ mu ma ayɛ no mmɛw bobesa anaa kube vinegar . Wobetumi de akorade a ɛyɛ den, nhama a ɛyɛ nhama ne nhaban atenten a ɛyɛ pinnate no ayɛ nneɛma a wɔde yɛ nneɛma ahorow a wɔde siesie dan mu ne nneɛma a wɔde siesie fie.<ref name=":0" /> == Amammerɛ ne Nyamesom mu ntease == Kube wɔ amammerɛ ne nyamesom mu ntease wɔ aman bi mu, titiriw wɔ Austronesiafo amammerɛ ahorow a ɛwɔ Pacific Atɔe fam a ɛda adi wɔ wɔn anansesɛm, nnwom, ne atetesɛm a wɔde ano ka mu no mu.<ref>{{Citation |title=Why coconut is a must in religious rituals? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/soul-search/why-coconut-is-a-must-in-religious-rituals/photostory/106288528.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=2024-02-20}}</ref><ref>[https://www.asianagrihistory.org/pdf/articles/coconut-18-3.pd https://www.asianagrihistory.org/pdf/articles/coconut-18-3.pdf]</ref> N’aba a ɛho akokwaw a ɛhwe ase no ama wɔde kube ayɛ owu ho senkyerɛne.<ref name="Nayar">{{cite book|last1=Nayar|first1=N Madhavan|title=The Coconut: Phylogeny, Origins, and Spread|date=2017|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|isbn=978-0-12-809778-6|pages=10–21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Michaels, Axel.|title=Hinduism : past and present|year=2006|orig-year=2004|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=81-250-2776-9|oclc=398164072}}</ref> Na ɛho hia wɔ amanne kwan so nso wɔ nyamesom ahorow a na ɛwɔ hɔ ansa na atubrafo reba no mu.<ref name="Nayar" /> Anya nyamesom mu ntease nso wɔ Asia Anafo Fam amammerɛ ahorow mu, baabi a wɔde di dwuma wɔ Hindusom amanne ahorow mu no. Ɛno na edi akoten wɔ ayeforohyia ne ɔsom amanne ahorow nnyinaso wɔ Hindusom mu. Ɛsan nso di dwuma titiriw wɔ Kube Nyamesom a wɔde sii hɔ wɔ 1963 mu wɔ [[Vietnam]] no mu.<ref>{{Citation |last=Anurag Korde |title=The coconut religion of Vietnam |date=2024-01-26 |url=https://medium.com/@kanuorde/the-coconut-religion-of-vietnam-e9a13c5f55db |language=en |access-date=2024-02-21 |archive-date=2024-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221092247/https://medium.com/@kanuorde/the-coconut-religion-of-vietnam-e9a13c5f55db |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The Coconut Monk’s Adventure Between Religion And Politics |date=2021-08-30 |url=https://www.thevietnamese.org/2021/08/the-coconut-monks-adventure-between-religion-and-politics/ |language=en |access-date=2024-02-21}}</ref> == Ne fibea == Austronesiafo a wɔwɔ Asia Anafo Fam Apuei Supɔw so no na wodii kan yɛɛ kube efie aduane na ɛtrɛwee wɔ Abo Foforo Mmere no mu denam wɔn po so atutra a ɛkɔɔ so koduu apuei fam akyirikyiri koduu Pacific Nsupɔw no so, ne atɔe fam akyirikyiri koduu Madagascar ne Comoros so.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Diana Lutz |title=Deep history of coconuts decoded - The Source - Washington University in St. Louis |date=2011-06-24 |url=https://source.wustl.edu/2011/06/deep-history-of-coconuts-decoded/ |language=en-US |access-date=2024-02-21}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Opinion {{!}} The coconut and the curious origins of its name in English |date=2021-09-02 |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/3147196/coconut-and-curious-origins-word-english |language=en |access-date=2024-02-21}}</ref> Edii dwuma titiriw wɔ po so akwantu tenten a Austronesiafo tuu no mu denam aduan ne nsu a na wotumi nya fi mu, ne adansi nneɛma a Austronesiafo no de yɛ ahyɛmma a wɔde fa nsu mu no so. Akyiri yi nso , Asia Anafo Famfo, Arabfo, ne Europafo hyɛn mu adwumayɛfo trɛw kube mu wɔ abakɔsɛm mmere mu wɔ [[India]] ne Atlantic Po no mpoano. Wogyina nnianim nsɛm a ɛsono emu biara yi so a, wobetumi akɔ so akyekyɛ kube dodow mu ayɛ no Pacific kube ne Indo-Atlantic kube, sɛnea ɛmu biara te. Europafo na wɔde kube baa Amerika wɔ atubrafo bere no mu wɔ Columbiafo nsakrae mu, nanso adanse wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ebia Austronesiafo hyɛn mu adwumayɛfo de Pacific kube baa Panama ansa na Columbia de no reba. Wogye akyinnye wɔ beaɛ a na mfiase no na kube wɔ mu ho, na nsusuwii ahorow kyerɛ sɛ ebia ɛbae wɔ Asia, Amerika Anafo Fam, anaa Pacific nsupɔw so.<ref name=":1" /> Ne nnua nyin yɛ tenten bɛyɛ {{Convert|30|m|ft|abbr=off|sigfig=1}} na etumi sow aba 75 afe biara, ɛwom sɛ nea ennu 30 na ɛtaa ba de. Afifideyi ntumi nnyina awɔw ano na wɔpɛ osu pii ne owia hann a edi mũ. Nkoekoemmoa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae ne nyarewa pii ka mmoa ahorow no na ɛyɛ ɔhaw ma aguadi mu nneɛma. Wiase nyinaa kube a wɔde ma no mu bɛyɛ 75% yɛ nea [[Indonisia|Indonesia]], Philippines ne India na ɛdeba. === Nkyerɛmu === [[File:Coconut tree leaf yellowed.jpg|alt=Cocos nucifera|thumb|Kube dua ahaban]] ''Cocos nucifera'' yɛ nnua kɛse, ne tenten yɛ {{Convert|30|m|ft|abbr=off|sigfig=1}}, ne nhaban yɛ [[Pinnate a ɛyɛ pintinn|pinnate]] {{Convert|4|-|6|m|abbr=on|ft|0}} tenten, na pinnae {{Convert|60|-|90|cm|ft|0}} tenten; nhaban dedaw no mu paapae yiye, na ɛma dua no ho yɛ toro. Wɔ asase a ɛsow aba so no, kube dua tenten bi tumi sow aba bɛyɛ 75 afe biara, nanso mpɛn pii no, ɛsow aba nnu 30.<ref name="Grimwood18">[[Coconut#Grimwood|Grimwood]], p. 18.</ref> Sɛ wɔhwɛ kube dua yiye na enyin a, ɛsow aba a edi kan wɔ mfe asia kosi du mu, na egye mfe 15 kosi 20 ansa na adu bea ɛpem a enso aba bio.<ref>{{Citation |last=Sasha Degnan |title=How Long Does It Take for a Coconut Tree to Get Coconuts? |date=2013-08-20 |url=https://www.weekand.com/home-garden/article/long-coconut-tree-coconuts-18026859.php |language=en |access-date=2024-02-21 |archive-date=2024-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221102019/https://www.weekand.com/home-garden/article/long-coconut-tree-coconuts-18026859.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Coconut - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/food-science/coconut |access-date=2024-02-21}}</ref> ===Aduaba=== [[File:Cracked coconut.jpg|thumb|Kube aduaba a wɔapae mu]] [[File:Coconutsfruits.jpg|thumb|Kube aduaba fofor]] Wɔ afifide mu no, kube aba no yɛ '''drupe''', ɛnyɛ nnuaba ankasa. Te sɛ nnuaba afoforo no, ɛwɔ ntoatoaso abiɛsa : ''exocarp, mesocarp, ne endocarp'' . Exocarp yɛ akyi were a ɛhyerɛn, na mpɛn pii no ne kɔla yɛ kɔkɔɔ-ahabammono kosi kɔkɔɔ-biribiri. Mesocarp no yɛ nhama bi, a wɔfrɛ no coir, a wɔde di dwuma wɔ amanne kwan so ne aguadi mu pii. Exocarp ne mesocarp nyinaa na ɛyɛ kube no "husk", bere a endocarp no yɛ kube "akorade" a ɛyɛ den no. Endocarp a atwa ho ahyia no kɛse yɛ 4mm(1/8 inch) na ɛwɔ ntini abiɛsa a ɛda nsow a ɛfifi ( micropyles ) wɔ akyirikyiri no ho. Wɔato ntini no mu abien ("aniwa" no), bere a biako yɛ adwuma.<ref>{{Citation |last=ResearchGate |title=Parts of the coconut fruit |date= |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Different-parts-that-compose-the-coconut-fruit-Photo-Fernando-Cintra_fig1_332857216}}</ref> [[File:JfBohol7038naturefvf 39.JPG|thumb|Kube dua a aduane pii wɔ so]] Endocarp no mu yɛ tokuru na wɔde aba a ɛyɛ braɔn a ɛyɛ tratraa atwa ho ahyia na ne mu du yɛ o.2mm (1/64 inch). Mfiase no, ɛyɛ a endosperm nsu a ɛwɔ nuklea pii (kube nsu) hyɛ endocarp no ma. Bere rekɔ so no, nkwammoaa a ɛwɔ endosperm no gu endocarp no afasu ho kosi, efi ase wɔ akyirikyiri kɔ ne ho na ne mu duro yɛ 11mm (3/8 inch). Awiei koraa no wɔyɛ endosperm a ɛyɛ den a wotumi di ("kube nam" anaa "kube aduane") a bere kɔ so no ɛyɛ den. Wɔde awotwaa ketewa a ɛte sɛ kurukuruwa no ahyɛ endosperm a ɛyɛ den no mu wɔ endosperm no mu ntini a ɛyɛ adwuma no ase pɛɛ. Bere a awotwaa no refifi no, epiapia fi ntini a ɛyɛ adwuma no mu na ɛyɛ haustorium (kube a efifi) wɔ mfinimfini bun no mu. Haustorium no twetwe endosperm a ɛyɛ den no de ma nnuadewa no aduan.<ref name="Sugimuma">{{cite journal|last1=Sugimuma|first1=Yukio|last2=Murakami|first2=Taka|date=1990|title=Structure and Function of the Haustorim in Germinating Coconut Palm Seed|url=https://www.jircas.go.jp/sites/default/files/publication/jarq/24-1-001-014_0.pdf|journal=[[JARQ]]|volume=24|pages=1–14}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Arivalagan Manivannan, Rakesh Bhardwaj, Sugatha Padmanabhan, Poonam Suneja, K. B. Hebbar, Santosh R. Kanade |title=Biochemical and nutritional characterization of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) haustorium |date=2018-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814616318064 |work=Food Chemistry |volume=238 |pages=153–159 |series=11th IFDC special issue 'Food composition and public health nutrition |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.127 |issn=0308-8146 |access-date=2024-02-21}}</ref> Kube nnuaba wɔ akwan soronko abien a egyina kwan a wɔyɛ ho dwuma so. Wuram nkube wɔ aduaba a ɛyɛ tenten a ɛyɛ ahinanan a ne ho yɛ den na endosperm kakraa bi na ɛwɔ mu. Eyinom ma nnuaba no tumi yɛ kɛse na ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛw ma wɔn sɛ wɔbɛnyin wɔ mpoano anhwea so, na ɛma wɔn bɔbea yɛ nea eye ma po mu apete.<ref>{{Citation |title=Everything You Need To Know About Coconuts {{!}} Exotic Gourmand |date=2023-03-14 |url=https://exoticgourmand.com/coconuts/ |language=en-US |access-date=2024-02-21 |archive-date=2024-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221113949/https://exoticgourmand.com/coconuts/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nanso Pacific kube a wɔyɛn wɔn wɔ fie no de, ne nsɛso yɛ kurukuruwa a ne ho yɛ tratraa na endosperm pii wɔ mu. Kube a wɔyɛ no fie nso wɔ kube nsu pii.<ref name="Lebrun">{{cite journal|last1=Lebrun|first1=P.|last2=Seguin|first2=M.|last3=Grivet|first3=L.|last4=Baudouin|first4=L.|year=1998|title=Genetic diversity in coconut (''Cocos nucifera'' L.) revealed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_euphytica_1998_101_1/page/103|doi=10.1023/a:1018323721803|journal=Euphytica|volume=101|pages=103–108|s2cid=19445166}}</ref><ref name="Shukla">{{cite journal|last1=Shukla|first1=A.|last2=Mehrotra|first2=R. C.|last3=Guleria|first3=J. S.|year=2012|title=Cocos sahnii Kaul: A ''Cocos nucifera'' L.-like fruit from the Early Eocene rainforest of Rajasthan, western India|journal=Journal of Biosciences|volume=37|issue=4|pages=769–776|doi=10.1007/s12038-012-9233-3|pmid=22922201|s2cid=14229182}}</ref> Wɔde Samoafo nsɛmfua '''''niu kafa''''' a wɔde gyina hɔ ma wuram kube atenten, ne '''''niu vai''''' a wɔde gyina hɔ ma Pacific kube a wɔyɛ kurukuruwa no na ɛkyerɛ saa ahorow abien yi.<ref name="Lebrun" /><ref name="Shukla" /> Kube aba a ne kɛse yɛ pɛ mu duru bɛyɛ {{Convert|1.4|kg|lboz|abbr=off}}.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=admin |title=Coconut Fruit |date=2021-06-09 |url=https://coconutseller.in/coconut-fruit/ |language=en-US |access-date=2024-02-21}}</ref> Mpɛn pii no, wɔmbɔ kube a wɔtɔn wɔ ɔman a wɔdua kube mu no ho nhoma no. Titiriw no, wɔtɔn kube a ennyinii (asram 6 kosi 8 fi nhwiren) de gye kube nsu ne kube nam a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a ɛte sɛ jelly (a wonim no sɛ "kube a ɛyɛ ahabammono", "kube nkumaa", anaa "nsu kube"), baabi a mfitiase kɔla a ɛwɔ nnuaba no mu yɛ nea ɛyɛ fɛ kɛse wɔ afɛfɛde mu.<ref name=":2" /> Nanso, wɔtaa yi kube a ɛho anyin (asram 11 kosi 13 fi nhwiren) a wɔtɔn de kɔ amannɔne no ho fi hɔ na ama ne mu duru ne ne dodow so atew. Eyi de kube "akorade" a ɛda adagyaw a ɛwɔ ntini abiɛsa a wonim no yiye wɔ aman a wondua kube wɔ mpɔtam hɔ no ba. Mpɛn pii no, kube a wɔayiyi no mu duru bɛyɛ {{Convert|750|to|850|g|lboz}}. Kube a wɔayi ho no nso yɛ mmerɛw ma adetɔfo sɛ wobebue ano, nanso ɛwɔ bere tiaa a wɔde sie wɔ otwa akyi bɛyɛ adapɛn abien kosi abiɛsa wɔ ɔhyew a ɛyɛ {{Convert|12|to|15|°C|abbr=on|°F}} mu anaasɛ ɛkɔ asram 2 wɔ {{Convert|0|to|1.5|°C|abbr=on|°F}} . Sɛ yɛde toto ho a, wobetumi de kube a ɛho nhoma wɔ ho a ne ho nsɛee no asie asram abiɛsa kosi anum wɔ dan mu hyew a ɛfata mu.<ref name="Paull">{{cite book|last1=Paull|first1=Robert E.|url=https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/F_N-45.pdf|title=Coconut: Postharvest Quality-Maintenance Guidelines|last2=Ketsa|first2=Saichol|date=March 2015|publisher=College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, [[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]]}}</ref><ref name="postharvest">{{cite book|url=http://agriculture.gov.gy/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Coconut.pdf|title=Coconut: Postharvest Care and Market Preparation|date=May 2004|publisher=Ministry of Fisheries, Crops and Livestock, New Guyana Marketing Corporation, National Agricultural Research Institute|series=Technical Bulletin No. 27}}</ref> === Ntini === Kube dua ɛnte sɛ afifide afoforo bi nom, enni mfinimfini ntini titiriw bi a, ntini nketewa a ɛwɔ akyi a wɔfrɛ no ntini nhwi abata ho, na mmom ɛwɔ ntini a ɛyɛ nhamahama. Ntini nhyehyɛe no yɛ ntini a ɛyɛ tratraa pii a enyin kɔ abɔnten fi afifide a ɛbɛn afifide no ani. Ntini no mu kakraa bi pɛ na ɛhyɛn asase no mu tɔnn na ama agyina pintinn. Wonim saa ntini nhyehyɛe yi sɛ nhama anaasɛ adventitious, na ɛyɛ sare nwura ahorow su.<ref>{{Citation |title=2.1: Types of root systems |date=2021-06-03 |url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_in_Hawaii_(Daniela_Dutra_Elliott_and_Paula_Mejia_Velasquez)/02%3A_Roots/2.01%3A_Types_of_root_systems |language=en |access-date=2024-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Kajol |title=Coconut Tree Root System - BiologyEye |date=2022-02-08 |url=https://biologyeye.com/coconut-tree-root-system/ |language=en-US |access-date=2024-03-05 |archive-date=2023-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924042718/https://biologyeye.com/coconut-tree-root-system/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wɔsesa ntini a aporɔw anaa awuo no daa fisɛ dua no ma foforo bere biara aber a ɛrokɔ so nyin no.<ref>{{Citation |last=Fernanda Caro Beveridge, Sundaravelpandian Kalaipandian, Chongxi Yang, Steve W. Adkins |title=Fruit Biology of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) |date=2022-11-29 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9738799/ |pages=3293 |access-date=2024-03-07}}</ref> == Nhwiren == [[File:Coconut flower.jpg|thumb|Kube nhwiren]] Nnua no sow [[Nhweren|nhwiren]] a ɛyɛ ɔbea ne ɔbarima nyinaa wɔ nhwiren koro no ara so; ɛno enti, kube yɛ monoecious dua no fa. Nhwiren a ɛyɛ ɔbea no sõ sen nhwiren a ɛyɛ ɔbarima no koraa. Nhwiren ba bere nyinaa. Wogye di sɛ kube nnua no mu dodow no ara yɛ cross- pollinated, ɛwom sɛ kube ntiatia ahorow dodow no ara yɛ wɔn ankasa de de. == Ne Trɛw ne Beaɛ a wowɔ == Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ kube trɛw kɔ aman horow so esiane nnipa a wɔyɛ ho adwuma mmeɛ wotete na wɔsan de bi agua ahorow so nti.<ref>{{Citation |last=Diana Lutz |title=Deep history of coconuts decoded - The Source - Washington University in St. Louis |date=2011-06-24 |url=https://source.wustl.edu/2011/06/deep-history-of-coconuts-decoded/ |language=en-US |access-date=2024-03-07}}</ref> Nanso, beaɛ a wotaa hu yɛ Central Indo-Pacific, wɔ Maritime Southeast Asia ne Melanesia mantam mu. === Wɔ Dwom mu === Da Coconut Nut ''(Ndwom a ɔfa kube ho)'' ma "kube no nyɛ nut" yɛ nea enwu da.<ref>{{Citation |title=Smokey Mountain {{!}} Da Coconut Nut {{!}} Official Lyric Video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k8jiSwtEfxk |language=en |access-date=2024-03-07}}</ref> Filipino Ɔman Dwomtofo Ryan Cayabyab na ɔhyehyɛɛ dwom no, maa nnwontofo kuw Smokey Mountain wɔ 1991. Dwom no mu nsɛm ka sɛnea wɔde kube dua afa horow di dwuma ho asɛm.<ref>{{Citation |title=U.S.-based choir performs Ryan Cayabyab's 'Da Coconut Nut' onboard plane |date=2021-05-25 |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/entertainment/2017/07/22/us-mens-choir-sing-da-coconut-nut.html |access-date=2024-03-07 |archive-date=2021-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525204621/https://cnnphilippines.com/entertainment/2017/07/22/us-mens-choir-sing-da-coconut-nut.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Beaɛ a menyaa mmoa fii == <references /> gos99cj8hki1y4rlhsq6vs2a3pzu9ld 0 7065 200493 161426 2026-08-10T18:16:51Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Akuapem}} {{Infobox medical condition | Name = Leishmaniasis | Image = Skin ulcer due to leishmaniasis, hand of Central American adult 3MG0037 lores.jpg | Caption = Honam ani leishmaniasis wͻ opanyin a ͻwͻ[[Amεrika Mfinimfini]]nsam | Field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] | pronounce = Leishmaniasis {{IPAc-en|ˌ|l|iː|ʃ|m|ə|ˈ|n|aɪ|ə|s|ɪ|s}}<br>leishmaniosis {{IPAc-en|l|iː|ʃ|ˌ|m|eɪ|n|ɪ|ˈ|əʊ|s|ɪ|s}} or {{IPAc-en|l|iː|ʃ|ˌ|m|æ|n|ɪ|ˈ|əʊ|s|ɪ|s}}<ref>http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/leishmaniasis</ref> | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|55||b|50}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|085}} | DiseasesDB = 3266 | DiseasesDB_mult = {{DiseasesDB2|29171}}<!-- {{DiseasesDB2|3266}} {{DiseasesDB2|7070}} --> | MedlinePlus = 001386 | eMedicineSubj = emerg | eMedicineTopic = 296 | MeshID = D007896 }} '''Leishmaniasis''', a wͻsan kyerεw no '''leishmaniosis''' yε [[yare]] a [[mmoawa]] [[bi a wͻte afoforo mu]] a wͻwͻ abusuakuw [[leishmania mu]] a wonya denam [[dͻte ntuboa]]so<ref name=WHO2014/> Yare no nam kwan abiεsa so da ne ho adi:[[Honam ani leishmaniasis|honam yare]], εhorow ne honam ani, anaa [[nipaduam leishmaniasis]]<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Leishmaniasis Fact sheet N°375|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs375/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=17 February 2014|date=January 2014}}</ref> Honam ani de no da adi denam honam kuru ahorow so, bere a εhorow ne honam de da adi denam kuru wͻ honam ani, obi anum, ne ne hwenem, na nipaduam de da adi denam honam kuru ne afei atiridii, mogya a akͻ fam ne berεbo a ayε kεse so.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Barrett2012/> <!-- Cause and diagnosis --> "Leishmania" ahorow bεboro aduonu na wͻde yare yi ma nipa.<ref name=WHO2014/> Nea εta de ba binom yε ohia, aduan pa a wonnya, kwae a wͻsεe no, ne kurow kεse mu tena.<ref name=WHO2014/> Yare abiεsa no nyinaa yε nea wobetumi de afidie ahu.<ref name=WHO2014/> Bio nso, wotumi hu nipaduam de no denam mogya mu a wͻhwehwε so.<ref name=Barrett2012/> <!-- Prevention and treatment --> Wobetumi asiw Leishmaniasis kwan denam ntama a wͻde [[aduru]] ahyε no a wͻdam.<ref name=WHO2014/> Akwan afoforo yε nnuru a wͻde kum ntummoa no ne nipa a woanya a wͻsa wͻn yare ntεm so.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ayaresa a wͻde ma gyina baabi a wonyaa yare no, "Leishmania" ko, ne yare ko.<ref name=WHO2014/> Nnuru a wͻde sa nipaduam yare no bi ne [[liposomal amphotericin B]]<ref name=Sun2013/> Nnuru yi nso - [[nnuru a n'hoͻden bͻ ho anum]] ne [[paromomycin]],<ref name=Sun2013>{{cite journal|last=Sundar|first=S|author2=Chakravarty, J |title=Leishmaniasis: an update of current pharmacotherapy.|journal=Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy|date=Jan 2013|volume=14|issue=1|pages=53–63|pmid=23256501|doi=10.1517/14656566.2013.755515}}</ref> ne [[miltefosine]].<ref name=Dor2012>{{cite journal|last=Dorlo|first=TP|author2=Balasegaram, M |author3=Beijnen, JH |author4= de Vries, PJ |title=Miltefosine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of leishmaniasis.|journal=The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy|date=Nov 2012|volume=67|issue=11|pages=2576–97|pmid=22833634|doi=10.1093/jac/dks275}}</ref> Ɛdefa honam ani de ho no, paromomycin, [[fluconazole]], anaa [[pentamidine]] betumi ayε adwuma.<ref name=Min2007>{{cite journal|last=Minodier|first=P|author2=Parola, P |title=Cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.|journal=Travel medicine and infectious disease|date=May 2007|volume=5|issue=3|pages=150–8|pmid=17448941|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2006.09.004}}</ref> <!-- Epidemiology --> Mprempren, nipa bεyε ͻpepem dumien na wͻanya yare yi<ref name=Mag>{{cite web|title=Leishmaniasis Magnitude of the problem|url=http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/burden/magnitude/burden_magnitude/en/index.html|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref> wͻ aman aduokrͻn awotwe so.<ref name=Barrett2012>{{cite journal|last=Barrett|first=MP|author2=Croft, SL |title=Management of trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis.|journal=British medical bulletin|year=2012|volume=104|pages=175–96|pmid=23137768|doi=10.1093/bmb/lds031|pmc=3530408}}</ref> Bεyε nipa ͻpepem abien na wonya yare yi foforo<ref name=Barrett2012/> ne bεyε aduonu kosi aduonum na wͻhwere wͻn nkwa afe biara.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Nipa bεyε ͻpepem ahanu wͻ Asia, Afrika, Amεrika Anaafo ne Mfinimfini ne Europa Anaafo na wͻtete mmeae a yare yi abu so.<ref name=Barrett2012/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ejazi|first=SA|author2=Ali, N |title=Developments in diagnosis and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis during the last decade and future prospects.|journal=Expert review of anti-infective therapy|date=Jan 2013|volume=11|issue=1|pages=79–98|pmid=23428104|doi=10.1586/eri.12.148}}</ref> [[Wiase Akwanhosan Ahyehyεde(WHO)]] anya nteso wͻ nnuru a wͻde sa yare no bo ho.<ref name=Barrett2012/> Yare yi betumi anya mmoa afoforo, ebi ne [[Canine mmoakuw leishmaniasis|nkraman]] ne [[nkura]].<ref name=WHO2014/> ==Nsεm afoforo== <references /> [[Category:Gao lazamankwala]] 16gm9jn8yfj499w8q7tid5m4lo6tyji 0 13654 200522 184510 2026-08-10T19:02:17Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200522 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ahokeka'''(ɛsane de "'''pruritus"''') ɛyɛ atenka a ɛma wo ho yɛ hene na ɛsan ma wo titi wo ho .<ref name="andersen">{{cite journal|vauthors=Andersen HH, Elberling J, Arendt-Nielsen L|title=Human surrogate models of histaminergic and non-histaminergic itch|journal=Acta Dermato-Venereologica|volume=95|issue=7|pages=771–777|date=September 2015|pmid=26015312|doi=10.2340/00015555-2146|doi-access=free}}</ref> Mpen pii no ahoɔhene pɛ sɛ ɛbɛka atenka a nipadua no wɔ no mu baako nanso anyɛ yie. Ahoɔhene wɔ nsosoesoɔ bebree a ɛne honamyaw sɛ, ɛnam sɛ ne nyinaa ɛnyɛ atenka a ɛma anigyeɛ nti, wɔn nneyɛe sesa wɔ akwan bebree so. Honamyaw ma w'ani ba wo ho so ntɛm ɛna ahoɔhene nso ma wo titi wo ho ma no watiri.<ref name="ikoma">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ikoma A, Steinhoff M, Ständer S, Yosipovitch G, Schmelz M|display-authors=3|title=The neurobiology of itch|journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience|volume=7|issue=7|pages=535–547|date=July 2006|pmid=16791143|doi=10.1038/nrn1950|s2cid=9373105}}</ref> Ntini a ɛwɔ ɛnam nipadua no mu kɔ adwenemu nso yɛ hene na yaw wei nyinaa ba honam ani; bio, adwuma a wɔn nyinaa di ne sɛ wɔn boaboa wɔn ho wɔ nipadua no beaeɛ baabi na wɔn nyinaa fa ntini ne "spinothalamic tract"<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Greaves MW, Khalifa N|title=Itch: more than skin deep|journal=International Archives of Allergy and Immunology|volume=135|issue=2|pages=166–172|date=October 2004|pmid=15375326|doi=10.1159/000080898|s2cid=13376216}}</ref> == Nkyekyɛmu == Mpen pii no, nipadua baabi faako na wonnya saa atenka no.Sɛ ɛtɔ honam no ho nyinaa a, ɛna yɛfrɛ no ahotitiɛ anaa sɛ ahoɔhene .<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|vauthors=Molkara S, Sabourirad S, Molooghi K|title=Infectious differential diagnosis of chronic generalized pruritus without primary cutaneous lesions: a review of the literature|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=59|pages=30–36|date=July 2019|pmid=31364165|doi=10.1111/ijd.14587|s2cid=198998956}}</ref> Sɛ atenka a ɛwɔ ahoɔne mu toa so bɛyɛ nnawɔtwe nsia anaa deɛ ɛboro saa a ɛna yɛfrɛ no yadeɛ koankorɔ.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Harrison IP, Spada F|title=Breaking the Itch-Scratch Cycle: Topical Options for the Management of Chronic Cutaneous Itch in Atopic Dermatitis|journal=Medicines|volume=6|issue=3|page=76|date=July 2019|pmid=31323753|pmc=6789602|doi=10.3390/medicines6030076|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Yareɛ mu nhwehw3 mu|Yadeɛ]] koankorɔ yɛ kwan a ahoɔhene tena nipadua mu boro nnawɔtwe nsia, adekorɔ a ɛdeba pɔtee no deɛ nhyenda nna adi pɔtee.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Erickson S, Nahmias Z, Rosman IS, Kim BS|title=Immunomodulating Agents as Antipruritics|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=36|issue=3|pages=325–334|date=July 2018|pmid=29929604|doi=10.1016/j.det.2018.02.014|s2cid=49336771}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|vauthors=Hinkle JL, Cheever KH|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yS7vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1269|title=Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing|date=2018-08-30|publisher=Wolters kluwer india Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-87963-72-6|pages=1269|language=en}}</ref> == Deɛ ɛde ba == [[File:Scabies-burrow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scabies-burrow.jpg|thumb|[[Scabies]] is one cause of itching.]] [[File:CercariaDermatitis.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CercariaDermatitis.JPG|thumb|[[Swimmer's itch]]]] [[File:Tinea_pedis_interdigitalis.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tinea_pedis_interdigitalis.jpg|thumb|[[Athlete's foot]] (showing the toes from below plus the front part of the sole)]] === Nsaeɛ === * Honam dwidwie ba wɔ beaeɛ a ahodidie wɔ fam. * [[Cutaneous larva migrans]], ɛyɛ honam ani yarewa . * [[Head lice|"Head lice]]", ɛtumi ba wo kon ne wotiri ho nnam no nko ara. * [[Herpes]], ɛyɛ yareɛ a ɛkɔ akyiri. * Mmoa keka, ɛbi tesɛ deɛ ɛfiri ntontom anaa sakasaka. * [[Pubic lice]], sɛ aba wɔ ɔbaa baa ho anaa ɔbarima barima ho. * [[Scabies]], mpen pii no, sɛ ɛkɔba sɛ nnipa pii ɛben na wɔn nyinaa anya ahoɔhene no bi. * Nwii ayie, a ɛtumi de honam ani nsaansaa ba. * [[Swimmer's itch]], a short-term immune reaction * [[Chickenpox|Varicella]]&nbsp;– i.e. chickenpox, prevalent among young children and highly contagious * [[Tungiasis]], ectoparasite of skin === Atenaeɛ ne Ho yadeɛ === * [[Allergic reaction]] sɛ wo ne nnuro bɔne bi adi ahyea sɛ ebia, [[urushiol]], yɛnya firi awuduro mu ɛna [[Balsam of Peru]], yɛnnya no nnuane ahodoɔ mu.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Pfützner W, Thomas P, Niedermeier A, Pfeiffer C, Sander C, Przybilla B|display-authors=3|title=Systemic contact dermatitis elicited by oral intake of Balsam of Peru|journal=Acta Dermato-Venereologica|volume=83|issue=4|pages=294–295|date=2003-02-20|pmid=12926805|doi=10.1080/00015550310016599|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Usatine RP, Riojas M|title=Diagnosis and management of contact dermatitis|journal=American Family Physician|volume=82|issue=3|pages=249–255|date=August 2010|pmid=20672788|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0801/p249.html|access-date=2014-04-09|publisher=Aafp.org}}</ref> Nnyarewa bi wɔ hɔ a nhwehwɛ mu na yɛde hunu .<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QhWgKgiT6FoC&pg=PA329|title=Metalworking Fluids|edition=Second|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=142001773X|date=2006|author=Byers, Jerry P.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Me5rAAAAMAAJ&q=pruritus+%22patch+test%22|title=Introduction to clinical allergy|vauthors=Feingold BF|veditors=Byers JP|publisher=the University of Michigan|date=1973|isbn=0398027978}}</ref> * [[Foreign Body|Foreign objects]] on the skin are the most common cause of non-pathological itching. * [[Photodermatitis]]&nbsp;– [[sunlight]] reacts with chemicals in the skin, leading to the formation of irritant metabolites. * [[Urticaria]] (also called [[hives]]) usually causes itching. === Honam ani nnyarewa === * [[Dandruff]]; an unusually large amount of flaking is associated with this sensation. * [[Punctate palmoplantar keratoderma]], a group of disorders characterized by abnormal thickening of the palms and soles. * [[Skin condition]]s (such as [[psoriasis]], [[eczema]], [[seborrhoeic dermatitis]], [[sunburn]], [[athlete's foot]], and [[hidradenitis suppurativa]]). Most are of an inflammatory nature. * [[Wound healing|Scab]] healing, [[scar]] growth, and the development or emergence of [[Melanocytic nevus|moles]], [[pimple]]s, and [[ingrown hair]]s from below the epidermis. * [[Xerosis]]: dry skin, frequently seen in the winter and also associated with older age, frequent bathing in hot showers or baths, and high-temperature and low-humidity environments. === Nnyarewa ahodoɔ ni === * [[Diabetes mellitus]], a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar * [[Hyperparathyroidism]], overactivity of the parathyroid glands resulting in excess production of parathyroid hormone (PTH)<ref>LaBagnara, James. [http://www.emedicine.com/ent/TOPIC299.HTM eMedicine&nbsp;–Hyperparathyroidism]. emedicine.com</ref> * [[Iron deficiency anemia]], a common anemia (low red blood cell or hemoglobin levels) * [[Cholestasis]], where bile acids leaking into the serum activate peripheral opioid receptors, resulting in the characteristic generalized, severe itching * [[Jaundice]], where excess bilirubin (hyperbilirubinemia) irritates nerves in the skin{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} * [[Malignancy]] or internal cancer, such as [[lymphoma]] or [[Hodgkin's disease]]<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|vauthors=Botero F|title=Pruritus as a manifestation of systemic disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cutis_1978-06_21_6/page/873|journal=Cutis|volume=21|issue=6|pages=873–880|date=June 1978|pmid=657843}}</ref> * [[Polycythemia]], which can cause generalized itching due to increased histamines * [[Psychiatric]] disease ("[[Psychogenic disease|psychogenic]] itch", as may be seen in [[delusional parasitosis]]) * [[Thyroid]] illness * [[Uraemia]]&nbsp;– the itching sensation this causes is known as [[uremic pruritus]] === Medication === * Drugs (such as [[opioids]]) that activate histamine (H1) receptors or trigger histamine release * [[Chloroquine]], a drug used in the treatment and prevention of [[malaria]] * [[Bile acid]] congeners such as obeticholic acid === Related to pregnancy === * [[Gestational pemphigoid]], a dermatosis of pregnancy * [[Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy]], a medical condition in which cholestasis occurs * [[Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy]] (PUPPP), a chronic hives-like rash === Other === * [[Menopause]], or changes in hormonal balances associated with aging * [[Terminal illness]]<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|vauthors=Siemens W, Xander C, Meerpohl JJ, Buroh S, Antes G, Schwarzer G, Becker G|display-authors=3|title=Pharmacological interventions for pruritus in adult palliative care patients|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=11|issue=11|pages=CD008320|date=November 2016|pmid=27849111|pmc=6734122|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008320.pub3}}</ref> == Kwan a yɛfa so ma no kɔ == {{Main|Antipruritic}} [[Amansan Kubatan|Aman]] ahodoɔ pii de nnuro ahodoɔ de aba sɛ ahokeka aduro. [[Nnua]] bi nso a yɛhunu nso tumi sa saa [[Yareɛ mu nhwehw3 mu|yadeɛ]] no nnua no bi nte saa. Kwan a yɛfa so ne sɛ , yɛreka aduro no hye ne ade. Nnuro no bi ye sɛ krem ne supree wɔ mmeaɛ a wɔtɔn nnuro. Nnuro a yɛtumi de nsɛm na ɛyɛ nso wɔ hɔ. Nnoɔma a edi mu akotene paa no wɔ saaa ekuo a edidi soɔ yi mu: * [[Antihistamine]]s, such as [[diphenhydramine]] (Benadryl)<ref name=":2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Andrade A, Kuah CY, Martin-Lopez JE, Chua S, Shpadaruk V, Sanclemente G, Franco JV|display-authors=3|title=Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=1|pages=CD013128|date=January 2020|pmid=31981369|pmc=6984650|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD013128.pub2|collaboration=Cochrane Skin Group}}</ref> * [[Corticosteroid]]s, such as [[hydrocortisone]] topical cream; ''see'' [[topical steroid]] * [[Counterirritant]]s, such as [[Mentha|mint oil]], [[menthol]], or [[camphor]]<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Hercogova J|title=Topical anti-itch therapy|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=18|issue=4|pages=341–343|year=2005|pmid=16297007|doi=10.1111/j.1529-8019.2005.00033.x|s2cid=31573591}}</ref> * [[Crotamiton]] (trade name Eurax) is an antipruritic agent available as a cream or lotion, often used to treat [[scabies]]. Its mechanism of action remains unknown. * [[Local anesthetic]]s, such as [[benzocaine]] topical cream (Lanacane) [[Phototherapy]] is helpful for severe itching, especially if caused by [[kidney failure]]. The common type of light used is [[UVB]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> == Beaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == flytbht1cue4r5eues9qoncdgatmih7 0 13875 200510 154397 2026-08-10T18:39:51Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Akuapem}} {{Dialect|Akuapem}} '''Virunga Ɔman Mmoa Yɛmmea''' yɛ ɔman mmɔnten so atrae a ɛwɔ Albertine Rift Bon mu wɔ [[Democratic Republic a ɛwc Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] apuei fam . Wɔbɔɔ no wɔ 1925 mu. Wɔ ne sorokɔ mu no, efi 680 m (2,230) na ɛwɔ hɔ ft) wɔ Semliki Asubɔnten bon mu koduu 5,109 m (16,762) na ɛwɔ hɔ ft) wɔ [[Rwenzori Mmepɔw so]] . Efi atifi fam kosi anafo fam no, ɛtrɛw bɛyɛ 300&nbsp;km (190) na ɛwɔ hɔ mi), a ne fa kɛse no ara wɔ amanaman ntam ahye a ɛne [[Uganda]] ne [[Rwanda na ɛwɔ hɔ|Rwanda]] wɔ apuei fam no so.<ref name="Crawford2008">{{cite book|author1=Crawford, A.|author2=Bernstein, J.|name-list-style=amp|year=2008|title=MEAs,&nbsp;Conservation&nbsp;and&nbsp;Conflict&nbsp;– A case study&nbsp;of&nbsp;Virunga&nbsp;National&nbsp;Park,&nbsp;DRC|publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development|location=Geneva}}</ref> Ne kɛse yɛ 8,090 kilomita Ogya mmepɔw abien a ɛyɛ nnam wɔ abɔnten so atrae hɔ, [[Bepɔw Nyiragongo]] ne [[Nyamuragira na ɔkyerɛwee|Nyamuragira]] .<ref name="Tedesco2002">{{cite journal|author=Tedesco, D.|year=2002|title=1995 Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira activity in the Virunga National Park: A volcanic crisis|journal=Acta Vulcanologica|volume=14|issue=1/2|pages=149–155}}</ref> Wɔayɛ ɔman no mmɔnten so atrae no atrae ahorow ne wuram mmoa ahorow no kɛse . Wɔakyerɛw [[Fauna|mmoa]] ne [[Nnua a wɔfrɛ no Flora|nhwiren]] [[Nkyekyɛmu ahodoɔ|ahorow]] bɛboro 3,000 ho asɛm, na emu bɛboro 300 wɔ Albertine Rift a [[apuei fam gorilla]] ( ''Gorilla beringei'' ) ne sika kɔkɔɔ bonsu ( ''Cercopithecus kandti'' ) ka ho .<ref name="Plumptre_al2007">{{cite journal|author1=Plumptre, A. J.|author2=Davenport, T. R.|author3=Behangana, M.|author4=Kityo, R.|author5=Eilu, G.|author6=Ssegawa, P.|author7=Ewango, C.|author8=Meirte, D.|author9=Kahindo, C.|author10=Herremans, M.|author11=Peterhans, J. K.|name-list-style=amp|year=2007|title=The biodiversity of the Albertine Rift|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_2007-01_134_2/page/178|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=134|issue=2|pages=178–194|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.021}}</ref> Wɔ 1979 mu no, wɔkyerɛw Ɔman Mmoa Yɛmmea no din sɛ [[UNESCO]] [[Wiase Agyapade Beae|Wiase Agyapade]] esiane mmeae ahorow a ɛdɔɔso a ɛwɔ hɔ, abɔde a nkwa wom ne mmoa a wɔte hɔ a ɛyɛ soronko, ne bepɔw so akraman a wɔntaa ntra a ɛbɔ ho ban nti. Wɔakyerɛw no din wɔ Wiase Agyapade a Ɛwɔ Asiane mu Kyerɛwtohɔ mu fi 1994 esiane ɔmanfo basabasayɛ ne nnipa a wɔdɔɔso wɔ ɔmantam no mu nti.<ref name="Debonnet2004">{{cite journal|author1=Debonnet, G.|author2=Hillman-Smith, K.|name-list-style=amp|year=2004|title=Supporting protected areas in a time of political turmoil: the case of World Heritage Sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Parks|volume=14|issue=1|pages=9–16}}</ref> Atuatewfo akuw de ntua a edi awu pii aba abɔnten so atrae hɔ, na wɔakunkum mmɔnten so ahwɛfo pii. == Asase ho nsɛm == {{multiple image|footer=Landscapes in Virunga National Park|perrow=1|align=right|image1=Ruwenzori Mountains Virunga National Park.jpg|caption1=Rwenzori Mountains|image2=Parc National des Virunga, Nord-Kivu, RD Congo, 09 janvier 2015 - Vue partielle d’une chaîne de montagnes, avec un cours d’eau qui dévale la vallée en cascades avant de se jeter dans le lac Edouard. (16305870242).jpg|caption2=Hills around Lake Edward}} == Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so == {{reflist}} [[Nkyekyεmu:Wiase Agyapade Mmeae a Ɛwɔ Asiane Mu]] tltqjjdne4dsktigjbi1d61pdc111rl 0 14014 200521 152673 2026-08-10T19:00:53Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Akuapem}} '''Garamba Ɔman Mmoa Yɛmmea''' no bɛyɛ 2,000-square-mile (5,200&nbsp;km ɔman mmɔnten so atrae a ɛwɔ [[Democratic Republic a ɛwɔ Congo no mu|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] atifi fam apuei . Ɛka Afrika mmɔnten so atrae a akyɛ sen biara no ho, na UNESCO paw no sɛ Wiase Agyapade wɔ 1980 mu esiane sɛ ɛbɔɔ atifi fam asono fitaa, asono, asono, ne akraman atrae a ɛho hia ho ban nti. Afrika Mmoa Yɛmmea a wɔne Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN) ayɛ biako na ɛhwɛ Garamba so, fi afe 2005. == Nsɛm a wɔaka abom == Wɔde Garamba Ɔman Mmoa Yɛmmea sii hɔ wɔ 1938 mu na ne kɛse yɛ 4,900 kilomita wɔ Democratic Republic of the Congo atifi fam apuei. Gangala-na-Bodio Hunting Reserve na ɛtwa ho hyia wɔ atɔeɛ, anafoɔ, ne apueeɛ, na ɛne [[Sudan Kesee Fam|South Sudan]] hyeɛ wɔ atifi ne atifi apueɛ. Ɛyɛ Sudano– [[Guinea savanna kwae a ɛwɔ hɔ|Guinea savanna]] beae no fa.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The spatial correlates of wildlife distribution around Garamba National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-remote-sensing_2000-09-10_21_13-14/page/2665|author=De Merode, E., Hillman-Smith, K., Nicholas, A., Ndey, A. and Likango, M.|journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing|year=2000|volume=21|issue=13–14|pages=2665–2683|doi=10.1080/01431160050110223|s2cid=3495760}}</ref> Abɔnten so atrae no yɛ mmeae a wɔabɔ ho ban a akyɛ sen biara wɔ Afrika no mu biako. Ɛda nsakraeɛ beaeɛ a ɛda mmeaeɛ mmienu a ɛwɔ endemism ntam : Guinea-Congolia ne Guinea-Sudanese savanna. Saa mmeae abien a nkwa wom yi boa wuram mmoa ahorow, a wɔn dodow so atew wɔ nnansa yi mfe du du mu esiane mmoa a wɔkyere wɔn we nti . Garamba Ɔman Mmoa Yɛmmea no, ahyehyɛdeɛ a ɛnyɛ mfasoɔ a ɛhwɛ nneɛma so a wɔfrɛ no African Parks na ɛhwɛ so sɛ ayɔnkofa a wɔne Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN) ayɛ no fa, ɛfiri afe 2005. ICCN rangers ne augmented ne asraafo a wɔwɔ [[Asraafo a Wɔyɛ Akode a Ɛwɔ Democratic Republic of the Congo|Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] yɛ adwuma de bɔ Garamba ho ban fi abɔmmɔfo ne atuatewfo akuw ho. == Abakɔsɛm == UNESCO paw saa abɔnten so atrae no sɛ Wiase Agyapade wɔ afe 1980 mu, na wɔde kaa adwumakuw titiriw no List of World Heritage in Danger ho fi 1984–1992. Wɔ 1991 ne 1993 ntam no, Sudan aguanfo 50,000 kɔtraa Garamba akyi bere a Sudan Nnipa Ahofadi Asraafo no tu fii wɔn afie mu akyi, na ɛmaa mmoa a wɔkyere wɔn sie no kɔɔ soro. Wɔbɔ amanneɛ sɛ ntawntawdi 121 sii abɔmmɔfo ne mmɔnten so ahwɛfo ntam wɔ 1993 ne 1995 ntam, na akode bɛboro 900 na mmoa a wɔhwɛ mmoa so nyae wɔ 1991–1996 mu. Amanaman Ntam Asono Fapem no de sika mae maa kar a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma so wɔ 1994 mu, ne ranger akatua wɔ 1995 mu. Wɔ February 1996 mu no, wokunkum asono abien—ɔbarima biako, Bawesi, ne Juliet, ɔbere a onyinsɛn.<ref name="Avant">{{cite book|last1=Avant|first1=Deborah D.|title=The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security|date=25 July 2005|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=205–206|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJ3CzP2MiZUC&pg=PA205|access-date=4 October 2017|isbn=9780521615358}}</ref> Wɔsan de Garamba kaa asiane ahorow ho wɔ 1996 mu esiane atifi fam asono fitaa a wɔkyere wɔn sie nti.<ref name="Heale">{{cite book|title=Democratic Republic of the Congo|date=2009|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|page=67|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nxFwxF7nCsC&pg=PA67|access-date=4 October 2017|first1=Jay|last1=Heale|first2=Jui Lin|last2=Yong|isbn=9780761444787}}</ref> Wɔ nkogudi dodow bi akyi wɔ Congo Ko a Edi Kan ne Sudan Ɔmanko a Ɛto so Abien mu, nea ɛho hia sen biara no Operation Thunderbolt, Uganda atuatewfo a wɔyɛ WNBF ne UNRF (II) no guan kɔɔ Garamba National Park wɔ afe 1997. [12] Ahyehyɛde ahorow te sɛ Frankfurt Mmoa Ho Adesua Kuw, . Amanaman Ntam Kuw a Ɛhwɛ Abɔde So, ne Wiase Nyinaa Wim Mmoa Foto nso ne mpɔtam hɔ atumfoɔ ayɛ adwuma de asiesie Garamba.<ref name="Avant" /> == Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Wiase Agyapade Mmeae a Ɛwɔ Asiane Mu]] r2asko779u7ea1p1unfyvmeolhwst08 0 14078 200517 152697 2026-08-10T18:50:01Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Akuapem}} Nnansa yi kuayɛ ho mmɔdenbɔ wɔ mpɔtam hɔ ama nsu a ɛwɔ hɔ no akɔ soro kɛse, na ama beae no adan dodow bi abubu anaasɛ anyɛ nea entumi nnyina. Wɔde beae no kaa Wiase Agyapade a Ɛwɔ Asiane Mu ho wɔ afe 2001 mu. Wɔhyɛɛ atumfoɔ ma wɔde anhwea guu adan a wɔn ase reyɛ atɔre kɛse wɔ beae hɔ no ase. == Abakɔsɛm == Wokum Menas a ofi Alexandria wɔ afeha a ɛto so 3 awiei anaa 4 mfiase (hwɛ Mfitiase Kristosom ).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Room|first=Adrian|url=http://archive.org/details/africanplacename0000room|title=African placenames : origins and meanings of the names for natural features, towns, cities, provinces, and counties|date=2008|publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co.|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-7864-3546-3}}</ref> Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so Afeha a ɛto so 5 ne akyiri yi kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow de n’asie ne n’asɔre a wɔde sii hɔ akyiri yi no ho nkyerɛase ahorow a ɛsono emu biara kakra ma. Nneɛma a ɛho hia ne sɛ wɔfaa ne funu fii Alexandria wɔ yoma bi so, na wɔde no kɔɔ sare so wɔ Ɔtare Mareotis akyi . Eduu bere bi no, yoma no ampene so sɛ ɔbɛkɔ so anantew, ɛmfa ho mmɔden biara a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔbɛkanyan no no. Wobuu eyi sɛ ɔsoro apɛde ho sɛnkyerɛnne, na amu no asomfo siee no wɔ saa beae no. == Fam tutu a wotutuu fam == Wodii kan tutuu beae no fi 1905 kosi 1907. Saa mmɔdenbɔ ahorow yi ma wohuu basilica asɔredan kɛse bi, asɔredan bi a ɛbɛn hɔ a ebia na ɔhotefo no amu wɔ hɔ, ne Romafo aguaree ahorow .<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wilber|first=Donald N.|year=1940|title=The Coptic Frescoes of Saint Menas at Medinet Habu|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-bulletin_1940-06_22_2/page/n39|journal=The Art Bulletin|volume=22|issue=2|pages=86–103|doi=10.2307/3046689|publisher=College Art Association|jstor=3046689}}</ref> Akyiri yi, bere tenten a DAI no tutuu fam no baa awiei wɔ 1998 mu. Nnansa yi ara a wotutuu fam no huu ɔdan kɛse bi a akwantufo ahiafo da mu, a na mmarima ne mmea ne mmofra ntaban a ɛsono emu biara wom. Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ na ɔdan kɛse bi a ɛwɔ asɔredan kɛse no anafo fam yɛ ''hegoumenos'' anaa asɔfo panyin no atrae . Nneɛma a wotutu kyerɛ sɛ ebia mfiase no na xenodocheion kɛse, beae a wogye akwantufo no yɛ amusiei . Ɛte sɛ nea asubɔ dan bi, a ɛbɛn faako a na mfitiase asɔredan no wɔ no, anyɛ yiye koraa no, faa nkɔso ahorow abiɛsa mu. Wohuu nsa tintim mfiri bi a ɛyɛ den nso, a asase ase nneɛma a wɔde sie ka ho, a wɔyɛe wɔ afeha a ɛto so 6 ne 7 mu.<ref name="Bagnall 2001">{{cite journal|last=Bagnall|first=Roger S.|year=2001|title=Archaeological Work on Hellenistic and Roman Egypt, 1995–2000|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|volume=105|issue=2|pages=227–243|doi=10.2307/507272|publisher=Archaeological Institute of America|jstor=507272|s2cid=194049544|url=http://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/28259}}</ref> == Threats == Wɔde beae a Abu Mena wɔ no kaa UNESCO Wiase Agyapade a Ɛwɔ Asiane mu din ho wɔ afe 2001 mu esiane asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ mpɔtam hɔ nsu a ɛrekɔ soro no nti. Nsu a ɛkɔ soro yi fi kuayɛ mu nkɔso nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde asi wɔn ani so sɛ wɔbɛsan agye asase no. Dɔte dɔte a ɛyɛ den a atwa beae no ho ahyia no betumi aboa adan bere a ɛyow no. Nanso, sɛ ɛyɛ nsu a, ɛnyɛ nea entumi nnyina na ama abura ne adan afoforo a ɛfa tete kurow no ho abubu. Bere a asase no bubu no, ntokuru akɛse sisi kata adan a ɛwɔ so no so. == Fa to hɔ == Egypt aban no de nhyehyɛe ahorow a egye ntɛmpɛ adi dwuma na nokwarem no, wɔadi ɔhaw a ɛwɔ nsu a ɛwɔ hɔ no ho dwuma, nanso mprempren aban no nni nhyehyɛe a edi mũ a wɔde bedi dwuma anaa biribiara a ɛfa ho. Esiane sɛ UNESCO hwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nhyehyɛe a wɔde hwɛ amammerɛ ne abɔde mu mmeae nyinaa so nti, wɔde nyansahyɛ ahorow pii ama. Ɔkwan a wotumi de ho to so sen biara ne sɛ wɔde aduru a ɛyɛ nyansa na ɛtra hɔ daa bedi dwuma. Wɔayɛ no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobedi nsɛm a ɛfa mframa, ahoɔden, ne nsu a ɛwɔ beae hɔ ho dwuma. Saa nhyehyɛe yi hwehwɛ sɛ wosi smart membrane a ɛte sɛ dome, a ɛbɛma beae no anya mframa a ɛfata (sɛnea wɔhwehwɛ wɔ wiase agyapade beae biara ho no). Na smart-membrane dome no nso bɛma ahoɔden a ɛtumi gyina ne ho so denam owia nkwammoaa a ɛwɔ dome no akyi fa no so. Anka wɔbɛyɛ aduru no nso sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobenya afiri a wɔde yi mframa no mu nwini denam nsu a wobeyi afi mu no so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobetumi akora beae no so yiye. == Ntotoho == [[Nkyekyεmu:Wiase Agyapade Mmeae a Ɛwɔ Asiane Mu]] e0blbugy9vh7i7tyx63dr1ezjkzwx1n 0 14175 200491 185933 2026-08-10T18:15:03Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200491 wikitext text/x-wiki Swahilifo atrae a ɛwɔ Afrika Apuei Fam mpoano no fi afeha a edi kan CE. Swahilifo atrae a wɔhyehyɛɛ wɔ afe 800 CE kosi 1900 CE ntam no din wɔ ase ha. == Northern coast, Tanzania == {{col-begin|width=40%}} {{col-2}} * [[Manza Bay|Manza]] * [[Toten Island]] * [[Tanga, Tanzania|Tanga]] *[[Yambe Island]] *[[Tongoni Ruins|Tongoni]] *[[Mnarani, Tanzania|Mnarani]] *[[Mushembo]] {{col-2}} *[[Pangani]] *[[Bweni Dogo]] *[[Ras Kikokwe]] *[[Kipumbwe]] *[[Kiungani]] *[[Sange, Pangani|Sange]] *[[Kisikimto]] *[[Ushongo, Tanzania|Ushongo]] *[[Mkwaja]] *[[Bimbini, Tanzania|Bimbini]] *[[Mafui]] {{col-2}} *[[Uzimia]] *[[Buyuni]] *[[Saadani]] *[[Utondwe]] *[[Winde, Tanzania|Winde]] *[[Mkadini]] *[[Bagamoyo]] * [[Kaole]] {{col-end}} == Southern Coast, Tanzania == {{col-begin|width=40%}} {{col-2}} * [[Mbegani, Tanzania|Mbegani]] * [[Mbweni, Dar Es Salaam|Mbweni]] * [[Ukutani]] * [[Kunduchi Ruins|Kunduchi]] * [[Msasani]] * [[Dar es Salaam]] * [[Mjimwema, Temeke|Mjimwema]] * [[Mbuamaji]] * [[Kimbiji]] * [[Mbuamaji]] * [[Kigunda]] * [[Funza, Pwani|Funza]] * [[Jino Baya]] {{col-2}} * [[Sala, Tanzania|Sala]] * [[Kutani, Tanzania|Kutani]] * [[Bandarini]] * [[Kisiju]] * [[Kwale Island]] * [[Koma Island]] * [[Kisimani, Mafia]] * [[Kua Juani]] * [[Mwanamkuru]] * [[Mbutu Bandarini]] * [[Ras Dege]] * [[Kanyegwa Mfunguni]] * [[Ras Kutani]] {{col-2}} * [[Jambe Juani]] * [[Chole, Mafia|Chole]] * [[Jibondo]] * [[Kivinje]] * [[Mtitimira]] * [[Kilwa Kisiwani]] * [[Songo Mnara]] * [[Mivinja]] * [[Mkuje]] * [[Kikurwi]] * [[Pemba Mnazi Site|Pemba Mnazi]] * [[Buyuni Mbuyuni]] {{col-2}} * [[Mwanakiwambi]] * [[Sanje Majoma]] * [[Sanje ya Kati]] * [[Majumbe]] * [[Kisawere]] * [[Lindi]] * [[Mchinga]] * [[Ngao Mwanya]] * [[Mikindani]] * [[Msemo]] * [[Kiruti Island]] * [[Boza Island]] * [[Ngevu]] * [[Mkungu]] {{col-end}} == Zanzibar Island, Tanzania == {{col-begin|width=40%}} {{col-2}} * [[Stone Town|Zanzibar Town]] * [[Unguja Ukuu]] * [[Kizimkazi]] * [[Mbweni, Zanzibar]] * [[Dunga, Zanzibar|Dunga]] * [[Mkokotoni]] * [[Shangani, Zanzibar|Shangani]] * [[Pwani Deburi]] * [[Beit El Ras]] * [[Chuini]] * [[Zanzibar|Kidichi]] * [[Kizimbani]] {{col-2}} * [[Chukwani]] * [[Maharubi]] * [[Mbweni, Zanzibar|Mbweni]] * [[Tumbatu]] * [[Makunduchi]] * [[Mvuleni, Tanzania|Mvuleni]] * [[Chwaka]] * [[Nungwi]] * [[Fukuchani]] * [[Jongowe]] * [[Shungi]] * [[Uroa, Zanzibar|Uroa]] {{col-end}} == Pemba Island, Tanzania == {{col-begin|width=40%}} {{col-2}} * [[Shengeju]] * [[Ndagoni]] * [[Chake-Chake|Chake]] * [[Pujini Ruins]] * [[Chwaka, Pemba|Chwaka]] * [[Mandani, Pemba|Mandani]] * [[Kichokochwe Ruins]] * [[Verani, Pemba|Verani]] * [[Mkia wa Ng'ombe]] * [[Kimeliani]] * [[Mduuni]] * [[Shumba, Pemba|Shumba]] * [[Msuka Mjini Ruins]] * [[Makongwe]] * [[Kiwani]] * [[Jambangome]] {{col-2}} * [[Mtambwe Kuu]] * [[Msuka]] * [[Shamiani]] * [[Chambani]] * [[Kiungoni]] * [[Mtangani]] * [[Mkama Ndume]] * [[Tumbe]] * [[Finga, Pemba|Finga]] * [[Kojani]] * [[Wingwi]] * [[Kiuyu]] * [[Vitongoje]] * [[Mitondoni]] * [[Ras Mkumbuu Ruins]] {{col-end}} == South coast, Kenya == {{col-begin|width=40%}} {{col-2}} * [[Ngomeni, Kilifi|Ngomeni]] * [[Mambrui]] * [[Malindi]] * [[Mgangani]] * [[Gede, Kenya|Gedi]] * [[Watamu]] * [[Kilepwa]] * [[Kilifi]] * [[Mnarani|Mnarani, Kenya]] {{col-2}} * [[Kitoka]] * [[Takaungu]] * [[Kinuni]] * [[Jumba la Mtwana]] * [[Mtwapa]] * [[Kongowea]], Mombasa * [[Mvita Constituency|Mvita]], Mombasa * [[Kilindini Harbour|Kilindini]], Mombasa * [[Tiwi, Kenya|Tiwi]] {{col-2}} * [[Diani Beach|Diani]] * [[Ukunda]] * [[Gazi, Kenya|Gazi]] * [[Munge, Kenya|Munge]] * [[Kifundi, Kenya|Kifundi]] * [[Wassini]] * [[Vanga, Kenya|Vanga]] * [[Vumba Kuu]] {{col-end}} == North coast, Kenya == {{col-begin|width=40%}} {{col-2}} * [[Ishakani]] * [[Kiunga, Kenya|Kiunga]] * [[Mwana Mtama]] * [[Omwe]] * [[Mambore]] * [[Uchi Juu]] * [[Shee Umuro]] * [[Shee Jafari]] * [[Rubu]] {{col-2}} * [[Simambaya]] * [[Sendeni]] * [[Mvindeni]] * [[Kiwayu]] * [[Ndau, Kenya|Ndau]] * [[Faza]] * [[Kizingitini]] * [[Tundwa]] {{col-2}} * [[Atu, Kenya|Atu]] * [[Siyu]] * [[Kitau]] * [[Shanga, Pate Island|Shanga]] * [[Wange]] * [[Dondo, Kenya|Dondo]] * [[Bui, Kenya|Bui]] * [[Pate Island|Pate]] * [[Magogoni]] * [[Kipungani]] * [[Manda, Kenya|Manda]] {{col-2}} * [[Takwa]] * [[Shela, Lamu|Shela]] * [[Lamu]] * [[Matondoni]] * [[Mkunumbi]] * [[Uziwa]] * [[Witu, Kenya|Witu]] * [[Mea, Kenya|Mea]] * [[Al Famau]] * [[Bunta la Mwana]] * [[Shaka, Kenya|Shaka]] * [[Ungwana]] * [[Kipini]] * [[Kau, Kenya|Kau]] * [[Manda Island|Manda]] {{col-end}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == * {{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=James De Vere|title=Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon|date=199ɛ|publisher=J. Currey|isbn=978-0-85255-075-5|jstor=al.ch.document.sip200016}} * {{cite journal|last1=Horton|first1=Mark|title=The Swahili Corridor|journal=Scientific American|date=September 1987|volume=257|issue=ɛ|pages=86–9ɛ|doi=10.10ɛ8/scientificamerican0987-86|jstor=24979481|bibcode=1987SciAm.257c..86H}} * {{cite journal|last1=Allen|first1=James De Vere|title=Swahili Architecture in the Later Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_winter-1974_7_2/page/42|journal=African Arts|date=1974|volume=7|issue=2|pages=42–84|doi=10.2ɛ07/ɛɛɛ472ɛ|jstor=ɛɛɛ472ɛ}} * {{cite journal|last1=Spear|first1=Thomas|title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|date=2000|volume=ɛɛ|issue=2|pages=257–290|doi=10.2ɛ07/220649|jstor=220649}} * {{cite thesis|last1=Kessy|first1=Emmanuel T.|title=The economic basis and the location of same 'iron age' settlement on pemba and zanzibar|date=August 1992|url=http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/6ɛ888}} * {{cite journal|last1=Kessy|first1=Emanuel Thomas|title=Archaeological sites survey from Kisiju to Dar es Salaam|journal=Nyame Akuma|date=1997|issue=48|pages=57–69|id={{INIST|2021648}}|s2cid=1ɛ2496ɛ08}} [[Nkyekyεmu:Swahili city-states]] 5ql6ie9vwoufotta3wvqxiwuhz2u7p1 0 14580 200487 184898 2026-08-10T18:09:46Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 6 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Akuapem}} '''Elizabeth Asiedu''' yɛ sikasɛm ho ɔbenfo wɔ Kansas Sukuupɔn mu . Wayɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛfa amannɔne mmoa, amannɔne sika a wɔde bɛto mu (FDI), ne ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam abusuabɔ ho nhyehyɛe. Ɔyɛ obi a ɔhyehyɛɛ Afrika Mmea Nkɔso Fekuw (AAAWE), ne mprempren ahyehyɛde no titrani. Asiedu yɛ Journal of African Development no samufo. == Nwomasua == Asiedu nyaa ne abodin krataa a edi kan, BS (Hons) wɔ kɔmputa ho nimdeɛ ne akontaabu mu wɔ [[University of Ghana|Ghana Sukuupɔn mu]] wɔ afe 1988 mu. Afei ɔkɔɔ so nyaa MS wɔ akontaabu mu (1992), MS wɔ sikasɛm mu (1994), ne PhD wɔ sikasɛm mu (1998) wɔ Illinois Sukuupɔn a ɛwɔ Urbana-Champaign . == Adwuma == Efi afe 2012 no, Asiedu ayɛ sikasɛm ho ɔbenfo wɔ Kansas Sukuupɔn mu, baabi a ɔkyerɛ sikasɛm ho adesua a edi kan ne nea wɔawie. Asiedu nso yɛ oguamtrani a ɔka ho ne sikasɛm dwumadibea a ɛwɔ Kansas Sukuupɔn mu no adesua a wɔawie no kwankyerɛfo fi afe 2007 kosi afe 2009. Ɔte Afrika Sikasɛm Sikasɛm Fekuo (AFEA) board mu, na ɔyɛ ahyehyɛdeɛ no titrani wɔ afe 2011 ne 2013 ntam, na na ɔyɛ ɔmampanyin abadiakyiri wɔ afe 2007 ne 2010 ntam Bio nso, na ɔyɛ ''Journal of African Development'' (JAD) samufoɔ wɔ afe 2017 ne 2018 ntam Ɔbenfo Asiedu nso yɛ obi a ɔhyehyɛɛ Afrika Mmea Fekuw (AAAWE) no ne ne titrani. Ɔtenaa Ɔman Sikasɛm Fekuo no board mu wɔ afe 2016 ne 2019 ntam Asiedu yɛ wɔn a wodi so yi muni; * Wiase Nyinaa Nhwehwɛmu Akansie Akwankyerɛ Kuo, Wiase Nyinaa Nkɔsoɔ Nkitahodiɛ, [[India]], Ɔkɔtɔberɛ 2011 – Mprempren * Abɔnten so Nhwehwɛmu Kuo a Wɔagye Din, Afrika Tumi a Wɔbɛhyehyɛ Fapem, Zimbabwe, Ayɛwohomumɔ 2012 – Mprempren * Amanaman ntam nhomanimfo baanan boayikuw a wɔbɛyɛ mfe du nhwehwɛmu wɔ [[Amɑnɑmɑn Nkɑbɔmu|Amanaman Nkabom]] Sukuupɔn/ Wiase Asoɛe a Ɛhwɛ Nkɔso ne Sikasɛm Ho Nhwehwɛmu So (UNU/WIDER), Finland, May 2010-January 2011 no muni == Nhwehwɛmu ne nhoma ahorow a wɔapaw == === ''Nnwuma Nketewa a Wobenya Boa: Abusuakuw, Mmusuakuw, ne Bɔbeasu Ho Fa Dɛn?'' (2012) === Wɔ saa asɛm yi mu no, Asiedu, James A. Freeman, ne Akwasi Nti-Addae hwehwɛ dwuma a abusuakuw, mmusuakuw, ne ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna di wɔ bosea a wobenya mu. Wɔn nhwehwɛmu no kyekyɛ abusuakuw ne mmusuakuw mu ayɛ no nea edidi so yi: Abibifo, Hispanicfo, Asiafo/Amerikafo Ankasa/Pacific Supɔw so (ANP), White ɔbea, ne Aborɔfo ɔbarima.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Asiedu|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Freeman|first2=James A|last3=Nti-Addae|first3=Akwasi|date=2012|title=Access to Credit by Small Businesses: How Relevant Are Race, Ethnicity, and Gender?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-economic-review_2012-05_102_3/page/532|journal=American Economic Review|volume=102|issue=3|pages=532–537|doi=10.1257/aer.102.3.532|issn=0002-8282|s2cid=16758139}}</ref> Wohu sɛ nnwumakuw a nnipa kakraa bi a wotumi hu na wɔwɔ no wɔ pow dodow a ɛkɔ soro a Pow dodow a ɛkɔ soro sen biara ma Hispanicfo. Bio nso, dodow a wɔpow ma no akɔ soro wɔ 1998 ne 2003 ntam <ref name=":6" /> Awiei koraa no, wohu sɛ nnwumakuw a nnipa kakraa bi na wɔwɔ nso tuaa mfaso kɛse sen nnwumakuw a White-male na wɔwɔ no. Wɔ ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam abusuabɔ mu no, wohu sɛ nnwumakuw a White mmea na wɔwɔ no anhyia nyiyim bere a na wɔrenya bosea no, na wɔsan tuaa mfɛntom kakraa bi a wɔn ankasa bosea de ma sen wɔn mfɛfo mmarima no.<ref name=":6" /> Wɔn nhwehwɛmu no kyerɛ sɛ nokwarem no, nneɛma te sɛ abusuakuw, mmusuakuw ne ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna no nya bosea a wobenya ne mfɛntom a wotua wɔ boseabɔ ho no so nkɛntɛnso.<ref name=":6" /> === ''So Amannɔne Mmoa a Wɔde Ma Wɔ Nhomasua Mu no Hyɛ Sikasɛm mu Nkɔso Ho Nkɔso?'' (2014) . === Krataa a wɔato din "So Amannɔne Mmoa a Wɔde Ma Wɔ Nhomasua Mu no Hyɛ Sikasɛm mu Nkɔso Ho Nkɔso? Adanse a Efi Afrika Sahara Anafo fam" hwehwɛ sɛ ebia amannɔne mmoa a wɔde asi nkyerɛkyerɛ so no tu mpɔn wɔ mfitiase nhomasua ne ntoaso sukuu mu wɔ Afrika Sahara anafo fam anaa. Asiedu nhwehwɛmu no twe adwene si aman 38 so fi 1990 kosi 2004.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Asiedu|first=Elizabeth|date=Spring 2014|title=Does Foreign Aid In Education Promote Economic Growth? Evidence From Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9270/0b5c730b7378e2fcb01ed5b6600346f4c1ba.pdf?_ga=2.103495616.1953696074.1574760959-246001552.1574760959|journal=Journal of African Development|volume=16|issue=1|pages=37–59|s2cid=18994639|via=Semantic Scholar}}</ref> Ɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛwom sɛ sikasɛm mu mmoa a wɔde ma wɔ nhomasua mu no ne nkɔso wɔ abusuabɔ pa (efisɛ ɛma wonya nneɛma te sɛ nhoma, ntetee ma akyerɛkyerɛfo, ne nea ɛkeka ho) nanso eyi te saa wɔ mfitiase nhomasua nkutoo mu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ainsworth|first1=M.|last2=Beegle|first2=K.|last3=Nyamete|first3=A.|date=1996-01-01|title=The Impact of Women's Schooling on Fertility and Contraceptive Use: A Study of Fourteen Sub-Saharan African Countries|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-bank-economic-review_1996-01_10_1/page/85|journal=The World Bank Economic Review|volume=10|issue=1|pages=85–122|doi=10.1093/wber/10.1.85|issn=0258-6770|s2cid=58938706}}</ref> Nanso, nhomasua mu sikasɛm mu mmoa a wɔde ma wɔ ntoaso sukuu mu no, mmoa mma sikasɛm mu nkɔso, nokwarem no, ebetumi anya nkɔso so nkɛntɛnso bɔne. Eyi te saa esiane adwuma a wonnya mma wɔn a wɔawie ntoaso sukuu (a ɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ nokware ma aman pii a ɛwɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo fam),<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Al-Samarrai|first1=Samer|last2=Bennell|first2=Paul|date=2007|title=Where has all the education gone in sub-Saharan Africa? employment and other outcomes among secondary school and university leavers|journal=The Journal of Development Studies|volume=43|issue=7|pages=1270–1300|doi=10.1080/00220380701526592|issn=0022-0388|s2cid=59117717|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/128/1/MPRA_paper_128.pdf}}</ref> ɔkyerɛ sɛ ade foforo nti a ebia eyi yɛ nokware ne ntoaso sukuu a wonni (te sɛ sɛ bere a wɔde kɔ sukuu a ɛkɔ soro no nni mfaso biara).<ref name=":3" /> Bio nso, ɔkyerɛ sɛ ebia eyi yɛ nokware efisɛ wɔde wɔn a wɔawie ntoaso sukuu pii yɛ adwuma wɔ nnwuma a ɛnyɛ adwuma pii mu, na ɛnam so ma sikasɛm mu nkɔso a ebetumi aba no so tew.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stein|first=Howard|date=1994|title=Theories of institutions and economic reform in Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-development_1994-12_22_12/page/1833|journal=World Development|volume=22|issue=12|pages=1833–1849|doi=10.1016/0305-750x(94)90177-5|issn=0305-750X}}</ref> Awiei koraa no, ɔkyerɛ sɛ honam fam kapital ne “nneɛma afoforo a wɔde boa” nni Afrika Sahara Anafo fam a anka ɛbɛhyɛ adwumayɛfo a wɔsow aba ho nkuran wɔ ɔmantam no mu.<ref name=":3" /> === ''Nsunsuansoɔ a HIV/AIDS nya wɔ Amannɔne sika a wɔde bɛto mu tẽẽ so'' (2015) . === Wɔ krataa "Nkɛntɛnso a HIV/AIDS nya wɔ Amannɔne Sika a Wɔde Totɔ Tẽẽ So: Adanse a efi Afrika Sahara Anafo fam" mu no, Asiedu ne Jin ne Kanyama kyerɛkyerɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda HIV/AIDS ne amannɔne sikasɛm tẽẽ (FDI) ntam no mu. Wɔhwehwɛ eyi mu wɔ aman 41 mu wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo fam na wɔn nhwɛso no de ba awiei sɛ FDI ne HIV/AIDS yare mmoawa a abu so no wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira esiane nneɛma ahorow bi nti; emu biako ne sɛ adwumayɛfo a wɔwɔ apɔwmuden no yɛ adwuma yiye, nnwumakuw a aman pii wom (MNC) a wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wɔde wɔn ho besi hɔ wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo fam no besusuw ɔmanfo akwahosan ho.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal|last1=Asiedu|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Jin|first2=Yi|last3=Kanyama|first3=Isaac, K.|date=2015|title=The impact of HIV/AIDS on foreign direct investment: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Afric|journal=Journal of African Trade|volume=2|issue=1–2|pages=1–17|doi=10.1016/j.joat.2015.01.001|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Asiedu|first=Elizabeth|date=2002|title=On the Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment to Developing Countries: Is Africa Different?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-development_2002-01_30_1/page/107|journal=World Development|volume=30|issue=1|pages=107–119|doi=10.1016/s0305-750x(01)00100-0|issn=0305-750X}}</ref> Adwumayɛfo akwahosan ho hia efisɛ ɛka adwumayɛfo a wonni adwuma no na ɛnam so ka adwumayɛ nyinaa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grossman|first=Michael|s2cid=27026628|date=1972|title=On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-political-economy_march-april-1972_80_2/page/223|journal=Journal of Political Economy|volume=80|issue=2|pages=223–255|doi=10.1086/259880|issn=0022-3808}}</ref> Nea ɛtɔ so mmienu, wɔn nhwɛsoɔ no kyerɛ sɛ abɔnten so nneɛma bɔne a ɛbata HIV/AIDS ho (yareɛ ne owuo dodoɔ a ɛkɔ soro a ɛbɛtumi aka mfɛfoɔ adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔn nso wɔnnya bi). Wohu sɛ sɛ wɔtew ɔyare mmoawa no so a, ɛbɛhyɛ FDI ho nkuran, na ɛnam so ahyɛ sikasɛm mu nkɔso ho nkuran wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo fam.<ref name=":7" /> === ''Sika a Wɔde Kɔma ne Sika a Wɔde To Nhomasua mu'' (2015) . === Krataa "Remittances and Investment in Education: Evidence from Ghana" hwehwɛ sika a wɔde mena (amanaman ntam ne ɔman no mu nyinaa) wɔ Ghana, ne sɛnea ɛka sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ yiye sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛw wɔn din wɔ mfitiase ne ntoaso sukuu nyinaa mu. Asiedu ne Kwabena Gyimah-Brempong ka sɛ sika a wɔde kɔ aman a wɔnnyaa nkɔsoɔ pii (LDCs) te sɛ Ghana no nkɔanim no nnya nkɛntɛnsoɔ pa wɔ GDP so nko (ɛyɛ bɛyɛ 5.5% wɔ Ghana GDP mu wɔ afe 2011 mu <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gyimah-Brempong|first1=Kwabena|last2=Asiedu|first2=Elizabeth|date=2015-02-17|title=Remittances and investment in education: Evidence from Ghana|journal=The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development|volume=24|issue=2|pages=173–200|doi=10.1080/09638199.2014.881907|s2cid=153895522|issn=0963-8199}}</ref> ), na mmom yei wɔ turn ma afie a ɛwɔ Ghana tumi de wɔn sika hyɛ nnipa sika mu bere a ɛma sikasɛm mu ahokyere so tew. Bio nso, krataa yi kyerɛ sɛ saa nkɛntɛnso yi da adi kɛse bere a ɔbea na odi ofie no anim, na sika a wɔde hyɛ nnipa sika mu a ɛkɔ soro no ma wotumi brɛ ohia ase bere tenten wɔ Ghana. Krataa no de cross-sectional data a efi Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS) a efi asorɔkye 5, ne pseudo-panel data a efi GLSS asorɔkye 3-5 di dwuma enti ɛwɔ nhwehwɛmu a ɛtrɛw nhini. Asiedu ne Gyimah-Brempong de saa data yi di dwuma de hwehwɛ data no mu denam resource constraint model no so. === ''Amannɔne Sika a Wɔde Totɔ Tẽẽ, Abɔdeɛ mu Nneɛma, ne Adwumayɛ wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafoɔ fam'' (2015) . === Wɔ krataa "Amannɔne Sika a Wɔde Totɔ Tẽẽ, Abɔde mu Nneɛma, ne Adwumayɛ wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo Fam" mu no, Asiedu, Komla Dzigbede ne Akwasi Nti-Addae hwehwɛ sɛnea ngo a wɔyɛ ne Afrika Sahara Anafo fam no kɔ soro ne nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ amannɔne sika a wɔde hyɛ amannɔne tẽẽ FDI so, wɔn akyerɛwfo nso gye nkɛntɛnso a FDI nya wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo fam no ho kyim.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Africa at a Fork in the Road: Taking Off or Disappointment Once Again?|last1=Asiedu|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Dzigbede|first2=Komla|last3=Nti-Addae|first3=Akwasi|publisher=Yale Center for the Study of Globalization|year=2015|isbn=978-0-9779922-1-8|editor-last=Zedillo|editor-first=Ernesto|location=New Haven, USA|pages=395–414}}</ref> Wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛwom sɛ ebia FDI bɛyɛ ade titiriw a ɛbɛboa sikasɛm mu nkɔso wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo fam de, nanso sikasɛm mu nkɔso yi fi adwumayɛ a aman pii nnwumakuw (MNC) de ba no mu kɛse efisɛ saa nnwumakuw yi taa tua wɔn adwumayɛfo akatua a ɛkɔ soro sen ɔman no mu nnwumakuw.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Axarloglou|first1=Kostas|last2=Pournarakis|first2=Mike|s2cid=154400430|date=2007|title=Do All Foreign Direct Investment Inflows Benefit the Local Economy?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-economy_2007-03_30_3/page/424|journal=The World Economy|volume=30|issue=3|pages=424–445|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9701.2006.00824.x|issn=0378-5920}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Asiedu|first=Elizabeth|s2cid=1987298|date=2004-06-15|title=The Determinants of Employment of Affiliates of US Multinational Enterprises in Africa|journal=Development Policy Review|volume=22|issue=4|pages=371–379|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7679.2004.00255.x|issn=0950-6764}}</ref> Akyerɛwfo no de Tullow Oil, plc di dwuma sɛ nhwɛso de kyerɛ ɔmantam no kyɛfa a ɛrenya nkɔanim wɔ wiase ngo a wɔyɛ mu ne saa ara nso na wɔhwehwɛ dwuma a MNCs FDI di wɔ nkɔso ne sikasɛm mu nkɔso mu wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo fam.<ref name=":4" /> Bio nso, wɔsi so dua sɛ su a ɛwɔ sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ sikasɛm mu nkɔsoɔ anaa nkɔsoɔ ho nkuran no gyina FDI ko a wɔyɛ so kɛseɛ - FDI a ɛwɔ nneɛma a wɔyɛ mu no ma wonya adwumayɛ pii sene FDI wɔ nnwuma a wɔtutu te sɛ ngo mu.<ref name=":5" /> Bio nso, akyerɛwfo no ka sɛ FDI nkonimdi nso gyina nneɛma afoforo te sɛ nhomasua gyinabea a ɛwɔ ɔman bi mu so, na ɛma ɛyɛ den kɛse sɛ wobenya mfaso ankasa afi FDI mu wɔ ɛkame ayɛ sɛ adwuma biara mu.<ref name=":4" /> == Abasobɔde ahorow == * Kemper Nkyerɛkyerɛ Abasobɔde, 2008, Kansas Sukuupɔn * Byron Shutz Abasobɔde a ɛfa Nkyerɛkyerɛ a Ɛyɛ Paara Ho, 2008, Kansas Sukuupɔn * Ɔbea a Ɔda Nsow Abasobɔde, 2008, Kansas Sukuupɔn * Ɔbea Ɔkyerɛkyerɛfo a Ɔda Nsow Abasobɔde, 2003, Kansas Sukuupɔn * Illinois Sukuupɔn PanHellenic Bagua Nkyerɛkyerɛ Abasobɔde, 1996 * Amerika Sukuupɔn Mmea Fekuw (AAUW) Fekuw, 1995-1996 * Akontaabuo a ɛfa Asetena mu Nyansahu Nhwehwɛmu Nkitahodiɛ (SSRN) ho firi June 2017 * Emerging Scholar Award, 2007, a Diverse: Nsɛm a Ɛwɔ Nhomasua a Ɛkɔ Anim mu na ɛde mae. Ɔman no nyinaa abasobɔde, ɛhyɛ akyerɛkyerɛfo kakraa bi a wɔwɔ nhomasua mu anuonyam; 10 a wɔde ma afe biara * Fulbright Ɔbenfoɔ Nhomanifoɔ Nwoma, Ɔpɛpɔn 2008 – Mprempren * Big XII Fellowship, Ɔpɛpɔn 2008-June 2009 == Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so == bmphnzvnt0o66l7j0ienx46o38fnv39 0 14729 200504 187876 2026-08-10T18:31:34Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200504 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ɔhemmaa ɛna''' (a wɔsan yɛ '''Ɔhemmaa ɛna''' ) yɛ asɛmfua a wɔde kyerɛ mmea atetesɛm sodifo binom wɔ Afrikafo amammerɛ mu. Ɛwom sɛ wɔmfa "ɔhemmaa ɛna" ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu biara nni hɔ de, sɛnea wɔn dwumadi ahorow no gu ahorow wɔ ɔmanfo, amammuisɛm, ne amammerɛ mu de, nanso<ref name=":36">{{Cite journal|jstor=2784870|title=The Queenmother, Matriarchy, and the Question of Female Political Authority in Precolonial West African Monarchy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-black-studies_1997-05_27_5/page/579|last=Farrar|first=Tarikhu|date=1997|journal=Journal of Black Studies|volume=27|issue=5|pages=579–597|doi=10.1177/002193479702700501|s2cid=142351141}}</ref> mpɛn pii no wodi dwuma titiriw wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nniso mu na "wɔde asetra mu tumi ne nkɛntɛnso di dwuma." Enti wɔyɛ asetra, amammuisɛm, ne amammerɛ ahyehyɛde ahorow a ɛwɔ Afrika asasepɔn no so nyinaa fa titiriw: sɛ nhwɛso no, [[Akanfoɔ|Akanfo]], gye tom sɛ wɔyɛ mpɔtam hɔ amammuifo a wɔho hia <ref name=":72">{{Cite journal|jstor=4187478|title=Women's Voices in Akan Juridical Discourse|last1=Obeng|first1=Samuel|date=2002|journal=Africa Today|doi=10.1353/at.2002.0008|last2=Stoeltje|first2=Beverly J.|issue=1|volume=49|pages=21–41|s2cid=145539094}}</ref> na wɔtaa fa wɔn so hwehwɛ agyapade wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ matrilineal kwan so; bere a wɔ Uganda no, wobetumi de asɛmfua no akyerɛ mmea a wobuu atɛn koraa. Tumi dodow a ɛnanom a wɔyɛ ɔhemmaa wɔ mprempren no so atew fi bere a edii atubrafo anim,<ref name=":58">{{Cite journal|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/africa_today/v055/55.3.steegstra.html|title=Krobo Queen Mothers: Gender, Power, and Contemporary Female Traditional Authority in Ghana|last=Steegstra|first=Marijke|date=2009|journal=Africa Today|doi=10.2979/aft.2009.55.3.104|access-date=3 January 2016|via=Project Muse|url-access=subscription|pages=105–123|volume=55|issue=3|s2cid=144316421}}</ref> ɛwom sɛ afeha a ɛto so 21 no ahu sɛ wɔn nkɛntɛnso no akɔ soro wɔ tebea horow bi mu de. Pii yɛ African Queens and Women Cultural Leaders Network a ɛyɛ ahyehyɛde bi a wofi wɔn pɛ mu yɛ no mufo . == Abakɔsɛm == Bere bi na ahemmaa ɛnanom yɛ amammuifo a wɔho hia a wɔhyɛ sɛ wonni obu ansa na atubrafo bere no reba. Nanso, ɛsono dwumadie a wɔde maa saa akontabuo yi: wɔ nsɛm bi mu no, na wɔbu wɔn sɛ wɔyɛ sodifoɔ a wɔdi wɔn ho,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Making of an African King: Patrilineal and Matrilineal Struggle among the Effutu of Ghana|last=Ephirim-Donkor|first=Anthony|publisher=University Press of America, Inc.|year=2015|isbn=9780761865049|pages=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXWHCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22akan%20queen%20mother%22&pg=PA237}}</ref> wɔ ebinom mu no, na wɔwɔ tumi pɔtee wɔ "mmea" nsɛm so (anaasɛ nsɛm a ɛfa mmarima ne mmaa nyinaa bom, te sɛ sɛ [[Monaatoɔ|mmonnaato]], awaresɛe ne aware mu ntawntawdi),<ref name=":36"/> wɔ afoforo mu no, na wɔyɛ nnipa atitiriw ɛnanom ankasa ara kwa, na wɔmaa dibea a ɛwɔ mu nyinaa. Atubrafo a wofi Europa, esiane wɔn ankasa ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho akɔnnɔ nti, ne mmarima a wɔwɔ abodin nkutoo dii nkitaho wɔ mmeae a wɔyɛ adwuma wɔ hɔ no. Ahemmaa ɛnanom a wɔwɔ Afrika, titiriw no, na wonnye ntom sɛ wɔho hia na wɔtaa ka wɔn ho asɛm wɔ atubrafo/asɛmpatrɛwfo abakɔsɛm nkrataa mu sɛ mmarima a wɔwɔ tumi no "nuabeanom".<ref name=":58"/> Gyinabea a wɔpow a saa mmea yi hyiae no maa tumi a wɔhweree wɔ wɔn abodin ahorow no mu no yɛɛ mmerɛw - enti, wɔ atubrafo nniso ase no, Ɔhemmaa ɛnanom, te sɛ mmea afoforo a wɔwɔ asasepɔn no so no, hweree "asetra mu, nyamesom, mmarahyɛ bagua, ne amammui mu hokwan ne hokwan ahorow." <ref>{{Cite book|title=Beyond Borders: Thinking Critically About Global Issues|last=Rothenberg|first=Paula S.|publisher=Worth Publishers|year=2006|isbn=9780716773894|pages=117–118|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOzEf4zgq_YC&dq=%22queen%20mother%22%20ghana&pg=PA117}}</ref> Atubrafoɔ akyi nniso "toaa so yɛɛ nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛbrɛɛ mmaa atetesɛm tumi ase":<ref name=":58"/> Wɔ afe 1957 mu, sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, [[Gaana|Ghana]] ahofadie akannifoɔ amfa ɔhemmaa ɛnanom anhyɛ wɔn nsɛm mu, na wɔpaw mmom sɛ wɔne mmarima atitire nko ara na wɔbɛyɛ adwuma. Mmea a wonni amammuisɛm ne titiriw no, atetesɛm ahyehyɛde ahorow mu no ama tumi a wɔkyekyɛ no pɛpɛɛpɛ aba na ama ayɛ kɛse na ama wɔadi mmea "adwennwene ne hokwan ahorow ho dwuma yiye." Wɔ 1988 mu no, wɔhyehyɛɛ Ashanti Ɔhemmaa Ɛna Fekuw. Mprempren ɛwɔ mmea akannifo bɛyɛ aduanan anan a wofi Ashanti mantam mu sɛ asɔremma. Kuw no di nsɛm a ɛfa mmea ho ho dwuma.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Religion and Chieftaincy in Ghana: An Explanation of the Persistence of a Traditional Political Institution in West Africa|last=Muller|first=Louise|publisher=LIT Verlag|year=2013|isbn=9783643903600|pages=228|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T890Drkv9AoC&dq=%22ashanti%20queen%20mother%22&pg=PA270}}</ref> 1992 Ghana Amanyɔ Mmara no de Ahyɛde 277 a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ ɔpanyin mu ka ho. Ahyɛdeɛ 277 kyerɛkyerɛ ɔpanin mu sɛ obi a wɔapaw no yie afiri abusua a ɛfata mu na "wɔde ne nsa, ahyɛ ne honam ani anaa wɔde no asi hɔ sɛ Ɔpanin anaa Ɔhemmaa Ɛna sɛdeɛ amanne kwan so mmara ne dwumadie a ɛfa ho no kyerɛ." <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=110745907&site=ehost-live|title=Queen Mothers: The Unseen Hands in Chieftaincy Conflicts Among the Akan in Ghana: Myth or Reality?|last1=Owusu-Mensah|first1=I|date=September 2015|journal=Journal of Pan African Studies|access-date=3 January 2016|last2=Asante|first2=W.|last3=Osew|first3=W.K.|issue=6|volume=8|pages=1–16|url-access=subscription|via=EBSCO}}</ref> Wɔ afe 2010 ahohuru bere mu no, Ɔman Aban Asoɛe a ɛwɔ Ghana no de too gua sɛ wɔde ɛnanom mmaa 20 bɛka ho. Wɔpaw ɛnanom ahemmaa ma wɔtra fie hɔ mfe anan. Wɔ afe 2006 mu no, Amanaman Nkabom Mmofra Foto no fii ase ne ɛnanom ahemmaa yɛɛ adwuma de boaa ma wɔboaa yiyedi mmɔdenbɔ a wɔbɔ ma mmea ne mmofra wɔ Afrika Atɔe Fam mmeae ahorow.<ref>{{Cite book|last=UNICEF.|title=The state of the world's children 2007 : women and children : the double dividend of gender equality.|date=2006|publisher=United Nations Children's Fund|others=UNICEF.|isbn=92-806-3998-6|location=New York, NY, USA|oclc=83247492}}</ref> Nnansa yi ara, mmeae te sɛ [[Upper West Region]] of Ghana, baabi a wɔmfaa atetesɛm a ɛne sɛ wobenya ɔhemmaa ɛnanom no nni dwuma no, wɔn a wɔkamfo mmea tumidi kyerɛ no ahyɛ nkuran sɛ "wɔnsan mfa ɔhemmaa ɛnanom nsi hɔ bio". Wɔde mmea pii asi hɔ sɛ ɛnanom ahemmaa wɔ Ghana atifi fam, adeyɛ a ama mmea dibea akɔ soro wɔ mpɔtam hɔ. Wɔ afe 2014 mu no, Ghana Ɔmanpanyin, Henry Seidu Danaa, paee mu kae sɛ ɛnanom ahemmaa a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ Aban Aban Fie no mu no yɛ mmarahyɛ bagua. == Nkyerɛkyerɛmu ne nnwuma a wɔyɛ == Ɔhemmaa ɛna abodin yɛ Engiresi kasa mu asɛmfua a wɔabom a wɔde di dwuma de bom kyerɛkyerɛ mmea a wɔwɔ Afrikafo atetesɛm mu akannifo dwumadi ahorow mu.<ref name=":36"/> Akanfoɔ de asɛmfua ''ohemmaa'', a ɛkyerɛ "ɔbea sodifoɔ" di dwuma.<ref name=":36"/> Wɔ Ga atetesɛm mu no, wɔfrɛ wɔn ''manye'' anaa "mpɔtam hɔ ɛna". Wɔ Pabir atetesɛm mu no, wɔfrɛ wɔn ''maigira'', asɛmfua a ɛkyerɛ "ɔhene ɔbea." <ref name=":36"/> Wɔ Benin atetesɛm mu no, wɔfrɛ ɛnanom ahemmaa ''iyobas'' . Wɔ Yorubaland atetesɛm mu no, wonim ɔbea a wɔde abodin no hyɛ no mu wɔ amanne kwan so sɛ ''iya oba'' anaa "ɔhene maame a wɔato no abodin". Wɔsan frɛ ɔhemmaa ɛna no adwumayɛbea no "stool".<ref name=":36"/> Wɔ Ghana no, wɔpaw ɛnanom mmabea fi adehye abusua a ɛwɔ kurow ne akuraa biara ase. Ɛyɛ adehye abusua no ti ne mpanyimfo na wɔpaw ɔpanyin ne ɔhemmaa ɛna no nyinaa, baanu a ebia wɔne wɔn ho wɔn ho wɔ abusuabɔ Ahemfo mmusua no yɛ wɔn a wodii kan tu kɔtraa beae bi. === Akan atetesɛm === Wɔ Akanfo atetesɛm mu no, ɔhemmaa ɛnanom ka ɔpanyin anaa ɔhene ho di tumi wɔ wɔn mpɔtam hɔ. Wobu ɛnanom ahemmaa sɛ wɔn mpɔtam hɔfo honhom fam ti ne wɔn a wɔhwɛ abusua anato ho nimdeɛ so.<ref name=":72"/> Wɔwɔ ɔhene anaa ɔpanyin no tumi a wɔde siw ano na wobetumi apaw wɔn ankasa asomfo. Ɔhemmaa ɛnanom nso paw wɔn a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ɔpanyin a odi hɔ no sɛ ɔpanyin no "nkongua" da mpan a.<ref name=":58"/> Ahemmaa ɛnanom na wodi asennibea ahorow a wodi nsɛm a ɛfa akasakasa a mmea de ba asɛnnibea ho no anim.<ref name=":72" /> Wɔ wɔn asennibea ahorow mu no, ɛnanom ahemmaa ne wɔn ahemfie mpanyimfo "di tumi wɔ akasakasafo so." <ref name=":72" /> Sɛ ɛho hia a, ɛnanom a wɔyɛ ɔhemmaa betumi "afa tumidi titiriw no so tumi koraa." <ref name=":36"/> Wɔ nsɛm bi mu (te sɛ Ɔhemmaa [[Yaa Asantewaa|Yaa Asantewa]] ) ahenni mu no, "wɔayɛ wɔn ade sɛ ɔko akannifo." === Bini atetesɛm === Benin Ahemman no annya ɛnanom ahemmaa kosii afeha a ɛto so dunum awiei akyi bere a ahengua no ho ntawntawdi sii no. Wɔ ɔko no mu no, mmea nyaa tumi na wɔn dodow mu nea odi kan, Ɔhemmaa Idia, bɛyɛɛ ɔhemmaa ɛna. Ahemmaa ɛnanom a wɔwɔ Benin atetesɛm mu no, te sɛ wɔn a wɔwɔ Atɔe Fam ahemman ahorow mu no, ahemfo no ɛnanom ankasa. Na Benin ɛnanom a wɔyɛ tete mmere mu ahemmaa a wonim wɔn mu biara sɛ ''Iyoba'', no wɔ tumi kɛse na na wobu wɔn sɛ ahene no ho banbɔfo. === Burundifo atetesɛm === Wɔ Burundi Ahemman a na enni hɔ bio no mu no na wonim ɔhemmaa ɛna bi sɛ ''Mugabekazi'' . Saa abodin wura yi somm se onipa a ɔwɔ tumi wɔ ne babarima anaa - sɛnea na ɛte wɔ Ɔhemmaa Ririkumutima fam no - ne mpena ba ahenni mu. === Dahomeyfo atetesɛm === Wɔ Fonfo a wɔwɔ Dahomey mu no, ''Kpojitofo'' som sɛ ɔhemmaa ɛna. Sɛnea wɔtaa yɛ no, na saa abodin wura yi wɔ nyamesom mu asɛm a wɔde kɔdan asɛnnibea, na ɔyɛ ɔhene, anaa Ahosu a ofi Dahomey no mmaranimfo, na na ɔsrɛ n’anim wɔ owu ho nsɛm mu. Obi a wagye din a na okura saa abodin yi ne Ɔhemmaa Hwanjile . Ɛnnɛ kpojito da so ara kura nkɛntɛnso dibea wɔ ahenni no bagua kɛse no mu, na ɔsan nso hwɛ Dahomey da biara da nniso no fa titiriw ne Dahomey Amazons asraafo kuw a agye din no amanne kwan so nkae no nyinaa so. Ɔne Ɔhemmaa Hangbe, Hangbe adehye abusua no din no panyin kyɛ saa dwumadi a etwa to yi. === Kongofo atetesɛm === Wɔ Kongo Ahemman dedaw no mu no na wonim ɔhemmaa ɛna bi sɛ ''Mwene Nzimba Mpungu'' . Mpɛn pii no na ɔyɛ ɔhene a ɔredi tumi no agya maame nuabea, na na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ obedi mmea baanan a na wɔyɛ Ne Mbanda Mbanda, ahenni no abotiri bagua no mufo ex officio no anim. === Krobofo atetesɛm === Wɔ Krobofo mu no, "ɔhemmaa ɛna a ɔsen biara" ne ɔhemmaa ɛnanom "ketewa" pii a wodi tumi wɔ n'ase wɔ hɔ.<ref name=":58"/> Krobo ɔhemmaa ɛnanom wɔ tumi sua sen ɔhemmaa ɛnanom a wɔwɔ Akanfo atetesɛm mu no.<ref name=":58"/> Wɔkyerɛ sɛ ebia wogyee ɔhemmaa ɛna no atetesɛm fii Akanfo hɔ.<ref name=":84">{{Cite journal|title=Queen mothers, NGOs, and orphans: Transformations in traditional women's political organization in an era of HIV and orphanhood in Manya Klo, Ghana|journal=[[Norwegian Journal of Geography|Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography]]|date=2014-01-01|issn=0029-1951|pages=10–21|volume=68|issue=1|doi=10.1080/00291951.2013.871331|first=Bright B.|last=Drah|s2cid=128426588}}</ref> Krobofo no nam kokoam abatow a mpanyimfo no paw so paw ɛnanom mmabea.<ref name=":58"/> Bere a wɔpaw no akyi no, wɔbɔ no amanneɛ wɔ ne dwumadi foforo no ho denam dɔte fitaa a wɔde petepete ne basa so no so.<ref name=":58"/> Wɔyɛ amanne kwan so nhyehyɛe bi a wɔkyerɛkyerɛ no, tu no fo, wɔma no din foforo na afei wɔde kyerɛ ɔpanyin no.<ref name=":58"/> Wohu Krobo ɔhemmaa ɛnanom sɛ "ɛnanom" a wɔwɔ wɔn mpɔtam hɔ na bere a wosi mmea nsɛm so dua ma ɔhemmaa ɛna no, ɔboa mmarima ne mmea nyinaa.<ref name=":84"/> === Kushitefo atetesɛm === Wɔ Kush Ahemman, tete man bi a na ɛwɔ baabi a ɛnnɛ wɔfrɛ hɔ Sudan mu no, na wonim ɔhemmaa ɛna bi sɛ ''Kandake'' . Ɔne ne babarima ɔhene anaa Qore a ofi Kush dii ade, na ɔne no yɛɛ asɔfo dwumadi ahorow wɔ n’ahenni mu. Na wɔn a wokura abodin no agye din araa ma wɔkaa wɔn ho asɛm wɔ Alexander Romance ne Bible Apam Foforo no nyinaa mu. === Malinke atetesɛm === Wɔ Mali Ahemman, mfinimfini mmere mu man a agye din a na ɛwɔ Afrika Atɔe fam mu no, na ɔbea a ɔho hia sen biara wɔ ahemman no mu ne ''Qasa'', ɔhempɔn a odi tumi no yere panyin ne ne yɔnko sodifo, anaa Mansa a ofi Mali . Na wɔn a wokura abodin no mu tumi sen biara no mu biako, Ɔhemmaa Kassi, yɛ obi a ɔpɛ ɔfa bi wɔ pɔw bi a ɔbɔe sɛ obetu ne kunu dedaw Mansa Sulayman agu wɔ wɔn awaregyae akyi no mu. === Pabir atetesɛm === Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɛnanom a wɔyɛ Pabir hemmaa bɛyɛ sigyadifo .<ref name=":36"/> Pabir hemmaa ɛna no dwumadi yɛ amanne kwan so, na ne "tumi ankasa gyina tumi a otumi kanyan ɔsɔretia tia ɔhene no so." <ref name=":84"/> === Serer atetesɛm === Wɔ Serer ahenni ahorow a ɛwɔ Senegambia mu no, na wɔfrɛ ɛna ɔhemmaa bi sɛ ''Lingeer'' . Na ɔtaa yɛ ɔhene a ɔredi hene, anaa Lamane, maame anaa ne nuabea, na odii n’ankasa asasesin so wɔ n’ahenni mu. Sɛnea na ɛte wɔ Akanfo fam no, na wɔde ahemman mu nnidiso nnidiso ahyɛ n’asefo nsam sen sɛ wɔde bɛhyɛ lamane no nsam. === Swazifo atetesɛm === Wɔ Swazifo a wɔwɔ Afrika Kesee Fam mu no, wɔfrɛ ɔhemmaa ɛna no sɛ ''Ndlovukati'' . Bere a ɔde ne ho abɔ ne babarima ɔhene, anaa Ingwenyama a ofi Eswatini, ho no, odi Eswatini ahenni no so wɔ nea ne titiriw no ɛyɛ diarchy mu . Ɛwom sɛ ingwenyama na ɔyɛ da biara da dwumadi dodow no ara a ɛfa adwumayɛ ho de, nanso ndlovukati no da nsow wɔ honhom mu esiane sɛ ɔyɛ adwuma wɔ afe afe Reed Dance amanne no mu nti. === Tswanafo atetesɛm === Wɔ Tswanafo mu no wɔfrɛ ɔhemmaa ɛna no sɛ ''Mohumagadi Mma Kgosi'' . Ɔsom sɛ ne babarima panyin, anaa Kgosi, fotufo, na mpɛn pii no abusuakuw a odi so no mufo bu no kɛse. Obi a wagye din a na okura abodin no ne Ɔhemmaa Ruth, Awuraa Khama . === Yorubafo atetesɛm === Wɔde mmea a ɛsono mfe ne wɔn nananom si hɔ sɛ Yorubafo "ahene ɛnanom a wɔato wɔn abodin". Wɔsan nso wɔ dwumadi ahorow ahorow. Sɛ nhwɛso no, ''Erelu Kuti'' a ofi Lagos, no di nea ɛto so abiɛsa wɔ nnidiso nnidiso a edi kan no mu. Ɔsom sɛ regent bere a ɔhene no "stool", anaa Oba of Lagos, da mpan no. Sɛ́ oba foforo abotiri ho guasodeyɛ ahorow no fa no, ohyira nea ɔpɛ sɛ ɔyɛ ɔkannifo no nso wɔ baguam ansa na wɔde no asi hɔ. Esiane saa nneɛma yi nti, wobu no sɛ ɔhemmaa ɛna a ɔwɔ ahemman no mu. Wɔ mmeae afoforo, wɔ Egbaland, ''Moshade'' yɛ nhwɛso foforo. Ɔyɛ ahemfie panyin a ɔwɔ abodin a ɔsom ɔhene, anaa Alake a ofi Egbaland, ɔno ne adwumayɛfo a wɔde asɛyɛde ahyɛ no nsa sɛ ɔmfa abotiri bɛhyɛ no. Eyi akyi no, ɔsan nso yɛ n’ahene a wɔhyɛ n’ase nyinaa a wɔde wɔn besi hɔ no so. Esiane eyi nti, ɔno nso ka sɛ ɔhemmaa ɛna yɛ n’amanne kwan no fa. Wɔ eyinom ne mmea afoforo a wɔwɔ Yorubaland a wokura abodin "iya oba" akyi no, mmea kuw bi nso wɔ hɔ a wɔfrɛ wɔn ''oba obirin'' anaa "mmea hene". Mpɛn pii no, saa nnipa yi kura abodin titiriw ''Iyalode'', na wɔhwɛ mmea nsɛm so wɔ ahenni ahorow no mu na wogyina hɔ ma wɔn bɔbeasu wɔ ahemfo no bagua ahorow a wɔyɛ no kokoam no mu. == Ɛnnɛ == Ɛnanom a wɔyɛ ahemmaa nnɛ kɔ so yɛ nsakrae wɔ wiase a ɛresakra no mu na gyinabea no "akɔ so ayɛ nea ɛho hia." <ref name=":58"/> Wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ aguadi mu na wogye awogyefo ntoboa tom . Ahemmaa ɛnanom aboa ma wɔaboa nufu mu kokoram ho nimdeɛ wɔ Ghana. Nea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔate dwuma a wodi wɔ Afrika no ase no, ɛnanom ahemmaa baanan a wofi Ghana kyinkyin United States. Ɛnanom ahemmaa binom aka sɛ wɔmfa obu mma wɔn tumidi te sɛ mmarima mpanyimfo tumi no.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web}}</ref> Bere a ɛnanom ahemmaa pii ne mmea afoforo a wɔwɔ atetesɛm dwumadi ahorow mu ahyia akwanside ahorow a ɛbɛma nsakrae a ɛtra hɔ daa aba ama mmea no, wɔkɔ so yɛ nhyehyɛe sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobetumi agyina hɔ ama wɔn "wɔ amammui nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ mu." <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Kathleen M. Fallon, Democracy and the Rise of Women's Movements in Sub-Saharan Africa|last=Kaye|first=Julie|date=22 June 2009|journal=Canadian Journal of Sociology|volume=34|issue=3|pages=953–955|doi=10.29173/cjs6330|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wɔdi nkyerɛkyerɛ hokwan ahorow akyi, te sɛ mmara ho nimdeɛ ntetee a wɔde ma wɔ nhomakorabea ahorow wɔ Ghana <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-20945613.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314132920/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-20945613.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 March 2016|title=A Library Fellow in Equatorial West Africa|last=Elliot|first=Carol|date=1 July 1998|journal=Information Outlook|access-date=4 January 2016|url-access=subscription|via=HighBeam Research}}</ref> anaa adwumayɛbea ahorow. Wɔ Ghana no, ɛnanom ahemmaa afi Manya Krobo Queen Mothers Association (MKQMA) ase sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛboa mmofra a wɔayɛ nyisaa esiane [[HIV]] ne [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] nti .<ref>{{Cite book|title=Final Report for the Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care (IMPACT) Project in Ghana|last=Family Health International|publisher=USAID|year=2004|pages=29|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pdacg394.pdf|type=Report|access-date=2023-03-24|archive-date=2023-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324120921/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pdacg394.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nana Okleyo na ɔhyɛɛ kuw no ase.<ref name=":84"/> Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ fekuw no adwuma ho wɔ Manya Krobo Mantam mu no hui sɛ na ɛyɛ nhwɛso pa a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea wobedi nyisaa ho asɛm a ɛwɔ Afrika Atɔe fam no ho dwuma, ɛwom sɛ na ɛwɔ anohyeto ahorow bi de.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Queens as Mothers: the role of the traditional safety net of care and support for HIV/AIDS orphans and vulnerable children in Ghana|journal=GeoJournal|date=2008-04-18|issn=0343-2521|pages=93–106|volume=71|issue=2–3|doi=10.1007/s10708-008-9145-9|language=en|first1=Ragnhild|last1=Lund|first2=Samuel|last2=Agyei-Mensah|s2cid=79398208}}</ref> Ɛnanom mmaa bɛyɛ 370 na wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ MKQMA mu.<ref name=":58"/> Bio nso, MKQMA a ɛwɔ Manye Esther akanni ase no ayɛ nhyehyɛe a wɔde besiw HIV/AIDS ano na wɔaboa aboa nyisaa bɛboro 400.<ref name=":58" /> == Hwɛ nso == * [[Hwanjile na ɔkyerɛwee]] * [[Idia na ɔkyerɛwee]] * [[Ririkumutima na ɔkyerɛwee]] * [[Ruth Williams Khama na ɔkyerɛwee|Ruth, Awuraa Khama, na ɔkyerɛwee]] * [[Yaa Asantewaa]] == Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so == 6hzui8krxpjrt0tsc42ohqqu6jx1ggj 0 14756 200495 184728 2026-08-10T18:18:43Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200495 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lingeer''' (a wɔsan nso yɛ: ''Linger'' anaa '''Linguère''' ) yɛ abodin a wɔde ma ɔhene bi [[maame]] anaa [[Nua baa|ne nuabea]] <ref>Sheldon, Kathleen E., ''"Historical dictionary of women in [[Afrika a ɛwɔ Sahara Anafo fam|Sub-Saharan Africa]]"'', vol. 1, [[Scarecrow Press a Ɛyɛ Fɛ|Scarecrow Press]], 2005, p 148 {{ISBN|0-8108-5331-0}}</ref> wɔ Serer ahenni ahorow a ɛwɔ Sine, Saloum, ne kan no na ɛyɛ Baol Ahemman no mu ; ne Wolof ahemman a ɛwɔ Cayor, Jolof, Baol ne Waalo a ɛwɔ Senegal ansa na wɔredi atubrafo no . Asɛmfua "Lingeer" kyerɛ "ɔhemmaa" anaa " ɔhemmaa " wɔ Serer ne Wolof kasa mu .<ref>Klein, Martin A. ''"Islam and Imperialism in Senegal [[Sine-Saloum na ɔkyerɛwee|Sine-Saloum]], 1847–1914."'' [[Edinburgh Sukuupɔn Nsɛmma Nhoma Tintimbea|Edinburgh University Press]] (1968) pp 11-15 & 262, {{ISBN|0-85224-029-5}}</ref> Na wobu Lingeer no sɛ “ahemfie ahemfie hemmaa kɛse.” Saa ahenni ahorow yi de nhyehyɛe a ɛfa [[wiktionary:bilineal|abusua abien ho]] dii dwuma, efisɛ sɛ obi a ɔpɛ sɛ ɔyɛ ɔhene no rentumi nni ahengua no so sɛ ɔnyɛ ɛna abusua a edi tumi no muni a, na ɛno nti, na Lingeer no ɛna abusua no ho hia kɛse. Nea ɛte saa ara no, obi a ɔpɛ sɛ ɔyɛ ɔhene no rentumi nni ahengua no so sɛ ɔnyɛ agyanom mpanyimfo a wɔyɛ anuonyamfo a wɔredi tumi no muni a. Na ɛno te saa titiriw wɔ Sererfo a wɔkoraa wɔn amammerɛ, amanne ne atetesɛm som dedaw no fa kɛse no ara mu a mmea dii dwuma titiriw sɛ wɔde toto Woloffo a wogyee Islam toom no ho a.<ref>[[Godfrey Mwakikagile na ɔkyerɛwee|Mwakikagile, Godfrey]], ''Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, The People and The Culture,'' (2010), p 231, {{ISBN|9987932223}}</ref><ref>Klein, Martin A. ''Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914.'' Edinburgh University Press (1968) p. 13, {{ISBN|0852240295}}. Quote: "The Serer determine descent by both the mother's and father's lines, but matrilineage plays a more important role in Serer life."</ref> Wɔahyɛ Lingeer ahorow nsow wɔ mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ wɔbɛko atia atubrafo nkonimdi no ho. == Nkyekyɛmu a wɔkyekyɛ mu == Ɛwom sɛ na wɔtaa de adehye abodin Lingeer ma ɔhene no maame anaa ne nuabea, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a na ɔhene no yere a odi kan ("Lingeer-Awo") de, nanso na abodin no betumi akyerɛ adehye hemmaa nso. Wɔ eyi mu no, na ɛkyerɛ ɔbea a obetumi ahu adehye abusua afi n’agya ne ne maame abusua mu. Wɔ Wolof ne Serer atetesɛm mu no, ɔbea bi a na obetumi ahu adehye abusua wɔ n’agya ne ne maame abusua nyinaa so no bɛyɛɛ Lingeer ara kwa. Na ɔbarima a ɔne no yɛ pɛ ne Garmi (ɔbarima a otumi hwehwɛ adehye abusua mu wɔ n’agya ne ɛna abusua nyinaa so). Ɛyɛ saa Lingeers (ɔbea a ɔwɔ adehye mogya kronkron) yi mu na ɔhene bi bɛhwehwɛ sɛ ɔbɛware. Na ɔhene no ankasa yɛ Garmi kuw no muni. == Su ne tumi ahorow == Abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo hwɛ yiye sɛ wɔremmu nkɛntɛnso a onyae wɔ bere a na edii atubrafo anim no adewa; wɔka sɛ Lingeer no yɛ ahene ne nea ɛnnyɛ.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=1973|title=Dépendance et Développement Le Statut de la Femme en Afrique Moderne|journal=Notes Africaines|volume=No 139}}</ref> Wɔ Wolof mantam no mu no, na Lingeerfo amammui mu ntease a ɛwɔ atetesɛm mu no bi ne: ɔhene no asase bi so tumi,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zucarelli|first=François|date=1973-01-01|title=De la chefferie traditionnelle au canton: évolution du canton colonial au Sénégal, 1855-1960 (Evolution of the Colonial "Canton" (County) in Senegal, 1885-1960)|jstor=4391209|journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines|volume=13|issue=50|pages=213–238|doi=10.3406/cea.1973.2710}}</ref> a na wɔbɛhwɛ so denam nnommum a wɔde bedi dwuma so; aduan ne nsiesie a wɔde bɛma wɔn a wɔkora wɔn so no; ne nkabom a wɔde bɛka abusuakuw nhyehyɛe no ho. Na ɛsɛ sɛ mpɔtam hɔfo twetwe Lingeer bi na wɔdaadaa no sɛ wɔwɔ anidaso sɛ wobenya amammui adwuma a.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=Creevey|first=Lucy|date=1996-01-01|title=Islam, Women and the Role of the State in Senegal|jstor=1581646|journal=Journal of Religion in Africa|volume=26|issue=3|pages=268–307|doi=10.2307/1581646}}</ref> Wɔ Serer Ahemman a ɛwɔ Sine ne Saloum mu no, na Lingeer no kura tumi kɛse na Maad no bɔɔ no abotiri sɛ ''Lingeer'' a Sinig ne Maad Saloum (Sine ne Saloum Hene sɛnea ɛte biara) wɔ n’ankasa abotiri guasodeyɛ akyi.<ref>[[Alioune Sarr|Sarr, Alioune]], ''Histoire du Sine-Saloum.'' Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986–1987, p. 28-30</ref> Wɔ sikasɛm mu no, te sɛ ne yɔnko Wolof no, Lingeer of Serer aman no dii nkuraa pii so, na na ɔwɔ ahofadi sɛ ɔde ntoboa ahorow no bedi dwuma. Na nkuraa a ɛtete saa sofo bɛyɛ aburow afuw bi de ayɛ wɔn Lingeer. Mmusua atitiriw pii somaa wɔn mmabea sɛ wɔmmɛyɛ Lingeer akyidifo; nanso, na nnommum taa di saa dwumadi yi nso ho dwuma. Na ɔbea bi a ɔyɛ ''géwél'', odwontofo anaa nnwontofo a ɔyɛ adwumaden, a wonim no wɔ ɔmantam no mu sɛ griot, ka Lingeer no ho. Géwél no too dwom ma atiefo da anadwo na nyane wɔn anɔpa.<ref name="Penna-Diaw 124–135">{{Cite book|jstor=j.ctt16gznkv.10|journal=Women's Songs from West Africa|last=Penna-Diaw|first=Luciana|date=2014-01-01|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253010179|pages=124–135|title=Songs by Wolof Women}}</ref> Nnwom ahorow a wɔto de hyɛ Lingeer tumidi anuonyam no bi ne: ''taggate, màdd, woy u lingeer,'' ne ''buur.'' <ref name="Penna-Diaw 124–135" /> Tumi gyinabea a Lingeer no dii no yɛ nea ɛwɔ asɛnnibea abien ne ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛyɛ abiɛsa: na wɔyɛ n’akannifo dwumadi ahorow wɔ ɔfa a ɛkorɔn sen biara, sɛ ɔhene a ɔne no yɛ adwuma.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Buri Mboup|first=Samba|title=Conflicting leadership paradigms in Africa: A need for an African Renaissance perspective1|journal=International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity|volume=3|issue=1|pages=94–112|doi=10.1080/18186870802321608|year=2008}}</ref> Sɛ ntawntawdi bi ba Lingeer ne ɔhene ntam a, ɛtɔ mmere bi a na Lingeer bi bɛma amammui mu apam foforo aba. Ɛrekɔ afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no awiei no, wɔde abusuabɔ bi sii Wolof nsase pii so wɔ Lingeers ne Idaw al-Hajj, Sahara atubrafo kuw kɛse bi a wɔde aguadi nhyehyɛe a ɛde Senegambia ne Afrika Atifi fam ne Sahara atɔe fam bom sii hɔ no ntam.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=James L. A. Webb|first=Jr.|date=1995-01-01|title=The Evolution of the Idaw al-Hajj Commercial Diaspora (L'évolution de la diaspora marchande Idaw al-Hajj)|jstor=4392604|journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines|volume=35|issue=138/139|pages=455–475|doi=10.3406/cea.1995.1456}}</ref> Wɔ saa nsɛm yi mu no, na Idaw al-Hajj no yɛɛ ɔhemmaa no nyamesom ho afotufo. == Abakɔsɛm == Bere a wonnim Lingeerfo pii bio no, mmea yi binom nyaa wɔn kwan kɔɔ abakɔsɛm mu kyerɛwtohɔ mu wɔ wɔn akanni ne, akyiri yi, wɔsɔre tia atubrafo ntua ho. Lingeerfo a wodii kan nim wɔn no mu biako ne Lingeer Fatim Beye ( c. 1335), Joos Ɛnanom Ahemman no maame panyin . Na ɔyɛ Serer Ɔhemmaa ne Sine Hemmaa . Bere bi na waware Ɔhene Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali . Ɔyɛ Joofoɔ a wɔkɔɔ so dii Waalo, te sɛ ne banana Lingeer Ndoye Demba (bɛyɛ afe 1367) nyinaa nana a ɔdi kan. Lingeer Ndoye Demba a ɔno nso fi Serer mu no de Joos Ɛnanom Ahemman no sii hɔ wɔ Wolof ahemman a ɛwɔ Waalo mu sɛ ɔmantam no hemmaa ne Sine Hemmaa . Na Lingeer Fatoumata Sall yɛ ɔhene a ebia ɔyɛ anansesɛm mu ɔhene Ndiadiane Ndiaye, a na ɔyɛ Jolof ɔhempɔn wɔ 1360 mfe no mu no maame.<ref>[[John D. Fage na ɔkyerɛwee|Fage, John D.]], [[Roland Oliver na ɔkyerɛwee|Oliver, Roland]], "The Cambridge history of Africa: From c. 1600 to c. 1790", p 486, {{ISBN|0-521-20981-1}}</ref><ref>Glinga, Werner, Diop, Papa Samba, "Sénégal-Forum. IKO-Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation, 1996. p 110, {{ISBN|3-88939-431-0}}</ref><ref>Anyidoho, Kofi, "Cross rhythms", Volume 1, Occasional papers in [[Africa]]n folklore, p 118, Trickster Press (1983)</ref> Ɛtɔ mmere bi a na Lingeer no dwumadi no trɛw kodu sɛ obetu ɔhene a ɔwɔ hɔ mprempren no agu. Wɔ 1673 mu no, wɔmaa Ndyai Sal anaa Sar, marabout a ɛbɛyɛ sɛ ofi Tukuloor abusua mu no aware ne asraafo apam fii Lingeer bi a ɔhene foforo bi atu no nkyɛe no hɔ. Wɔboom dii ɔhene no so nkonim na wokum no. Afei wɔkɔɔ so paw obi foforo a ɔpɛ sɛ ɔyɛ ɔkannifo, a ɔyɛ adehye fi awo mu, nanso obetumi ayɛ nea ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse nso wɔ wɔn tumidi mu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Colvin|first=Lucie Gallistel|date=1974-01-01|title=Islam and the State of Kajoor: A Case of Successful Resistance to Jihad|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1974_15_4/page/587|jstor=180992|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=15|issue=4|pages=587–606|doi=10.1017/s002185370001389x}}</ref> Abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo aka nsɛm a ɛfa Lingeerfo dwumadi no trɛwee koduu abusuabɔ a ɛda Wolof ne Serer ahenni no ntam no ho nkitahodi mu. Nhwɛso a ɛte saa no biako fa Lingeer Djembet (nsonsonoe pii: Jembet, Njembot Mbodj ) ho. Wɔ afe 1833 mu no, Djembet waree Trarza hene (wɔ Mauritania ), Mohamed El-Habib. Saa amammui aware yi maa awarefo no nyaa Waalo ne Trarzafo so tumi . Ɛnyɛ Moorfo ntrɛwmu ho ahunahuna na ɛkanyan apam no – gyinabea a ɔsɔretia no hyɛɛ ho nkuran – na mmom sɛ wɔbɛkyekyere kuw a ɛko tia atubrafo ntua kɛse. Aware no hyiaa ɔsɔretia a ɛnyɛ nea ɛho nhia wɔ Waalo mu, nanso Djembet na ɔyɛɛ no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a obegyae [[France|Franse]] amammui mu ntrɛwmu wɔ ɔmantam no mu. Wɔ afe 1841 mu no, ɔpaw ɔhene no sɛ onni Fara Penda Adam Sal ananmu bere a owui no.<ref name=":13"/> Ndaté Yalla Mbodj yɛ Djembet nuabea na ɔdii n’ade wɔ afe 1846 mu. Na n’amammui mu adeyɛ no yɛ nea ɛho hia na akyinnyegye wom saa ara; ɔda nsow wɔ pow a ɔpowee sɛ wɔbɛyɛ Fransefo apam bi no ho. Ɔsiw ne babarima no kwan sɛ ɔrensi akan wɔ Djembet babarima a ɔbɛdi ahengua no so no ho. Nhomanimfo bi ka sɛ saa paw yi fi ɔpɛ a N’Daate Yaala wɔ sɛ “ɔrensɛe ahenni a wɔaka abom no tumi.” <ref name=":13"/> == Nhoma ne sini mu mfonini ahorow == Wɔaka Lingeer no suban ho asɛm wɔ Senegambia nhoma ahorow mu. Ginette Ba-Curry kyerɛw Lingeer a na ɔwɔ Cheikh Hamidou Kane ayɛsɛm ''Ambiguous Adventure'' mu no ho asɛm : “Ahemfo Awuraa a Ɔsen Biara no yɛ ɔbea a ɔyɛ ɔman a na ɔwɔ hɔ ansa na [[Nkramoni|Nkramofo]] reba no mu, na ɔkae ‘Linguere’ . . . Ɔyɛ abakɔsɛm mu abran a wɔtraa ase wɔ Senegal tete te sɛ Waalo ahengua no ɔdedifo, Lingeer Jombot a na ɔhwɛ Waalo mantam no amammuisɛm so na ne nuabea Nade Yalla, Maroso, Ɔheneba no yere na odii n’ade no ho mfonini a ɛwɔ Kajoor”. Wɔ Sererfo adwinni mu nsɛm a wɔka mu, titiriw wɔ anwensɛm a wɔde ano ka ne atetesɛm mu ''griotte amammerɛ mu no,'' agoruyɛfo kyerɛ Lingeer nipasu no sɛ odi dwuma titiriw wɔ wɔn man no dwumadi mu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ndiaye|first=Cheikh M.|date=2006-01-01|title=Histoire et mythes du Pays Sérère dans la poésie de Léopold Sédar Senghor|jstor=25701974|journal=Nouvelles Études Francophones|volume=21|issue=2|pages=23–32}}</ref> Sini ahorow te sɛ Abderrahmane Sissako ’s ''Timbuktu'' (2014) no kyerɛ Lingeer nipa bi.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Black Camera|volume=7|issue=1|pages=238–250|jstor=10.2979/blackcamera.7.1.238|doi=10.2979/blackcamera.7.1.238|last1=Barlet|first1=Olivier|title=FESPACO 2015: After the Transition, What Next?|last2=Thackway|first2=Melissa|year=2015}}</ref> Djibril Diop Mambety ''Hyènes'' (1992) no da nipa Linguere Ramatou adi sɛ ne nipa titiriw. Ne din a edi kan yɛ Lingeer nkyerɛwde foforo na nokwarem no wɔaka ne ho asɛm sɛ ɔyɛ adehye bi: sini ho abenfo kyerɛw sɛ ɔyɛ “ɔhemmaa a wɔapow no-cum-ɔhemmaa a ɔtra ase susuw wim tebea ho”.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Black Camera|volume=7|issue=1|pages=238–250|jstor=10.2979/blackcamera.7.1.238|doi=10.2979/blackcamera.7.1.238|last1=Barlet|first1=Olivier|title=FESPACO 2015: After the Transition, What Next?|last2=Thackway|first2=Melissa|year=2015}}</ref> == Amusiei beae == Wosie Serer lingeers a wɔde abotiri abɔ Sine nyinaa wɔ Tioupane, Diakhao (wɔ nnɛyi Senegal). Abakɔsɛm akuraa Tioupane no ne baabi a ɔtraafo a wɔhyɛɛ abotiri, a mpɛn pii no Maad a Sinig maame no trae. Wosie Serer ahemfo no wɔ Sine baabi foforo. Wɔn a wɔtra hɔ kyɛ nkutoo na wosie wɔ Tioupane. Wosie lingers a wɔmfa abotiri nhyɛ wɔn so nso wɔ Tioupane, nanso wɔ ɔfa foforo wɔ amusiei no mu, a ɛne lingeers a wɔde abotiri abɔ wɔn no ntam kwan ware. Te sɛ Serer ahemfo no adamoa no, wɔahyɛ wɔn a wɔda hɔ no adamoa nso agyirae na abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo bi wɔ beae hɔ a ɔka wɔn abusua anato ne abakɔsɛm.<ref>Awa Yombe Yade, ''Le fonctionnement de la justice indigène dans le Cercle du Sine-Saloum de 1903 à 1931'', Université Cheikh Anta Diop, 2001, p. 12</ref><ref>''Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire: Sciences humaines, Volume 34'', IFAN, 1972, p. 742</ref><ref name="Official Journal of Sen">Republic of Senegal, Official Journal, ''MINISTERE DE LA CULTURE ET DU PATRIMOINE HISTORIQUE CLASSE '' : ''ARRETE MINISTERIEL n° 2711 mcphc-dpc en date du 3 mai 2006'' (30 Sep 2006)</ref> Te sɛ Serer abakɔsɛm ne kronkronbea afoforo no, wɔde beae a wosiee Tioupane no aka mmeae a ɛho hia wɔ abakɔsɛm mu no ho denam Senegal Amammerɛ Dwumadibea (2006 ahyɛde) so.<ref name="Official Journal of Sen" /> == Lingeers a Wɔakyerɛw Wɔn Din == * [[Lingeer Fatim Beye a ɔyɛ ɔbaabun|Lingeer Fatim Beye]] (bɛyɛ afe 1335) . * [[Lingeer Ndoye Demba a ɔyɛ ɔbaabun|Lingeer Ndoye Demba]] (bɛyɛ afe 1367) (Fatim Beye banana) . * [[Lingeer Ngoné Dièye na ɔyɛ ɔbarima|Lingeer Ngoné Dièye]], afeha a ɛto so 17 Ɔhemmaa ne Ɔhemmaa Cayor ne Baol Maame, ne Damel Lat Sukabe Fall maame * Lingeer Djembet anaa [[Njembot Mbodj na ɔkyerɛwee|Njembot Mbodj]] (ɔyɛ adwuma wɔ 1830 mfeɛ no mu; owui wɔ September 1846).<ref>Sheldon, Kathleen E., "Historical dictionary of women in [[Afrika a ɛwɔ Sahara Anafo fam|Sub-Saharan Africa]], vol. 1, [[Scarecrow Press a Ɛyɛ Fɛ|Scarecrow Press]], 2005, p. 148 {{ISBN|0-8108-5331-0}}</ref> * Lingeer [[Ndaté Yalla Mbodj na ɔkyerɛwee|Ndaté Yalla Mbodj]], dii ne nuabea ade wɔ afe 1846.<ref>Adande, Alexis B.A., & Arinze, Emmanuel, "The place of Women in the [[Misiɔm|Museum]] of [[Saint-Louis, Senegal, na ɔkyerɛwee|Saint-Louis]], [in] ''Museums & urban culture in [[Afrika Atɔe Fam|West Africa]]'', Institut africain international, [[Oxford Sukuupɔn Nsɛmma Nhoma Tintimbea|Oxford]], 2002, p. 145-146 {{ISBN|0-85255-276-9}}</ref> * [[Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof]] (Franse: Selbé Diouf), Sine Hene babea— Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof . Senegambia Nkramofo asraafo kyeree no bere a ''Mbin o Ngor'' (anaa ''Keur Ngor'' ) tow hyɛɛ no so mpofirim no. Saa ntua a ɛyɛ nwonwa a wɔde baa Sererfo a wɔwɔ Sine so no maa Fandane-Thiouthioune Ko no yɛɛ ntɛmntɛm wɔ 1867 mu baabi a Kumba Ndoffene asraafo dii Nkramofo Maraboutfo so nkonim, na wokum wɔn kannifo Maba Diakhou Ba . Serer Princes no a wɔkyeree wɔn sie akyi no, wɔde ahoɔden waree no kɔɔ Abdoulaye Ouli Bâ —Maba nuanom no mu biako a na n’agya amma kwan. Kumba Ndoffene nkonimdi akyi wɔ Fandane-Thiouthioune no, Ɔhene no de ahyɛde mae sɛ wɔmma Abdoulaye Ouli Bâ ntwitwa esiane akokoduru a ɔde hyɛɛ ne babea a wɔhyɛɛ no mu nti.<ref>Diouf, Niokhobaye. ''Chronique du royaume du Sine.'' Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972). pp. 726-729 (PDF: pp. 16—18)</ref><ref>Sarr, pp 37-38</ref> == Hwɛ nso == * [[Maad a Sinig na ɔyɛ]] * [[Maad Saloum na ɔkyerɛwee]] * [[Damel na ɔkyerɛwee]] * [[Teigne (asɛmti) .]] * [[Brak (Afrika ahemfo) .]] * [[Buumi]] * [[Thilas]] * [[Loul na ɔkyerɛwee]] == Nsɛm a Wɔahyɛ no Nsow == * <references responsive="1"></references> == Nsɛm a wɔde gyina so == lt9rs2ofuk1l5ovk0huf1xiwzgq0ccf 0 15133 200505 196918 2026-08-10T18:32:13Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|}} {{Infobox disease | Name = Nsu mu nwaw atiridii(schistosomiasis) | Image = Schistosomiasis in a child 2.jpg | Caption = Abofra a wadi mfe dubiako a[[nsu|ahyε ne furu]] ne[[ntini mu mogyammoroso]] esiane nsu mu nwaw atiridii(Agusan del Sur, wͻ Philippines) | Field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] | pronounce ={{IPAc-en|ˌ|ʃ|i|s|t|ə|s|ə|ˈ|m|aɪ|ə|s|ᵻ|s|,_|-|t|oʊ|-|,_|-|s|oʊ|-}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/schistosomiasis |title=schistosomiasis - definition of schistosomiasis in English from the Oxford dictionary |publisher=[[OxfordDictionaries.com]] |access-date=2016-01-20 |archive-date=2015-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119184949/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/schistosomiasis |url-status=dead }}</ref> | synonyms = bilharzia, nsu mu nwaw atiridii, Katayama atiridii<ref name=NHS2011>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) | url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/schistosomiasis/Pages/Introduction.aspx | work=NHS Choices | accessdate=15 March 2014 | date=17 December 2011 | archive-date=15 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315131919/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/schistosomiasis/Pages/Introduction.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis | url=http://www.patient.info/doctor/schistosomiasis-pro | website=Patient.info | accessdate=11 June 2014 | date=12/2/2013}}</ref> | DiseasesDB =11875 |DiseasesDB_mult={{DiseasesDB2|11882}}{{DiseasesDB2|11856}} | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|65||b|65}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|120}} | OMIM = | MedlinePlus =001321 | eMedicineSubj=article | eMedicineTopic=228392 | MeshID = D012552 |Orphanet=1247 }} '''Nsu mu nwaw atiridii''', a wͻsan frε no '''schistosomiasis''', yε [[yare bi|yare bi a nsonsono bi]] a wͻte [[nipadua|nipadua mu]] [[nsonsono tratraa|a wͻye nsonsono tratraa]] a a wͻfrε no[[schistosome]] de ba.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> [[Dwensͻtwaa]] no anaa [[obi nsono]] ho betumi aba asεm.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Nsεnkyerεnne no bi ne [[ayaase yaw]] , [[ayamtu]] , [[mogya a εwͻ agyanan mu|mogya a εwͻ agyanan mu]] , anaa [[mogya a εwͻ dwensͻ mu|mogya a εwͻ dwensͻ mu]] .<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Wͻn a wͻanya yare yi [[na emu ayε den|bere tenten]] betumi anya [[berεbo mu haw]] , [[asaabo mu haw]] , [[awo a εmma]] , anaa [[dwensͻkotoku mu kokoram|dwensͻ kotoku mu kokoram]] <!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Wͻ mmofra mu no, ebetumi ama [[wͻrennyin papa]] ne [[dεmdi wͻ adesua mu|adesua mu haw]] .<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis Fact sheet N°115 | url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs115/en | work=World Health Organization | accessdate=15 March 2014| date=3 February 2014}}</ref> <!-- Cause --> Yare no trεw denam [[nsu]] a εwͻ mmoawa no a εka obi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Mmoawa yi fi [[nsu mu nwaw]] a wͻwͻ mmoawa yi mu.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Yare yi abu so wͻ mmofra a wͻwͻ aman a ehia wͻn mu esiane sε mmofra yi taa di agoru wͻ nsu a mmoawa yi wom mu.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Afoforo a wotumi nya bi ne akuafo, apofofo, ne afoforo a wͻde nsu yi di dwuma.<ref name=WHO2014/>Yare yi wͻ [[helminthiasis abusuakuw mu|yare a nsonsono de ba]] .<ref>{{cite web | title=Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel | url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/schistosomiasis | website=cdc.gov | accessdate=30 November 2014 | date=1 August 2013}}</ref>Wͻnam nsonsono yi nkesua a wͻhwehwε wͻ obi dwensͻ anaa agyanan mu na εyε yare yi mu nhwehwεmu.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Wobetumi nso ahu denam [[nipaduam nnuru a εko yare]] mu a wͻhwehwε wͻ mogya mu.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Prevention and Treatment --> Akwan a wͻfa so siw yare yi kwan bi ne nsu a emu tew a wͻde di dwuma ne nsu mu nwaw a wokum wͻn.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Wͻ mmeae a yare yi abu so no, aduru [[praziquantel]] yε nea wobetumi de ama nnipakuw no.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Wͻyε eyi de tew nipa a wͻanya yare yi dodow so, na εnam so asiw yare no trεw ano.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Praziquantel ne aduru a [[Wiase Akwanhosan Ahyehyεde]] (WHO) akamfo de akyerε.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Epidemiology --> Nipa bεyε ͻpepem ahanu ne du na wonyaa nsu mu nwaw atiridii(schistosomiasis) wͻ wiase nyinaa wͻ afe 2012 mu. <ref name=Fen2012>{{cite journal | last=Fenwick | first=A | title=The global burden of neglected tropical diseases.| journal=Public Health | date=Mar 2012 | volume=126 | issue=3 | pages=233–6 | pmid=22325616|doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.015}}</ref> Nipa bεyε mpem dumien kosi<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal | last=Lozano | first=R. | title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095 | journal=Lancet | date=15 December 2012 | volume=380 | issue=9859 | pages=2095–128 | pmid=23245604 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 | last2=Naghavi | first2=M. | last3=Foreman | first3=K. | last4=Lim | first4=S. | last5=Shibuya | first5=K. | last6=Aboyans | first6=V. | last7=Abraham | first7=J. | last8=Adair | first8=T. | last9=Aggarwal | first9=R. | displayauthors=8}}</ref> mpem ahanu na wͻfa mu wu afe biara.<ref name=The2013>{{cite journal | last=Thétiot-Laurent | first=S. A. | author2=Boissier, J. | author3=Robert, A. | author4= Meunier, B. | title=Schistosomiasis Chemotherapy | journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English | date=27 June 2013 | pmid=23813602 | volume=52 | issue=31 | pages=7936–56 | doi=10.1002/anie.201208390}}</ref> Yare yi abu so wͻ Afrika, Asia ne Amεrika Anafo.<ref name=WHO2014/> Nipa bεyε ͻpepem ahansͻn wͻ aman bεboro aduosͻn na wͻtete mmeae a yare yi abu so mu.<ref name=The2013/><ref>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis A major public health problem | url=http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/en | work=World Health Organization | accessdate=15 March 2014}}</ref> Wͻ aman a ͻhyew wom no, nsu mu nwaw atiridii na edi [[atiridii(ntontom de)]] akyi wͻ nyarewa a εtete saa mu a εde sikasεm haw ba.<ref name="SCP">{{Cite web | author=The Carter Center | title=Schistosomiasis Control Program | url=http://www.cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html | accessdate=17 July 2008 | archive-date=20 July 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720091015/http://cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Wͻakyerε sε nsu mu nwaw atiridii(schistosomiasis) [[yε yare a wͻabu ani agu so]] .<ref>{{cite web | title=Neglected Tropical Diseases | url=http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html | website=cdc.gov | accessdate=28 November 2014 | date=6 June 2011}}</ref> ==Nsεm afoforo== <references /> [[Nkyekyem:Gao lazamankwala]] i8agfakrsvrcyfcux4h6g2w6naban8y 0 15356 200503 186198 2026-08-10T18:30:31Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q2491965}} [[File:Flint_Water_Crisis.jpg|thumb| Nkurɔfo a wɔrekasa atia nsu ho haw a ɛwɔ Flint, Michigan [[:en:Flint water crisis|water crisis in Flint, Michigan]]), a ɛka nnipa a wɔn kɔla gu ahorow ne mpɔtam a wonnya sika pii wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so no]] '''Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nyiyim''', '''abɔde a nkwa wom mu nyiyim''' anaa '''abɔde a nkwa wom mu nyiyim''' yɛ ahyehyɛde mu mmusua mu nyiyim ([[:en:Institutional racism|institutional racism]]) a ɛde mmeae a wɔtow nneɛma gu, mmeae a wɔhyew nneɛma, ne nwura a asiane wom gu mmeae a wɔn kɔla ([[:en:Community of color|communities of color]]) gu ahorow mu wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so. Wɔ amanaman ntam no, ɛne extractivism, a ɛde nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho adesoa a ɛne sɛ wotu fagude, ngo a wotu, ne mfiridwuma mu kuayɛ no to aborɔfo ne aman a wodi hia a nnipa a wɔn kɔla gu ahorow na wɔte mu kɛse no so nso wɔ abusuabɔ.<ref name=":2" /> Mmuae a wɔyɛ wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ho no aboa ma wɔayɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee ([[:en:Environmental justice|environmental justice]]) kuw a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ United States ne amannɔne wɔ 1970 ne 1980 mfe no nyinaa mu. Ebia mmusua mu nyiyim a ɛfa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho ahaw akuw nketewa ([[:en:Minority group|minority groups]]) anaa nnipa dodow no ara a wɔdɔɔso, te sɛ nea ɛkɔɔ so wɔ South Africa baabi a nnipa mu nyiyim ([[:en:Apartheid|apartheid]]) nyaa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so nkɛntɛnso a ɛyɛ mmerɛw wɔ Abibifo so no. Wɔ amanaman ntam no, wiase nyinaa nwura ho aguadi ([[:en:Global waste trade|trade in global waste]]) ma wiase nnipa dodow no ara yɛ ɔhaw wɔ aman a wodi hia a nnipa a wɔn kɔla gu ahorow na wɔte mu kɛse no mu. Ɛfa sɛnea ɛhɔfo akuw yɛ mmerɛw ([[:en:Vulnerability|vulnerability]]) titiriw wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔsɛe no ho nso ho.   == Abakɔsɛm == [[File:Dr._Benjamin_F._Chavis,_Jr._crop.jpg|thumb|Benjamin F. Chavis, Jr. na ɔyɛɛ kasasin "nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nyiyim".]] "Atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu mmusua mu nyiyim" yɛ asɛmfua a Benjamin Chavis, a na anka ɔyɛ United Church of Christ (UCC) Commission for Racial Justice no kwankyerɛfo panyin no de bae wɔ 1982 mu. Wɔ ɔkasa bi a ɔsɔre tiaa polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) nwura a asiane wom a wɔde bɛto Warren Mantam, North Carolina nwura ([[:en:Warren County PCB Landfill|Warren County, North Carolina landfill]],) a wɔtow gu mu mu no, Chavis kyerɛɛ asɛmfua no ase sɛ:<blockquote>mmusuakuw mu nyiyim wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nhyehyɛe a wɔyɛ mu, mmara ne mmara a wɔde di dwuma, mpɔtam a wɔn kɔla gu ahorow a wɔhyɛ da de wɔn ani si mmeae a wɔde nwura a awuduru wom gu so, aban mpanyimfo a wɔpene so sɛ awuduru ne efi a ɛwɔ yɛn mpɔtam hɔ a ɛde nkwa to asiane mu, ne abakɔsɛm a ɛfa nnipa a wɔayi wɔn afi mu no ho kɔla a efi abɔde a nkwa wom ho akuw no akannifo hɔ.</blockquote>Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim a wogye toom no kanyan nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee ([[:en:Environmental justice|environmental justice]]) kuw a efii ase wɔ 1970 ne 1980 mfe no mu a na ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso a efi ɔmanfo hokwan ahorow kuw ([[:en:Civil rights movement|civil rights movement]]) a edii kan bae no mu bae . Ahyehyɛde ahorow a ɛwɔ fam ne ɔsatu ahorow de adwene sii nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim so wɔ nhyehyɛe a wɔyɛ mu na wosii hia a ɛho hia sɛ nnipa kakraa bi de wɔn ho hyɛ mu no so dua. Bere a abakɔsɛm mu no, wɔde nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim abata nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee kuw no ho no, wɔ mfe no nyinaa mu no, wɔatetew asɛmfua no mu kɛse. Nsɛm a esisii wɔ Warren Mantam mu akyi no, UCC ne U.S. Akontaabu Dwumadibea ([[:en:US General Accounting Office|US General Accounting Office]]) Kɛse no de amanneɛbɔ ahorow a ɛkyerɛ sɛ mmeae a wɔtow nwura a asiane wom gu wɔ mmeae a ɛnsɛ wɔ mpɔtam a nnipa kakraa bi na wodi hia no mae. Chavis ne Oduruyɛfo Robert D. Bullard ([[:en:Robert D. Bullard|Dr. Robert D. Bullard]]) kyerɛɛ mmusua mu nyiyim a wɔde ahyɛ ahyehyɛde ahorow mu a efi aban ne nnwumakuw nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛde mmusua mu nyiyim a ɛfa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho bae no so. Nea ɛka mmusua mu nyiyim nneyɛe yi ho ne redlining, zoning, ne colorblind adaptation planning. Nnipa a wɔte hɔ no nyaa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim esiane wɔn asetra ne sikasɛm tebea a ɛba fam, ne amammui mu ananmusifo ne akwantu a wonni nti. Bere a ɔretrɛw nkyerɛase no mu wɔ "Amerika Nnipa mu nyiyim ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu mmusua mu nyiyim agyapade" mu no, Oduruyɛfo (Dr.) Bullard kae sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim:<blockquote>kyerɛ nhyehyɛe (policy), adeyɛ (practice), anaa akwankyerɛ (directive) biara a ɛsono sɛnea ɛka anaasɛ ɛde ɔhaw ba (sɛ ɛyɛ nea wɔahyɛ da ayɛ anaasɛ wɔanhyɛ da - whether intended or unintended) ankorankoro (individuals), akuw (groups), anaa mpɔtam (communities ) a egyina abusuakuw anaa kɔla so.</blockquote> === Wiase nyinaa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim (Global environmental racism) === Ɛwom sɛ wɔde asɛmfua no bae wɔ U.S. de, nanso nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim nso ba wɔ amanaman ntam. Nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ esiane sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmara abɛyɛ nea ɛda nsow wɔ aman a wɔanya nkɔso mu nti, nnwumakuw de wɔn nwura akɔ Wiase Nyinaa Kesee Fam ([[:en:Global North and Global South|Global South]]). Aman a wonnyaa nkɔso pii no taa nni nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmara kakraa bi na wɔbɛyɛ mmeae a efi ba ([[:en:Pollution haven hypothesis|pollution havens]]). Mpɔtam a wɔato wɔn hintidua a wonni asetra ne sikasɛm ne amammui mu akwan a wɔbɛfa so asɔre atia nnwumakuw akɛse no yɛ nea ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wɔbɛyɛ nneyɛe a ɛkyerɛ mmusua mu nyiyim a ɛfa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho a ɛsɛe wɔn akwahosan. Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee ko tia akwanside ahorow a ɛmma wontumi nyɛ adwuma pɛpɛɛpɛ , ahomegye, nhomasua, nyamesom, ne mpɔtam a ahobammɔ wɔ. Wɔ "Ahiafo a Wɔhwɛ Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Ho ([[:en:Environmentalism of the poor|Environmentalism of the Poor]])" mu no, kyerɛw sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee "kyerɛ sɛ sikasɛm mu nkɔso-awerɛhosɛm ne sɛ ɛkyerɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no nkɛntɛnso a ɛkɔ soro, na esi asasesin mu a wotu fibea ne nsu ase so dua.<ref>Alier, J. M. (2005). The environmentalism of the poor: A study of ecological conflicts and valuation. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.</ref> == Nea ɛde ba (Causes) == Nneɛma anan (4) na ɛde mmusua mu nyiyim ba nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho: asase a ne bo nyɛ den a wonnya, amammui mu tumi a wonni, wontumi nkɔ baabiara, ne ohia. Nnwumakuw ne aban ahyehyɛde ahorow hwehwɛ asase a ne bo nyɛ den. Nea afi mu aba ne sɛ, mpɔtam a wontumi nnyina saa nnwumakuw ne aban ahyehyɛde ahorow yi ano yiye na wontumi nnya amammui tumi no ntumi nsusuw ɛka a wɔbɔ no ara kwa ho. Mpɔtam a asetra ne sikasɛm mu nkɔso kakraa bi na ɛwɔ hɔ no ntumi ntu nkɔ baabi foforo. Sika a wonnya nso ma mpɔtam hɔfo no tumi a wɔde yɛ ade wɔ honam fam ne amammui mu nyinaa so tew. Chavis kyerɛkyerɛɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu mmusua mu nyiyim mu wɔ akuw anum mu: mmusuakuw mu nyiyim wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔkyerɛkyerɛ mu mu, nyiyim a wɔde hyɛ mmara ne mmara ahorow mu, wɔhyɛ da de wɔn ani si mpɔtam kakraa bi so sɛ mmeae a wɔtow nwura a asiane wom, aban mpanyimfo a wɔma efi a ɛyɛ hu ho kwan wɔ mpɔtam kakraa bi mu, ne nnipa a wɔn kɔla gu ahorow a wɔayi wɔn afi mu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho akannifo dibea ahorow. Mpɛn pii no, nnipa kakraa bi nni sikasɛm, ahonyade, ne amammui mu ananmusifo a wɔde bɛsɔre atia mmeae a wɔtow nwura a ɛyɛ hu gu. Wɔfrɛ no asase a wɔmpɛ a wɔde di dwuma wɔ mpɔtam hɔ (locally unwanted land uses - LULUs), saa nneɛma yi a ɛboa mpɔtam hɔfo nyinaa no taa brɛ mpɔtam kakraa bi asetra ase. Saa mpɔtam yi nso betumi agyina sikasɛm mu hokwan ahorow a beae no de ba so na wɔmpɛ sɛ wɔbɛsɔre atia beae a ɛwɔ no de wɔn akwahosan to asiane mu. Bio nso, nnwuma a akyinnyegye (controversial projects) wɔ ho no ntaa mfa nsi mmeae a ɛnyɛ nnipa kakraa bi a wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wɔbɛyɛ adwuma a wɔbom yɛ na wɔadi nkonim wɔ sɔre a wɔsɔre tia nnwuma no a wɔde besisi wɔn mpɔtam hɔ no mu. Wɔ nkurow a ɛwɔ Wiase Nyinaa Atifi fam mu no, nkurow nketewa a wɔde wɔn yɛ ne gentrification de nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ho nhwɛso ahorow ba. Sɛ nhwɛso no, aborɔfo a woguan fi mmeae a wɔyɛ mfiridwuma kɔ mmeae a ahobammɔ wom, ɛho tew, na ɛwɔ nkurow no akyi no ma nnipa kakraa bi tra nkurow a ɛwɔ mu no mu na ɛbɛn mmeae a wɔyɛ mfiridwuma a efi wom no. Wɔ saa mmeae yi no, adwuma a wonnya nyɛ dɔɔso na nnwumakuw ntaa mfa wɔn sika nhyɛ mpɔtam hɔ nkɔso mu, na ɛde sikasɛm tebea a enye ba ma wɔn a wɔte hɔ no so na ɛhyɛ asetra mu nhyehyɛe a ɛsan de mmusuakuw mu pɛyɛ a enni hɔ ba no mu den. Bio nso, wɔn a wɔreyɛ mmeae a wɔtow nwura a asiane wom no betumi asusuw agyapade wuranom ne wɔn a wɔte kurow bi mu no ohia ho, efisɛ mmeae a adan ne afie bo akɔ fam no bɛma wɔakora wɔn a wɔresi no sika so. === Asetra ne sikasɛm mu afa horow (Socioeconomic aspects) === Ɛka–mfaso nhwehwɛmu ([[:en:Cost–benefit analysis|Cost–benefit analysis]] - CBA) yɛ adeyɛ a ɛde sika boɔ to ɛka ne mfasoɔ so de hwehwɛ nsɛm mu.<ref>"Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)", World Bank Group. n.d. Accessed: 20 November 2011.</ref> Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho CBA botae ne sɛ ɛbɛma nhyehyɛe ano aduru ama nneɛma a wontumi mfa wɔn nsa nka te sɛ mframa a ɛho tew ne nsu denam ɔpɛ a adetɔfo bi wɔ sɛ obetua saa nneɛma yi ho ka a wɔbɛsusuw so. CBA boa ma nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ba denam nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛsom bo a egyina mfaso a ɛwɔ so ma ɔmanfo so. Sɛ obi wɔ ɔpɛ na otumi tua nsu pa anaa mframa pa ho ka kɛse a, sika a wotua no so ba ɔmanfo mfaso kɛse wɔ sika fam sen bere a nkurɔfo ntumi ntua saa nneɛma yi ho ka no. Eyi de adesoa ba mpɔtam a wodi hia so. Nwura a awuduru wom a wɔde bɛkɔ baabi foforo no fata efisɛ mpɔtam a wodi hia ntumi ntua sika kɛse te sɛ beae a wodi yiye wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ɛho tew ho. Nwura a awuduru wom a wɔde gu baabi a ɛbɛn ahiafo no ma asase a ne bo yɛ mmerɛw dedaw no agyapade bo so tew. Esiane sɛ agyapade bo a ɛso tew no sua sen beae a ɛhɔ tew na wodi yiye nti, sikasɛm mu mfaso a ɛwɔ so ma ɔmanfo no yɛ kɛse denam nwura a awuduru wom a wɔtow gu beae a "ɛho bo nyɛ den" no so. == Nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ akwahosan so (Impacts on health) == Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nyiyim (Environmental racism) nya mpɔtam a nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a enye aka wɔn no akwahosan. Nneɛma ahorow a ebetumi de akwahosan ho haw aba no bi ne nnuru a ɛyɛ hu a ɛde awuduru a ɛwɔ mmeae a wɔtow nneɛma gu (hazardous chemical toxins in landfills) ne nsubɔnten mu (rivers). Sɛ obi nya awuduru (toxins) yi a, ebetumi ama amemene no nyin ([[:en:Brain development|brain development]]) nso ayɛ mmerɛw anaasɛ ama ayɛ brɛoo. Saa asiane ahorow (hazards) yi nso ka ankorankoro a wɔte saa mpɔtam yi akwahosan, na ɛkyerɛ sɛnea nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia akwahosan ([[:en:Environmental health|environmental health]]) pa a wɔbɛkɔ so akura mu no ho hia na ama wɔahwɛ ahu sɛ nnipa a wonni ahobammɔ betumi atra ase yiye wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔde wɔn ho to so no afa horow ho.<ref>"The Effects of Noise on Health". ''hms.harvard.edu''. Retrieved 2023-03-09.</ref> Ahyehyɛde a ɛbɔ mmoa ho ban a wɔfrɛ no [[Wɔ Mmoa Ho Banbɔ mu]] ([[:en:In Defense of Animals|In Defense of Animals]]) ka sɛ mmoa kuayɛ a emu yɛ den ka mpɔtam a ɛbɛn hɔ no akwahosan wɔ ɔkwan a enye so. Wogye di sɛ atare a wɔde nwura gu mu a ɛbata ho no ma mframa a awuduru wom a enni kɔla a ɛyɛ nkesua a aporɔw hua, a acid ahorow a ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ sulfides so na ɛyɛ ([[:en:Hydrogen sulfide|hydrogen sulfide]]) na ɛde efi ba nsu a ɛwɔ mpɔtam hɔ no mu, na ɛma nyinsɛn gu, awo mu dɛmdi, ne nyarewa a ɛpae gui kɛse. Wɔde saa mfuw yi asisi mmeae a wonnya sika pii ne mpɔtam a wɔn kɔla gu ahorow. Asiane afoforo ne nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu, nnuru a ɛsen ne nneɛma nketenkete a ɛwɔ mframa mu.<ref name=":3" /> Ahotew a enye wɔ mmeae ne nnuru a wɔde di dwuma nso betumi aka kuayɛ adwumayɛfo a wɔtaa yɛ nnipa a wɔn kɔla gu ahorow no. Ɛsɛ sɛ wim tebea ho nyansahufo kuw no yɛ adwuma wɔ nsɛm a ɛwɔ hɔ, nsɛm a wɔboaboa ano, ne adwuma a wɔbɛyɛ de ayi abakɔsɛm mu pɛyɛ a enni nneɛma mu no afi hɔ. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nsɛm a ɛfa ɔhyew a ɛresɛe wɔ Afrika ho nni hɔ kɛse, nanso ɔhyew asorɔkye no ka nnipa pii. === Efiyɛ (Pollution) === [[File:Borewll_drilling_dust_pollution.webm|thumb|Drilling mfutuma efi a ɛboa ma dodow a awuduru mframa a wɔhome.]] United States kesee fam apuei fa no anya efi kɛse na nnipa kakraa bi na wɔde saa nsunsuanso ahorow no ayɛ kɛse. Nnipa pii wɔ hɔ a wɔawuwu anaasɛ wɔyare a enni sabea esiane fango adwumayɛbea ahorow a ɛwɔ mmeae te sɛ [[Detroit]], [[Memphis]], ne Kansas City nti. Tennessee ne West Virginiafo ([[:en:West Virginia|West Virginia]] residents) taa home nso a awuduru wom esiane ɔtopae ([[:en:Rock blasting|blasting]]) a wɔtow wɔ mmepɔw so de tu fam nti. Ɔpɛ, nsuyiri, asase ne mframa pa a ɛso tew bere nyinaa no na ɛkyerɛ nnipa a wɔte mmeae yi akwahosan ne ahobammɔ. Mpɔtam a wɔn kɔla gu ahorow na wɔn sikasɛm tebea sua no taa te nsɛm yi mu adesoa ankasa nka. Mpɔtam pii wɔ wiase nyinaa a wohyia ɔhaw koro no ara. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Desmond D’Sa adwuma no twee adwene sii mpɔtam a ɛwɔ South Durban a nnwuma a efi kɛse wom nya nnipa a wɔde ahoɔden tu kɔɔ mmeae foforo wɔ Nnipa mu nyiyim ([[:en:Apartheid|Apartheid]]) bere mu no so nkɛntɛnso.  == Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim a wɔbɛtew so (Reducing environmental racism) == Wɔn a wɔyɛ adwumaden ahyɛ sɛ wɔmfa "atɛntrenee ho adwene a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu kɛse na egyina ɔmanfo so." Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee (EJ) kuw ne wim tebea ho atɛntrenee (CJ) kuw no di nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ho dwuma wɔ nsakrae a wɔde bɛba ne mmara a wɔhyɛ mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a nnipa a wɔato wɔn hintidua no rennya wim nsakrae ne efi a ɛnyɛ nea ɛfata. Sɛnea [[Amɑnɑmɑn Nkɑbɔmu|Amanaman Nkabom]] Nhyiam a Ɛhwɛ Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ne Nkɔso So kyerɛ no ([[:en:United Nations|United Nations]] Conference on Environment and Development), ano aduru biako a ebetumi aba ne ahwɛyiye nnyinasosɛm ([[:en:Precautionary principle|precautionary principle]]), a ɛka sɛ “baabi a ahunahuna wɔ hɔ sɛ wɔbɛsɛe ade kɛse anaasɛ wontumi nsakra no, wɔremfa nyansahu mu ahotoso a enni hɔ nni dwuma sɛ nea enti a wɔbɛtwentwɛn nneɛma ase a ɛho ka sua.” nneɛma a wɔbɛyɛ de asiw nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔsɛe no ([[:en:Environmental degradation|environmental degradation]]) ano." Wɔ nnyinasosɛm yi ase no, wɔde ahyɛ nea ofii dwumadi a ebetumi ayɛ asiane ase no nsa sɛ ɔnkyerɛ sɛnea dwumadi no yɛ nea ahobammɔ wom. Wɔn a wɔyɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee ho adwuma nso si hia a ehia sɛ wɔtew nwura so wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so so dua, na ɛno bɛyɛ adwuma de atew adesoa no nyinaa so, na ɛbɛtew methane a wɔtow gu no so a ɛno nso brɛ wim nsakrae ase ([[:en:Climate change|climate change]]).<ref name="withered" /> === Adesua ahorow (Studies) === Wɔ ɔko bere mu no, nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nyiyim ba wɔ akwan horow so a akyiri yi ɔmanfo nam amanneɛbɔ so sua ho ade. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Friends of the Earth International amanneɛbɔ a ɛfa Environmental Nakba ho no twe adwene si nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim a aba wɔ Gaza Strip wɔ Israel ne Palestina Ntawntawdi ([[:en:Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Israeli-Palestinian Conflict]]) no mu so. Israel nneyɛe bi ne sɛ wobetwa nsu a wɔde ma Palestinefo aguanfo no nnansa na wɔsɛe mfuw. Sɛ nhwehwɛmu ahorow a ɛkyerɛ nsɛm a ɛfa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ho da nkyɛn a, nhwehwɛmu ahorow nso de nsɛm a ɛfa sɛnea wɔbɛkɔ so asakra mmara ahorow na wɔasiw nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ano ho ama. Wɔ nhwehwɛmu bi a Daum, Stoler ne Grant yɛe wɔ e-waste management ho wɔ Accra, Ghana mu no, wɔasi hia a ɛho hia sɛ wɔne mfuw ne ahyehyɛde ahorow te sɛ nnwumakuw a wɔsan de nneɛma di dwuma, mpɔtam hɔfo, ne dade a wɔabubu aguadifo di nkitaho so dua wɔ akwan horow a wɔfa so yɛ nsakrae te sɛ bara a wɔbara sɛ wɔhyew ne nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde bɛsan atɔ nneɛma a ennyaa nneyɛe a ɛresakra no so nkɛntɛnso kɛse. Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee ho abenfo te sɛ Laura Pulido, Mmusuakuw Ho Adesua Dwumadibea Panyin (Department Head of [[:en:Ethnic studies|Ethnic Studies]]) ne Ɔbenfo wɔ Oregon Sukuupɔn mu ([[:en:University of Oregon|University of Oregon]]),<ref>Pulido, Laura. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220329095900/https://www.laurapulido.org/c-v "C.V."] ''www.laurapulido.org''. Retrieved 23 November 2021.</ref> ne David Pellow, Dehlsen ne Dwumadibea a Ɛhwɛ Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Ho Adesua So Titenani (Dehlsen and Department Chair of [[:en:Environmental studies|Environmental Studies]]) ne Wiase Nyinaa Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Atɛntrenee Dwumadi no sohwɛfo (Director of the Global Environmental Justice Project) wɔ California Sukuupɔn, Santa Barbara ([[:en:University of California, Santa Barbara|University of California, Santa Barbara]]), kyerɛ sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu mmusua mu nyiyim a wobegye atom sɛ ade a efi mmusuakuw mu kapitalism ([[:en:Racial capitalism|racial capitalism]]) agyapade a agye ntini mu no ho hia kɛse ma kuw no, a aborɔfo tumidi ([[:en:White supremacy|white supremacy]]) kɔ so hyehyɛ nnipa ne abɔde ne adwumayɛfo abusuabɔ. === Atɛntrenee a ɛfa asɛnnibea ho (Procedural justice) === Mprempren amammui adwene ahorow a ɛfa sɛnea wɔbɛyɛ nsɛm a ɛteɛ a ɛfa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee ho no redan akɔ adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde atɛntrenee a wɔde di dwuma wɔ nhyehyɛe mu ([[:en:Procedural justice|procedural justice]]) bedi dwuma no so. Atɛntrenee a ɛfa nhyehyɛeɛ ho yɛ adwene a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔmfa atɛntrenee nni dwuma wɔ gyinaesie nhyehyɛeɛ mu, titire berɛ a wɔresi gyinaeɛ a wɔaka ho asɛm no wɔ aman ntam nkitahodiɛ tebea te sɛ nneɛma a wɔbɛkyekyɛ anaa adwene a ɛnhyia a wɔbɛsiesie mu. Atɛntrenee a ɛfa asɛnnibea ho no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ gyinaesi a ɛfata, ɛda adi pefee, a animhwɛ nnim a hokwan a ɛyɛ pɛ ma afa horow no nyinaa ka wɔn gyinabea, wɔn adwene, ne wɔn haw ahorow ho asɛm. Sɛ anka wɔde wɔn adwene besi nea ebefi apam ahorow mu aba ne nkɛntɛnso a saa nsunsuanso no nya wɔ nnipa dodow a ɛka wɔn ne akuw a wɔn ani gye ho so kɛkɛ no, nhyehyɛe mu atɛntrenee hwɛ sɛ ɛbɛma wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu nyinaa aka ho wɔ nhyehyɛe no nyinaa mu fi nhyehyɛe so kosi ne di so. Wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu mmusua mu nyiyim a wɔbɛko atia ho no, atɛntrenee a wɔde di dwuma wɔ nhyehyɛe mu no boa ma ɛtew hokwan ahorow a nnipa a wɔwɔ tumi te sɛ aman a wɔtaa di adifudepɛ anaa ankorankoro nnwumakuw nya sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛ gyinaesi nhyehyɛe no nyinaa so na ɛsan de tumi bi hyɛ wɔn a ɛbɛka wɔn tee no nsam gyinaesi ahorow a wɔresisi no. === Nnipa a wɔyɛ adwumaden (Activism) === Activism fa akwan horow pii so. Ɔkwan biako ne ɔyɛkyerɛ anaa ɔsɔretia a wɔbom yɛ, a ebetumi akɔ so wɔ mmeae ahorow pii fi mpɔtam hɔ kosi amanaman ntam. Bio nso, wɔ mmeae a wɔn a wɔyɛ adwumaden te nka te sɛ nea aban ano aduru bɛyɛ adwuma no, ahyehyɛde ahorow ne ankorankoro nyinaa betumi adi amammui mu adeyɛ tee akyi. Mpɛn pii no, adwumayɛfo ne ahyehyɛde ahorow bɛyɛ adwuma abom wɔ ɔmantam ne amanaman ntam nyinaa de anya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ wɔn botae ahorow akyi. ==== Mmea a wɔyɛ aborɔfo akuw a ɛwɔ Canada (Indigenous women's movements in Canada) ==== Wɔasɔre atia akuw pii wɔ Canada a Abibifo mmea na wofii ase tia nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim. Biako a na ɛda nsow na enyaa kuw no so nkɛntɛnso kɛse ne, Canada Mmea Abibifo Fekuw no The Native Women’s Association of Canada’s Anuanom Mmea a Wɔwɔ Honhom mu Dwumadi (The [[:en:Native Women's Association of Canada|Native Women's Association of Canada]]'s - NWAC Sisters Initiative. Saa nhyehyeɛ yi botaeɛ ne sɛ wɔbɛbɔ amanneɛbɔ a ɛfa Abibifoɔ mmaa a wɔwuwu ne wɔn a wɔyera ho sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛma nkurɔfoɔ ate ase na wɔama aban ne ɔmanfoɔ akuo ayɛ ho biribi. Ɛwom sɛ Canada aban (Canadian federal government ) a ɛwɔ ɔman no mu sii gyinae sɛ wɔbɛgye sika a wɔde ma Sisters in Spirit Initiative no wɔ afe 2010 mu deɛ, nanso NWAC kɔ so boa mmaa, Two-Spirit ne LGBTQ+ Abibifoɔ wɔ wɔn ko a wɔko sɛ wɔbɛtie wɔn no mu. Wɔ Abibifo a wɔsɔre tia akuw afoforo mu no, wosi ayaresa a wobenya afi adwenemhaw mu so dua denam honhom fam nneɛma ne atetesɛm mu nneyɛe a wɔde wɔn adwene besi so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛko atia agyanom mpanyimfo ne mmusua mu nyiyim tumi ahorow a ɛde nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim aba no. Adwumayɛfoɔ ne Abibifoɔ mpɔtam nso afa ɔman no mmara kwan so aban kwan so de aka wɔn haw te sɛ apam ahodoɔ, mmara a ɛko tia nnipa a wɔtɔn wɔn, mmara a ɛko tia basabasayɛ a wɔyɛ tia mmaa ne [[Mpaemuka a Ɛfa Hokwan a Abibifo Wɔ Ho (Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous)|UNDRIP]].<ref name=":1" /> Wɔabu eyinom sɛ ano aduru a ɛnnɔɔso wɔ Abibifo akuw ne mpɔtam hɔfo mu efisɛ nne ahorow bi wɔ hɔ a wɔnte na ɔman no nni obu anaasɛ ennye Abibifo aman tumidi ntom.<ref name=":1" /> === Adwinni mu nkyerɛkyerɛmu (Artistic expression) === Mfoniniyɛfo pii nam adebɔ mu nsɛm a wɔka so hwehwɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia, tumi, ne amammerɛ ntam. Wobetumi de adwinni adi dwuma de ama nkurɔfo ate asetra mu nsɛm ase, a nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ka ho. ''Be Dammed'' a Carolina Caycedo yɛe no de video mu nneɛma, mfonini, ne ntama ne nkrataa a wɔadi afra di dwuma sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛma abusuabɔ a ɛda nsu ne tumi ntam wɔ Latin Amerika no ahyia.<ref>Caycedo, C. (n.d.). BE DAMMED (ongoing Project). Retrieved 21 October 2020, from https://web.archive.org/web/20230415090609/http://carolinacaycedo.com/be-dammed-ongoing-project</ref> N’afa horow no ka adwene a ɛhɔfo kura wɔ nsu ho a ɛkyerɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda abɔde ne wɔn ho wɔn ho ntam, ne sɛnea nsu a wɔde ma ankorankoro no ka mpɔtam hɔfo ne abɔde a nkwa wom so nkɛntɛnso ho asɛm.<ref>Caycedo, C., & De Blois, J. (n.d.). The River as a Common Good: Carolina Caycedo's Cosmotarrayas. Retrieved 21 October 2020, from https://www.icaboston.org/publications/river-common-good-carolina-caycedos-cosmotarrayas</ref> Wɔwoo adwuma a ɛtoatoa so no wɔ afe 2014 "Nhyehyɛe Kɛseɛ" a wɔde trɛw nsuo a wɔyi firi asubɔnten Magdelena mu wɔ Colombia no akyi – nhyehyɛeɛ no kyerɛkyerɛɛ nsuo mu anyinam ahoɔden atare 15 a wɔbɛsi no mu kɔɔ akyiri, na ɛmaa amannɔnefoɔ de wɔn ho too Colombia ahodeɛ so kɔɔ soro. Caycedo si sɛnea atubrafo, abɔde, nneɛma a woyi fi mu, ne aborɔfo a wɔyɛ nneɛma a ɛkɔ so wɔ n’adwinni mu no wɔ abusuabɔ so dua. === Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔbɛsiesie (Environmental reparations) === Nyansahufo (scientists) ne sikasɛm ho abenfo (economists ) binom ahwɛ anidaso a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wɔbɛtua nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho akatua, anaasɛ akwan horow a wɔfa so tua ankorankoro a nnwuma a ɛwɔ hɔ no aka wɔn wɔ ɔkwan bi so no mu. Akuw a ebetumi aka wɔn no bi ne ankorankoro a wɔte bɛn nnwumayɛbea, wɔn a abɔde mu asiane asi wɔn, ne wim tebea ho aguanfo a woguan asetra tebea horow a asiane wom wɔ wɔn ankasa man mu. Akatua betumi afa akwan horow pii so, efi sika a wotua tee ma ankorankoro so, kosi sika a wɔde si hɔ de siesie mmeae a wɔsɛe nwura so, kosi mframa a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma so a wɔbɛtɔ ama mpɔtam a wɔte hɔ a wonnya sika pii, kosi sika a wɔde bɛto ɔmanfo kar mu, a ɛtew mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a wɔtow gu so. Sɛnea Robert Bullard kyerɛw no,<ref name=":03">{{cite journal|last1=Bullard|first1=Robert D|year=2001|title=Environmental Justice in the 21st Century: Race Still Matters|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_phylon_fall-winter-2001_49_3-4/page/151|journal=Phylon|volume=49|issue=3–4|pages=151–171|doi=10.2307/3132626|jstor=3132626}}</ref><blockquote>"Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Ho Nsiesie gyina hɔ ma bridge a ɛkɔ nkɔsoɔ ne pɛyɛ mu." . . Akatua yɛ honhom ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia aduru a wɔde sa yare ne mpata."</blockquote> === Nhyehyɛe ne amanaman ntam apam ahorow (Policies and international agreements) === Nwura a ɛyɛ hu a wɔde kɔ aman ([[:en:Global waste trade|export of hazardous waste]]) a ɛtɔ so abiɛsa mu no yɛ ade foforo a ɛhaw adwene a ɛrenya nkɔanim. Wɔ afe 1989 ne 1994 ntam hɔ no, wobu akontaa sɛ wɔde nwura a ɛyɛ hu bɛyɛ metric tɔn 2,611 fii Ahyehyɛde a Ɛhwɛ Sikasɛm mu Nkɔso ne Nkɔso So ([[:en:OECD|Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - OECD]]) aman mu kɔɔ aman a ɛnyɛ OECD no mu. Wɔyɛɛ amanaman ntam apam abien de buaa nwura a ɛyɛ hu a wɔde kɔ wɔn ahye so a ɛrenya nkɔanim no. Na ɛhaw Afrika Biakoyɛ Ahyehyɛde ([[:en:Organisation of African Unity|Organization of African Unity]] - OAU) sɛ Basel Apam a wogye toom wɔ bosome [[Ɔbɛnem]] afe 1989 mu no nka sɛ wɔbɛbara nwura a ɛyɛ hu a wɔbɛfa ahye so no koraa. Wɔ wɔn haw no ho mmuaema mu no, wɔ [[Ɔpɛpɔn]] bosome da a ɛtɔ so aduasa (30), afe 1991 mu no, Afrika Pan-African Nhyiam a Ɛhwɛ Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ne Nkɔso a Ɛkɔ So Daa So no gyee Bamako Apam a ɛbara sɛ wɔmfa nwura a ɛyɛ hu nyinaa mmra Afrika na ɛto wɔn akwantu ano hye wɔ asasepɔn no so no toom. Wɔ bosome [[Ɛbɔ]] afe 1995 mu no, [[:en:Group of 77|G-77]] aman no boa ma wɔyɛɛ nsakrae wɔ Basel Apam no mu de baraa nwura a asiane wom nyinaa a efi aman a wɔyɛ mfiridwuma mu (titiriw OECD aman ne mu kɔ aman afoforo so. OAU de ne nsa hyɛɛ gyinaesi bi ase wɔ afe 1988 mu a ɛkae sɛ nwura a awuduru wom (toxic waste) a wɔtow gu no yɛ "nsɛmmɔnedi a wɔde tia Afrika ne Afrikafo".<ref name="Routledge">{{Citation |title=International Trade in Hazardous Wastes |date=23 April 1998 |chapter=The transboundary shipments of hazardous wastes |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203476901.ch4 |isbn=9780419218906}}</ref> Ɛno akyi bere tiaa bi no, Afrika Atɔe Fam Aman Sikasɛm Kuw ([[:en:Economic Community of West African States|Economic Community of West African States]] - ECOWAS) sii gyinae bi a ɛma kwan ma wɔde asotwe, te sɛ nkwa nna nyinaa afiasenna, ma wɔn a wɔkyeree wɔn sɛ wɔretow nwura a awuduru wom no.<ref name="Routledge" /> Wiase nyinaa ayɔnkofa ([[:en:Globalization|Globalization]]) ne aman ntam apam ahorow a ɛrenya nkɔanim no de nneɛma a ebetumi aba wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ho nsɛm ba. Sɛ nhwɛso no, afe 1994 Amerika Atifi fam Aguadi a Wɔde Ma Ahofadi Ho Apam ([[:en:North American Free Trade Agreement|North American Free Trade Agreement]] - NAFTA) no twee adwumayɛbea ahorow a U.S. na ɛwɔ hɔ no baa Mexico, faako a wogyaee nwura a awuduru wom wɔ [[:en:Chilpancingo|Colonia Chilpancingo]] mpɔtam hɔ na wɔansiesie no kosii sɛ wɔn a wɔyɛ adwumaden no kae sɛ Mexico aban no nsiesie nwura no. Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee akuw ahorow (Environmental justice movements) anya nkɔanim abɛyɛ wiase nyinaa nhyiam ahorow no fa titiriw. Saa nsɛmma nhoma yi reboaboa adwene ano na ɛda nnipa, adwumayɛfo, ne ɔmanfo a wɔbom yɛ adwuma ahorow pii adi. Wiase nyinaa ayɔnkofa ho dadwen betumi aka nnipa ahorow pii a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu a adwumayɛfo (workers), nhomanimfo (academics), ne mpɔtam hɔ akannifo (community leaders) a mfiridwuma mu nkɔso a ɛkɔ soro yɛ ade koro ma wɔn no abom". Wobetumi agyina tebea a nnipa yiyedi wom so akyerɛkyerɛ nhyehyɛe pii mu. Eyi ba efisɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee botae ne sɛ ɛbɛma mpɔtam hɔfo anya hokwan a ahobammɔ wom, ɛfata, na ɛyɛ pɛ na wɔahwɛ ahu sɛ nneɛma te sɛ redlining rensi. Bere a nneɛma soronko yi nyinaa wɔ wɔn adwenem no, nsunsuanso a anibere wom wɔ hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ nhyehyɛeyɛfo susuw ho bere a wɔresi gyinae no. == Nhwɛso ahorow a ɛfa ɔmantam biara ho (Examples by region) == === Afrika === ==== Nigeria ==== [[File:Oil-spill.jpg|thumb|Fam Ngo a wɔhwie gu (Oil spill)]] Efi afe 1956 kosi afe 2006 no, wɔhwiee fɛm ngo bɛyɛ tɔn ɔpepem 1.5 (1.5 million tons of oil) guu Niger Delta, (nea ɛhwie gui wɔ Exxon Valdez asiane no ([[:en:Exxon Valdez oil spill|Exxon Valdez disaster]]) mu no mmɔho aduonum (50). Abibifo a wɔwɔ ɔmantam no mu ahwere wɔn asetrade esiane nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nsɛm yi nti ([[:en:Environmental issues in the Niger Delta|these environmental issues]]), na wonnyaa mfaso biara wɔ sika kɛse a wonya fi ngo mu a wonya fi wɔn nsase so no ho. Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho ntawntawdi ama ntawntawdi a ɛkɔ so wɔ Niger Delta no ([[:en:Conflict in the Niger Delta|conflict in the Niger Delta]]) mu ayɛ den.<ref name="Osaghae 1995">{{Cite journal|last=Osaghae|first=Eghosa E.|date=1995|title=The Ogoni Uprising: Oil Politics, Minority Agitation and the Future of the Nigerian State|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/723402|journal=African Affairs|volume=94|issue=376|pages=325–344|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098833|jstor=723402|issn=0001-9909}}</ref> Nwura a awuduru wom a wɔhyew (Burning of [[:en:Toxic waste|toxic waste]]) ne mframa a wɔsɛe no wɔ nkurow akɛse mu (urban [[:en:Air pollution|air pollution]]) yɛ ɔhaw ahorow wɔ mmeae a wɔanya nkɔso kɛse. [[:en:Ogoni people|Ogoni people]], a wɔyɛ Nigeria Delta mantam a ngo pii wom no mufo akasa atia nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ne sikasɛm a ɛyɛ hu a Shell Fam Ngo ([[:en:Shell Nigeria|Shell Oil's]]) tu no de ba no na wɔakasa atia nnipa hokwan ahorow ([[:en:Human rights abuse|human rights abuses]]) a Nigeria aban ne Shell abu so no. Wɔn amanaman ntam adesrɛ no mu yɛɛ den kɛse bere a wokum Ogonifo a wɔyɛ adwumaden baakron ([[:en:Ogoni Nine|nine Ogoni activists]]) wɔ afe 1995 mu akyi, a na ɔhyehyɛɛ Kuw a basabasayɛ nnim a Ɛhwehwɛ Ogoni Nnipa Nkwa ([[:en:Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People|Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People]] - MOSOP) ka ho. ==== South Africa ==== Ahyehyɛde ahorow bi a ɛwɔ wiase nyinaa asua abusuabɔ a ɛda nnwuma a wotu fagude ne nkɛntɛnso bɔne a enya wɔ mpɔtam hɔfo ne ankorankoro akwahosan so no ho nhwehwɛmu na wɔakyerɛw ho asɛm yiye. Akwahosan ho nsunsuanso a ɛwɔ baabi a ɛbɛn mmeae a wotu fagude no bi ne nea efi mu ba te sɛ nyinsɛn mu nsɛnnennen, adwenemyare, kokoram ahorow, ne nea ɛkeka ho pii. Wɔ Apartheid bere no mu wɔ South Africa no, adwuma a wotu fagude no nyaa nkɔso ntɛmntɛm koraa esiane nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmara a wɔanhyɛ nti. Mpɛn pii no, mpɔtam a nnwumakuw a wotu fagude yɛ adwuma wom no yɛ nea ohia ne adwuma a wonnya nyɛ kɛse wom. Bio nso, wɔ saa mpɔtam yi mu no, mpɛn pii no, mpaapaemu ba ɔman mma no mu wɔ asɛm a ɛfa sɛ ebia mfaso a ɛwɔ so wɔ sikasɛm mu hokwan ahorow mu no boro nea enye wɔ nnipa a wɔwɔ mpɔtam hɔ akwahosan ho no ho. Nnwumakuw a wotu fagude taa bɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔde saa adwene a enhyia yi bedi dwuma ma ayɛ nea mfaso wɔ so denam ntawntawdi yi a wɔbɛma ayɛ kɛse no so. Bio nso, nnwumakuw a wotu fagude a ɛwɔ South Africa no ne ɔman no aban no wɔ abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den, na wɔdan tumi a ɛkari pɛ no ma ɛboa wɔn bere a bere koro no ara wɔma mpɔtam hɔfo fi gyinaesi nhyehyɛe pii mu no. Saa agyapade a ɛfa nnipa a wɔayi wɔn afi nnipa mu yi anya nkɛntɛnso a ɛtra hɔ daa wɔ South Africafo a wodi hia a wɔsoa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a efi, sɛ nhwɛso no, nnwumakuw a wotu fagude no nneyɛe mu ba no mu adesoa. Ebinom ka sɛ sɛ wobetumi ako atia nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nyiyim yiye na wɔanya atɛntrenee a ɛte sɛ nea ɛte bi a, ɛsɛ sɛ wobu nneɛma a ɛma nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu mmusua mu nyiyim tebea horow te sɛ tumi ho akwan horow a agye ntini ne nea wɔahyehyɛ, asetra mu abusuabɔ, ne amammerɛ mu nneɛma nso ho akontaa. Wɔde asɛmfua " ahoɔden ohia " di dwuma de kyerɛ "ahoɔden a wɔde fa nneɛma a ɛfata, wotumi de ho to so, ne bo yɛ den na ɛho tew a wonnya de di ahoɔden som ahiade ho dwuma ma aduannoa ne saa dwumadi ahorow a anyinam ahoɔden ma ɛboa sikasɛm ne nnipa nkɔso Mpɔtam pii a ɛwɔ South Africa hyia ahoɔden ho ohia bi. Mpɛn pii no, South Africa mmea na wɔhwɛ fie ne mpɔtam hɔfo nyinaa so. Ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔwɔ mmeae a sikasɛm mu hia no fa saa asɛyɛde yi nko, na mmom nsɛnnennen afoforo pii wɔ hɔ a wohyia. Nyiyim a egyina ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna, abusuakuw, ne adesuakuw so nyinaa da so ara wɔ South Africafo amammerɛ mu. Esiane eyi nti, wɔtaa yi mmea a wɔyɛ ɔmanfo nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma titiriw wɔ wɔn adwuma mu wɔ fie ne mpɔtam hɔfo no fi gyinaesi biara a ɛfa ɔman no nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma ne nea wobenya ho no mu. Ahoɔden ho ohia a efi mu ba no hyɛ mmea ma wɔde ahoɔden fibea ahorow a ne bo yɛ den na ebetumi apira wɔn ankasa akwahosan ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia nyinaa di dwuma. Ne saa nti, ahoɔden a wɔyɛ no foforo ho nhyehyɛe ahorow pii aba South Africa a wɔde wɔn ani asi mpɔtam ne mmea yi so titiriw de asiesie tebea yi.<ref name="Fakier" /> === Asia === ==== China ==== Efi 1990 mfe no mfinimfini kosi bɛyɛ afe 2001 no, wobu akontaa sɛ na wɔde ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri a wɔboaboa ano sɛ wɔmfa nyɛ adwuma bio wɔ United States atɔe fam fa no mu bɛyɛ ɔha biara mu nkyem 50 kosi 80 rekɔ amannɔne de abubu, na na wɔde kɔ China ne Asia Kesee Fam Apuei titiriw.<ref>Grossman, 189.</ref> Saa nneɛma a wɔabubu yi yɛ nea mfaso wɔ so kɛse na wɔpɛ esiane adwumayɛfo pii, adwumayɛfo a wɔn bo nyɛ den, ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmara a ɛnyɛ den nti.<ref>Grossman, 194.</ref> Guiyu, China, yɛ mmeae akɛse a wɔsan de e-waste di dwuma bio no mu biako, baabi a kɔmputa afa horow a wɔatow agu akuwakuw kɔ soro wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn asubɔnten no ano na nneɛma a wɔde afrafra, te sɛ cadmium, kɔbere, kɔbere, PBDEs, gu mpɔtam hɔ nsu a wɔde ma no ho fi.<ref>Grossman, 184.</ref> Nsu a Basel Adeyɛ Nkitahodibea ([[:en:Basel Action Network|Basel Action Network]]) gyee wɔ afe 2001 mu fii Lianjiang Asubɔnten ([[:en:Lian River (South China Sea)|Lianjiang River]]) no mu no, na kɔbere dodow a ɛboro WHO ahobammɔ gyinapɛn ahorow so mpɛn 190. Ɛmfa ho sɛ nsu a wɔnom a efin wom no, ɛhɔfo kɔ so de nsu a efin wom di dwuma sen nsu a wɔnom a ne bo yɛ den a wɔde lɔre de ba no.<ref name="autogenerated2006" /> Amanneɛbɔ ahorow a wɔde ama nnansa yi kyerɛ sɛ mmofra a wɔwɔ Guiyu, China, beae a wɔyɛ e-waste no mu bɛyɛ ɔha biara mu 80 na awuduru a wɔde kɔbere ayɛ wɔn. Ansa na wɔde bedi dwuma sɛ baabi a wɔde ɛlɛtrɔnik nwura kɔ no, na akuafo nkumaa a wɔyɛ kuayɛ adwuma no na wɔyɛ Guiyu fa kɛse no ara.<ref name="autogenerated3">Grossman, 187.</ref> Nanso, wɔagyae kuayɛ adwuma de ayɛ adwuma a mfaso wɔ so kɛse wɔ ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri a wɔasɛe no mu.<ref name="autogenerated3" /> "Sɛnea Atɔe Fam nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfo ne China sukuupɔn ne NGO nhwehwɛmufo nyinaa kyerɛ no, tebea horow a ɛwɔ saa adwumayɛfo yi nkuraase nkuraa ase no nye araa ma ɛlɛtrɔnik nneɛma a wɔsɛe no tete adwuma a ɛwɔ Guiyu mpo ma wonya nkɔso wɔ sika a wonya mu".<ref>Grossman, 186-187.</ref> Nhwehwɛmufo ahu sɛ bere a mframa a ɛde efi a ɛyɛ hu ba no dodow kɔ soro wɔ China no, ɔmanfo aboaboa wɔn ho ano de akwan horow a wɔbɛfa so asiw nkɛntɛnso bɔne ano bedi dwuma. Mmeae a mmusuakuw nketewa te ne ɔman no atɔe fam mmeae taa soa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho adesoa a ɛnsɛ. ==== India ==== [[File:Bhopal_in_India_(1951).svg|thumb| [[Bhopal]], India]] Union Carbide Corporation yɛ Union Carbide India Limited awofoɔ adwumakuo a ɛde ne nnwuma kɔma ɔman a ɛwɔ abɔnten. Union Carbide India Limited a ɛwɔ [[Bhopal|Bhopal, India]], na ɛyɛɛ nnuru a wɔfrɛ no methyl isocyanate a wɔde yɛ nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa no titiriw. Wɔ [[Ɔpɛnimma]] bosome da ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa (3), afe 1984 mu no, methyl isocyanate mununkum bi puei esiane nnuru a awuduru wom a wɔde fraa nsu mu wɔ adwumayɛbea a ɛwɔ Bhopal no mu nti.<ref>LaBar, Gregg, "Citizen Carbide?", ''Occupational Hazards'', Volume 53, Issue 11 (1991): 33.</ref> Nnipa bɛyɛ 520,000 na wɔde nnuru a awuduru wom no dii dwuma bere a nsu no fii mu no akyi pɛɛ.<ref name="responsibility2" /> Wɔ nnafua mmiɛnsa (3) a edi kan wɔ nsu a ɛtɔe no akyi mu no, wobu akontaa sɛ nnipa 8,000 a wɔte afifide no mpɔtam hɔ wuwui esiane methyl isocyanate a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu nti.<ref name="responsibility2" /> Nnipa binom nyaa wɔn ti didii mu wɔ nsu a ɛtɔe mfiase a efi adwumayɛbea hɔ no mu, nanso esiane ɔhwɛ a ɛmfata ne yare a wɔanhu a ɛmfata nti, nnipa pii awuwu.<ref name="responsibility2" /> Esiane sɛ wɔanhu yare a ɛmfata nti, ebia ayaresa no antumi anyɛ adwuma yiye na eyi maa Union Carbide powee sɛ ɛbɛda nsɛm a ɛfa mframa a ɛretu no ho nyinaa adi na wodii atoro wɔ nsɛm bi a ɛho hia ho no.<ref name="responsibility2" /> Aduruyɛ mmoa a wɔde maa wɔn a nnuru no pue no a wɔkyɛe no maa tebea no yɛɛ kɛse maa wɔn a wonyaa wɔn ti didii mu no.<ref name="responsibility2" /> Ɛnnɛ nnipa pii da so ara rehu akwahosan ho nkɛntɛnso bɔne a methyl isocyanate a ɛretu no de ba no, te sɛ ahurututu mu ntini a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, aniwa a enhu ade yiye, [[nsamanwa]], ntini mu yare ([[:en:Neurological disorders|neurological disorders]]), ne nipadua mu yaw a emu yɛ den (severe body pains).<ref name="responsibility2" /> Adwumayɛbea a ɛwɔ Bhopal no dwumadi ne ne siesie na ɛmaa nnuru a ɛyɛ hu no puei. Na methyl isocyanate pii a wɔkora so wɔ beae a nnipa dɔɔso, ne adwumakuw no nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde di dwuma katee wɔ afifide afoforo mu no bɔ abira. Adwumakuw no buu wɔn ani guu ɔsɔretia a wɔkae sɛ wɔde nnuru a ɛyɛ hu no dɔɔso dodo ma adwumayɛbea biako so na wɔyɛɛ nsukorabea akɛse de kuraa mu wɔ mpɔtam a nnipa ahyɛ hɔ ma.<ref name="responsibility2" /> Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde methyl isocyanate sie wɔ ɔhyew a ɛba fam koraa mu, nanso adwumakuw no tew ɛka a wɔbɔ wɔ mframa a wɔde yɛ adwuma no ho ma ɛde tebea a ennu nea eye ma nnuru no bae.<ref name="responsibility2" /> Bio nso, Union Carbide India Limited anyɛ atoyerɛnkyɛm ho nhyehyɛe amma mpɔtam a atwa adwumayɛbea no ho ahyia no da sɛ nsu bi a ɛretu anaasɛ ɛhwie gu a.<ref name="responsibility2" /> Na ɔman no mpanyimfo wɔ adwumakuw no kotoku mu ma enti wɔamfa wɔn adwene ansi adwumakuw no nneyɛe anaa mmara no a wɔde bedi dwuma no so.<ref name="responsibility2" /> Adwumakuw no nso tew adwumayɛfo a wosiesie nneɛma a wɔde siw yare ano no so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkora sika so.<ref name="responsibility2" /> ==== Russia ==== Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu mmusua mu nyiyim (Environmental racism) yɛ ahyehyɛde ahorow mu mmusua mu nyiyim (institutional racism), a ama wɔatow nwura a ɛyɛ hu agu wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so wɔ mpɔtam a wɔn kɔla gu ahorow wɔ Russia.[69][70] Ɛsan nso ma ɛhɔfo soa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho adesoa a ɛne sɛ wotu fagude, ne ngo anaa gas a wotu no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnsɛ so. Wɔ Russia no, aborɔfo akuw 47 na wogye tom wɔ aban kwan so, a wɔanya hokwan ahorow bi sɛ wobisabisa wɔn nsɛm na wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu wɔ Russia mmara ase fi 1999. Nanso, saa ahotoso ahorow yi asɛe nkakrankakra bere a wɔasan de ɔman no tumidi ahyɛ mmeae ahorow no, na wɔayi nsasesin pii a aborɔfo di wɔn ho no afi hɔ efi 1990 mfe no mu.[71] Russia a ɛyɛ Amanaman Ntam Adwumayɛ Ahyehyɛde (International Labor Organization) no muni no nnyee ILO 69, apam a ɛkyerɛ pefee sɛ aborɔfo nyinaa wɔ hokwan sɛ wosi wɔn ankasa gyinae. Eyi ma Russia Fekuw no kɔ so pow sɛ Abibifo nni wɔn asase ne wɔn ahonyade so tumi. Russia nso yɛ Amanaman Nkabom a egye aborɔfo a wɔwɔ nsase a wɔde wɔn yɛɛ atubrafo tete no tom, nanso emu nna hɔ kakra wɔ aborɔfo kakraa bi a ɛpo biara ntetew wɔn ho mfi wɔn a wɔyɛɛ wɔn atubrafo no ho no ho. Eyi yɛ akyinnyegye ahorow a Russia de di dwuma de kyerɛ sɛ ɛfata sɛ wɔanni UN apam ahorow so wɔ Siberia aborɔfo asɛm no mu. Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nyiyim a ɛwɔ Russia nso ka Romanifo ne adwumayɛfo a wotu kɔtra mmeae foforo. === Europa === {{Main|Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim wɔ Europa}} ==== Europa Apuei Fam ==== Wɔn a wɔte Europa Mfinimfini ne Apuei fam titiriw (Central and [[:en:Eastern Europe|Eastern Europe]]), a mpɔtam hɔfo kotoku wɔ Amerika ne Mfinimfini Apuei ([[:en:Middle East|Middle East]]), na wɔde Romani mmusuakuw ([[:en:Romani people|Romani people]]) no ahyɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu. Wɔtaa frɛ Romanifo a wɔwɔ Europa Apuei fam no gypsyfo anaa gypsyfo ahunahuna, na wɔn mu dodow no ara te ohia ase wɔ nkurow a ɛyɛ asese ([[:en:Shanty town|shanty towns]]) anaa nkuraase ([[:en:Slum|slums]]). Bere a Romanifo hyia nsɛm te sɛ awuduru a epira a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu bere tenten a wɔde mmeae a wɔtow nwura gu ne mfiridwuma adwumayɛbea ahorow, ne mmoa a wɔpow a wɔde bɛma wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho te sɛ nsu pa ne ahotew ho no, wɔahyia mmusua mu nyiyim denam nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so. Aman pii te sɛ has [[Romania]], [[Bulgaria]] ne [[Hungary]] abɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔde nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho banbɔ ho nhyehyɛe ahorow bedi dwuma wɔ aman a wobu wɔn no nyinaa mu, nanso dodow ara adi nkogu esiane "wɔadi Romafo mpɔtam tebea horow ho dwuma nti wɔayɛ no framed denam mmusuakuw aniwa so sɛ "Roma nsɛm Nnansa yi ara na nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee bi a wɔde bɛma Romanifo no ada adi. Esiane sɛ wɔrehwehwɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee wɔ Europa nti, mprempren Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Atɛntrenee Dwumadi no ne ahyehyɛde ahorow a ɛhwɛ nnipa hokwan ahorow so reyɛ adwuma de aboa ma wɔako atia nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim. Ɛho hia sɛ yɛhyɛ no nsow sɛ wɔ "Nyiyim wɔ EU mu wɔ afe 2009 mu" amanneɛbɔ a Europa Bagua no yɛe no mu no, "ɔman mma a wɔwɔ Roma nnamfo no mu 64% gye di sɛ nyiyim abu so, sɛ wɔde toto ɔman mma a wonni Roma nnamfo 61% ho a." ==== France ==== Nwura a awuduru wom a wɔde kɔ aman a ɛwɔ Wiase Nyinaa Kesee Fam no yɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim a ɛkɔ so wɔ amanaman ntam no biako. Wɔ asɛm bi a wɔkyerɛ sɛ esii mu no, wɔ bere a Fransefo wimhyɛn a ɛfa wimhyɛn Clemenceau sɛ ɛnnkɔ Alang, [[India]]fo po so hyɛn gyinabea bi a wobubu po so ahyɛn mu, esiane sɛ na wonni nkrataa a emu da hɔ a ɛfa awuduru a ɛwɔ mu ho nti. Awiei koraa no, France Ɔmampanyin Jacques Chirac hyɛe sɛ wimhyɛn a ɛde nneɛma a nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu tɔn pii a asbestos ne PCB ka ho wom no nsan nkɔ [[France]]. ==== United Kingdom ==== Wɔ UK no, nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim (anaasɛ wim tebea ho mmusua mu nyiyim nso) no, adeyɛ akuw pii te sɛ Asase so mmɔbɔfo frɛ (Wretched of the Earth call out) wɔ afe 2015 mu ne Black Lives Matter wɔ afe 2016 mu no afrɛ no. === Amerika Atifi fam (North America) === ==== Canada ==== [[File:Africville_Church.jpg|thumb|Africville Asɔredan a wɔasan asi wɔ Nova Scotia no]] Wɔ Canada no, wɔrenya nkɔso wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ho dwuma (titiriw wɔ Nova Scotia Africville mpɔtam hɔ) denam Mmara 111, Mmara a Wɔde Di Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Ho Racism ho dwuma wɔ Nova Scotia Mmarahyɛ Bagua no mu no so. Nanso, efin a efi Canada nnuruyɛ adwuma a ɛwɔ Ontario Kesee Fam Apuei mu no kɔ so pira aborɔfo nkurow te sɛ Aamjiwnaang First Nation. Canada pɛtro adwumayɛbea ɔha biara mu aduanan ayɛ ma wɔ Sarnia, Ontario, a ne kɛse yɛ akwansin 15 ahinanan mu . Wɔ mmeae a wɔyɛ pɛtro no anafo fam pɛɛ no, Aamjiwnaang akorae a Aamjiwnaang Ɔman a Edi Kan no mufo yɛ 850 no wɔ hɔ. Efi afe 2002 no, ankorankoro a wɔyɛ aborɔfo nkabom ahorow ako atia efi a ɛdɔɔso a ɛnsɛ wɔ wɔn mpɔtam hɔ no. ===== Nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ Canadafo Abibifo mmea so (Impact on Canadian Indigenous women) ===== [[File:Ingrid_Waldron_at_Dalhousie_University.jpg|right|thumb| Canadani asetra ho nimdefo Ingrid Waldron rema ɔkasa ahorow a ɛfa Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Ho Racism ho wɔ Dalhousie Sukuupɔn mu wɔ afe 2018 mu.]] Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nyiyim ka mmea titiriw ne titiriw no Abibifo mmea ne mmea a wɔn kɔla gu ahorow. Saa mpɔtam yi mu pii te nkuraase a abɔde mu nneɛma pii wɔ hɔ a ɛyɛ anigye kɛse ma nnwuma a wotutu fam. Ɛnyɛ sɛ saa nsunsuanso ahorow yi gu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no ho fi nko, na mmom ɛka nipadua ne adwene mu akwahosan nyinaa nso. Saa nnwuma a wɔde yi nneɛma te sɛ ngo ne gas ne nea wotu fagude yi mu pii de efi aba nsu fibea, aduan fibea ne nsunsuanso a ɛba mframa pa so. Eyi afi ase aka nnipa nipadua, titiriw mmea de. Nea enti a ɛte saa ne sɛ awuduru ne awuduru a efi mmeae a wotutu fam no ka mmea awo akwaa, ebetumi ama wɔanya kokoram ne wɔn mma akwahosan nso. Dwumadi yi mu ɔhaw ahorow kɔ so wɔ awo ntoatoaso ahorow mu wɔ saa mpɔtam yi, sɛ nhwɛso no wɔ Indigenous mpɔtam a ɛwɔ Grassy Narrows wɔ Northern Ontario, wɔda so ara redi akwahosan ho nsunsuanso a efi mercury dodow a ɛkɔ soro a ɛka nsu a wɔnom ne mpataa wɔ ɔmantam no mu a ɛbaa fi a hwie gui wɔ 1960 mfe no mu.<ref name=":1" /> Ɛnyɛ efi nko na ɛka mmea, na mmom asetra mu nsakrae a nnwuma a wotutu fam de ba nso. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ mpɔtam nketewa a wɔwɔ adwumayɛbea ahorow a wotutu fam no, ofie basabasayɛ dodow no dɔɔso kɛse esiane nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ mmarima asigyafo a wɔba mpɔtam hɔ no reba nti. Eyi nyinaa betumi ama ofie asetra a awuduru wom aba a ebetumi ama wɔde nnuru a wɔde di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so adi dwuma sɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so gyina ano, na ɛno nso ma nnipa pii wuwu na wɔde di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so. Saa adwumayɛfo nsraban ahorow yi nso aboa ma Abibifo mmea a wɔayera na wɔakunkum wɔn wɔ Amerika Atifi fam nyinaa no dodow a ɛnsɛ.<ref name=":1" /> Nea efi nnwuma a wɔtutu fam mu ba nso nya transgender, Two-Spirit ne LGBTQ+ kuw no mufo afoforo so nkɛntɛnso a ɛnsɛ. Nanso, akwahosan ho nsɛm a enye no mu dodow no ara to adwumayɛfo a wɔwɔ nnwuma a wotutu fam no ankasa so, na ɛkanyan ɔmanfo mu kyinhyia ahorow a ɛyɛ hu. ==== Mexico ==== Wɔ [[Obubuo]] bosome da ɛtɔ so dunkron (19), afe 1984 mu no, San Juanico asiane ([[:en:San Juanico disaster|San Juanico disaster]]) no maa mpempem pii wuwui na bɛyɛ ɔpepem biako pirapirae wɔ mpɔtam a ahiafo a atwa ho ahyia no mu. Atoyerɛnkyɛm no sii wɔ PEMEX nsu propane gas adwumayɛbea a ɛwɔ [[Ciudad de México|Mexico City]] beae bi a nnipa dɔɔso. Adan a wosisii wɔ ɔkwan a mmara mma ho kwan a enni mmara so a ɛbɛn hɔ no maa nea efii ɔtopae no mu bae no yɛɛ kɛse. Cucapa yɛ aborɔfo kuw bi a wɔte bɛn U.S. ne Mexico hye so, titiriw wɔ [[Mesiko|Mexico]] nanso ebinom wɔ Arizona nso. Wɔ awo ntoatoaso pii mu no, na mpataayi wɔ Colorado Asubɔnten ([[:en:Colorado River|Colorado River]]) no so ne ade titiriw a na Cucapafo nya wɔn asetrade. Wɔ afe 1944 mu no, United States ne Mexico de wɔn nsa hyɛɛ apam bi ase a ɛde hokwan ahorow maa United States wɔ ɔkwan a etu mpɔn so wɔ nsu a ɛwɔ Colorado Asubɔnten no mu bɛyɛ 90% ho, na ɛmaa Mexico nyaa 10% a aka no. Wɔ mfe du du kakraa a atwam no mu no, Colorado Asubɔnten no fa kɛse no ara ayow wɔ ɔhye no anafo fam, na ɛde nsɛnnennen pii aba nnipa te sɛ Cucapa so. Shaylih Meuhlmann, a ɔkyerɛw mmusuakuw ho nsɛm a wɔato din ''Where the River Ends: Contested Indigeneity in the Mexican Colorado Delta no'' de tebea no ho kyerɛwtohɔ a edi kan ma wɔ Meuhlmann adwene mu ne kyerɛwtohɔ pii a efi Cucapafo ankasa mu nso ma. Wɔ Colorado Asubɔnten no fa a ɛwɔ Mexico no a wogyaw nsu a ɛwɔ hɔ nyinaa no fa ketewaa bi akyi no, wogye hokwan a Cucapafo wɔ sɛ woyi mpataa wɔ asubɔnten no so no afi wɔn nsam, na Mexico aban no de adeyɛ no ayɛ nea mmara mma ho kwan sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkora... asubɔnten no mu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia akwahosan.<ref name="Muehlmann" /> Enti, Cucapafo no te ase a wonnya abɔde mu nsu pa a ɛdɔɔso na wonni wɔn asetrade a wɔtaa yɛ no nso. Nea wɔde baa awiei wɔ nsɛm a ɛtete saa pii mu ne sɛ nsu hokwan ahorow a wɔayɛ ho nkitahodi wɔ U.S. ne Mexico apam no ase a ɛde nsonsonoe kɛse a ɛba wɔ nsu a wɔkyekyɛ mu wɔ aman abien no ntam no fi nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim so. Wohu maquiladora 1,900 wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn U.S. ne Mexico hye so. Maquiladoras yɛ nnwumakuw a mpɛn pii no amannɔne nnwumakuw na wɔwɔ na wɔde nneɛma a wɔde yɛ nneɛma fi amannɔne ba, wotua adwumayɛfo a wɔwɔ Mexico ka ma wɔboaboa ano, na wɔde nneɛma a wɔawie no kɔ amannɔne sɛ wɔntɔn. Bere a Maquiladoras ma wonya nnwuma no, mpɛn pii no wontua sika kakraa bi pɛ. Saa afifide yi nso de efi ba Mexico nkurow a ɛwɔ nkuraase mu, na ɛde akwahosan ho nkɛntɛnso ba mmusua a wodi hia a wɔte bɛn hɔ no so. Wɔ Mexico no, mfiridwuma mu ngo, a wotu, ne gas a woyi fi hɔ, ne nneɛma a wɔyɛ no foforo nkakrankakra te sɛ nsu mu mmoa, kwae, ne nnɔbae a woyi fi hɔ pii. Wɔ mmara kwan so no, ɔman no wɔ abɔde mu nneɛma, nanso etumi ma nnwuma ho kwan denam tow a wotua so. Wɔ nnansa yi mfe du du mu no, nsakrae bi aba wɔ towtua dɔla a wɔaboaboa ano yi a wɔbɛsan de wɔn adwene asi mpɔtam a akwahosan, asetra, ne sikasɛm mu nkɛntɛnso a ɛwɔ extractivism mu no anya wɔn so nkɛntɛnso kɛse no so. Nanso, ɛhɔfo ne nkuraase mpɔtam hɔ akannifo pii ka sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔpene so sɛ nnwumakuw yi wɔn nneɛma na wɔsɛe no, sen sɛ wobetua wɔn ka wɔ nokwasɛm no akyi.  ==== United States ==== [[File:Kamala_Harris_speaks_about_environmental_justice_-_June_2020.ogv|thumb|Kamala Harris ka nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee ho asɛm wɔ June 2020 mu.]] U.S. Aban Akontaabu Dwumadibea ([[:en:Government Accountability Office|Government Accountability Office]]) nhwehwɛmu bi - a wowiee de buaa 1982 ɔsɔretia a wɔde tiaa PCB tow a wɔtow gu wɔ Warren Mantam mu ([[:en:North Carolina PCB Protest, 1982|1982 protests against the PCB landfill in Warren County]]) no _ ka nhwehwɛmu a edi kan a ɛkyerɛɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda mpɔtam hɔfo mmusuakuw ne sikasɛm tebea ne beae a nwura a asiane wom wɔ ntam no ho. Nanso, na nhwehwɛmu no sua denam nwura a asiane wom a wɔtow gu wɔ United States Kesee Fam Apuei a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri nkutoo so.<ref name="autogenerated4">Colquette and Robertson, 159.</ref> [[File:Katrina-14512.jpg|thumb|Nnipa a wɔte wɔn afie atifi a wɔrekwati nsuyiri a ɛbae wɔ Ahum Katrina akyi]] Carl Zimring ka sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim taa gye ntini wɔ da biara da adwuma ne asetra mu. Nhwɛso ahorow a wɔafa aka afa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ho wɔ U.S. no bi ne Dakota Akwantuo a Wɔde Kɔ Nsuo Mu ([[:en:Dakota Access Pipeline|Dakota Access Pipeline]]) (baabi a nsu afiri a wɔresusuw ho no fa bi bɛfa baabi a ɛbɛn Ɛboɔ Gyinabea a Indiafo a Wɔakora So ([[:en:Standing Rock Indian Reservation|Standing Rock Indian Reservation]]), Flint nsu ho ahokyere ([[:en:Flint water crisis|Flint water crisis]] a ɛkaa kurow bi a na Amerikafo a wɔyɛ abibifo 55%), kokoram kwan ([[:en:Cancer Alley|cancer alley]] - Louisiana),<ref>Lerner, Steve (2005). ''Diamond: A Struggle for Environmental Justice in Louisiana's Chemical Corridor''. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.</ref> ne sɛnea aban no yɛɛ n’ade wɔ ahum Katrina ([[:en:Hurricane Katrina|hurricane Katrina]]) ho (baabi a wɔanhyɛ sɛ wontu mfi hɔ wɔ New Orleans kurow a Abibifo dodow no ara te mu no mu kosii nnɔnhwerew 20 ansa na ahum Katrina reba asase so (Hurricane Katrina made landfall). Sɛ yɛka ne nyinaa bom a, U.S. ayɛ adwuma de atew nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim so denam nkurow akɛse mu nsakrae so. Saa nhyehyɛe ahorow yi boa ma nsakrae foforo ba. Nkuropɔn ne amansin binom de nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee ho nhyehyɛe ahorow adi dwuma na wɔde adi dwuma wɔ ɔmanfo akwahosan ho adwumayɛbea ahorow mu.<ref name="nrdc" /> ===== Amerikafo Ankasa nkurɔfo ===== Abibifo nhomanimfo aka ho asɛm sɛ ebia ntease wɔ Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Atɛntrenee ho adwene no mu wɔ Amerikafo Ankasa ne atubrafo atubrafo ho nsɛm mu anaa. Nea enti a ɛte saa ne sɛ ɛsono Amerikafo Ankasa mmara kwan so gyinabea wɔ nnipa afoforo a wɔato wɔn hintidua a wɔwɔ United States no ho. Sɛnea ɛte no, Colville nhomanimfo Dina Gilio-Whitaker kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ “esiane sɛ ɛsono abusuabɔ a Abibifo ne ɔman (kyerɛ sɛ United States) wɔ wɔ mmusuakuw nketewa de ho nti, ɛsɛ sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho atɛntrenee boro pɛyɛ so na etumi tra ase ma ɛne mmusuakuw ho adwene hyia.” tumidi, apam hokwan ahorow, ne aban ne aban ntam abusuabɔ." Gilio-Whitaker san ka sɛ Atɛntrenee a wɔde kyekyɛ nneɛma (Distributive justice) a EJ gyina so no mmoa Abibifoɔ mpɔtam, ɛfiri sɛ "Wɔde Frameworks for EJ wɔ mpɔtam a wɔnyɛ Abibifoɔ a wɔde wɔn ho to distributive justice so no asi kapitalist Amerikafoɔ gyinapɛn a ɛfa asase ho sɛ aguadeɛ — i.e. kokoa mu (private)." agyapade — wɔ nsase a wogye fii Abibifo nsam so." Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, Abibifo wɔ abusuabɔ soronko koraa wɔ asase a ɛboro asase so akwan horow so sɛ aguade ho. Abibifo ho adesua ho abenfo (Indigenous studies scholars) aka sɛ, Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Ho Nnipa mu Nnyiyim (Environmental Racism), efii ase wɔ United States bere a atubrafo atubrafo (ettler colonialism) bae no. Potawatomi nyansapɛfo (Potawatomi philosopher) Kyle Powys Whyte ne Lower Brule Sioux abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Nick Estes kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ Abibifo atra ase dedaw wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho adiyisɛm (environmental apocalypse) biako mu: atubrafo a wɔbae. Métis asase ho nimdefo (Métis geographer) Zoe Todd ne nhomanimfo kwaewa (academic Heather) Davis nso aka sɛ atubrafo atubrafo “na ɛde nnɛyi nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho haw ba.” Wɔ saa kwan yi so no, wɔada no adi sɛ wɔde akode ahyɛ wim nsakrae ho akode atia Amerikafo Abibifo, bere a agyanom a wɔhyehyɛɛ no te sɛ Thomas Jefferson ne Benjamin Franklin twitwaa kwae wɔ Amerika na wɔmaa wim tebea a ɛyɛ hyew a wosusuwii sɛ ɛbɛma Abibifo atu afi wɔn afie mu na ama United States anya adefo no toom no. Enti, "United States, fi bere a wɔwoo no no, dii dwuma titiriw wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nsakrae a ɛyɛ hu a ɛde bae no mu." Whyte kyerɛkyerɛ mu kɔ so sɛ "Wim nsakrae a nnipa de ba (a nnipa de ba) yɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nsakrae a atubrafo de ahyɛ Abibifo so no mu den." Anishinaabe nhomanimfo (Anishinaabe scholar) Leanne Betasamosake Simpson nso aka sɛ "Ɛsɛ sɛ yesusuw wim nsakrae ho sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu asiane ahorow a ɛware kɛse a atubrafo ne ɔmanfo a egyina nneɛma a wɔboaboa ano so de ba no fa." Wobetumi abu Indiafo Mmara a Wɔayi Afi Hɔ a Wɔyɛe wɔ afe 1830 (Indian Removal Act of 1830) mu ne Nusu Akwantuo (Trail of Tears) nso sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmusua mu nyiyim ho nhwɛso a edi kan wɔ United States. Esiane kan no nti, ebeduu afe 1850 no, na wɔayi mmusuakuw a ɛwɔ Mississippi apuei fam nyinaa akɔ atɔe fam nsase so, na ne titiriw no, wɔde wɔn ahyɛ “nsase a ɛso yɛ kusuu, akyirikyiri, anaasɛ ɛso yɛ kwa dodo sɛ ɛbɛtwetwe atubrafo ne nnwumakuw adwene” so. Wɔ Wiase Ko II (World War II) mu no, na wɔtaa de asraafo atrae wɔ mmeae a ɛbɛn mmeae a wɔakora so (reservations), na ɛde tebea bi a “asraafo mmeae a asiane wom sen biara no dodow a ɛnsɛ wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn Amerikafo Ankasa nsase” bae.  Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe a ɛhwehwɛɛ amansin bɛyɛ 3,100 a ɛwɔ United States asasepɔn no so mu no daa no adi sɛ Amerikafo Ankasa nsase ne mmeae a atuo a wɔanpae a wobu no sɛ ɛyɛ hu kɛse no dodow wɔ abusuabɔ pa. Nhwehwɛmu no nso hui sɛ asiane a wɔde susuw asiane ho mmara (RAC) a wɔde susuw asiane a ɛwɔ mmeae a atuo a wɔanpae no betumi de asiane kɛse asie sɛnea mmeae yi yɛ ma Amerikafo Ankasa no ɛtɔ mmere bi a. Asiane a ebetumi aba, anaasɛ ebetumi aba sɛ asiane bi bɛpira nnipa anaa abɔde a nkwa wom no yɛ nea ɛfa ɔmanfo adan te sɛ sukuu ne ayaresabea ahorow a ɛbɛn ho no ho. Saa nsusuwii ahorow yi bu ani gu mmusuakuw asetra mu nneɛma te sɛ asetrade a wɔde di, afifide ne mmoa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ amanne kwan so, ne nnipa dodow a ɛba fam so. Esiane sɛ wonsusuw nneɛma a ɛyɛ soronko wɔ mmusuakuw ho yi ho nti, Amerikafo Ankasa nsase betumi anya nkontaa a asiane nnim pii, ɛmfa ho sɛ ɛyɛ asiane ma wɔn asetra kwan no. Asiane a ebetumi aba no nsusuw Amerikafo Ankasa ho bere a wosusuw nnipa anaa abɔde a nkwa wom a ebetumi apira ho no. Asraafo mmeae a wɔbɛhwehwɛ mmeae a ɛne mmeae a wɔakora so no hyia no de tebea bi ba a “asraafo mmeae a asiane wom sen biara no dodow a ɛnsɛ wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn Amerikafo Ankasa nsase (a disproportionate number of the most dangerous military facilities are located near Native American lands).” == Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so (References) == [[Nkyekyεmu:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dvc4tvg5p9m1qmbu6ovu9u1uvlp4a07 0 15744 200511 184851 2026-08-10T18:44:36Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200511 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dampfturbine Montage01.jpg|thumb|A steam turbine with the case opened, an example of energy technology|alt=Photo of technicians working on a steam turbine|328x328px]] '''Tɛknɔlɔgyi''' yɛ nimdeɛ a wɔde di dwuma de duru botaeɛ ahodoɔ a mfasoɔ wɔ so ho wɔ ɔkwan a wɔbɛtumi asane ayɛ bio so.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Skolnikoff|first=Eugene B.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7rpm1|title=The Elusive Transformation: Science, Technology, and the Evolution of International Politics|date=1993|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691037707|page=13|jstor=j.ctt7rpm1}}</ref> Asɛmfua ''mfididwuma'' nso bɛtumi akyerɛ nnoɔma a ɛfiri mmɔdemmɔ a ɛte saa mu ba,<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Salomon|first=Jean‐Jacques|date=1 January 1984|title=What is technology? The issue of its origins and definitions|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07341518408581618|journal=History and Technology|volume=1|issue=2|pages=113–156|doi=10.1080/07341518408581618|issn=0734-1512|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184240/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07341518408581618|url-status=live}}</ref> : 117. Nkyekyɛm <ref>{{Cite book|last=Mitcham|first=C.|title=Thinking Through Technology: The Path Between Engineering and Philosophy|year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0226531984}}</ref> a nnwinnadeɛ a wɔtumi hunu te sɛ nnwinnadeɛ anaa [[afidie|mfidie]], ne nea wɔntumi mfa wɔn nsa nka te sɛ softwea nyinaa ka ho. Mfididwuma di dwuma titiri wɔ nyansahunu, mfididwuma, ne da biara da asetena mu. Mfididwuma mu nkɔsoɔ ama nsakraeɛ kɛseɛ aba ɔmanfoɔ mu . Mfididwuma a edi kan a wɔnim ne aboɔ adwinnadeɛ a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ mmere a ɛdii abakɔsɛm anim, na ɛno akyi no wɛdi ogya so a ɛboaa ma nipa amemene nyin na [[kasa]] nyaa nkɔsoɔ wɔ Nsukyenee Berɛ no mu . Ntwahonan a wɔyɛeɛ wɔ Kɔbere Mmere no mu no maa wɔtumi tuu kwan kɛseɛ na wɔyɛɛ [[afidie|mfidie]] a ɛyɛ den kɛseɛ. Mfididwuma mu nnoɔma a wɔayɛ nnansa yi, a nwoma tintim mfidie, [[Ahomatrofoɔ|telefon]], ne Intanɛt ka ho no ama akwansideɛ ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ nkutahodie mu no so ate na ɛde nimdeɛ sikasɛm ab. Berɛ a mfididwuma boa ma sikasɛm nya nkɔsoɔ na ɛma nnipa yiedie tu mpɔn no, ɛbɛtumi nso anya nkɛntɛnsoɔ bɔne te sɛ ɛfi ne nnoɔma a wɔsɛeɛ no, na ɛbɛtumi de asetena mu ɔhaw ahodoɔ te sɛ mfididwuma mu adwuma a wonnya nyɛ a ɛfiri afidie a wɔde yɛ adwuma mu ba no aba . Ne saa nti, nyansapɛ ne amammu mu akyinnyegye kɔ so wɔ dwuma a mfididwuma di ne sɛdeɛ wɔde di dwuma, mfididwuma mu abrabɔ pa, ne akwan a wɔbɛfa so abrɛ ne bɔne ase ho. Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 mu no, ɛsiane nyansahunu mu nkɔsoɔ ne Mfididwuma mu Ɔsesɛ a Ɛto so Mmienu, nti, wogyaeɛ sɛ wobɛbu ''mfididwuma'' sɛ adesua mu nteɛsoɔ soronko na ɛnyaa dea ɛkyerɛ nnɛ: nimdeɛ a wɔde bɛdi dwuma wɔ nhyehyɛeɛ kwan so de ayɛ atirimpɔ ahodoɔ a mfasoɔ wɔ so.<ref name=":22"/> : 1 . 119. Nkyekyɛm  == Etymology ho adesua == ''Mfididwuma'' yɛ asɛmfua a ɛfiri afeha a ɛto so 17 mfitiaseɛ a na ɛkyerɛ ‘ayaresa a wɔyɛ no nhyehyɛeɛ so’ (ɛfiri Hela kasa mu Τεχνολογία , efi Greek ne -λογία na ɛwɔ hɔ, ‘adesua, nimdeɛ’). ''<ref name="Liddell 1980">{{cite book|last1=Liddell|first1=Henry George|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|title-link=A Greek-English Lexicon|last2=Scott|first2=Robert|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1980|isbn=978-0199102075|edition=Abridged|location=United Kingdom}}</ref>'' <ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=technology|encyclopedia=The Oxford English Dictionary|editor1-last=Simpson|editor1-first=J.|editor2-last=Weiner|editor2-first=Edmund|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0198611868}}</ref> Tete Hela asɛmfua ''tékhnē'', a na ɛkyerɛ ‘sɛdea wɔyɛ nnoɔma ho nimdeɛ’, a na ɛka dwumadie ahodoɔ te sɛ adansi ho no na edii kan de dii dwuma.<ref name="oup978019921361">{{Cite book|last=Aristotle|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-nicomachean-ethics-9780199213610?cc=fr&lang=en&|title=The Nicomachean Ethics|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199213610|editor-last=Brown|editor-first=L.|series=Oxford World's Classics|location=Oxford & New York|page=105|translator-last=Ross|translator-first=D.|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184232/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-nicomachean-ethics-9780199213610?cc=fr&lang=en&|url-status=live}}</ref> Ɛfiri afeha a ɛto so 19 no, Europa asasepɔn sofoɔ firii aseɛ de nsɛmfua ''Technik'' ( German ) anaa ''ɔkwan a wɔfa'' so yɛ ade ( [[France|Franse]] ) dii dwuma de kyerɛɛ ‘ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ’, a na mfididwuma ho adwinni nyinaa te sɛ asau, po so hyɛn, anaa nwoma tintim ka ho, sɛɛ ɛyɛ anaasɛ ɛnte saa nnwinnadeɛ anaa nnwinnadeɛ a wɔhwehwɛ.<ref name=":22"/> : 1 . 114–115 na ɛwɔ hɔ Saa berɛ no, ''Technologie'' ( [[:en:German language|German]] ne [[:en:French language|Franse]] ) kaa nwomasua mu nteɛsoɔ a asua "akwan a wɔfa so yɛ adwinni ne nsaanodwuma", anaasɛ amammui nteɛso a "wɔabɔ wɔn tirim sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ mmara wɔ adwinni ne nsaanodwuma dwumadie ahodoɔ ho." <ref name=":22" /> : 1 . 117. Nkyekyɛm Esiane sɛ nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda ''Technik'' ne ''Technologie'' ntam nni Borɔfo kasa mu nti, wɔkyerɛɛ mmienu no nyinaa ase sɛ ''mfididwuma'' . Kane no na asɛmfua no ntaa mma wɔ Borɔfo kasa mu na na ɛkyerɛ nwomasua mu nteɛsoɔ titire, sɛdea ɛte wɔ [[:en:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Mfididwuma Sukuu mu no]] .<ref name="jstor40061169">{{Cite journal|last=Schatzberg|first=Eric|year=2006|title="Technik" Comes to America: Changing Meanings of "Technology" before 1930|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061169|journal=Technology and Culture|volume=47|issue=3|pages=486–512|doi=10.1353/tech.2006.0201|jstor=40061169|s2cid=143784033|issn=0040-165X|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-date=10 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910165857/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061169|url-status=live}}</ref> == '''Abakɔsɛm''' == [[File:Faustkeil_Nachbau,_2020_PD_a-7.jpg|thumb|A person holding a hand axe]] === Ansa na abakɔsɛm reba === Mfitiase no hominids na wɔyɛɛ nnwinnadeɛ denam hwɛ ne sɔhwɛ ne mfomso so .<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schiffer|first=M. B.|chapter=Discovery Processes: Trial Models|year=2013|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13|title=The Archaeology of Science: Studying the Creation of Useful Knowledge|series=Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique|volume=9|pages=185–198|place=Heidelberg|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13|isbn=978-3319000770|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184259/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13|url-status=live}}</ref> Bɛyɛ Mya 2 (mfe ɔpepem a atwam ni) no, wɔsuaa sɛdeɛ wɔyɛ aboɔ nnwinnadeɛ a edi kan denam hama a wɔde bɔɔ abotan nketenkete bi so, na wɔyɛɛ nsa agyan a ano yɛ nnam so.<ref name="babbageonline">{{Cite web}}</ref> Wɔyɛɛ saa adeyɛ yi mu nsakrae kya 75 (mfe apem a atwam ni) ma ɛbɛyɛɛ nhyɛsoɔ a ano yɛ mmere, na ɛmaa wɔtumi yɛɛ adwuma a ɛyɛ fɛ kɛseɛ.<ref name="babbageonline"/> Charles Darwin kaa ogya a wohuu no ho asɛm sɛ "ebia ɛyɛ dea ɛsene biara a onipa ayɛ pɛn".<ref>{{cite book|last=Crump|first=Thomas|title=A Brief History of Science|year=2001|publisher=[[Constable & Robinson]]|isbn=978-1841192352|page=9}}</ref> Fam tutu, aduane, ne asetena mu adanseɛ kyerɛ sɛ "[nnipa] ogya a wɔde di dwuma berɛ nyinaa" anyɛ yie koraa no 1.5 Mya.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gowlett|first1=J. A. J.|last2=Wrangham|first2=R. W.|date=1 March 2013|title=Earliest fire in Africa: towards the convergence of archaeological evidence and the cooking hypothesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2012.756754|journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa|volume=48|issue=1|pages=5–30|doi=10.1080/0067270X.2012.756754|s2cid=163033909|issn=0067-270X}}</ref> Ogya a wɔde nnua ne fango, na ɛmaa nnipa a wɔdi kan no noa wɔn aduane ma ɛyɛɛ yie, na ɛmaa aduannuru a ɛwɔ mu no yɛɛ yie na ɛmaa nnuane dodoɔ a wobɛtumi adi no trɛɛ.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stahl|first=Ann B.|author-link=Ann B. Stahl|year=1984|title=Hominid dietary selection before fire|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1984-04_25_2/page/151|journal=[[Current Anthropology]]|volume=25|pages=151–68|doi=10.1086/203106|issue=2|jstor=2742818|s2cid=84337150}}</ref> ''Adwene a ɛfa aduannoa ho'' no kyerɛ sɛ tumi a wɔtumi noa aduane no maa hominid amemene kɛse kɔɔ soro, ɛwom sɛ nhwehwɛmufoɔ binom hunu sɛ adanseɛ no nyɛ nokware deɛ.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wrangham|first=R.|date=1 August 2017|title=Control of Fire in the Paleolithic: Evaluating the Cooking Hypothesis|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/692113|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=58|issue=S16|pages=S303–S313|doi=10.1086/692113|s2cid=148798286|issn=0011-3204|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-date=10 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910190830/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/692113|url-status=live}}</ref> Wɔkyerɛeɛ sɛ fam tutufoɔ adanseɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ogya dan ahodoɔ no yɛ 790 kya; nhwehwɛmufoɔ gye di sɛ ɛbɛyɛ sɛ eyi maa nnipa fekubɔ mu yɛɛ den na ebia ɛno na ɛmaa [[kasa]] baeɛ.<ref name="worldcat1124046527">{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1124046527|title=Lucy to Language: the Benchmark Papers|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199652594|editor-last=Dunbar|editor-first=R. I. M.|oclc=1124046527|editor-last2=Gamble|editor-first2=C.|editor-last3=Gowlett|editor-first3=J. A. J.|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814044201/http://worldcat.org/oclc/1124046527|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="20030715nytimes-science">{{Cite news}}</ref> Mfididwuma mu nkɔsoɔ afoforɔ a wɔnyaeɛ wɔ Tete Aboɔ berɛ no mu ne ntadeɛ ne daberɛ.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Shaar|first1=Ron|last2=Matmon|first2=Ari|last3=Horwitz|first3=Liora K.|last4=Ebert|first4=Yael|last5=Chazan|first5=Michael|last6=Arnold|first6=M.|last7=Aumaître|first7=G.|last8=Bourlès|first8=D.|last9=Keddadouche|first9=K.|date=1 May 2021|title=Magnetostratigraphy and cosmogenic dating of Wonderwerk Cave: New constraints for the chronology of the South African Earlier Stone Age|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121001141|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=259|page=106907|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106907|bibcode=2021QSRv..25906907S|s2cid=234833092|issn=0277-3791}}</ref> Adwene biara nni hɔ wɔ bɛyɛ berɛ a wɔde bɛgye mfididwuma mmienu no mu biara atom no ho, nanso fam tutufoɔ ahunu fam tutufoɔ adanseɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ntadeɛ 90-120 kya <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hallett|first1=Emily Y.|last2=Marean|first2=Curtis W.|last3=Steele|first3=Teresa E.|last4=alvarez-Fernandez|first4=Esteban|last5=Jacobs|first5=Zenobia|author5-link=Zenobia Jacobs|last6=Cerasoni|first6=Jacopo Niccolò|last7=Aldeias|first7=Vera|last8=Scerri|first8=Eleanor M. L.|last9=Olszewski|first9=Deborah I.|last10=Hajraoui|first10=Mohamed Abdeljalil El|last11=Dibble|first11=Harold L.|date=24 September 2021|title=A worked bone assemblage from 120,000–90,000 year old deposits at Contrebandiers Cave, Atlantic Coast, Morocco|journal=iScience|volume=24|issue=9|page=102988|doi=10.1016/j.isci.2021.102988|issn=2589-0042|pmc=8478944|pmid=34622180|bibcode=2021iSci...24j2988H}}</ref> ne daberɛ 450 kya.<ref name=":4" /> Berɛ a Tete Abotan berɛ no kɔɔ so no, atenaeɛ bɛyɛɛ dea ɛyɛ nwanwa na ɛyɛɛ dea wɔayɛ no fɛfɛɛfɛ; kya 380 mu tɔnn no, na nnipa resi nnua asese a wɔde nnua ayɛ berɛ tiaa bi.<ref name="babbageonline"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Villa|first=Paola|title=Terra Amata and the Middle Pleistocene archaeological record of southern France|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1983|isbn=978-0520096622|location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]|page=303}}</ref> Ntadeɛ a wɔdane firii mmoa a wɔbɔ wɔn abɔmmɔ no nwoma ne nwoma mu no boaa adasamma ma wɔtrɛɛ kɔɔ mmeaeɛ a awɔ hɔ; nnipa firii aseɛ [[:en:Early human migrations|tu]] firii Afrika bɛyɛ kya 200, na mfitiase no wɔtu kɔɔ [[:en:Eurasia|Eurasia]].<ref name="babbageonline"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Cordaux|first=Richard|author2=Stoneking, Mark|year=2003|title=South Asia, the Andamanese, and the Genetic Evidence for an 'Early' Human Dispersal out of Africa|url=http://site.voila.fr/rcordaux/pdfs/04.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]]|volume=72|issue=6|pages=1586–1590; author reply 1590–93|doi=10.1086/375407|pmc=1180321|pmid=12817589|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001022940/http://site.voila.fr/rcordaux/pdfs/04.pdf|archive-date=1 October 2009|access-date=22 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Harvati|first1=Katerina|author-link=Katerina Harvati|last2=Röding|first2=Carolin|last3=Bosman|first3=Abel M.|last4=Karakostis|first4=Fotios A.|last5=Grün|first5=Rainer|last6=Stringer|first6=Chris|last7=Karkanas|first7=Panagiotis|last8=Thompson|first8=Nicholas C.|last9=Koutoulidis|first9=Vassilis|last10=Moulopoulos|first10=Lia A.|last11=Gorgoulis|first11=Vassilis G.|last12=Kouloukoussa|first12=Mirsini|title=Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia|journal=Nature|publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC|volume=571|issue=7766|year=2019|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1376-z|pages=500–504|pmid=31292546|s2cid=195873640|url=https://zenodo.org/record/6646855|access-date=17 September 2022|archive-date=1 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801132212/https://zenodo.org/record/6646855|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Néolithique_0001.jpg|thumb|An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools]] === Abodan foforo bere mu === [[:en:Neolithic Revolution|Aboɔ Foforo mu Ɔsesɛ]] (anaasɛ ''Kuadwuma mu Ɔsesɛ a Edi Kan'' ) no de mfididwuma mu nnoɔma foforɔ a wɔyɛeɛ ntɛmntɛm baeɛ, na dea efirii mu baeɛ ne asetena mu nsɛm a emu yɛ den a ɛkɔɔ soro.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2D8OBwAAQBAJ&dq=neolithic+revolution+social+organization&pg=PA3|title=Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and Differentiation|publisher=Springer New York|year=2002|isbn=9780306471667|editor-last=Kuijt|editor-first=i.|series=Fundamental Issues in Archaeology|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184244/https://books.google.com/books?id=2D8OBwAAQBAJ&dq=neolithic+revolution+social+organization&pg=PA3|url-status=live}}</ref> [[:en:Hand axe|Aboɔ agyan]] a wɔayɛ no fɛfɛɛfɛ a wɔyɛeɛ no yɛ nkɔsoɔ kɛseɛ a ɛmaa wɔtumi yii kwaeɛ akɛseɛ na wɔyɛɛ kua.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Coghlan|first=H. H.|date=1943|title=The Evolution of the Axe from Prehistoric to Roman Times|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844356|journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=73|issue=1/2|pages=27–56|doi=10.2307/2844356|jstor=2844356|issn=0307-3114|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926011626/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844356|url-status=live}}</ref> Aboɔ agyan a wɔayɛ no fɛfɛɛfɛ a wɔde dii dwuma yi kɔɔ soro kɛseɛ wɔ Aboɔ Foforɔ Mmerɛ no mu nanso mfitiase no wɔde dii dwuma wɔ [[:en:Mesolithic|Mesolithme]] berɛ a edii ɛno anim no mu wɔ mmeaeɛ bi te sɛ [[:en:Ireland|Ireland]] .<ref>{{cite book|last1=Driscoll|first1=Killian|title=The early prehistory in the west of Ireland: Investigations into the social archaeology of the Mesolithic, west of the Shannon, Ireland|date=2006|url=http://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_2.html|access-date=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904110326/http://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_2.html|archive-date=4 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[:en:Agriculture|Kuadwuma]] maa nnipa pii nyaa aduane, na nsakraeɛ a wɔyɛeɛ kɔɔ [[:en:Sedentism|baabi a wɔtena ase no]] maa wɔtumi tetee mmɔfra pii berɛ korɔ mu, efiri sɛ na ɛnhia sɛ [[:en:Nomad|atubrafo]] de nkokoaa di akɔneaba bio. Bio nso, na mmɔfra bɛtumi de adwumayɛfoɔ aboa ma wɔatete nnɔbaeɛ ntɛm sene sɛdea wɔbɛtumi de wɔn ho ahyɛ [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|abɔmmɔfo ne nneɛma a wɔboaboa ano]] dwumadie ahodoɔ mu.<ref name="20030715nytimes-science">{{Cite news}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Child Transport, Family Size, and Increase in Human Population During the Neolithic|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1972-04_13_2/page/258|journal=[[Current Anthropology]]|author=Sussman, Robert W.|author2=Hall, Roberta L.|volume=13|issue=2|pages=258–267|date=April 1972|doi=10.1086/201274|jstor=2740977|s2cid=143449170}}</ref> Berɛ a nnipa dodoɔ a ɛkɔɔ soro ne adwumayɛfoɔ a wonyaeɛ yi maa [[:en:Division of labour|adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔyɛ adwuma titire]] no nyaa nkɔanim .<ref>{{cite book|access-date=17 May 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isGyuX9motEC&q=labor+neolithic+population&pg=PA163|title=Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective|publisher=[[The Thomson Corporation]]|author=Ferraro, Gary P.|year=2006|isbn=978-0495030393|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145412/https://books.google.com/books?id=isGyuX9motEC&q=labor+neolithic+population&pg=PA163|url-status=live}}</ref> Wɔnnim dea ɛkanyan nkɔsoɔ a ɛfiri mfitiaseɛ Aboɔ Foforɔ nkuraa so kɔɔ nkuro a edi kan te sɛ [[:en:Uruk|Uruk]], ne anibue ahodoɔ a edi kan te sɛ [[:en:Sumer|Sumer]], no pɔtee; nanso, wosusu sɛ asetena mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ a ɛrekɔ so [[:en:Hierarchy|wɔ nnidisoɔ nnidisoɔ]] ne adwumayɛfoɔ titire a ɛbaeɛ, adwadie ne ɔko a ɛbaa amammerɛ ahodoɔ a ɛbɛn hɔ mu, ne hia a ɛhia sɛ wɔbom yɛ adeɛ de di nnoɔma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nsɛnnennen te sɛ [[:en:Irrigation|nsuo a wɔde gugu nnɔbaeɛ so]], so nkunim no nyinaa dii dwuma.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pKKwlEcpwYC&q=labor+surplus+neolithic+population&pg=PA7|access-date=17 May 2008|title=The Essentials of Ancient History|publisher=Research & Education Association|author=Patterson, Gordon M.|year=1992|isbn=978-0878917044|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145419/https://books.google.com/books?id=8pKKwlEcpwYC&q=labor+surplus+neolithic+population&pg=PA7|url-status=live}}</ref> Nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔɔ so no maa [[:en:Metallurgical furnace|fononoo]] ne [[:en:Bellows|ahyɛnsodeɛ a ɛyɛ hu]] no baeɛ na ɛmaa, dea edi kan no, wɔtumi te [[:en:Gold|sika kɔkɔɔ]], [[:en:Copper|kɔberɛ]], [[:en:Silver|dwetɛ]], ne [[:en:Lead|kɔberɛ hua]] na wɔyɛeɛ – dadeɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ ankasa a wɔhunu wɔ ɔkwan a ɛho te kakra so wɔ abɔdeɛ mu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A Short History of Metals|journal=Nature|volume=203|issue=4943|page=337|last=Cramb|first=Alan W|bibcode=1964Natur.203Q.337T|year=1964|doi=10.1038/203337a0|s2cid=382712|doi-access=free}}</ref> Mfasoɔ a ɛwɔ kɔberɛ nnwinnadeɛ so sene aboɔ, dompe ne nnua nnwinnadeɛ no daa adi ntɛm ara wɔ nnipa a wɔdi kan no mu, na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔde kɔberɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ no dii dwuma firi berɛ a ɛbɛn [[:en:Neolithic|Abodan Foforɔ]] mmerɛ no mfitiase (bɛyɛ ka 10).<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Ceramics|volume=05|pages=703–760; see page 708|last1=Hall|first1=Harry Reginald Holland|author-link=Harry Reginald Holland Hall|quote=The art of making a pottery consisting of a siliceous sandy body coated with a vitreous copper glaze seems to have been known unexpectedly early, possibly even as early as the period immediately preceding the Ist Dynasty (4000 B.C.).}}</ref> Kɔberɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ no nni hɔ pii firi awosu mu, nanso kɔberɛ a wɔde yɛ nnoɔma abu so koraa na emu bi yɛ dadeɛ ntɛmntɛm berɛ a wɔhye wɔ nnua anaa fango ogya mu no. Awieeɛ koraa no, dadeɛ a wɔde yɛ adwuma no ma wɔhunuu nnoɔma a wɔde afra te sɛ kɔbere ne kɔbere (bɛyɛ 4,000 A.Y.B.). Dadeɛ a wɔde afra te sɛ dadeɛ a wɔde di dwuma dea edi kan no firi bɛyɛ afe 1,800 A.Y.B.<ref name="20030715nytimes-science">{{Cite news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|first=Hideo|last=Akanuma|title=The significance of the composition of excavated iron fragments taken from Stratum III at the site of Kaman-Kalehöyük, Turkey|journal=Anatolian Archaeological Studies|volume=14|publisher=Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology|place=Tokyo}}</ref> [[File:Wheel_Iran.jpg|thumb|The wheel was invented c. 4,000 BCE.]] === Tete === Berɛ a nnipa de ogya dii dwuma wiee no, wɔhunuu ahoɔden afoforɔ. Mframa ahoɔden a edi kan a wɔnim sɛ wɔde di dwuma ne [[:en:Sailing ship|hyɛn a ɛde po so hyɛn tu]] ; twerɛtohɔ a edi kan a ɛfa po so hyɛn bi a na ɛretu ne Nil hyɛmma bi a wɔyɛeɛ bɛyɛ afe 7,000 A.Y.B.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1-first=Donatella|author1-last=Usai|author2-first=Sandro|author2-last=Salvatori|title=The oldest representation of a Nile boat|journal=Antiquity|volume=81}}</ref> Ɛfiri berɛ a edii abakɔsɛm anim no, ɛbɛyɛ sɛ Misrifoɔ de tumi a [[:en:Flooding of the Nile|Nil nsuyiri]] a ɛba afe biara no nya no dii dwuma de gugu wɔn nsase so nsuo, na nkakrankakra wɔsuaa sɛdeɛ wɔbɛhyehyɛ ne fa kɛseɛ no ara denam nsuo a wɔde gugu nnɔbaeɛ a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ ne nsukorabea ahodoɔ a "wɔkyere" so.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Postel|first=Sandra|author-link=Sandra Postel|url=http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html|title=Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last?|date=1999|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0393319378|chapter=Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119022630/http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Tete [[:en:Sumer|Sumeriafoɔ]] a na wɔwɔ [[:en:Mesopotamia|Mesopotamia]] no de nsuten ne nsuten a ɛyɛ den dii dwuma de dan nsu fi [[:en:Tigris|Tigris]] ne [[:en:Euphrates|Eufrate]] nsubɔnten mu de gugu nnɔbaeɛ so.<ref>{{cite book|last=Crawford|first=Harriet|author-link=Harriet Crawford|date=2013|title=The Sumerian World|location=New York & London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0203096604|pages=34–43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOYAAAAQBAJ&q=Sumerian+irrigation&pg=PA35|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205005423/https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOYAAAAQBAJ&q=Sumerian+irrigation&pg=PA35|url-status=live}}</ref> Wɔn a wɔtutu fam hwehwɛ tetefoɔ nnoɔma mu bu akontaa sɛ wɔde wɔn ho na wɔyɛɛ kankra no wɔ Mesopotamia (wɔ nnɛyi [[Irak|Iraq]] ), Caucasus Atifi fam ( [[:en:Maykop culture|Maykop amammerɛ]] ), ne Europa Mfinimfini fam.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East|last=Potts|first=D.T.|year=2012|page=285}}</ref> Berɛ ho akontaabu frii 5,500 kɔsi 3,000 A.Y.B.<ref>{{Cite book|title=New Light on the Most Ancient East|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|year=1928|page=110}}</ref> Nnoɔma a akyɛ sene biara a mfonini ahodoɔ a ɛkyerɛ teaseɛnam a kankra wom no firi bɛyɛ afe 3,500 A.Y.B.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World|last=Anthony|first=David A.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0691058870|location=Princeton|page=67}}</ref> Nnansa yi ara, wɔhunuu nnua kankra a akyɛ sene biara wɔ wiase no wɔ [[:en:Ljubljana Marsh|Ljubljana Marsh]] a ɛwɔ [[Slovenia]] no mu.<ref name="babbageonline"/> Kankra a wɔyɛeɛ no maa adwadie ne ɔko mu nsakraeɛ kɛseɛ. Ankyɛ koraa na wohunuiɛ sɛ wɔbɛtumi de teaseɛnam a kankra wɔ so asoa nnesoa a emu yɛ duru. Tete Sumeriafoɔ de [[:en:Potter's wheel|ɔnwemfo ntwahonan]] na ɛdii dwuma na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔn na wɔyɛɛ no.<ref name="Kramer1963">{{cite book|last=Kramer|first=Samuel Noah|date=1963|title=The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IuxIdug8DBUC|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0226452388|page=290|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808201642/http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Sumerians.html?id=IuxIdug8DBUC|archive-date=8 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Abo nkuku ntwahonan bi a wɔhunuu wɔ kuro-man [[:en:Ur|Ur]] mu no yɛ bɛyɛ mfeɛ 3,429 <ref name="Moorey1994">{{cite book|last=Moorey|first=Peter Roger Stuart|date=1999|orig-year=1994|title=Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC|location=Winona Lake, Indiana|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-1575060422|page=146|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017215042/https://books.google.com/books/about/Ancient_Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Indus.html?id=P_Ixuott4doC|archive-date=17 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Moorey1994" /> Nkukuo ntwahonan a ɛkɔ ntɛmntɛm (a ɛkyinkyini) no maa wɔtumi yɛɛ nkuku pii ntɛm, nanso ɛyɛ ntwahonan no a wɔde dii dwuma sɛ ahoɔden a ɛsakra (ɛnam nsuo ntwahonan, mframa afidie, ne afidie a wɔde tu mmirika mpo so) na ɛsakraa ahoɔden a ɛnyɛ nnipa de a wɔde di dwuma no. Wɔnyaa teaseɛnam a edi kan a ɛwɔ ntwahonan mmienu no firii [[:en:Travois|travois]] <ref name="Lay1992">{{cite book|last=Lay|first=M G|title=Ways of the World|publisher=Primavera Press|year=1992|location=Sydney|page=28|isbn=978-1875368051}}</ref> mu na wɔdii kan de dii dwuma wɔ Mesopotamia ne [[Iran]] bɛyɛ afe 3,000 A.Y.B.<ref name="Lay1992" /> Akwan a wɔasisi a akyɛ sen biara a wɔnim ne mmɔnten a wɔde aboɔ ayɛ a ɛwɔ kuro-man Ur mu, a wɔyɛeɛ wɔ bɛyɛ c. 4,000 A.Y.B.,<ref name="Gregersen2012">{{cite book|last1=Gregersen|first1=Erik|title=The Complete History of Wheeled Transportation: From Cars and Trucks to Buses and Bikes|date=2012|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-1615307012|page=130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSbAAAAQBAJ&q=paved+road+in+Ur&pg=PA130|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145500/https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSbAAAAQBAJ&q=paved+road+in+Ur&pg=PA130|url-status=live}}</ref> ne nnua akwan a ɛfa atɛkyɛ a ɛwɔ [[:en:Glastonbury, England|Glastonbury, England]], a efiri bɛyɛ berɛ korɔ no ara mu.<ref name="Gregersen2012" /> Ɔkwan tenten a edi kan a wɔde dii dwuma bɛyɛ afe 3,500 A.Y.B.,<ref name="Gregersen2012" /> no trɛ 2,400&nbsp;km firi [[:en:Persian Gulf|Persia Po no mu]] kɔsi [[:en:Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranea Po no]] ho,<ref name="Gregersen2012" /> nanso wɔansisi aboɔ na na wɔasiesie no fa bi pɛ.<ref name="Gregersen2012" /> mu bɛyɛ Minoan kwan a ɛfiri [[:en:Gortyn|Gortyn]] ahemfie a ɛwɔ supɔ no anafoɔ fam, fa mmepɔ no so, kɔ [[:en:Knossos|Knossos]] ahemfie a ɛwɔ supɔ no atifi fam no.<ref name="Gregersen2012" /> Dea ɛnte sɛ ɔkwan a edi kan no, na wɔabɔ Minoa kwan no koraa.<ref name="Gregersen2012" />[[File:Pont_du_Gard_BLS.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the Pont du Gard in France, one of the most famous ancient Roman aqueducts[46]]]Na [[:en:Tap water|nsu a ɛsen]] fa tete Minoafoɔ afie mu .<ref name="Eslamian2014">{{cite book|last1=Eslamian|first1=Saeid|title=Handbook of Engineering Hydrology: Environmental Hydrology and Water Management|date=2014|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|isbn=978-1466552500|pages=171–175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USXcBQAAQBAJ&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA174|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210095408/https://books.google.com/books?id=USXcBQAAQBAJ&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref> Wɔtuu adwaeɛ bi a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛne nnɛ deɛ no yɛ pɛ wɔ Knossos Ahemfie hɔ.<ref name="Eslamian2014" /><ref name="Lechner2012">{{cite book|last1=Lechner|first1=Norbert|title=Plumbing, Electricity, Acoustics: Sustainable Design Methods for Architecture|date=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=978-1118014752|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0loW1G-Q5f4C&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA106|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145421/https://books.google.com/books?id=0loW1G-Q5f4C&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA106|url-status=live}}</ref> Na Minofoɔ ankorankorɛ afie pii nso wɔ [[:en:Toilet|tiafi]], a na wɔbɛtumi ahohoro denam nsuo a wɔbɛhwie agu nsuo a ɛrekɔ nsuo no mu no so.<ref name="Eslamian2014" /> Na tete Romafoɔ no wɔ tiafi pii a ɔmanfoɔ de nsuo gu mu,<ref name="Lechner2012" /> na na ɛho te kɔ nsuo fi a ɛtrɛ mu.<ref name="Lechner2012" /> Nsuo a ɛkɔ nsuo mu titire a na ɛwɔ [[Roma|Rome]] ne [[:en:Cloaca Maxima|Cloaca Maxima]] ;<ref name="Lechner2012" /> wɔfirii aseɛ sii wɔ so wɔ afeha a ɛto so nsia A.Y.B.<ref name="Lechner2012" /> Na tete Romafoɔ nso wɔ [[:en:Aqueduct (bridge)|nsu kwan]] a ɛyɛ den,<ref name="Aicher1995">{{cite book|last1=Aicher|first1=Peter J.|title=Guide to the Aqueducts of Ancient Rome|date=1995|publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc.|location=Wauconda, IL|isbn=978-0865162822|page=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IEa04PmWXq0C&q=Pont+du+Gard|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205010425/https://books.google.com/books?id=IEa04PmWXq0C&q=Pont+du+Gard|url-status=live}}</ref> a na wɔde fa nsuo fa akyirikyiri.<ref name="Aicher1995" /> Wɔyɛɛ [[:en:Roman aqueduct|Romafoɔ nsuo kwan]] a edi kan wɔ 312 A.Y.B.<ref name="Aicher1995" /> Wɔsii tete Roma nsuo kwan a ɛto so du-baako ne dea ɛtwa toɔ no mfeɛ 226 Y.B.<ref name="Aicher1995" /> Sɛ wɔka bom a, na Roma nsuo kwan no trɛ bɛboro 450&nbsp;km,<ref name="Aicher1995" /> nanso ɛnnuru 70&nbsp;km wɔ eyi so wɔ asase so na na wɔde abrannaa gyina akyi.<ref name="Aicher1995" /> === Ansa na nnɛ berɛ reba === Nnoɔma foforɔ kɔɔ so kɔsii [[:en:Middle Ages|Mfinimfini Mmere no]] mu berɛ a wɔde [[:en:Silk|sirikyi]] a wɔyɛ (wɔ Asia ne akyiri yi Europa), [[:en:Horse collar|apɔnkɔ kɔla]], ne [[:en:Horseshoe|apɔnkɔ nan ase]] baeɛ no. Wɔkaa mfidie a ɛnyɛ den (te sɛ [[:en:Lever|lever]], [[:en:Screw|screw]], ne [[:en:Pulley|pulley]] ) bɔɔ mu yɛɛ no nnwinnadeɛ a ɛyɛ den kɛseɛ te sɛ [[:en:Wheelbarrow|ntwahonan]], [[:en:Windmill|mframa afiri]], ne [[:en:Clock|wɔɔkye]] .<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315588605|title=Innovation and Creativity in Late Medieval and Early Modern European Cities|date=2019|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315588605|isbn=978-1317116530|s2cid=148764971|editor-last=Davids|editor-first=K.|editor-last2=De Munck|editor-first2=B.|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184255/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315588605/innovation-creativity-late-medieval-early-modern-european-cities-karel-davids-bert-de-munck|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Suapɔn|Sukuupɔn]] ahorow nhyehyɛe bi yɛɛ nyansahu mu nsusuwii ne nneyɛe na wɔtrɛw mu, a [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] ne [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] ka ho . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Deming|first=D.|url=|title=Science and Technology in World History, Volume 3: The Black Death, the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution|year=2014|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0786490868}}</ref> [[:en:Renaissance technology|Ahosɛpɛ]] berɛ no maa nnoɔma foforɔ pii baeɛ, a dea ɛka ho ne [[:en:Movable type|mfidie a wɔde tintim nwoma]] a wɔde baa Europa, na ɛmaa nimdeɛ a wɔde di nkutaho no yɛɛ mmerɛ. Nyansahunu nyaa mfididwuma so nkɛntɛnsoɔ kɛseɛ, na ɛfiiri nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔ so wɔ wɔn ho wɔn ho mu ase. === Abɛɛfosɛm === [[File:Late_model_Ford_Model_T.jpg|thumb|The automobile revolutionized personal transportation.]] Ɛfiri United Kingdom wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 mu no, [[:en:Steam engine|anyinam ahoɔden]] a wɔhunuu no de [[:en:Industrial Revolution|Mfididwuma mu Ɔsesɛ]], a ɛmaa wɔhunuu mfididwuma mu nnoɔma pii, titire wɔ [[:en:British Agricultural Revolution|kuayɛ]], [[:en:Manufacturing|nnoɔma a wɔyɛ]], [[:en:Mining|famgudeɛ]], [[:en:Metallurgy|dadeɛ]], ne [[:en:Transport|akwantuo mu]], ne sɛdeɛ wɔde dii dwuma kɛseɛ no baeɛ [[:en:Second Industrial Revolution|adwumayɛbea nhyehyɛeɛ no]] .<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stearns|first=P. N.|url=|title=The Industrial Revolution in World History|publisher=Routledge|year=2020|isbn=978-0813347295}}</ref> Eyi akyi no, [[:en:Second Industrial Revolution|Mfiridwuma mu Ɔsesɛw a Ɛto so Abien]] a ɛde nyansahu mu nneɛma a wohuu ntɛmntɛm, hyehyɛɛ gyinapɛn, na wɔyɛɛ nneɛma pii bae. Wɔyɛɛ mfiridwuma mu nnoɔma foforɔ a dea ɛka ho [[:en:Sewage treatment|ne nsuo fi]], [[Ɛlɛktrisiti|anyinam ahoɔden]], [[:en:Electric light|kanea]], [[:en:Electric motor|anyinam ahoɔden mfidie]], [[:en:Rail transport|keteke akwan]], [[Ɛhyɛn|kar]], ne [[:en:Airplane|wiemhyɛn]] . Saa mfiridwuma mu nkɔso ahorow yi ma wonyaa nkɔsoɔ kɛse wɔ [[Aduro|nnuruyɛ]], [[:en:Physics|abɔdeɛ mu nnoɔma ho]] nimdeɛ ne [[:en:Engineering|mfididwuma mu]] .<ref name="babbageonline"/> Wɔde asetena mu nsakraeɛ a ɛfirii mu baeɛ kaa ho, na wɔde [[:en:Skyscraper|abansoro adan a]] ɛkorɔn baeɛ a nkuro akɛseɛ a ɛkɔɔ so ntɛmntɛm ka ho .<ref>{{Cite book|last=Black|first=B. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPJjEAAAQBAJ|title=To Have and Have Not: Energy in World History|year=2022|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1538105047|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184800/https://books.google.com/books?id=NPJjEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Nkitahodie nyaa nkɔsoɔ berɛ a wɔyɛɛ [[:en:Telegraph|telegraph]], [[Ahomatrofoɔ|telefon]], [[:en:Radio|radio]] ne [[:en:Television|television no]] .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Albion|first=Robert G.|date=1933-01-01|title=The Communication Revolution, 1760-1933|url=https://doi.org/10.1179/tns.1933.002|journal=Transactions of the Newcomen Society|volume=14|issue=1|pages=13–25|doi=10.1179/tns.1933.002|issn=0372-0187|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184825/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/tns.1933.002|url-status=live}}</ref> Afeha a ɛto so 20 no de nnoɔma foforɔ pii baeɛ. Wɔ [[:en:Physics|abɔdeɛ mu nnoɔma mu no]], [[:en:Nuclear fission|nuklea mpaapaemu]] a wohunuu wɔ [[:en:Atomic Age|Atɔm Mmere no]] mu no ma wonyaa [[:en:Technology|nuklea akodeɛ]] ne [[:en:Nuclear power|nuklea ahoɔden]] nyinaa . Wɔyɛɛ [[:en:Computers|kɔmputa]] na akyiri yi wɔdan fii [[:en:Analog computer|analog]] so kɔɔ dijitaal so wɔ [[:en:Digital Revolution|Digital Revolution]] no mu . Amanneɛbɔ mfididwuma, titire [[Optical fiber a wɔde yɛ nneɛma|optical fiber]] ne [[Optical amplifier a ɛma nneɛma yɛ kɛse|optical amplifiers]] na ɛma wɔwoo [[:en:Internet|Intanɛt]] na ɛde [[Amanneɛbɔ Mmerehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information Age|Amanneɛbɔ Berɛ no]] baeɛ . [[:en:Space Age|Ahunumu Mmere no]] firii ase berɛ a wɔde [[:en:Sputnik 1|Sputnik 1]] too dwa wɔ 1957 mu, na akyiri yi wɔde [[Nnipa ahunmu wimhyɛn|adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔyɛ adwuma]] wɔ bosome wɔ 1960 afe no mu no. Mmɔden a wɔahyehyɛ sɛ [[Hwehwɛ nyansa a efi asase so|wɔbɛhwehwɛ nyansa a efi asase so no]] de [[Radio afiri a wɔde hwɛ akyirikyiri|radio afiri a]] wɔde hwɛ akyirikyiri adi dwuma de ahu mfiridwuma ho sɛnkyerɛnne, anaasɛ ''[[Mfiridwuma ho nsaano nkyerɛwee|technosignatures]]'', a ahɔho anibuei ahorow de ma. Wɔ nnuruyɛ mu no, wɔyɛɛ mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ foforo a wɔde behu yare no ( [[CT scan a wɔde yɛ adwuma|CT]], [[Positron a ɛma obi nya tomography|PET]], ne [[MRI]] scanning), ayaresa (te sɛ [[Afiri a wɔde yɛ dialysis|dialysis afiri]], [[Afiri a wɔde yi fibrillator|defibrillator]], [[Koma mu ahoɔden a wɔde yɛ adwuma|pacemaker]], ne [[Aduro|nnuru foforo pii a wɔde yɛ nnuru]] ), ne nhwehwɛmu (te sɛ [[:en:Interferon|interferon]] cloning ne [[:en:DNA microarray|DNA microarrays]] ) . .<ref>{{Cite book|last=Agar|first=J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2TrhBB_4fYC|title=Science in the 20th Century and Beyond|year=2012|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0745634692|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184804/https://books.google.com/books?id=e2TrhBB_4fYC|url-status=live}}</ref> Nneɛma [[Nneɛma a wɔyɛ|a wɔyɛ]] ne [[Adesie|adansi ho]] akwan ne ahyehyɛde ahorow a ɛyɛ den ho hia na wɔatumi ayɛ nnɛyi mfiridwuma pii na wɔakura mu, na [[Nnwuma (sikasɛm) .|nnwuma]] mũ nyinaa asɔre sɛ wɔbɛyɛ awo ntoatoaso a edi hɔ a wɔde nnwinnade a ɛreyɛ den kɛse. Nnɛyi mfiridwuma de ne ho to ntetee ne nhomasua so kɛse&nbsp;– wɔn adwumfo, adansifoɔ, wɔn a wɔhwɛ so, ne wɔn a wɔde di dwuma no taa hwehwɛ nteteeɛ a ɛyɛ nwonwa a ɛfa biribiara ho ne pɔtee.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Goldin|first1=C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGlCFqnakCoC|title=The Race between Education and Technology|last2=Katz|first2=L. F.|year=2010|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0674037731|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184804/https://books.google.com/books?id=yGlCFqnakCoC|url-status=live}}</ref> Afei nso, saa mfiridwuma yi abɛyɛ nea ɛyɛ den araa ma wɔayɛ nnwuma mũ nyinaa a ɛbɛboa, a [[Mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ|mfiridwuma]], [[Aduro|nnuruyɛ]], ne [[kɔmputa ho nyansahu]] ka ho ; ne nnwuma afoforo abɛyɛ nea ɛyɛ den kɛse, te sɛ [[Adesie|adansi]], [[Akwantuo|akwantu]], ne [[Dan nhyehyɛeɛ|adansi]] . === Nsunsuansoɔ === Mfiridwuma mu nsakrae ne ade kɛse a ɛde sikasɛm mu nkɔso a ɛtra hɔ kyɛ ba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Solow|first=Robert M.|date=1957|title=Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1926047|journal=The Review of Economics and Statistics|volume=39|issue=3|pages=312–320|doi=10.2307/1926047|jstor=1926047|issn=0034-6535}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bresnahan|first1=Timothy F.|last2=Trajtenberg|first2=M.|date=1995-01-01|title=General purpose technologies 'Engines of growth'?|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076%2894%2901598-T|journal=Journal of Econometrics|volume=65|issue=1|pages=83–108|doi=10.1016/0304-4076(94)01598-T|issn=0304-4076}}</ref> Wɔ adesamma abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, na ahoɔden a wɔyɛ no ne ade titiriw a ɛmma [[sikasɛm mu nkɔso]], na mfiridwuma foforo maa nnipa tumi maa ahoɔden dodow a ɛwɔ hɔ no kɔɔ soro kɛse '''.''' Nea edi kan bae ogya, na ɛmaa wotumi di nnuan ahorow pii, na ɛmaa ɛnyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛyam wɔ nipadua mu. Ogya nso maa wotumi yɛɛ [[Nneɛma a wɔde smelting|smelting]], ne [[tin]], [[Kɔpa|kɔbere]], ne [[Dadeɛ|dade]] nnwinnade a wɔde bɔ abɔmmɔ anaa [[Oguadifo|aguadi]] . Afei kuayɛ mu nsakrae bae: na enhia sɛ nnipa [[Ɔbɔmmɔfo-aboaboa nneɛma ano|bɔ abɔmmɔ anaasɛ wɔboaboa wɔn ho ano bio]] na wɔatumi atra ase, na wofii ase kɔtraa nkurow ne nkurow akɛse mu, na wɔhyehyɛɛ aman a emu yɛ den kɛse, a [[Asraafoɔ|asraafo]] ne [[Ɔsom|nyamesom]] ahorow a wɔahyehyɛ no yiye wom .<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Wrigley|first=E. A|date=2013-03-13|title=Energy and the English Industrial Revolution|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2011.0568|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|volume=371|issue=1986|page=20110568|doi=10.1098/rsta.2011.0568|pmid=23359739|bibcode=2013RSPTA.37110568W|s2cid=10624423}}</ref> Mfiridwuma aboa ma nnipa yiyedi aba denam yiyedi a ɛkɔ soro, ahotɔ ne asetra pa a ɛkɔ anim, ne [[Akwahosan ho mfiridwuma|aduruyɛ mu nkɔso so]], nanso ebetumi asɛe asetra mu nniso a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw no nso, de [[Efiyɛ|efi]] aba, na apira ankorankoro anaa akuw. Nnansa yi mfe ama [[Social media sohyial media|social media]] ’s amammerɛ mu din kɛse aba, na ebetumi de nkɛntɛnso aba demokrase, ne sikasɛm ne asetra mu asetra so. Mfiase no, na wohuu intanɛt sɛ "ahofadi mfiridwuma" a ɛbɛma nimdeɛ ayɛ demokrase, ama nhomasua a wobenya no atu mpɔn, na ama demokrase anya nkɔso. Nnɛyi nhwehwɛmu adan akɔhwehwɛ intanɛt so bɔne ahorow mu, a nsɛm a ɛnteɛ, polarization, ɔtan kasa, ne nsɛmmɔnedi ka ho.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-media-and-democracy/E79E2BBF03C18C3A56A5CC393698F117|title=Social Media and Democracy: The State of the Field, Prospects for Reform|date=2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1108835558|editor-last=Persily|editor-first=Nathaniel|series=SSRC Anxieties of Democracy|location=Cambridge|doi=10.1017/9781108890960|s2cid=243715477|editor-last2=Tucker|editor-first2=Joshua A.}}</ref> Efi 1970 mfe no mu no, [[Mfiridwuma ho ɔkasatia|wɔakasa atia]] nkɛntɛnso a mfiridwuma nya wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so no, na ɛde sika a wɔde hyɛ [[Owia ahoɔden|owia]], [[Mframa ahoɔden|mframa]], ne [[Ahoɔden a ɛtra hɔ daa|ahoɔden a ɛho tew]] afoforo mu no akɔ soro . === Asetenam === ==== Nnwuma ==== Efi bere a wɔyɛɛ ntwahonan no, mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ aboa ma nnipa sikasɛm mu nkɔso akɔ soro. automation a atwam no de adwumayɛfo asi adwumayɛfo ananmu na wɔaboa wɔn; mfiri besii nnipa ananmu wɔ nnwuma bi a akatua sua mu (sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ kuayɛ mu), nanso wɔde nnwuma foforo a akatua kɛse wom a wɔyɛe no tuaa eyi so ka.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Autor|first=D. H.|year=2015|title=Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=29|number=3|pages=3–30|doi=10.1257/jep.29.3.3|url=https://economics.mit.edu/files/11563|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901060615/http://economics.mit.edu/files/11563|archive-date=1 September 2022|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ kɔmputa amma [[Mfiridwuma mu adwuma a wonnya nyɛ|mfiridwuma mu adwuma a wonnya]] nyɛ kɛse amma .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bessen|first=J. E.|date=2016-10-03|title=How Computer Automation Affects Occupations: Technology, Jobs, and Skills|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2690435|location=Rochester, NY|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2690435|ssrn=2690435|s2cid=29968989|access-date=17 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184808/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2690435|url-status=live}}</ref> Esiane sɛ [[Nyansa a wɔde ayɛ nneɛma|nyansa a wɔde ayɛ ade]] tumi yɛ adwuma sen kɔmputa koraa, na ɛda so ara wɔ ne mmofraase nti, wonnim sɛ ebia ebedi su koro no ara akyi anaa; wɔagye asɛmmisa no ho akyinnye tenten wɔ sikasɛm ho abenfo ne nhyehyɛeyɛfo mu. Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 2017 mu no anhu sɛ sikasɛm ho abenfoɔ adwene nhyia pefee wɔ sɛ ebia AI bɛma adwuma a wonnya nyɛ akyɛ no akɔ soro anaa.<ref name="babbageonline"/> Sɛnea [[Wiase Nyinaa Sikasɛm Ho Nhyiam|World Economic Forum]] "The Future of Jobs Report 2020" kyerɛ no, wɔahyɛ nkɔm sɛ AI besi nnwuma ɔpepem 85 ananmu wɔ wiase nyinaa, na ɛde nnwuma foforo ɔpepem 97 aba afe 2025.<ref name="babbageonline"/><ref name="babbageonline"/> Efi 1990 kosi 2007 no, nhwehwɛmu bi a [[Massachusetts Mfiridwuma Asoɛe|MIT]] sikasɛm ho ɔbenfo [[Daron Acemoglu na ɔkyerɛwee|Daron Acemoglu]] yɛe wɔ U.S. kyerɛe sɛ sɛ wɔde robɔt biako ka ho ma adwumayɛfo 1,000 biara a, ɛma [[Adwumayɛ ne nnipa dodow ntam nsonsonoe|adwumayɛ ne nnipa dodow so tew]] 0.2%, anaa bɛyɛ adwumayɛfo 3.3, na ɛma akatua so tew 0.42%.<ref name="babbageonline"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Acemoglu|first1=Daron|last2=Restrepo|first2=Pascual|date=2020-06-01|title=Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/705716|journal=Journal of Political Economy|volume=128|issue=6|pages=2188–2244|doi=10.1086/705716|hdl=1721.1/130324|s2cid=7468879|issn=0022-3808}}</ref> Nanso mfiridwuma a ebesi nnipa adwuma ananmu ho dadwen yɛ nea ɛtra hɔ kyɛ. Sɛnea U.S. ɔmampanyin [[Lyndon B. Johnson na ɔkyerɛwee|Lyndon Johnson]] kae wɔ 1964 mu no, "Mfiridwuma rebɔ hokwan foforo ne asɛyɛde foforo nyinaa ama yɛn, hokwan a ɛbɛma yɛatumi ayɛ adwuma kɛse na yɛanya nkɔso; asɛyɛde a ɛne sɛ yɛbɛhwɛ ahu sɛ ɛnsɛ sɛ odwumayɛni biara, abusua biara tua bo a ɛnteɛ wɔ nkɔso ho." bere a wɔde wɔn nsa ahyɛ Ɔman Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Mfiridwuma, Mfiridwuma, ne Sikasɛm mu Nkɔso ho mmara ase no.<ref name="babbageonline"/><ref name="babbageonline"/><ref name="babbageonline"/><ref name="babbageonline"/><ref name="babbageonline"/> === Bammɔ === Esiane sɛ wɔde wɔn ho to mfiridwuma so kɛse nti, ahobammɔ ne kokoam nsɛm ho haw ahorow aka ho. Nnipa ɔpepepem pii de akwan horow a wɔfa so tua sika wɔ Intanɛt so di dwuma, te sɛ [[WeChat Tua Ka|WeChat Pay]], [[PayPal na ɛyɛ adwuma|PayPal]], [[Alipay na ɔyɛ|Alipay]], ne nea ɛkeka ho pii de boa ma wɔde sika kɔ baabi foforo. Ɛwom sɛ wɔde ahobammɔ ho nhyehyɛe ahorow si hɔ de, nanso nsɛmmɔnedifo binom tumi twa ho hyia.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Elizabeth|author1-link=Elizabeth Rosenberg|last2=Harrell|first2=Peter E.|last3=Shiffman|first3=Gary M.|last4=Dorshimer|first4=Sam|date=2019|title=Financial Technology and National Security|publisher=Center for a New American Security|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20404}}</ref> Wɔ March 2022 mu no, North Korea de [[Blender.io]], [[Cryptocurrency a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ hu so|mixer]] a ɛboaa wɔn ma wɔde wɔn cryptocurrency exchanges siee, dii dwuma de hohoro bɛboro $20.5 ɔpepem wɔ cryptocurrency mu, fii [[Axie Infinity a Ɛyɛ Adwuma|Axie Infinity]], na wowiaa bɛboro $600 ɔpepem cryptocurrency fii agoru no wura hɔ. Esiane eyi nti, U.S. Sikakorabea Dwumadibea no maa Blender.io a ɛyɛ bere a edi kan a ayɛ ade atia mixer bi no sɛ ɔmmɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛhyɛ North Korea hackers so.<ref name="babbageonline"/><ref name="babbageonline"/> Wɔagye cryptocurrency kokoamsɛm ho akyinnye. Ɛwom sɛ adetɔfo pii ani gye cryptocurrency kokoam nsɛm ho de, nanso pii nso ka sɛ ehia sɛ wɔyɛ no pefee na ɛyɛ pintinn kɛse.<ref name=":11" /> === Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia === Mfiridwuma anya wiase no so [[Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mfiridwuma|nkɛntɛnso bɔne ne nneɛma a atwa]] yɛn ho ahyia so nkɛntɛnso pa, a mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ nea ɛne ɔsɛe a edi kan no bɔ abira, te sɛ; [[Efiyɛ|efi]] a wɔbɔ ne mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ [[Efi a wosiw ano nhyehyɛe|wobeyi efi a wɔaka ho asɛm no afi hɔ]],<ref name="babbageonline"/> [[kwae a wotutu]] ne kwae a wotutu a wɔdan no,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grainger|first1=Alan|last2=Francisco|first2=Herminia A.|last3=Tiraswat|first3=Penporn|date=July 2003|title=The impact of changes in agricultural technology on long-term trends in deforestation|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264837703000097|journal=The International Journal Covering All Aspects of Land Use|volume=20|issue=3|pages=209–223|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> ne [[ngo a wɔhwie gu]]i . Eyinom nyinaa anya nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia wɔ asase so so nkɛntɛnso kɛse. Bere a mfiridwuma anya nkɔso no, saa ara na [[Mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew|nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so nkɛntɛnso bɔne no nso anya nkɔso, na mframa a ɛma wim yɛ]] hyew, te sɛ [[Methane a wɔde yɛ adwuma|methane]] ne [[Carbon dioxide a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu|carbon dioxide]], fi wim, na ɛde wim [[Nkɛntɛnso a ɛma wim yɛ hyew|tebea a ɛma wim yɛ hyew]] ba, na ɛde nkakrankakra ma asase yɛ hyew na ɛde wiase nyinaa hyew ba. Eyi nyinaa asɛe kɛse bere a mfiridwuma mu nkɔso aba no.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chaudhry|first1=Imran Sharif|last2=Ali|first2=Sajid|last3=Bhatti|first3=Shaukat Hussain|last4=Anser|first4=Muhammad Khalid|last5=Khan|first5=Ahmad Imran|last6=Nazar|first6=Raima|date=October 2021|title=Dynamic common correlated effects of technological innovations and institutional performance on environmental quality: Evidence from East-Asia and Pacific countries|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1462901121001921|journal=Environmental Science & Policy|volume=124|issue=Environmental Science & Policy|pages=313–323|doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2021.07.007|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> === Efiyɛ === Anka efi, efi a ɛwɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ɛde ɔhaw ahorow ba no betumi aba wɔ [[Inca Ahemman no|Inca ahemman no]] mu tɔnn . Wɔde kɔbere [[Kɔbere sulfide a wɔde yɛ aduru|sulfide]] [[Flux (dade ho nimdeɛ) .|a]] [[Nneɛma a wɔde smelting|ɛsensɛn]] aboɔden abo mu, ne dɔte [[Kiln a wɔde yɛ adwuma|fononoo]] a mframa bɔ, a ɛma [[Di kan|kɔbere]] kɔ [[Wim tebea|wim]] ne nsubɔnten mu [[Nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam|nsu a ɛyɛ fi]] no dii dwuma.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smol|first=J. P.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/476272945|title=Pollution of Lakes and Rivers : a Paleoenvironmental Perspective.|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1444307573|edition=2nd|location=Chichester|page=135|oclc=476272945}}</ref> === Felɔsɔfi === Mfiridwuma ho nyansapɛ yɛ [[Felɔsɔfi|nyansapɛ]] baa dwumadibea a ɛsua "adeyɛ a wɔde yɛ nneɛma a wɔde ayɛ nneɛma na wɔyɛ", ne "nneɛma a wɔabɔ saa no su." <ref name=":5">{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Franssen|first1=M.|chapter=Philosophy of Technology|year=2018|chapter-url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/technology/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=E. N.|edition=Fall 2018|access-date=11 September 2022|last2=Lokhorst|first2=G.-J.|last3=van de Poel|first3=I.|archive-date=11 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911061556/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/technology/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ɛda adi sɛ nteɛso wɔ mfeha abien a atwam no mu, na anya nkɔanim "kɛse" fi 1970 mfe no mu.<ref name=":82">{{Cite book|last1=de Vries|first1=M. J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EOmPCgAAQBAJ|title=Philosophy of Technology : An Introduction for Technology and Business Students|last2=Verkerk|first2=M. J.|last3=Hoogland|first3=J.|last4=van der Stoep|first4=J.|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2015|isbn=978-1317445715|location=United Kingdom|oclc=907132694|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184227/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Philosophy_of_Technology/EOmPCgAAQBAJ|archive-date=4 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Nnipa ho nyansapɛ a ɛfa mfiridwuma ho'' no fa "nea mfiridwuma kyerɛ ma, ne nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ, ɔmanfo ne amammerɛ so" ho.<ref name=":5" /> Mfiase no, na wobu mfiridwuma sɛ onipa abɔde a nkwa wom no ntrɛwmu a ɛyɛ nipadua ne adwene mu tumi ahorow anaasɛ ɛma ɛyɛ kɛse.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brey|first=P.|year=2000|editor-last=Mitcham|editor-first=C.|title=Theories of Technology as Extension of Human Faculties|journal=Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Technology. Research in Philosophy and Technology|volume=19}}</ref> [[Karl Marx na ɔkyerɛwee|Marx]] hyehyɛɛ no sɛ adwinnade a kapitalistfo de di dwuma de hyɛ proletariat so, nanso na ogye di sɛ mfiridwuma bɛyɛ tumi a ɛma ahofadi titiriw bere a "wɔade ne ho afi ɔmanfo mu nsakrae ho" no. Akyiri yi nyansapɛfo a wɔbaa asorɔkye a ɛto so abien te sɛ Ortega danee wɔn adwene fii sikasɛm ne amammuisɛm so kɔɔ “da biara da asetra ne asetra wɔ mfiridwuma-honam fam amammerɛ mu,” na wɔkae sɛ mfiridwuma betumi ahyɛ “bourgeoisie no mufo a wɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ne wuranom ne ne wuranom mpo so.” Nyansapɛfo a wɔwɔ ɔfa a ɛto so abiɛsa te sɛ [[Don Ihde na ɔkyerɛwee|Don Ihde]] ne [[Albert Borgmann na ɔkyerɛwee|Albert Borgmann]] gyina hɔ ma nsakrae a ɛkɔ de-generalization ne empiricism so, na wosusuw sɛnea nnipa betumi asua sɛnea wɔde mfiridwuma bɛtra ase no ho.<ref name=":82"/> Wɔkyekyɛɛ mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ a edi kan no mu wɔ akyinnyegye abien mu: [[Mfiridwuma mu nneɛma a wɔde si gyinae|mfiridwuma mu determinism]], ne [[Asetra mu adansi a ɛfa mfiridwuma ho|asetra mu adansi]] . Mfiridwuma mu determinism ne adwene a ɛne sɛ mfiridwuma de asetra mu nsakrae a wontumi nkwati ba.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Deborah G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iN6MEAAAQBAJ|title=Technology and Society: Building Our Sociotechnical Future|edition=2nd|last2=Wetmore|first2=Jameson M.|date=2021|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0262539968}}</ref> : 1 . 95. Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so Mpɛn pii no ɛka akyinnyegye bi a ɛfa ho, mfiridwuma mu ahofadi, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ mfiridwuma mu nkɔso di abɔde mu nkɔso akyi na wontumi nsiw ano.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dusek|first=Val|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_VXvwEACAAJ|title=Philosophy of Technology: An Introduction|date=2006|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1405111621|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184807/https://books.google.com/books?id=J_VXvwEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Asetra mu nkɔso ho animdefo </link> ka sɛ mfiridwuma di abɔde mu nkɔso biara akyi, na amammerɛ mu gyinapɛn ahorow, mmara, amammuisɛm, ne sikasɛm mu nkannyan na ɛkyerɛ. Nnɛyi nhomanimfo adan akɔ [[Asetra mu mfiridwuma nhyehyɛe|sociotechnical nhyehyɛe ahorow]] mu nhwehwɛmu, "nneɛma, nnipa, nneyɛe, ne ntease ahorow a wɔaboaboa ano", a wɔhwɛ bo a ɛsom ho atemmu ahorow a ɛhyehyɛ mfiridwuma.<ref name=":9" /> Amammerɛ ho ɔkasatiafo [[Neil Postman a ɔyɛ adwuma wɔ hɔ|Neil Postman]] kyerɛɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda aman a wɔde nnwinnade di dwuma ntam ne nea ɔfrɛɛ no “mfiridwuma” mu, aman a mfiridwuma ne nyansahu mu nkɔso ho adwene bi na ɛhyɛ wɔn so a ɛsɛe amammerɛ mu nneyɛe afoforo, gyinapɛn ahorow, ne wiase adwene ahorow.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Postman|first=Neil|title=Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology|publisher=Vintage|year=1993|location=New York}}</ref> [[Herbert Marcuse na ɔkyerɛwee|Herbert Marcuse]] ne [[John Zerzan na ɔkyerɛwee|John Zerzan]] kyerɛ sɛ akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ mfiridwuma mu nnipa bɛma yɛagye yɛn ahofadi ne yɛn adwene mu akwahosan afi yɛn nsam.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Marcuse|first=H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoKGAgAAQBAJ|title=Technology, War and Fascism: Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse, Volume 1|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1134774661|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184809/https://books.google.com/books?id=WoKGAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> === Mmara === ''Mfiridwuma mu abrabɔ pa'' yɛ [[Mmara|abrabɔ pa]] ho adesua a ɛwɔ nnwuma ahorow ntam a ɛhwehwɛ mfiridwuma mu abrabɔ pa ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu mu na ɛhwehwɛ akwan a wɔbɛfa so abrɛ nkɛntɛnso bɔne a ebetumi afi mfiridwuma foforo mu aba no ase. Abrabɔ pa ho nsɛm ahodoɔ pii wɔ hɔ a ɛfa mfiridwuma ho, ɛfiri mmeaeɛ pɔtee a wɔde wɔn adwene si so a ɛka adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔde mfiridwuma yɛ adwuma kɔsi asetena, abrabɔ pa, ne mmara mu nsɛm a ɛtrɛ a ɛfa dwumadie a mfiridwuma di wɔ ɔmanfoɔ ne da biara da asetena mu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hansson|first=Sven Ove|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YeLaDwAAQBAJ&dq=technology+ethics&pg=PR7|title=The Ethics of Technology: Methods and Approaches|year=2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1783486595|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184810/https://books.google.com/books?id=YeLaDwAAQBAJ&dq=technology+ethics&pg=PR7|url-status=live}}</ref> Akyinnyegye atitiriw atwa [[Abɔde a wɔayɛ no foforo wɔ awosu mu|abɔde a nkwa wom a wɔayɛ wɔn awosu mu nsakrae]], robɔt asraafo a wɔde di dwuma, [[Algorithmic bias a wɔde di dwuma|algorithmic bias]], ne asɛm a ɛfa [[AI a wɔde hyɛ mu|AI nneyɛe a wɔbɛma]] ne nnipa gyinapɛn ahorow ahyia ho no ho.<ref name="babbageonline">{{Cite web}}</ref> Mfiridwuma mu abrabɔ pa ka nneɛma atitiriw pii ho. [[Abɔde a nkwa wom ho abrabɔ pa|Bioethics]] hwɛ abrabɔ pa ho nsɛm a ɛfa abɔde a nkwa wom ho mfiridwuma ne nnɛyi nnuruyɛ ho, a nea ɛka ho ne cloning, nnipa awosu mu nsakrae, ne stem cell nhwehwɛmu. [[Kɔmputa so abrabɔ pa|Kɔmputa so]] abrabɔ pa twe adwene si nsɛm a ɛfa kɔmputa ho so. [[Cyberethics a Wɔde Di Dwuma|Cyberethics]] hwehwɛ nsɛm a ɛfa intanɛt ho te sɛ [[Adwene mu agyapade|adwene mu agyapade hokwan]], [[Intanɛt so kokoam nsɛm|kokoam nsɛm]], ne [[Intanɛt so nsɛm a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma so|censorship]] . [[Nano mfiridwuma ho abrabɔ pa|Nanoethics]] hwehwɛ nsɛm a ɛfa nneɛma a ɛsakra wɔ atom ne molecule gyinabea ho wɔ nteɛso ahorow a kɔmputa ho nimdeɛ, mfiridwuma, ne abɔde a nkwa wom ho adesua ka ho mu. Na [[mfiridwuma mu abrabɔ pa]] fa mfiridwumayɛfo adwumayɛ gyinapɛn ahorow ho, a [[Software ho mfiridwuma|softwea mfiridwumayɛfo]] ne wɔn abrabɔ pa ho asɛyɛde ahorow wɔ ɔmanfo anim ka ho.<ref name="Luppicini, R. 20082">{{cite book|last=Luppicini|first=R.|title=Handbook of Research on Technoethics|publisher=Idea Group Publishing|year=2008|editor1=Luppicini|location=Hershey|chapter=The emerging field of Technoethics|editor2=R. Adell}}</ref> Mfiridwuma mu abrabɔ pa baa dwumadibea kɛse bi fa [[Abrabɔ pa a ɛfa nyansa a wɔde ayɛ nneɛma ho|abrabɔ pa a ɛfa]] nyansa a wɔde yɛ nneɛma ho : ɛka [[Robot abrabɔ pa ho nimdeɛ|robɔt abrabɔ pa]], a ɛfa abrabɔ pa ho nsɛm a ɛfa robɔt nhyehyɛe, ne si, ne di, ne ne ayaresa ho,<ref name="Veruggio2002">{{cite journal|author=Veruggio, Gianmarco|year=2011|title=The Roboethics Roadmap|journal=EURON Roboethics Atelier|publisher=Scuola di Robotica|page=2|citeseerx=10.1.1.466.2810}}</ref> ne [[Mfiri ho abrabɔ pa|mfiri abrabɔ pa]], a ɛyɛ a ɛhaw no sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ ma wɔayɛ abrabɔ pa wɔ [[Ɔnanmusifo a onim nyansa|nnuru a wɔde nyansa a wɔde ayɛ nneɛma mu no]] ho .<ref name="Anderson2011">{{Cite book|title=Machine Ethics|date=2011|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521112352|editor1-last=Anderson|editor1-first=Michael|editor2-last=Anderson|editor2-first=Susan Leigh}}</ref> Wɔ AI abrabɔ pa ho nsɛm mu no, nhwehwɛmu mu ɔhaw atitiriw a wonnya nnii ho dwuma no bi ne [[AI a wɔde hyɛ mu|AI a ɛne ne ho hyia]] (a wɔhwɛ hu sɛ AI nneyɛe ne wɔn abɔfo no botae ne wɔn anigyede ahorow a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ no hyia) ne [[Algorithmic bias a wɔde di dwuma|algorithmic bias]] a wɔtew so . Nhwehwɛmufo binom abɔ kɔkɔ wɔ asiane a wosusuw sɛ ɛwɔ [[AI a wɔde gye nneɛma|AI a wɔbɛfa mu]] no ho, na wɔakamfo [[AI tumi a wɔde di dwuma|AI tumi sohwɛ a]] wɔde bedi dwuma nka akwan a wɔfa so de AI hyia no ho === Daakye ho adesua === ''Daakye adesua'' yɛ nhyehyɛe ne nnwuma ahorow ntam adesua a ɛfa asetra ne mfiridwuma mu nkɔso ho. Ɛde asi n’ani so sɛ ɛbɛhwehwɛ daakye a ɛyɛ nokware no mu wɔ dodow ne su mu na ɛde nnipa gyinapɛn ahorow ahyɛ mfiridwuma foforo a wɔbɛyɛ mu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Bell|first=W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ILJ_pfMgLqsC|title=Foundations of Futures Studies, Volume 1: Human Science for a New Era|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1412823791|access-date=12 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004185315/https://books.google.com/books?id=ILJ_pfMgLqsC|url-status=live}}</ref> : 1 . 54. Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so Mpɛn pii no, daakye ho nhwehwɛmufo ani gye ho sɛ wɔbɛma "adesamma ahofadi ne yiyedi" atu mpɔn.<ref name=":1" /> : 1 . 73. Nkyekyɛm Ɛde ne ho to dodow ne su mu nhwehwɛmu a edi mũ a ɛfa mfiridwuma mu nkɔso a atwam ne mprempren ho so, na [[ɛbɔ]] mmɔden sɛ ɛde katee bɛka ho asɛm akɔ daakye.<ref name=":1" /> Wɔtaa de nyansahu mu ayɛsɛm di dwuma sɛ adwene fibea.<ref name=":1" /> : 1 . 173. Nkyekyɛm Daakye nhwehwɛmu akwan no bi ne [[Nhwehwɛmu (nnipa nhwehwɛmu) .|nhwehwɛmu nhwehwɛmu]], [[Nhwɛsoɔ|nhwɛsode]], [[Akontaabu mu nsusuwii|akontaabu nhwehwɛmu]], ne [[Nsusuwii a wɔde yɛ nneɛma|kɔmputa so mfoniniyɛ]] .<ref name=":1" /> : 1 . 187 na ɛwɔ hɔ . == Kɔmputa == '''Kɔmputa''' yɛ [[afidie|afiri]] a wobetumi ayɛ ho nhyehyɛe sɛ ɛbɛyɛ akontaabu anaa ntease dwumadi ahorow ( [[Mfiridwuma a wɔde di dwuma|akontaabu]] ) nnidiso nnidiso. Nnɛyi [[Digitals ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri|dijitaal ɛlɛtrɔnik]] kɔmputa ahorow tumi yɛ adwuma ahorow a wɔfrɛ no [[Kɔmputa so dwumadi|program ahorow]] a ɛyɛ ne nyinaa . Saa nhyehyɛe ahorow yi ma kɔmputa ahorow tumi yɛ nnwuma ahorow pii. '''Kɔmputa nhyehyɛe''' yɛ kɔmputa a edi mũ a wɔfrɛ no [[Kɔmputa so nneɛma a wɔde yɛ adwuma|hardware]], [[Dwumadi nhyehyɛe|operating system]] (main [[software]] ), ne [[Nneɛma a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri|peripheral]] equipment a wohia na wɔde di dwuma ma ɛyɛ adwuma koraa ka ho. Saa asɛmfua yi nso betumi akyerɛ kɔmputa kuw bi a ɛka bom na ɛyɛ adwuma bom, te sɛ [[Kɔmputa so nkitahodi|kɔmputa ntam nkitahodi]] anaa [[Kɔmputa so akuwakuw|kɔmputa akuw]] . [[Logic controller a wotumi yɛ ho nhyehyɛe|Mfiridwuma]] ne [[Ɛlektrɔnik mfiri a wɔde di dwuma|adetɔfo nneɛma]] ahorow pii de kɔmputa di dwuma sɛ [[Control nhyehyɛe|nhyehyɛe a wɔde di dwuma]] . Wɔde mfiri a ɛnyɛ den a wɔde di dwuma titiriw te sɛ [[Microwave fononoo a wɔde gu mu|microwave oven]] ne [[Remote control a wɔde di dwuma|remote control]] ka ho, na saa ara na mfiri a wɔde yɛ adwumayɛbea te sɛ [[mfiridwuma mu robɔt]] ne [[Kɔmputa so adwini a wɔde yɛ adwuma|kɔmputa a wɔde boa adwini]], ne mfiri a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so te sɛ [[ankorankoro kɔmputa]] ne [[Mobile mfiri a wɔde di dwuma|mfiri a wɔde di dwuma wɔ telefon]] so te sɛ [[Smartphone a wɔde di dwuma|smartphone]] . Kɔmputa na ɛma [[Intanɛt so|Intanɛt]], a ɛka kɔmputa afoforo ne wɔn a wɔde di dwuma ɔpepepem pii bom no nya ahoɔden. Na wɔayɛ sɛ wɔde kɔmputa a edi kan no bɛyɛ akontaabu nkutoo. Nnwinnade a wɔde nsa yɛ a ɛnyɛ den te sɛ [[Abacus a ɛwɔ hɔ|abacus]] aboa nkurɔfo ma wɔabu akontaa fi tete. Wɔ [[Mfiridwuma mu Ɔsesɛw|Mfiridwuma mu Ɔsesɛw no]] mfiase no, wɔyɛɛ mfiri ahorow bi a wɔde bɛyɛ nnwuma atenten a ɛyɛ den, te sɛ nsusuwso ahorow a wɔkyerɛ kwan ma [[Loom|ntamadan]] . Ɛlektrik mfiri a ɛyɛ nwonwa kɛse yɛɛ [[Analogue ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri|analog]] akontaabu titiriw wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 mfiase mu hɔ. Wɔyɛɛ [[Digitals data a wɔde di dwuma|dijitaal]] ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri a edi kan a wɔde bu akontaa wɔ [[Wiase Ko II]] mu . [[Semiconductor a ɛyɛ adwuma|Semiconductor]] [[Transistor a ɛwɔ hɔ|transistors]] a edi kan wɔ 1940 mfeɛ no awieeɛ no, [[Silicon a wɔde yɛ nneɛma|silicon]] -based [[MOSFET na ɔkyerɛwee|MOSFET]] (MOS transistor) ne [[Monolithic ɔmansin a wɔaka abom|monolithic integrated circuit]] chip mfiridwuma dii akyire wɔ 1950 mfeɛ no awieeɛ mu, na ɛde [[Microprocessor a wɔde yɛ adwuma|microprocessor]] ne [[Kɔmputa nketewa mu nsakrae|microcomputer nsakraeɛ]] baeɛ wɔ 1970 mfeɛ no mu. Kɔmputa ahoɔhare, ahoɔden ne sɛnea ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ mmeae pii no akɔ soro kɛse fi saa bere no, na [[Transistor dodow a wɔde ma|transistor dodow]] akɔ soro ntɛmntɛm (sɛnea [[Moore mmara no|Moore mmara]] kyerɛe no ), na ɛde [[Digitals Ɔsesɛw a Ɛbae|Digital Revolution]] bae wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 awiei kosi 21 mfiase mu hɔ. Sɛnea wɔtaa yɛ no, anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnɛyi kɔmputa yɛ [[Nneɛma a wɔde yɛ adwuma|ade biako a wɔde yɛ adwuma]], a mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ [[Central processing unit a wɔde yɛ adwuma|central processing unit]] (CPU) a ɛte sɛ microprocessor, ne [[Kɔmputa so memory|kɔmputa memory]] bi, a mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ [[Semiconductor a wɔde kae ade|semiconductor memory]] chips. Ade a wɔde yɛ adwuma no yɛ akontaabu ne ntease mu dwumadi ahorow, na nhyehyɛe a wɔde di dwuma nnidiso nnidiso ne nea wɔde di dwuma no betumi asesa nhyehyɛe a wɔde yɛ adwuma no de abua [[nsɛm]] a wɔde asie . Mfiri a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri no bi ne mfiri a wɔde hyɛ mu (keyboards, mice, [[Anigyede a wɔde hyɛ mu|joystick]], ne nea ɛkeka ho), mfiri a wɔde fi mu (monitor screens, [[Printer (kɔmputa a wɔde tintim nhoma) .|printers]], ne nea ɛkeka ho), ne mfiri a wɔde hyɛ mu/fi mu a ɛyɛ adwuma abien no nyinaa (sɛ nhwɛso no, 2000 mfe no mu [[Touchscreen a wɔde ka ho|touchscreen]] ). Peripheral devices ma kwan ma wogye nsɛm fi abɔnten fibea na ɛma wotumi sie nea efi adwumayɛ mu ba no so na wogye. == Etymology ho adesua == [[File:X-4_with_Female_Computer_-_GPN-2000-001932.jpg|alt=A human computer.|thumb|Onipa kɔmputa, a microscope ne calculator wom, 1952]] Sɛnea ''[[Oxford Engiresi Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma|Oxford English Dictionary]]'' kyerɛ no, nea edi kan a wonim sɛ wɔde ''kɔmputa'' dii dwuma ne nhoma bi a Engiresi kyerɛwfo [[Richard Brathwait na ɔkyerɛwee|Richard Brathwait]] kyerɛwee wɔ 1613 mu a wɔfrɛ no ''The Yong Mans Gleanings'' : “I haue.” [ kenkan Times kɔmputa a ɛyɛ nokware sen biara, ne Akontaabu ho nimdefo a oye sen biara a euer [ homee, na ɔtew wo nna so ma ɛyɛ tiaa." Na asɛmfua a wɔde dii dwuma yi kyerɛ [[Nnipa kɔmputa|onipa kɔmputa]], obi a ɔyɛ akontaabu anaa akontaabu. Asɛmfua no kɔɔ so nyaa ntease koro no ara kosii afeha a ɛto so 20 mfinimfini. Wɔ saa bere yi fa a etwa to no mu no, na wɔtaa fa mmea sɛ kɔmputa efisɛ na wotumi tua wɔn ka a ɛba fam sen wɔn mfɛfo mmarima. [1] Eduu afe 1943 no, na nnipa kɔmputa dodow no ara yɛ mmea. [2] ''[[Online Etymology Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma|Online Etymology Dictionary]]'' de ''kɔmputa'' a edi kan a wɔadi ho adanse sɛ wɔde dii dwuma wɔ 1640 mfe no mu ma, a ɛkyerɛ ‘obi a obu akontaa’; eyi yɛ "agent noun a efi compute (v. )". ''Online Etymology Dictionary'' ka sɛ asɛmfua no a wɔde dii dwuma de kyerɛ " akontaabu afiri' (a ɛyɛ ɔkwan biara so) no fi 1897." ''Online Etymology Dictionary'' kyerɛ sɛ "nnɛyi dwumadie" a wɔde asɛmfua no di dwuma, sɛ ɛkyerɛ 'digyital ɛlɛtrɔnik kɔmputa a wɔtumi yɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ' no firi "1945 wɔ saa din yi ase; [wɔ] nsusuiɛ [nteaseɛ mu] firi 1937, sɛ ''[[Turing afiri a wɔde yɛ adwuma|Turing afiri]]'' <ref name="babbageonline"/> === Ansa na afeha a ɛto so 20 reba === [[File:Os_d'Ishango_IRSNB.JPG|thumb|[[Ishango dompe]], [[nnompe adwinnade]] a efi [[Afrika a na ɛwɔ hɔ ansa na abakɔsɛm reba|Afrika ansa na abakɔsɛm reba]]]] Wɔde mfiri adi dwuma de aboa akontaabu mfe mpempem pii, na ne fa kɛse no ara de [[Nsateaa a wɔde kan|nsateaa]] [[Nkrataa a wɔkyerɛw mmiako mmiako|a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm a ɛyɛ biako ne biako]] na edi dwuma . Ɛda adi kɛse sɛ na mfiri a edi kan a wɔde kan akontaa no yɛ [[Tally dua no|tally stick]] bi . Akyiri yi mmoa a wɔde sie kyerɛwtohɔ wɔ [[Ɔsram a Ɛsow Aba|Fertile Crescent]] no nyinaa mu no bi ne calculi (dɔte kurukuruwa, cone, ne nea ɛkeka ho) a egyina hɔ ma nneɛma dodow, a ɛbɛyɛ sɛ mmoa anaa aburow, a wɔatoto mu wɔ dɔte nkuku a tokuru a wɔantow mu. [lower-alpha 1] <ref>{{Cite book|first=Eleanor|last=Robson|author-link=Eleanor Robson|year=2008|title=Mathematics in Ancient Iraq|isbn=978-0-691-09182-2|page=5}}: calculi were in use in Iraq for primitive accounting systems as early as 3200–3000 BCE, with commodity-specific counting representation systems. Balanced accounting was in use by 3000–2350 BCE, and a [[Sexagesimal nɔma nhyehyɛe|sexagesimal number system]] was in use 2350–2000 BCE.</ref> [[Nnua a wɔde bu akontaa|Nkontaabu]] a wɔde di dwuma no yɛ nhwɛso biako. [[File:Abacus_6.png|left|thumb|Chinafo [[Suanpan na ɔkyerɛwee|suanpan]] (算盘</link> ). Dodow a wɔde gyina hɔ ma wɔ [[Abacus a ɛwɔ hɔ|abacus]] yi so no yɛ 6,302,715,408.]] Mfiase no na wɔde [[Abacus a ɛwɔ hɔ|abacus]] no yɛ akontaabu ho nnwuma. Wɔde [[Romafo abacus|mfiri]] a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ [[Babilon]] wɔ afe 2400 A.Y.B. Efi saa bere no, wɔayɛ akontaabu kyerɛwpon anaa apon afoforo pii. Wɔ mfinimfini mmere mu Europafo [[Fie a wɔkan nneɛma|akontaabu dan]] bi mu no, na wɔde ntama a wɔakyerɛw so sisi pon so, na wɔde agyiraehyɛde ahorow di akɔneaba wɔ so sɛnea mmara ahorow bi kyerɛ, sɛ mmoa a wɔde bu sika dodow ho akontaa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Flegg, Graham.|title=Numbers through the ages|date=1989|publisher=Macmillan Education|isbn=0-333-49130-0|location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire|language=en-US|oclc=24660570}}</ref> [[File:NAMA_Machine_d'Anticythère_1.jpg|thumb|[[Antikythera afiri a wɔde yɛ adwuma|Antikythera afiri]], a efi [[Tete Helafo|tete Hela]] bɛyɛ afe [[Analog kɔmputa so dwumadi|150–100]] A.Y.B.]] Sɛnea [[Derek J. de Solla Boɔ a Wɔde Ma|Derek J. de Solla Price]] kyerɛ no wogye di sɛ [[Antikythera afiri a wɔde yɛ adwuma|Antikythera afiri no]] ne [[Analog kɔmputa so|kɔmputa a wɔde yɛ mfiri]] a edi kan a wonim no .<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080428070448/http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/project/general/the-project.html ''The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428070448/http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/project/general/the-project.html|date=28 April 2008}}, The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Retrieved 1 July 2007.</ref> Wɔyɛɛ no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobebu nsoromma mu hwɛbea ahorow ho akontaa. Wohuu no wɔ 1901 mu wɔ [[Antikythera hyɛn a asɛe|Antikythera po so hyɛn a asɛe]] wɔ Hela supɔw [[Antikythera a wɔde yɛ nnuru|Antikythera]] so a ɛda [[Kythera na ɔkyerɛwee|Kythera]] ne [[Kreta|Crete]] ntam no mu, na wɔakyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ bɛyɛ c. 100 A.Y.B. Na mfiri a ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔde toto Antikythera adwinnade no ho no rensan mma bio kosi afeha a ɛto so dunan no mu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marchant|first=Jo|date=1 November 2006|title=In search of lost time|journal=Nature|volume=444|issue=7119|pages=534–538|doi=10.1038/444534a|pmid=17136067|bibcode=2006Natur.444..534M|s2cid=4305761|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wɔyɛɛ mfiri pii a wɔde boa akontaabu ne susuw de dii dwuma wɔ nsoromma mu hwɛ ne po so hyɛn mu. Na [[Planisphere a ɛwɔ asase so|planisphere]] yɛ [[Nsoromma nhyehyɛe|nsoromma ho mfonini]] a [[Al-Biruni na ɔkyerɛwee|Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] yɛe wɔ afeha a ɛto so 11 mfiase.<ref name="Wiet">G. Wiet, V. Elisseeff, P. Wolff, J. Naudu (1975). ''History of Mankind, Vol 3: The Great medieval Civilisations'', p. 649. George Allen & Unwin Ltd, [[UNESCO]].</ref> Wɔyɛɛ [[nsoromma mu hwɛ]]bea no wɔ [[Helafo anibuei|Helafo wiase no]] mu wɔ afeha a ɛto so 1 anaa 2 [[Hipparchus na ɔkyerɛwee|A.Y.B.]] Na nsoromma mu hwɛbea no yɛ planisphere ne [[Dioptra na ɔkyerɛwee|dioptra]] a wɔaka abom no yɛ kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a etu mpɔn so a etumi di ɔhaw ahorow pii ho dwuma wɔ [[Nsoromma ho adesua a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa|nsoromma mu hwɛ a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa]] mu . Abi Bakr a <ref>{{cite journal|first1=Silvio A.|last1=Bedini|first2=Francis R.|last2=Maddison|year=1966|title=Mechanical Universe: The Astrarium of Giovanni de' Dondi|journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society|volume=56|issue=5|pages=1–69|jstor=1006002|doi=10.2307/1006002}}</ref> [[Isfahan na ɔkyerɛwee|Isfahan]], [[Iran|Persia]] na ɔyɛɛ nsoromma mu hwɛbea bi a mfiri [[Kalenda a wɔde yɛ adwuma|kalenda]] kɔmputa <ref>Fuat Sezgin "Catalogue of the Exhibition of the Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science (at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University", Frankfurt, Germany) Frankfurt Book Fair 2004, pp.&nbsp;35 & 38.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=François|last=Charette|title=Archaeology: High tech from Ancient Greece|journal=Nature|volume=444|issue=7119|pages=551–552|year=2006|doi=10.1038/444551a|pmid=17136077|bibcode=2006Natur.444..551C|s2cid=33513516|doi-access=free}}</ref> ne [[Afadeɛ|gear]] -wheels ka ho wɔ afe 1235 mu. Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī na ɔyɛɛ [[Lunisolar kalenda a wɔde di dwuma|lunisolar kalenda]] astrolabe a edi kan a wɔde mfiri ayɛ geared,<ref>{{cite journal|first=Derek de S.|last=Price|author-link=Derek J. de Solla Price|year=1984|title=A History of Calculating Machines|url=https://archive.org/details/ieee-micro_1984-02_4_1/page/22|journal=IEEE Micro|volume=4|number=1|pages=22–52|doi=10.1109/MM.1984.291305}}</ref> mfitiase [[afidie|afiri a]] wɔde di dwuma wɔ nimdeɛ [[Wɔya|a]] wɔde nhama a ɛyɛ pintinn ayɛ <ref name="Oren">{{cite journal|first=Tuncer|last=Őren|author-link=Tuncer Őren|year=2001|title=Advances in Computer and Information Sciences: From Abacus to Holonic Agents|url=http://www.site.uottawa.ca/~oren/pubs/pubs-2001-02-Tubitak.pdf|journal=Turk J Elec Engin|volume=9|number=1|pages=63–70|access-date=21 April 2016|archive-date=15 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915033859/http://www.site.uottawa.ca/~oren/pubs/pubs-2001-02-Tubitak.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> a ɛwɔ [[Gear keteke|gya keteke]] ne gya-ntwahonan,<ref>[[Donald Routledge Hill]] (1985). "Al-Biruni's mechanical calendar", ''Annals of Science'' '''42''', pp.&nbsp;139–163.</ref> c. 1000 Y.B. Wɔyɛɛ [[Sector (adwinnade) .|sector]], adwinnade a wɔde bu akontaa a wɔde di ɔhaw ahorow ho dwuma wɔ nsusuwii, trigonometry, dodow ne mpaapaemu mu, ne dwumadi ahorow te sɛ ahinanan ne kuruwa ntini, wɔ afeha a ɛto so 16 awiei mu hɔ na wɔde dii dwuma wɔ atuo a wɔde di dwuma, nhwehwɛmu ne po so hyɛn mu. Na [[Planimeter a wɔde kyerɛ sɛnea nneɛma te|planimeter]] no yɛ adwinnade a wɔde nsa yɛ a wɔde bu akontaa fa mfonini a wɔato mu no kɛse ho denam mfiri a wɔde di nkitaho a wɔde hwehwɛ so. Wɔ 1770 mfe no mu no, [[Pierre Jaquet-Droz na ɔkyerɛwee|Pierre Jaquet-Droz]], Switzerlandni [[Ɔwɛn-dwumayɛfo|dɔn yɛfo]] bi yɛɛ mfiri doll ( [[Automata na ɛyɛ adwuma|automaton]] ) a otumi kyerɛw a okura quill pen. Ɛdenam ne mu ntwahonan dodow ne nhyehyɛe a wɔbɛsesa so no, na wobetumi ayɛ nkyerɛwde ahorow, na ɛno nti nkrasɛm ahorow. Sɛ yɛbɛka a, na wobetumi de mfiri "ayɛ nhyehyɛe" de akenkan akwankyerɛ. Abofraa no ne mfiri afoforo abien a ɛyɛ den no wɔ Musée d’Art et d’Histoire a ɛwɔ [[Neuchâtel na ɔkyerɛwee|Neuchâtel]], [[Switzerland]], na ɛda so ara yɛ adwuma.<ref name="babbageonline"/> Wɔ 1831–1835 mu no, akontaabufo ne mfiridwumayɛfo [[Giovanni Plana na ɔkyerɛwee|Giovanni Plana]] yɛɛ [[Cappella dei Mercanti (Turin) na ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ.|Perpetual Calendar afiri]] bi, a ɛnam nhyehyɛe bi a ɛyɛ pulleys ne cylinders ne nea ɛboro saa so tumi kyerɛ [[Kalenda a ɛkɔ so daa|daa kalenda]] a ɛbɛba afe biara fi 0 Y.B.(kyerɛ sɛ, 1 A.Y.B.) kosi 4000 Y.B. mfe a ɛboro so ne da tenten a ɛsonosonoe a wɔbɛhwɛ so. [[Afiri a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea asorɔkye bɛba|Afiri a ɛkyerɛ asorɔkye]] a Scotlandni nyansahufo [[William Thomson, Ɔsahene a ɔdi kan Kelvin|Sir William Thomson]] yɛe wɔ 1872 mu no ho wɔ mfaso kɛse ma po so hyɛn a wɔde fa nsu a emu nnɔ mu. Ɛde nhyehyɛe bi a wɔde twe ne nhama dii dwuma de buu asorɔkye dodow a wɔahyɛ ho nkɔm wɔ bere pɔtee bi mu wɔ beae pɔtee bi no ho akontaa ankasa. [[Nsonsonoe a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu|Differential analyser]], kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ mfiri a wɔde yɛ analog a wɔayɛ sɛ wɔde bedi [[Nsonsonoe mu nsɛso|differential equations]] ho dwuma denam [[Nneɛma a ɛho hia|nkabom so]], de ntwahonan ne diski mfiri dii dwuma de yɛɛ nkabom no. Wɔ 1876 mu no, na Owura William Thomson aka sɛnea wobetumi ayɛ akontaabu mfiri a ɛtete saa ho asɛm dedaw, nanso na [[Ball-ne-disk a wɔde bom yɛ adwuma|bɔɔl ne disk a wɔde bom no]] ahoɔden kakraa bi a ɛde ba no asiw no kwan .<ref name="scientific-computing.com2">Ray Girvan, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103094710/http://www.scientific-computing.com/scwmayjun03computingmachines.html "The revealed grace of the mechanism: computing after Babbage"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103094710/http://www.scientific-computing.com/scwmayjun03computingmachines.html|date=3 November 2012}}, ''Scientific Computing World'', May/June 2003</ref> Wɔ differential analyzer mu no, integrator biako output na ɛma integrator a edi hɔ no input, anaasɛ graphing output. [[Torque a ɛma nneɛma yɛ kɛse|Torque amplifier]] no ne nkɔso a ɛmaa saa mfiri yi tumi yɛɛ adwuma. Efi 1920 mfe no mu no, [[Vannevar Bush na ɔkyerɛwee|Vannevar Bush]] ne afoforo yɛɛ mfiri a wɔde hwehwɛ nsonsonoe mu. [[File:Sliderule_2005.png|left|thumb|[[Slide mmara|Slide mmara bi]]]] == Kɔmputa a edi kan == [[File:Charles_Babbage_by_Antoine_Claudet_c1847-51-crop.jpg|left|thumb|Charles Babbage wɔ afe 1990 mu. 1850 mu]] [[Charles Babbage na ɔkyerɛwee|Charles Babbage]], Engiresini mfiridwuma ho nimdefo ne [[Polymath a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm pii|polymath]], na ɔde kɔmputa a wotumi yɛ ho nhyehyɛe ho adwene no bae. Wobu no sɛ " [[Kɔmputa ho ɔkwampaefo|kɔmputa agya]] ",<ref>{{cite book|author=Halacy, Daniel Stephen|title=Charles Babbage, Father of the Computer|url=https://archive.org/details/charlesbabbagefa00hala|url-access=registration|year=1970|publisher=Crowell-Collier Press|isbn=978-0-02-741370-0}}</ref> ɔno na ɔyɛɛ adwene na ɔyɛɛ [[Kɔmputa a wɔde mfiri yɛ|mfiri kɔmputa]] a edi kan wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 mfiase. Bere a ɔyɛɛ adwuma wɔ ne [[Nsonsonoe engine|nsonsonoe engine no]] akyi no ɔde nea ɔyɛe no too gua wɔ afe 1822 mu, wɔ krataa bi a ɔkyerɛw kɔmaa [[Royal Nsoromma Ho Adesua Kuw|Royal Astronomical Society]], a wɔtoo din "Hyɛ no nsow wɔ mfiri a wɔde di dwuma wɔ nsoromma mu hwɛ ne akontaabu pon ahorow ho akontaabu mu",<ref name="babbageonline"/> ɔsan nso yɛɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ ɛbɛboa wɔ akwantu mu akontaabu mu no, wɔ 1833 mu no ohui sɛ wobetumi ayɛ nhyehyɛe a ɛkɔ akyiri koraa, [[engine a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu]] ,. Na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde nhyehyɛe ne data a wɔde bɛhyɛ afiri no mu no ma denam kaad a wɔabɔ [[Kaad a wɔabɔ no akuturuku|no akuturuku so]], na na ɔkwan bi a wɔfa so kyerɛ mfiri a wɔde ntama [[Loom|nneɛma]] te sɛ [[Jacquard afiri a wɔde yɛ ntama|Jacquard ntamadan kwan]] saa bere no . Sɛ wɔde output a, anka afiri no benya printa, curve plotter ne dɔn. Na afiri no nso betumi abɔ nɔma ahorow agu nkrataa so akenkan akyiri yi. Engine no de [[Nkontaabu mu ntease unit|akontaabu mu ntease unit]], [[Di nsu a ɛsen no so|control flow]] wɔ [[Nkorabata a ɛwɔ tebea bi mu|conditional branching]] ne [[Dwumadi nhyehyɛe no loop|loops]] kwan so, ne integrated [[Kɔmputa so memory|memory]] kaa ho, na ɛmaa ɛyɛɛ nhyehyɛe a edi kan a wɔde yɛɛ kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so a wobetumi aka ho asɛm wɔ nnɛyi nsɛm mu sɛ [[Turing-a ɛyɛ nea edi mũ|Turing-complete]] <ref name="babbageonline">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="babbageonline"/> Na afiri no adi ne bere so bɛyɛ mfe ɔha. Na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde nsa na ɛyɛ n’afiri no afa horow nyinaa – na eyi yɛ ɔhaw kɛse ma afiri a ɛwɔ afa mpempem pii. Awiei koraa no, wogyaee adwuma no bere a [[Britania Aban]] sii gyinae sɛ wobegyae sika a wɔde ma no. Wobetumi aka sɛ Babbage antumi anwie nhwehwɛmu engine no titiriw ne amammui ne sikasɛm mu nsɛnnennen ne ɔpɛ a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔbɛyɛ kɔmputa a ɛrenya nkɔanim na wakɔ n’anim ntɛmntɛm sen sɛnea obi foforo biara betumi adi akyi no. Ne nyinaa mu no, ne babarima, [[Henry Babbage na ɔkyerɛwee|Henry Babbage]], wiee nhwehwɛmu engine no kɔmputa dwumadibea (afiri ''a wɔde yɛ nneɛma'' ) a wɔayɛ no mmerɛw no wɔ 1888 mu. Ɔyɛɛ sɛnea wɔde di dwuma wɔ kɔmputa so pon so ho ɔyɛkyerɛ a edii yiye wɔ 1906 mu. Wɔ n’adwuma ''Essays on Automatics'' a wotintimii wɔ 1914 mu no, [[Spain]] mfiridwumayɛfo [[Leonardo Torres Quevedo na ɔkyerɛwee|Leonardo Torres Quevedo]] kyerɛw abakɔsɛm tiawa bi a ɛfa mmɔden a Babbage bɔe sɛ ɔbɛyɛ mfiri a wɔde yɛ Difference Engine ne Analytical Engine ho. Ɔkaa Analytical Engine ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ ne nsusuwii ahorow a ɛfa tumi a mfiri betumi anya ho nhwɛso, na ɔfa ɔhaw a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛyɛ engine a ɛte saa no sɛ ɛyɛ asɛnnennen ma n’ahokokwaw sɛ obi a ɔyɛɛ mfiri a wɔde anyinam ahoɔden yɛ adwuma. Krataa no kura afiri bi a etumi bu bo a ɛsom wɔ ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ no so koraa, ma nsakrae ahorow a ɛka ho no botae ahorow a wɔahyehyɛ no nnidiso nnidiso. Na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde nhyehyɛe bi a [[Nkaeɛ a wɔkenkan nkutoo|wɔkenkan nkutoo na]] ɛhwɛ afiri no nyinaa so, a na nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛfa [[Nkorabata a ɛwɔ tebea bi mu|nkorabata a wɔde tebea bi ahyɛ mu]] ho awie . Ɔde [[Nkontaabu a ɛfa nsu a ɛsensɛn nsu mu ho|akontaabu a ɛsensɛn nsu so]] ho adwene nso bae .<ref name="LTQ1914es">L. Torres Quevedo. ''Ensayos sobre Automatica – Su definicion. Extension teórica de sus aplicaciones,'' Revista de la Academia de Ciencias Exacta, Revista 12, pp. 391–418, 1914.</ref><ref name="LTQ1915fr">Torres Quevedo. L. (1915). [https://diccan.com/dicoport/Torres.htm "Essais sur l'Automatique - Sa définition. Etendue théorique de ses applications"], ''Revue Génerale des Sciences Pures et Appliquées'', vol. 2, pp. 601–611.</ref> Wɔ 1920 mu, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na Torres redi [[Nkontaabu kyerɛwtohɔ|akontaabu]] kyerɛwtohɔ a wɔyɛe no mfe 100 [[afahyɛ]] no, ɔde [[Leonardo Torres ne Quevedo na ɔkyerɛwee|Electromechanical Arithmometer]], nhwɛsode bi a wɔde [[Relay a wɔde ma|relay ahorow]] dii dwuma de dii akontaabu afiri bi a wɔde abɔ afiri a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm (ebia ɛwɔ akyirikyiri) a na ahyɛde ahorow wɔ so no dwumadi ahorow ho dwuma no mae wɔ Paris typed na nea efii mu bae no tintim automatic. [23] <ref name="Randell1982p109">B. Randell. ''Electromechanical Calculating Machine,'' The Origins of Digital Computers, pp.109-120, 1982.</ref> [25] === Analog kɔmputa ahorow === [[File:099-tpm3-sk.jpg|left|thumb|[[William Thomson, Ɔsahene a ɔdi kan Kelvin|Sir William Thomson]] ’s afiri a ɛto so abiɛsa a ɛkyerɛ asorɔkye a ɛbɛba, 1879–81]] Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 no fa a edi kan no mu no, wɔde kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ nwonwa so a ɛrenya nkɔanim kɛse na edii nyansahu mu [[Kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma|kɔmputa]] ho ahiade pii ho dwuma, na ɛde ɔhaw no ho mfonini a wɔde mfiri anaa anyinam ahoɔden yɛ tẽẽ dii dwuma sɛ nea wogyina so yɛ [[Mfiridwuma a wɔde di dwuma|akontaabu]] . Nanso, na eyinom nyɛ nea wotumi yɛ ho nhyehyɛe na mpɛn pii no na enni nnɛyi dijitaal kɔmputa ahorow a wotumi de di dwuma wɔ mmeae pii na ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ no.<ref name="stanf">{{cite book|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history/|title=The Modern History of Computing|publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|year=2017|language=en-US|access-date=7 January 2014|archive-date=12 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712072148/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nnɛyi kɔmputa a edi kan a wɔde yɛ analog ne [[afiri a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea asorɔkye bɛba]], a [[William Thomson, Ɔsahene a ɔdi kan Kelvin|Owura William Thomson]] (akyiri yi ɔbɛyɛɛ Lord Kelvin) na ɔyɛe wɔ 1872 mu. [[James Thomson (mfiridwumayɛfo) .|James Thomson]], Owura William Thomson a wagye din kɛse no nuabarima panyin na ɔyɛɛ [[Nsonsonoe a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu|differential analyzer]], kɔmputa a wɔde mfiri yɛ a wɔayɛ sɛ wɔde bedi differential equations ho dwuma denam ntwahonan ne diski mfiri a wɔde ka bom so no ho adwene wɔ 1876 mu.<ref name="scientific-computing.com2"/> Adwinni a ɛfa mfiri a wɔde yɛ analog kɔmputa ho no duu ne sorosoro denam [[Nsonsonoe a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu|differential analyser]], a H. L. Hazen ne [[Vannevar Bush na ɔkyerɛwee|Vannevar Bush]] yɛe wɔ [[Massachusetts Mfiridwuma Asoɛe|MIT]] fi 1927 mu no so. Eyi de [[James Thomson (mfiridwumayɛfo) .|James Thomson]] mfiri a ɛka bom ne torque amplifiers a H. W. Nieman yɛe no sii so. Wɔyɛɛ saa mfiri yi dumien ansa na wɔn dedaw reda adi. Eduu 1950 mfe no mu no, na [[Digitals ɛlɛtrɔnik kɔmputa|dijitaal ɛlɛtrɔnik kɔmputa ahorow]] a edii yiye no akyerɛ sɛ analog kɔmputa mfiri dodow no ara baa awiei, nanso wɔkɔɔ so de analog kɔmputa dii dwuma wɔ 1950 mfe no mu wɔ nneɛma titiriw bi te sɛ nhomasua ( [[Slide mmara|slide rule]] ) ne wimhyɛn ( [[Control nhyehyɛe|control systems]] ) mu. === Digitals kɔmputa ahorow === Eduu 1938 no, na [[United States Po so Asraafo]] ayɛ kɔmputa bi a wɔde anyinam ahoɔden yɛ a ɛne ne ho di nsɛ a ɛyɛ ketewaa bi a wobetumi de adi dwuma wɔ [[po ase akohyɛn]] mu . Na eyi ne [[Torpedo Data Kɔmputa|Torpedo Data Computer]], a ɛde trigonometry dii dwuma de dii ɔhaw a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtow torpedo agu baabi a ɛrekɔ so no ho dwuma. Wɔ [[Wiase Ko II]] mu no, wɔyɛɛ mfiri a ɛte saa ara wɔ aman afoforo so nso. [[File:Z3_Deutsches_Museum.JPG|left|thumb|[[Konrad Zuse na ɔkyerɛwee|Konrad Zuse]] ’s [[Z3 (kɔmputa) .|Z3]], kɔmputa a edi kan a ɛyɛ adwuma koraa, dijitaal (electromechanical) no nsɛso]] Na dijitaal kɔmputa ahorow a edi kan no yɛ [[Ɛlektrɔnik mfiri a wɔde yɛ nneɛma|anyinam ahoɔden mfiri]] ; anyinam ahoɔden switch ahorow na ɛmaa mfiri relay ahorow yɛɛ akontaabu no. Na saa mfiri yi ntumi nyɛ adwuma ntɛmntɛm na awiei koraa no, wɔde kɔmputa a ɛyɛ ntɛm kɛse a anyinam ahoɔden nyinaa na ɛyɛ adwuma, a mfiase no na wɔde [[Vacuum tube a wɔde hyɛ mu|vacuum tubes]] na esii ananmu . [[Z2 (kɔmputa) .|Z2]], a Germanni mfiridwumayɛfo [[Konrad Zuse na ɔkyerɛwee|Konrad Zuse]] yɛe wɔ 1939 mu wɔ [[Bɛɛlin|Berlin]], yɛ kɔmputa a wɔde anyinam ahoɔden mfiri a wɔde fa nneɛma kɔ baabi foforo ho nhwɛso a edi kan no mu biako.<ref name="babbageonline">{{Cite web}}</ref> [[File:Konrad_Zuse_(1992).jpg|right|thumb|[[Konrad Zuse na ɔkyerɛwee|Konrad Zuse]], a ɔyɛɛ nnɛyi kɔmputa <ref name="babbageonline">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="babbageonline"/>]] == Beaeɛ A Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ == ildizpzo2g7jc0qphrobufv9wzqm455 0 15753 200494 199419 2026-08-10T18:18:03Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200494 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Delphi_BW_2017-10-08_11-38-38.jpg|thumb|Nsrahwɛfo a wɔba Apollo Asɔredan mu, Delphi, Greece]] '''Nsrahwɛ''' yɛ akwantu a wɔde gye wɔn ani anaa adwuma, ne aguadi dwumadi a ɛne sɛ wɔde akwantu a ɛte saa ma na wɔboa.<ref>{{OED|tourism}}</ref> Wiase Nyinaa Nsrahwɛ Ahyehyɛde no kyerɛkyerɛ nsrahwɛ mu wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so, wɔ nsɛm a ɛkɔ akyiri sen adwene a wɔtaa kura wɔ nsrahwɛ ho sɛ ɛyɛ nnapɔnna dwumadi nkutoo nkutoo mu", sɛ nnipa a "wɔtu kwan kɔ mmeae a ɛnyɛ nea wɔtaa yɛ no na wɔtra hɔ a ɛnyɛ nea ɛboro afe biako a ɛtoatoa so ma ahomegye ne nea ennu nnɔnhwerew 24, adwumayɛ ne atirimpɔw afoforo".<ref name="WTO2012Highlights">{{Cite web}}</ref> Nsrahwɛ betumi ayɛ ɔman no mu (wɔ akwantufo no ankasa man mu) anaa amanaman ntam, na amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ wɔ nkɛntɛnso a ɛba ne nea efi mu nyinaa wɔ ɔman bi sika a aka no so . Nsrahwɛfoɔ dodoɔ so teɛeɛ ɛnam sikasɛm a ɛkɔɔ fam kɛseɛ ( 2000 mfeɛ no awieeɛ sikasɛm mu ɔhaw ) wɔ afe 2008 fa a ɛtɔ so mmienu ne afe 2009 awieeɛ ntam, ne nea ɛfirii mu baeɛ ne sɛ afe 2009 H1N1 influensa mmoawa no paee,<ref name="Barom2009">{{cite journal|date=January 2009|title=International tourism challenged by deteriorating global economy|url=http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO_Barom09_1_en.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer|volume=7|issue=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017212434/http://www2.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO_Barom09_1_en.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2013|access-date=17 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="WTOaugust10">{{cite journal|date=August 2010|title=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer Interim Update|url=http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO_Barom10_update_august_en.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017203915/http://www2.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO_Barom10_update_august_en.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2013|access-date=17 November 2011}}</ref> nanso nkakrankakra nyaa ahoɔden kosii sɛ [[Yareɛ a yɛ frɛ no Coronavirus|COVID-19 ɔyaredɔm no]] de nkɔso no baa awiei mpofirim. Amanaman Nkabom Wiase Nsrahwɛ Ahyehyɛde no buu akontaa sɛ wiase nyinaa amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo a wɔba no betumi so atew 58% akosi 78% wɔ afe 2020 mu, na ɛbɛma wɔahwere U.S. dɔla ɔpepepem 0.9–1.2 wɔ amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo a wonya no mu.<ref name="WTO2012Highlights"/> Wɔ wiase nyinaa no, amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfoɔ sika a wɔnya (akwantuo adeɛ a ɛwɔ sika a wɔde tua ho ka mu ) kɔɔ soro koduu US$1.03 ɔpepepem ( €740 ɔpepepem) wɔ afe 2005 mu, a ɛne nkɔanim ankasa a ɛkɔɔ soro 3.8% firi afe 2010 no hyia <ref name="pr12027">{{Cite book|title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2017 Edition|date=1 July 2017|publisher=World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)|isbn=978-92-844-1902-9|language=en|doi=10.18111/9789284419029|url=https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/5202}}</ref> Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo a wɔbaa hɔ no boroo nsrahwɛfo ɔpepepem 1 wɔ wiase nyinaa nea edi kan wɔ afe 2012.<ref name="Barom2012">{{cite journal|date=January 2013|title=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer|url=http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_barom13_01_jan_excerpt_0.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer|volume=11|issue=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228162347/http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_barom13_01_jan_excerpt_0.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2013|access-date=9 April 2013}}</ref> Na gua ahorow a ɛrenya nkɔso te sɛ [[China]], [[Russia]], ne [[Brasil|Brazil]] ama wɔn sika a wɔsɛe no akɔ soro kɛse wɔ mfe du a atwam no mu.<ref name="WTO2012Highlights">{{Cite web}}</ref> Wiase nyinaa nsrahwɛfo na ɛma c. Wiase nyinaa mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a wɔtow gu no mu 8%.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lenzen|first1=Manfred|last2=Sun|first2=Ya-Yen|last3=Faturay|first3=Futu|last4=Ting|first4=Yuan-Peng|last5=Geschke|first5=Arne|last6=Malik|first6=Arunima|title=The carbon footprint of global tourism|journal=Nature Climate Change|publisher=Springer Nature Limited|date=7 May 2018|volume=8|issue=6|pages=522–528|issn=1758-6798|quote=[...] between 2009 and 2013, tourism's global carbon footprint has increased from 3.9 to 4.5 GtCO2e, four times more than previously estimated, accounting for about 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Transport, shopping and food are significant contributors. The majority of this footprint is exerted by and in high-income countries.|doi=10.1038/s41558-018-0141-x|bibcode=2018NatCC...8..522L|s2cid=90810502}}</ref> Ɛnyɛ bere nyinaa na mframa a wɔtow gu ne nneɛma afoforo a ɛho hia a ɛba nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ne asetra mu no so wɔ mfaso ma mpɔtam hɔfo ne wɔn sikasɛm. Esiane eyi nti, nsrahwɛfo nkɔso ahyehyɛde ahorow pii afi ase de wɔn adwene asi nsrahwɛ a ɛtra hɔ daa so de abrɛ nkɛntɛnso bɔne a nsrahwɛfo nkɛntɛnso a ɛrenya nkɔanim no de ba no ase. Amanaman Nkabom Wiase Nsrahwɛ Ahyehyɛde no sii saa nneyɛe yi so dua denam nsrahwɛ a wɔhyɛɛ ho nkuran sɛ Nkɔso a Ɛkɔ So Daa Botae ahorow no fa, denam nhyehyɛe ahorow te sɛ Amanaman Ntam Afe a Ɛfa Nsrahwɛ a Ɛkɔ So Daa ma Nkɔso wɔ afe 2017 mu,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284419340|title=Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals – Journey to 2030, Highlights|date=2017-12-18|publisher=World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)|isbn=978-92-844-1934-0|language=en|doi=10.18111/9789284419340}}</ref> ne nhyehyɛe ahorow te sɛ Nsrahwɛ ma SDGs a ɛtwe adwene si sɛnea SDG 8, SDG 12 ne SDG 14 de nsrahwɛ ka ho wɔ sikasɛm a ɛbɛkɔ so atra hɔ daa a wɔbɛbɔ mu .<ref name="WTO2012Highlights"/> Nsrahwɛ adu baabi foforo ne nnwuma a ɛreba a ɛfa ahunmu nsrahwɛ ho ne mprempren nnwuma a ɛwɔ po so ahyɛn a wɔde tu kwan no, akwan horow pii wɔ hɔ a wɔfa so kɔsrasra hɔ. Nsrahwɛ adwuma foforo a ebetumi aba ne nsrahwɛ a wɔyɛ no ankasa. == Etymology ho adesua == Wɔde [[English|Borɔfo kasa mu]] asɛmfua ''tourist'' dii dwuma wɔ afe 1772 <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Griffiths|first1=Ralph|author-link1=Ralph Griffiths|author2=Griffiths, G.E.|title=Pennant's Tour in Scotland in 1769|journal=[[Monthly Review (London)|The Monthly Review, Or, Literary Journal]]|year=1772|volume=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xS8oAAAAYAAJ&q=tourist&pg=PA150|access-date=23 December 2011|page=150}}</ref> na ''wɔde tourism'' dii dwuma afe 1811.<ref name="WTO2012Highlights"/><ref>{{oed|tourism}}</ref> Saa nsɛmfua yi fi asɛmfua ''tour'', a efi Engiresi Dedaw turian mu</link> , a efi Franse kasa dedaw mu torner</link> , a efi Latin tornare</link> - "sɛ wobɛdan lathe", a ɛno ankasa fi Tete Helafo tornos mu</link> ( τόρνος</link> ) - "lathe" a wode wo ho to so.<ref name="WTO2012Highlights"/> == Nkyerɛase ahorow == Wɔ afe 1936 mu no, Amanaman Apam no kyerɛɛ ''ɔman foforo so nsrahwɛfo'' ase sɛ "obi a anyɛ yiye koraa no otu kwan kɔ amannɔne nnɔnhwerew aduonu anan". [[Amɑnɑmɑn Nkɑbɔmu|Amanaman Nkabom]] a edii n’ade no yɛɛ nsakrae wɔ nkyerɛase yi mu wɔ 1945 mu, denam asram asia a wɔde bɛtra hɔ a ɛsen biara a wɔde kaa ho no so.<ref name="theobald">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dvK2ajv7zIC&q=league+of+nations+tourism+1936&pg=PA6|title=Global Tourism|last=Theobald|first=William F.|publisher=[[Butterworth–Heinemann]]|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7506-4022-0|edition=2nd|location=Oxford [England]|pages=6–7|oclc=40330075}}</ref> Wɔ afe 1941 mu no, Hunziker ne Kraft kyerɛɛ nsrahwɛ ase sɛ "nneɛma a ɛyɛ nwonwa ne abusuabɔ a efi akwantu ne tra a wɔn a wɔnyɛ ɔman no mu ba no nyinaa bom, kosi sɛ ɛmma obi ntra hɔ daa na ɛne dwumadi biara a ɛma wonya sika nni abusuabɔ." <ref name="1941define">{{cite book|title=Grundriß Der Allgemeinen Fremdenverkehrslehre|last1=Hunziker|first1=W|author-link1=Walter Hunziker|last2=Krapf|first2=K|oclc=180109383|publisher=Polygr. Verl|language=de|location=Zurich|year=1942}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tourismus-management: Tourismus-marketing Und Fremdenverkehrsplanung|year=1998|publisher=[u.a.] de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-015185-5|last1=Spode|first1=Hasso|author-link1=Hasso Spode|editor1-first=Günther|editor1-last=Haedrich|location=Berlin|oclc=243881885|language=de|chapter=Geschichte der Tourismuswissenschaft}}</ref> Wɔ 1976 mu no, England Nsrahwɛ Kuw no nkyerɛase ne sɛ: “Nsrahwɛ yɛ bere tiaa mu, bere tiaa mu nnipa a wɔde wɔn kɔ mmeae a ɛnyɛ mmeae a wɔtaa tra na wɔyɛ adwuma ne wɔn dwumadi bere a wɔtra baabiara.” Ɛka kankyee a wɔde yɛ atirimpɔw nyinaa ho." <ref>{{cite book|last=Beaver|first=Allan|title=A Dictionary of Travel and Tourism Terminology|year=2002|publisher=CAB International|isbn=978-0-85199-582-3|page=313|location=Wallingford|oclc=301675778}}</ref> Wɔ 1981 mu no, Amanaman Ntam Nyansahu mu Abenfo Fekuw a Ɛhwɛ Nsrahwɛ So no kyerɛkyerɛɛ nsrahwɛ mu sɛ dwumadi pɔtee bi a wɔpaw na wɔyɛ wɔ fie akyi.<ref name="WTO2012Highlights"/> Wɔ afe 1994 mu no, [[Amɑnɑmɑn Nkɑbɔmu|Amanaman Nkabom no]] kyerɛɛ nsrahwɛ ahorow abiɛsa wɔ ne ''Recommendations on Tourism Statistics'' mu :<ref>{{cite journal|year=1994|title=Recommendations on Tourism Statistics|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/newsletter/unsd_workshops/tourism/st_esa_stat_ser_M_83.pdf|series=M|issue=83|page=5|journal=Statistical Papers|access-date=12 July 2010}}</ref> * Domestic tourism, a ɛfa ɔman a wɔde ama no mufo a wotu kwan wɔ ɔman yi mu nkutoo ho * Nsrahwɛ a ɛba,<ref name="WTO2012Highlights"/> a ɛfa nnipa a wɔnyɛ ɔmanfo a wotu kwan wɔ ɔman a wɔde ama no mu ho * Nsrahwɛ a ɛkɔ amannɔne, a ɛfa nnipa a wɔte hɔ a wotu kwan wɔ ɔman foforo so ho * Akuw afoforo a wonya fii atifi hɔ akuw mu:<ref name="WTO2012Highlights">{{Cite web}}</ref> * Ɔman nsrahwɛ, nsrahwɛ a wɔyɛ wɔ ɔman no mu ne nea ɛkɔ amannɔne a wɔaka abom * Ɔmantam mu nsrahwɛ, nsrahwɛ a wɔyɛ wɔ ɔman no mu ne nea wɔba mu a wɔaka abom * Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ, nsrahwɛ a ɛba ne nea ɛkɔ akyi a wɔaka abom Ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔde nsɛmfua ''nsrahwɛ'' ne ''akwantu'' di dwuma de sesa wɔn ho wɔn ho. Wɔ saa tebea yi mu no, akwantu wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛte sɛ nsrahwɛ nanso ɛkyerɛ akwantu a atirimpɔw wom kɛse. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔde nsɛmfua ''nsrahwɛ'' ne ''nsrahwɛfo'' di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ animtiaabu so, de kyerɛ anigye a emu nnɔ wɔ amammerɛ anaa mmeae a wɔkɔsra no ho. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, wɔtaa de ''akwantufo'' di dwuma sɛ sɛnkyerɛnne a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi da nsow. Nsrahwɛ ho asetra ho adesua asua amammerɛ mu gyinapɛn ahorow a ɛhyɛ saa nsonsonoe ahorow yi ase ne nea ɛkyerɛ wɔ adesuakuw mu abusuabɔ ho.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjLxR2H-YCYC|title=Tourists at the Taj: Performance and Meaning at a Symbolic Site|last=Edensor|first=Tim|year=1998|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-16712-3|language=en}}</ref> === Nsrahwɛ ho nneɛma === Sɛnea Wiase Nyinaa Nsrahwɛ Ahyehyɛde kyerɛ no, ade bi a wɔyɛ wɔ nsrahwɛ ho ne:<ref name="WTO2012Highlights"/> Nsrahwɛ ho ade no fa nnwuma ahorow pii ho a dea ɛka ho ne:<ref name="WTO2012Highlights"/> * Dabere ho nhyehyɛe fi afie a wɔtra a ne bo nyɛ den so kosi ahɔhodan a nsoromma anum wom so * Ahɔhoyɛ adwuma a mmeae a wɔde nnuan ne anonne ma ka ho * Akwahosan ho adwumayɛbea ahorow te sɛ aduru a wɔde twitwiw nipadua no * Akwan ahorow nyinaa a wɔfa so, ne booking ne rental * Akwantuo adwumayɛbea ahorow, akwantufo a wɔkyerɛ wɔn kwan ne nsrahwɛfo akwankyerɛfo * Amammerɛ mu nnwuma te sɛ nyamesom nkaedum, tete nneɛma akorae, ne abakɔsɛm mmeae * Dwadie === Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo === [[File:International-tourist-arrivals-by-world-region.svg|thumb|Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo a wɔba afe biara sɛnea ɔmantam biara te]] Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ yɛ nsrahwɛ a ɛtwa ɔman ahye. Wiase nyinaa ayɔnkofa ama nsrahwɛ ayɛ wiase nyinaa ahomegye dwumadi a agye din. Wiase Nsrahwɛ Ahyehyɛde no kyerɛkyerɛ nsrahwɛfo mu sɛ nnipa "a wotu kwan kɔ mmeae a ɛnyɛ nea wɔtaa yɛ no na wɔtra hɔ a ɛnboro afe biako a ɛtoatoa so de gye wɔn ahome, nnwuma ne nneɛma afoforo".<ref name="WTO2012Highlights"/> Wiase Nyinaa Akwahosan Ahyehyɛde (WHO) bu akontaa sɛ nnipa bɛyɛ 500,000 na wɔte wimhyɛn mu bere biara.<ref name="theguardian.com2">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/8477508 Swine flu prompts EU warning on travel to US]. ''The Guardian.'' 28 April 2009.</ref> Wɔ afe 2010 mu no, amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ duu US$ 919B, na ɛkɔɔ soro 6.5% sene afe 2009, a ɛne nkɔanim a ɛkɔɔ soro wɔ ankasa mu a ɛyɛ 4.7% hyia.<ref>{{cite journal|date=June 2011|title=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer June 2009|url=http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_pisa_2011_1.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer|publisher=World Tourism Organization|volume=7|issue=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119091058/http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_pisa_2011_1.pdf|archive-date=19 November 2011|access-date=3 August 2009}}</ref> Wɔ afe 2010 mu no, amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo bɛboro ɔpepem 940 na wɔbaa wiase nyinaa.<ref name="WTO2011Highlights">{{cite journal|date=June 2011|title=2011 Highlights|url=http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights11enlr.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=UNWTO World Tourism Highlights|publisher=UNWTO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113021355/http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights11enlr.pdf|archive-date=13 January 2012|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref> Eduu afe 2016 no na saa dodow no akɔ soro akodu ɔpepem 1,235, na ɛde sika a wɔsɛee no wɔ mmeae a wɔrekɔ no yɛ USD ɔpepepem 1,220.<ref>{{Cite book|last=World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)|url=https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284419029|title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2017 Edition|date=2017-07-01|publisher=World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)|isbn=978-92-844-1902-9|doi=10.18111/9789284419029}}</ref> COVID-19 ahokyere no nyaa [[Nkɛntɛnso a COVID-19 ɔyaredɔm no anya wɔ nsrahwɛfo so|nkɛntɛnso bɔne kɛse wɔ amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ so]] maa su a ɛrekɔ soro no nyinaa brɛɛ ase kɛse. Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ wɔ [[Nkɛntɛnso a nsrahwɛfo nya|nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ nneɛma a]] [[Nkɛntɛnso a wimhyɛn nya wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so|atwa yɛn ho ahyia so, a ɔhaw ahorow a wimhyɛn akwantu de]] ba no fa bi ma ɛyɛ kɛse nanso nsɛm afoforo nso, a nsrahwɛfo a wɔyɛ adefo a wɔde asetra kwan a ɛhaw mpɔtam hɔ nnwuma, nsu ne nwura nhyehyɛe ne afoforo ka ho. == Gyinabea == Sikasɛm mu nnyinaso a ɛwɔ nsrahwɛ mu titiriw ne amammerɛ mu agyapade, [[amammerɛ mu agyapade]] ne [[Abɔdeɛ|sɛnea]] akwantu beae no te. Ɛfata sɛ yɛka [[Wiase Nyinaa Agyapade Mmeae|Wiase Agyapade Mmeae ahorow no]] ho asɛm titiriw nnɛ efisɛ ɛyɛ nsrahwɛfo magnet ankasa. Nanso ɔman bi nniso a ɛwɔ hɔ mprempren anaa kan no mpo betumi ayɛ nea ɛho hia kɛse ama nsrahwɛfo. Sɛ nhwɛso no, [[Britania adehye abusua]] no anigye no ma nsrahwɛfo ɔpepem pii ba Great Britain afe biara ma enti sikasɛm bɛyɛ £550 ɔpepem afe biara. Yebetumi aka [[Habsburg na ɔkyerɛwee|Habsburg]] abusua no ho asɛm wɔ Europa Mfinimfini fam. Sɛnea akontaabu kyerɛ no, ɛsɛ sɛ Habsburg ahyɛnsode no ma nsrahwɛfo tɔn euro ɔpepem 60 afe biara ma Vienna nkutoo.<ref>[[Laurajane Smith]] "Uses of Heritage" (2006); Regina Bendix, Vladimir Hafstein "Culture and Property. An Introduction" (2009) In: Ethnologia Europaea 39/2</ref><ref>Gerhard Bitzan, Christine Imlinger "Die Millionen-Marke Habsburg" (German) In: Die Presse, 15 July 2011.</ref> Mpɛn pii no, nsrahwɛ hwehwɛ sɛ nsrahwɛfo no te nka sɛ ɔde ne ho ahyɛ beae a wɔrekɔ no ho osuahu ankasa mu. Sɛnea Dean MacCannell kyerɛ no, nsrahwɛ hwehwɛ sɛ nsrahwɛfo no betumi abu beae a wɔakɔsra hɔ no sɛ ɛyɛ nokware na ɛsono wɔn ankasa osuahu a wɔatra ase <ref>{{Cite book|last=Maccannell|first=Dean|title=The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class|publisher=University of California Press|year=1999|isbn=9780520218925|edition=2nd|pages=12|language=English}}</ref> .<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=The Amish and the Media {{!}} Johns Hopkins University Press Books|url=https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/title/amish-and-media|access-date=2021-11-30|website=jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu|year=2016|doi=10.1353/book.44948|isbn=9781421419572|last1=Nolt|first1=Steven}}</ref> : 1 . 113. Nkyekyɛm  </link> Ɛdenam "nea ɛyɛ nwonwa" a nsrahwɛfo hwɛ so no, wosua nea wɔn ankasa nyɛ: kyerɛ sɛ, wɔyɛ "an-exotic," anaasɛ wɔyɛ ade a ɛfata.<ref name=":12"/> </link> Sɛnea MacCannell kyerɛ no, nnɛyi nsrahwɛ nyinaa nya osuahu a ɛyɛ "nokware" ne "nea ɛyɛ nwonwa" sɛ "ɛba fam wɔ nkɔso mu" sen nnɛyi de no —kyerɛ sɛ, osuahu a nsrahwɛfo no tra ase no.<ref name=":12"/> : 1 . 114. Nkyekyɛm  </link> == Abakɔsɛm == === Tete === [[File:"A_Tour_Guide_to_the_Famous_Places_of_the_Capital"_from_Akizato_Rito's_Miyako_meisho_zue_(1787).jpg|thumb|Japanni nsrahwɛfo bi rebisabisa akwantufo kwankyerɛfo ne akwankyerɛ nhoma bi a efi Akizato Ritō ''Miyako meisho zue'' (1787) mu]] Na akwantu a ɛkɔ obi mpɔtam hɔ akyi de gye w’ahome no yɛ adefo akuw nkutoo dea, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a na wotu kwan kɔ wiase mmeae a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri, kɔhwɛ adan akɛse ne adwinni ahorow, [[Kasa ahorow pii a wɔka|sua kasa foforo]], nya amammerɛ foforo, nya abɔde a ɛho tew mu anigye na wɔsɔ hwɛ soronko [[Aduan a wɔde yɛ aduan|nnuan a wɔde yɛ aduan]] . Nanso, wɔ [[Shulgi na ɔkyerɛwee|Shulgi]], mu tɔnn no, ahemfo kamfoo wɔn ho sɛ wɔbɔ akwan ho ban na wosisi akwan so gyinabea ahorow ma akwantufo.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFWjoeVCLk0C|title=Introduction To Tourism|last=Jayapalan|first=N.|year=2001|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-977-9|language=en}}</ref> Wobetumi ahu akwantu a wɔde gye wɔn ani wɔ [[Misrim|Misraim]] fi 1500 A.Y.B.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Casson|first1=Lionel|title=Travel in the Ancient World|date=1994|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|page=32}}</ref> Na [[Nsrahwɛ a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ tete Roma|tete Roma nsrahwɛfo a wɔba hɔ]] wɔ [[Roman Republic|Republic]] bere so no kɔsra [[Spa|mmeae a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ]] mu ne mpoano ahomegyebea ahorow te sɛ [[Baiae na ɛyɛ|Baiae]] . Na adefo ani gye wɔn ho. Na Romafo a wɔkorɔn no de wɔn ahomegye bere di dwuma wɔ asase so anaa po so na na wotu kwan kɔ wɔn villa urbana mu</link> anaasɛ villa maritima</link> . Na adan akɛse pii wɔ [[Campania na ɛwɔ hɔ|Campania]], atwa [[Roma|Rome]] ho ahyia ne Adriatic asubɔnten no atifi fam te sɛ nea ɛwɔ [[Barcola na ɔkyerɛwee|Barcola]] a ɛbɛn Trieste no. [[Pausanias (asase ho nimdefo) .|Pausanias]] kyerɛw ne ''Description of Greece'' wɔ afeha a ɛto so abien Y.B. Wɔ [[tete China]], ɛtɔ mmere bi a na atitiriw yɛ wɔn adwene sɛ wɔbɛkɔ [[Bepɔw Tai]] ne ɛtɔ mmere bi a [[Mmepɔw Kronkron Anum|wɔbɛkɔ Mmepɔw Kronkron anum no]] nyinaa so . Eduu [[Wɔ tete mmere akyi|tete mmere no akyi no]], na ɔsom ahorow pii a [[Kristofo akwantu|Kristosom]], [[Buddhafo akwantu|Buddhasom]], ne [[Umrah a ɛwɔ hɔ|Nkramofo]] ka ho anya akwantu ho [[Akwantuo ho akwantuo|atetesɛm]] . ''[[Canterbury Anansesɛm no|Canterbury Anansesɛm]]'' ( c. 1390 mfe no mu ), a ɛde akwantu bi di dwuma sɛ [[Framing afiri a wɔde yɛ nneɛma|afiri a wɔde yɛ mfonini]] no da so ara yɛ [[Engiresi nhoma ahorow|Engiresifo nhoma ahorow]] a wɔagye din, ne ''[[Akwantu a ɛkɔ Atɔe Fam|Journey to the West]]'' ( c. 1592 ), a ɛwɔ beae titiriw wɔ [[Chinafo nhoma ahorow]] mu no wɔ Buddhafo akwantu bi wɔ n’asɛm no mfinimfini. Wɔ [[Mfinimfini Mmere no mu Italy|mfinimfini mmere mu Italy]], [[Petrorarch na ɔkyerɛwee|Petrarch]] kyerɛw mfatoho kyerɛwtohɔ bi a ɛfa ne [[Mont Ventoux a wɔforo kɔ soro|foro kɔɔ Mont Ventoux]] wɔ 1336 mu a kamfoo akwantu adeyɛ no na ɔkasa tiaa frigida incuriositas</link> (‘awɔw mu anigye a wonni’); wobu saa kyerɛwtohɔ yi sɛ ɛyɛ nsɛm a edi kan a wonim sɛ wɔde tu kwan ma n’ankasa yiyedi no mu biako.<ref name="WTO2012Highlights"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Cassirer|first=Ernst|date=January 1943|title=Some Remarks on the Question of the Originality of the Renaissance|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-ideas_1943-01_4_1/page/49|jstor=2707236|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|volume=4|issue=1|pages=49–74|doi=10.2307/2707236}}</ref> [[Ɔheneba a ofi Burgundy|Burgundian]] anwensɛm kyerɛwfo Michault Taillevent [ fr ] akyiri yi hyehyɛɛ n'ankasa nkae a ɛyɛ hu a ɛfa akwantu bi a ɔfaa [[Jura Mmepɔw so|Jura Mmepɔw]] so wɔ 1430 mu ho .<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yqsIYSNmLMC&pg=PA32|title=Un poète bourguignon du XVe siècle, Michault Taillevent: édition et étude|publisher=Librairie Droz|author1=Deschaux, Robert|author2=Taillevent, Michault|year=1975|pages=31–32|isbn=978-2-600-02831-8}}</ref> Wɔ China no, ‘akwantu ho kyerɛwtohɔ nhoma’ (遊記文學; ) bɛyɛɛ nea agye din wɔ [[Nnwom Ahemman|Nnwom Ahemman no]] mu (960–1279).<ref name="hargett 67">Hargett 1985, p. 67.</ref> Akwantuo ho akyerɛwfoɔ te sɛ [[Fan Chengda na ɔkyerɛwee|Fan Chengda]] (1126–1193) ne [[Xu Xiake na ɔkyerɛwee|Xu Xiake]] (1587–1641) de [[Gyeografi|asase]] ne [[Asase ho nsɛm a ɛfa asase ho|asase ho]] nsɛm pii kaa wɔn nkyerɛwee ho, berɛ a ‘daytrip essay’ ''[[Su Shi na ɔkyerɛwee|Record of Stone Bell Mountain]]'' a anwensɛm kyerɛwfoɔ ne ɔmannifoɔ a wagye din [[Su Shi na ɔkyerɛwee|Su Shi]] kyerɛweeɛ no (1037–1101) de nyansapɛ ne abrabɔ pa ho akyinnyegye mae sɛ n’atirimpɔw titiriw.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hargett|first1=James M.|year=1985|title=Some Preliminary Remarks on the Travel Records of the Song Dynasty (960-1279)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_chinese-literature-essays-articles-reviews_1985-07_7_1-2/page/67|journal=Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews|volume=7|issue=1/2|pages=67–93|jstor=495194|doi=10.2307/495194}}</ref> === Nsrahwɛ Kɛse Kɛse === [[File:Willem_van_Haecht_Władysław_Vasa.JPG|thumb|Ɔheneba Ladislaus Sigismund a ofi Poland kɔsraa [[Cornelis van der Geest na ɔkyerɛwee|Cornelis van der Geest]] Mfoniniyɛbea a ɛwɔ [[Brussels na ɛwɔ hɔ|Brussels]] wɔ 1624 mu]] Yebetumi ahu nnɛyi nsrahwɛfo afi nea na wonim no sɛ [[Nsrahwɛ Kɛse Kɛse|Grand Tour]], a na ɛyɛ atetesɛm akwantu a wɔde twa [[Europe|Europa]] (titiriw [[Germany]] ne [[Italy]] ), a Europa mmerante a [[Adesuakuw a wɔkorɔn|wɔkorɔn]] a wɔwɔ sika titiriw, a wofi Europa Atɔe fam ne Atifi fam aman mu titiriw na wɔyɛe no mu. Wɔ 1624 mu no, [[Poland]] Ɔheneba kumaa, [[Władysław IV Vasa na ɔkyerɛwee|Ladislaus Sigismund Vasa]], [[Sigismund III Vasa na ɔkyerɛwee|Sigismund III]] babarima panyin fii akwantu bi ase faa Europa, sɛnea na Polandfo atitiriw [[Norm (asetra mu nsɛm ho adesua) .|taa yɛ]] no.<ref name="wladcy12b">[[Tomasz Bohun]], ''Podróże po Europie'', ''Władysław IV Wasa'', Władcy Polski, p. 12</ref> Otutuu akwan faa nsasesin a ɛwɔ nnɛyi Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, faako a n’ani gyee sɛnea Spain asraafo, France, Switzerland, kosii Italy, Austria, ne [[Czech Republic]] [[Breda a Wɔkaa Ho Ahyia (1624) .|kaa Breda hyɛɛ]] mu no ho .<ref name="wladcy12b" /> Na ɛyɛ nhomasua akwantu <ref name="WTO2012Highlights"/> na nea efii mu bae no mu biako ne [[Polandfo opera a wɔfrɛ no opera|Italiafo opera]] a wɔde baa [[Poland–Lithuania Aman Nkabom Kuw no|Poland–Lithuania Amanaman Nkabom no]] mu .<ref>''The Oxford Illustrated History of Opera'', ed. [[Roger Parker]] (1994): a chapter on Central and Eastern European opera by John Warrack, p. 240; ''The Viking Opera Guide'', ed. Amanda Holden (1993): articles on Polish composers, p. 174</ref> Amanne no nyaa nkɔso fi bɛyɛ 1660 kosii sɛ [[Keteke akwantu|keteke]] akɛse a wɔde fa nnipa bae wɔ 1840 mfe no mu na mpɛn pii no na edi [[Akwantuo akwantuo ho nhyehyɛeɛ|akwantu nhyehyɛe]] a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ akyi . Na ɛyɛ nhomasua hokwan ne [[amanne a wɔde twa kwan]] . Ɛwom sɛ na ɛne [[Britaniafo atitiriw]] ne adefo [[Asase so ahemfo|a wɔwɔ asase so ahemfo]] wɔ abusuabɔ titiriw de, nanso mmerante a wɔyɛ adefo a wofi [[Protestantsom|Protestant]] [[Europa Atifi fam]] aman a ɛwɔ [[Europa Asasepɔn so|Asasepɔn no]] so na wotuu akwantu a ɛte saa ara, na efi afeha a ɛto so 18 no fa a ɛto so abien no mu no, Amerika Kesee Fam, U.S., ne amannɔne mmerante afoforo bi de wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu . Wɔtrɛw atetesɛm no mu ma ɛkaa [[Mfinimfini mpanyimfo kuw|mfinimfini mpanyimfo]] pii ho bere a keteke ne po so ahyɛn akwantu maa akwantu no yɛɛ mmerɛw akyi, na Thomas Cook maa "Cook's Tour" yɛɛ asɛmfua a wɔde frɛ no. Grand Tour no bɛyɛɛ dibea ho sɛnkyerɛnne ankasa maa sukuufo a wɔkorɔn wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 ne 19 mu. Wɔ saa bere yi mu no, [[Johann Joachim Winckelmann na ɔkyerɛwee|Johann Joachim Winckelmann]] nsusuwii ahorow a ɛfa sɛnea tete amammerɛ korɔn ho no bɛyɛɛ nea nkurɔfo ani gyee ho kɛse na wɔkyerɛɛ ho anisɔ wɔ Europa nhomasua wiase no mu. Mfoniniyɛfo, akyerɛwfo, ne akwantufo (te sɛ [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] ) sii so dua sɛ adwinni a wɔagye din a Italy, France, ne Greece de ho nhwɛso pa ma no korɔn. Esiane saa nneɛma yi nti, na Grand Tour no kɔ titiriw ne saa mmeae no, baabi a na sukuufo a wɔkorɔn betumi anya adwinni ne abakɔsɛm a wɔagye din ho nhwɛso ahorow a wɔntaa nhu. Nnansa yi ara ''[[New York Times no mu nsɛmma nhoma|New York Times]]'' kaa Grand Tour no ho asɛm wɔ saa kwan yi so sɛ: Na wogye di sɛ mfaso titiriw a ɛwɔ Grand Tour no so ne sɛ wɔbɛda [[Tete tete nneɛma|tete tete mmere mu]] amammerɛ agyapade ne [[Renaissance bere no mu|Renaissance]], ne Europa asasepɔn no so nnipa a wɔyɛ adehye na wɔwɔ animtew wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so no nyinaa adi. === Ahomegye akwantu a ɛbae === [[File:Alsfeld-marktplatz-1900.jpg|thumb|223x223px|Engiresifo postcard a ɛkyerɛ kurow dedaw [[Alsfeld na ɔkyerɛwee|Alsfeld]] a ɛwɔ Germany, a nsrahwɛfo wɔ gua so abɔnten so]] Na akwantu a [[Ɔhomeɛ|wɔde gye wɔn ahome]] no ne [[Mfiridwuma mu Ɔsesɛw|Mfiridwuma mu Ɔsesɛw a ɛkɔɔ so]] wɔ [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom no]] wɔ abusuabɔ – Europa man a edi kan a ɛhyɛɛ ahomegye bere ho nkuran maa mfiridwuma mu nnipa a wɔredɔɔso no.<ref name="singh">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=L.K.|title=Fundamental of Tourism and Travel|year=2008|publisher=Isha Books|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-8205-478-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mWf4PtzRmwUC&q=the%20first%20European%20country%20to%20promote%20leisure%20time%20to%20the%20increasing%20industrial%20population&pg=PA189|page=189|chapter=Issues in Tourism Industry}}</ref> Mfiase no, na eyi fa mfiri a wɔde yɛ nneɛma wuranom, sikasɛm mu nnipa kakraa bi, adwumayɛbea wuranom ne aguadifo ho. Eyinom na na wɔyɛ [[mfinimfini mpanyimfo kuw]] foforo no .<ref name="singh" /> Cox & Kings ne akwantu adwumakuw a edi kan a aban mpanyimfo hyehyɛɛ wɔ afe 1758.<ref name="WTO2012Highlights"/> Britania mfiase a adwuma foforo yi fi bae no da adi [[File:Banja_Slatina_ljeto.jpg|thumb|223x223px|Slatina Spa a ɛwɔ [[Slatina, Foča, na ɔkyerɛwee|Slatina]], Bosnia ne Herzegovina no agye din wɔ ne su ahorow ho na na atwetwe nsrahwɛfo fi 1870 mfe no mu.]] wɔ mmeae din pii mu. Wɔ [[Nice]], France, akwamma ahomegyebea ahorow a edi kan na wɔagye din sen biara wɔ [[French Riviera a ɛwɔ hɔ|French Riviera]], no mu biako no, wonim ɔkwan tenten a ɛwɔ po no ano no de besi nnɛ sɛ ''[[Akwantuo a ɛkɔ Anglais|Promenade des Anglais]]'' ; wɔ abakɔsɛm mu ahomegyebea afoforo pii a ɛwɔ [[Europa Asasepɔn so|Europa asasepɔn so no]], ahemfie ahɔhodan dedaw a wɔagye din yiye no wɔ din te sɛ ''[[Ahɔhodan a ɛwɔ Bristol|Hotel Bristol]]'', ''Hotel Carlton'', anaa ''Hotel Majestic'' – a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea Engiresifo adetɔfo di tumi kɛse. Wɔ 1855 mu no, ɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ ɔbɛkɔ amannɔne nea edi kan, bere a ɔde kuw bi fii Leicester kɔɔ [[Calais na ɔkyerɛwee|Calais]] ma ɛne [[Nkyerɛkyerɛmu Amansan (1855) .|Paris Ɔyɛkyerɛ no]] hyiae no . Afe a edi hɔ no ofii ne "grand circular tours" ase wɔ Europa.<ref name="WTO2012Highlights"/> Wɔ 1860 mfe no mu no ɔkɔɔ apontow ahorow mu kɔɔ Switzerland, Italy, Egypt, ne United States. Cook de "inclusive independent travel" sii hɔ, a ɛnam so na akwantufo no kɔ ahofadi nanso n'adwumakuw no gye akwantu, aduan, ne dabere ho ka bere pɔtee bi wɔ ɔkwan biara a wapaw so. Ne nkonimdi araa ma Scotland keteke nnwumakuw no twee wɔn mmoa no fii hɔ wɔ 1862 ne 1863 ntam hɔ sɛ wɔn ankasa bɛsɔ akwantu adwuma no ahwɛ. [[Thomas Cook na ɔkyerɛwee|Thomas Cook]] a na ɔyɛ akwantu adwumayɛbea adwuma no kwampaefo, na adwene a ɛne sɛ ɔbɛma akwantu ahorow no baa ne tirim bere a na ɔretwɛn asɛnka agua so kar a ɛwɔ London Road wɔ [[Kibworth na ɔkyerɛwee|Kibworth]] no. Bere a wobuee [[Midland Mantam Keteke Dwumadibea|Midland Counties Keteke kwan]] a wɔatrɛw mu no, ɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ ɔde kuw bi [[Ahosodi a Wɔde Yɛ Adwuma|a wɔyɛ ahosodi ho ɔsatufo]] 540 befi [[Leicester]] [[Leicester Campbell Street keteke gyinabea|Campbell Street gyinabea]] akɔ nhyiam bi ase wɔ [[Loughborough na ɛwɔ hɔ|Loughborough]], {{Convert|11|mi|km|spell=in}} akyirikyiri. Wɔ July 5, 1841 mu no, Thomas Cook yɛɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ keteke adwumakuw no gye [[shilling]] biako wɔ onipa biara ho; na keteke tekiti ne aduan a wɔde bɛkɔ akwantu no ka eyi ho. Wotuaa Cook ka a wogye fii akwantufo no hɔ no mu kyɛfa, efisɛ esiane sɛ na keteke tekiti no yɛ mmara kwan so apam a ɛda adwumakuw ne akwantufo ntam nti, anka wontumi mfa n’ankasa bo mma.  Eyi ne [[Keteke a wɔde kɔ mmeae ahorow|keteke a edi kan a ankorankoro agye a wɔde tu kwan]] a wɔbɔɔ ho dawuru kyerɛɛ ɔmanfo nyinaa; Cook ankasa gye toom sɛ na ankorankoro keteke ahorow a wɔde tu kwan a wɔammɔ ho dawuru wɔ hɔ dedaw.<ref>Ingle, R., 1991 ''Thomas Cook of Leicester'', Bangor, Headstart History</ref> Wɔ ahohuru bere abiɛsa a edi hɔ no mu no ɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe na ɔyɛɛ apuei maa ahosodi fekuw ne [[Kwasida sukuu]] mmofra. Wɔ 1844 mu no, Midland Counties Keteke Adwumakuw no penee so sɛ wɔne no bɛyɛ nhyehyɛe a ɛbɛtra hɔ daa, sɛ ohu akwantufo no a. Saa nkonimdi yi maa ofii n’ankasa adwuma ase a ɔde keteke akwantu tu mmirika de gyee n’ani, na ogyee keteke ho ka ɔha biara mu nkyem biako.<ref name="WTO2012Highlights"/> [[File:The_promenade,_Blackpool,_Lancashire,_England,_ca._1898.jpg|thumb|Photochrom a ɛwɔ [[Blackpool na ɛwɔ hɔ|Blackpool]] kwan a wɔfa so nantew so c. 1898 mu]] == Sikasɛm mu ntease a ɛwɔ nsrahwɛ mu == Nsrahwɛ adwuma, sɛ́ [[Ɔsom adwumayɛbea|ɔsom adwuma no]] fa,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tassiopoulos|first1=Dimitri|publisher=Juta and Company Ltd|year=2008|isbn=9780702177262|editor1-last=Tassiopoulos|editor1-first=Dimitri|location=Cape Town|publication-date=2008|page=10}}</ref> abɛyɛ sika a ɛho hia ma mpɔtam pii ne aman mũ nyinaa mpo. ''Manila Mpaemuka a ɛfa Wiase Nyinaa Nsrahwɛ Ho a wɔyɛe wɔ 1980 mu no'' gye toom sɛ ɛho hia sɛ “dwumadi a ɛho hia ma aman asetra esiane nkɛntɛnso a enya tẽẽ wɔ aman aman asetra, amammerɛ, nhomasua, ne sikasɛm mu, ne wɔn amanaman ntam abusuabɔ so nti.” <ref name="WTO2012Highlights">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|date=10 October 1980|title=Manila Declaration on World Tourism|url=http://www.univeur.org/cuebc/downloads/PDF%20carte/65.%20Manila.PDF|conference=World Tourism Conference|location=[[Manila]], [[Philippines]]|pages=1–4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120180003/http://www.univeur.org/CMS/UserFiles/65.%20Manila.PDF|archive-date=20 November 2012}}</ref> Nsrahwɛ de sika pii ba mpɔtam hɔ sikasɛm mu wɔ [[Nneɛma ne nnwuma a wɔyɛ|nneɛma ne nnwuma a]] nsrahwɛfo hia ho ka a wotua, akontaabu as of 2011 </link></link> ma wiase no mu [[Dwadie|aguadi a]] ɛfa nnwuma ho no mu 30%, ne, sɛ́ [[Nneɛma a wɔde kɔ amannɔne a aniwa nhu|ade a wɔde kɔ amannɔne a aniwa nhu]], ma nneɛma ne nnwuma [[Mane kɔ|a wɔde kɔ amannɔne]] nyinaa mu 6%.<ref name="pr120272">{{Cite book|title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2017 Edition|date=1 July 2017|publisher=World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)|isbn=978-92-844-1902-9|language=en|doi=10.18111/9789284419029|url=https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/5202}}</ref> Ɛsan nso ma wonya [[Adwumafa|adwumayɛ]] hokwan ahorow wɔ [[Sikasɛm mu adesuakuw a ɛto so abiɛsa|sikasɛm mu ɔsom adwuma]] a ɛbata nsrahwɛ ho no mu.<ref name="WTO2012Highlights">{{Cite web}}</ref> Wɔkyerɛ nso sɛ akwantu trɛw adwene mu.<ref name="WTO2012Highlights"/><ref name="WTO2012Highlights"/> Ahɔhoyɛ nnwuma a wonya mfaso fi nsrahwɛ mu no bi ne [[Hyɛn|akwantu adwuma]] (te sɛ [[Wimhyɛn adwumayɛkuw|wimhyɛn]] [[Hyɛn a wɔde tu kwan|adwumayɛkuw, po so ahyɛn a wɔde tu]] kwan, [[Ɔmanfo kar|akwantu]], [[Tete|keteke]] ne [[Taksi a wɔde fa nnipa|taksi]] ); [[Dabere a wɔde ma|dabere]] (a [[Ahɔhobea|ahɔhodan]], [[Ahɔhodan mu|ahɔhodan]], [[Ofie a wɔtra mu|afie a wɔtra]], [[Anigyebea|ahomegyebea]] ne adan a wɔde tua ho ka ka ho); ne mmeae a wogye wɔn ani (te sɛ [[Agumadibea a wɔde gye wɔn ani|agoprama ahorow]], [[Adidibea|adidibea ahorow]], [[Casino a ɛwɔ hɔ|kyakyatow adan]], [[Afahyɛ|afahyɛ ahorow]], [[Adetɔbea kɛse|aguadidan ahorow]], [[Beae a wɔbɔ nnwom|mmeae a wɔbɔ nnwom]], ne [[Agorudibea|agoprama ahorow]] ). Eyi ka nneɛma a [[Nkaedi a Wɔde Di Dwuma|nsrahwɛfo]] tɔ, a nkae nneɛma ka ho ho . Sikasɛm mu nnyinaso a ɛwɔ nsrahwɛ mu titiriw ne amammerɛ mu agyapade, [[amammerɛ mu agyapade]] ne [[Abɔdeɛ|sɛnea]] akwantu beae no te. Ɛfata sɛ yɛka [[Wiase Nyinaa Agyapade Mmeae|Wiase Agyapade Mmeae no]] ho asɛm titiriw nnɛ efisɛ ɛyɛ nsrahwɛfo magnet ankasa. Nanso ɔman bi nniso a ɛwɔ hɔ mprempren anaa kan no mpo betumi ayɛ nea ɛho hia kɛse ama nsrahwɛfo. Sɛ nhwɛso no, [[Britania adehye abusua]] no anigye no ma nsrahwɛfo ɔpepem pii ba Great Britain afe biara na ɛnam so ma sikasɛm bɛyɛ £550 ɔpepem afe biara. Yebetumi aka [[Habsburg na ɔkyerɛwee|Habsburg]] abusua no ho asɛm wɔ Europa Mfinimfini fam. Sɛnea akontaabu kyerɛ no, ɛsɛ sɛ Habsburg ahyɛnsode no ma nsrahwɛfo tɔn euro ɔpepem 60 afe biara ma Vienna nkutoo. Nsrahwɛfo nnyinasosɛm "Habsburg tɔn" no di dwuma.<ref>[[Laurajane Smith]] "Uses of Heritage" (2006); Regina Bendix, Vladimir Hafstein "Culture and Property. An Introduction" (2009) in Ethnologia Europaea 39/2</ref><ref>Gerhard Bitzan, Christine Imlinger "Die Millionen-Marke Habsburg" (German), in Die Presse, 15 July 2011.</ref> == Nsrahwɛ, amammerɛ agyapade ne UNESCO == [[File:Blue_Shield_Fact_Finding_Mission_Egypt.jpg|thumb|Blue Shield nokwasɛm hwehwɛ asɛmpatrɛw adwuma wɔ Egypt]] Wɔ nsɛm pii mu no, amammerɛ ne abɔde mu agyapade ne nea wogyina so yɛ wiase nyinaa nsrahwɛfo koraa. Amammerɛ mu nsrahwɛ yɛ nneɛma akɛse a ɛda adi wɔ nnipa dodow a wɔda hɔ anadwo ne nneɛma a wɔtɔn mu no mu biako. Sɛnea [[UNESCO]] rehwɛ kɛse no, amammerɛ agyapade no ho hia ma nsrahwɛfo, nanso ɛde ne ho to asiane mu nso. "ICOMOS - Amanaman Ntam Amammerɛ Nsrahwɛ Nhyehyɛe" a efi 1999 no redi ɔhaw ahorow yi nyinaa ho dwuma dedaw. Sɛ nhwɛso no, esiane asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ ma nsrahwɛfo nti, wɔsan sii [[Lascaux na ɔkyerɛwee|Lascaux]] ɔbodan no maa nsrahwɛfo. [[Nsrahwɛ a ɛboro so]] yɛ asɛmfua a ɛho hia a nkurɔfo ani gye ho kɛse wɔ saa beae yi. Bio nso, deɛ UNESCO de n’adwene si so wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɔko wɔ ne sɛ ɛbɛhwɛ sɛ wɔbɛbɔ amammerɛ agyapadeɛ ho ban sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkura daakye sikasɛm mu nnyinasoɔ a ɛho hia yi mu ama mpɔtam hɔfoɔ. Na biakoyɛ a emu yɛ den wɔ UNESCO, [[Amɑnɑmɑn Nkɑbɔmu|Amanaman Nkabom]], [[Amanaman Nkabom no asomdwoe ho nhyehyɛe|Amanaman Nkabom asomdwoe ho adwumayɛkuw]] ne [[Blue Shield Amanaman Ntam|Blue Shield International]] ntam. Amanaman ntam ne ɔman no mu nsusuwii, nhwehwɛmu ne nhyehyɛe ahorow pii wɔ hɔ a wɔde bɛbɔ amammerɛ mu agyapade ho ban afi nsrahwɛ ne nea efi ɔko mu no nkɛntɛnso ho. Titiriw no, ɛfa ɔmanfo a wɔnyɛ asraafo ne asraafo a wɔbɛtete wɔn nso ho. Nanso ɛhɔfo a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu no ho hia titiriw. Blue Shield International titrani a ɔhyehyɛɛ adwuma no [[Karl von Habsburg na ɔkyerɛwee|Karl von Habsburg]] de nsɛm yi bɔɔ no mua sɛ: "Sɛ ɛnyɛ mpɔtam hɔfo na sɛ ɛnyɛ mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no a, anka ɛno rentumi nyɛ yiye koraa'.<ref name="WTO2012Highlights"/><ref>Rick Szostak: ''The Causes of Economic Growth: Interdisciplinary Perspectives.'' Springer Science & Business Media, 2009, {{ISBN|9783540922827}}; Markus Tauschek "Kulturerbe" (2013), p 166; Laurajane Smith "Uses of Heritage" (2006).</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}; Roger O'Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual." UNESCO, 2016, p 73; [https://web.archive.org/web/20200527103531/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/action-plan-to-preserve-heritage-sites-during-conflict Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict - UNITED NATIONS, 12 Apr 2019]</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}; Jyot Hosagrahar: ''Culture: at the heart of SDGs.'' UNESCO-Kurier, April-Juni 2017.</ref> === Po so hyɛn a wɔde fa po so hyɛn mu === [[File:Seabourn_Ovation_surrounded_by_palm_trees.jpg|thumb|Nnɛyi po so hyɛn a wɔde tu kwan ''a wɔfrɛ no Seabourn Ovation'' a ɛwɔ Mediterranea Po no so no]] Po so hyɛn a wɔde fa po so hyɛn mu yɛ ɔkwan a agye din a wɔfa so [[Nsu so nsrahwɛfo|kɔsrasra nsu so]] . ''Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company'' (P&O) na ɛde po so [[Hyɛn a wɔde tu kwan|ahyɛn a]] wɔde gye ahomegye bae wɔ 1844 mu, na efi [[Southampton na ɛwɔ hɔ|Southampton]] kɔɔ mmeae te sɛ [[Gibraltar na ɛwɔ hɔ|Gibraltar]], [[Malta]] ne [[Atɛns|Athens]] .<ref name="WTO2012Highlights"/> Wɔ 1891 mu no, Germanni aguadifo [[Albert Ballin na ɔkyerɛwee|Albert Ballin]] de po so hyɛn [[Augusta Victoria (hyɛn) .|''Augusta Victoria'']] fii [[Hambɔg|Hamburg]] kɔɔ Mediterranea Po no mu. 29 June 1900 na wɔde hyɛn a edi kan a wɔde tu kwan a wɔyɛɛ no atirimpɔw bi ne ''[[Ɔheneba a ɔyɛ ɔheneba Victoria Luise|Prinzessin Victoria Luise]]'', a wɔyɛe wɔ Hamburg maa Hamburg America Line no too fam.<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> === Nnɛyi nsrahwɛfo === Nsrahwɛfo pii a wɔpɛ ahomegye tu kwan kɔ [[Po so ahomegyebea|po so ahomegyebea ahorow]] a ɛbɛn wɔn mpoano anaa akyirikyiri. Mpoano mmeae a ɛwɔ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse no yɛ nea nkurɔfo ani gye ho wɔ ahohuru bere ne awɔw bere nyinaa mu. === Nsrahwɛ a nnipa pii kɔ hɔ === [[File:Barceloneta_2007.jpg|thumb|Nsrahwɛfo a wɔwɔ Mediterranea Mpoano wɔ [[Barcelona]], 2007]] Nhomanimfo akyerɛkyerɛ nsrahwɛ a nnipa pii kɔ mu sɛ akwantu a akuw ahorow tu wɔ akwantu ahorow a wɔadi kan ayɛ ho nhyehyɛe mu, a mpɛn pii no wɔ nsrahwɛ ho abenfo nhyehyɛe ase. Saa nsrahwɛ yi nyaa nkɔso wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no fa a ɛto so abien mu wɔ [[United Kingdom]] na [[Thomas Cook na ɔkyerɛwee|Thomas Cook]] na ɔyɛɛ akwampaefo . Cook de Europa keteke kwan a ɛretrɛw ntɛmntɛm no dii dwuma na ɔhyehyɛɛ adwumakuw bi a ɛde [[da koro akwantu]] akwantu a ne bo nyɛ den ma [[Nnipa a wɔyɛ mpapahwekwa|nnipadɔm]], de ka akwamma tenten a ɔde kɔ Europa Asasepɔn, India, Asia ne Atɔe Fam a ɛtwee adetɔfo a wɔwɔ sika kɛse no ho. Eduu 1890 mfe no mu no, nsrahwɛfo bɛboro 20,000 na wɔde Thomas Cook & Son di dwuma afe biara. Abusuabɔ a ɛda nsrahwɛfo nnwumakuw, akwantu adwumayɛfo ne ahɔhodan ahorow ntam no yɛ ade titiriw a ɛwɔ nsrahwɛ a nnipa pii kɔ hɔ no mu. Cook tumi de bo a ɛba fam sen bo a wɔbɔɔ ho dawuru wɔ baguam no mae efisɛ n’adwumakuw no tɔɔ tekiti pii fii keteke akwan mu. Nnɛyi nsrahwɛ a nnipa pii kɔ hɔ no biako, [[Package akwantuo|package tourism]], da so ara de fekubɔ a ɛda akuw abiɛsa yi ntam no ka ho. Akwantu nyaa nkɔso wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 mfiase mu hɔ, na kar ahorow a wɔyɛe ne akyiri yi wimhyɛn ahorow na ɛmaa ɛyɛɛ mmerɛw. Nkɔso a ɛbaa akwantu mu no maa nnipa pii tuu kwan ntɛmntɛm kɔɔ mmeae a wɔpɛ ahomegye sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a nnipa pii betumi afi ase anya ahomegye bere so mfaso. Wɔ [[Europa Asasepɔn so|Europa Asasepɔn so no]], na [[Po so ahomegyebea|mpoano ahomegyebea ahorow]] a edi kan no bi ne: [[Heiligendamm na ɔkyerɛwee|Heiligendamm]], a wɔde sii hɔ wɔ 1793 mu wɔ [[Baltic Po no]] so, a na ɛyɛ po so ahomegyebea a edi kan; [[Ostend a wɔde kyerɛ|Ostend]] a [[Brussels na ɛwɔ hɔ|Brusselsfo]] gyee din ; [[Boulogne-sur-Mer na ɔkyerɛwee|Boulogne-sur-Mer]] ne [[Deauville na ɔkyerɛwee|Deauville]] ma [[Paris]]fo no ; [[Taormina na ɔkyerɛwee|Taormina]] a ɛwɔ [[Sicily na ɛwɔ hɔ|Sicily]] no . Wɔ [[Amerika|United States no]], po so ahomegyebea ahorow a edi kan wɔ Europafo kwan so ne [[Atlantic Kuropɔn, New Jersey, na ɛwɔ hɔ|Atlantic City]], [[New Jersey na ɛwɔ hɔ|New Jersey]] ne [[Long Supɔw so|Long Island]], [[New York (ɔman) .|New York]] . Eduu afeha a ɛto so 20 mfinimfini no, Mediterranea Mpoano bɛyɛɛ beae titiriw a nsrahwɛfo pii kɔ hɔ. 1960 ne 1970 mfe no mu no, nsrahwɛfo pii dii dwuma titiriw wɔ [[Spainfo anwonwade|Spain sikasɛm "anwonwade"]] no mu. </link> . Wɔ 1960 ne 1970 mfe no mu no, nyansahufo kaa nkɛntɛnso bɔne a nsrahwɛfo nya wɔ asetra ne amammerɛ mu wɔ mpɔtam a wɔgye ahɔho no so ho asɛm. Efi 1980 mfe no mu no wofii ase huu nneɛma pa a ɛwɔ nsrahwɛ mu nso.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Putova|first=Barbora|date=2018|title=Anthropology of Tourism: Researching Interactions between Hosts and Guests|url=https://sciendo.com/downloadpdf/journals/cjot/7/1/article-p71.pdf|journal=Czech Journal of Tourism|volume=7|issue=1|pages=71–92|doi=10.1515/cjot-2018-0004|s2cid=159280794|access-date=2023-08-04|archive-date=2023-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710233448/https://sciendo.com/downloadpdf/journals/cjot/7/1/article-p71.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Niche nsrahwɛfo === [[File:Cristo_Rei_(36211699613).jpg|right|thumb|[[Kristo Ɔhene (Almada) .|Kristo Ɔhene Kronkronbea]], a ɛwɔ [[Almada na ɔkyerɛwee|Almada]], abɛyɛ mmeae a nyamesom nsrahwɛfo kɔ hɔ kɛse no mu biako.]] Niche nsrahwɛ kyerɛ nsrahwɛ soronko pii a aba wɔ mfe no mu, a emu biara wɔ n’ankasa asɛmfua a ɛkyerɛ biribi. Nsɛmfua yi pii na nsrahwɛfo ne nhomanimfo ataa de adi dwuma.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lew|first=Alan A.|title=Long Tail Tourism: New geographies for marketing niche tourism products|journal=Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing|year=2008|volume=25|issue=3–4|pages=409–19|doi=10.1080/10548400802508515|url=http://www.geog.nau.edu/publications/Long-Tail-Tourism-Lew.pdf|access-date=22 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614084130/http://www.geog.nau.edu/publications/Long-Tail-Tourism-Lew.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2010|citeseerx=10.1.1.467.6320|s2cid=16085592}}</ref> Afoforo nso yɛ nsusuwii ahorow a ɛreba a ebia nnipa pii de di dwuma anaasɛ wɔrennya. Nhwɛso ahorow a ɛfa niche tourism gua ahorow a abu so kɛse ne: Nsɛmfua afoforo a wɔde di dwuma ma niche anaa akwantu ho nkrataa titiriw bi ne asɛmfua "beae" a ɛwɔ nkyerɛkyerɛmu ahorow no mu, te sɛ [[Destination ayeforohyia|ayeforohyia a wɔde kɔ]], ne nsɛmfua te sɛ [[Beae a wɔde gye akwamma|beae a wɔkɔ akwamma]] . === Awɔw bere mu nsrahwɛ === [[File:Arctic_circle_santa_village.jpg|thumb|[[Santa Claus Akuraa ase|Santa Claus Akuraa]] a ɛwɔ [[Arctic Kurukuruwa|Arctic Circle]] a ɛwɔ [[Rovaniemi na ɔkyerɛwee|Rovaniemi]], Finland no yɛ mmeae atitiriw a nsrahwɛfo kɔ hɔ wɔ Europa Atifi fam no mu biako.<ref name="WTO2012Highlights"/>]] [[Ɔhotefo Moritz|St. Moritz]], [[Switzerland]] bɛyɛɛ awɔw bere mu nsrahwɛfo a na ɛrenya nkɔso no akokoaa wɔ 1860 mfe no mu: ahɔhodan sohwɛfo Johannes Badrutt too nsa frɛɛ awɔw bere mu ahɔho bi a wofi England sɛ wɔmmra awɔw bere mu nkɔhwɛ asase a sukyerɛmma wɔ hɔ no, na ɔnam saayɛ so de su bi a agye din fii ase.<ref name="WTO2012Highlights"/><ref name="WTO2012Highlights"/> Nanso, ɛyɛ 1970 mfe no mu nkutoo na awɔw bere mu nsrahwɛ dii anim fii awɔw bere mu nsrahwɛ a wɔyɛe wɔ Switzerland mmeae a wɔde ski tu mmirika pii no mu. Wɔ awɔw bere mu mpo no, ahɔho nyinaa mu bɛyɛ nkyem abiɛsa mu biako (egyina beae a wɔwɔ so) yɛ wɔn a wɔnyɛ wɔn a wɔnyɛ skifo.<ref name="WTO2012Highlights"/> [[Ski ahomegyebea]] akɛse no wɔ Europa aman ahorow no mu dodow no ara (sɛ nhwɛso no [[Andorra]], [[Austria]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia ne Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Cyprus]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Hela|Greece]], [[Island|Iceland]], [[Italy]], [[Norway]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Mmeae a wɔde ski tu ne ahomegyebea ahorow a ɛwɔ Europa no din|Poland]], [[Romania]], [[Serbia]], [[Sweden]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]], [[Turkey]] ), [[Canada]], [[Amerika]] (sɛ nhwɛso no Montana, Utah, Colorado, California, Wyoming, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York) [[Agyentina|Argentina]], [[New Zealand]], [[Japan]], [[Korea anaafoɔ|South Korea]], [[Kyili|Chile]], ne [[Lebanon]] . [[File:Aerial_view_Yacht_Harbour_Residence_Rostock_Yachthafenresidenz_Hohe_Düne_6.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ahɔhodan a wɔde kɔ hɔ|Ahɔhodan bi a wɔde kɔ hɔ]] wɔ [[Germany]] : ''Yacht Harbor Residence'' a ɛwɔ [[Warnemünde na ɔkyerɛwee|Rostock]], [[Mecklenburg na ɔkyerɛwee|Mecklenburg]]]] == Nnansa yi nkɔso == Nsrahwɛ akɔ soro wɔ mfe du du kakraa a atwam no mu, . </link> titiriw wɔ Europa, baabi a amanaman ntam akwantu a wɔde gye ahome bere tiaa bi abu so no. Nsrahwɛfo wɔ sikasɛm nhyehyɛe ne wɔn anigyede ahorow pii, na wɔayɛ ahomegyebea ne ahɔhodan ahorow pii de adi wɔn ho dwuma. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nnipa binom pɛ mpoano akwamma a ɛnyɛ den, bere a afoforo pɛ akwamma titiriw pii, ahomegyebea ahorow a ɛhɔ yɛ komm, akwamma a ɛfa abusua ho, anaa [[Ahɔhodan a wɔde kɔ hɔ|ahɔhodan ahorow a]] wɔde wɔn ani si gua so a wɔde wɔn ani asi so . Nkɔso a aba wɔ [[Wimhyɛn ho adwumayɛ|wimhyɛn akwantu]] nhyehyɛe mu, te sɛ [[Wimhyɛn a ne nipadua trɛw|jumbo jets]], [[Carrier a ne bo nyɛ den|wimhyɛn a ne bo nyɛ den]], ne [[Wiemhyɛn gyinabea|wimhyɛn gyinabea]] ahorow [[Nsrahwɛ a wotumi kɔ hɔ|a wotumi kɔ hɔ]] kɛse no ama nsrahwɛ ahorow pii ayɛ nea ɛho ka yɛ den. Ade titiriw a ɛma wimhyɛn akwantu ho ka sua koraa ne [[Wimhyɛn mu pɛtro|tow a wɔayi afi wimhyɛn mu pɛtro ho]] . [[HWAN|WHO]] buu akontaa wɔ afe 2009 mu sɛ nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepem fa na wɔte wimhyɛn mu bere biara.<ref name="theguardian.com2"/> Nsakrae aba asetra mu nso, sɛ nhwɛso no, nnipa binom a wɔadi mfe a wɔakɔ pɛnhyen no kɔ so yɛ nsrahwɛ afe mũ no nyinaa. Eyi nam [[Ɛlektrɔnik aguadi|intanɛt so tɔn a wɔtɔn]] nsrahwɛfo adwumayɛbea ahorow so na ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛw. Mprempren mmeae bi afi ase de [[nneɛma a wɔde kyekyere nneɛma a ɛyɛ nnam]] rema, a wɔka bo a ɛka ho ma nneɛma a wɔayɛ no sɛnea wɔpɛ a adetɔfo no bisa bere a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nneɛma no. == Beaeɛ A Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ == [[Nkyekyεmu:Wikipedia]] n5crs085bvab5tcj7hjdc8gdbsmb0bw 0 16598 200488 185537 2026-08-10T18:11:07Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} {{Databox|item=Q71729017}}Asofiti a [https://www.google.com/search?q=scientist&oq=scientist&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyDAgAEEUYORixAxiABDIHCAEQABiABDIHCAIQABiABDIHCAMQABiABDIHCAQQLhiABDIHCAUQABiABDIHCAYQABiABDIHCAcQABiABDIHCAgQABiABDIHCAkQABiABDIHCAoQABiABDIHCAsQABiABDIHCAwQABiABDIHCA0QABiABDIHCA4QABiABNIBCDkzNjVqMGo5qAIBsAIB&client=ms-android-samsung-ss&sourceid=chrome-mobile&ie=UTF-8 Abɔdeɛ mu nyansapɛfoɔ] frɛ no Otitis externa, na no yɛ yadeɛ a ɛyɛ obi aso. Edin baako nso a wɔsan de frɛ no ne  swimmer's ear, obi nya bi a ɔwɔ hɔ a na nsuo firi n'asom reba<ref>{{Citation |last=Jennifer Wipperman |title=Otitis externa |date=2014-03 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24439876/ |work=Primary Care |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.10.001 |issn=1558-299X |pmid=24439876 |access-date=2024-06-14}}</ref>. Ɛnam kuro a ɛwɔ n'aso mu no nti, ɛyɛ a na n'aso mu san nso yɛ ne ya. Nkakrankakra, na afei deɛ obi kasa mpo a ɔnte<ref>{{Citation |last=Jennifer Wipperman |title=Otitis externa |date=2014-03 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24439876/ |work=Primary Care |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.10.001 |issn=1558-299X |pmid=24439876 |access-date=2024-06-14}}</ref> .Sɛ ɔwɔ hɔ nso a, na naso no ankasa wosowoso<ref>{{Citation |last=Paul Schaefer, Reginald F. Baugh |title=Acute otitis externa: an update |date=2012-12-01 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23198673/ |work=American Family Physician |volume=86 |issue=11 |pages=1055–1061 |issn=1532-0650 |pmid=23198673 |access-date=2024-06-14}}</ref>. Saa nsuo a ɛfiri n'aso mu ba no wɔ nka bɔne bi <ref>{{Citation |last=Paul Schaefer, Reginald F. Baugh |title=Acute otitis externa: an update |date=2012-12-01 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23198673/ |work=American Family Physician |volume=86 |issue=11 |pages=1055–1061 |issn=1532-0650 |pmid=23198673 |access-date=2024-06-14}}</ref>. ==Nsɛnkyerɛnne == [[File:Eczema ear2.jpg|thumb|A mild case of otitis externa.]][https://www.google.com/search?q=symptom&oq=symptom&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIOCAEQRRgnGDsYgAQYigUyDggCEEUYJxg7GIAEGIoFMhIIAxAAGEMYgwEYsQMYgAQYigUyBggEEEUYPTIGCAUQRRg8MgYIBhBFGDwyEggHEAAYQxiDARixAxiABBiKBTIKCAgQABixAxiABDIKCAkQABixAxiABDINCAoQABiDARixAxiABDIHCAsQABiABDIKCAwQABixAxiABDIHCA0QABiABDIKCA4QABixAxiABNIBCDM2ODdqMGo0qAIOsAIB&client=ms-android-samsung-ss&sourceid=chrome-mobile&ie=UTF-8 Nsɛnkyerɛnne] titiriw pa ɛwɔ aofitie ho ne sɛ, ɛyɛ a deɛ n'aso afiti no aso tumi yɛ titritii.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Meghanadh |first=Dr Koralla Raja |date=2022-01-26 |title=What are the symptoms of ear infection - inner, middle, outer |url=https://www.medyblog.com/post/what-are-the-symptoms-of-an-ear-infection-inner-middle-outer |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Medy Blog |language=en}}</ref>. Asofitie nte sɛ asoyadeɛ nkaeɛ no. Ɛno deɛ, ɛyɛ a aso no mu no nyɛ tiritii. Mmom honam a ɛwɔ abɔnten no na ɛyɛ saa<ref name=":0" />. Nyɛ ɛno nko, aso no mu ne aso no ankasa tumi yɛ deɛ n'aso atifi no ya pa ara. Sɛ biribi kɔka anaa obi de ne nsa sɔ mu a na aseɛ asɛm no. Wɔn aso no tumi bɔ wɔn wimwim. Yei da nkyɛn a nsukankan bi tumi pue firi nipa no aso mu. Bio, n'aso mu tumi keka no. Ne nyinaa nsunsuansoɔ ne sɛ, sɛ wɔanhwɛ no yie a na nipa no aso reyɛ asi. Esiane sɛ obi aso fiti a nsuo tumi pue firi mu ba no nti, ɛyɛ a, nkorɔfoɔ pre pɛ sɛ wɔbɛpepa nsuo anaa wɔbɛyi adeɛ a ayɛ ne ho te sɛ efi bi hyɛ asom kwan no mu no. Awerɛhosɛm ne sɛ, ɛyɛ a na yei mmom akɔfa ɔhaw foforɔ abrɛ ayarefoɔ no. Wɔn aso no tumi yɛ kuro( hyɛ no nso sɛ, obi aso fiti a, ɛnyɛ kuro. Mmom wɔanhwɛ no yie na wɔde wɔn nsa keka anaa wɔde biribi hyehyɛ mu pɛ sɛ wɔyi mu fi no anaa wɔpepa nsuo no a na ɛtumi yɛ kuro). Ɛtumi mpo hono. Ɛba saa a na yadeɛ no kɔ ara na ɛrekɔ n'anim == Deɛ Ede Ba == Ɛnneɛma mmienu a ɛde asofitie ba no bi na ɛdidi soɔ yi. Ɛdi kan no, [https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/germs.html#:~:text=What%20Are%20Germs%3F,leading%20to%20infections%20and%20sickness. mmoaawa nketenkete] bi wɔ hɔ a yɛmfya yɛn ani nhunu wɔn. Wɔn mu bi wɔ hɔ a, wɔn dwumadie ne sɛ wɔbɛma honam ani nyarewa. Sɛ saa mmoa no bi kɔ obi asom, na wɔdidi hɔ kyɛ a, ɛtumi de asofitie ba. Ɛtɔ so mmienu no, sɛ biribi foforɔ bi ho te kyema wɔ obi asom a, ɛno nso tumi de asofitie ba. Sɛ biribi nso kɔwɔ obi asom na opira na wɔanhwɛ no yie a, ɛno nso tumi ma asofitie ho nsɛnkyerɛnne no ba.<ref>Kang K, Stevens SR. Pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. Clin Dermatol 2003; 21:116–121.</ref> Ɛdin a wɔde frɛ asofitie a saa mmoawa nketenkete de ba no ne [https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut3021#:~:text=Otomycosis%20is%20a%20fungal%20infection,ear%20and%20sometimes%20hearing%20loss. otomycosis]. Ɛyɛ obi a yaw no hhyɛ aseɛ nketenkete na akyire yi; yaw no tumi bɛyɛ kɛse pa ara nipa no gye ne ho a ɛnnye. Sɛ saa mmoawa yi hyɛ aseɛ wo a, ɛno na ɛma biribi a ɛte sɛ efi (debris) ba nipa no asom no. Afei na yaw no ayi ne ti. Aso no nso hyɛ aseɛ yɛ titiritii. Wɔn a pɔpɛ wɔn ho asɛm de wɔn nsa keka aso no anaa wɔpre pɛ sɛ wɔbɛyi ɛmu fi anaa wɔbɛpepa ɛmu nsuo no anhwɛ no yie a, na wɔn aso no ayɛ kuro anaa ahono. Na wɔanhwɛ no yie na, na ɛde asosie aba.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Roland P, Stroman D | title = Microbiology of acute otitis externa | journal = Laryngoscope | volume = 112 | issue = 7 Pt 1 | pages = 1166–1177 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12169893 | doi = 10.1097/00005537-200207000-00005| s2cid = 24612139 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Otitis Externa">{{cite web |url= https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/otitis-externa/| title= Otitis Externa |website=The Lecturio Medical Concept Library |access-date= 25 August 2021}}</ref> === Nsuo Mu Adwareɛ === Sɛ obi redwarɛ nsufi mu na sɛ nsuo no bi kɔ n'aso mu na ɛwɔ hɔ kyɛ kakra a, ɛkyene bɛyɛ ɛfi. Na ɛnkyɛ na aso fitie no ahyɛ aseɛ<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang MC, Liu CY, Shiao AS, Wang T |s2cid=20037932 |title=Ear problems in swimmers |journal=J Chin Med Assoc |volume=68 |issue=8 |pages=347–352 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16138712 |doi= 10.1016/S1726-4901(09)70174-1|doi-access=free }}</ref>. Mpo sɛ nsuo no nyɛ fi na sɛ ɛkɔ deɛ ɔredware no aso mu a, ɛntumi nwe. Afei, na aboaboa ano. Ɛno nso ma obi aso fiti<ref name=”Pierre_2023”>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pierre JJ, Tolisano AM| title = What Is Swimmer's Ear? | journal = JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | volume = 149 | issue = 7 | pages = 652| date = 2023 | doi = 10.1001/jamaoto.2023.0997|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/fullarticle/2805359 |pmid = 37261805 | pmc= | s2cid = 259000499 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zichichi L, Asta G, Noto G |title=Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis after shower/bath exposure |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-dermatology_2000-04_39_4/page/270 |journal=Int. J. Dermatol. |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=270–273 |date=April 2000 |pmid=10809975 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00931.x |s2cid=39610780 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Roland P, Stroman D | title = Microbiology of acute otitis externa | journal = Laryngoscope | volume = 112 | issue = 7 Pt 1 | pages = 1166–1177 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12169893 | doi = 10.1097/00005537-200207000-00005| s2cid = 24612139 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Otitis Externa"/> Kwan A Wɔfa So Sa Asofitie Kwan baako a nhwehwɛmufoɔ agye ato mu sɛ ɛboa pa ara ne sɛ nipa no de aduro a nnuruyɛfoɔ agye ato mu. <ref>{{cite journal|author=Doc Vikingo|title=Swimmers Ear – Additional Advice About A Pesky and Sometimes Painful Problem|journal=Diver's Alert Network: Alert Diver Magazine|date=March–April 2007|url=http://www.awoosh.com/DocVikingo/Preventing_Swimmers_Ear.htm|access-date=2008-07-22|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612005441/http://www.awoosh.com/DocVikingo/Preventing_Swimmers_Ear.htm|archive-date=2008-06-12}}</ref> Nnuro a wɔagye ato mu no bi ne [https://web.archive.org/web/20240614131203/https://www.siman.bg/textile-industry?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjw1K-zBhBIEiwAWeCOF0iYyEGz2a_PnZhSVdN-_JcYISx3yBMApyL3IuJEZKZCDfzNV-ECdBoC_14QAvD_BwE acetic acid] . Wɔde saa aduro yi gu obi a n'aso afiti aso mu a ɛyɛ ya pa ara. Nanso, ɛtumi ma yaw no gyae, nsuo a ɛfiri mu reba no nso twa. Afei, ekuro nso kɔ. Nnuro a wɔde gu asom no tumi kum mmoawa a wɔde asofitie ba no. == Baabi A Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ == shy8gqcyf2fz1e7o3z71pvtboo9jt3p 0 16606 200498 185030 2026-08-10T18:24:10Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} {{Databox|item=Q18554425}}<!-- Definition and symptoms -->'''Kakagya a wɔsan frɛ no Onychomycosis anaa''' also '''tinea unguium''',<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Rodgers P, Bassler M|title=Treating onychomycosis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2001-02-15_63_4/page/663|journal=American Family Physician|volume=63|issue=4|pages=663–72, 677–8|date=February 2001|pmid=11237081}}</ref> yɛ yadeɛ a ɛyɛ bɔwerɛ a ɛno nso, [https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/germs.html#:~:text=What%20Are%20Germs%3F,leading%20to%20infections%20and%20sickness. mmoawammoawa] a yɛmfa yɛn ani nhunu wɔn na wɔde ba. <ref>{{Citation |last=Dyanne P. Westerberg, Michael J. Voyack |title=Onychomycosis: Current trends in diagnosis and treatment |date=2013-12-01 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24364524/ |work=American Family Physician |volume=88 |issue=11 |pages=762–770 |issn=1532-0650 |pmid=24364524 |access-date=2024-06-15}}</ref>Obi nya bi a, ne bɔwerɛ no ahosuo tumi sesa yɛ sɛ akokɔ sradeɛ, tumtum anaa fitaa, bɔwerɛ no mu yɛ duru sene sɛdeɛ na ɛteɛ no. Ɛwɔ hɔ kyɛ a, na ɛrekame ayɛ sɛ bɔwerɛ no retu afiri honam no so. Ɛtumi yɛ nsa bɔwerɛ ne nan bɔwerɛ nyinaa.<ref>{{Citation |last=Dyanne P. Westerberg, Michael J. Voyack |title=Onychomycosis: Current trends in diagnosis and treatment |date=2013-12-01 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24364524/ |work=American Family Physician |volume=88 |issue=11 |pages=762–770 |issn=1532-0650 |pmid=24364524 |access-date=2024-06-15}}</ref> Ɛntaa nyɛ den mma wɔn a wɔwɔ kakagya wɔbɛnya aporɔporɔ.<ref>{{Citation |title=n2:1532-0650 - Search Results |url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1532-0650 |access-date=2024-06-15}}</ref> ==Nsɛnkyerɛnne == [[File:Toefungus.jpg|thumb|A case of fungal infection of the big toe]] [[File:Advanced onychomycosis.png|thumb|Advanced fungal infection of the big toe]] Nsɛnkyerɛnne a obi nya kakagya a, ɛtaa da adi ne sɛ bɔwerɛ no bɛyɛ den, n'ahosuo bɛsesa ayɛ biribi te sɛ tuntum, fitaa , ahaban mono anaa akokɔ sradeɛ. Bɔwerɛ no san nso tumi bubu. Ɛyɛ a na ɛrekame ayɛ sɛ deɛ ɛretu afiri honam no so. Sɛ wɔanhwɛ no yie a, honam a bɔwerɛ no tare so no tumi yɛ kuro.<ref>{{Citation |title=n2:1532-0650 - Search Results |url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1532-0650 |access-date=2024-06-15}}</ref>Na ɛyɛ ya nso. Wɔn a wɔtaa de bɔwerɛ a kakagya ayɛ so no to nsuom no mpo deɛ, ɛyɛ a yaw no ano yɛ den sen obiara deɛ.<ref name=nhs>{{Citation |title=NHS Choices: Symptoms of fungal nail infection |url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Fungal-nail-infection/Pages/Symptoms.aspx |access-date=2024-06-15 |archive-date=2015-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917015602/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Fungal-nail-infection/Pages/Symptoms.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ɛwɔ hɔ hyɛ nso a ɛtumi bɔn.<ref>[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/nail-fungus/DS00084/DSECTION=symptoms Mayo clinic: Nail fungus]</ref> Sɛbyadeɛ no nkɔɔ n'anim a, ɛyɛ a ɛntaa mmɔn anaaɛntaa mfa nsunsuansoɔ biara mmerɛ nipadua no akwaa ahodoɔ no biara, gye sɛ yadeɛ no akyɛ aduru bunu mu.<ref>{{EMedicine|derm|300|Onychomycosis}}</ref> Ebinom wɔ hɔ a wɔntaa nka wɔn ho nkɔ nipa mu esiane sɛdeɛ wɔn bɔwerɛ no ahosuo te no nti. Ɛyɛ a wɔtaa fɛre. Ɛyɛ den pa ara sɛ wɔn a wɔwɔ sa yadeɛ yi de wɔn bɔwerɛ bɛtoto nsuo muo mu.<ref>{{Citation |title=n2:1532-0650 - Search Results |url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1532-0650 |access-date=2024-06-15}}</ref> Deɛ nti a ɛte saa no ne sɛ, wɔgu so de retoto nsuo no mu no, na yadeɛ no kɔ ara na ɛrekɔ n'anim. <ref name="pmid18793262">{{cite journal | vauthors = Szepietowski JC, Reich A | title = Stigmatisation in onychomycosis patients: a population-based study | journal = Mycoses | volume = 52 | issue = 4 | pages = 343–9 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 18793262 | doi = 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2008.01618.x | s2cid = 26932678 }}</ref> Deɛ Ɛde Ba ==Deɛ Ɛde Ba== Deɛ ɛde kakagya ba no yɛ mmoawammoawa bi a wɔwɔ Kindom [[:en:Fungus|fungus Abusuakuo no mu]]. <ref name="pmid16262878">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chi CC, Wang SH, Chou MC | title = The causative pathogens of onychomycosis in southern Taiwan | url = https://archive.org/details/mycoses_2005_48_6/page/n54 | journal = Mycoses | volume = 48 | issue = 6 | pages = 413–20 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16262878 | doi = 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2005.01152.x | s2cid = 43885361 }}</ref> == Kwan a Wɔfa So Sɔ Ano == [[File:A_patient's_left_foot_-_after_ten_weeks_of_Terbinafine_oral_treatment.png|thumb|A person's foot with a fungal nail infection ten weeks into a course of terbinafine oral medication. Note the band of healthy (pink) nail growth behind the remaining infected nails.]] === Kakagya yɛ yadeɛ bi a, obi nya na wanyɛ aduro a, ɛrenkɔ da. Ne saa nti, wɔtaa faa nnuro a ɛtumi kum mmoawammoawa a wɔde yadeɛ no ba no. Saa nnuro yi tumi yɛ deɛ wɔde yɛ bɔwerɛ no so anaa deɛ wɔnom .<ref>{{cite web|title=MOB-015|url=https://www.mobergpharma.com/partners|access-date=13 June 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Efficacy and safety of topical terbinafine 10% solution (MOB-015) in the treatment of mild to moderate distal subungual onychomycosis: A randomized, multicenter, double-blind, vehicle-controlled phase 3 study|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32585278/|access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref> === == Nnuro No Bi == M Nnuro a ɛsa kakagya no mu ɔha nkyekyɛmu aduɔson nsia na wɔnom. Ɛna ɔha nkyekyɛmu aduonu nan a aka no nso yɛ deɛ wɔde sera beaeɛ a yadeɛ no ayɛ no. Nhwɛsoɔ no bi ne [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557874/#:~:text=Itraconazole%20is%20a%20medication%20used,be%20detrimental%20to%20the%20immunocompromised. itraconazole] a wɔkyerɛ sɛ n'adwuma ɛyɛ no gyina ɔha nkyekyɛmu aduosia. Ebi nso ne, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557874/#:~:text=Itraconazole%20is%20a%20medication%20used,be%20detrimental%20to%20the%20immunocompromised. fluconazole] a wɔkyerɛ sɛ n'adwuma a ɛyɛ no gyina ɔha nkyekyɛmu aduanan-nwɔtwe. <ref>{{Citation |last=Hadeer Sinawe, Damian Casadesus |title=Ketoconazole |date=2024 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559221/ |work=StatPearls |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32644647 |access-date=2024-06-15}}</ref>Deɛ nnuro yi tumi yɛ no bi ne sɛ ɛma ekuro a ɛwɔ mmɔwerɛ no mu no wu. Ɛma mmɔwerɛ no fifiri bio. Na afei, ɛtumi da honam no so yie. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Elewski BE | title = Onychomycosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management | journal = Clinical Microbiology Reviews | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 415–29 | date = July 1998 | pmid = 9665975 | pmc = 88888 | doi = 10.1128/CMR.11.3.415 }}</ref> Ebi wɔ hɔ a, wɔtu mmɔwerɛ a n'ahosuo asesa no.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Elewski BE, Hay RJ | title = Update on the management of onychomycosis: highlights of the Third Annual International Summit on Cutaneous Antifungal Therapy | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 305–13 | date = August 1996 | pmid = 8842269 | doi = 10.1093/clinids/23.2.305 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Nnuro mmienu a yɛaka ho asɛm yi nyinaa yɛ deɛ ayarewhɛfoɔ agye ato mu. Nanso yɛwɔ bi wɔ hɔ a wɔnnye ntoo mu. Baako ne [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559221/#:~:text=Ketoconazole%20is%20a%20drug%20used,agent%20in%20treating%20fungal%20infections. Ketoconazole]. Yei yɛ deɛ wɔnom no mu baako<ref>{{cite web|title=Nizoral (ketoconazole) Oral Tablets: Drug Safety Communication - Prescribing for Unapproved Uses including Skin and Nail Infections Continues; Linked to Patient Death|url=https://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm502073.htm|website=FDA|access-date=20 May 2016|date=19 May 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Haugh M, Helou S, Boissel JP, Cribier BJ | title = Terbinafine in fungal infections of the nails: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-dermatology_2002-07_147_1/page/118 | journal = The British Journal of Dermatology | volume = 147 | issue = 1 | pages = 118–21 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12100193 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04825.x | s2cid = 19682557 }}</ref> <ref name="pmid17610995">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baran R, Faergemann J, Hay RJ | title = Superficial white onychomycosis--a syndrome with different fungal causes and paths of infection | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-academy-of-dermatology-journal_2007-11_57_5/page/879 | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology | volume = 57 | issue = 5 | pages = 879–82 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17610995 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.05.026 }}</ref> == Baabi a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Kakagya]] [[Nkyekyεmu:Nyarewa]] 5ksqumrr3pb8a9cmfyewc4prxmvvcok 0 16616 200513 179995 2026-08-10T18:46:36Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} {{Databox|item=Q532158}} '''Tiri mu dwie''' a wɔfrɛ no '''pediculosis capitis anaa''' head lice infestation yɛ yadeɛ a mmoa a yɛfrɛ wɔn [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/life-cycle-of-lice#:~:text=Adult%20lice%20can%20begin%20mating,store%20sperm%20in%20their%20bodies. dwie] de ba. <ref>{{Citation |last=H. Feldmeier |title=Pediculosis capitis: new insights into epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment |date=2012-09-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-012-1575-0 |work=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases |volume=31 |issue=9 |pages=2105–2110 |language=en |doi=10.1007/s10096-012-1575-0 |issn=1435-4373 |access-date=2024-06-16}}</ref> Wɔba obi tiri nwi mu a ɛma ne tirimu keka no. Edwie yi nso ka [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/parasite_2019 antɔborɔ] ahodoɔ a wɔdidi nipa honam mu no ho.<ref>{{Citation |last=Christine H. Smith, Ran D. Goldman |title=An incurable itch |date=2012-08 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3418981/ |work=Canadian Family Physician |volume=58 |issue=8 |pages=839–841 |issn=0008-350X |pmc=3418981 |pmid=22893334 |access-date=2024-06-16}}</ref> Ɔno deɛ, beaeɛ a ɔte ne nipa tiri ho. Sɛ mmoa yi ba obi tirim a bɛyɛ nnanwɔtwe nsia a ɛdi kan no deɛ, ɔrente biribiara. Akyire yi a wɔrewo ama wɔn ase adɔre, na wɔahyɛ aseɛ rekaka nipa no tiri ho. Sɛ wɔrekaka nipa no saa a, ɛma ne tiri ho keka no. Otiti nso a na ɔntumi nna. Ɛrekame ayɛ sɛ Abibiman mu nko ara na edwie wɔ. Europe ne Amereka deɛ, ebi nni hɔ.<ref>{{Citation |title=Head lice. Dimeticone is the pediculicide of choice |date=2014-07 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25162097/ |work=Prescrire International |volume=23 |issue=151 |pages=187–190 |issn=1167-7422 |pmid=25162097 |access-date=2024-06-16}}</ref> == Deɛ Ɛde Ba == Tiri mu dwie yɛ [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/communicable-diseases#:~:text=Communicable%20diseases%20are%20diseases%20that,from%20animal%20and%20insect%20bites. nsaeyadeɛ]. Sɛ mmoa no firi obi a ɔwɔ bi tiri mu kɔ obi foforɔ nso tiri mu a, ɔno nso tumi yɛ bi. Sɛ obi hyɛ obi foforɔ a edwie wɔ ne tiri mu ataadeɛ a, ɔno nso tumi nya bi. Ɔde adeɛ bi te sɛ afe anaa ɛkyɛ a deɛ edwie wɔ ne ne tiri de yɛ ne ho na ɔno nsobde yɛ ne ho a, ɛtumi ma dwie no bi ba ɔno nso tiri mu. Mmɔfra na ɛtaa yɛ wɔn. Ɛbɛtumi anam efie mmoa bi te sɛ kraman, ɔkra, so ama obi anya tiri mu dwie. Mogya nko ara ne adeɛ a edwie nom. Enwi mu nko ara na wɔtumi tena.<ref name="Feld2012">{{cite journal|vauthors = Feldmeier H|title = Pediculosis capitis: new insights into epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment|journal = European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases|volume = 31|issue = 9|pages = 2105–10|date = September 2012|pmid = 22382818|doi = 10.1007/s10096-012-1575-0|s2cid = 18287060}}</ref> Sɛ wɔnyini a wɔn tenten bɛyɛ 2-3 mm.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parasites - Lice - Head Lice|url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lice/head/|website=cdc.gov|access-date=23 October 2014|date=24 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123151146/http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lice/head/|archive-date=23 November 2014}}</ref> Sɛ wɔanya nipa tirim antena, wɔntumi nni nna mmeɛnsa mpo na wɔawuwu. . Yɛwɔ edwie a wɔtena nnipa honam ani, ([https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pubic-lice-crabs/symptoms-causes/syc-20350300 body louse] ), ɛna yɛwɔ deɛ wɔtena nnipa tiri mu, ( [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pubic-lice-crabs/symptoms-causes/syc-20350300 crab louse]). ==Nsɛnkyerɛnne == [[File:Fig.4.Louse_bites.jpg|thumb|Head lice bites on the back of the neck]] [[File:Headlice.jpg|thumb|upright=1.36|Adult male (left) and female (right) head lice]] Sɛ edwie ba obi tiri mu a, wɔha adwene deɛ, nanso wɔnhyɛ da nyɛ nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu biara.<ref>{{Citation |title=Head lice-Head lice - Symptoms & causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/head-lice/symptoms-causes/syc-20356180 |language=en |access-date=2024-06-16}}</ref>Deɛ wataa deba ara ne tiri mu keka. Ɛno ne adeɛ a ɛdi kan a daa edwie ba obi tiri mu a, ɔhunu. Bɛyɛ sɛ nnawɔtwe mmeɛnsa de rekɔ ɛnan akyiri no, tirimukeka yi ano bɛyɛ denSaa tiri mu keka yi bɛyɛ kɛse pa ara. Sɛ wɔrekeka nipa no tiri ho na wɔrenom ne mogya a na ɔnya saa atenka no. Yɛtumi de yɛn ani hunu dwie yi deɛ, nanso esiane sɛ wɔyɛ nketenkete na wɔsan hyehyɛ tiri nwi mu nti, ɛyɛ den sɛ wobɛhunh wɔn. Wɔwɔ nipa no tiri mu kyɛ na, wobɛhunu sɛ ne titi nwi ahyɛ aseɛ retutu. Baabi a wɔkeka wɔ etire no ho no nso hyɛ aseɛ mema so kakra. Ahokeka a wɔdeba no tumi de honam ani yadeɛ ahodoɔ ba. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Burkhart|first1=Craig G|last2=Burkhart|first2=Craig N|date=2005-12-22|title=Safety and efficacy of pediculicides for head lice|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14740338.5.1.169|journal=Expert Opinion on Drug Safety|volume=5|issue=1|pages=169–179|doi=10.1517/14740338.5.1.169|pmid=16370965|s2cid=25529426|issn=1474-0338}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Head lice-Head lice - Symptoms & causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/head-lice/symptoms-causes/syc-20356180 |language=en |access-date=2024-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Johannes C van der Wouden, Tim Klootwijk, Laurence Le Cleach, Giao Do, Robert Vander Stichele, Arie Knuistingh Neven, Just AH Eekhof |title=Interventions for treating head lice |date=2018-05-22 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6494540/ |work=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2018 |issue=5 |pages=CD009321 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009321.pub2 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=6494540 |access-date=2024-06-16}}</ref> ==Kwan a Wɔfa so Hunu sɛ Dwie Wɔ Obi Tiri Mu== [[File:Head louse crawling on hairbrush.webm|thumb|Head louse crawling on a hairbrush]] [[File:Bugbuster.jpg|thumb|Lice comb (Bug Buster) wet combing with conditioner for diagnosis and treatment. Head lice can be seen in foam.]] Edwie no tumi to nkosua wɔ tiri nwi no mu. Wɔbae a, na [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/life-cycle-of-lice#:~:text=Adult%20lice%20can%20begin%20mating,store%20sperm%20in%20their%20bodies. nkosua] no hono nketenkete a wanhwɛ no yie a worentumi nhunu akeka tiri nwi no ase. Yɛrentumi nnyina saa nkosua hono yi so mfa nka sɛ edwie wɔ obi tiri mu, gye sɛ yɛahunu dwie no ankasa bi.Mpɛn pii no, wɔhunu hoa, dɔteɛ anaa efi bi wɔ obi tiri nwi mu a, ɛyɛ a wɔtaa dwene sɛ edwie wɔ mu, nanso ɛsono saa nneɛma yi na ɛsono dwie. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mazurek|first1=Constance M|last2=Lee|first2=Nancy P|date=May 2000|title=How to manage head lice|journal=Western Journal of Medicine|volume=172|issue=5|pages=342–345|doi=10.1136/ewjm.172.5.342|issn=0093-0415|pmc=1070891|pmid=10832431}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Meister|first1=Laura|last2=Ochsendorf|first2=Falk|date=November 2016|title=Head Lice|journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International|volume=113|issue=45|pages=763–772|doi=10.3238/arztebl.2016.0763|issn=1866-0452|pmc=5165061|pmid=27974145}}</ref> Mpɛn pii no wɔmfa mmɔfra anaa wɔn a dwie wɔ wɔn tiri mu nkɔ ayaresabea.<ref name="Pollack2000">{{cite journal|vauthors = Pollack RJ, Kiszewski AE, Spielman A|title = Overdiagnosis and consequent mismanagement of head louse infestations in North America|journal = The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal|volume = 19|issue = 8|pages = 689–93; discussion 694|date = August 2000|pmid = 10959734|doi = 10.1097/00006454-200008000-00003|s2cid = 2557006}}</ref> Yɛwɔ afe a yɛtumi de hunu sɛ edwie wɔ obi tiri mu anaasɛ ebi nni mu. Saa kwan a yɛfa so hwehwɛ dwie yi boa sene ɛkwan foforɔ biara.<ref name="Mumcuoglu2001">{{cite journal|vauthors = Mumcuoglu KY, Friger M, Ioffe-Uspensky I, Ben-Ishai F, Miller J|title = Louse comb versus direct visual examination for the diagnosis of head louse infestations|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-dermatology_january-february-2001_18_1/page/9|journal = Pediatric Dermatology|volume = 18|issue = 1|pages = 9–12|date = 2001|pmid = 11207962|doi = 10.1046/j.1525-1470.2001.018001009.x|s2cid = 27464495}}</ref> ==Nsɔano== Wɔwɔ akwan ahodoɔ bebree a sɛ obi nya tiri mu dwie a wɔfa so sa no yadeɛ. Ɛno bi na ɛdidi soɔ yi. Wɔtumi de afe soronko bi yiyi wɔn. Sɛ deɛ ɔwɔ bi no ti afu a, wɔyi. Wɔtumi de nkuduro nso sera wɔn tiri mu. Wɔtumi nso de nsuo a ɛyɛ kye hohoro wɔn tiri mu berɛ ano berɛ ano.<ref name="Pediatrics">{{cite journal|vauthors = Goates BM, Atkin JS, Wilding KG, Birch KG, Cottam MR, Bush SE, Clayton DH|title = An effective nonchemical treatment for head lice: a lot of hot air|journal = Pediatrics|volume = 118|issue = 5|pages = 1962–70|date = November 2006|pmid = 17079567|doi = 10.1542/peds.2005-1847|s2cid = 9482708}}</ref> == Nsiano == [[File:Dont Let Lice Make A Monkey Out Of You.png|right|thumb|World War II-era American poster, created to prevent outbreaks of pediculosis among servicemen]] Ɛsɛ sɛ berɛ ano berɛ ano, awofoɔ ne ahwɛfoɔ ma wɔn ani kɔ wɔn mma tiri nwi ho. Efu a, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyi. Wɔrenunu wɔn mma tiri mu nso a, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔfee wɔn ani hwɛ mu yie. Wɔhunu sɛ edwie wɔ obi tiri mu a, wɔnhwɛ ntwe wɔn ho mfiri deɛ ɛdidi soɔ yi ho. Mma wɔne no mfa afe, ntaadeɛ, tohuro ne apɔɔse nyɛ wɔn ho mmɔ mu. Ɛnsɛ sɛ obi ne deɛ wanya tiri mu dwie no da mpa baako so.<ref>[http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/common/head_lice.html Kidshealth.org – Head lice, page-3] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014020846/http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/common/head_lice.html|date=2010-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Weems, Jr.|first1=Howard Vincent|last2=Fasulo|first2=Thomas R.|date=July 1999|title=Body louse and head louse, Pediculus spp.|url=http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/urban/human_lice.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004131249/http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/urban/human_lice.htm|archive-date=4 October 2011|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Entomology and Nematology Department|publisher=University of Florida}}</ref> == Beaeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Nyarewa]] sgebc2wyvlyi6tad8xs17c2ra6e2xrn 0 16622 200506 200256 2026-08-10T18:35:14Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200506 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Temperature_Bar_Chart_Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|Mfonini a ɛkyerɛ ɔhyew nsakrae wɔ Afrika wɔ 1901 ne 2021 ntam, a kɔla kɔkɔɔ yɛ hyew na bruu yɛ nwini sen sɛnea wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ (wɔfa ɔhyew a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ 1971–2000 mu sɛ ade a wɔde hwɛ nsakrae yi).]] Wim nsakrae a ɛwɔ Afrika no yɛ asiane a emu yɛ den kɛse efisɛ Afrika ka nsasepɔn a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ wim nsakrae nkɛntɛnso ho no ho.<ref>{{cite book|author=Schneider, S. H.|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch19s19-3-3.html|title=Chapter 19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change|publisher=Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-88010-7|editor=Parry, M. L.|series=Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|location=Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK|contribution=19.3.3 Regional vulnerabilities|display-authors=etal|access-date=2011-09-15|display-editors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312104158/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch19s19-3-3.html|archive-date=2013-03-12|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Niang-20142">Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability''. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V. R.; C. B. Field; D. J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf</ref><ref name="Kendon-20192">{{Cite journal|last1=Kendon|first1=Elizabeth J.|last2=Stratton|first2=Rachel A.|last3=Tucker|first3=Simon|last4=Marsham|first4=John H.|last5=Berthou|first5=Ségolène|last6=Rowell|first6=David P.|last7=Senior|first7=Catherine A.|date=2019|title=Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1794|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9|pmc=6478940|pmid=31015416|bibcode=2019NatCo..10.1794K}}</ref> Nsɛm bi mpo bu Afrika sɛ "asasepɔn a ɛyɛ mmerɛw sen biara wɔ Asase so".<ref name="Weather Channel-2022">{{Cite web|title=More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says {{!}} The Weather Channel – Articles from The Weather Channel {{!}} weather.com|url=https://weather.com/news/climate/news/2019-06-18-africa-extreme-weather-drought-flood|access-date=2022-07-01|website=The Weather Channel|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=United Nations|first=UNEP|date=2017|title=Responding to climate change|url=http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change|access-date=2022-07-01|website=UNEP – UN Environment Programme|language=en}}</ref> Ɛda adi sɛ wim nsakrae ne wim nsakrae bɛtew kuayɛ mu nneɛma a wɔyɛ, aduan a wobenya ne nsu a wobenya so<ref name="IPCC_4th_assessment_e">{{cite book|author=Boko, M.|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch9s9-es.html|title=Chapter 9: Africa|publisher=Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-88010-7|editor1=Parry, M. L.|series=Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|location=Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK|contribution=Executive summary|access-date=2011-09-15|display-editors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108085734/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch9s9-es.html|archive-date=8 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ne saa nti, nsunsuanso bɔne bɛba nkurɔfo asetra ne nkɔso a ɛtra hɔ daa so wɔ Afrika<ref name="Niang-20142"/> Wɔ mfe du du a ɛreba no mu no, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae betumi ayɛ hyew wɔ Asase no ani nyinaa, na osu a ɛtɔ wɔ wiase nyinaa no bɛkɔ soro<ref name="Global Warming of 1.5 °C —2">{{Cite web|last=IPCC|date=2018|title=Global Warming of 1.5°C: an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/|access-date=2020-02-16|website=IPCC}}</ref> Mprempren, sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, Afrika rehyew ntɛmntɛm sen wiase aman a aka no. Ebia asasepɔn no afa akɛse bɛyɛ nea wontumi ntena ase esiane nkɛntɛnso a wim nsakrae de ba ntɛmntɛm nti, na ebenya nkɛntɛnso bɔne wɔ nnipa akwahosan, aduan a wobenya, ne ohia so.<ref>{{Cite book|last=European Investment Bank|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/sustainability-report-2021|title=EIB Group Sustainability Report 2021|date=6 July 2022|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-5237-5|language=EN}}</ref><ref name="public.wmo.int2">{{Cite web|date=18 October 2021|title=Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa|url=https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-triggers-mounting-food-insecurity-poverty-and-displacement-africa|access-date=2022-07-26|website=public.wmo.int|language=en|archive-date=2023-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218160445/https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-triggers-mounting-food-insecurity-poverty-and-displacement-africa|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="un.org2">{{Cite web|date=7 December 2018|title=Global warming: severe consequences for Africa|url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2018-march-2019/global-warming-severe-consequences-africa|access-date=2022-07-26|website=Africa Renewal|language=en}}</ref> Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ nkɛntɛnso a osu tɔ wɔ mmeae a osu tɔ wɔ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse wɔ mpɔtam hɔ no bɛsakra kɛse wɔ mmeae ahorow. Mpɛn pii no, nsakrae a ɛbɛkɔ so wɔ beae biako biara no nyɛ nea wontumi nsi pi kɛse. Mpɛn pii no, ɔhyew a wɔahu wɔ asase ani no akɔ soro bɛyɛ 1&nbsp;°C wɔ Afrika fi afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei kosi afeha a ɛto so 21 mfiase.<ref name="IRD-2017">{{Cite book|title=Rural societies in the face of climatic and environmental changes in West Africa|date=2017|publisher=IRD éditions|id=Impr. Jouve|isbn=978-2-7099-2424-5|location=Marseille|oclc=1034784045}}</ref> Wɔ Sahel no, nkɔanim no akɔ soro akodu 3&nbsp;°C ama ɔhyew a ɛba fam koraa wɔ ɔpɛ bere awiei.<ref name="IRD-2017" /> Nsɛm a ɛfa ɔhyew ne osutɔ ho kyerɛ sɛ ɛne nea wɔtaa tɔ no nhyia, wɔ bere ne beae a wɔyɛ no nyinaa mu.<ref name="Niang-20142"/><ref name="Collins-2011">{{cite journal|last1=Collins|first1=Jennifer M.|title=Temperature Variability over Africa|journal=Journal of Climate|date=15 July 2011|volume=24|issue=14|pages=3649–3666|doi=10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1|bibcode=2011JCli...24.3649C|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Conway-2009">{{cite journal|last1=Conway|first1=Declan|last2=Persechino|first2=Aurelie|last3=Ardoin-Bardin|first3=Sandra|last4=Hamandawana|first4=Hamisai|last5=Dieulin|first5=Claudine|last6=Mahé|first6=Gil|title=Rainfall and Water Resources Variability in Sub-Saharan Africa during the Twentieth Century|journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology|date=February 2009|volume=10|issue=1|pages=41–59|doi=10.1175/2008JHM1004.1|bibcode=2009JHyMe..10...41C|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sɛ nhwɛso no, Kenya wɔ baabi a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ nkɛntɛnso a wim nsakrae de ba no ho. Wim tebea mu asiane atitiriw no bi ne ɔpɛ ne nsuyiri efisɛ ɛda adi sɛ osu bɛtɔ kɛse na wontumi nhyɛ nkɔm. Wim tebea ho nhwɛso ahorow kyerɛ sɛ ɔhyew bɛkɔ soro 0.5 kosi 2&nbsp;°C.<ref name="World_Bank2">{{cite web|author=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal|title=Kenya (Vulnerability)|url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/kenya/vulnerability|access-date=2021-01-28|archive-date=2023-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001012517/https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/kenya/vulnerability|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wɔ Nairobi nkurow akɛse mu atrae a ɛnyɛ ɔkwan biara so no, nkurow akɛse mu ɔhyew supɔw so nkɛntɛnso no de ɔhaw no ka ho bere a ɛma ɛhɔ yɛ hyew kɛse mpo no. Eyi fi nneɛma a wɔde si afie, mframa a enni hɔ, mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ frɔmfrɔm a enni hɔ, ne anyinam ahoɔden ne nnwuma afoforo a wontumi nnya no yiye.<ref name="Hirch_2017">{{cite web|last=Hirch|first=Aurther|date=November 2017|title=Effects of climate change likely to be more deadly in poor African settlements|url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/11/06/deadly-climate-change-disproportionately-affects-africa/}}</ref> Afrika Aman Nkabom Kuo no de botaeɛ 47 ne nneyɛeɛ a ɛne no hyia ato hɔ wɔ afe 2014 amanneɛbɔ nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde bɛko atia wim nsakraeɛ wɔ Afrika na wɔabrɛ ase no mu.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/au/cap_draft_auclimatestrategy_2015.pdf|title=AFRICAN STRATEGY ON CLIMATE CHANGE|publisher=African Union|year=2014}}</ref> [[:en:International Monetary Fund|The International Monetary Fund]] no hyɛɛ nyansa wɔ afe 2021 mu sɛ ebia ɛho behia dɔla ɔpepepem 50 na wɔde atua ka a wɔbɔ wɔ wim nsakrae a wɔbɛsakra ho wɔ Afrika no ho.<ref>{{Cite book|last=European Investment Bank|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/finance-in-africa-navigating-the-financial-landscape-in-turbulent-times|title=Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times|date=2022-10-19|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-5382-2|language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2021|url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2021-Report.pdf|website=UN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=United Nations|title=Population growth, environmental degradation and climate change|url=https://www.un.org/en/desa/population-growth-environmental-degradation-and-climate-change|access-date=2022-10-28|website=United Nations|language=en}}</ref>{{Reflist|group=T1}} == Mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a wɔtow gu == Africa’s per person greenhouse gas emissions no sua sɛ wɔde toto nsasepɔn afoforo ho a<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fact sheet - Africa|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/outreach/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FactSheet_Africa.pdf}}</ref> Wɔntumi nsi mframa bɔne a efi nsakrae a ɛba wɔ asase a wɔde di dwuma mu mu ba, titiriw wɔ Afrika Mfinimfini fam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Mostefaoui|first1=Mounia|last2=Ciais|first2=Philippe|last3=McGrath|first3=Matthew J.|last4=Peylin|first4=Philippe|last5=Patra|first5=Prabir K.|last6=Ernst|first6=Yolandi|date=2024-01-11|title=Greenhouse gas emissions and their trends over the last 3 decades across Africa|url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/245/2024/|journal=Earth System Science Data|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=245–275|doi=10.5194/essd-16-245-2024|doi-access=free|bibcode=2024ESSD...16..245M|issn=1866-3516}}</ref> Ade titiriw a ɛde adwenem naayɛ ba no fi carbon dioxide a ɛsen wɔ LULUCF adwumayɛbea no mu (saa asɛmfua tiawa yi gyina hɔ ma asase a wɔde di dwuma, nsakrae a ɛba wɔ asase a wɔde di dwuma mu, ne kwae) .<ref name=":0" /> == Nkɛntɛnso ahorow == [[File:Dar_es_Salaam_(Aerial).jpg|thumb|Tanzania ahenkurow Dar es Salaam a wɔde wim hwɛ]] [[File:Abidjan_des_Lagune.jpg|thumb|450x450px| Abidjan, Ivory Coast sikasɛm mu tumi kɛse no]] === Ɔhyew ne wim tebea a ɛsakra  === Mpɛn pii no, asase ani hyew a wɔahu no akɔ soro wɔ Afrika so fi afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei kosi afeha a ɛto so 21 mfiase bɛyɛ 1&nbsp;°C, nanso wɔ mpɔtam hɔ no, ɛkɔ soro kodu 3&nbsp;°C ma ɔhyew a ɛba fam koraa wɔ Sahel wɔ ɔpɛ bere awiei.<ref name="IRD-2017" /> Osutɔ a wɔahu no kyerɛ sɛ nsonsonoe wɔ beae ne bere mu sɛnea wɔhwɛɛ kwan no.<ref name="Collins-2011" /><ref name="Niang-20142"/> Nsakrae a wɔahu wɔ ɔhyew ne osutɔ mu no gu ahorow wɔ ɔmantam biara mu<ref name="Niang-20142" /><ref name="Collins-2011" /> Mprempren wim tebea ho nhwɛso ahorow (sɛnea wɔabobɔ so wɔ IPCC Nhwehwɛmu Amanneɛbɔ a Ɛto so Nsia no mu) kyerɛ sɛ ɔpɛ ne osu kɛse a ɛtɔ mpɛn pii ne sɛnea emu yɛ den no bɛkɔ soro.<ref name="Armstrong-2022">{{Cite journal|last1=Armstrong|first1=Andrew|last2=Dyer|first2=Ellen|last3=Koehler|first3=Johanna|last4=Hope|first4=Rob|date=2022|title=Intra-seasonal rainfall and piped water revenue variability in rural Africa|journal=Global Environmental Change|language=en|volume=76|pages=102592|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|doi-access=free|bibcode=2022GEC....7602592A}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Wɔhyɛ nkɔm nso sɛ ɛkame ayɛ sɛ osutɔ a ɛkɔ fam wɔ Afrika baabiara, a ahotoso a ɛwɔ mfinimfini kosi kɛse wom. Nanso, ɛda adi sɛ osu a ɛtɔ wɔ mpɔtam hɔ ne asetra ne wim tebea mu nkitahodi bɛda adi wɔ akwan horow a adi afra so. Enti, nkɛntɛnso a wim nsakrae de ba a ɛka bom no bɛyɛ soronko wɔ asasepɔn no so. Wɔ nkuraase no, sɛnea osu tɔ no nya nsu a wɔde di dwuma no so nkɛntɛnso<ref name="Armstrong-2022" /> Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 2019 mu kyerɛe sɛ ɔpɛ bere tenten bɛkɔ soro wɔ osutɔ bere mu na osu a ɛtɔ kɛse no akɔ soro wɔ Afrika.<ref name="Kendon-20192"/> Ɔkwan foforo so no: "Afrika wim tebea a ɛtra so no awiei abien no nyinaa bɛyɛ kɛse".<ref name="Weather Channel-2022" /> Nhwehwɛmu no hunuu sɛ wim tebea ho nhwɛsoɔ dodoɔ no ara rentumi nkyere nsakraeɛ yi kodu ɛfiri sɛ ɛnyɛ convection-permitting wɔ wɔn coarse grid scales no so<ref name="Kendon-20192"/> == Po mu nsu a ɛkɔ soro == Wɔ Afrika no, nnipa dodow a ɛbɛkɔ soro daakye no ma asiane ahorow a efi po mu nsu a ɛkɔ soro mu ba no yɛ kɛse. Nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepem 54.2 na wɔtenaa mpoano mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ toro kɛse (LECZ) bɛyɛ afe 2000. Wɔ ɔkwan a etu mpɔn so no, dodow yi bɛboro nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepem 110 wɔ afe 2030. Edu afe 2060 no ɛbɛyɛ nnipa ɔpepem 185 kosi 230, a egyina nnipa dodow a wɔte so onyini. Sɛ wɔkyekyɛ mu a, ɔmantam no mu po mu nsuo a ɛbɛkɔ soro bɛyɛ sɛntimita 21 wɔ afe 2060. Saa berɛ no, wim nsakraeɛ tebea remma nsonsonoeɛ kɛseɛ biara mma. Nanso mpɔtam hɔ asase ho nsɛm ne nnipa dodow a ɛkɔ so di nkitaho ma asiane ahorow te sɛ mfe 100 nsuyiri a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu no yɛ kɛse wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ den so.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9">Trisos, C. H., I. O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N. P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 2043–2121 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011.</ref> ==== Nnipa dodow a wɔwɔ mmeae a nsuyiri ayiri mfe 100.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9" /><ref group="T1">In millions of people. The second and third columns include both the effects of population growth and the increased extent of floodplains by that point.</ref> ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ɔman !2000 !2030 !2060 !Nkɔso 2000–2060 |- ![[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] !7.4 !13.8 !20.7 !0.28 |- |[[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] |0.1 |0.3 |0.9 |0.84 |- |[[:en:Senegal|Senegal]] |0.4 |1.1 |2.7 |0.76 |- |[[:en:Benin|Benin]] |0.1 |0.6 |1.6 |1.12 |- |[[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] |0.2 |0.9 |4.3 |2.3 |- |[[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] |0.2 |0.6 |2.7 |1.7 |- |[[:en:Cote d'Ivoire|Cote d'Ivoire]] |0.1 |0.3 |0.7 |0.65 |- |[[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] |0.7 |1.4 |2.5 |0.36 |} Wɔ bere tiaa bi mu no, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ nnipa pii a wobetu afi wɔn afie mu no bi bɛba wɔ [[:en:East Africa|East Africa]] mantam. Anyɛ yiye koraa no, ɛda adi sɛ nnipa 750,000 a wɔwɔ hɔ no betu afi mpoano wɔ afe 2020 ne 2050 ntam. Nyansahu mu nhwehwɛmu bu akontaa sɛ Afrika nkuropɔn akɛse 12 bɛka abom anya ɔsɛe a wɔaboaboa ano a ɛyɛ U.S. dɔla ɔpepepem 65 ama wim nsakrae tebea "a ɛkɔ fam" [[:en:Representative Concentration Pathway|RCP4.5]] wɔ afe 2050 mu. Nkurow yi yɛ [[:en:Abidjan|Abidjan]], [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]], [[:en:Algiers|Algiers]], [[:en:Cape Town|Cape Town]], [[:en:Casablanca|Casablanca]], [[:en:Dakar|Dakar]], [[:en:Dar es Salaam|Dar es Salaam]], [[:en:Durban|Durban]], [[:en:Lagos|Lagos]], [[:en:Lomé|Lomé]], [[:en:Luanda|Luanda]] ne [[:en:Maputo|Maputo]]. Wɔ tebea a ɛma mframa bɔne pii gu RCP8.5 ase no, ɔsɛe no bɛyɛ U.S. dɔla ɔpepepem 86.5. Nsukyenee a ɛmma mframa bɔne pii no fa a ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso foforo a efi nsukyenee a entumi nnyina pintinn kɛse mu ba no bɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔsɛe nneɛma a ɛkɔ soro kodu U.S. dɔla ɔpepepem 137.5. Ɔsɛeɛ a ɛbɛfiri saa tebea mmiɛnsa yi mu a ɛde "nsɛm a ɛmma ɛnyɛ yie, a ɛsɛe ade kɛseɛ" bɛka ho no bɛkɔ soro akodu U.S. dɔla ɔpepepem 187, U.S. dɔla ɔpepepem 206 ne U.S. dɔla ɔpepepem 397.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9" /> Wɔ saa akontaabu ahorow yi mu no, Misrifo kurow Alexandria nkutoo na ɛyɛ akontaabu yi bɛyɛ fa.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9" /> Ebia nnipa ɔpehaha pii a wɔwɔ ne mmeae a ɛba fam no behia sɛ wotu kɔtra mmeae foforo dedaw wɔ mfe du a ɛreba no mu.<ref name="Michaelson-2018">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/aug/29/alexandria-little-venice-egypt-climate-change-frontline|title=Houses claimed by the canal: life on Egypt's climate change frontline|last=Michaelson|first=Ruth|date=25 August 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=30 August 2018}}</ref> Wɔ Afrika Sahara anafoɔ fam nyinaa, ɔsɛeɛ a ɛfiri po mu nsuo a ɛkɔ soro no bɛtumi adu GDP 2–4% wɔ afe 2050. Nanso saa akontabuo yi gyina baabi a daakye sikasɛm mu nkɔsoɔ ne nsakraeɛ bɛkɔ so<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9" /> Wɔ bere tenten mu no, ɛda adi sɛ Egypt, Mozambique ne Tanzania na nnipa dodow a nsuyiri a ɛba afe biara ka wɔn sen biara wɔ Afrika aman nyinaa mu. Saa nsusuwii yi fa no sɛ wiase nyinaa hyew bedu 4&nbsp;°C wɔ afeha no awiei. Saa nkɔanim no ne RCP8.5 tebea no wɔ abusuabɔ. Wɔ RCP8.5 ase no, na amammerɛ mmeae a ɛho hia 10 bɛkɔ asiane mu sɛ nsuyiri ne nsuo bɛtɔ wɔ afeha no awieeɛ. Eyinom ne Casbah a ɛwɔ Algiers, Carthage Fam Atutuw beae, Kerkouane, Leptis Magna Fam Atutuw beae, Medina a ɛwɔ Sousse, Medina a ɛwɔ Tunis, Sabratha Fam Atutuw beae, Robben Supɔw, Saint-Louis Supɔw ne Tipasa. Sɛ wɔka ne nyinaa bom a, Ramsar mmeae 15 ne abɔde mu agyapade afoforo behyia asiane a ɛte saa ara. Eyinom ne Bao Bolong Nsuten a Wɔkora So, Delta du Saloum Ɔman Mmoa Yɛmmea, Diawling Ɔman Mmoa Yɛmmea, Golfe de Boughrara, Kalissaye, Lagune de Ghar el Melh ne Delta de la Mejerda, Marromeu Mmoa a Wɔkora So, Parc Naturel des Mangroves du Fleuve Cacheu, Seal Ledges Mantam Abɔde Reserve, Sebkhet Halk Elmanzel ne Oued Essed, Sebkhet Soliman, Réserve Naturelle d’Intérêt Communautaire de la Somone, Songor Abɔde a Nkwa Wom Akorae, Tanbi Nsuo a Ɛyɛ Fɛ ne Watamu Po so Ɔman Mmoa Yɛmmea.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9" /> == Asetra ne sikasɛm mu nkɛntɛnso ahorow == Wim nsakrae bɛka Afrika kɛse esiane nneɛma pii nti. Wɔrete saa nsunsuanso ahorow yi nka dedaw na sɛ wɔanyɛ biribi mfa ntew mframa bɔne a wɔtow gu wiase nyinaa so a, ɛbɛkɔ soro kɛse. Nneɛma a ɛde ba no bi ne ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro, ɔpɛ, osutɔ a ɛsakra, ne wim tebea a ɛsakra kɛse. Saa tebea horow yi nya ahoɔden a wɔyɛ ne nea wɔde di dwuma so nkɛntɛnso. Ɔpɛ a esii nnansa yi wɔ Afrika aman pii mu a wɔde wim nsakrae wɔ abusuabɔ no kaa ahoɔden ahobammɔ ne sikasɛm mu nkɔso nyinaa wɔ asasepɔn no so nyinaa wɔ ɔkwan a enye so. Afrika bɛyɛ mmeae a wim nsakrae de nkɛntɛnso bɔne no aka wɔn kɛse no mu biako.<ref name=":0r">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf|title=Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.|year=2014}}</ref> Nneɛma a ɛma Afrika yɛ mmerɛw no gu ahorow na nea ɛka ho ne tumi a ɛba fam a ɛma wotumi sesa nneɛma, mfiridwuma ne nsɛm a ɛfa nsakrae a ɛboa ma wɔtrɛw mu yiye, ne ahotoso kɛse a wɔde to kuayɛ mu abɔde a nkwa wom so de nya asetrade<ref>{{Cite book|last=Welborn|first=Lily|title=Africa and climate change: Projecting vulnerability and adaptive capacity|publisher=Institute for Security Studies|year=2018}}</ref> Wɔabu aman pii a ɛwɔ Afrika nyinaa sɛ Aman a wonnyaa nkɔso pii (LDCs) a wɔn asetra ne sikasɛm tebea nye, na sɛnea ɛkyerɛ no, wohyia nsɛnnennen titiriw wɔ sɛnea wobedi wim nsakrae nkɛntɛnso ahorow ho dwuma no mu<ref>{{Cite book|last=UNDP/GEF|url=https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/publications/CCA-Africa-Final.pdf|title=Climate Change Adaptation in Africa UNDP: Synthesis of Experiences and Recommendations|publisher=UNDP/GEF|year=2018}}</ref> Asiane a ɛda adi pefee a wɔahu ama Afrika wɔ IPCC Nhwehwɛmu Amanneɛbɔ a Ɛto so Anum mu no fa abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom, nsuo a ɛwɔ hɔ, ne kuayɛ nhyehyɛeɛ ho, na ɛkyerɛ aduane a wɔbɛnya.<ref name=":0r" /> Wɔ afe 2022 mu no, nnipa bɛboro 6,000 a wofi Afrika aman du mu de wɔn ho hyɛɛ wim tebea ho nhwehwɛmu bi a Europa Sikakorabea no yɛe mu.<ref name="EIB-2022a">{{Cite web|title=2022-2023 EIB Climate Survey, part 1 of 2: 88% of respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life|url=https://www.eib.org/en/surveys/climate-survey/5th-climate-survey/africa.htm|access-date=2023-02-28|website=EIB.org|language=en}}</ref> Nhwehwɛmu no hui sɛ wɔn a wobisabisaa wɔn nsɛm no mu 88% kae sɛ wim nsakrae repira wɔn asetra, bere a wɔn a wobisabisaa wɔn nsɛm no mu 61% kae sɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔsɛe no no aka wɔn sika a wonya anaa wɔn asetrade fibea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EIB Climate Survey: 88% of African respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life|url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2022-554-eib-climate-survey-88-of-african-respondents-believe-that-climate-change-is-already-affecting-their-everyday-life|access-date=2023-02-28|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref> Mpɛn pii no, ɔpɛ a emu yɛ den, po mu nsu a ɛkɔ soro anaa mpoano a ɛreworo so, anaa wim tebea a emu yɛ den te sɛ nsuyiri anaa ahum na ɛma nneɛma a wɔhwere yi ba.<ref name="EIB-2022a" /> Afrikafo a wobisabisaa wɔn nsɛm no mu bɛboro fa (57%) kae sɛ wɔn anaa nnipa a wonim wɔn no ayɛ nneɛma dedaw de ayɛ nsakrae wɔ nea wim nsakrae de ba no ho<ref name="EIB-2022a" />. Nneɛma a wɔayɛ yi bi ne sika a wɔde bɛto mfiri a wɔde sie nsuo mu de abrɛ ɔpɛ a ɛde ba no ase na wɔayi nsuo a ɛkɔ nsuo mu ansa na nsuyiri aba.<ref name="EIB-2022a" /> === Sikasɛm mu nkɛntɛnso ahorow === Sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, Afrika rehyew ntɛmntɛm sen wiase aman a aka no. Asasepɔn no afa akɛseɛ betumi ayɛ nea wontumi ntena mu ɛnam saa nti na Afrika ɔman no mu nneɛma nyinaa (GDP) betumi akɔ fam 2% esiane wiase hyew a ɛkɔ soro 1&nbsp;°C nti, ne 12% esiane 4&nbsp;°C nti ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro. Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ nnɔbae a wonya no so bɛtew kɛse esiane ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro nti na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ osu kɛse bɛtɔ mpɛn pii na atɔ denneennen wɔ Afrika nyinaa, na ama nsuyiri ho asiane no ayɛ kɛse.<ref name="EIB-2022b">{{Cite book|last=Bank|first=European Investment|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/sustainability-report-2021|title=EIB Group Sustainability Report 2021|date=2022-07-06|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-5237-5|language=EN}}</ref><ref name="WMO-2021">{{Cite web|date=2021-10-18|title=Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa|url=https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-triggers-mounting-food-insecurity-poverty-and-displacement-africa|access-date=2022-07-26|website=public.wmo.int|language=en|archive-date=2023-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218160445/https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-triggers-mounting-food-insecurity-poverty-and-displacement-africa|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Africa Renewal-2018">{{Cite web|date=2018-12-07|title=Global warming: severe consequences for Africa|url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2018-march-2019/global-warming-severe-consequences-africa|access-date=2022-07-26|website=Africa Renewal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-27|title=Climate Change Is an Increasing Threat to Africa|url=https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-is-an-increasing-threat-to-africa|access-date=2022-07-26|website=United Nations Climate Change News}}</ref>. Bio nso, Afrika hwere dɔla ɔpepepem 7 kosi dɔla ɔpepepem 15 afe biara esiane wim nsakrae nti, na wɔkyerɛ sɛ ebedu afe 2030 no, ebedu dɔla ɔpepepem 50.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Rathi|first1=Akshat|last2=Rao|first2=Mythili|date=2024-05-02|title=One Bank Is Turning Africa's Climate Vulnerability Into Opportunity|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-02/inside-the-bank-financing-africa-s-green-growth|access-date=2024-05-11|website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> ==== Kuadwuma ==== Kuadwuma yɛ ade titiriw wɔ Afrika, na ɛboa ma wonya asetrade ne sikasɛm wɔ asasepɔn no so nyinaa. Sɛ wɔkyekyɛ mu a, kuayɛ a ɛwɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo fam no boa 15% wɔ GDP nyinaa mu.<ref name="OECD/FAO">{{Cite book|last=OECD/FAO|url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5778e.pdf|title=OECD‑FAO Agricultural Outlook 2016‑2025|publisher=OECD Publishing|year=2016|isbn=978-92-64-25323-0|pages=59–61}}</ref> Afrika asase ho nsɛm ma ɛyɛ mmerɛw titiriw sɛ wim nsakrae betumi aba, na ɔmanfo no mu 70% de wɔn ho to kuayɛ a osu tɔ na ɛma wonya wɔn asetrade so.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Läderach|first1=Peter|last2=Martinez-Valle|first2=Armando|last3=Bourgoin|first3=Clement|last4=Parker|first4=Louis|date=27 March 2019|title=Vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climate change: The development of a pan-tropical Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment to inform sub-national decision making|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=14|issue=3|pages=e0213641|bibcode=2019PLoSO..1413641P|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0213641|pmc=6436735|pmid=30917146|doi-access=free}}</ref> Mfuw nketewa yɛ nsase a wɔyɛ so adwuma wɔ Afrika Sahara Anafo fam no mu 80%.<ref name="OECD/FAO" /> IPCC wɔ afe 2007 mu no hyɛɛ nkɔm sɛ wim nsakraeɛ ne nsakraeɛ bɛma kuayɛ mu nnɔbaeɛ ne aduane a wɔbɛnya no ayɛ basaa kɛseɛ.<ref name="ar4 summary of regional impacts">{{cite book|title=Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|editor=Parry, M. L.|display-editors=et al.|chapter=Summary for Policymakers: C. Current knowledge about future impacts|chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html|access-date=13 December 2023|archive-date=2 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102223635/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wɔde "ahotoso a ɛkorɔn" maa saa projection yi. Nnuadewa nhyehyɛe, mmoa ne mpataayi bɛkɔ asiane kɛse mu sɛ mmoawa ne nyarewa bɛba esiane wim nsakrae a ɛbɛba daakye nti.<ref name="Dhanush">{{Cite journal|author1=Dhanush, D.|author2=Bett, B. K.|author3=Boone, R. B.|author4=Grace, D.|author5=Kinyangi, J.|author6=Lindahl, J. F.|author7=Mohan, C. V.|author8=Ramírez Villegas, J.|author9=Robinson, T. P.|author10=Rosenstock, T. S.|author11=Smith, J.|date=2015|title=Impact of climate change on African agriculture: focus on pests and diseases|url=https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/55241/retrieve|journal=CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)|access-date=2024-06-26|archive-date=2023-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716201342/https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/55241/retrieve|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nnuadewa mu mmoawa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae no yɛ bɛyɛ afuw mu nnɔbae a wɔhwere no nkyem 1/6 dedaw.<ref name="Dhanush" /> Wim nsakrae bɛma mmoawa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae ne nyarewa abu so ntɛmntɛm na ama nsɛm a enya nkɛntɛnso kɛse aba kɛse.<ref name="Dhanush" /> Nkɛntɛnso a wim nsakrae benya wɔ kuayɛ mu nneɛma a wɔyɛ so wɔ Afrika no benya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ aduan a wobenya ne asetrade so. Wɔ afe 2014 ne 2018 ntam no, Afrika na aduane a wonnya nni wɔ wiase nyinaa.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/|title=SOFI 2019 – The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|year=2021|isbn=978-92-5-134325-8|language=en|doi=10.4060/CB4474EN|access-date=|s2cid=241785130}}</ref> Ɛdefa kuayɛ nhyehyɛe ho no, ahotoso a wɔde to kuayɛ a osu tɔ na ɛma wonya asetrade so kɛse ne wim tebea ho kuayɛ ho nneyɛe a nyansa wom a wɔmfa nni dwuma pii no boa ma adwumayɛkuw no yɛ mmerɛw kɛse. Tebea no mu yɛ den esiane ahotoso a enni mu wɔ wim tebea ho nsɛm ne nsɛm a wobetumi anya de aboa nneyɛe a wɔde sakra nsakrae no nti.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dinku|first=Tufa|title=Overcoming challenges in the availability and use of climate data in Africa|url=https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e|website=ICT Update CTA|access-date=13 December 2023|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101070648/https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ɛda adi sɛ osutɔ nhyehyɛe mu ɔhaw a wɔahu na wɔahyɛ ho nkɔm esiane wim nsakrae nti no bɛma bere a wɔde nyin no ayɛ tiaa na aka nnɔbae a wonya wɔ Afrika mmeae pii. Bio nso, akuafo nkumaa a wonni mfiridwuma ne nneɛma a wɔde bɛyɛ nsakrae pii na wodi kuayɛ adwuma a ɛwɔ Afrika no so.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Supporting Sub-Saharan Africa's Farmers – Bayer – Crop Science|url=https://www.cropscience.bayer.com:443/en/stories/2018/supporting-sub-saharan-africas-farmers-closing-the-gap|access-date=2019-08-15|website=www.cropscience.bayer.com}}</ref> Wim nsakrae ne nsakrae ayɛ nea ɛde nsakrae ba wiase nyinaa aduan a wɔyɛ mu wɔ aman a afei na wɔrenya nkɔso a nneɛma a wɔyɛ no gyina osu so kɛse no mu na ɛda so ara yɛ saa.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Thornton|first1=Philip K|last2=Ericksen|first2=Polly J|last3=Herrero|first3=Mario|last4=Challinor|first4=Andrew J|title=Climate variability and vulnerability to climate change: a review|journal=Global Change Biology|date=November 2014|volume=20|issue=11|pages=3313–3328|doi=10.1111/gcb.12581|bibcode=2014GCBio..20.3313T|pmc=4258067|pmid=24668802}}</ref> Kuadwuma adwuma no te nka wɔ wim tebea mu nsakrae ho,<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Geoffrey|last1=Sabiiti|first2=Joseph Mwalichi|last2=Ininda|first3=Laban|last3=Ogallo|first4=Franklin|last4=Opijah|first5=Alex|last5=Nimusiima|first6=George|last6=Otieno|first7=Saul Daniel|last7=Ddumba|first8=Jamiat|last8=Nanteza|first9=Charles|last9=Basalirwa|author-link3=Ogallo Laban|title=Nanteza and C. Basalirwa. 2016. Empirical relationship between banana yields and climate variability over Uganda|journal=Journal of Environmental & Agricultural Sciences|volume=7|date=2016|pages=3–13|url=https://jeas.agropublishers.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/JEAS-7-1.pdf}}</ref> titiriw no nsakrae a ɛba afe biara ntam wɔ osutɔ, ɔhyew nhyehyɛe, ne wim tebea a emu yɛ den (ɔpɛ ne nsuyiri) mu. Wɔahyɛ nkɔm sɛ wim tebea yi bɛkɔ soro daakye na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɛde nsunsuanso kɛse bɛba kuayɛ adwuma no so.<ref name="Sabiiti et al 2018 Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change">{{cite book|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-64599-5_10|chapter=Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Suitability of Banana Crop Production to Future Climate Change over Uganda|title=Limits to Climate Change Adaptation|series=Climate Change Management|date=2018|last1=Sabiiti|first1=Geoffrey|last2=Ininda|first2=Joseph Mwalichi|last3=Ogallo|first3=Laban Ayieko|last4=Ouma|first4=Jully|last5=Artan|first5=Guleid|last6=Basalirwa|first6=Charles|last7=Opijah|first7=Franklin|last8=Nimusiima|first8=Alex|last9=Ddumba|first9=Saul Daniel|last10=Mwesigwa|first10=Jasper Batureine|last11=Otieno|first11=George|last12=Nanteza|first12=Jamiat|pages=175–190|isbn=978-3-319-64598-8}}</ref> Na eyi benya nnuan bo, aduan a wobenya, ne asase a wɔde bedi dwuma ho gyinaesi ahorow so nkɛntɛnso bɔne.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A1 – 1 Sustainability, food security and climate change: three intertwined challenges {{!}} Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook {{!}} Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/concept/module-a1-introducing-csa/chapter-a1-1/en/|access-date=2019-08-15|website=www.fao.org|archive-date=2019-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601030918/http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/concept/module-a1-introducing-csa/chapter-a1-1/en|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wobetumi atew nnɔbae a efi kuayɛ a osu tɔ so wɔ Afrika aman bi mu no so akodu 50% wɔ afe 2020 mu.<ref name="Sabiiti et al 2018 Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change" /> Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔasiw nkɛntɛnso bɔne a wim nsakrae benya daakye wɔ aduan a wɔyɛ so no ano no, ɛho hia sɛ wɔyɛ nsakrae anaasɛ wɔhyɛ nhyehyɛe ahorow a ebetumi aba a wɔde begyina wim nsakrae a ɛrekɔ soro no ano ho nyansa. Ɛsɛ sɛ Afrika aman kyekye ɔman mmara nhyehyɛe a wɔde bedi aduan ho dwuma sɛnea wim tebea mu nsakrae a wɔhwɛ kwan no te. Nanso, ansa na wbhy nhyehye bi a wde bgyina wim nsakrae a wde bhy mu no ano, titiriw w kuadwuma mu no, s s wnya ntease a emu da h w sde wim nsakrae ka nnuan nnɔbae ahorow ho. Eyi ho hia titiriw wɔ afe 2020 mu esiane Mmoadabi ntua a emu yɛ den a ɛka kuayɛ wɔ Afrika apuei fam wɔ ɔkwan a enye so nti.<ref name="Rosane-2020">{{cite news|last1=Rosane|first1=Olivia|date=27 January 2020|title=Worst Locust Swarm to Hit East Africa in Decades Linked to Climate Crisis|agency=Ecowatch|url=https://www.ecowatch.com/locust-swarm-east-africa-2644928358.html|access-date=6 February 2020}}</ref> Wɔkaa ntua no fa bi fi wim nsakrae – ɔhyew a ɛyɛ hyew ne osu a ɛtɔ kɛse a ɛmaa mmoadabi dodow kɔɔ soro wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ so.<ref name="Rosane-2020" /> Wɔ Afrika Apuei fam no, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae bɛma ɔpɛ ne nsuyiri a ɛtaa ba na emu yɛ den no mu ayɛ den, na ebetumi anya kuayɛ adwuma no so nkɛntɛnso bɔne. Wim nsakrae benya nkɛntɛnso ahorow wɔ kuayɛ mu nneɛma a wɔyɛ wɔ Afrika Apuei fam no so. Nhwehwɛmu a efi Amanaman Ntam Aduan Ho Nhyehyɛe Nhwehwɛmu Asoɛe (IFPRI) mu kyerɛ sɛ atoko nnɔbae a ɛkɔ soro wɔ Afrika Apuei Fam dodow no ara mu, nanso aba a wɔhwere wɔ Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Tanzania ne Uganda atifi fam mmeae bi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013|title=East African agriculture and climate change: A comprehensive analysis|url=http://www.ifpri.org/publication/east-african-agriculture-and-climate-change-comprehensive-analysis|access-date=21 September 2019|website=[[International Food Policy Research Institute]] (IFPRI)|language=en}}</ref> Wɔhwɛ kwan nso sɛ wim nsakrae ho nkɔmhyɛ ahorow bɛtew tumi a asase a wɔyɛ so adwuma no wɔ sɛ ɛbɛma nnɔbae a ɛdɔɔso na ɛyɛ papa no so<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/09/11/000158349_20080911163038/Rendered/PDF/WPS4717.pdf|title=How Will Climate Change Shift Agro-Ecological Zones And Impact African Agriculture?|author1=Kurukulasuriya, P.|author2=Mendelsohn, R.|date=25 September 2008|publisher=The World Bank|series=Policy Research Working Papers|doi=10.1596/1813-9450-4717|hdl=10986/6994|s2cid=129416028}}</ref> Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae a ɛwɔ Kenya no benya nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ kuayɛ adwuma a osu na ɛtɔ titiriw na enti ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse sɛ nsakrae a ɛba ɔhyew ne osutɔ mu, ne wim tebea a emu yɛ den mu.<ref name="NCCAP-2018">{{Cite web|last=Ministry of Environment and Forestry|title=National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2018–2022. Volume I|url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/NCCAP-2018-2022-v2.pdf|access-date=13 December 2023|archive-date=2 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402131336/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/NCCAP-2018-2022-v2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ɛda adi sɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ no bɛda adi titire wɔ nsase a ɛso yɛ kusuu ne asase a ɛso yɛ kusuu fa (ASALs) a mmoayɛn ne sikasɛm ne asetena mu adwuma titire no. Wɔ ASALs mu no, mmoa a wowuwu bɛboro 70% fi ɔpɛ.<ref name="NCCAP-2018" /> Wɔ mfeɛ 10 a ɛreba no mu no, [bere bɛn?] ASAL anantwi dodoɔ no mu 52% wɔ asiane mu sɛ wɔbɛhwere ɛnam ɔhyeɛ a ɛyɛ den kɛseɛ nti.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kenya Markets Trust|date=2019|title=Contextualising Pathways to Resilience in Kenya's ASALs under the Big Four Agenda|url=https://www.kenyamarkets.org/contextualising-pathways-to-resilience-in-kenyas-asals-under-the-big-four-agenda/|access-date=13 December 2023|archive-date=16 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216210136/https://www.kenyamarkets.org/contextualising-pathways-to-resilience-in-kenyas-asals-under-the-big-four-agenda/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wim nsakrae bɛma kuayɛ adwuma no mmerɛwyɛ ayɛ kɛse wɔ Afrika Kesee Fam aman dodow no ara a wɔabara dedaw esiane nnwuma a ɛnyɛ papa ne mfiridwuma mu nneɛma a wɔde ba ne nneɛma foforo a wɔyɛ mu a wɔakyɛ nti.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fact sheet|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2016%20CRM%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Southern%20Africa.pdf|access-date=12 July 2020|website=www.climatelinks.org|archive-date=28 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728201021/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2016%20CRM%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Southern%20Africa.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ atoko yɛ asase a wɔyɛ so adwuma wɔ Afrika Kesee Fam no fa, na wɔ wim nsakrae a ɛbɛba daakye ase no, nnɔbae betumi so atew 30%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview [in Southern African Agriculture and Climate Change]|url=http://www.ifpri.org/publication/overview-southern-african-agriculture-and-climate-change|access-date=8 August 2019|website=www.ifpri.org}}</ref> Ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro nso hyɛ nwura ne mmoawa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae a ɛtrɛw kɛse ho nkuran.<ref>http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/127787/filename/127998.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> Wim nsakrae bɛka kuayɛ kɛse wɔ Afrika Atɔe fam denam nsakrae a ɛbɛkɔ soro wɔ aduan a wɔyɛ, nea wonya ne nea wonya mu no so.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Molly E.|last2=Hintermann|first2=B.|last3=Higgins|first3=N.|date=January 2009|title=Markets, Climate Change and Food Security in West Africa|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20090027893.pdf|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=43|issue=21|pages=8016–8020|bibcode=2009EnST...43.8016B|doi=10.1021/es901162d|pmid=19924916|hdl=2060/20090027893|s2cid=9412710}}</ref> Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ osu a ɛtɔ kɛse, ɔpɛ bere tenten ne ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro no bɛka cassava, atoko ne bankye a wɔyɛ wɔ Afrika Mfinimfini fam no wɔ ɔkwan a enye so.<ref name="Climatelinks-2020">{{Cite web|title=Climate Risks in the Central Africa Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE) and Congo Basin|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/file/4614/download?token=rlgPz1eX|website=Climatelinks|access-date=13 December 2023|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728153008/https://www.climatelinks.org/file/4614/download?token=rlgPz1eX|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ nsuyiri ne nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam no bɛsɛe akwantu nhyehyɛe a anohyeto wom dedaw wɔ ɔmantam no mu a ɛbɛma wɔahwere nneɛma wɔ otwa akyi.<ref name="Climatelinks-2020" /> Sikasɛm mu nnɔbae te sɛ kɔfe ne kokoo a wɔde kɔ amannɔne no renya nkɔanim wɔ ɔmantam no mu nanso saa nnɔbae yi yɛ mmerɛw kɛse wɔ wim nsakrae ho<ref name="Climatelinks-2020" /> Ntawntawdi ne amammui mu a entumi nnyina no anya nkɛntɛnso wɔ kuayɛ mmoa a wɔde ma wɔ ɔmantam no GDP mu no so na wim tebea mu asiane ahorow bɛma saa nkɛntɛnso yi ayɛ kɛse.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013|title=Agriculture in Africa|url=https://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/pubs/2013africanagricultures.pdf|website=United Nations}}</ref> Afrika ɔman no mu nneɛma nyinaa (GDP) betumi akɔ fam 2% esiane wiase hyew a ɛkɔ soro 1&nbsp;°C nti, ne 12% esiane ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro 4&nbsp;°C nti. Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ nnɔbae a wonya no so bɛtew kɛse esiane ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro ne ɔpɛ a ebetumi aba wɔ asasepɔn no so nyinaa a ɛbɛkɔ soro nti. Bio nso, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ osu kɛse bɛtɔ mpɛn pii na atɔ kɛse wɔ Afrika nyinaa, na ama nsuyiri ho asiane ayɛ kɛse..<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bank|first=European Investment|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/sustainability-report-2021|title=EIB Group Sustainability Report 2021|date=6 July 2022|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-5237-5|language=EN}}</ref><ref name="public.wmo.int2"/><ref name="un.org2"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate Change Is an Increasing Threat to Africa|url=https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-is-an-increasing-threat-to-africa|access-date=2022-07-26|website=unfccc.int}}</ref> === Ahoɔden === Esiane sɛ nnipa dodow rekɔ soro na ahoɔden a wɔhwehwɛ a ɛne no hyia nti, ɛsɛ sɛ wodi ahoɔden ahobammɔ ho dwuma efisɛ ahoɔden ho hia kɛse ma nkɔso a ɛtra hɔ daa. Wim nsakrae aka ahoɔden adwumayɛbea ahorow wɔ Afrika efisɛ aman pii de wɔn ho to nsu mu anyinam ahoɔden a wɔyɛ so. Osu a ɛtɔ ne ɔpɛ a ɛso atew no ama nsu a ɛwɔ atare mu no so atew a ɛde nsunsuanso bɔne aba nsu mu anyinam ahoɔden a wɔyɛ so. Eyi ama anyinam ahoɔden a wɔyɛ no sua, anyinam ahoɔden ne anyinam ahoɔden a wɔsɛe no ho ka kɛse anaasɛ nneɛma a wɔde gu mu wɔ Afrika aman bi a wɔde wɔn ho to nsu mu anyinam ahoɔden a wɔyɛ so no mu. Nsu mu anyinam ahoɔden a wɔsɛe no no aka nnwuma ahorow wɔ aman te sɛ [[Gaana|Ghana]], [[Uganda]], Kenya, ne [[Tanzania]] mu wɔ ɔkwan a enye so. === Nsu a ɛho yɛ na === Nsuo pa ne nea ɛwɔ hɔ no asɛe wɔ Afrika mmeae dodow no ara, titiriw esiane wim nsakrae nti<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rankoana|first=Sejabaledi Agnes|date=1 January 2020|title=Climate change impacts on water resources in a rural community in Limpopo province, South Africa: a community-based adaptation to water insecurity|journal=International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management|volume=12|issue=5|pages=587–598|doi=10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033|bibcode=2020IJCCS..12..587R|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nsuo a ɛwɔ hɔ no yɛ nea ɛyɛ mmerɛw na ɛwɔ hokwan sɛ wim nsakrae a ɛde nkɛntɛnso kɛse ba nnipa asetra so no betumi anya so nkɛntɛnso kɛse.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate Change and Water — IPCC|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/publication/climate-change-and-water-2/|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> IPCC hyɛ nkɔm sɛ nnipa ɔpepem pii a wɔwɔ Afrika bɛkɔ so ahyia nsuo ho nhyɛsoɔ a ɛkɔ soro ɛnam wimu nsakraeɛ ne nsakraeɛ nti (IPCC 2013). Nsakrae a ɛba osutɔ nhyehyɛe mu no nya nsu a ɛsen fa asase ani ne nsu a ɛwɔ hɔ no so nkɛntɛnso tẽẽ.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fowler|first1=H. J.|last2=Blenkinsop|first2=S.|last3=Tebaldi|first3=C.|date=October 2007|title=Linking climate change modelling to impacts studies: recent advances in downscaling techniques for hydrological modelling|url=https://archive.org/details/international-journal-of-climatology_2007-10_27_12/page/1547|journal=International Journal of Climatology|volume=27|issue=12|pages=1547–1578|bibcode=2007IJCli..27.1547F|doi=10.1002/joc.1556|s2cid=53472608}}</ref> Ɛda adi sɛ wim nsakrae bɛma nsuo a ɛtwetwe nsuo a ɛyɛ den no ayɛ kɛseɛ bio wɔ Afrika nyinaa – sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, Rufiji asubɔnten a ɛwɔ Tanzania no.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Conway|first1=Declan|last2=Geressu|first2=Robel|last3=Harou|first3=Julien|last4=Kashaigili|first4=Japhet|last5=Pettinotti|first5=L.|last6=Siderius|first6=Christian|date=2019|title=Designing a process for assessing climate resilience in Tanzania's Rufiji basin|url=https://futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/tanzania_rufiji_river_basin_brief.pdf|journal=FCFA Country Brief|access-date=2024-06-27|archive-date=2023-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210055437/https://futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/tanzania_rufiji_river_basin_brief.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>– ɛnam asase a wɔde di dwuma ahodoɔ, ne asetena mu amammuisɛm mu nsɛnnennen a ɛyɛ den nti. === Akwahosan ho nkɛntɛnso === Afrika aman na wɔwɔ ɔmanfo akwahosan ho nhyehyɛe a ɛnyɛ adwuma yiye koraa wɔ wiase.<ref name="WHO-2014">World Health Organization. (2014). ''The health of the people: what works: the African Regional Health Report 2014''. World Health Organization.</ref> Adesoa a ɛde nyarewa a ɛde ɔyare ba te sɛ asramma, schistosomiasis, dengue atiridii, meningitis, a ɛyɛ mmerɛw wɔ wim tebea ho no dɔɔso sen biara wɔ Afrika Sahara anafo fam mantam no mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nnipa a wonya asramma wɔ wiase nyinaa afe biara no mu bɛboro ɔha biara mu nkyem 90 wɔ Afrika.<ref name="WHO-2014" /> Wim tebea mu nsakrae bɛka nnuru a ɛde ɔyare mmoawa ba no trɛw na ɛbɛsakra sɛnea nkurɔfo wɔ wɔ saa nyarewa yi ho no nso. Sɛnea IPCC Nhwehwɛmu Amanneɛbɔ a Ɛto so Nsia kyerɛ no, wim nsakrae de asiane kɛse ba Afrikafo ɔpepem du du akwahosan so, efisɛ ɛma wonya ɔhyew a ɛnyɛ papa, wim tebea a emu yɛ den, ne nyarewa a wɔde yare mmoawa a wɔde kɔ nnipa mu a ɛkɔ soro ne nea wɔde kɔ nnipa mu no.<ref>{{cite web|title=Final Draft {{!}} Chapter 9 {{!}} IPCC WGII Sixth Assessment Report|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FinalDraft_Chapter09.pdf}}</ref> Wim nsakrae, ne nea ɛde ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro, ahum, ɔpɛ, ne po mu nsu a ɛkɔ soro ba no bɛka nyarewa a ɛde ɔyare mmoawa ba a ɛba ne sɛnea ɛtrɛw wɔ wiase nyinaa.<ref name="Beard-2016">Beard, C. B.; Eisen, R. J.; Barker, C. M.; Garofalo, J. F.; Hahn, M.; Hayden, M.; Schramm, P. J. (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230629095855/https://health2016.globalchange.gov/vectorborne-diseases "Vector-Borne Diseases".] Retrieved 15 February 2017.</ref> Wɔ July 2021 mu no, Wiase Nyinaa Aduan Dwumadibea (WFP) de asodi too Madagascar kesee fam aduan ho haw a ɛrekɔ so no so sɛ wim nsakrae nkutoo na ɛde bae na ɛnyɛ ɔko anaa ntawntawdi. Wɔpaee mu kae sɛ ɛyɛ ɔkɔm a edi kan a wim nsakrae de bae<ref>{{cite news|last1=Baker|first1=Aryn|title=Climate, Not Conflict. Madagascar's Famine is the First in Modern History to be Solely Caused by Global Warming|url=https://time.com/6081919/famine-climate-change-madagascar/|access-date=24 July 2021|magazine=Time|date=20 July 2021|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723003745/https://time.com/6081919/famine-climate-change-madagascar/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Rodrigues|first1=Charlene|title=Madagascar famine becomes first in history to be caused solely by climate crisis|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/madagascar-famine-climate-crisis-b1888058.html|access-date=24 July 2021|work=[[The Independent]]|date=22 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Harding|first=Andrew|date=24 August 2021|title=Madagascar on the brink of climate change-induced famine|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58303792|access-date=2021-09-10}}</ref> ==== Malaria ==== Wɔ Afrika no, asramma kɔ so nya ɔmanfo so nkɛntɛnso kɛse. Bere a wim nsakrae kɔ so no, mmeae pɔtee a ɛda adi sɛ asramma bɛkɔ so afe mũ no nyinaa, a asiane kɛse wom no bɛdan afi Afrika Atɔe fam mpoano akɔ beae bi a ɛda Democratic Republic of the Congo ne Uganda ntam, a wɔfrɛ no Afrika Mmepɔw<ref name="Ryan-2015">{{cite journal|last1=Ryan|first1=Sadie J.|last2=McNally|first2=Amy|last3=Johnson|first3=Leah R.|last4=Mordecai|first4=Erin A.|last5=Ben-Horin|first5=Tal|last6=Paaijmans|first6=Krijn|last7=Lafferty|first7=Kevin D.|year=2015|title=Mapping Physiological Suitability Limits for Malaria in Africa Under Climate Change|journal=Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases|volume=15|issue=12|pages=718–725|doi=10.1089/vbz.2015.1822|pmc=4700390|pmid=26579951}}</ref> Nyansahu mu anohyeto ahorow bere a wɔrehwehwɛ asramma a wɔde kɔ nnipa mu a ɛresakra wɔ Afrika Mmepɔw so no te sɛ nea ɛfa wim nsakrae ne asramma ho ntease a ɛtrɛw ho no. Bere a nhwɛsode a wɔde ɔhyew mu nsakrae kyerɛ no kyerɛ sɛ abusuabɔ bi da ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro ne asramma a ɛkɔ soro ntam no, anohyeto ahorow da so ara wɔ hɔ. Nnipa dodow a wɔbɛsakra daakye a ɛka nnipa dodow, ne nsakrae a ɛbɛba wɔ nwansena nneyɛe mu no betumi aka sɛnea wɔde ɔyare no kɔ nnipa mu no dodow na ɛyɛ nneɛma a ɛto ano hye wɔ asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ asramma bɛpae daakye no mu, na ɛno nso ka nhyehyɛe a wɔbɛyɛ de asiesie wɔn ho sɛnea ɛte wɔ ɔyare mmoawa no ho.<ref name="Ryan-2015" /> Ɛdefa asramma a ɛkɔ Afrika Mmepɔw so no dodow ho no, nneɛma ne nneɛma a ɛda adi a efi nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu nsakrae a emu yɛ den te sɛ wim tebea a ɛyɛ hyew, wim tebea a ɛsakra, ne nkɛntɛnso a ɛkɔ soro wɔ nnipa so te sɛ kwae a wotutu mu ba no ma tebea horow a ɛfata ma asramma a ɛkɔ ɔyarefo no ne nea ogye no ntam.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Himeidan YE, Kweka EJ|year=2012|title=Malaria in East African highlands during the past 30 years: impact of environmental changes|journal=Frontiers in Physiology|volume=3|pages=315|doi=10.3389/fphys.2012.00315|pmc=3429085|pmid=22934065|doi-access=free}}</ref> Titiriw no, malaria fi Plasmodium falciparum ne Plasmodium vivax mmoawa a wɔde ɔyare mmoawa Anopheles nwansena no kɔ. Ɛwom mpo sɛ Plasmodium vivax mmoawa no tumi tra ase wɔ ɔhyew a ɛba fam mu de, nanso Plasmodium falciparum ɔyare mmoawa no bɛtra ase na ayɛ foforo wɔ nwansena no mu bere a wim tebea boro 20&nbsp;°C nkutoo<ref name="CDC-2018">{{cite web|date=14 November 2018|title=Where Malaria Occurs|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html|access-date=27 February 2020|website=Center for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini ne osuo a ɛkɔ soro nso boa ma saa aduru a ɛde ɔyareɛ ba yi yɛ nsɛsoɔ na ɛtra ase.<ref name="Center Science Ed-2011">{{cite web|date=2011|title=Climate Change and Vector-Borne Disease|url=https://scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/climate-change-and-vector-borne-disease|access-date=27 February 2020|website=Center for Science Education}}</ref>, Asramma a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu no bɛyɛ asiane kɛseɛ ama nnipa berɛ a Anopheles nwansena mmaa dodoɔ a wɔanya Plasmodium falciparum anaa Plasmodium vivax mmoawa no kɔ soro no.<ref name="Center Science Ed-2011" /> Nhwehwɛmu ahorow kyerɛ sɛ wim tebea a ɛfata ma asramma a wɔde kɔ nnipa mu no nyinaa kɔ soro a ɛde nnipa dodow a asiane wom sɛ wobenya yare no akɔ soro.<ref name="Caminade-2014">{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Caminade C, Kovats S, Rocklov J, Tompkins AM, Morse AP, Colón-Gonzalez FJ, Stenlund H, Martens P, Lloyd SJ|date=March 2014|title=Impact of climate change on global malaria distribution|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=111|issue=9|pages=3286–3291|bibcode=2014PNAS..111.3286C|doi=10.1073/pnas.1302089111|pmc=3948226|pmid=24596427|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nea ɛho hia kɛse ne ɔyaredɔm a ebetumi aba wɔ mmeae a ɛkorɔn (te sɛ Afrika Mmepɔw) a ɛkɔ soro no. Ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro wɔ mmeae yi betumi asakra mmeae a mpɛn pii no ɛnyɛ asramma no akɔ mmeae a ɔyaredɔm wɔ mmere bi mu.<ref name="pmid7656875">{{cite journal|vauthors=Martens WJ, Niessen LW, Rotmans J, Jetten TH, McMichael AJ|date=May 1995|title=Potential impact of global climate change on malaria risk|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=103|issue=5|pages=458–64|doi=10.1289/ehp.95103458|pmc=1523278|pmid=7656875}}</ref> Ne saa nti, nnipa foforo bɛda yare no adi a ɛde mfe a apɔwmuden bɛhwere. Nea ɛka ho no, ebia yare no ho adesoa no bɛsɛe mmeae a wonni tumi ne nneɛma a wɔde bedi nsɛnnennen ne nhyɛso a ɛtete saa ho dwuma yiye no kɛse.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Wu X, Lu Y, Zhou S, Chen L, Xu B|date=January 2016|title=Impact of climate change on human infectious diseases: Empirical evidence and human adaptation|journal=Environment International|volume=86|pages=14–23|doi=10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007|pmid=26479830|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016EnInt..86...14W}}</ref> As climate change shifts geographic areas of transmission to the African Highlands, the challenge will be to find and control the vector in areas that have not seen it before<ref name="pmid14654317">{{cite journal|vauthors=Tanser FC, Sharp B, le Sueur D|date=November 2003|title=Potential effect of climate change on malaria transmission in Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2003-11-29_362_9398/page/1792|journal=Lancet|volume=362|issue=9398|pages=1792–8|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14898-2|pmid=14654317|s2cid=22850163}}</ref> === Nkɛntɛnso a ɛwɔ ntawntawdi ne atutra so === Amanaman Nkabom no Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Dwumadibea no yɛɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ ntawntawdi akyi wɔ Sudan ho wɔ afe 2007 mu.<ref name="UNEP_2007_a">{{citation |author=UNEP |title=Sudan Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment |date=June 2007 |url=http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/00_fwd.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003632/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/00_fwd.pdf |location=Nairobi, Kenya |publisher=UNEP |isbn=978-92-807-2702-9 |access-date=2022-01-18 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sɛnea amanneɛbɔ yi kyerɛ no, nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nhyɛso a ɛwɔ Sudan no ne asetra, sikasɛm ne amammuisɛm afoforo te sɛ nnipa a wotu fi wɔn afie mu ne akansi a ɛfa abɔde mu nneɛma ho no wɔ abusuabɔ. Wosusuwii sɛ ɔmantam mu wim nsakrae, denam osu a ɛtɔ a ɛso tew so no yɛ nneɛma a ɛde ntawntawdi bae wɔ Darfur no mu biako. Nea ɛka nneɛma afoforo a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho no, wim nsakrae betumi aka daakye nkɔso wɔ Sudan wɔ ɔkwan a enye so. Nyansahyɛ ahorow a UNEP de mae no mu biako ne sɛ amanaman ntam nnipa bɛboa Sudan ma wɔayɛ nsakrae wɔ wim nsakrae mu.<ref name="UNEP_2007_b">{{citation |title=Natural Disasters and Desertification |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602041622/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/03_disasters.pdf |chapter=Ch 3. Natural Disasters |chapter-url=http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/03_disasters.pdf |access-date=2022-01-18 |archive-date=2010-06-02 |url-status=dead}} in {{harvnb|UNEP|2007|p=69}}</ref> == Nkɛntɛnso a ɛwɔ ɔmantam biara mu == === Afrika Mfinimfini fam === Afrika Mfinimfini fam fa kɛse no ara yɛ nea asase ntumi nkɔ hɔ, na wim nsakrae de ne ho to asiane mu wɔ asasesin mu. Esiane sɛ wim tebea a ɛsakrasakra kɛse ne kuayɛ a osu tɔ na ɛyɛ nti, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɔhyew a ɛkyɛ na ɛtaa ba ne nsu a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛboro so a ɛbɛkɔ soro nso.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Diedhiou|first1=Arona|last2=Bichet|first2=Adeline|last3=Wartenburger|first3=Richard|last4=Seneviratne|first4=Sonia I|last5=Rowell|first5=David P|last6=Sylla|first6=Mouhamadou B|last7=Diallo|first7=Ismaila|last8=Todzo|first8=Stella|last9=Touré|first9=N’datchoh E|last10=Camara|first10=Moctar|last11=Ngatchah|first11=Benjamin Ngounou|last12=Kane|first12=Ndjido A|last13=Tall|first13=Laure|last14=Affholder|first14=François|title=Changes in climate extremes over West and Central Africa at 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming|journal=Environmental Research Letters|date=June 2018|volume=13|issue=6|pages=065020|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5|bibcode=2018ERL....13f5020D|doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11850/274346|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wiase nyinaa hyew a ɛwɔ ɔmantam yi mu no bɛkɔ soro 1.5&nbsp;°C kosi 2&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Seneviratne|first1=Sonia I.|last2=Donat|first2=Markus G.|last3=Pitman|first3=Andy J.|last4=Knutti|first4=Reto|last5=Wilby|first5=Robert L.|title=Allowable CO2 emissions based on regional and impact-related climate targets|journal=Nature|date=28 January 2016|volume=529|issue=7587|pages=477–483|doi=10.1038/nature16542|pmid=26789252|s2cid=205247437|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/9482219}}</ref> Tumi a kwae a ɛwɔ Congo Basin no tumi twetwe mframa bɔne no so atew. Saa so tew yi aba esiane ɔhyew ne ɔpɛ a ɛrekɔ soro a ɛde nnua nyin so tew nti. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ wim nsakrae rehaw kwae a wontwaa mpo. Nature nhwehwɛmu bi kyerɛ sɛ ɛduru afe 2030 no, Afrika kwaeɛ no bɛtwe carbon dioxide a ɛsua ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu 14 sene sɛdeɛ na ɛteɛ bɛyɛ afe 2005–2010, na ɛrentwe biara koraa wɔ afe 2035 mu.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Grossman|first1=Daniel|date=4 March 2020|title=The Congo rainforest is losing ability to absorb carbon dioxide. That's bad for climate change.|language=en|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/the-congo-rainforest-is-losing-its-ability-to-absorb-carbon-dioxide-thats-bad-for-climate-change/2020/03/03/3363d218-5ca9-11ea-9055-5fa12981bbbf_story.html|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref> === Afrika Apuei Fam === Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ osu a ɛtɔ wɔ Afrika Apuei fam no nyinaa fi mmeae a osu tɔ wɔ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse wɔ mmere horow mu no<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nicholson|first=Sharon E.|date=2017|title=Climate and climatic variability of rainfall over eastern Africa|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|volume=55|issue=3|pages=590–635|bibcode=2017RvGeo..55..590N|doi=10.1002/2016RG000544|doi-access=free}}</ref> Afrika Apuei fam wɔ osutɔ a ɛsakrasakra kɛse wɔ beae ne bere mu efisɛ ɛtrɛw bɛboro digrii 30 (wɔ equator no so). Ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso ahorow a efi India ne Atlantic Po no nyinaa mu, na ɛwɔ asase ho nneɛma atitiriw (mmepɔw) ne nsu a ɛwɔ asase mu te sɛ Ɔtare Victoria. Enti osutɔ bere no gu ahorow fi osutɔ bere biako afe biara wɔ July–August mu wɔ atifi fam atɔe mmeae bi (a Ethiopia ne South Sudan ka ho, a wim tebea ne Afrika Atɔe fam wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse, a Afrika Atɔe Fam osutɔbere na ɛde osu no ba) kosi nsu biako bere afe biara wɔ December – February wɔ anafo fam (wɔ Tanzania so), a mmeae pii a ɛbɛn equator no nya osu bere abien afe biara,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dunning|first1=Caroline M.|last2=Black|first2=Emily C. L.|last3=Allan|first3=Richard P.|date=2016|title=The onset and cessation of seasonal rainfall over Africa|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|volume=121|issue=19|pages=11,405–11,424|bibcode=2016JGRD..12111405D|doi=10.1002/2016JD025428|doi-access=free}}</ref> bɛyɛ wɔ March–May ("Osu Tenten") ne October kosi December ("Osu Tiatiaa"). Mpɛn pii no, nsakrae nketenkete a ɛba osutɔ bere mu no bata orography ne atare ho. Afe ntam nsakraeɛ betumi ayɛ kɛseɛ na nneɛma a wonim sɛ wɔde di dwuma no bi ne nsakraeɛ a ɛba Po no ani hyeɛ (SSTs) mu wɔ ɛpo mu nsuo ahodoɔ mu, wim nsakraeɛ akwan akɛseɛ te sɛ Madden–Julian Oscilation (MJO) ne ahum a ɛtɔ wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛhɔ yɛ hyeɛ.<ref name="Finney 2109–2129">{{Cite journal|last1=Finney|first1=Declan L.|last2=Marsham|first2=John H.|last3=Jackson|first3=Lawrence S.|last4=Kendon|first4=Elizabeth J.|last5=Rowell|first5=David P.|last6=Boorman|first6=Penelope M.|last7=Keane|first7=Richard J.|last8=Stratton|first8=Rachel A.|last9=Senior|first9=Catherine A.|date=5 February 2019|title=Implications of Improved Representation of Convection for the East Africa Water Budget Using a Convection-Permitting Model|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=32|issue=7|pages=2109–2129|bibcode=2019JCli...32.2109F|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0387.1|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kilavi|first1=Mary|last2=MacLeod|first2=Dave|last3=Ambani|first3=Maurine|last4=Robbins|first4=Joanne|last5=Dankers|first5=Rutger|last6=Graham|first6=Richard|last7=Titley|first7=Helen|last8=Salih|first8=Abubakr A. M.|last9=Todd|first9=Martin C.|date=December 2018|title=Extreme Rainfall and Flooding over Central Kenya Including Nairobi City during the Long-Rains Season 2018: Causes, Predictability, and Potential for Early Warning and Actions|journal=Atmosphere|language=en|volume=9|issue=12|pages=472|bibcode=2018Atmos...9..472K|doi=10.3390/atmos9120472|doi-access=free}}</ref> Osu Tenten ne bere titiriw a wodua nnɔbae wɔ ɔmantam no mu. Afe ntam nkɔmhyɛ a ɛfa saa bere yi ho no sua sɛ wɔde toto Osu Tiatiaa no ho a, na nnansa yi nsu a ɛtɔe no ne wim tebea ho nkɔmhyɛ a ɛfa daakye a ɛyɛ nwini ho ("Afrika Apuei fam wim tebea ho abirabɔ" no bɔ abira.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rowell|first1=David P.|last2=Booth|first2=Ben B. B.|last3=Nicholson|first3=Sharon E.|last4=Good|first4=Peter|title=Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa|journal=Journal of Climate|date=15 December 2015|volume=28|issue=24|pages=9768–9788|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1|bibcode=2015JCli...28.9768R|s2cid=129146135}}</ref> Afrika Apuei fam ahu ɔpɛ a ɛtaa ba na emu yɛ den wɔ nnansa yi mfe du du mu, ne nsuyiri a ɛsɛe ade nso. Nkɔso a ɛkɔ so wɔ osutɔ mu fi 1980 mfe no mu no kyerɛ sɛ osu a ɛtɔ wɔ March – May (MAM) mmere mu no so atew kɛse a ɛkɔ soro kakra wɔ June – September (JJAS) ne October – December (OND) osutɔ mu<ref name="Bernhofer 1–9">{{Cite journal|last1=Bernhofer|first1=Christian|last2=Hülsmann|first2=Stephan|last3=Gebrechorkos|first3=Solomon H.|date=6 August 2019|title=Long-term trends in rainfall and temperature using high-resolution climate datasets in East Africa|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=9|issue=1|pages=11376|bibcode=2019NatSR...911376G|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-47933-8|pmc=6684806|pmid=31388068}}</ref>, ɛwom sɛ ɛte sɛ nea nnansa yi osu a ɛtɔe wɔ MAM no mu asan anya ahoɔden de.<ref name="Wainwright 1–93">{{Cite journal|last1=Wainwright|first1=Caroline M.|last2=Marsham|first2=John H.|last3=Keane|first3=Richard J.|last4=Rowell|first4=David P.|last5=Finney|first5=Declan L.|last6=Black|first6=Emily|last7=Allan|first7=Richard P.|date=12 September 2019|title='Eastern African Paradox' rainfall decline due to shorter not less intense Long Rains|journal=npj Climate and Atmospheric Science|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|page=34|doi=10.1038/s41612-019-0091-7|bibcode=2019npCAS...2...34W|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wɔkyerɛ sɛ daakye osutɔ ne ɔhyew nyinaa bɛsakra wɔ Afrika Apuei fam..<ref name="Dunning 9719–97382">{{cite journal|last1=Dunning|first1=Caroline M.|last2=Black|first2=Emily|last3=Allan|first3=Richard P.|title=Later Wet Seasons with More Intense Rainfall over Africa under Future Climate Change|journal=Journal of Climate|date=December 2018|volume=31|issue=23|pages=9719–9738|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0102.1|bibcode=2018JCli...31.9719D|s2cid=52990163}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Muhati|first1=Godwin Leslie|last2=Olago|first2=Daniel|last3=Olaka|first3=Lydia|date=1 October 2018|title=Past and projected rainfall and temperature trends in a sub-humid Montane Forest in Northern Kenya based on the CMIP5 model ensemble|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=16|pages=e00469|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00469|doi-access=free|bibcode=2018GEcoC..1600469M}}</ref><ref name="Rowell 621–6332">{{Cite journal|last1=Rowell|first1=David P.|last2=Senior|first2=Catherine A.|last3=Vellinga|first3=Michael|last4=Graham|first4=Richard J.|date=1 February 2016|title=Can climate projection uncertainty be constrained over Africa using metrics of contemporary performance?|journal=Climatic Change|language=en|volume=134|issue=4|pages=621–633|bibcode=2016ClCh..134..621R|doi=10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nnansa yi nhwehwɛmu a wɔayɛ wɔ wim tebea ho akontaabu ho no kyerɛ sɛ sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, ɔhyew betumi akɔ soro bɛyɛ 2–3&nbsp;°C wɔ afeha no mfinimfini ne 2–5&nbsp;°C wɔ afeha no awiei.<ref name="Bornemann 365–3842">{{Cite journal|last1=Bornemann|first1=F. Jorge|last2=Rowell|first2=David P.|last3=Evans|first3=Barbara|last4=Lapworth|first4=Dan J.|last5=Lwiza|first5=Kamazima|last6=Macdonald|first6=David M.J.|last7=Marsham|first7=John H.|last8=Tesfaye|first8=Kindie|last9=Ascott|first9=Matthew J.|last10=Way|first10=Celia|date=1 October 2019|title=Future changes and uncertainty in decision-relevant measures of East African climate|journal=Climatic Change|language=en|volume=156|issue=3|pages=365–384|bibcode=2019ClCh..156..365B|doi=10.1007/s10584-019-02499-2|doi-access=free}}</ref> Eyi begyina tebea horow a ɛfa mframa a wɔtow gu ho ne sɛnea wim tebea ankasa yɛ ho biribi bere a wɔde toto nneɛma ahorow a ebetumi afi mu aba a nhwɛso ahorow ada no adi no ho no so. Wim tebea ho nhwɛsoɔ taa kyerɛ sɛ osuo bɛkɔ soro, titire wɔ OND berɛ mu, a wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛno nso bɛba akyiri yi. Saa akyɛde yi wɔ osutɔ bere tiaa mu, wɔde abata Sahara Ɔhyew a ɛba fam no mu dɔ wɔ wim nsakrae ase. Nanso ɛsɛ sɛ yɛhyɛ no nsow sɛ nhwɛso ahorow bi kyerɛ sɛ osu bɛtew,<ref name="Rowell 621–6332"/><ref name="Bornemann 365–3842"/> na wɔ mpɔtam ne mmere bi mu no, wɔada no adi sɛ osutɔ a ɛkɔ soro kɛse paa a wɔhyɛɛ ho nkɔm no fa akwan horow a wontumi nnye nni ho esiane nhyehyɛe mu mfomso ahorow a ɛwɔ nhwɛsode mu nti.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rowell|first=David P.|date=2019|title=An Observational Constraint on CMIP5 Projections of the East African Long Rains and Southern Indian Ocean Warming|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=46|issue=11|pages=6050–6058|bibcode=2019GeoRL..46.6050R|doi=10.1029/2019GL082847|doi-access=free}}</ref> n nea ɛka ho no, nsakrae a ɛba aerosol mu no ma osutɔ nsakrae ho nhyɛso a wɔankyere wɔ wim tebea ho nhwehwɛmu pii mu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scannell|first1=Claire|last2=Booth|first2=Ben B. B.|last3=Dunstone|first3=Nick J.|last4=Rowell|first4=David P.|last5=Bernie|first5=Dan J.|last6=Kasoar|first6=Matthew|last7=Voulgarakis|first7=Apostolos|last8=Wilcox|first8=Laura J.|last9=Acosta Navarro|first9=Juan C.|last10=Seland|first10=Øyvind|last11=Paynter|first11=David J.|date=13 September 2019|title=The Influence of Remote Aerosol Forcing from Industrialized Economies on the Future Evolution of East and West African Rainfall|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=32|issue=23|pages=8335–8354|bibcode=2019JCli...32.8335S|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0716.1|doi-access=free|hdl=10044/1/75583|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Rowell 9768–97882">{{Cite journal|last1=Rowell|first1=David P.|last2=Booth|first2=Ben B. B.|last3=Nicholson|first3=Sharon E.|last4=Good|first4=Peter|date=7 October 2015|title=Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=28|issue=24|pages=9768–9788|bibcode=2015JCli...28.9768R|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1|s2cid=129146135}}</ref> Nsonsonoe a ɛda osu a ɛtɔ wɔ MAM (osu a ɛtɔ tenten) mu wɔ equatorial Apuei Fam Afrika, a nhwɛso dodow no ara hyɛ nkɔm sɛ nsu bɛtɔ daakye no, wɔato din "Afrika Apuei fam wim nsakrae abirabɔ", .<ref name="Rowell 9768–97882"/> ɛwom sɛ osu a ɛtɔe no asan anya ahoɔden bi nnansa yi de. Nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ ɛnyɛ nea ɛda adi sɛ su a ɛma ɛyow no yɛ abɔde mu ade ara kwa, nanso ebia nneɛma te sɛ aerosols na ɛde ba mmom sen mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew,<ref name="Wainwright 1–93"/> Nea ɛne osutɔ ho akontaabu a wontumi nsi pi no hyia no, nsakrae a ɛba osutɔ bere a efi ase mu no yɛ nea wontumi nsi pi wɔ Afrika Apuei Fam a ɛwɔ equatorial no mu, ɛwom sɛ nhwɛso pii hyɛ nkɔm sɛ osu tiawa bɛtɔ akyiri yi na ayɛ nsu de.<ref name="Wainwright 1–93" /> Wonim sɛ Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) no tumi di nsakrae a ɛba afe biara ntam wɔ osu tiawa a ɛtɔ mu no so denneennen,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Black|first1=Emily|last2=Slingo|first2=Julia|last3=Sperber|first3=Kenneth R.|date=1 January 2003|title=An Observational Study of the Relationship between Excessively Strong Short Rains in Coastal East Africa and Indian Ocean SST|journal=Monthly Weather Review|volume=131|issue=1|pages=74–94|bibcode=2003MWRv..131...74B|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0074:AOSOTR>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> na nhwehwɛmu ahorow kyerɛ sɛ IOD ahorow a ɛtra so betumi akɔ soro wɔ wim nsakrae ase.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cai|first1=Wenju|last2=Wang|first2=Guojian|last3=Gan|first3=Bolan|last4=Wu|first4=Lixin|last5=Santoso|first5=Agus|last6=Lin|first6=Xiaopei|last7=Chen|first7=Zhaohui|last8=Jia|first8=Fan|last9=Yamagata|first9=Toshio|date=12 April 2018|title=Stabilised frequency of extreme positive Indian Ocean Dipole under 1.5 °C warming|journal=Nature Communications|volume=9|issue=1|pages=1419|bibcode=2018NatCo...9.1419C|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03789-6|pmid=29650992|pmc=5897553}}</ref> Wɔ wiase nyinaa no, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wim nsakrae bɛma osu atɔ kɛse, efisɛ osu a ɛtɔ kɛse no kɔ soro ntɛmntɛm bere a ɔhyew no kɔ soro sen osu a ɛtɔ nyinaa.<ref name="Global Warming of 1.5 °C —2"/> Nnansa yi adwuma kyerɛ sɛ wɔ Afrika nyinaa no, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wiase nyinaa nhwɛso ahorow bebu nsakrae a ɛba wɔ osu a ɛtɔ kɛse yi mu no adewa,<ref name="Kendon-20192"/> na nsakrae a ɛba osutɔ a ɛtra so mu no betumi atrɛw kɛse asen nea wiase nyinaa nhwɛso ahorow ahyɛ ho nkɔm no<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Finney|first1=Declan L.|last2=Marsham|first2=John H.|last3=Rowell|first3=David P.|last4=Kendon|first4=Elizabeth J.|last5=Tucker|first5=Simon O.|last6=Stratton|first6=Rachel A.|last7=Jackson|first7=Lawrence S.|date=22 January 2020|title=Effects of explicit convection on future projections of mesoscale circulations, rainfall and rainfall extremes over Eastern Africa|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=33|issue=7|pages=2701–2718|bibcode=2020JCli...33.2701F|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0328.1|doi-access=free}}</ref> Afrika Apuei fam mmeae no nya wɔn osu dodow no ara wɔ osutɔ bere biako mu wɔ kesee fam fa awɔw bere mu: wɔ Tanzania so no, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ osu a ɛtɔ wɔ mmere bi mu no bɛkɔ soro wɔ wim nsakrae a ɛbɛba daakye ase, ɛwom sɛ wontumi nsi pi de.<ref name="Dunning 9719–97382"/> Wɔ anafo fam akyirikyiri, wɔ Mozambique so no, wɔahyɛ bere tiaa bi esiane sɛ ebefi ase akyiri yi nti wɔ wim nsakrae a ɛbɛba daakye ase, na bio a wontumi nsi pi wɔ ho kakra<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Bin|last2=Liu|first2=De Li|last3=Waters|first3=Cathy|last4=Yu|first4=Qiang|date=2 October 2018|title=Quantifying sources of uncertainty in projected wheat yield changes under climate change in eastern Australia|journal=Climatic Change|volume=151|issue=2|pages=259–273|bibcode=2018ClCh..151..259W|doi=10.1007/s10584-018-2306-z|s2cid=158743534}}</ref> == Afrika Atɔe Fam ne Sahel == Wobetumi akyekyɛ Afrika Atɔe Fam mantam no mu ayɛ no wim tebea ho mmeae nketewa anan a ɛne Guinea Mpoano, Soudano-Sahel, Sahel (a ɛtrɛw kɔ apuei fam kosi Ethiopia hye so) ne Sahara,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Agyeman|first1=Richard Yao Kuma|last2=Quansah|first2=Emmannuel|last3=Lamptey|first3=Benjamin|last4=Annor|first4=Thompson|last5=Agyekum|first5=Jacob|date=2018|title=Evaluation of CMIP5 Global Climate Models over the Volta Basin: Precipitation|journal=Advances in Meteorology|volume=2018|pages=1–24|doi=10.1155/2018/4853681|doi-access=free}}</ref> emu biara wɔ wim tebea horow a ɛsono emu biara. Osu a ɛtɔ wɔ mmere horow mu no fi sɛnea osu tɔ kɔ anafo fam kɔ ​​atifi fam no titiriw [[:en:Intertropical Convergence Zone|Mpɔtam a Ɛwɔ Ɔhyew Ntam Nkitahodi Beae]] (ITCZ) a nea ɛda nsow ne sɛnea anafo fam atɔe osutɔ mframa a ɛyɛ nwini ne Harmattan atifi fam apuei a ɛyɛ kusuu no bom.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sultan|first1=Benjamin|last2=Janicot|first2=Serge|date=1 November 2003|title=The West African Monsoon Dynamics. Part II: The 'Preonset' and 'Onset' of the Summer Monsoon|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=16|issue=21|pages=3407–3427|bibcode=2003JCli...16.3407S|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<3407:TWAMDP>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wogyina osuo a ɛtɔ wɔ afe ntam no so a, wɔahu wim tebea titire mmiɛnsa wɔ Sahel: nsuo berɛ a ɛfiri 1950 kɔsi 1960 mfeɛ no mfitiaseɛ a ɛdi akyire no, ɔpɛ berɛ a ɛfiri 1972 kɔsi 1990 ne afei berɛ a ɛfiri 1991 rekɔ a ɛhunuu ne fa bi osutɔ a ɛsan tɔ bio.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Le Barbé|first1=Luc|last2=Lebel|first2=Thierry|last3=Tapsoba|first3=Dominique|date=1 January 2002|title=Rainfall Variability in West Africa during the Years 1950–90|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=15|issue=2|pages=187–202|bibcode=2002JCli...15..187L|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0187:RVIWAD>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rowell|first1=David P.|year=2003|title=The Impact of Mediterranean SSTS on the Sahelian Rainfall Season|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=16|issue=5|pages=849–862|bibcode=2003JCli...16..849R|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0849:tiomso>2.0.co;2|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nicholson|first1=Sharon E.|last2=Fink|first2=Andreas H.|last3=Funk|first3=Chris|year=2018|title=Assessing recovery and change in West Africa's rainfall regime from a 161-year record|journal=International Journal of Climatology|volume=38|issue=10|pages=3770–3786|bibcode=2018IJCli..38.3770N|doi=10.1002/joc.5530|s2cid=134207640|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wɔ ɔpɛ bere no mu no, ɔpɛ a emu yɛ den titiriw pii sii wɔ Sahel, na ɛde ɔhaw kɛse bae.<ref name="Funk2">{{cite journal|last1=Funk|first1=Chris|last2=Fink|first2=Andreas H.|last3=Nicholson|first3=Sharon E.|date=1 August 2018|title=Assessing recovery and change in West Africa's rainfall regime from a 161-year record|journal=International Journal of Climatology|volume=38|issue=10|pages=3770–3786|bibcode=2018IJCli..38.3770N|doi=10.1002/joc.5530|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Nicholson|first=Sharon E.|date=2013|title=The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability|journal=ISRN Meteorology|volume=2013|pages=1–32|doi=10.1155/2013/453521|doi-access=free}}</ref> The recent decades, have also witnessed a moderate increment in annual rainfall since the beginning of 1990s. However, total annual rainfall remains significantly below that observed during the 1950s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Panthou|first1=G|last2=Lebel|first2=T|last3=Vischel|first3=T|last4=Quantin|first4=G|last5=Sane|first5=Y|last6=Ba|first6=A|last7=Ndiaye|first7=O|last8=Diongue-Niang|first8=A|last9=Diopkane|first9=M|title=Rainfall intensification in tropical semi-arid regions: the Sahelian case|journal=Environmental Research Letters|date=June 2018|volume=13|issue=6|pages=064013|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aac334|bibcode=2018ERL....13f4013P|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Funk2"/> Ebinom aka sɛ mfe aduonu abien a atwam no yɛ bere a wɔn ho bɛtɔ wɔn.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sanogo|first1=Souleymane|last2=Fink|first2=Andreas H.|last3=Omotosho|first3=Jerome A.|last4=Ba|first4=Abdramane|last5=Redl|first5=Robert|last6=Ermert|first6=Volker|date=2015|title=Spatio-temporal characteristics of the recent rainfall recovery in West Africa|journal=International Journal of Climatology|volume=35|issue=15|pages=4589–4605|bibcode=2015IJCli..35.4589S|doi=10.1002/joc.4309|s2cid=129607595}}</ref> Afoforo ka eyi ho asɛm sɛ bere a "nsu ho nimdeɛ a emu yɛ den" a osutɔ a ɛkɔ soro afe biara no mu dodow no ara fi osu a ɛtɔ a emu yɛ den kɛse na ɛtɔ mmere bi a nsuyiri sen sɛ osu bɛtɔ mpɛn pii, anaasɛ nnwuma afoforo a ɛte saa ara<ref>{{cite journal|last1=L'Hote|first1=Yann|last2=Mahe|first2=Gil|last3=Some|first3=Bonaventure|title=The 1990s rainfall in the Sahel: the third driest decade since the beginning of the century|journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal|date=June 2003|volume=48|issue=3|pages=493–496|doi=10.1623/hysj.48.3.493.45283|bibcode=2003HydSJ..48..493L|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nicholson|first1=S. E.|last2=Some|first2=B.|last3=Kone|first3=B.|date=1 July 2000|title=An Analysis of Recent Rainfall Conditions in West Africa, Including the Rainy Seasons of the 1997 El Niño and the 1998 La Niña Years|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=13|issue=14|pages=2628–2640|bibcode=2000JCli...13.2628N|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2628:AAORRC>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> si ɔpɛ a ɛkɔ so no so dua ɛwom mpo sɛ osu no akɔ soro de. Efi 1985 no, nsuyiri anum anaa nea ɛboro saa aka nnipa ɔha biara mu 54 wɔ Sahel mantam aman 17 no mu.<ref name="Sahel2011">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170228014910/http://www.unep.org/pdf/UNEP_Sahel_EN.pdf Livelihood Security Climate Change, Migration and Conflict in the Sahel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228014910/http://www.unep.org/pdf/UNEP_Sahel_EN.pdf|date=28 February 2017}} 2011</ref> Wɔ afe 2012 mu no, wɔbɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ ɔpɛ a emu yɛ den sii wɔ Sahel. Nniso ahorow a ɛwɔ ɔmantam no mu yɛɛ ho biribi ntɛm ara, na wofii akwan horow a wɔbɛfa so adi asɛm no ho dwuma ase.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fominyen|first=George|title=Coming weeks critical to tackle Sahel hunger – U.N. humanitarian chief|url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/coming-weeks-critical-to-tackle-sahel-hunger-un-humanitarian-chief|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603231542/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/coming-weeks-critical-to-tackle-sahel-hunger-un-humanitarian-chief/|archive-date=3 June 2012|access-date=10 June 2012|publisher=Thomson Reuters Foundation}}</ref> Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɔmantam no benya nsakrae wɔ osutɔ nhyehyɛe mu, a wim tebea ho nhwɛso ahorow kyerɛ sɛ osutɔ a ɛso tew wɔ osutɔ bere mu no taa yɛ kɛse wɔ Sahel atɔe fam, na ɛkɔ soro kɛse wɔ Sahel mfinimfini kosi apuei fam, ɛwom sɛ wontumi nnye ntom sɛ nneɛma a ɛne ne ho bɔ abira de.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rowell|first1=David P.|last2=Senior|first2=Catherine A.|last3=Vellinga|first3=Michael|last4=Graham|first4=Richard J.|year=2016|title=Can climate projection uncertainty be constrained over Africa using metrics of contemporary performance?|journal=Climatic Change|volume=134|issue=4|pages=621–633|bibcode=2016ClCh..134..621R|doi=10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Berthou|first1=Ségolène|last2=Rowell|first2=David P.|last3=Kendon|first3=Elizabeth J.|last4=Roberts|first4=Malcolm J.|last5=Stratton|first5=Rachel A.|last6=Crook|first6=Julia A.|last7=Wilcox|first7=Catherine|title=Improved climatological precipitation characteristics over West Africa at convection-permitting scales|journal=Climate Dynamics|date=August 2019|volume=53|issue=3–4|pages=1991–2011|doi=10.1007/s00382-019-04759-4|bibcode=2019ClDy...53.1991B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kendon|first1=Elizabeth J.|last2=Stratton|first2=Rachel A.|last3=Tucker|first3=Simon|last4=Marsham|first4=John H.|last5=Berthou|first5=Ségolène|last6=Rowell|first6=David P.|last7=Senior|first7=Catherine A.|date=2019|title=Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale|journal=Nature Communications|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1794|bibcode=2019NatCo..10.1794K|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9|pmc=6478940|pmid=31015416}}</ref> Saa nneɛma yi bɛka nsuyiri, ɔpɛ, anhweatam a ɛdannan, anhwea ne mfutuma ahum, anhweatam so mmoadabi ɔyaredɔm ne nsu a ɛho yɛ na mpɛn pii ne sɛnea emu yɛ den no.<ref>{{cite news|title=IPCC Sees Severe Climate Change Impacts on Africa|publisher=ABC Live|agency=ABC Live|url=http://abclive.in/ipcc-climate-change-impacts-africa/|access-date=7 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Vogel|first=Coleen|author1-link=Coleen Vogel|title=Why Africa is particularly vulnerable to climate change|work=The Conversation|url=http://theconversation.com/why-africa-is-particularly-vulnerable-to-climate-change-41775|access-date=2017-08-07}}</ref> Nanso, ɛmfa ho nsakrae a ɛba osu a ɛtɔ wɔ mmere bi mu no, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ahum a ano yɛ den sen biara no bɛyɛ kɛse, na ɛbɛma nsuyiri a ɛtaa ba no ayɛ kɛse.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Berthou|first1=Ségolène|last2=Rowell|first2=David P.|last3=Kendon|first3=Elizabeth J.|last4=Roberts|first4=Malcolm J.|last5=Stratton|first5=Rachel A.|last6=Crook|first6=Julia A.|last7=Wilcox|first7=Catherine|date=12 April 2019|title=Improved climatological precipitation characteristics over West Africa at convection-permitting scales|journal=Climate Dynamics|volume=53|issue=3–4|pages=1991–2011|bibcode=2019ClDy...53.1991B|doi=10.1007/s00382-019-04759-4|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kendon|first1=Elizabeth J.|last2=Stratton|first2=Rachel A.|last3=Tucker|first3=Simon|last4=Marsham|first4=John H.|last5=Berthou|first5=Ségolène|last6=Rowell|first6=David P.|last7=Senior|first7=Catherine A.|date=23 April 2019|title=Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale|journal=Nature Communications|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1794|bibcode=2019NatCo..10.1794K|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9|pmc=6478940|pmid=31015416}}</ref> Carbon a wɔtow gu a ɛkɔ soro ne wiase nyinaa hyew nso betumi ama osutɔ a ɛkɔ soro titiriw wɔ Guinea Mpoano nyinaa a ɛne nsu a ɛtɔ a ɛso tew wɔ wiase nyinaa hyew a ɛyɛ 1.5&nbsp;°C ne 2&nbsp;°C nyinaa ase no wɔ abusuabɔ.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Klutse|first1=Nana Ama Browne|last2=Ajayi|first2=Vincent O|last3=Gbobaniyi|first3=Emiola Olabode|last4=Egbebiyi|first4=Temitope S|last5=Kouadio|first5=Kouakou|last6=Nkrumah|first6=Francis|last7=Quagraine|first7=Kwesi Akumenyi|last8=Olusegun|first8=Christiana|last9=Diasso|first9=Ulrich|last10=Abiodun|first10=Babatunde J|last11=Lawal|first11=Kamoru|last12=Nikulin|first12=Grigory|last13=Lennard|first13=Christopher|last14=Dosio|first14=Alessandro|title=Potential impact of 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming on consecutive dry and wet days over West Africa|journal=Environmental Research Letters|date=1 May 2018|volume=13|issue=5|pages=055013|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aab37b|doi-access=free|bibcode=2018ERL....13e5013A}}</ref> Sahel mantam mu nnipa ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu dunum nso anya ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro bɛboro 1&nbsp;°C firi afe 1970 kɔsi afe 2010. Sahel mantam no, titire no, bɛnya ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu baako yi mu ne nsakraeɛ a ɛba osuo nhyehyɛeɛ mu, sɛdeɛ no [[:en:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|Aban Ntam Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Wim Tebea Nsakrae So]] (IPCC). == Nsakrae A Wɔyɛ Wɔ Nsakrae Mu == Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔatew nkɛntɛnso a wim nsakrae de ba Afrika aman so no so no, ɛho hia sɛ wɔyɛ nsakrae wɔ akwan horow so – efi mpɔtam hɔ kosi ɔman ne ɔmantam mu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climateanalytics.org/media/schaeffer_et_al__2013__africao__s_a_daptation_gap_technical_report.pdf|title=Africa's Adaptation Gap, Technical Report: Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation Challenges, and Costs for Africa|last=Climate Analytics|website=Climate Analytics|access-date=2024-07-03|archive-date=2022-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117055339/https://climateanalytics.org/media/schaeffer_et_al__2013__africao__s_a_daptation_gap_technical_report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yebetumi akyerɛ awo ntoatoaso a edi kan a wɔyɛ nsakrae wɔ Afrika no kɛse sɛ ɛyɛ nketewa wɔ abɔde mu, a wɔde wɔn adwene asi sika a wɔde asi wɔn ani so wɔ kuayɛ mu ne mfiridwuma a wɔbɛtrɛw mu de aboa gyinaesi a ɛfa nsakrae ho.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Troni|first=Jessica|title=Climate change adaptation in Africa : UNDP synthesis of experiences and recommendations|year=2018|oclc=1079881730}}</ref> Nnansa yi ara, nhyehyɛe ho mmɔdenbɔ asan akɔ mmɔdenbɔ akɛse a wɔayɛ no biako so, na wɔadi nsɛm a ɛfa nnwuma ahorow pii ho no ho dwuma. Sɛnea afe 2023 nhwehwɛmu bi kyerɛ no, Afrika sikakorabea ahorow 59% wɔ wim nsakrae ho nhyehyɛe a wɔayɛ, na 22% foforo nso ayɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ wɔde bi bedi dwuma. Mprempren sikakorabea ahorow 65% susuw wim tebea ho asiane ho bere a wɔresusuw afɛfo anaa nnwuma foforo ho no, na 23% foforo hwɛ kwan sɛ wɔbɛyɛ saa daakye.<ref name="EIB-2023">{{Cite book|last=Bank|first=European Investment|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230088-finance-in-africa|title=Finance in Africa: Uncertain times, resilient banks: African finance at a crossroads|date=2023-09-27|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-5598-7|language=EN}}</ref> Wim tebea ho nkɔmhyɛ mfiridwuma a wɔatu mpɔn wɔ Afrika Sahara anafo fam no ho hia na ama wɔahu sɛnea wɔbɛyɛ wɔn ade wɔ wim nsakrae ho,<ref name="Youds-20212">{{Cite journal|last1=Youds|first1=L.|last2=Parker|first2=D. J.|last3=Adefisan|first3=E. A.|last4=Antwi-Agyei|first4=P.|last5=Bain|first5=C. L.|last6=Black|first6=E. C. L.|last7=Blyth|first7=A. M.|last8=Dougill|first8=A. J.|last9=Hirons|first9=L. C.|date=13 May 2021|title=GCRF African SWIFT White Paper Policy Brief: The future of African weather forecasting|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/174093/|access-date=2021-05-13|website=eprints.whiterose.ac.uk|language=en|doi=10.5518/100/67}}</ref> sɛ ɛbɛboa gyinaesi a ɛfa nsakrae a wɔbɛyɛ wɔ wim nsakrae ho sɛ nhwɛso no<ref name="Youds-20212"/> Wɔ Amanaman Nkabom no Nhyiamu a ɛtɔ so aduonu baako (COP) wɔ afe 2015 mu no, Afrika aman mpaninfoɔ de Africa Adaptation Initiative (AAI) sii hɔ. AAI akwankyerɛ boayikuo no yɛ Afrika Asomfoɔ Nhyiamu a ɛhwɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so (AMCEN) Dwumadibea ne Afrika Nkitahodifoɔ Kuo (AGN) no guamtrani.<ref>[https://africaadaptationinitiative.org/#about2 Africa Adaptation Initiative]</ref> Europa Aman Nkabom Kuo nso boa Africa Adaptation Initiative no<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.africa.undp.org/content/rba/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2020/european-union-ramps-up-support-to-africa-adaptation-initiative-.html|title=European Union ramps up support to Africa Adaptation Initiative|website=United Nations Development Programme|date=22 January 2020|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510103326/https://www.africa.undp.org/content/rba/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2020/european-union-ramps-up-support-to-africa-adaptation-initiative-.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Europa Aman Nkabom Kuo no ne Afrika Aman Nkabom Kuo no ayɛ adwuma abom wɔ nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma yie, nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔbɛtumi agyina ano, ne wim nsakraeɛ a wɔbɛbrɛ ase no ho nkuran<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africa-eu-partnership.org/en/strategic-priority-areas/strengthening-resilience-peace-security-and-governance|title=Strengthening Resilience, Peace, Security and Governance|access-date=13 December 2023|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510085847/https://africa-eu-partnership.org/en/strategic-priority-areas/strengthening-resilience-peace-security-and-governance|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wɔ ɔmantam no mu no, ɔmantam nhyehyɛe ne nneyɛe a wɔde boa nsakrae a wɔbɛyɛ wɔ Afrika nyinaa da so ara wɔ ne mmofraase. [[:en:IPCC Fifth Assessment Report|IPCC Nhwehwɛmu Amanneɛbɔ a Ɛto so Anum (AR5) .]] si nhwɛsoɔ a ɛfa mpɔtam hɔ wim nsakraeɛ ho dwumadie nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ ho so dua, a deɛ wɔayɛ no ka ho [[:en:Southern African Development Community|Afrika Kesee Fam Nkɔso Kuw]] (SADC) ne Ɔtare Victoria Basin Boayikuw.<ref name=":0r2">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf|title=Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.|year=2014}}</ref> Wɔ ɔman no mu no, wɔnam Ɔman Nsakraeɛ Nhyehyɛeɛ a Wɔde Yɛ Adwuma (NAPAs) anaa Ɔman Wim Tebea Nsakraeɛ Ho Mmuaeɛ Ho Nhyehyɛeɛ (NCCRS) so na ɛyɛɛ nhyehyɛeɛ bebree a wɔde bɛyɛ nsakraeɛ ntɛm. Nanso, wɔde adi dwuma brɛoo, na adi afra wɔ nneɛma a wɔde ma mu.<ref name="date">{{Cite journal|last1=Pardoe|first1=Joanna|last2=Conway|first2=Declan|last3=Namaganda|first3=Emilinah|last4=Vincent|first4=Katharine|last5=Dougill|first5=Andy|last6=Kashaigili|first6=Japhet|date=2018|title=Climate Change and the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Policy and Practice in Tanzania.|journal=Climate Policy|volume=18|issue=7|pages=863–877|doi=10.1080/14693062.2017.1386082|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wim nsakrae a wɔde bɛka sikasɛm ne nkɔso ho nhyehyɛe a ɛtrɛw ho no da so ara yɛ kakraa bi nanso ɛrenya nkɔanim.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lessons learned in preparing national adaptation programmes of action in Eastern and Southern Africa|last1=Osman-Elasha|first1=Balgis|last2=Downing|first2=Tom|publisher=Stockholm Environment Institute|year=2007}}</ref><ref name=":0r3">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf|title=Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.|year=2014}}</ref> Wɔ ɔman nketewa mu no, amansin ne nkuropɔn mu atumfoɔ bebree nso reyɛ wɔn ankasa akwan, sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, Western Cape Wim Tebea Nsakraeɛ Ho Mmuaeɛ Nhyehyɛeɛ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2015/march/western_cape_climate_change_response_strategy_2014.pdf|title=Western Cape Climate Change Response Strategy|last=Western Cape Government|date=2014|access-date=2024-07-03|archive-date=2023-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220102835/https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2015/march/western_cape_climate_change_response_strategy_2014.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nanso, mpɛn pii no, mfiridwuma mu ahoɔden ne nneɛma a ɛwɔ hɔ a wɔde bedi nhyehyɛe ahorow ho dwuma no sua. Wɔde adwene kɛse asi Afrika nyinaa so sɛ wɔde nnwuma a wɔde bɛsakra nneɛma a egyina mpɔtam hɔ so bedi dwuma. Wɔagye atom kɛse sɛ mmoa a wɔde ma wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nsakrae ho no ye yiye denam mpɔtam hɔ nsakrae tumi a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw a wobefi ase, na wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ aborɔfo nimdeɛ ne nneyɛe mu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ofoegbu|first1=Chidiebere|last2=Chirwa|first2=Paxie|last3=Francis|first3=Joseph|last4=Babalola|first4=Folaranmi|date=15 May 2017|title=Assessing vulnerability of rural communities to climate change: A review of implications for forest-based livelihoods in South Africa|journal=International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management|volume=9|issue=3|pages=374–386|doi=10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2016-0044|hdl=2263/61659|hdl-access=free}}</ref> IPCC si akwan horow bi a edi mu a wɔfa so hyɛ nsakrae a etu mpɔn ho nkuran wɔ Afrika so dua, na ɛkyerɛ nnyinasosɛm anum a wɔtaa de di dwuma.<ref name=":0r2" /> Eyinom bi ne: # Mmoa a wɔde ma wɔ akwan horow a wɔfa so yɛ nsakrae a wɔde wɔn ho ma no a wɔbɛma ayɛ kɛse; # Adwene a wɔbɛma akɔ soro wɔ amammerɛ, abrabɔ pa, ne hokwan ahorow a wosusuw ho wɔ nsakrae ho (titiriw denam mmea, mmabun, ne ahiafo ne nnipa a wonni ahobammɔ a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ nsakrae dwumadi ahorow mu denneennen so); [[File:Leptis_Magna_amphitheatre_-_panoramio.jpg|left|thumb| Leptis Magna agoprama, a wotumi hu po no wɔ akyi no nkae]] [[File:Access_to_wood_and_water_appears_to_be_severely_impacted_by_climate_change_in_Kenya_and_Cameroon.png|thumb|Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 2022 mu aba no kyerɛ sɛ ɛte sɛ nea wim nsakrae a ɛba Kenya ne Cameroon no aka nnua ne nsu a wobenya no kɛse.]] [[File:Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_(%25_of_surveyed_African_banks).png|thumb|Sikasɛm hokwan ahorow a ɛyɛ ahabammono ne nneɛma a efi sikakorabea ahorow a wɔayɛ mu nhwehwɛmu wɔ European Investment Bank ’s Banking in Africa nhwehwɛmu mu]] [[File:Climate_risk_approach_(%25_of_surveyed_African_banks).png|thumb|Nea efii mu bae a ɛfa Afrika sikakorabea ahorow wim tebea ho asiane kwan (sikakorabea ahorow a wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu no mu %) fi Europa Sikakorabea Sikakorabea wɔ Afrika nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 2021 mu]] [[File:Climate_change_specific_personnel_(%25_of_surveyed_African_banks).png|thumb|Wim nsakrae pɔtee adwumayɛfo a wɔwɔ Afrika sikakorabea ahorow a wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ European Investment Bank Banking in Africa nhwehwɛmu (Afrika sikakorabea ahorow a wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu no mu %) .]] <references /> idyywburfkdr4kheiqnpode7ue2cqjm 0 16654 200496 179977 2026-08-10T18:20:36Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} {{Databox}} '''Asɛmfua Kwashiorkor firi Nkran kasa mu.'''<ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> Ɛyɛ yadeɛ bi a sɛ ɛyɛ obi a na ama ne yafunu ayɛ kɛseɛ. Mmɔfra na wɔnya. Wɔnya wɔ berɛ a wɔnni nnuane a ɛbɛma wɔn nnuane nnuro bi te sɛ. Deɛ ɛma yadeɛ no da adi pa ara ne sɛ abɔfra no bɛfɔn na ne yafunu nso ayɛ kɛseɛ . Nhehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ, sɛ mmɔfra di adeɛ bi a, wɔfrɛ no [https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-weight/managing-your-weight/understanding-calories/ calorie] kɛse sene nnuane a [https://hospitals.aku.edu/nairobi/AboutUs/News/Pages/Nutrients-deficiency-in-children.aspx protein] wɔ mu a na ɛkɔfa kwashiorkor yi ba. Nhwehwɛmu a apɔmuden adwumayɛfoɔ ayɛ nansa yi dan no adi pefee sɛ sɛ nnuane nnuro bi te sɛ [https://hospitals.aku.edu/nairobi/AboutUs/News/Pages/Nutrients-deficiency-in-children.aspx Vitamin C] nso tɔ sin wɔ abɔfra aduane mu a, ɛnyɛ den sɛ ɔbɛnya kwashiorkor.<ref name="Pham Alou Golden et al 2021">{{cite journal|last1=Pham|first1=Thi-Phuong-Thao|last2=Alou|first2=Maryam Tidjani|last3=Golden|first3=Michael H.|last4=Million|first4=Matthieu|last5=Raoult|first5=Didier|title=Difference between kwashiorkor and marasmus: Comparative meta-analysis of pathogenic characteristics and implications for treatment|journal=Microbial Pathogenesis|date=January 2021|volume=150|pages=104702|doi=10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104702|pmid=33359074|s2cid=229694345|url=https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03216130|access-date=9 February 2023|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210090745/https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03216130|url-status=live}}</ref> Yɛnim pefeee sɛ sɛ saa nnuane nnuro yi tɔ sin wɔ abɔfra mu a ɛtumi ma ɔnya kwashiorkor. Nanso, kwan a kwashiorkor no fa so ba anaa nneɛma nkaeɛ a ɛde ba no deɛ, apɔmuden adwumayɛfoɔ ntumi nnaa no adi.<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Liu T, Howard RM, Mancini AJ, Weston WL, Paller AS, Drolet BA, Esterly NB, Levy ML, Schachner L, Frieden IJ|date=2001|title=Kwashiorkor in the United States: fad diets, perceived and true milk allergy, and nutritional ignorance|url=http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11346341|journal=Archives of Dermatology|volume=137|issue=5|pages=630–6|pmid=11346341}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> == Abakɔsɛm Kakra == Nhwehwɛmu pii na wɔfiri mmerɛ tenten ayɛ afa yadeɛ kwashiorkor ho wɔ wiase afa nnan nyinaa.<ref name="Nott2021">{{cite journal |last1=Nott |first1=John |title='No one may starve in the British Empire': Kwashiorkor, Protein and the Politics of Nutrition Between Britain and Africa |journal=Social History of Medicine |date=May 2021 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=553–576 |doi=10.1093/shm/hkz107|pmc=8162845|pmid= 34084092}}</ref> Nanso, Jamaica dɔkota Cicely Williams a ɔhwɛ mmɔfra nhwehwɛmu a ɔyɛeɛ no na agye din pa ara. Ɔyɛɛ ne nhwehwɛmu no wɔ afe apem, ahankron ne aduasa num. Deɛ nti a ne deɛ no gyee din ne sɛ, ɔno na watumi akyerɛ yadeɛ kwashiorkor mu yie pa ara. Wɔde nidie kɛseɛ ma no esiane sɛ ɔno na ɔdii kan yɛ kwashiorkor ho nhwehwɛmu ansa na afoforɔ nso rebɛtoa so. Ɔno na ɔdii kan kaa sɛ yadeɛ no ase firi protein sintɔ mu.<ref name="williams1933">{{cite journal|vauthors=Williams CD|date=1983|orig-year=1933|title=Fifty years ago. Archives of Diseases in Childhood 1933. A nutritional disease of childhood associated with a maize diet|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood|volume=58|issue=7|pages=550–60|doi=10.1136/adc.58.7.550|pmc=1628206|pmid=6347092}}</ref><ref name="williams1935">{{cite journal | vauthors = Williams CD, Oxon BM, Lond H | title = Kwashiorkor: a nutritional disease of children associated with a maize diet. 1935 | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 81 | issue = 12 | pages = 912–3 | year = 1935 | pmid = 14997245 | pmc = 2572388 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)94666-X | author-link = Cicely Williams }} Reprint: {{cite journal | vauthors = Williams CD, Oxon BM, Lond H | title = Kwashiorkor: a nutritional disease of children associated with a maize diet. 1935 | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 81 | issue = 12 | pages = 912–3 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14997245 | pmc = 2572388 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)94666-X }}</ref> Wɔnyaa din kwashiorkor no firii Nkran kasa mu wɔ [[Ghana]]. Ne nkyerɛaseɛ ne sɛ " yadeɛ a ɛma akwadaa toro".<ref name="listeningga">{{cite book |doi=10.1163/9789004333390_008 |chapter=Listening to the Ga: Cicely Williams' Discovery of Kwashiorkor on the Gold Coast |title=Women and Modern Medicine |year=2001 |pages=149–171 |pmid=11603151 |isbn=978-90-04-33339-0 |last1=Stanton |first1=J. |series=Clio Medica |volume=61 |chapter-url=https://www.wphna.org/htdocs/downloadsMar2012/Listening%20to%20the%20Ga.pdf |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201013530/http://www.wphna.org/htdocs/downloadsMar2012/Listening%20to%20the%20Ga.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Nhwehwɛmufoɔ kyerɛ a, ɛhyɛ wɔ nufunsuo ma mu. Wɔn a wɔntaa nnom nufunsuo no taa nya kwashiorkor.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Velly H, Britton RA, Preidis GA|date=2017|title=Mechanisms of cross-talk between the diet, the intestinal microbiome, and the undernourished host|journal=Gut Microbes|volume=8|issue=2|pages=98–112|doi=10.1080/19490976.2016.1267888|pmc=5390823|pmid=27918230}}</ref> == Nsɛnkyerɛnne == Kwashiorkor ho nsɛnkyerɛnne baako pa arane ahonhono. Ahonhono no gu ahodoɔ bebree. Deɛ obi nya kwashiorkor a yɛhunu no yɛ deɛ ɛwɔ nipa no afu. Edin a apɔmuden adwumayɛfoɔ de frɛ no ne endema. Sɛ nsuo bi gyina nipadua no baabi te sɛ nafuru mu, ne nan ase anaa baabi foforɔ bi na sɛ baabi a nsuo no gyina no hono a, ɛno na yɛfrɛ no endema. Esiane sɛ protein nni abɔfra no nipadua mu a ɛbɛte starch a cabohydrate gya wɔ nipadua no mu no so nyi, calorie bɛdɔɔso. Afei, ɛma nsuo gyina abɔfra no yafunu mu. Na ɛhyɛ aseɛ hono Yafunu hono. Ɛwom sɛ yafunu no hono a ɛma abɔfra no ho ntene no deɛ, nanso, ɛnyɛ adeɛ a ɛyɛ ya. Sɛ abɔfra bi yafunu hyɛ na sɛ ɔte yaw a ɔntumi nnyina ano a, wɔnhyɛ no nso sɛ ɛnyɛ Kwashiorkor na mmom yareɛ foforɔ bi a ebia ɛyɛ hu mpo sene kwashiorkor.<ref name="Pham Alou Golden et al 2021"/> == Deɛ Ɛde Ba == Nneɛma a ɛkeka bom de kwashiorkor ba no ho asɛm ka akɔyɛ Boakye bi din. Wɔntumi nhyɛ da nsi no pi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ennonline.net/attachments/2314/Kwashiorkor-still-an-enigma-CMAM-Forum-Dec-2014.pdf|title=Kwashiorkor: still an enigma – the search must go on|last=Briend|first=Andre|name-list-style=vanc|date=2014|website=Emergency Nutrition Network|access-date=2019-08-02|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215095457/https://www.ennonline.net/attachments/2314/Kwashiorkor-still-an-enigma-CMAM-Forum-Dec-2014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pham |first1=Thi-Phuong-Thao |last2=Tidjani Alou |first2=Maryam |last3=Bachar |first3=Dipankar |last4=Levasseur |first4=Anthony |last5=Brah |first5=Souleymane |last6=Alhousseini |first6=Daouda |last7=Sokhna |first7=Cheikh |last8=Diallo |first8=Aldiouma |last9=Wieringa |first9=Frank |last10=Million |first10=Matthieu |last11=Raoult |first11=Didier |title=Gut Microbiota Alteration is Characterized by a Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria Bloom in Kwashiorkor and a Bacteroidetes Paucity in Marasmus |journal=Scientific Reports |date=December 2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=9084 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-45611-3 |pmid=31235833 |pmc=6591176 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.9084P }}{{Retracted|doi=10.1038/s41598-023-44593-7|pmid=37903834|https://retractionwatch.com/?s=Didier+Raoult ''Retraction Watch''}}</ref><ref name="Smith Yatsunenko Manary 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Michelle I. |last2=Yatsunenko |first2=Tanya |last3=Manary |first3=Mark J. |last4=Trehan |first4=Indi |last5=Mkakosya |first5=Rajhab |last6=Cheng |first6=Jiye |last7=Kau |first7=Andrew L. |last8=Rich |first8=Stephen S. |last9=Concannon |first9=Patrick |last10=Mychaleckyj |first10=Josyf C. |last11=Liu |first11=Jie |last12=Houpt |first12=Eric |last13=Li |first13=Jia V. |last14=Holmes |first14=Elaine |last15=Nicholson |first15=Jeremy |last16=Knights |first16=Dan |last17=Ursell |first17=Luke K. |last18=Knight |first18=Rob |last19=Gordon |first19=Jeffrey I. |title=Gut Microbiomes of Malawian Twin Pairs Discordant for Kwashiorkor |journal=Science |date=February 2013 |volume=339 |issue=6119 |pages=548–554 |doi=10.1126/science.1229000 |pmid=23363771 |pmc=3667500 |bibcode=2013Sci...339..548S }}</ref> Bebree na nkorɔfoɔ aka. Nanso ne nyinaa yɛ deɛ ɛgyina Williams deɛ no so. Wɔnyɛɛ da nnaa ade foforɔ biara adi bio.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Smith Yatsunenko Manary 2013"/><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Velly H, Britton RA, Preidis GA|date=2017|title=Mechanisms of cross-talk between the diet, the intestinal microbiome, and the undernourished host|journal=Gut Microbes|volume=8|issue=2|pages=98–112|doi=10.1080/19490976.2016.1267888|pmc=5390823|pmid=27918230}}</ref> == Nsɔano == Ɛkwan titriw a wɔbɛtumi afa so asɔ kwashiorkor ano ne sɛ wɔbɛma protein adɔɔso wɔ mmɔfra aduane mu asene [https://medlineplus.gov/carbohydrates.html cabohydrate.]<ref name="Smith Yatsunenko Manary 2013"/> <ref name="Grover & Ee 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Grover |first1=Zubin |last2=Ee |first2=Looi C. |title=Protein Energy Malnutrition |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-clinics-of-north-america_2009-10_56_5/page/1055 |journal=Pediatric Clinics of North America |date=October 2009 |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=1055–1068 |doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2009.07.001 |pmid=19931063 }}</ref> == Beaeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Nyarewa]] [[Nkyekyεmu:Kwashiorkor]] 99w8nxkvhgnw7c2niyxo6212ej25xmv 0 16660 200519 180140 2026-08-10T18:56:44Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 6 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}}Sɛ {{Databox |item=Q2062483}} obi regya ne nan na sɛ ne kɔkɔbo pue bɛtetɛ ne to a, ɛno na yɛfrɛ no kɔkɔbo yareɛ, deɛ yɛfrɛ no rectal prolapse wɔ borɔfo kasa mu no.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rectal Prolapse: Diagnosis and Clinical Management|vauthors=Altomare DF, Pucciani F|publisher=Springer|year=2007|page=12|isbn=978-88-470-0683-6}}</ref> Nhwehwɛmu akyerɛ sɛ saa tebea yi gu ahodoɔ mmeɛnsa de rekɔ enum ( wɔnhyɛɛ da nna no adi pefee). Saa nkyekyɛmu yi gyina kwan a kɔkɔbo no fa so pue so. Ebi wɔ hɔ a epue nanso wɔnhyɛ da nhunu no papa. Ebi nso wɔ hɔ a, epue.<ref name="ASCRS: Prolapse and Intussusception">{{cite web|vauthors=Kim DG|title=ASCRS core subjects: Prolapse andIntussusception|url=http://www.fascrs.org/physicians/education/core_subject/2000/prolapse_and_intussusception/|publisher=ASCRS|access-date=14 October 2012|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227041506/https://fascrs.org/physicians/education/core_subject/2000/prolapse_and_intussusception/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Contemporary surgery online">{{cite web|vauthors=Kiran RP|title=How stapled resection can treat rectal prolapse|url=http://www.contemporarysurgery.com/inside.asp?ArtID=6287|publisher=Contemporary surgery online|access-date=14 October 2012|archive-date=7 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507105202/http://www.contemporarysurgery.com/inside.asp?ArtID=6287|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yɛyi [https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/24785-rectum-function#:~:text=Your%20rectum%20is%20at%20the,AnatomyConditions%20and%20DisordersCare kɔkɔbo] a epue no si nkyɛn a mpɛn pii no, ɛyɛ a [[kɔkɔboyareɛ]] nhyɛ da nnan nsɛnkyerɛnne foforɔ biara adi. Deɛ ɛtumi si nanso ɛntaa nsi no bi ne sɛ; nsuo tumi firi deɛ wanya kɔkɔboyareɛ no to ba. Mogya nso tumi firi nipa no to ba .<ref>{{Citation |title=Rectal prolapse - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectal-prolapse/symptoms-causes/syc-20352837 |language=en |access-date=2024-06-22}}</ref> Mmaa mpanimfoɔ titriw na wɔtaa nya kɔkɔbo yareɛ. Nyɛ wɔn nko, obiara tumi nya bi , nanso, mma mpanimfoɔ yi na wɔtaa nya no paa. Yareɛ yi nyɛ [https://www.healthline.com/health/top-10-deadliest-diseases owuyadeɛ], nanso, sɛ wɔansɔ ano a, ɛho nsɛnkyerɛnne no tumi ha adwene pa ara.<ref>{{Citation |title=Rectal prolapse - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectal-prolapse/symptoms-causes/syc-20352837 |language=en |access-date=2024-06-22}}</ref> Wɔtumi fa oprehyɛn so sɔ kɔkɔbo yareɛ ano, titriw, deɛ epue no. Deɛ empue no deɛ, ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛsɔ ano. Wɔntumi mpo nyɛ ho oprehyɛn. {{TOC limit|3}} == Nkyekyɛmu == [[File:Internalrectalintussusceptionexternalrectalprolapse.JPG|thumb|424x424px|'''Nkyekyɛmu no gu ahodoɔ mmienu.''' '''A'''. Deɛ epueB. Deɛ empue]] .<ref name="Samson2015">{{cite journal|vauthors=Tou S, Brown SR, Nelson RL|title=Surgery for complete (full-thickness) rectal prolapse in adults|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=11|pages=CD001758|date=November 2015|volume=2015|pmid=26599079|pmc=7073406|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001758.pub3}}</ref><ref>Altomare, Pucciani (2007) p.14</ref> == Deɛ Ɛde ba == Adwenkyerɛ a ɛfa adeɛ a ɛde [[kɔkɔboyareɛ]] ba ho no gu ahodoɔ mmienu. Ebinom gye di sɛ kɔkɔboyareɛ yɛ nyarewa afoforɔ bi ho nsunsuansoɔ. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ, biribi a wɔfrɛ no [https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14615-rectal-prolapse internal intussusception] na ɛde kɔkɔboyareɛ ba. Nanso nhwehwɛmu akyerɛ sɛ, saa tebea no rentumi mma obi kɔkɔbo mpue. Ebinom nso gye di sɛ, ɛno ankasa ne yareɛ no. Saa kuo no adwene ne sɛ ebia nipa no kɔ baabi so a ɔnsusu nkyem. Na ɛno na ɛtɔ kɔ so a, ɛma ne kɔkɔbo no pue. Wɔnnye nni sɛ sintɔ a nyarewa bi de ba ne [https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14615-rectal-prolapse turumu nneɛma] no bi ho nsunsuansoɔ na ɛma kɔkɔbo no pue. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Christiansen J, Zhu BW, Rasmussen OO, Sørensen M | title = Internal rectal intussusception: results of surgical repair | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diseases-of-the-colon-rectum_1992-11_35_11/page/1026 | journal = Diseases of the Colon and Rectum | volume = 35 | issue = 11 | pages = 1026–8; discussion 1028–9 | date = November 1992 | pmid = 1425046 | doi = 10.1007/bf02252991 | s2cid = 9443258 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Christiansen J, Hesselfeldt P, Sørensen M | title = Treatment of internal rectal intussusception in patients with chronic constipation | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_scandinavian-journal-of-gastroenterology_1995-05_30_5/page/470 | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology | volume = 30 | issue = 5 | pages = 470–472 | date = May 1995 | pmid = 7638574 | doi = 10.3109/00365529509093309 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ihre T, Seligson U | title = Intussusception of the rectum-internal procidentia: treatment and results in 90 patients | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diseases-of-the-colon-rectum_july-august-1975_18_5/page/391 | journal = Diseases of the Colon and Rectum | volume = 18 | issue = 5 | pages = 391–396 | date = Jul–Aug 1975 | pmid = 1149581 | doi = 10.1007/bf02587429 | s2cid = 13534724 }}</ref> Wɔnhyɛ no nso sɛ, kɔkɔboyareɛ a ɛma kɔkɔbo no pue tenteenten ne deɛ ɛmma kɔkɔbo no mpue no nsɛnkyerɛnne sesɛ.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dvorkin LS, Knowles CH, Scott SM, Williams NS, Lunniss PJ | title = Rectal intussusception: characterization of symptomatology | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diseases-of-the-colon-rectum_2005-04_48_4/page/824 | journal = Diseases of the Colon and Rectum | volume = 48 | issue = 4 | pages = 824–831 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15785903 | doi = 10.1007/s10350-004-0834-2 | s2cid = 21148803 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dvorkin LS, Gladman MA, Scott SM, Williams NS, Lunniss PJ | title = Rectal intussusception: a study of rectal biomechanics and visceroperception | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-gastroenterology_2005_100_7/page/1578 | journal = The American Journal of Gastroenterology | volume = 100 | issue = 7 | pages = 1578–1585 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 15984985 | doi = 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41114.x | s2cid = 21774948 }}</ref> <ref name="Bassotti">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bassotti G, Villanacci V, Bellomi A, Fante R, Cadei M, Vicenzi L, Tonelli F, Nesi G, Asteria CR | display-authors = 6 | title = An assessment of enteric nervous system and estroprogestinic receptors in obstructed defecation associated with rectal intussusception | journal = Neurogastroenterology and Motility | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = e155–e161 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22188470 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01850.x | s2cid = 2148155 }}</ref> <ref name="Abendstein 2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Abendstein B, Petros PE, Richardson PA, Goeschen K, Dodero D | title = The surgical anatomy of rectocele and anterior rectal wall intussusception | journal = International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction | volume = 19 | issue = 5 | pages = 705–710 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18074069 | doi = 10.1007/s00192-007-0513-7 | s2cid = 25614599 }}</ref> == Kwan A Wɔfa So Fii Ayarefoɔ == Sɛ kɔkɔbo no pue dea, ɛnyɛ den sɛ ayarehwɛfoɔ bɛhunu sɛ ɛyɛ kɔkɔbo yareɛ. Nanso sɛ ampue dea, mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ den sɛ ayarehwufoɔ no bɛhunu.<ref name="Goei 1990">{{cite journal | vauthors = Goei R, Baeten C | title = Rectal intussusception and rectal prolapse: detection and postoperative evaluation with defecography | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_radiology_1990-01_174_1/page/124 | journal = Radiology | volume = 174 | issue = 1 | pages = 124–126 | date = January 1990 | pmid = 2294538 | doi = 10.1148/radiology.174.1.2294538 }}</ref> == Nsɔano == Yɛadi kan aka sɛ kɔkɔboyareɛ a ɛma kɔkɔbo no pue no deɛ, wɔtumi fa [https://www.britannica.com/science/surgery-medicine oprehyɛn] so sɔ ano. Na deɛ ɛmma kɔkɔbo no mpue no deɛ, wɔntumi mfa oprehyɛn so nsɔ ano. Kwan a wɔfa so sa no bi ne [https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14459-pelvic-floor-dysfunction pelvic floor retraining],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Adusumilli S, Gosselink MP, Fourie S, Curran K, Jones OM, Cunningham C, Lindsey I | title = Does the presence of a high grade internal rectal prolapse affect the outcome of pelvic floor retraining in patients with faecal incontinence or obstructed defaecation? | journal = Colorectal Disease | volume = 15 | issue = 11 | pages = e680–e685 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 23890098 | doi = 10.1111/codi.12367 | s2cid = 30806620 }}</ref><ref name="ascrs">{{cite web| vauthors = Donald K |title=Prolapse and intussusception|url=http://www.fascrs.org/physicians/education/core_subjects/2000/prolapse_and_intussusception/|publisher=ASCRS|access-date=8 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124153600/http://www.fascrs.org/physicians/education/core_subjects/2000/prolapse_and_intussusception/|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> Apɔmuden ho nhwehwɛmufoɔ bi akyerɛ wɔn adwene sɛ, esiane sɛ kɔkɔbo no ampue a wɔntumi nyɛ oprehyɛn nti, ɛho bɛhia sɛ wɔfa akwan ahodoɔ foforɔ bi so sa .<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Felt-Bersma RJ, Tiersma ES, Stella MT, Cuesta MA | title = Rectal prolapse, rectal intussusception, rectocele, solitary rectal ulcer syndrome, and enterocele | journal = Gastroenterology Clinics of North America | volume = 37 | issue = 3 | pages = 645–68, ix | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18794001 | doi = 10.1016/j.gtc.2008.06.001 }}</ref> == Beaeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa Firiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Nyarewa]] [[Nkyekyεmu:Kɔkɔboyareɛ]] icxlchlosao863zf828x83s4ml38h9v 0 16691 200507 180899 2026-08-10T18:36:06Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} {{Databox|item=Q117484}}'''Ɛhoa (Dandruff''' ) yɛ honam ani yadeɛ a ɛtaa ba nipa tiri ho. Ɛma nneɛma mfitaamfitaa bi ba nipa no tiri ase. Ɛyɛ nso a, nipa no tiri ase keka no kakra, nyɛ bebree.<ref name="NHS2019">{{cite web|title=Dandruff|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dandruff/|website=nhs.uk|access-date=1 January 2020|language=en|date=18 October 2017|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101112002/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dandruff/|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation |last=Dan Tucker, Sadia Masood |title=Seborrheic Dermatitis |date=2024 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551707/ |work=StatPearls |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=31869171 |access-date=2024-07-02}}</ref>Ɛyɛ adeɛ a ɛtaa ha adwene yie pa ara. Esiane sɛ ɛba obi tiri ase a, ɛyɛ fitaa nti, wɔn a wɔwɔ bi no [[Adwene a obi nya wɔ ne ho|gyidie a wɔwɔ wɔ wɔn ankasa mu]] ( self esteem) so te.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Grimalt R|title=A practical guide to scalp disorders|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Symposium Proceedings|volume=12|issue=2|pages=10–14|date=December 2007|pmid=18004290|doi=10.1038/sj.jidsymp.5650048|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation |last=Dan Tucker, Sadia Masood |title=Seborrheic Dermatitis |date=2024 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551707/ |work=StatPearls |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=31869171 |access-date=2024-07-02}}</ref>Ɛhoa wɔ obi tiri ase kyɛ a, ɛduruu berɛ bi a, esiane sɛ ɛkeka no na ɔtaa titi nti, ne tiri ase tumi keka no. Wɔfrɛ saa tebea yi seborrhoeic dermatitis.<ref>{{Citation |last=Dan Tucker, Sadia Masood |title=Seborrheic Dermatitis |date=2024 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551707/ |work=StatPearls |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=31869171 |access-date=2024-07-02}}</ref> == Deɛ Ɛde Ba == Wɔhyɛɛ da nsii nnema a ɛde ɛhoa ba no pi. Mmom, wɔgye sɛ deɛ ɛdeba no bɛtumi ayɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no bi. Afei nso, wɔsan gye di sɛ ɛbɛtumi ayɛ adeɛ a wɔde wo. Awɔ berɛ mu pa ara na ɛtaa yi ne ho. Nyɛ saa berɛ yi nko; sɛ obi a ɛbi wɔ ne tirim ti fu boroso a, ɛma ɛhoa no yɛ bebree wɔ ne tirim.<ref name="Rang2010" /> Yɛnhyɛ ne nso sɛ, ɛhoa nyɛ ahonidie a obi nni ho nsunsuansoɔ.<ref>[https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dandruff/#:~:text=Dandruff%20is%20not%20caused%20by,dandruff%20and%20their%20main%20symptoms Dandruff] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101112002/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dandruff/#:~:text=Dandruff%20is%20not%20caused%20by,dandruff%20and%20their%20main%20symptoms|date=1 January 2020}}. [[National Health Service]]</ref><ref name="AAD2017">{{cite web |title=Dandruff: How to treat |url=https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/hair-and-scalp-problems/dandruff-how-to-treat |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329044659/https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/hair-scalp-care/scalp/treat-dandruff|archive-date=March 29, 2023|access-date=20 October 2017 |website=[[American Academy of Dermatology]]}}</ref><ref name="Rang2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ranganathan S, Mukhopadhyay T | title = Dandruff: the most commercially exploited skin disease | journal = Indian Journal of Dermatology | volume = 55 | issue = 2 | pages = 130–134 | date = 2010 | pmid = 20606879 | pmc = 2887514 | doi = 10.4103/0019-5154.62734 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Up2019">{{cite web |title=Patient education: Seborrheic dermatitis (including dandruff and cradle cap) (Beyond the Basics) |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/seborrheic-dermatitis-including-dandruff-and-cradle-cap-beyond-the-basics |website=www.uptodate.com |access-date=1 January 2020 |archive-date=1 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101112000/https://www.uptodate.com/contents/seborrheic-dermatitis-including-dandruff-and-cradle-cap-beyond-the-basics |url-status=live }}</ref> Nhwehwɛmu bebree na wɔayɛ afa ɛhoa ho. Ɛmu baako ho nsunsuansoɔ kyerɛ sɛ, nneɛma atitire mmeɛnsa na ɛde ɛhoa ba.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = DeAngelis YM, Gemmer CM, Kaczvinsky JR, Kenneally DC, Schwartz JR, Dawson TL | title = Three etiologic facets of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis: Malassezia fungi, sebaceous lipids, and individual sensitivity | journal = The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Symposium Proceedings | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 295–297 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16382685 | doi = 10.1111/j.1087-0024.2005.10119.x | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = DeAngelis YM, Gemmer CM, Kaczvinsky JR, Kenneally DC, Schwartz JR, Dawson TL | title = Three etiologic facets of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis: Malassezia fungi, sebaceous lipids, and individual sensitivity | journal = The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Symposium Proceedings | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 295–297 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16382685 | doi = 10.1111/j.1087-0024.2005.10119.x | doi-access = free }}</ref>. Ɛno na ɛdidi soɔ yi. # Honam ani angwa a yɛfrɛ no "sebum" anaa "sebaceous" tumi ma ɛhoa ba obi tirimu. <ref name="pmid16382662">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ro BI, Dawson TL | title = The role of sebaceous gland activity and scalp microfloral metabolism in the etiology of seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff | journal = The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Symposium Proceedings | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 194–197 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16382662 | doi = 10.1111/j.1087-0024.2005.10104.x | doi-access = free }}</ref> # Nneɛma bi a honam no taa yi pue; sɛ ebia, mfifire ho nsunsuansoɔ tumi yɛ ɛhoa.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ashbee HR, Evans EG | title = Immunology of diseases associated with Malassezia species | journal = Clinical Microbiology Reviews | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–57 | date = January 2002 | pmid = 11781265 | pmc = 118058 | doi = 10.1128/CMR.15.1.21-57.2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Batra R, Boekhout T, Guého E, Cabañes FJ, Dawson TL, Gupta AK | title = Malassezia Baillon, emerging clinical yeasts | journal = FEMS Yeast Research | volume = 5 | issue = 12 | pages = 1101–1113 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16084129 | doi = 10.1016/j.femsyr.2005.05.006 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="deangelis">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dawson TL | title = Malassezia and seborrheic dermatitis: etiology and treatment | journal = Journal of Cosmetic Science | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 181–182 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16758556 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gemmer CM, DeAngelis YM, Theelen B, Boekhout T, Dawson TL | title = Fast, noninvasive method for molecular detection and differentiation of Malassezia yeast species on human skin and application of the method to dandruff microbiology | journal = Journal of Clinical Microbiology | volume = 40 | issue = 9 | pages = 3350–3357 | date = September 2002 | pmid = 12202578 | pmc = 130704 | doi = 10.1128/JCM.40.9.3350-3357.2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gupta AK, Batra R, Bluhm R, Boekhout T, Dawson TL | title = Skin diseases associated with Malassezia species | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-academy-of-dermatology-journal_2004-11_51_5/page/785 | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology | volume = 51 | issue = 5 | pages = 785–798 | date = November 2004 | pmid = 15523360 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2003.12.034 }}</ref> # Obi nso di biribi a ɛne ne nipadua no mfa a, ɛno nso tumi de ɛhoa ba. ==Ɛhoa ho Nsɛnkyerɛnne == Ɛhoa ho nsɛnkyerɛnne titire pa ara ne sɛ deɛ ɔwɔ bi no tiri ase bɛyɛ fitaa. Afei nso saa nneɛma mfitaamfitaa no taa keka.<ref name=Tur2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Turner GA, Hoptroff M, Harding CR | title = Stratum corneum dysfunction in dandruff | journal = International Journal of Cosmetic Science | volume = 34 | issue = 4 | pages = 298–306 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22515370 | pmc = 3494381 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00723.x }}</ref> Bio, wotumi hwɛ nipa no tiri ase yie pa ara a, wobɛhunu no na ɛhɔ ayɛ biribi te sɛ apɔapɔ nkɔkɔɔnkɔkɔɔ nketenkete bi.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/152844.php#symptoms_of_dandruff| work=Medical News Today| title=What Is Dandruff? Learn All About Dandruff| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810183003/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/152844.php#symptoms_of_dandruff| archive-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> == Nsɔano == Samena ahodoɔ a yɛde hohoro yɛn tiri mu no pii wɔ nnɛma bi wɔ wɔn mu a ɛboa ma yɛtumi ko ɛhoa. Mpɛn pii no, ɛyɛ a ɛte so, mmom ɛntu aseɛ.[[File:Nizoral.jpg|thumb|[[Ketoconazole]] (Nizoral) shampoo]] Yɛwɔ nnuro bi te sɛ piroctone olamine, ketoconazole (Sebizole), zinc pyrithione, ne selenium disulfide (Selsun Blue) a wɔagye ato mu sɛ ɛboa sɔ ɛhoa ano.<ref name="Tur2012" /> Saa nnuro yi nyinaa, Ketoconazole.<ref name="Tur2012" /> na ɛboa ma ɛhoa no kɔ a Ɛkyɛ ansa na aba. Yɛsan wɔ nnuro bi nso te sɛ [[Ciclopirox]] (topical route) ɛno nso tumi ko ɛhoa.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gupta AK, Nicol KA | title = Ciclopirox 1% shampoo for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis | journal = International Journal of Dermatology | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 66–69 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16426382 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02331.x | s2cid = 6357543 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gupta AK, Bluhm R | title = Ciclopirox shampoo for treating seborrheic dermatitis | journal = Skin Therapy Letter | volume = 9 | issue = 6 | pages = 4–5 | date = June 2004 | pmid = 15334279 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15334279/ | access-date = 4 June 2021 | archive-date = 4 June 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210604111806/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15334279/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ciclopirox (Topical Route) Description and Brand Names - Mayo Clinic|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/ciclopirox-topical-route/description/drg-20062888|access-date=4 June 2021|website=www.mayoclinic.org|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604111806/https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/ciclopirox-topical-route/description/drg-20062888|url-status=live}}</ref> Saa annuro a wɔagye ato mu yi mu fa kɛseɛ no ara taa yɛ nku. Na wɔde sa yadeɛ bi te sɛ [[aporɔporɔ]] ne honam ani yadeɛ nkaeɛ bi te sɛ [[mfifirensaa]] nso.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ciclopirox Topical: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing - WebMD|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-18039-433/ciclopirox-topical/ciclopirox-topical/details|access-date=4 June 2021|website=www.webmd.com|language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604111805/https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-18039-433/ciclopirox-topical/ciclopirox-topical/details|url-status=live}}</ref> == Beaeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Nyarewa]] [[Nkyekyεmu:Ɛhoa]] 181n0ph2y5fdbz48725rjrruzvtgtmu 0 16719 200501 181240 2026-08-10T18:28:15Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} Dompe mu kokoram('''bone tumor) yɛ''' nyini a nipadua no mu tissues binom nyini berɛ a ɛnsɛ sɛ ɛfa saa kwan no so nyini wɔ obi nnɔmpe mu .<ref name="Maruth2018">{{Cite book|vauthors=Maruthainar N, Bhumbra R, Cannon S|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_cyGDwAAQBAJ&q=basic+orthopaedic+sciences+ramachandran+second|title=Basic Orthopaedic Sciences|date=2018|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4441-2098-1|veditors=Ramachandran M|edition=2nd|chapter=7. Orthopaedic oncology|language=en|pages=105–121}}</ref>ɛso nsunsuansoɔ no bi ne thyroid, berɛboɔ mu yadeɛ ne dwonsɔtwaa mu yadeɛ.<ref name="Maruth2018" /> Sɛ obi nya saayadeɛ yi a, nneɛma a ɛtaa da adi wɔ ne nipadua no mu titiriw ne nompe mu yaw, ne deɛ ɛkeka ho.<ref name="Maruth2018" /> Mpeɛn pii no dompe mu yadeɛ yi ne biribi a wɔfrɛ no pathologic fracture na ɛnam.<ref name="Maruth2018" /> Nsɛnkyerɛnne nkaeɛ bi nso ne [[ahoɔhyeɛ]], ɔbrɛ, sɛ obi so bɛte anaa ɔbɛfɔn, [[mogyasoteɛ]] ne [[Abofono - (Nausea)|abofono.]]<ref name="CDCQ&A">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/phase2/mbone.pdf|title=Questions and Answers about Bone Cancer|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref> Ebi wɔ hɔ a, saa nsɛkyerɛnne yi mu biara nna ne ho adi, mom, wɔreyɛ yareɛ foforɔ bi ho nhwehwɛmu a na wɔtaa hunu .<ref name="orthoinfo">{{cite web|title=Bone Tumor - Types and Treatments - OrthoInfo - AAOS|url=https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/bone-tumor/|website=www.orthoinfo.org|access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="CDCQ&A" /> == Kwan a Wɔfa so Hunu == Kwan a wɔfa so hwehwɛ dompe mu kokoram ne X-ray. Wɔde mfidie a ɛtumi kyerɛ dompe no fa a yadeɛ no wɔ di dwuma a, ɛho dwumadie ɛnyɛ den koraa.<ref name="Maruth2018" /> Wɔtumi nso nam mogya mu nhwehwɛmu so hunu sɛ obi wɔ dompe mu kokoram anaasɛ onni bi a. Sɛ wɔreyɛ berɛboɔ ho nhwehwɛmu nso na sɛ nipa no wɔ dompe mu kokoram a wɔtumi hunu .<ref name="Maruth2018" /> Wɔtumi nso hwɛ nipa no mogya mu hunu Bence Jones protein a ɛwɔ mu. Uno nso tumi kyerɛ yɛn sɛ obi wɔ dompe mu kokoram anaa onni bi.<ref name="Maruth2018" /> <ref name="SEER">{{cite web|title=SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Bone and Joint Cancer|url=http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/bones.html|website=NCI|access-date=18 June 2014}}</ref> ===Staging=== <gallery> File:Diagram showing stage 1A bone cancer CRUK 198.svg|Stage 1A bone cancer File:Diagram showing stage 1B bone cancer CRUK 201.svg|Stage 1B bone cancer File:Diagram showing stage 2A bone cancer CRUK 211.svg|Stage 2A bone cancer File:Diagram showing stage 2B bone cancer CRUK 215.svg|Stage 2B bone cancer File:Diagram showing stage 3 bone cancer CRUK 218.svg|Stage 3 bone cancer </gallery> ==Ahodoɔ== [[Image:Giant cell tumor of bone08.JPG|thumb|X-ray of a [[giant cell bone tumor]] in the head of the 4th metacarpal of the left hand. ]] [[Image:Bonetumor.jpg|thumb|right|An arm bone tumor]] Ahodoɔ a a wɔnim firi tete ne noncancerous( deɛ ɛhyɛɛda nnokoroo ɔyarefoɔ no papa) ne cancerous( deɛ adokoro ɔyarefoɔ no).<ref name=Maruth2018/> Dompe mu kokoram ho nsɛnkyerɛnne no taa ne soft tissues deɛ sesɛ.<ref name="Choi2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Choi JH, Ro JY | title = The 2020 WHO Classification of Tumors of Bone: An Updated Review | journal = Advances in Anatomic Pathology | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 119–138 | date = May 2021 | pmid = 33480599 | doi = 10.1097/PAP.0000000000000293 | s2cid = 231679037 }}</ref> Afe mpem mmienu ne aduonu mu no, WiaseKubaatan a ɛhwɛ apɔɔmuden so World Health Organization (WHO) yɛ nsakraeɛ wɔ dompe mu kokoram nkyekyɛmu no ho.<ref name="Anderson2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Anderson WJ, Doyle LA | title = Updates from the 2020 World Health Organization Classification of Soft Tissue and Bone Tumours | journal = Histopathology | volume = 78 | issue = 5 | pages = 644–657 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33438273 | doi = 10.1111/his.14265 | s2cid = 231595171 }}</ref> Wɔn deɛ no deɛ, ahodoɔ a wɔde baeɛ no ne cartilage tumors, osteogenic tumors, fibrogenic tumors, vascular tumors, osteoclastic giant cell-rich tumors, notochordal tumors, other mesenchymal tumors, ne hematopoietic.<ref name="Choi2020"/> ==Nsɔano== Kokoram korɔ a atɔ dompe no mu no na wɔgyina so de sa ma ho ayarehwɛ.<ref name="orthoinfo"/> Yɛwɔ adɔkotafoɔ animdifoɔ a wɔakwadare wɔ dumpe mu yareɛ sa ho. Saa nkorɔfoɔ yi wowɔ wɔn asoeɛ ne ayaresabea ahodoɔ a wɔma ayarehwɛ wɔ hɔ.<ref name=Maruth2018/> Akwan ahodoɔ a ɔmanfoɔ a wɔwɔ dompe mu komoram fa so gye ayarehwɛ no bi na ɛdidi soɔ yi. ===Chemotherapy ne radiotherapy=== Chemotherapy ne radiotherapy boa pa ara, berɛ a kokoram no yɛ Ewing's sarcoma. Yei yɛ ampa deɛ, nanso, mpɛn pii no, ɛyɛ a nyɛ kokoram ahodoɔ no nyinaa na ɛtumi sa. Ebi ne chondrosarcoma).<ref>[http://www.mountsinai.org/patient-care/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/bone-cancer Bone tumor] at [[Mount Sinai Hospital, New York]]</ref><ref>[http://www.thedenverclinic.com/images/stories/Published_articles/Ped_OGS.pdf 10 year survival in Pediatric Osteosarcoma]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thedenverclinic.com/images/stories/Published_articles/Clin_Orthop_adult_OGS.pdf Survival in Adult Osteosarcoma and MFH of Bone]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===Nnuro=== Wɔtaa de wɔn a wɔwɔ saa haw yi no to nnuro so, sɛ ebia, nnaawɔtwe biara, wɔbɛnom. Saa nnuro no ma wɔn nnɔmpe ahoɔden no tumi kɔ anim kakra. Ebi ne Strontium-89 a wɔma wɔfa no bosome biara. wɔtumi nso nam oprehyɛn so sa dompe mu kokoram.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Takeuchi A, Yamamoto N, Hayashi K, Matsubara H, Miwa S, Igarashi K, Tsuchiya H | title = Joint-preservation surgery for pediatric osteosarcoma of the knee joint | journal = Cancer and Metastasis Reviews | volume = 38 | issue = 4 | pages = 709–722 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31807972 | doi = 10.1007/s10555-019-09835-z | s2cid = 208650189 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kendall SJ, Singer GC, Briggs TW, Cannon SR | title = A functional analysis of massive knee replacement after extra-articular resections of primary bone tumors | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-arthroplasty_2000-09_15_6/page/754 | journal = The Journal of Arthroplasty | volume = 15 | issue = 6 | pages = 754–760 | date = September 2000 | pmid = 11021451 | doi = 10.1054/arth.2000.8104 }}</ref><ref name="orthoinfo" /> <ref name="Maruth2018" /><ref>[http://www.mountsinai.org/patient-care/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/bone-cancer Bone tumor] at [[Mount Sinai Hospital, New York]]</ref><ref>[http://www.thedenverclinic.com/images/stories/Published_articles/Ped_OGS.pdf 10 year survival in Pediatric Osteosarcoma]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thedenverclinic.com/images/stories/Published_articles/Clin_Orthop_adult_OGS.pdf Survival in Adult Osteosarcoma and MFH of Bone]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Takeuchi A, Yamamoto N, Hayashi K, Matsubara H, Miwa S, Igarashi K, Tsuchiya H | title = Joint-preservation surgery for pediatric osteosarcoma of the knee joint | journal = Cancer and Metastasis Reviews | volume = 38 | issue = 4 | pages = 709–722 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31807972 | doi = 10.1007/s10555-019-09835-z | s2cid = 208650189 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kendall SJ, Singer GC, Briggs TW, Cannon SR | title = A functional analysis of massive knee replacement after extra-articular resections of primary bone tumors | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-arthroplasty_2000-09_15_6/page/754 | journal = The Journal of Arthroplasty | volume = 15 | issue = 6 | pages = 754–760 | date = September 2000 | pmid = 11021451 | doi = 10.1054/arth.2000.8104 }}</ref> == Baabi a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Nyarewa]] [[Nkyekyεmu:Dompe mu nyarewa]] [[Nkyekyεmu:Dompe mu kokoram]] k7vijvgayoymoviekal6d3uvk171602 0 16726 200509 181349 2026-08-10T18:39:11Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} {{Databox|item=Q181095}} '''''Nicotiana tabacum''''' anaa '''cultivated tobacco''', yɛ dua bi a ɛso afe afe. Ɛka ''Nicotiana abusuakuo no ho. Wɔtete n'ahaban no tɔn. Afei, na wɔde ayɛ'' tobacco. <ref>{{Citation |title=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/nicotine |date=2011-02-02 |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/nicotine |language=en |access-date=2024-07-06}}</ref>Baabi a awia wɔ na ɛtaa wɔ pa ara. Ɛso mfasoɔ nti, akuafoɔ hyɛ da dua. Ne tenten tumi yɛ mita mmienu de rekɔ mmeɛnsa.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1139/gen-44-4-559|title=AFLP analysis of genetic polymorphism and evolutionary relationships among cultivated and wild ''Nicotiana'' species|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_genome_2001-08_44_4/page/559|year=2001|last1=Ren|first1=Nan|last2=Timko|first2=Michael P.|journal=Genome|volume=44|issue=4|pages=559–71|pmid=11550889}}</ref> ==Ne bɔbdrɛ== Ɛyɛ dua a woduaI a ɛde afe pɛpɛɛpɛ nyini. Enyini wie a, ɛyɛ a na ne tenten no yɛ ɛfiri mita baako de rekɔ mmeɛnsa anaasɛ anammɔn du. Biribi wowɔ ho te enwi. N'ahaban no tenten tumi yɛ anamɔn baako. Ne nhwiren no ankasa wowɔ mman bebree. Ɛyɛ hwam nso. Saa dua yi akwaadɔm no nyinaa wɔ biribi a yɛfrɛ no nicotine, gye sɛ ne mma no pɛ na ɛnni nicotine no bi. Dua no renyini no na nicotine a ɛwɔ mu no nso reyɛ kɛse. Nicotine a ɛtumi ba tobacco yi ahaban mu no yɛ ɛfiri ɔha nkyekyɛmu mmienu de rekɔ ɔha nkyekyɛmu nwɔtwe. Nyɛ ahaban no nko na nicotine wɔ mu. Wiyi ahaban no si nkyɛn a, dua no ankasa nso, nicotine no bi wɔ mu. Ɛno mpo deɛ, ɛfa nneɛma a ɛwɔ dua no mu no mu ɔha nkyekyɛmu aduosia nnan. Bɛyɛ ɔha nkyekyɛmu du nwɔtwe tumi wɔ ahaban no mu. Na afei ɔha nkyekyɛmu du mmeɛnsa nso wɔ nhwiren no mu.<ref>{{Citation |title=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/nicotine |date=2011-02-02 |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/nicotine |language=en |access-date=2024-07-06}}</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Tobacco.jpg File:Patch of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum ) in a field in Intercourse, Pennsylvania..jpg File:Starr 050225-4662 Nicotiana tabacum.jpg File:Starr 040501-0030 Nicotiana tabacum.jpg File:Nsr-slika-082.png File:Nicotiana_tabacum_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-098.jpg File:Nicotiana tabacum Blanco1.36-cropped.jpg File:Tobacco blossom 1580.jpg </gallery> ==Baabi a Ɛwɔ== ''N. tabacum'' yɛ dua bi a n'ase firi [[Americas|America]] anaafoɔ fam. ''N. tabacum'' nyini gyina nneɛma bi te sɛ wiemu hyeɛ so. Baabi a ɛhɔ hyeɛ no gyina {{convert|20|-|30|C|F}} na ɛtumi nyini pa ara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Varela|first1=L. G.|last2=Bernays|first2=E. A.|date=1988-07-01|title=Behavior of newly hatched potato tuber moth larvae, Phthorimaea operculella Zell. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in relation to their host plants|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-insect-behavior_1988-07_1_3/page/261|journal=Journal of Insect Behavior|language=en|volume=1|issue=3|pages=261–275|doi=10.1007/BF01054525|bibcode=1988JIBeh...1..261V |s2cid=19062069|issn=0892-7553}}</ref> == Ne Dwumadie == Woyi America firi hɔ a, baabi baako nso a yɛnim sɛ tobacco firi ne Caribbea. Nnipakuo bi a wɔfrɛ wɔn wh Taínofoɔ na wɔdii kan duaa bi. Wɔ afe apem ahanum ne aduosia ( 1560) mu na Jean Nicot de Villemain a na ɔyɛ French ne [[Portugal]] ntam nkitahodie ho hwɛsofoɔ de tobacco aba ne n'ahaban no bi yɛɛ aduro. Afe apem, ahanum ne aduɔwɔtwe nsia (1586) mu nso, nnua ho whehwemufoɔ bi a wɔfrɛ no Jaques Dalechamps de edin ''Herba nicotiana too dua a ɛnnɛ yi yɛnim no sɛ tobacco no so.'' Beyɛ afe apem ne ahanwɔtwe ahyaseɛ de reba no na ɛbɛduru [[Africa]]. Ɛfiri afe apem, ne ahankron de reba no mu no, na wɔhyɛɛ aseɛ de nsuo a ɛwɔ n'ahaban mu no yɛɛ aduro a ɛtumi kum mmoawammoawa a wɔseɛ nnɔbaeɛ Anaa antɔborɔ a wɔwɔ nnipa anaa mmoa ho. Wɔ afe apem, ahanwɔtwe ne aduonum baako (1851) mu no. [[Belgium]] aduyɛfoɔ Jean Stas kyerɛɛ mu sɛ, wɔtumi de nsuo a ɛwɔ tobacco ahaban mu no yɛ awuduro. Na Belgiumni Hippolyte Visart de Bocarmé de ɛmu nsuo no bi akum n'akonta. Forinsic medicine ho animdifoɔ na wɔdaa yei adi. == Beaeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ == itfa4zk874igacodq0e4vdcvqipnvji 0 16735 200508 184732 2026-08-10T18:37:00Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} {{Databox|item=Q83124}} '''Bold text''''''''Manihot esculenta''''', a ɛwɔ edin '''cassava''', '''manioc''', anaa '''yuca wɔ aman ahodoɔ so ne kasa ahodoɔ mu no yɛ aduadeɛ bi a ɛka spurge''' nnua abusuakuo no ho. Woba Akan kasa mu a, yɛfrɛ no bankye. Baabi a wɔnim sɛ epue firii kane ne America anaafoɔ fam. Aman bi te sɛ Brazil, Paraguay ne Andes fa baabi so na yɛgye di sɛ epue firii kane. Bankye yɛ aduane a ɛbɔ wɔ fam deɛ, nanso, ɛpɛ awia. Baabi awia bɔ na nsuo nso taa tɔ na bankye tumi yɛ yie pa ara. Ɛmpɛ baabi a ɛyɛ nwunu pii, sɛ ebia, baabi a asukɔkyea wɔ. Ɛyɛ aduane a ɛbɔ wɔ fam. Wɔnoa ansa na wɔatumi adi. Wɔtumi nso de yɛ aman( starch) bi a wɔfrɛ no tapioca tapioca. Wokɔ baabi a, Tapioca yɛ aduane dehyeɛ. Wɔtumi de yɛ gari nso wɔ Africa atɔeɛ fam. Nyɛ Africa nko; Brazilifoɔ nso tumi de yɛ gari. Wiase nnuane a ɛma carbohydrate no, bankye tɔ so mmeɛnsa. == Ne Bɔberɛ == Bankye yɛ aduane a ɛbɔ wɔ fam. N'aduane no wowa a ebiara tuatua ne nhini so. Ne hono ahosuo no te sɛ bayerɛ. Emu aduane no yɛ fitaa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Basic Report: 11134, Cassava, raw|url=https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/2907?manu=&fgcd=&ds=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712215400/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/2907?manu=&fgcd=&ds=|archive-date=12 July 2017|website=National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 28|date=May 2016|publisher=Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref> Nnuane nnuro a yɛfrɛ no protiens wɔ bankye nhini no mu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Latif |first1=Sajid |last2=Müller |first2=Joachim |title=Potential of cassava leaves in human nutrition: a review |journal=[[Trends in Food Science & Technology]] |year=2015 |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=147–158 |doi=10.1016/j.tifs.2015.04.006 }}</ref> Mmom, methionine ne amino acid a ɛwɔ mu no sua.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ravindran|first=Velmerugu |title=Preparation of cassava leaf products and their use as animal feeds |journal=FAO Animal Production and Health Paper |issue=95 |pages=111–125 |year=1992 |url=http://www.fao.org/Ag/AGA/AGAP/FRG/AHPP95/95-111.pdf |access-date=13 August 2010 |archive-date=15 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115022720/http://www.fao.org/Ag/AGA/AGAP/FRG/AHPP95/95-111.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> <gallery class="center" mode="nolines" widths="180" heights="180"> File:Cassava plant.jpg|Cassava plant File:Manihot esculenta dsc07325.jpg|Unprocessed tubers File:Manihot esculenta - cross section 2.jpg|Tuber in cross-section File:Cassava1 (3945716612).jpg |Leaf File:Cassava2 (3945624614).jpg |Leaf detail File:Manihot esculenta cassava flower vijayanrajapuram.jpg|Flower buds File:Manihot esculenta MHNT.BOT.2004.0.508.jpg |Seeds </gallery> == Cultivation == Nneɛma ɛboa ma bankye dua wɔ nkan ne: sɛ.nsuo bɛtɔ kakra na awia nso bɛbɔ kakra. Ɛsɛ sɛ wiemuhyeɛ no gyina( {{Convert|20 and 29|C|F}}. Sɛ wɔdua, enni mmoro nna ahanu ne aduanan na abɔ. Saa berɛ no duru na wɔntu a, bankye no bi wɔ hɔ a, ɛbɛsɛe.<ref name=Yuca2022>{{Cite journal |title=Zonificación edafoclimatica de la yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) para la producción sostenible de bioproductos |journal=Norte Grande Geography Journal |eissn=0718-3402 |last1=Del-Rosario-Arellano |first1=José Luis |last2=Aguilar-Rivera |first2=Noe |last3=Leyva-Ovalle |first3=Otto Raúl |last4=Andres-Meza |first4=Pablo |last5=Meneses-Marquez |first5=Isaac |last6=Bolio-López |first6=Gloria Ivette |year=2022 |issue=81 |pages=361–383 |s2cid=249657496 |language=es |trans-title=Edaphoclimatic zoning of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) for sustainable production of bioproducts |doi=10.4067/S0718-34022022000100361|url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-34022022000100361 }}</ref><ref name=CIAT>{{cite web |author=Howeler, Reinhardt H. |year=2007 |title=Production techniques for sustainable cassava production in Asia |publisher=Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Bangkok |url=http://ciat-library.ciat.cgiar.org/Articulos_Ciat/07169_Production_techniques_cassava.pdf |access-date=3 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005114611/http://ciat-library.ciat.cgiar.org/Articulos_Ciat/07169_Production_techniques_cassava.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.eolss.net/ebooklib/bookinfo/soils-plant-growth-crop-production.aspx |title=Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production Volume II |date=2010 |publisher=[[EOLSS]] Publishers |isbn=978-1-84826-368-0 |editor=Willy H. Verheye |page=273 |chapter=Tropical Root and Tuber Crops |access-date=29 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511044506/https://www.eolss.net/ebooklib/bookinfo/soils-plant-growth-crop-production.aspx |archive-date=11 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Baabi a wɔbɛnya saa wiemuhyeɛ a ɛboa Bankye nyini no ne Gulf Coastal Plain sɛ ebia Mexico.<ref name=Yuca2022/> Saa nsaase a ɛboa bankye nyini wowɔ saa nneɛma ɛdidi soɔ yi; phaeozem, regosol, arenosol, andosol and luvisol.<ref name=Yuca2022/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180><!--arrange images to stop'em running into next section--> [[File:Ladang Singkong Putat Nutug Ciseeng-Bogor.jpg|thumb|Healthy crop, Indonesia]] File:Cassava stakes1 (4627297822).jpg|Stakes File:Cassava grafting7 (4425027331).jpg|[[Grafting]] </gallery> === Ne twa === Ansa na wɔbɛtutu aduane a ɛhyɛ fam no, wɔdi kan twitwa ansa na nnua.<ref name=CIAT/> <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zidenga |first1=T |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Extending cassava root shelf life via reduction of reactive oxygen species production |journal=[[Plant Physiology (journal)|Plant Physiology]]|volume=159 |issue=4 |pages=1396–1407 |doi=10.1104/pp.112.200345 |pmc=3425186 |pmid=22711743}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Storage and processing of roots and tubers in the tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5415e/x5415e04.htm |access-date=4 May 2016 |publisher=[[U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization]] |archive-date=22 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422120308/http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5415e/x5415e04.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="gmr">{{cite journal |last1=Venturini |first1=M. T |last2=Santos |first2=L. R |last3=Vildoso |first3=C. I |last4=Santos |first4=V. S |last5=Oliveira |first5=E. J |year=2016 |title=Variation in cassava germplasm for tolerance to post-harvest physiological deterioration |journal=[[Genetics and Molecular Research]] |volume=15 |issue=2 |doi=10.4238/gmr.15027818 |pmid=27173317 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="gmr" /><ref name="cs">{{cite journal |last1=Morante |first1=N. |last2=Sanchez |first2=T. |last3=Ceballos |first3=H. |last4=Calle |first4=F. |last5=Pérez |first5=J. C. |last6=Egesi |first6=C. |last7=Cuambe |first7=C. E. |last8=Escobar |first8=A. F. |last9=Ortiz |first9=D. |last10=Chavez |first10=A. L. |last11=Fregene |first11=M. |year=2010 |title=Tolerance to Postharvest Physiological Deterioration in Cassava Roots |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_crop-science_july-august-2010_50_4/page/1333 |journal=[[Crop Science (journal)|Crop Science]]|volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=1333–1338 |doi=10.2135/cropsci2009.11.0666}}</ref> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180><!--format prevents images becoming very large at some window widths--> File:NP Cassava Processing 7 (5867707684).jpg|Starch processing File:NP Cassava Starch Processing (5867152719).jpg|Starch flour File:Vietnam cassava processing3 lo (4070319057).jpg|Starch wet-processing File:Secando casabe.JPG|Spreading ''Casabe burrero'' (cassava bread) to dry, Venezuela File:Vietnam cassava processing24lo (4070342389).jpg|Starch being prepared for packaging File:Vietnam cassava cellophane noodles.jpg|Starch noodles packaged for shipping File:Frozen cassava leaves.jpg|Frozen leaves in a Los Angeles market File:Cassava buds (4733912948).jpg|Picked buds<!--used in some dishes--> </gallery> == Beaeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Nnuane a ɛbɔ wɔ fam]] 5sw44f00bygisnikyd9u8vocutvpxh5 0 16741 200492 181462 2026-08-10T18:16:05Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} {{Databox|item=Q104116742}} '''''Margaritaria discoidea''''' dua bi a ɛka Phyllanthaceae, nnua abusuakuo no ho. Edin a dodoɔ no ara de nim no wɔ borɔfo mu ne '''pheasant-berry''', '''egossa red pear''' anaa '''bushveld peacock-berry'''. Baabi a wɔgye to mu sɛ ɛhɔ na dua yi firi no ne [[Africa]] beaeɛ a nsuo taa tɔ pa ara. == Nkyekyɛmu. == Sɛdeɛ dua no bɔberɛ teɛ no nti, abɔdeɛ mu nyansapɛ.nhwehwɛmufoɔ ayɛ nhwehwɛmu bebree afa ne nkyekyɛmu anaa n'hodoɔ ho. Wɔtaa sesasesa ne kyekyɛmu no, esiane sɛdeɛ dua no su teɛ nti. Wɔdii kan de saa dua yi kaa ''Phyllanthus'' abuasuakuo a ɛhyɛ Euphorbiaceae abusuakuo kɛseɛ no ase no ho.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/4113603|pages=219–221|author1=Radcliffe-Smith, A|title=Notes on African Euphorbiaceae_ XI_ Margaritaria discoidea_ A Re-Appraisal|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_kew-bulletin_1981_36_2/page/219|journal=Kew Bulletin|volume=36|issue=2|year=1981|jstor=4113603}}</ref> Sɛ wokɔ KwaZulu-Natal a ɛwɔ South Africa a dua yi wɔ nkyekyɛmu mmeɛnsa. <ref name="Pooley1993">{{cite book|last=Pooley|first=E.|year=1993|title=The Complete Field Guide to Trees of Natal, Zululand and Transkei|isbn=978-0-620-17697-2}}</ref> * ''M. discoidea'' var. ''discoidea'' * ''M. discoidea'' var. ''fagifolia'' * ''M. discoidea'' var. ''nitida'' == Baabi a Ɛwɔ == Wɔkɔ South Africa a, wobɛhunu dua yi wɔ [[Eastern Cape]] mpoano,<ref name="Pooley1993" /> [[South Africa]], o [[tropical Africa]],<ref name="Pooley1993" /><ref name="Burkill">{{cite book|last=Burkill|first=H.M.|year=1994|title=The useful plants of west Tropical Africa|publisher=Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew.|place=London, UK|isbn=978-0-947643-56-0}}</ref> as far as [[Senegal]] in West Africa.<ref name="Burkill" /> ==Ne Bɔberɛ== Ɛyɛ dua tenten bi a ɛwɔ pɔ mu.<ref name="Pooley1993"/> ɛtumi nyini ma ne tenten yɛ mita aduasa(30 mitres),<ref name="pmid20073344">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adedapo AA, Sofidiya MO, Afolayan AJ | title = Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the aqueous extracts of Margaritaria discoidea (Euphorbiaceae) stem bark in experimental animal models | journal = Revista de Biología Tropical | volume = 57 | issue = 4 | pages = 1193–200 |date=December 2009 | pmid = 20073344 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="Pooley1993"/> Ɛyɛ dua a ɛnyini kɔ soro tee na ɛho yɛ wensee. N'ahosuo reyɛ ayɛ te sɛ nso. Wowae n'abena no nso a, ɛmu no yɛ kɔkɔɔ kakra.<ref name="Pooley1993"/><ref name="VanWyk">{{cite book | last1=Van Wyk | first1= B. | last2= Van Wyk| first2= P. | year = 1997| title = Field guide to trees of Southern Africa | edition= 2 | isbn = 978-1-86825-922-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Woodhall |first=Steve |title=Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa |year=2005 |location=Cape Town, South Africa |publisher=Struik |isbn=978-1-86872-724-7 }}</ref> Dua ne renyini a, ɛyɛ a na ne mman no puepue firi dua no ho wɔ nkyennkyɛn.<ref name="Pooley1993"/> N'ahaban no danedane. Berɛ biara ne sɛdeɛ ɛteɛ. Ɛrenyini a, ani no nhyɛ da mmiri. Ɛnyini wie a, n'ahaban no biri pa ara. Na sɛ ɛrebɛte nso a, na ayɛ te sɛ akokɔ seradeɛ.<ref name="Pooley1993"/> and fragrant.<ref name="Webster">{{Cite journal| title = Entry for Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) Webster [family EUPHORBIACEAE]| url = http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.UPWTA.2_222&pgs=| url-status = dead| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20130801230810/http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.UPWTA.2_222&pgs=| archivedate = 2013-08-01}}</ref> Aduaba a ɛso wɔ dua no so no sɛ ɛbere a n'ahosuo te sɛ akokɔ seradeɛ. Ɛwɔ nkorabata anaa nkyekyɛmu mmeɛnsa .<ref name="Pooley1993"/><ref name="VanWyk"/> ==Ne Dwumadie== [[File:Margaritaria discoidea leaves.JPG|thumb|right|''M. discoidea'' leaves]]Apɔmuden ho nhwehwɛmufoɔ adan no adi sɛ, nnuro alkaloids ne phyllochrysine a ɛboa nipadua no fa a yɛfrɛ no central nervous system no.<ref name="Burkill"/><ref name="Kerharo">{{cite book | last1 = Kerharo | first1 = J. | first2 = J.G. | last2= Adam | year = 1974 | title = La Pharmacopie Senegalese traditionelle. Plants medicinales et Toxiques | publisher = Vigot Freres | place = Paris, France}}</ref><ref>Weenen et al, 1990</ref> Wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu faa n'ahaban mu nsuo no ho. Kwan a wɔfaa so yɔeɛ ne sɛ, wɔde ɛmu nsuo no yɛɛ aduro maa nkura. Na ɛno akyiri no wɔhunuu sɛ ɛho bɛhia sɛ wɔde bɛyɛ abibiduro.<ref name="pmid20073344" /> Nsuo a ɛwɔ ''M. discoidea'' abena mu no nso, wɔayɛ nhwehwɛmu afa ho. Wɔnam kwan korɔ no ara so yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu faa ho. Wɔhunuu sɛ nnuro a yɛfrɛ no carrageenan ne histamine wɔ mu. Nti ɛno nso bɛboa wɔ abibiduro yɛ mu.<ref name="pmid20073344"/> == Ne Dwumadie Nkaeɛ Bi == Sɛ wɔde dua no aba dua a, ɛnkyɛ na afifiri, anyini kama. Ɛyɛ den. Ɛnsɛe ntɛm. Ne saa nti wɔde yɛ timba. <ref name="Pooley1993" /> Dua no mu yɛ akokɔ seradeɛ. Ne fa baabi nso reyɛ ayɛ kɔkɔɔ. Ɛnam sɛ n'ahosuo yɛ fɛ nti wɔde yɛ fie nneɛma bebree.<ref name="Webster" /> <ref>{{cite book | title = Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1): Timbers 1 | first1= D. | last1= Louppe | first2= A.A. | last2= Oteng-Amoako | first3= M. | last3= Brink |year = 2008 |pages =333 | isbn = 978-3-8236-1541-5}}</ref> == Beaeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Nnua]] n0e1m48lfsdbmb9mzwae7rw1hc63qgs 0 16743 200489 181480 2026-08-10T18:11:52Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} {{ Databox|item=Q1100234}} '''''Momordica foetida''''' yɛ dua ɛte sɛ ahoma. Esiane ne su nti, ɛtumi foro soro. Baabi a ɛfiri ne [[Africa]]. Ne su te sɛ aduaba bi a yɛfrɛ no [[bitter melon]] (''M. charantia'') ne [[Momordica balsamina|balsam apple]] (''M. balsamina'') pɛpɛɛpɛ. Edin wɔgyina ne nkyekyɛmubso de ma no ne ''M. morkorra'' <ref name="fz">{{cite book|author=Jeffrey, C.|year=1978|chapter=Cucurbitaceae|volume=4|title=Flora Zambesiaca}}</ref> ne ''M. cordata'' (Cogn.)<ref name="burk">{{cite book|author=Burkill, H. M.|title=The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa|volume=1|publisher=Kew Publishing|year=1985|isbn=094764301X}}</ref> Ɛpɔ mu na ɛtaa wɔ pa ara.N'ahaban no bɔberɛ te sɛ akoma a ne tenten bɛyɛ 18&nbsp;cm.Nhwiren a ɛba do no ahosuo yɛ akokɔ seradeɛ. Aduaba a ɛba so no nyini a ne tenten yɛ 3.5–7.5&nbsp;cm. Ɛna ne kɛseɛ nso yɛ 2.5–5&nbsp;cm. Sɛ ɛbere a, emu kyɛ mmeɛnsa. Pae a, wohunu mma tuntum bi hyehyɛ mu. Ne fa a yɛdi no yɛ kɔkɔɔ, na ɛyɛ dɛ pa ara.<ref name="burk" /> ==Ne Dwumadie== == Wɔdi == [[Image:Momordica foetida, ripe fruit remains @ SSW of Morogoro.JPG|thumb|right|Remains of a ripe fruit, where the pericarp splits into three valves]] N'ahaban no yɛ nwono deɛ, nanso wɔde yɛ aduane wɔ ɔman bi te sɛ Gabon ne[[Malawi]]. Wokɔ aman bi te sɛ [[Ghana]], Gabon, Sudan, ne Tanganyika a, wɔdi n'aduaba no nso. Saa ara nso na sɛ wokɔ Sudan a, wɔdi ne nhini no.<ref name="burk"/> == Wɔde Yɛ Aduro == Nnuro bi te sɛ sitosteryl glucoside, 5,25-stigmastadien-3β-yl glucoside, and 1β-hydroxyfriedel-6-en-3-one, cucurbitane- ne ade wowɔ Momordica foetida mu a, ɛma wɔtumi de yɛ aduro.<ref name="mulho">{{cite journal |author1=Mulholland, D. A. |author2=Sewram, V. |author3=Osborne, R. |author4=Pegel, K. H. |author5=Connolly, J. D. | title = Cucurbitane triterpenoids from the leaves of ''Momordica foetida'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_phytochemistry_1997-05_45_2/page/391 | journal = Phytochemistry | year = 1997 | volume = 45 | issue = 2 | pages = 391–395 | doi = 10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00814-X }}</ref> Ɛtumi di yafunu mu dwuma. Wɔtumi de sa yadeɛ bi tete sɛ [[ayamtim]] , [[yafunukeka]] wɔ Tanganika. The Edofoɔ a wɔwɔ [[Nigeria]] no nso nom n'ahaban mu nsuo de ko nsono mu yadeɛ. Ɛsan nso yɛ aduro a wɔde tu nsonsono ase .<ref name="burk" /> ====Wɔtumi de tew yaw so==== N'ahaban mu nsuo no boa ko yadeɛ bi te sɛ [[tipaeɛ]] ne asoyadeɛ. Wokɔ Malawi wɔde n'ahaban ne ne nhini no nyinaa bom yɛ tipaeɛ aduro. Wokɔ Ivory Coast a wɔde yɛ nnuro a ɛboa mpa mu agodie. Ɛno ara san nso yɛ awoɔ aduro.<ref name="burk" /> Wɔde sa honam ani yadeɛ wɔ vory Coast ne [[South Africa]]. Wokɔ South Africa a, wɔde ne nhini no sa [[Mpɔmpɔ|mpɔmpɔ.]]<ref name="burk" /> == Ne Dwumadie Nkaeɛ Bi == [[Image:Momordica foetida, unripe fruit cut-through @ SSW of Morogoro.JPG|thumb|right|Longitudinal section through unripe fruit]] Wokɔ Malawi a, wɔde n'aduaba no kyekyere nnomaa. Wokɔ Gabon a, wɔde n'ahaban no hyɛ nsuo mu. Wɔyi a na wɔahata. de ayɛ aduro.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Schaefer, H. |author2=Renner, S. S. | title = A three-genome phylogeny of ''Momordica'' (Cucurbitaceae) suggests seven returns from dioecy to monoecy and recent long-distance dispersal to Asia | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | year = 2010 | volume = 54 | issue = 2 | pages = 553–560 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.006 | pmid=19686858}}</ref> == Beaeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ == 6zyd04eq51zl6fhd5n566ngkagfpfnl 0 16753 200520 197017 2026-08-10T18:59:43Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} {{Databox|item=Q332469}} '''''Lantana camara''''' a din a wɔtaa de nim no pa ara ne '''(lantana''') no yɛ verbena nnua abusuakuo kɛseɛ no asefoɔ no mu baako. Beaeɛ a n'ase firi ne Amerika pɔ mu. <ref name="florida">{{Cite web|url=http://www.floridata.com/ref/L/lant_c.cfm|title=Lantana camara|access-date=March 24, 2014|publisher=Floridata LC|year=2007|author=Floridata LC}}</ref><ref name="moyhill">{{Cite web|url=http://www.moyhill.com/html/english_vs_latin_names.html|title=English vs. Latin Names|access-date=March 24, 2014|publisher=Moyhill Publishing|year=2007|author=Moyhill Publishing}}</ref> Ɛyɛ dua bi a ne nyini nyɛ den koraa. Ɛtumi nyini wɔ baabi bebree. Ɛnnɛ yi, aman bɛboro aduonum na Lantana camara agye hɔ afa.<ref name="Day">{{cite book |last=Day |first=M. D. |date= December 24, 2003 |title=Lantana: current management status and future prospects |url=http://aciar.gov.au/publication/mn102 |publisher=Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research |isbn=978-1-86320-375-3 |access-date=March 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Ghisalberti2000">{{cite journal |last=Ghisalberti |first=E.L. |year=2000 |title=Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=467–486 |doi=10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00202-1 |pmid=11449493}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=OM.P. |last2=Harinder |first2=Paul S |year=1988 |title=A review of the noxious plant Lantana camara |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_toxicon_1988_26_11/page/975 |journal=Toxicon |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=975–987 |doi=10.1016/0041-0101(88)90196-1 |pmid=3072688 }}</ref> Ɛdii kan hyetaa Amerika ansa na Dutch nhwehwɛmufoɔ bi de reba Europe. Akyire yi, ɛbaa Asia,Estado da Índia ne Portugal nyina.<ref name="Ghisalberti2000"/> Ɛnnɛ yi, ɛrekame ayɛ sɛ Lantana camara reyɛ agye din mpo asene aman ahodoɔ no ankasa nnuro. <ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Kasaga |first1=Lawrence |title=Impact of ''Lantana camara'' on native vegetation structure and diversity of Kakiika, Mbarara, Uganda |type=BSc thesis |publisher=Makerere University |date=March 2022 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.31037.95206 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359521898 |access-date=23 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kohli |first=Ravinder. K. |year= 2006 |title=Status, invasiveness and environmental threats of three tropical American invasive weeds (''Parthenium hysterophorus'' L., ''Ageratum conyzoides'' L., ''Lantana camara'' L.) in India |volume=8 |issue=7 |doi=10.1007/s10530-005-5842-1 |journal=Biological Invasions |pages=1501–1510|bibcode=2006BiInv...8.1501K |s2cid=23302783 }}</ref> ɔhaw baako a ɛwɔ ho ne sɛ, ɛreyɛ agye aman bi Kuadwuma abɔ so. Afei nso, ɛnyɛ mma ayunmmoa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pests-weeds/weeds/profiles/lantana |title=Lantana - Weed of National Significance |last=Ensbey |first=Rob |access-date=2024-07-10 |archive-date=2015-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118203827/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pests-weeds/weeds/profiles/lantana |url-status=dead }}</ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359521898_IMPACT_OF_Lantana_camara_ON_NATIVE_VEGETATION_STRUCTURE_AND_DIVERSITY_OF_KAKIIKA_MBARARA_UGANDA] ==Ne Bɔberɛ== Ɛnyini pa ara a, ne tenten tumi duru mita nsia a ɛgyina hɔ ma anammɔn aduonu.<ref>[https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/weeds-australia/profile/Lantana%20camara#:~:text=Lantana%20(Lantana%20camara)%20is%20a,grow%20to%206%20metres%20high. Lantana camara L. ] WEEDS AUSTRALIA - PROFILES. Centre for Invasive Species Solutions.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=O.P. |year=1981 |title=A Review of the Toxicity of ''Lantana camara'' (Linn) in Animals |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-toxicology_1981-09_18_9/page/1077 |journal=Clinical Toxicology |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1077–1094 |doi=10.3109/15563658108990337|pmid=7032835 }}</ref> Ne nhaban soso na ɛtete sɛ kosua. Sɛ wopusu a,ɛyi hwa.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rosacia, W. Z.|year=2004|title=Lantana and Hagonoy: Poisonous weeds prominent in rangeland and grassland areas|journal=Research Information Series on Ecosystems|volume=16|issue=2|url=http://erdb.denr.gov.ph/publications/rise/r_v16n2.pdf|access-date= July 27, 2011|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Ɛwɔ nhwiren nteɛnteaa bi a ayɛ sɛ drorobɛn bobɔ ho bebree. Nhwiren no wowɔ ahosuo ahodoɔ bebree; ebi yɛ kɔkɔɔ, akokɔ seradeɛ, fitaa, penke ne ɔrengye. Berɛ a nhwiren no adi no na ɛbɛkyerɛ n'ahosuo.<ref>{{cite journal |last=MOHAN RAM |first=H.Y. |year=1984 |title=Flower Colour Changes in ''Lantana camara'' |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=1656–1662 |doi= 10.1093/jxb/35.11.1656}}</ref> Nhwiren no yɛ nhwam pa ara, na ɛno ara na ɛbɛdane aduaba.<ref>{{cite conference |last=Weiss |first=Martha. R. |year=1990 |title=Floral Color Changes As Cues For Pollinators |conference=ISHS Acta Horticulturae 288: VI International Symposium on Pollination |url=http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=288_46 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/256472/Lantana.pdf Lantana] Rod Ensbey, Regional Weed Control Coordinator, Grafton. September 2008.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240408161538/https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/60376/IPA-Lantana-Flowers-Id-Guide.pdf Identification Guide: Lantana flowers] Lantana – A Weed of National Significance (www.nrm.qld.gov.au). Retrieved 24 December 2021.</ref> ==Baabi a Ɛnyini== [[File:Flowers of Lantana camara in West Bangal, India.jpg|thumb |upright=1.15|Lantana camara a ɛwɔ Bengal Apueɛ fam( India) nhwiren]]Baabi a ɛfiri na ɛwɔ hɔ kɛse pa ara ne South America. <ref name="feppc2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fleppc.org/ID_book/lantana%20camara.pdf|title=Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council: ''Lantana camanara''|publisher=Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council|year=2005|author=Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council|access-date=2007-09-19 |archive-date=2018-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517223828/http://www.fleppc.org/ID_book/lantana%20camara.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sanders | first1 = R.W. | year = 2012 | title = Taxonomy of ''Lantana'' sect ''Lantana'' (Verbenaceae) | url = https://archive.org/details/journal-of-botanical-research-institute-texas_2012_6_2/page/403 | journal = Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas | volume = 6 | issue = 2| pages = 403–442 }}</ref> <ref name ="Gentle">{{cite journal |last=Gentle |first=C. B. |year=1974 |title=''Lantana camara'' L. invasions in dry rainforest–open forest ecotones: The role of disturbances associated with fire and cattle grazing |journal=Australian Journal of Ecology |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=298–306 |doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.1997.tb00675.x}}</ref> ''Wokɔ'' Africa aman nso so a, ɛnyɛ na wɔ hɔ. Mmeammea bi te Europe, Asia ne Australia nyinaa ɛnyɛ na wɔ hɔ.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 2006 |title=Lantana camara |url=http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species/Lantana%20camara.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413131038/http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species/Lantana%20camara.htm |archive-date=2014-04-13 |access-date=2014-03-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Thaman">{{cite journal |last=Thaman |first=R. R. |year=2006 |title=''Lantana camara'': its introduction, dispersal and impact on islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean |journal=Micronesia Journal of the University of Guam |volume=10 |pages=17–39}}</ref> Sri Lanka nso, ɛnyɛ na wɔ hɔ nansa yi.<ref name="fao">{{cite report|title=Forest Invasive Species: Country Report |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url=ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/008/ae944e/ae944e02.pdf}}{{dead link|date=April 2024}}</ref><ref>S. Ranwala, B. Marambe, S. Wijesundara, P. Silva, D. Weerakoon, N. Atapattu, J. Gunawardena, L. Manawadu, G. Gamage, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257964465_Post-entry_risk_assessment_of_invasive_alien_flora_of_Sri_Lanka_-_present_status_gap_analysis_and_the_most_troublesome_alien_invaders Post-entry risk assessment of invasive alien flora in Sri Lanka-present status, GAP analysis, and the most troublesome alien invaders], ''Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research'', Special Issue, October, 2012: 863-871.</ref> Englesi aborɔfo na wɔde baa India.<ref>[https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/animals-and-plants/pest-animals-and-weeds/weeds/widespread-weeds/lantana#:~:text=Lantana%20(Lantana%20camara)%20is%20a,was%20established%20in%20the%20wild. Lantana] NSW Department of Planning and Environment</ref><ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/in-bandipur-the-war-against-lantana/article19566873.ece In Bandipur, the war against Lantana] by [[The Hindu]]</ref> == Ne Dwumadie == ''Wɔde Lantana camara'' dua no taa yɛ nkondwa, ɛpono, mpoma ne deɛ ɛkeka ho.<ref name="khanna">{{cite book | last =Khanna | first =L. S. |author2=Prakash, R. | title =Theory and Practice of silvicultural Systems | publisher =International Book Distributions | year =1983 }}</ref> Nyɛ yeinom nko. Dua no dwumadie titire pa ara wɔ ayarehwɛ mu. Wɔde n'ahaban, n'abena ne ne nhini sa yareɛ pii. ===Ayarehwɛ mu=== Apɔɔmuden ho nhwehwɛmu foɔ bi nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛɛ wɔ India kyerɛ sɛ, nneɛma bi te sɛ antimicrobial, fungicidal ne insecticidal su nyɛ na wɔ L. camara mu.<ref name="GISD" /><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Chavan, S.R. |author2=Nikam, S.T. |title=Investigation of ''Lantana camara'' Linn (Verbenaceae) leaves for larvicidal activity |year=1982 |journal=Bulletin of Haffkine Institute |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=21–22 |url=https://eurekamag.com/research/005/747/005747317.php }}</ref> Wɔde n'ahaban no sa yadeɛ bi te sɛ [[ekuro]], [[ahokeka]], [[buropete]], [[ntehyeewa]] ne [[ayamkuro]].<ref name="GISD" /><ref>{{cite journal |author=Sathish, R.|title=Antiulcerogenic activity of ''Lantana camara'' leaves on gastric and duodenal ulcers in experimental rats |journal=J Ethnopharmacol |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=195–7 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21129476 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.049 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="florida" /> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/plants/plant_finder/plant_pages/458.shtml |work=BBC Plant Finder |title=Lantana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lehnert |first1=Matthew S. |last2=Kramer |first2=Valerie R. |last3=Rawlins |first3=John E. |last4=Verdecia |first4=Vanessa |last5=Daniels |first5=Jaret C. |date=2017-07-10 |title=Jamaica's Critically Endangered Butterfly: A Review of the Biology and Conservation Status of the Homerus Swallowtail (''Papilio (Pterourus) homerus'' Fabricius) |journal=Insects |volume=8 |issue=3 |page=68 |doi=10.3390/insects8030068 |pmid=28698508 |pmc=5620688 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cross |first1=Fiona R. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |title=Odour-mediated response to plants by ''Evarcha culicivora'' , a blood-feeding jumping spider from East Africa |journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology |date=2009 |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=75–80 |doi=10.1080/03014220909510142}}</ref> == Beaeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa firiiɛ == qqapl2ebx3udbgjhvg9fjvm1nwinj8v 0 16779 200499 196839 2026-08-10T18:25:46Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} {{Databox|item=Q9929613}} '''''Brugmansia suaveolens''''', '''Brazil's white angel trumpet''', a yɛsan frɛ no a'''ngel's tears''' and '''snowy angel's trumpet''', yɛ dua bi a ɛka Solanaceae nnua abusuakuo no ho. Baabi a ɛfiri pa ara ne Brazil anaafoɔ atɔeɛ fam. Nanso ɛnnɛ yi, nhwehwɛmufoɔ se ɛreyɛ ayera. == Ne Bɔ Berɛ == ''Brugmansia suaveolens yɛ'' dua ketewa. Ɛnyini a, ne tenten tumi duru mita mmeɛnsa de rekɔ nsonl( anammɔn du de rekɔ du-nsia. N'ahaban no trɛtrɛ .ɛma nwunu, n'abɔsuo te sɛ kosua. Ne nhwiren no yɛ fitaa. Ɛyɛ hwam. Na ɛduru anɔpa tutuutu ne adwadwo a na ne hwam no di ne pa ara. Wosusu a, ne kɛseɛ yɛ 2-5 cm. Akoa kakra. Ɛsan nso wɔ nkyekyɛmu num..<ref name="RHSLG">{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Lorraine |title=RHS Latin for Gardeners |year=2012 |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1845337315 }}</ref> Nhwiren a ɛso wɔ so no ara na ɛdanwe ne ho bɛyɛ aduaba no. == Baabi a Ɛwɔ == ''Kane no, na baabi a B. suaveolens'' wɔ pa ara ne Brazil, naafoɔ- apueɛ fam. Ɛyɛ ahomadua nti sɛ ɛrenyini a na ɛnenam fam. Saa Bazil mpoano hɔ no, na ɛdennɛn wɔ nsuo no ano ma ne tenten tumi duru mita apem a ɛgyina hɔ ma anammɔn mpem mmeɛnsa ne ahasa. Baabi a nsuo taa tɔ na ɛhɔ ntaa nyɛ hye pii na ɛtaa fifiri pa ara. Ɛnnɛ yi, ɛtumi nyini wɔ Amerika anaafoɔ fam mmeammea ahodoɔ nyinaa. Afei nso, ebi wowɔ Central America, Mexico, California, Greece, [[Abibrem|Africa]] ne mpo, Florida.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=294 | title = Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants |author1=Wunderlin, R. P. |author2=Hansen, B. F. | year = 2008 | publisher = Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa | access-date = 2011-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Barwick | first = M. | title = Tropical and Subtropical Trees: An Encyclopedia | publisher = Timber Press | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-88192-661-3 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite book | last = Eich | first = E. | title = Solanaceae and convolvulaceae - secondary metabolites | pages = 157, 158 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpYtUED_DSsC&q=scopolamine+truth+drug+brugmansia&pg=PA157 | isbn = 978-3-540-74540-2 | date = 2008-01-12 | publisher = Springer }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-08/010052239.pdf|title=LES ESPÈCES EXOTIQUES ENVAHISSANTES DE NOUVELLE-CALÉDONIE|last=Hequet|first=Vanessa|year=2009|pages=17|language=fr}}</ref>[[File:Angel Trumpets shrub -- Brugmansia suaveolens.jpg|thumb|300px|''Brugmansia suaveolens'' on the Texas Gulf Coast]] [[File:Angel Trumpets -- Brugmansia suaveolens.jpg|thumb|200px|''Brugmansia suaveolens'']] ==Ne Dwumadie== Nsuo a ɛwɔ ne nhwiren no mu no kuta biribi a yɛfrɛ no (antinociceptive) a ɛboa te yaw so. Nti, wɔtumi de yɛ nnuro ko honamyaw. <ref>{{ cite journal |author1=Parker, A. G. |author2=Peraza, G. G. |author3=Sena, J. |author4=Silva, E. S. |author5=Soares, M. C. |author6=Vaz, M. R. |author7=Furlong, E. B. |author8=Muccillo-Baisch, A. L. | title = Antinociceptive Effects of the Aqueous Extract of ''Brugmansia suaveolens'' Flowers in Mice |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-research-for-nursing_2007-01_8_3/page/234 | journal = Biological Research for Nursing | year = 2007 | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 234–239 | doi = 10.1177/1099800406293984 | pmid = 17172322 |s2cid=24325338 }}</ref> <ref>{{ cite journal |author1=Muccillo-Baisch, A. L. |author2=Parker, A. G. |author3=Cardoso, G. P. |author4=Cezar-Vaz, M. R. |author5=Soares, M. C. | title = Evaluation of the Analgesic Effect of Aqueous Extract of ''Brugmansia suaveolens'' Flower in Mice: Possible Mechanism Involved | journal = Biological Research for Nursing | year = 2010 | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = 345–350 | doi = 10.1177/1099800409354123 | pmid = 20338896 |s2cid=45521800 }}</ref> <br /> ''B. suaveolens'' is included in the Tasmanian Odum- gya adwumayɛkuo no akyerɛ mu sɛ ''B. suaveolens'' ka nhaban a ɛtumi boa dum gya no ho. Wɔdua wɔ fie ma ɛforo ban a, ɛboa bɔ fie no ho ban firi ogyahyehyeɛ ho.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chladil and Sheridan|first1=Mark and Jennifer|title=Fire retardant garden plants for the urban fringe and rural areas|url=http://www.fire.tas.gov.au/publications/1709%20Brochure.pdf|website=www.fire.tas.gov.au|publisher=Tasmanian Fire Research Fund|access-date=2024-07-13|archive-date=2015-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316070841/http://fire.tas.gov.au/publications/1709%20Brochure.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br /><ref>{{cite book | last = Pratt | first = C. | title = An Encyclopedia of Shamanism | volume = 1 | pages = 68, 69 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HltJMMq1_60C&q=brugmansia%20suaveolens&pg=PA68 | isbn = 978-1-4042-1040-0 | date = 2007-08-01 | publisher = The Rosen Publishing Group }}</ref> <ref>Campos, Don Jose (2011). The Shaman & Ayahuasca: Journeys to Sacred Realms.</ref> == Beaeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ == g7x4aawr5chsi5grjhbh0qyl891pmpe 0 16781 200516 181814 2026-08-10T18:49:30Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} {{Databox|item=Q17565556}} '''''Dichapetalum''''' yɛ dua bi a ɛka Dichapetalaceae abusuakuo kɛseɛ ase. Ɛno nso san wɔ nkyekyɛmu anaa ahodoɔ pii. Ɛtaa wɔ mmeammea bi tete sɛ [[Africa]], Asia, Malesia, West Indies, [[Australia]] ne Latin America. Nhwehwɛmu akyerɛ sɛ, n'ahodoɔ no bi wowɔ hɔ a awuduro wowɔ mu. Ebi nso deɛ, hwee nni mu saa. Deɛ awuduro no wowɔ mu no, wɔkyerɛbsɛ deɛ ɛma no.yɛ awuduro ne fluorinated compounds bi te sɛ fluorocarboxylic acid<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=PETERS|first1=RUDOLPH|last2=HALL|first2=R. J.|date=August 1960|title=Fluorine Compounds in Nature; The Distribution of Carbon-Fluorine Compounds in Some Species of Dichapetalum|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1960-08-13_187_4737/page/573|journal=Nature|volume=187|issue=4737|pages=573–575|doi=10.1038/187573a0|pmid=14432198|bibcode=1960Natur.187..573P|s2cid=4256114|issn=0028-0836}}</ref> ne dichapetalins, a ɛwowɔ mu no. Nyɛ '''''Dichapetalum''''' ahodoɔ no nyinaa yeinombi wɔ mu. Ebi wɔ hɔ a, hwee nni mu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Christophe|last2=Aussagues|first2=Yannick|last3=Molinier|first3=Nicolas|last4=Marcourt|first4=Laurence|last5=Vendier|first5=Laure|last6=Samson|first6=Arnaud|last7=Poughon|first7=Valérie|last8=Chalo Mutiso|first8=Patrick B.|last9=Ausseil|first9=Frédéric|last10=Sautel|first10=François|last11=Arimondo|first11=Paola B.|date=October 2013|title=Dichapetalins from Dichapetalum species and their cytotoxic properties|journal=Phytochemistry|volume=94|pages=184–191|doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.03.023|pmid=23618620|bibcode=2013PChem..94..184L|issn=0031-9422}}</ref> == Ahodoɔ == {{Div col}} * ''[[Dichapetalum acuminatum]]'' <small>De Wild. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum affine]]'' <small>(Planch. ex Benth.) Breteler</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum alaotrense]]'' <small>Desc.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum albidum]]'' <small>A.Chev. ex Pellegr. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum altescandens]]'' <small>Engl. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum angolense]]'' <small>Chodat </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum arachnoideum]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum arenarium]]'' <small>Breteler</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum asplundeanum]]'' <small>Prance </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum axillare]]'' <small>Woodson </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum bangii]]'' <small>(Didr.) Engl.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum barbatum]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum barbosae]]'' <small>Torre </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum barteri]]'' <small>Engl.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum beckii]]'' <small>Fern.Casas</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum beilschmiedioides]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum bellum]]'' <small>Breteler </small> *''[[Dichapetalum berendinae]]'' <small>{{Au|Breteler}}</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum bernalii]]'' <small>Prance </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum bocageanum]]'' <small>(Henr.) Engl. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum bodyi]]'' <small>De Wild. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum bojeri]]'' <small>(Tul.) Engl. </small> <small>Engl.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum gassitae]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum gelonioides]]'' <small>(Roxb.) Engl.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum geminostellatum]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum gentryi]]'' <small>Prance </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum germainii]]'' <small>Hauman</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum gilletii]]'' <small>De Wild. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum glomeratum]]'' <small>Engl. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum grandifolium]]'' <small>Ridl. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum grayumii]]'' <small>Prance </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum griffithii]]'' <small>(Hook.f.) Engl. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum hammelii]]'' <small>Prance </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum helferianum]]'' <small>(Kurz) Pierre </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum heudelotii]]'' <small>(Planch. ex Oliv.) Baill. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum inaequale]]'' <small>Breteler</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum inopinatum]]'' <small>Al.Rodr. & Kriebel</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum insigne]]'' <small>Engl.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum integripetalum]]'' <small>Engl. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum klaineanum]]'' <small>Brette </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum korupinum]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum latifolium]]'' <small>Baill.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum laurocerasus]]'' <small>(Hook.f.) Engl. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum letouzeyi]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum leucocarpum]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum leucosia]]'' <small>(Spreng.) Engl.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum librevillense]]'' <small>Pellegr. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum lindicum]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum lofense]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum longipetalum]]'' <small>(Turcz.) Engl. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum lujae]]'' <small>De Wild. & T.Durand </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum macrocarpum]]'' <small>Engl. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum madagascariense]]'' <small>{{Au|Poir.}}</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum mathisii]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum melanocladum]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum mexicanum]]'' <small>Prance </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum minutiflorum]]'' <small>Engl. & Ruhland </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum mombuttense]]'' <small>Engl.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum montanum]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum moralesii]]'' <small>Prance </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum morenoi]]'' <small>Prance </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum mossambicense]]'' <small>(Klotzsch) Engl.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum mundense]]'' <small>Engl.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum neglectum]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum nervatum]]'' <small>Cuatrec. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum nevermannianum]]'' <small>Standl. & Valerio </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum nyangense]]'' <small>Pellegr. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum obanense]]'' <small>(Baker f.) Hutch. & Dalziel </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum oblongum]]'' <small>(Hook.f. ex Benth.) Engl.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum odoratum]]'' <small>Baill.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum oliganthum]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum pallidum]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Engl.</small> *''[[Dichapetalum papuanum]]'' <small>{{Au|([[Odoardo Beccari|Becc.]]) Boerl.}}</small> – Qld Australia, New Guinea, Solomon Is., Moluccas<ref name=APNI/> * ''[[Dichapetalum parvifolium]]'' <small>Engl. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum pauper]]'' <small>Rizzini </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum pedicellatum]]'' <small>K.Krause</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum pedunculatum]]'' (<small>DC.) Baill.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum petaloideum]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum pierrei]]'' <small>Pellegr.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum platyphyllum]]'' <small>Merr.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum potamophilum]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum prancei]]'' <small>Fern.Casas</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum pulchrum]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum rabiense]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum reliquum]]'' <small>Kriebel & Al.Rodr.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum reticulatum]]'' <small>Engl.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum rhodesicum]]'' <small>Sprague & Hutch. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum rudatisii]]'' <small>Engl.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum ruficeps]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum rufum]]'' <small>(Tul.) Engl. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum rugosum]]'' <small>(Vahl) Prance</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum ruhlandii]]'' <small>Engl.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum schulzii]]'' <small>Prance </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum scorpioideum]]'' <small>Leenh. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum sessiliflorum]]'' <small>Leenh. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum setosum]]'' <small>Leenh.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum sordidum]]'' <small>(Hook.f.) Leenh.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum spruceanum]]'' <small>Baill. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum staminellatum]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum staudtii]]'' <small>Engl.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum steenisii]]'' <small>Leenh. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum steyermarkii]]'' <small>Prance </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum stipulatum]]'' <small>J.F.Macbr.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum stuhlmannii]]'' <small>Engl. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum sumbense]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum tenerum]]'' <small>Leenh.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum tenuifolium]]'' <small>(King) Engl.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum tetrastachyum]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum thollonii]]'' <small>Pellegr. </small> *''[[Dichapetalum timorense]]'' <small>{{Au|(DC.) Boerl.}}</small> – SE Asia, Malesia, Qld Australia<ref name=APNI/> * ''[[Dichapetalum tomentosum]]'' <small>Engl. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum toxicarium]]'' <small>(G.Don) Baill.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum tricapsulare]]'' <small>(Blanco) Merr. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum trichocephalum]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum ugandense]]'' <small>M.B.Moss</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum umbellatum]]'' <small>Chodat </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum unguiculatum]]'' <small>Engl.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum virchowii]]'' <small>(O.Hoffm. & Hildebr.) Engl.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum vitiense]]'' <small>(Seem.) Engl.</small> * ''[[Dichapetalum vondrozanum]]'' <small>Desc. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum witianum]]'' <small>Breteler </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum zenkeri]]'' <small>Engl. </small> * ''[[Dichapetalum zeylanicum]]'' <small>Kosterm. </small> {{Div col end}} == Baeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ == 8vtq5rdyvdgdi0idmgx6m7i8r63xbeb 0 16782 200512 184912 2026-08-10T18:45:28Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} {{Databox|item=Q165403}} '''''Elaeis guineensis''''' abɛ dua bi a wɔtaa frɛ no '''African oil palm''' anaa '''macaw-fat wɔ borɔfo kasa mu''' .<ref>{{GRIN|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref> Edin a wɔde nim no wɔ akan kasa anaa Twi mu ne abɛ.Ɛno mu na wɔtaa nya ngo nae angwa pa ara. Baabi a n'ase firi pa ara ne Abibrem atɔeɛ fam ne anaafoɔ fam aman bi te sɛ [[Angola]] ne [[The Gambia]]. Asɛmfua ''guineensis a ɛyɛ ne din no yɛ edin a wɔde frɛ'' wɔ Guinea. Merekyerɛ ɛnnɛ [[Guinea|modern country Guinea]]. Wɔaduadua bi so wɔ [[Madagascar]], Sri Lanka, [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], Central America, Cambodia, the West Indies, ne islands pii a ɛwowɔ [[India]] , Pacific Oceans. Ne deɛ ɛkeka ho. Wɔne American oil palm ''E. oleifera'' di nsɛ pa ara. ''Enam south-facing Atlantic coasfoɔ so na E. guineesis baa'' [[West Africa|Abibirem Atɔeɛ]] .<ref name="Purugganan-Fuller-2009">{{cite journal | last1=Purugganan | first1=Michael D. | last2=Fuller | first2=Dorian Q. | title=The nature of selection during plant domestication | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2009-02-12_457_7231/page/843 | journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | publisher=[[Nature Research]] | volume=457 | issue=7231 | year=2009 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature07895 | pages=843–848| pmid=19212403 | bibcode=2009Natur.457..843P | s2cid=205216444 }}</ref> Misrimfoɔ hyɛɛ aseɛ de abɛ dii dwuma no, bɛyɛ mfeɛ ahanum nie. Ebinom nso kyerɛ sɛ, afe 300 BC mu nyinaa na wɔde ngo di dwuma wɔ Misirim. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ abakɔsɛm ho nhwehwɛmufoɔ bi na ɔkɔhunuu yei.<ref name="Kiple">{{cite book |title=The Cambridge World History of Food |editor1-last=Kiple |editor1-first=Kenneth F. |editor2-last=Conee Ornelas |editor2-first=Kriemhild |year=2000 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] (CUP)|isbn=978-0521402163 |page=II.E.3 |url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/books/kiple/palmoil.htm |access-date=30 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020201103/http://www.cambridge.org/us/books/kiple/palmoil.htm |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref> Broni a ɔdii kan kyerɛkyerɛɛ abɛ su no din de Michael Anderson. <ref name="JM Pelt">[[Jean-Marie Pelt]], « Michel Adanson, le baobab et les coquillages », dans ''La Cannelle et le panda : les grands naturalistes explorateurs autour du Monde'', Fayard, 1999 {{ISBN|978-2213-60466-4}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Michael Le Page |title=The real palm oil problem: it's not just in your food |journal=[[New Scientist]]|date=May 5, 2018 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23831764-400-the-real-palm-oil-problem-its-not-just-in-your-food/#1}} See especially [https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/mg31764402.jpg?width=800 this graph].</ref> ==Ne Bɔberɛ== ''E. guineensis'' yɛ monocotyledonous.<ref name="Neale-et-al-2017">{{cite journal | last1=Neale | first1=David B. | last2=Martínez-García | first2=Pedro J. | last3=De La Torre | first3=Amanda R. | last4=Montanari | first4=Sara | last5=Wei | first5=Xiao-Xin | title=Novel Insights into Tree Biology and Genome Evolution as Revealed Through Genomics | journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]] | publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] | volume=68 | issue=1 | date=2017-04-28 | issn=1543-5008 | doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041049 | pages=457–483| pmid=28226237 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Ɛnyini kɔ soro tee. Berɛ biara, ne dua yɛ baako pɛ. Ɛtumi nyini ma ne tenten tumi duru mita aduonu.a ɛyɛ anammɔn aduosia nsi. N'ahaban yɛ nymteɛnteaa a ɛtuatua ne mman no ho bebree. N'ahaban baako tenten tumi anammɔn nnan. Ne mman no nso yɛ atenten a ɛtuatua ne dua no ho. Ɛrebɛba a, epue wɔ abɛ no nkɔn mu. Epue a ɛte sɛ nhwiren. Ɛyɛ mmerɛ, na n'ahosua te sɛ akokɔseradeu ne ahabanmono kakra a adi afra. Ɛrenyini do na ɛreyɛ den. Sɛ abudua no rebɛyi aduane apue a, nhwiren soronko bi pue ba. Na'hosua yɛ "brown" Epue a, bɛyɛ bosome num anaa nsia akyiri no, abɛ aduaba no ankasa yi ne ho yie. Aduaba no yɛ kɛseɛ a abɛ ani mmaako mmaako no nyinaa tuatua ho. Din a Asante kada mu yɛfrɛ aduaba yi ne bɛmu. Wɔfrɛ no palm Fruit wɔ borɔfo kasa mu. Sɛ ɛnyini yie pa ara a, ne mman no nyinaa pempan ma ɛyɛ tenteenten te sɛ kubɛ dua. ==Ne Dua== [[File:Elaeis guineensis fruits on tree.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Fruit]] [[File:World Production Of Primary Crops, Main Commodities.svg|thumb|Oil palm fruit is one of the most widely produced primary crops in the world.]] Wokɔ baabi a ɛtaa wɔ a, ɛka nnɔbaeɛ a akuafoɔ taa dua no ho. Sɛ wɔhwɛ no yie a, Hectre baako biara tumi ma okuani no 20&nbsp;tonnes afe biara .<ref name="MPOB">{{Cite web|title=About the Malaysian Palm Oil Industry|publisher=[[Malaysian Palm Oil Board]]|url=http://www.palmoilworld.org/about_malaysian-industry.html|access-date=2024-07-13|archive-date=2018-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020194530/http://www.palmoilworld.org/about_malaysian-industry.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ne Dwumadie == [[File:Fruit oil palm.JPG|thumb|200px|Fruit of the oil palm]] [[File:Production Of Oil Palm Fruit (2021).svg|thumb|Production Of oil palm fruit worldwide, by country in 2021]] Abɛ so wɔ mfasoɔ bebree. Ɛdi kan no, wɔde n'amma no yɛ aduane. Wɔkɔ Afrika a, ɛrekame ayɛ sɛ ɔman biara mu no, wɔde abɛ yɛ nkwan. Wɔtumi de amma no ho aduane no mu nsuo no ara yɛ ngo. Adwe a ɛhyɛ aba no mu no nso, wɔtumi de yɛ ngo. Wɔnya ngo yi wie a, wɔtumi de bi yɛ angwa samena ne deɛ ɛkeka ho. Woyi aduaba no si nkyɛn a, wɔnya nneɛma pii firi abɛ dua no ankasa mu. Wɔtumi to nya nsa wɔ mu. Wɔde n'ahaban no yɛ praeɛ ne deɛ ɛkeka ho.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Palm Oil Continues to Dominate Global Consumption in 2006/07 |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |date=June 2006 |url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/oilseeds/circular/2006/06-06/Junecov.pdf |access-date=22 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426031438/http://www.fas.usda.gov/oilseeds/circular/2006/06-06/Junecov.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2009 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1745-4522.1999.tb00142.x |year=1999 |last1=Che Man |first1=YB |last2=Liu |last3=Jamilah |title=Quality changes of RBD palm olein, soybean oil and their blends during deep-fat frying |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=181–193 |journal=Journal of Food Lipids |first2=J.L. |first3=B. |last4=Rahman |first4=R. Abdul}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1002/ejlt.200600294 |title=Use of palm oil for frying in comparison with other high-stability oils |year=2007 |last1=Matthäus |first1=Bertrand |journal=European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology |volume=109|issue=4 |pages=400–409}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |pmid=14506001 |url=http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/volume12/vol12.3/fullArticles/Sundram.pdf |year=2003 |last1=Sundram |first1=K |last2=Sambanthamurthi |last3=Tan |title=Palm fruit chemistry and nutrition |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=355–62 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition |first2=R |first3=YA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322063653/http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/volume12/vol12.3/fullArticles/Sundram.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-22 }}</ref> == Beaeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Nnua]] [[Nkyekyεmu:Nnuane]] ibkc0dd3dhaq4qzlszs3mly49p93tjf 0 16783 200514 181838 2026-08-10T18:47:27Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} '''''Schwenckia''''' yɛ dua bi a ɛka Solanaceae nnua abusuakuo no ho. Baabi a wɔgye to mu sɛ ɛhɔ na n'ase firi pa ara ne Central America ne America anaafoɔ fam. Ɛno nso wɔ nhyehyɛmu pii. Latin asɛmfua schwenkia yɛ asɛmfua a yɛde gyina hɔ ma nnua a ɔwɔ saa su a yɛabobɔ so yi. Ɛgu ahodoɔ pii a ahodoɔ no bi ne ''S. americana. Beaeɛ a yɛadi kan abobɔ so yi na wɔfiri deɛ, nanso nnɛ yi, ɛnyɛ na wɔ'' Africa.<ref name="38534-1">{{cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:38534-1|title=''Schwenckia'' L.|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2017|website=Plants of the World Online|publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Heine|first1=H.|title=On the Correct Spelling of the Generic Name ''Schwenckia'' D. Van Royen ex L. (Solanaceae), with a Note about Martin Wilhelm Schwencke|url=https://archive.org/details/kew-bulletin_1963_16_3/page/465|journal=Kew Bulletin|year=1963|volume=16|issue=3|pages=465–469|doi=10.2307/4114695|jstor=4114695}}</ref> == Ahodoɔ == Ahodoɔ a nhwehwɛmufoɔ agye ato mu no bi na ɛdidi soɔ yi:<ref name="38534-1" /> * ''[[Schwenckia alvaroana]]'' <small>Benítez</small> * ''[[Schwenckia americana]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small> * ''[[Schwenckia angustifolia]]'' <small>Benth.</small> * ''[[Schwenckia breviseta]]'' <small>Casar.</small> * ''[[Schwenckia curviflora]]'' <small>Benth.</small> * ''[[Schwenckia elegans]]'' <small>Carvalho</small> * ''[[Schwenckia filiformis]]'' <small>Ekman ex Urb.</small> * ''[[Schwenckia glabrata]]'' <small>Kunth</small> * ''[[Schwenckia grandiflora]]'' <small>Benth.</small> * ''[[Schwenckia heterantha]]'' <small>Carvalho</small> * ''[[Schwenckia huberi]]'' <small>Benítez</small> * ''[[Schwenckia hyssopifolia]]'' <small>Benth.</small> * ''[[Schwenckia juncoides]]'' <small>Chodat</small> * ''[[Schwenckia lateriflora]]'' <small>(Vahl) Carvalho</small> * ''[[Schwenckia longiseta]]'' <small>Casar.</small> * ''[[Schwenckia micrantha]]'' <small>Benth.</small> * ''[[Schwenckia mollissima]]'' <small>Nees & Mart.</small> * ''[[Schwenckia novaveneciana]]'' <small>Carvalho</small> * ''[[Schwenckia paniculata]]'' <small>(Raddi) Carvalho</small> * ''[[Schwenckia trujilloi]]'' <small>Benítez</small> * ''[[Schwenckia volubilis]]'' <small>Benth.</small> == Beaeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Nnua]] rgzv3mg8lc15zoimgjvycmk4w6fh708 0 16894 200500 184478 2026-08-10T18:27:09Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200500 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Definition and uses -->'''Zidovudine''' ('''ZDV'''), a wɔsan nso frɛ no azidothymidine AZT no yɛ aduro a kane no na wɔtumi de bɔ obi ho ban sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a ɔrenya[[HIV/AIDS]]. Wɔde ka nnuro foforɔ bi ho na ɛdi saa dwuma no.<ref name="AHFS2016">{{cite web|title=Zidovudine|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zidovudine.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=November 28, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005642/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zidovudine.html|archive-date=December 21, 2016}}</ref> Sɛ obi wɔ bi na sɛ ɔrekɔwo mpo a, wɔtumi de saa aduro yi ne ba no ho ban firi yadeɛ kɔdiawuo HIV ho.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Sɛ obi fa bi a, nsunsuansoɔ a ɛtumi nya wɔ ne so no bi ne tipaeɛ, ahotutuo ne abofono.<ref name=AHFS2016/> == Kwan a wɔfa so de sa yadeɛ == Ɛyɛ nsuo a wɔtumi wɔde fa paneɛ mu wɔ obi. Ɛbaeɛ no, na wɔtumi de wɔ ɔnipa no mprenu( Dosed twice). Na wɔde ka nnuro afoforɔ bi ho na ɛwɔ wɔn a wɔrebɔ wɔn ho ban no. Ɛyɛ aduro a na wɔn a wɔkyerɛ apɔɔmutenetene nni ho agorɔ koraa<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = De Clercq E | title = HIV resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_biochemical-pharmacology_1994-01-20_47_2/page/n6 | journal = Biochemical Pharmacology | volume = 47 | issue = 2 | pages = 155–169 | date = January 1994 | pmid = 7508227 | doi = 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90001-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yarchoan R, Mitsuya H, Broder S | title = AIDS therapies | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_1988-10_259_4/page/110 | journal = Scientific American | volume = 259 | issue = 4 | pages = 110–119 | date = October 1988 | pmid = 3072667 | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican1088-110 | bibcode = 1988SciAm.259d.110Y }}</ref> Nyɛ panneɛ nko ara na wɔtumi de wɔ. Wɔtumi nso de fra antiretroviral nnuro afoforɔ bi nom<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Phanuphak N, Gulick RM | title = HIV treatment and prevention 2019: current standards of care | journal = Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 4–12 | date = January 2020 | pmid = 31658110 | doi = 10.1097/COH.0000000000000588 | s2cid = 204952772}}</ref> ==Nsunsuansoɔ== Nsunsuansoɔ no bi ne abofofno, tipaeɛ, ɛfeɛ ne deɛ ɛkeka ho. Sɛ obi fa aduro no a, ɛma ne kɔn nnɔ aduane. Obi nso wɔ hɔ a ɔntumi nna .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medicinenet.com/zidovudine_azt-oral/page2.htm|title=zidovudine, Retrovir|date=August 12, 2010|publisher=Medicinenet.com|access-date=December 14, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220035237/http://www.medicinenet.com/zidovudine_azt-oral/page2.htm|archive-date=December 20, 2010}}</ref> == Beaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == 4denqn4umbejez1qsualv6kvz590vj8 0 17011 200490 183967 2026-08-10T18:13:36Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200490 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Probenecid''' a edin a wɔde nim no wɔ dwa so ne '''Probalan no''' s yɛ aduro bi a ɛma adeɛ a yɛfrɛ no uric acid a ɛwɔ dwonsɔ mu no dɔɔso. Aduro yi dwuma titire pa ara ne sɛ ɛsa nyarewa a yɛfrɛ wɔn gout ne hyperuricemia. Wɔyɛɛ Probenecid aduro no de hyɛɛ caronamide aduro no ananmu<ref name="pmid13171805">{{cite journal|vauthors=Mason RM|title=Studies on the effect of probenecid (benemid) in gout|journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases|volume=13|issue=2|pages=120–130|date=June 1954|pmid=13171805|pmc=1030399|doi=10.1136/ard.13.2.120}}</ref> == Ne Dwumadie wɔ Ayarehwɛ mu == Aduro yi dwuma titire pa ara ne sɛ ɛsa nyarewa a yɛfrɛ wɔn gout ne hyperuricemia. Ɛtɔ da a, wɔtumi de ma antibayɔtese (antibiotics ) a ɛwɔ aduro bi mu no yɛ kɛse. Ɛno boa ma wɔde sa berɛboɔ yareɛ .<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cox VC, Zed PJ | title = Once-daily cefazolin and probenecid for skin and soft tissue infections | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-pharmacotherapy_2004-03_38_3/page/458 | journal = The Annals of Pharmacotherapy | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 458–463 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 14970368 | doi = 10.1345/aph.1d251 | s2cid = 11449580 }}</ref> Wɔtumi nso de yɛ masking agent,<ref name="pmid17027009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Morra V, Davit P, Capra P, Vincenti M, Di Stilo A, Botrè F | title = Fast gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric determination of diuretics and masking agents in human urine: Development and validation of a productive screening protocol for antidoping analysis | journal = Journal of Chromatography A | volume = 1135 | issue = 2 | pages = 219–229 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17027009 | doi = 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.034 | hdl-access = free | s2cid = 20282106 | hdl = 2318/40201 }}</ref> == Baabi a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ == fxwk8xoy35y6csp7v1i5ifshiag04m0