Awo akyi nyarewa

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    <title>Awo akyi nyarewa</title>
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'''Awo akyi nyarewa''', a wɔsan frɛ no '''awo bere mu nyarewa''', '''awo ho atiridii''' anaa '''awo bere mu atiridii''' yɛ yare biara [[a mmoawa de ]] ba[[ɔbea awode mu]] wɔ [[awo]] akyi anaa [[nyinsɛn a asɛe akyi]].&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=W2014/&gt; --&gt; Eyi ho nsɛnkyerɛnne no bi yɛ [[atiridii]] a ɛkyɛn 38.0C, awɔ, ayaase yaw, ne ebia [[ɔbea ase nsu]] a ɛbɔn.&lt;ref name=W2014&gt;{{cite book|title=Williams obstetrics|url=https://archive.org/details/williamsobstetri0024unse|date=2014|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|isbn=9780071798938|pages=Chapter 37|edition=24th|chapter=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mpɛn pii no ɛba nnɔnhwerew aduonu anan akyi wɔ nna du mu fi bere a ɔbea no awo akyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Hiralal Konar|title=DC Dutta's Textbook of Obstetrics|date=2014|publisher=JP Medical Ltd|isbn=9789351520672|page=432|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=LU2VAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA432}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Causes and diagnosis--&gt;
Yare a abu so sen biara ne nea ɛka [[awotwaa]] no ne ntini a ɛbemmɛn a wɔfrɛ no '''awo akyi sepsis''' anaa '''awo akyi awotwaa mu a ahyehyɛ'''.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=W2014/&gt; --&gt; Nea etumi de eyi ba no bi ne [[oprehyen(Caesarean section)]], mmoawa bi a ɛwɔ hɔ te sɛ [[group B streptococcus]] wɔ ɔbea ase,[[ntini a apae ntɛm]],ne [[bere tenten awo]] ne afoforo.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=W2014/&gt; --&gt; Mmoawa ahorow na ɛde nyarewa yi dodow no ara ba.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=W2014/&gt; --&gt; Hu a wobehu eyi ntaa mfi [[nhwehwɛmu a wɔma mmoawa wo|mmoawa a wɔma wɔwo]] wɔ ɔbea ase anaa mogya mu.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=W2014/&gt; --&gt; Wɔ wɔn a ɛnyɛ adwuma mma wɔn no, ebia ɛho behia sɛ wɔyɛ [[mfonintwa nhwehwɛmu]] ma no.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=W2014/&gt; --&gt; Nneɛma afoforo a ɛde awo akyi atiridii ba no bi ne:[[nufu a ahyɛ mogya]], [[dwensɔ durubɛn yare]] ayaase yare bi anaa [[ɔbea ase a wɔbae mu]], ne [[ahurututu no a agye agu]].&lt;ref name=W2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- Prevention and treatment --&gt;
Esiane asiane ahorow a ɛtaa ba wɔ C-section akyi nti wɔhyɛ nyansa sɛ mmea bɛbɔ wɔn ho ban denam [[nnuru a ɛko tia mmoawa]] te sɛ [[ampicillin]] a wɔde bedi dwuma bere a wɔrebɛyɛ oprehyen no.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=W2014/&gt; --&gt; Wɔde nnuru a ɛko tia mmoawa na ɛsa nyarewa yi na ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ nnanu anaa nnansa mu wɔ nnipa pii fam.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=W2014/&gt; --&gt; Wɔ wɔn a wɔn de ano nnyɛ den no, wobetumi afa nnuru yi a wɔnom anaasɛ [[nea wɔde fa ntini mu]].&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=W2014/&gt; --&gt; Nnuru a ɛko tia mmoawa a wɔtaa de di dwuma no bi ne [[ampicillin]] ne [[gentamicin]] wɔ awo akyi anaa [[clindamycin]] ne gentamicin de ma wɔn a wɔyɛɛ wɔn C-section no.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=W2014/&gt; --&gt; Wɔ wɔn a aduru no nnyɛ adwuma biara mma wɔn no, wobetumi ahwɛ yare afoforo te sɛ [[abscess]] nso ahwɛ.&lt;ref name=W2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- Epidemiology and history  --&gt;
Wɔ aman a wɔanya wɔn ho mu no, nnipa bɛyɛ ɔha mu nkyekyem biako kosi abien nya nyarewa wɔ wɔn awode mu wɔ [[awo]] akyi.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=W2014/&gt; --&gt; Eyi kɔ soro kodu ɔha mu nkyekyem anum kosi dumiɛnsa wɔ wɔn a wɔbrɛe wɔ awo mu, na ɛkɔ kodu ɔha mu nkyekyem aduonum wɔ wɔn a wɔyɛɛ wɔn C-section no bere a wɔmfaa nnuru ɛ no.&lt;ref name=W2014/&gt; Wɔ afe 2013 mu no, nyarewa yi maa nnipa mpem aduonu anan hweree wɔn nkwa, nea ennu afe 1990 de a ɛyɛ mpem aduasa anan no.&lt;ref name=GDB2013&gt;{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yare yi ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu a wodii kan de mae no yɛ bɛyɛ afeha a ɛto so anum A.Y.B.(B.C.E.) wɔ [[Hippocrates]] nkyerɛwee mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Walvekar|first1=Vandana|title=Manual of perinatal infections|date=2005|publisher=Jaypee Bros.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788180614729|page=153|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=DIOmY2ROeVAC&amp;pg=PA152}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyarewa yi maa nnipa pii hweree wɔn nkwa wɔ awo bere mu fi bɛyɛ afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe mu de besi 1930 mfe no mu bere a wofii ase de nnuru a ɛko tia mmoawa di dwuma no.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Magner|first1=Lois N.|title=A history of medicine|date=1992|publisher=Dekker|location=New York|isbn=9780824786731|pages=257-258|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=qtUzscI9_VIC&amp;pg=PA258}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ afe 1847, wɔ Austria no [[Ignaz Semmelweiss]] bere a na ɔyɛ [[nsa hohoro]] a ɔde [[chlorine]] di dwuma no, ɔtee owu a na efi yare yi mu ba fi bɛyɛ ɔha mu nkyekyem aduonu kosi abien pɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=BL|title=Puerperal group A streptococcal infection: beyond Semmelweis.|journal=Obstetrics and gynecology|date=April 2014|volume=123|issue=4|pages=874-82|pmid=24785617}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Ataman|first1=AD|last2=Vatanoglu-Lutz|first2=EE|last3=Yildirim|first3=G|title=Medicine in stamps-Ignaz Semmelweis and Puerperal Fever.|journal=Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association|date=2013|volume=14|issue=1|pages=35-9|pmid=24592068}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Nsεm afoforo==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Nkyekyem:Gao lazamankwala]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ebola yare</title>
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{{infobox disease
| name           = Ebola yare
| image          = 7042 lores-Ebola-Zaire-CDC Photo.jpg
| caption        = Mfonini a wotwaa no afe 1976 a εkyerε ayaresafo baanu a wogyina [[Mayinga N'Seka|Mayinga N.]] a ͻwͻ Ebola yare no bi; owui nna kakraa akyi esiane sε na mogya retu no wͻ ne nipadua mu.
| DiseasesDB     = 18043
| ICD10          = {{ICD10|A|98|4|a|90}}
| ICD9           = {{ICD9|065.8}}
| MedlinePlus    = 001339
| eMedicineSubj  = med
| eMedicineTopic = 626
| MeshID         = D019142
}}
'''Ebola yare'''-('''EVD''') anaa '''Ebola Atiridii''' ('''EHF''') a εma mogya fi obi mu yε yare bi a [[Ebola mmoawa]] na εde ba.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Ɛho nsεnkyerεne fi ase nnanu kosi adapεn abiesa bere a obi anya mmoawa no akyi, nea εka ho ne [[atiridii]], mene ase kuru, [[honam mu yaw|honam yaw]], ne [[tipae]].&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Mpεn pii, [[pԑ a obi pε sε ͻfe]], εfe, ne [[ayamtu]]. Nea ԑka ho ne adwumayε a εba fam wͻ [[berεbͻ]] ne [[asaabo]].&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Saa bere yi ebinom fi ase nya [[mogyatu]] ho haw.&lt;ref name=WHO2014&gt;{{cite web|title=Ebola virus disease  Fact sheet N°103|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=12 April 2014|date=March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Cause and Diagnosis--&gt;
Obi betumi anya mmoawa no bere a ne ho aka [[mogya]] anaa [[nipadua ho nsu]], aboa a wanya bi anaa [[ampan a odi nnuaba]]).&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; Wonya nnyεε mframa mu a wͻfa so nya ho kyerεwtohͻ biara wͻ baabi a wͻte no.&lt;ref name=WHOAir2014&gt;{{cite web|title=2014 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa|url=http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=3 August 2014|date=Apr 21 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wogye di sε mpan a wodi nnuaba na wͻma yare yi a ebi nnka wͻn.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Bere a onipa anya yare yi no, yare no betumi aka afoforo nso.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Mmarima a wͻanya yare yi bi betumi de ama afoforo denam [[wͻn awode mu nsu]] bεyε asram abien.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Ansa na wͻbεhwε sε εyε yare yi no, mpεn pii wͻyε yare afoforo a εwͻ nsεnkyerεnne koro no ara te se [[atiridiinini]], [[ayamtu]] ne afoforo [[a εma mogya tu obi]] ho nhwehwεmu ansa.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Nea ԑbԑma wͻahu sԑ ԑyԑ yare yi no wͻsͻ mogya hwε de hwε [[mmoawa a wͻbͻ nipadua ho ban]], [[RNA mmoawa]], anaa yare no ho mmoawa ankasa.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- Prevention --&gt;
Nea εka εho bammͻ ho ne sε yεbεhwε yεn ho yiye wͻ adoee ne mpraku ho.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Wobetumi ayε eyi denam mmoa yi a wͻbεhwε sε wͻanya mmoawa yi bi a, na wͻakum wͻn ato wͻn akyene wͻ ͻkwan pa so.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Nnam a wͻbεnoa no yiye ne ntade a wͻbεhyε bere a wͻrekura nnam nso betumi aboa,&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; ne ntade pa a wͻhyε ne [[nsa a wͻhohoro]] bere a wͻbεn obi a ͻwͻ yare no bi no.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Nnipa a wͻanya mmoawa no bi ho nsu ne wͻn nipadua ho biribi yε nea εsε sε wͻhwε yiye wͻ ho.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- Treatment, Prognosis and Epidemiology--&gt;
Yare no nni ͻkwan pͻtee a wͻfa so sa no; ͻkwan a wobetumi aboa nnipa a wͻanya bi no bi ne sε wͻbεma wͻn [[nsu a wͻde ma ayarefo]] (nsu a asikyire ne nkyene wom) anaa [[nsu biara a wͻde ma fa ntini mu]].&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; Yare no wͻ tumi [[a εde kum nnipa]]: Mpεn pii no, ekum nnipa a wͻanya mmoawa no ͻha mu nkyekyem aduonum kosi aduokrͻn.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Elsevier/Academic Press&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=C.M. Fauquet|title=Virus taxonomy classification and nomenclature of viruses; 8th report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780080575483|page=648|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9Wy7Jgy5RWYC&amp;pg=PA648}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wodi kan huu EVD yare yi wͻ [[Sudan]] ne [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Mpεn pii no, yare yi taa ba prεko pε wͻ [[Africa mantam anhwea pradadaa no anafo fam]].&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; Efi afe 1976 (bere a wodi kan huu yare no) kosi afe 2013 no, yare no anya nnipa a wonnu apem afe biara.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=MMWRJune2014&gt;{{cite web|title=Ebola Viral Disease Outbreak — West Africa, 2014|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6325a4.htm?s_cid=mm6325a4_w|website=CDC|accessdate=26 June 2014|date=June 27, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yare no mmae a εsen biara ne nea aba nnansa yi [[Afe 2014 Abibirim Atͻe Ebola mmae]], a aka [[Guinea]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]] ne [[Nigeria]].&lt;ref name=CDC2014&gt;{{cite web|title=CDC urges all US residents to avoid nonessential travel to Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone because of an unprecedented outbreak of Ebola.|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/warning/ebola-liberia|website=CDC|accessdate=2 August 2014|date=July 31, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CDCAug2014N&gt;{{cite web|title=Outbreak of Ebola in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone|url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/guinea/index.html|website=CDC|accessdate=5 August 2014|date=August 4, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛde bedu ͻsram August, afe 2014 no, nnipa apem ahansia na wͻanya bi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ebola virus disease update - West Africa|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_08_04_ebola/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=6 August 2014|date=Aug 4, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wͻrebͻ mmͻden sε wͻbεyε [[aduru a εbεbͻ nnipa ho ban]]; nanso wͻnyεε bi ε.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;

==Nsεm afoforo==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}

; Baabi a wonyaa nsεm yi fii
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Klenk |first=Hans-Dieter |title=Marburg and Ebola Viruses (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology) |url=https://archive.org/details/marburgebolaviru0000unse |date=January 1999 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Telos |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-540-64729-4 |ref=CITEREFKlenk1999}}
* {{Cite book |first1=Hans-Dieter |last1=Klenk |first2=Heinz |last2=Feldmann |title=Ebola and Marburg viruses: molecular and cellular biology |url=http://books.google.com/?id=EV_mFgnyPoMC |format=Limited preview |year=2004 |publisher=Horizon Bioscience |location=Wymondham, Norfolk, UK |isbn=978-0-9545232-3-7 |ref=CITEREFKlenkFeldmann2004}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kuhn |first=Jens H. |title=Filoviruses: A Compendium of 40 Years of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Studies. Archives of Virology Supplement, vol. 20 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=LaOue0F9Ns4C |format=Limited preview |year=2008 |publisher=SpringerWienNewYork |location=Vienna |isbn=978-3-211-20670-6 |ref=CITEREFKuhn2008}}
* {{Cite book |last1=McCormick |first1=Joseph |last2=Fisher-Hoch |first2=Susan |others=Horvitz, Leslie Alan |title=Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC |url=http://books.google.com/?id=QEvR3aJX2m0C |format=Limited preview |origyear=1996 |edition=Updated [3rd] |year=1999 |publisher=Barnes &amp; Noble |isbn=978-0-7607-1208-5 |ref=CITEREFMcCormickFisher-Hoch1999 |month=June}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pattyn |first=S. R. |title=Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever |year=1978 |url=http://www.itg.be/ebola/ |format=Full free text |edition=1st |publisher=Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press |location=Amsterdam |isbn=0-444-80060-3 |ref=CITEREFPattyn1978 |access-date=2014-09-04 |archive-date=2010-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211083855/http://www.itg.be/ebola/ |dead-url=yes }}
* {{Cite book | last1 = Ryabchikova | first1 = Elena I. | last2 = Price | first2 = Barbara B. | title = Ebola and Marburg Viruses: A View of Infection Using Electron Microscopy | year = 2004 | publisher = Battelle Press | location = Columbus, Ohio | isbn = 978-1-57477-131-2 | ref = CITEREFRyabchikovaPrice2004 }}
{{Refend}}

==Nea εde kͻ mmeae afoforo==
{{Refbegin}}
* [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/207.html ViralZone: Ebola-like viruses] – Virological repository from the [[Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics]]
* [http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/ CDC: Ebola hemorrhagic fever] – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch
* [http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/en/ WHO: Ebola haemorrhagic fever] – World Health Organization, Global Alert and Response
* [http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=filo Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Filoviridae]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140808072117/http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/emdb/searchResults.html/?q=ebola 3D macromolecular structures of the Ebola virus archived in the EM Data Bank (EMDB)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819171607/https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&amp;msid=202977755949863934429.0004c658eb30f9c4fb1c0&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;t=h&amp;ll=27.371767,5.273438&amp;spn=110.017392,184.21875&amp;z=2&amp;source=embed&amp;dg=feature Google Map of Ebola Outbreaks]
* [http://www.who.int/csr/bioriskreduction/filovirus_infection_control/en/ WHO recommended infection control measures]
{{Refend}}

[[Nkyekyem:Gao lazamankwala]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3627" sha1="cs3ttn6wddz9dhd3thg2nqqmdz4aj70" xml:space="preserve">'''Ɛdɔm kɛseɛ''' yɛ sɛ ekuo a ɔmo yɛ sonoronko firi nkae no ho, ɛboro nipa dodoɔ no abupɛn mmienu.&lt;ref name=&quot;majority-dictionaries&quot;&gt;Dictionary definitions of ''majority'' at [[mwod:majority|Merriam-Webster]], [https://dictionary.reference.com/browse/majority dictionary.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221102100/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/majority|date=2015-12-21}}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130524150957/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/majority Oxford English Dictionary], [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/majority thefreedictionary.com], and [http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/majority Cambridge English Dictionary].&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛyɛ ekuo no mu abupɛn mmienu. Nhwɛsoɔ, sɛ nnipa bi dodoɔ yɛ aduonu a wɔn dɔm kɛseɛ no bɛyɛ dubaako anaa deɛ ɛboro saa mpo brɛ deɛ aka no mpo yɛ du anaa deɛ ɛwɔ fam, emu nipa du ntumi nyɛ dɔm kɛseɛ. Yɛbɛtumi de dɔm kɛseɛ akyerɛ sedeɛ abatoɔ no  nhyehyɛeɛ mma a ɛdɔɔso , wei kyerɛ mma a ɛdɔɔso.

Yɛde dɔm kɛseɛ bɛtumi  atoto dodoɔ ho a ɛyɛ kɛseɛ kyɛn adeɛ a wakyɛ mu no na mmom nyɛ kɛseɛ nkyɛn adeɛ biara a yaka abɔ mu. Nhwɛsiɔ, sɛ yɛwɔ ekuo a wɔn dodoɔ bɛyɛ aduonu a na yɛkyekyɛ mu nkron, nsia, ne nnum ɛneɛ na nkron no na ɛyɛ dɔm kɛseɛ. Dodoɔ nkyerɛ kɛseɛ sɛ ɛno na ɛdɔɔso na mmom ɛbɛtumi ayɛ sɛ dodoɔ no nkyɛ mu deɛ ɛboro ɛfa. Wei si berɛ a nipa baanu anaa baasa apaw adekorɔ. Dɔm kɛseɛ ɛtɔ da yɛfrɛ no dɔm kɛseɛ a ɛwɔ soro a ɛwɔ sɛ ɛnya 50%, ebia 2/3, mmom ɛtɔ da a ɛntae nyɛ adwuma.

Wɔ British borɔfo kasa mu asɛmfua dodoɔ yɛ sɛ wanya mma dodoɔ kɛseɛ pa ara, sɛ ebia, deɛ ɔdi kan no nya mma dodoɔ  de kyɛn deɛ ɔtɔ so mmienu. Asɛmfua dodoɔ wɔ nkyerɛase beberee wɔ kwan a yɛfa so de di dwuma.

== Dɔm kɛseɛ abatoɔ ==
Wɔ [[Mmarahyɛbadwafoɔ|mmarahyɛbadwa]] nhyehyɛeɛn no, asɛmfua dodoɔ kyerɛ deɛ ɛboro ɛfa so.&lt;ref name=&quot;rr-faqs&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://robertsrules.com/frequently-asked-questions/|title=FAQs|access-date=2021-02-21|website=Official Robert's Rules of Order Website|publisher=The Robert's Rules Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ɛwɔ [[abatoɔ]] mu, abatoɔ dodoɔ no yɛ deɛ ɛboro ɛfa wɔ mma no dodoɔ mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;rronr2011-400&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=[[Robert's Rules of Order]] Newly Revised|last=Robert|first=Henry M.|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-306-82020-5|location=Philadelphia, PA|page=[https://archive.org/details/robertsrulesofor0000henr_i4q5/page/400 400]|edition=11th|quote=The word ''majority'' means &quot;more than half&quot;; and when the term ''majority vote'' is used without qualification—as in the case of the basic requirement—it means more than half of the votes cast by persons entitled to vote, excluding blanks or abstentions, at a regular or properly called meeting.|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bio, abatoɔ no dodoɔ yɛn mfa obi a ɔnka abatoɔ no ho nka ho anaa deɛ ɔnni kwan sɛ ɔto aba no bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;rronr2011-416&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011|p=416}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Wɔ [[Mmarahyɛbadwafoɔ|mmarahyɛbadwam]] ɔde tumii na ɛde kan abatoɔ wɔ nsonsoneɛ ɛbɛba [[abatoɔ]] no mu ɛsane deɛ ɔnni kwan sɛ ɔto aba no bi. [[Abatoɔ]] a akwanya nni ho ne sɛ wonni saa tumii no sɛ wobɛto aba apaw obi.&lt;ref name=&quot;rronr2011-416&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011|p=416}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abatoɔ a [[mmara]] mmma ho kwan ne sɛ deɛ yɛreto aba ama no wonni tumii sɛ wo to aba no bi.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority#cite_note-5&lt;/ref&gt;

== Beaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Suhyɛn</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="6178" sha1="rh57xp8xx56o8519r8sckwdk7c37f54" xml:space="preserve">[[Suhyɛn]] yɛ nsuo adeɛ bi a ɛfa wiase [[Amansan|aman]] ahodoɔ asuo so ne asuo biara ɛkwan da so, ɛfa nnipa anaa nnoɔma anaa wɔde redi dwuma soronko bi sɛ banbɔ,nsuo mu nam yie ne nhwehwɛ mu. Suhyɛn yɛ soronko kyɛn nhyɛmma wɔ sɛdeɛ ɛsi teɛ ho ne nnoɔma ɛbɛfa ne dwuma a edie. Suhyɛn aboa dwadie, asetena mu, banbɔ ne abɔdeɛ mu nyansa pɛ mu. Ɛfiri afe 15th century, nnɔbae foforɔ a aba Amerika  no firi  Suhyɛn a ɛwɔ Europ ɛno ka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wikiwix&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Columbian Exchange|url=http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-twoworlds/1866|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110726194333/http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-twoworlds/1866|archive-date=2011-07-26|website=The University of North Carolina}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suhyɛn [[Akwantuo fri Gaana kɔ Germany|akwantuo]] mu no wɔyɛ sɛ ɛyɛ adwuma.

Asɛnfua Suhyɛn wɔ nkyereaseɛ bebree egyina beaeɛ a woreka no no, sɛ ɛyɛ ade kɛseɛ anaa nhyɛmma a yɛde reto kwan a yɛde nnua akyekyɛ.

Wɔ afe  2016 na yɛwɔ Suhyɛn bɛboro 49,000 wo ka bom a bɛyɛ ɔpepe baako ne akyire pɔ nnwɔtwe 1.8 a ɛmu  28% yɛ Suhyɛn a ɛfa fam ngo , ɛmu 43% nso yɛ deɛ ɛfa nnoɔma akɛseɛ mu, ɛna ɛmu 13% nso fa nnaka.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship#cite_note-UNCTAD-2&lt;/ref&gt;

Abakwasɛm 

=== Prehistory and antiquity ===

==== Asian developments ====
[[File:Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg|thumb|Fijian voyaging outrigger boat with a crab claw sail]]
[[File:Borobudur_ship.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borobudur_ship.JPG|thumb|One of the sailing trimarans depicted in Borobudur temple, c.&amp;nbsp;8th century AD in Java, Indonesia]]
Ahyaseɛ Suhyɛn a ɛfa ɛpo so wɔ  Mesopotamia yɛ Suhyɛn nkumaa a ɛwɔ hɔ firi 4th mfeɛ apem  BC. Wɔ Uruk atwerɛ mu yɛhuu wɔ mu, Suhyɛn yɛ adeɛ a yɛde dii dwuma wɔ ɛpo so dwadie ne naval asetena mu yie yɔ mu firi 2500 kɔpem 2350 BCE.

Austronesiafoɔ deɛ a ɔnyaa no na ɛnnɛ yi yɛfrɛ no Taiwan. Ɛfiri hɔ na ɔterɛ Austronesian mu. Yate sɛ na wɔn wɔ hyɛmma ansa na afe   2000 BCE.&lt;ref name=&quot;Horridge 2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Horridge|first1=Adrian|editor1-last=Bellwood|editor1-first=Peter|title=The Austronesians : historical and comparative perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/austronesianshis0000unse_l3t7|date=2006|location=Canberra, ACT|isbn=978-0731521326}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔn hyɛmma ma wɔn to kwan kɔ akyire wɔ ɛpo so.  Firi Taiwan, wɔn hyɛɛ aseɛ faa  asase pradadaa a ɛda Asia ho, ɔtoa so kɔɔ Micronesia, Island Melanesia, Polynesia, ne Madagascar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Doran1974&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Doran|first=Edwin, Jr.|date=1974|title=Outrigger Ages|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_83_1974/Volume_83%2C_No._2/Outrigger_ages%2C_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.%2C_p_130-140/p1|journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society|volume=83|issue=2|pages=130–140|access-date=2022-07-15|archive-date=2019-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608182436/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_83_1974/Volume_83,_No._2/Outrigger_ages,_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.,_p_130-140/p1|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Po so hyɛn ho nsiakyibaa ===
Wɔde po so hyɛn a ɛde po so hyɛn tu insurance ne ɛka ahorow tua ho ka wɔ po so hyɛn a wɔde fa po so hyɛn ho nsiakyibaa krataa mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=yacht insurance is to help protect boat owners from unexpected incidents |date=2023-02-03 |url=https://dailyinsuranceinfo.com/yacht-insurance/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-02-17 |archive-date=2023-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217142121/https://dailyinsuranceinfo.com/yacht-insurance/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suhyɛn ahodoɔ ==
{{See also|List of types of naval vessels|List of boat types}}
[[File:Container_ship.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Container_ship.jpg|thumb|Ship carrying containers in Gadiara (West Bengal, India)]]
Ɛnam sɛ ɔde nsuo so adansie ho nimdeɛ na ɛyɛɛ Suhyɛn nti ehia nimdeɛ saa na yɛde akyekyɛ mu wɔ dwuma a edie ho sɛdeɛ Paulet ne Presles susuiɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Paulet|first=Dominique|author2=Presles, Dominique|title=Architecture navale, connaissance et pratique|year=1999|publisher=Éditions de la Villette|location=Paris|language=fr|isbn=978-2-903539-46-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ɛnkyekyɛ mu no deɛ nsuo so adansifoɔ agye ato mu ne:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/naval-architecture|title=Naval architecture|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-09-04|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Deɛ ɛkɔ mirika pa ara – Multihulls including wave piercers, small-waterplane-area twin hull (SWATH), surface effect ships and hovercraft, hydrofoil, wing in ground effect craft (WIG).
* Deɛ yɛde fa fam ngo  – Platform supply vessel, pipe layers, accommodation and crane barges, non and semi-submersible drilling rigs, production platforms, floating production storage and offloading units.
* Deɛ yɛde yi nsuo mu nam-
** Motorised fishing trawlers, trap setters, seiners, longliners, trollers &amp; factory ships.
** Tete hyɛmma a yɛde yi nsuo mu nam.
* Deɛ ɛfa nnaka akɛseɛ
** Cable layers
** Tugboats, dredgers, salvage vessels, tenders, Pilot boats.
** Floating dry docks, floating cranes, lightership.
* Suhyɛ a ɛfa nnoɔma a ɛmu awo – tramp freighters, bulk carriers, cargo liners, container vessels, barge carriers, Ro-Ro ships, refrigerated cargo ships, timber carriers, livestock &amp; light vehicle carriers.
* Suhyɛn a ɛfa nsuonsuo nnoɔma– oil tankers, liquefied gas carriers, chemical carriers.
* Deɛ ɛfa nnipa
** Liners, cruise and special trade passenger (STP) ships
** Cross-channel, coastal and harbour ferries.

=== Inland vessels ===
[[File:Wappen_von_Köln.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_von_K%C3%B6ln.JPG|thumb|Passenger ship of Köln-Düsseldorfer on the river Rhine]]
[[File:Hurma,_Hans_ja_Voima.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hurma,_Hans_ja_Voima.JPG|thumb|''Hurma'', ''Hans'' and ''Voima'' at the Lake Saimaa in the harbour of Imatra, Finland, at a heritage ship meeting in 2009]]
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  <page>
    <title>Bahi Abotan-Adwinni Mmeae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="2440" sha1="6er1s7vrlmr27xxij1h51ebnqmb3f30" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|item=Q86751415}}
{{Dialect|Akuapem}}
'''Bahi Abotan-Adwinni Beae''' anaa '''Bahi abotan so mfonini''' yɛ abotan ho adwini ([[:en:Rock_art|rock art]]) a ɛwɔ mmeae abiɛsa (3) wɔ Dodoma mantam mu ([[:en:Dodoma_Region|Dodoma region]]) wɔ Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Culwick|first=A. T.|date=1931|title=Some Rock-Paintings in Central Tanganyika|journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=61|pages=443–453|doi=10.2307/2843931|issn=0307-3114|jstor=2843931}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Culwick|first=A. T.|date=1931|title=Ritual Use of Rock Paintings at Bahi, Tanganyika Territory|journal=Man|volume=31|pages=33–36|doi=10.2307/2789532|issn=0025-1496|jstor=2789532}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The rock art of Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/rockartofafrica0000will|last=Willcox, A. R.|date=1984|publisher=Holmes &amp; Meier Publishers|isbn=0841909059|location=New York|oclc=9761731}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Wogye di sɛ saa mfoni fitaa yi yɛ Wamiafo a wɔtraa ɔmantam no mu ansa na Wagogofo (wɔn a wɔte hɔ mprempren) reba no na wɔyɛe. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔyɛɛ mfonini ahorow a ɛkyerɛ anantwi, nnipa ahoni, nkuku, akutu, anomaa, ne agyan, ne agyan, ne sɛnkyerɛnnede afoforo no wɔ mmere atitiriw te sɛ ayi ase.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Ɛwom sɛ Wagogofo no nnim mfitiase ntease a mfonini ahorow no kyerɛ ma Wamiafo no yiye de, nanso wɔakɔ so de mmeae no adi dwuma sɛ mmeae kronkron a wɔyɛ osutɔ ho guasodeyɛ ahorow. Anyɛ yiye koraa no, wobu akontaa sɛ Bahifo mfonini ahorow no adi mfe 340 a egyina Bahifo panyin no abusua anato so wɔ 1929 mu, a ɛdaa bere a wobu akontaa sɛ ne nana Kimanchambogo baa mpɔtam hɔ adi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt; Mpɛn pii no, wɔde ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ mfonini fitaa no bata akuafo a wɔka Bantu kasa ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bwasiri|first=Emmanuel J.|last2=Smith|first2=Benjamin W.|date=2015-10-02|title=The rock art of Kondoa District, Tanzania|journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa|volume=50|issue=4|pages=437–459|doi=10.1080/0067270X.2015.1120436|issn=0067-270X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hwɛ eyi nso ==

* Kondoa Abotan-Adwinni Mmeae ([[:en:Kondoa_Rock-Art_Sites|Kondoa Rock-Art Sites]])
* Ɔman Abakɔsɛm Mmeae a Ɛwɔ Tanzania ([[:en:National_Historic_Sites_in_Tanzania|National Historic Sites in Tanzania]])

== Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so ==
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot; responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abakɔsɛm mu Swahilifo Atenae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14175</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200566</id>
      <parentid>200491</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:29:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="6031" sha1="f6q7k44apebh3yiwmkgzn309avzob8e" xml:space="preserve">Swahilifo atrae a ɛwɔ Afrika Apuei Fam mpoano no fi afeha a edi kan CE. Swahilifo atrae a wɔhyehyɛɛ wɔ afe 800 CE kosi 1900 CE ntam no din wɔ ase ha.

== Northern coast, Tanzania ==
{{col-begin|width=40%}}
{{col-2}}
* [[Manza Bay|Manza]]
* [[Toten Island]]
* [[Tanga, Tanzania|Tanga]]
*[[Yambe Island]]
*[[Tongoni Ruins|Tongoni]]
*[[Mnarani, Tanzania|Mnarani]]
*[[Mushembo]]
{{col-2}}
*[[Pangani]]
*[[Bweni Dogo]]
*[[Ras Kikokwe]]
*[[Kipumbwe]]
*[[Kiungani]]
*[[Sange, Pangani|Sange]]
*[[Kisikimto]]
*[[Ushongo, Tanzania|Ushongo]]
*[[Mkwaja]]
*[[Bimbini, Tanzania|Bimbini]]
*[[Mafui]]
{{col-2}}
*[[Uzimia]]
*[[Buyuni]]
*[[Saadani]]
*[[Utondwe]]
*[[Winde, Tanzania|Winde]]
*[[Mkadini]]
*[[Bagamoyo]]
* [[Kaole]]
{{col-end}}

== Southern Coast, Tanzania ==

{{col-begin|width=40%}}
{{col-2}}

* [[Mbegani, Tanzania|Mbegani]]
* [[Mbweni, Dar Es Salaam|Mbweni]]
* [[Ukutani]]
* [[Kunduchi Ruins|Kunduchi]]
* [[Msasani]]
* [[Dar es Salaam]]
* [[Mjimwema, Temeke|Mjimwema]]
* [[Mbuamaji]]
* [[Kimbiji]]
* [[Mbuamaji]]
* [[Kigunda]]
* [[Funza, Pwani|Funza]]
* [[Jino Baya]]
{{col-2}}
* [[Sala, Tanzania|Sala]]
* [[Kutani, Tanzania|Kutani]]
* [[Bandarini]]
* [[Kisiju]]
* [[Kwale Island]]
* [[Koma Island]]
* [[Kisimani, Mafia]]
* [[Kua Juani]]
* [[Mwanamkuru]]
* [[Mbutu Bandarini]]
* [[Ras Dege]]
* [[Kanyegwa Mfunguni]]
* [[Ras Kutani]]
{{col-2}}
* [[Jambe Juani]]
* [[Chole, Mafia|Chole]]
* [[Jibondo]]
* [[Kivinje]]
* [[Mtitimira]]
* [[Kilwa Kisiwani]]
* [[Songo Mnara]]
* [[Mivinja]]
* [[Mkuje]]
* [[Kikurwi]]
* [[Pemba Mnazi Site|Pemba Mnazi]]
* [[Buyuni Mbuyuni]]

{{col-2}}
* [[Mwanakiwambi]]
* [[Sanje Majoma]]
* [[Sanje ya Kati]]
* [[Majumbe]]
* [[Kisawere]]
* [[Lindi]]
* [[Mchinga]]
* [[Ngao Mwanya]]
* [[Mikindani]]
* [[Msemo]]
* [[Kiruti Island]]
* [[Boza Island]]
* [[Ngevu]]
* [[Mkungu]]
{{col-end}}

== Zanzibar Island, Tanzania ==
{{col-begin|width=40%}}
{{col-2}}
* [[Stone Town|Zanzibar Town]]
* [[Unguja Ukuu]]
* [[Kizimkazi]]
* [[Mbweni, Zanzibar]]
* [[Dunga, Zanzibar|Dunga]]
* [[Mkokotoni]]
* [[Shangani, Zanzibar|Shangani]]
* [[Pwani Deburi]]
* [[Beit El Ras]]
* [[Chuini]]
* [[Zanzibar|Kidichi]]
* [[Kizimbani]]
{{col-2}}
* [[Chukwani]]
* [[Maharubi]]
* [[Mbweni, Zanzibar|Mbweni]]
* [[Tumbatu]]
* [[Makunduchi]]
* [[Mvuleni, Tanzania|Mvuleni]]
* [[Chwaka]]
* [[Nungwi]]
* [[Fukuchani]]
* [[Jongowe]]
* [[Shungi]]
* [[Uroa, Zanzibar|Uroa]]
{{col-end}}

== Pemba Island, Tanzania ==
{{col-begin|width=40%}}
{{col-2}}
* [[Shengeju]] 
* [[Ndagoni]]
* [[Chake-Chake|Chake]]
* [[Pujini Ruins]]
* [[Chwaka, Pemba|Chwaka]]
* [[Mandani, Pemba|Mandani]]
* [[Kichokochwe Ruins]]
* [[Verani, Pemba|Verani]]
* [[Mkia wa Ng'ombe]]
* [[Kimeliani]]
* [[Mduuni]]
* [[Shumba, Pemba|Shumba]]
* [[Msuka Mjini Ruins]]
* [[Makongwe]]
* [[Kiwani]]
* [[Jambangome]]
{{col-2}}
* [[Mtambwe Kuu]]
* [[Msuka]]
* [[Shamiani]]
* [[Chambani]]
* [[Kiungoni]]
* [[Mtangani]]
* [[Mkama Ndume]]
* [[Tumbe]]
* [[Finga, Pemba|Finga]]
* [[Kojani]]
* [[Wingwi]]
* [[Kiuyu]]
* [[Vitongoje]]
* [[Mitondoni]]
* [[Ras Mkumbuu Ruins]]
{{col-end}}

== South coast, Kenya ==
{{col-begin|width=40%}}
{{col-2}}
* [[Ngomeni, Kilifi|Ngomeni]]
* [[Mambrui]]
* [[Malindi]]
* [[Mgangani]]
* [[Gede, Kenya|Gedi]]
* [[Watamu]]
* [[Kilepwa]]
* [[Kilifi]]
* [[Mnarani|Mnarani, Kenya]]
{{col-2}}
* [[Kitoka]]
* [[Takaungu]]
* [[Kinuni]]
* [[Jumba la Mtwana]]
* [[Mtwapa]]
* [[Kongowea]], Mombasa
* [[Mvita Constituency|Mvita]], Mombasa
* [[Kilindini Harbour|Kilindini]], Mombasa
* [[Tiwi, Kenya|Tiwi]]
{{col-2}}
* [[Diani Beach|Diani]]
* [[Ukunda]]
* [[Gazi, Kenya|Gazi]]
* [[Munge, Kenya|Munge]]
* [[Kifundi, Kenya|Kifundi]]
* [[Wassini]]
* [[Vanga, Kenya|Vanga]]
* [[Vumba Kuu]]
{{col-end}}

== North coast, Kenya ==
{{col-begin|width=40%}}
{{col-2}}
* [[Ishakani]]
* [[Kiunga, Kenya|Kiunga]]
* [[Mwana Mtama]]
* [[Omwe]]
* [[Mambore]]
* [[Uchi Juu]]
* [[Shee Umuro]]
* [[Shee Jafari]]
* [[Rubu]]
{{col-2}}
* [[Simambaya]]
* [[Sendeni]]
* [[Mvindeni]]
* [[Kiwayu]]
* [[Ndau, Kenya|Ndau]]
* [[Faza]]
* [[Kizingitini]]
* [[Tundwa]]
{{col-2}}
* [[Atu, Kenya|Atu]]
* [[Siyu]]
* [[Kitau]]
* [[Shanga, Pate Island|Shanga]]
* [[Wange]]
* [[Dondo, Kenya|Dondo]]
* [[Bui, Kenya|Bui]]
* [[Pate Island|Pate]]
* [[Magogoni]]
* [[Kipungani]]
* [[Manda, Kenya|Manda]]
{{col-2}}
* [[Takwa]]
* [[Shela, Lamu|Shela]]
* [[Lamu]]
* [[Matondoni]]
* [[Mkunumbi]]
* [[Uziwa]]
* [[Witu, Kenya|Witu]]
* [[Mea, Kenya|Mea]]
* [[Al Famau]]
* [[Bunta la Mwana]]
* [[Shaka, Kenya|Shaka]]
* [[Ungwana]]
* [[Kipini]]
* [[Kau, Kenya|Kau]]
* [[Manda Island|Manda]]
{{col-end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=James De Vere|title=Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture &amp; the Shungwaya Phenomenon|url=https://archive.org/details/swahilioriginssw0000alle|date=199ɛ|publisher=J. Currey|isbn=978-0-85255-075-5|jstor=al.ch.document.sip200016}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Horton|first1=Mark|title=The Swahili Corridor|journal=Scientific American|date=September 1987|volume=257|issue=ɛ|pages=86–9ɛ|doi=10.10ɛ8/scientificamerican0987-86|jstor=24979481|bibcode=1987SciAm.257c..86H}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Allen|first1=James De Vere|title=Swahili Architecture in the Later Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_winter-1974_7_2/page/42|journal=African Arts|date=1974|volume=7|issue=2|pages=42–84|doi=10.2ɛ07/ɛɛɛ472ɛ|jstor=ɛɛɛ472ɛ}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Spear|first1=Thomas|title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|date=2000|volume=ɛɛ|issue=2|pages=257–290|doi=10.2ɛ07/220649|jstor=220649}}
* {{cite thesis|last1=Kessy|first1=Emmanuel T.|title=The economic basis and the location of same 'iron age' settlement on pemba and zanzibar|date=August 1992|url=http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/6ɛ888}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Kessy|first1=Emanuel Thomas|title=Archaeological sites survey from Kisiju to Dar es Salaam|journal=Nyame Akuma|date=1997|issue=48|pages=57–69|id={{INIST|2021648}}|s2cid=1ɛ2496ɛ08}}

[[Nkyekyεmu:Swahili city-states]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ayesha Harruna Attah</title>
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'''Ayesha Harruna Attah''' (wɔwoo no December 1983) yɛ ayɛsɛm kyerɛwfo a wɔwoo no wɔ [[Gaana|Ghana]] . Ɔte [[Senegal]] .

== Mfitiase mfe ne nhomasua ==
Wɔwoo Ayesha Harruna Attah wɔ [[Nkran|Accra]], Ghana, wɔ afe 1980 mfeɛ mu, wɔ asraafoɔ aban ase, maa ɛna bi a na ɔyɛ nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfoɔ ne agya a ɔyɛ mfoniniyɛfoɔ.&lt;ref&gt;Ayesha Harruna Attah, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160731211132/http://www.worldeditions.org/blog/ayesha-harruna-attah-why-i-write &quot;Why I Write&quot;], Authors — World Editions, 30 September 2015. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731211132/http://www.worldeditions.org/blog/ayesha-harruna-attah-why-i-write|date=31 July 2016}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Attah aka sɛ: “M’awofo ne me nkɛntɛnso atitiriw a edi kan.” Na wɔyɛ nhoma ho nsɛmma nhoma bi a wɔfrɛ no ''Imagine'', a na Accra ho nsɛm wom; nsɛm a ɛfa adwinni, nyansahu, sini, nhoma ahorow ho; cartoons—a na m’ani gye ho titiriw. Na wɔyɛ (na wɔda so ara yɛ) m’abran. Mihuu Toni Morrison bere a na madi mfe dumiɛnsa, na na me ho atɔ me. Memenee biribiara a ɔkyerɛwee. Mekae sɛ mekenkanee ''[[Paradise (Morrison ayɛsɛm) .|Paradise]]'', na bere a ne ntease kwatii me koraa saa bere no, wogyaw me tee nka sɛ ɛyɛ nhoma a ɛyɛ nwonwa sen biara a wɔakyerɛw na da bi mepɛ sɛ mekyerɛw wiase a mmea a wɔyɛ den ahyɛ mu ma, te sɛ nea Ms. Morrison yɛe no ara pɛ. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;Daniel Musiitwa, [http://www.africabookclub.com/?p=16589 &quot;Interview with Ghanaian Author Ayesha Harruna Attah&quot;], Africa Book Club, 1 May 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bere a onyinii wɔ Accra no, otu kɔɔ Massachusetts na osuaa abɔde mu nneɛma ho ade wɔ Mount Holyoke College, ne afei Columbia Sukuupɔn, na onyaa MFA wɔ adebɔ ho nkyerɛwee mu wɔ [[New York]] Sukuupɔn mu .

== Retwerɛ ==
Watintim ayɛsɛm nhoma anum.  Wɔkyerɛw ne nhoma a edi kan ''Harmattan Rain'' (2008) sɛ nea efi fekubɔ a efi Per Ankh Publishers — wɔ Ghana ayɛsɛm kyerɛwfo Ayi Kwei Armah akwankyerɛ ase — ne TrustAfrica,&lt;ref name=&quot;GeosiReads&quot;&gt;[https://geosireads.wordpress.com/2013/03/11/interview-with-ghanaian-writer-ayesha-harruna-attah/ &quot;Interview with Ghanaian Writer, Ayesha Harruna Attah&quot;], Geosi Reads, 11 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; na wɔpaw no tiawa maa 2010 Commonwealth Writers’ Prize (Africa Region ). N'ayɛsɛm a ɛtɔ so mmienu ''Saturday's Shadows'', a World Editions  tintimii wɔ afe 2015 mu,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Attah|first1=Ayesha|title=Saturday's Shadows|url=https://archive.org/details/saturdaysshadow0000atta|date=2015|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-94-6238-043-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; no, wɔyii no sɛ ɔmfa mma ''Kwani?'' Manuscript Project, na wɔatintim wɔ Dutch kasa mu (De Geus). N'ayɛsɛm a ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa ne ''The Hundred Wells of Salaga'' (2019), a ɛfa &quot;abusuabɔ, akɔnnɔ ne aperepereɛ a ɛwɔ mmaa asetena mu wɔ Ghana wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so dunkron awieeɛ wɔ Afrika ho apereperediɛ mu&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190804141239/http://www.pontas-agency.com/books/ayesha-harruna-attah/one-hundred-wells/ &quot;One Hundred Wells&quot; page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804141239/http://www.pontas-agency.com/books/ayesha-harruna-attah/one-hundred-wells/|date=4 August 2019}} at Pontas Agency.&lt;/ref&gt; Wakyerɛw ''The Deep Blue Between'', ayɛsɛm a wɔde ma mmerante ne mmabaa a wɔadu mpanyin afe so. Na n’ayɛsɛm a ɛtɔ so anum, ''Zainab Takes New York'' no bɛyi no adi wɔ April 2022 mu.

Sɛ́ obi a onyaa 2014 AIR Award no, na Attah yɛ ɔkyerɛwfo a ɔte Instituto Sacatar a ɛwɔ Bahia, [[Brasil|Brazil]] . Ɔsan nso dii nkonim wɔ Miles Morland Foundation Writing Scholarship wɔ afe 2016 mu maa nwoma a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa sɛ ɛnyɛ ayɛsɛm a ɛfa kola nut abakɔsɛm ho.

=== ''Harmattan Osu'' (2008) ===
''Harmattan Rain'', a wotintimii wɔ afe 2008 mu no di Ghana abusua bi a wɔyɛ awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ mmiɛnsa a Lizzie-Achiaa, Akua Afriyie ne Sugri ka ho asɛm akyi.

Na Lizzie-Achiaa yɛ wɔn abusua no matriarch akokodurufo, a oguan kɔhwehwɛɛ ne dɔfo no na bere koro no ara mu no, ɔyɛɛ ayarehwɛ adwuma. Ne babea otuatewfo, mfoniniyɛfo Akua Afriye, ankasa bɔ ne ho mmɔden sɛ ɔwofo a onni ɔhokafo wɔ ɔman a atuatew ahorow a ɛtoatoa so wosow no mu, na na Akua Afriye babea koro pɛ Sugri yɛ abeawa a ne ho yɛ fɛ, onyansafo a onyinii a na ɔwɔ ahobammɔ dodo afei ofi fie kɔ sukuupɔn wɔ New York, faako a ohu sɛ ɛtɔ mmere bi a obi betumi anya ahofadi dodo.

=== ''Kwasida Sunsuma'' (2015) ===
Wɔde sii hɔ wɔ 1990 mfe no mu wɔ Afrika Atɔe Fam, ''Saturday's Shadows'' no fa &quot;abusua bi a wɔrepere sɛ wɔbɛkɔ so akura wɔn biakoyɛ mu wɔ amammui tebea a ɛyɛ mmerɛw mfinimfini&quot;, a wɔaka ho asɛm sɛ: &quot;Attah san da ne nimdeɛ adi sɛ ɔkyerɛwfo. Ɔda n’ahokokwaw adi sɛ ɔkyerɛwfo denam ne suban nkɔso a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ na emu da hɔ no so.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;[http://conscientization101.com/book/saturdays-shadows-by-ayesha-harruna-attah/ &quot;Saturday's Shadows by Ayesha Harruna Attah&quot;], ''Conscientization 101''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Abura Ɔha a ɛwɔ Salaga'' (2019) ===
Aminah bɔ asetena a ɛyɛ anigye kosi sɛ wɔbɛtetew no afi ne fie ho atirimɔden so na wɔhyɛ no ma watu kwan a ɛdannan no fi obi a ɔda dae awiabere mu ma ɔbɛyɛ ɔbea a otumi gyina tebea horow ano. Wurche, ɔpanyin bi babea a ɔhyɛɛ da yɛe no pɛ denneennen sɛ obedi dwuma titiriw bi wɔ n’agya ahemfie hɔ. Saa mmea baanu yi asetra hyia bere a ntɔkwaw a ɛkɔ so wɔ Wurche nkurɔfo ntam no de ɔmantam no to asiane mu, bere a nkoatɔn no yɛɛ kɛse wɔ afeha a ɛto so dunkron no awiei no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Harruna.|first=Attah, Ayesha|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1091285955|title=The hundred wells of Salaga, a novel.|date=2019|isbn=978-1-59051-995-0|oclc=1091285955}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛdenam Aminah ne Wurche osuahu ahorow so no, ''The Hundred Wells of Salaga'' de nkoasom ne sɛnea Afrika ho apereperedi no kaa nnipa a wɔyɛ da biara da asetra ho adwene a ɛyɛ nwonwa ma.

=== ''Nnipa a Wɔte Ntam'' (2020) ===
Anuanom mmea mmanoma Hassana ne Husseina fie asɛe bere a wɔtow hyɛɛ wɔn so atirimɔden so akyi. Nanso eyi nyɛ awiei na mmom wɔn asɛm no mfiase, nea ɛde wɔn bɛkɔ nkurow ne amammerɛ ahorow a wonnim mu, baabi a wɔbɛhyehyɛ mmusua foforo, asiw asiane ahorow ano na wɔafi ase ahu wɔn ho ankasa. Bere a mmanoma no di akwan horow a ɛsono emu biara akyi wɔ Brazil ne Afrika Atɔe Fam Gold Coast no, wɔda so ara wɔ abusuabɔ denam nsu ho adaeso a wɔbom da so. Nanso so wɔn nkrabea bɛtwe wɔn asan abom da bi? ''The Deep Blue Between'' yɛ akwantu a ɛtrɛw a abakɔsɛm mu tebea horow a ɛkanyan adwene pii wom no yɛ abusuabɔ a ebetumi agyina nsakrae a ɛyɛ nwonwa sen biara mpo ano ho asɛm a ɛkanyan adwene.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Attah|first=Ayesha Harruna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayP_DwAAQBAJ|title=The Deep Blue Between|date=15 October 2020|publisher=Pushkin Press|isbn=978-1-78269-267-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Adwuma ==

==== '''Ayɛsɛm nhoma ahorow''' ====

* ''Harmattan Osu'' a Ɛtɔɔ . Popenguine, Senegal, Afrika Atɔeɛ fam: Per Ankh, 2008. , 1999. Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so. 
* ''Kwasida Sunsuma Ahorow'' . [[London]]: Wiase Nkyekyɛm, 2015. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789462380431|9789462380431]], . 
* ''Abura Ɔha a Ɛwɔ Salaga'' . New York: Nsɛmma Nhoma Afoforo, 2019. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781590519950|9781590519950]], . 
* ''Blue a Ɛyɛ Den a Ɛwɔ Ntam'' . London: Pushkin Nsɛmma Nhoma Tintimbea, 2020. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781782692669|9781782692669 na wobɛkyerɛw]]

==== '''Nsɛm a Wɔakyerɛw''' ====

* &quot;Skinny Mini&quot;, ''Ananse mma a wɔn ho yɛ tan Diaries'', July 2015 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Attah|first1=Ayesha|title=Skinni Mini|journal=Ugly Duckling Diaries|date=July 2015|url=http://uglyducklingdiaries.com/blog/ayesha-harruna-attah|access-date=2023-01-21|archive-date=2020-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211051148/http://uglyducklingdiaries.com/blog/ayesha-harruna-attah|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Ɔdebɔneyɛfo no&quot;, ''[[New York Times Nsɛmma Nhoma no|The New York Times Magazine]]'', Ɔpɛpɔn 2015 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Attah|first1=Ayesha|title=The Intruder|journal=The New York Times Magazine|date=September 4, 2015|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/06/magazine/the-intruder.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Cheikh Anta Diop – Nyan bi&quot;, ''Chimurenga'', 9 Ɔpɛpɔn 2018 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://chimurengachronic.co.za/cheikh-anta-diop-an-awakening/?sslid=MzEwMDU2tjQ1MjU0AwA&amp;sseid=MzS1NDc1MDAxMgAA&amp;jobid=1a7ef79b-0155-419c-827e-c0e65ee51c85|title=Cheikh Anta Diop – An Awakening|last=Attah|first=Ayesha Harruna|journal=Chimurenga|date=9 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Adwene: Abakɔsɛm a ɛfa aduannoa a wɔnoa brɛoo&quot;, ''[[New York Times no mu nsɛmma nhoma|The New York Times]]'', 10 Ɔbɛnem 2018
* &quot;Ghana mu: Ɔdɔ, Adehwere ne Nkoayɛ Ho Asɛm&quot;, ''[[Nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ dapɛn|Newsweek]]'', 21 Ɔpɛpɔn 2019

==== '''Nkyerɛwee afoforo''' ====

* &quot;Fie a Ɛto so Abien, Plus Yacht&quot;, ''[[Yachting (nsɛmma nhoma) .|Yachting Magazine]]'', Ɔkɔtɔberɛ 2007 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Attah|first1=Ayesha|title=Second Home, Plus Yacht|journal=Yachting Magazine|date=3 October 2007|url=http://www.yachtingmagazine.com/second-home-plus-yacht}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Asɛm a esii wɔ kwan so kɔ Bakoy Guadibea&quot;, ''[[Asymptote (nsɛmma nhoma) .|Asymptote Magazine]]'', 2013 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Attah|first1=Ayesha|title=Incident on the way to the Bakoy Market|journal=Asymptote Magazine|date=2013|url=http://www.asymptotejournal.com/special-feature/ayesha-harruna-attah-incident-on-the-way-to-bakoy-market/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Mmofra a Wɔnwoo Wɔn&quot;, wɔ [[Margaret Busby na ɔkyerɛwee|Margaret Busby]], ''[[Afrika mmabea|Afrika Mmabea Foforo]]'', 2019

== Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so ==</text>
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    <title>Akua Asabea Ayisi</title>
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{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Akua Asabea Ayisi
| order1              = Feminist
| birth_name          = Akua Asabea Ayisi
| birth_date          = 3 April 1927
| birth_place         = Mampong Akuapem, [[Ghana]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|21 April 2010| April 1927|df=y}}
| other_names         = 
| known_for           = First female journalist and High Court Judge in Ghana
| education           = [[Newnham College]], [[University of Cambridge]]
| employer            = 
| occupation          = Lawyer and journalist
| spouse              = 
| children            = 
| parents             = Mercy Adebra and Okyeame Kofi Ayisi
| relatives           = Tetteh Quarshie, Akosua Tuntum Nahana
| website             = 
| nationality         = 
}}
'''Akua Asabea Ayisi''' (3 April 1927 – 21 April 2010) yɛ ɔbea ho ɔbenfo, kan Asɛnnibea Kunini Temmufo ne ɔbea a odi kan a ɔyɛ Ghana nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfo.  Bere a Ghana ahofadi kuw no resɔre no, Akua Asabea Ayisi ne Mabel Dove-Danquah ne [[Kwame Nkrumah]], a akyiri yi ɔbɛyɛɛ ɔman no ɔmanpanyin ne ɔmanpanyin a odi kan no tetee ne ho sɛ nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfo.

Wobuu Ayisi gyinabea sɛ mmea asɛmti a ɛtwe adwene si mmea nsɛm so no samufo wɔ ''[[Accra Anwummere Nsɛm|Accra Evening News]]'' atesɛm krataa mu sɛ adeyɛ a emu yɛ den saa bere no.

== Abusua ne mmofraase asetra ==
Wɔwoo Akua Asabea Ayisi wɔ Ɔpɛpɔn bosom ne da a ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa wɔ afe apen ahankron aduonu-nson (1927), wɔ Akuapim-Mampong . Ɔyɛ ba a ɔto so awotwe wɔ 10 a Mercy Adebra Mensah ne Okyeame Kofi Ayisi woo wɔn no mu.

Na Kofi Ayisi yɛ adehye ne kasa ho nimdefo ma Ɔhene a ɔno nso yɛ ne busuani. Na Akua Asabea Ayisi papa nuanom binom yɛ adehye fetish asɔfo. Kofi Ayisi woo mma 70, na wɔn mu 10 fi Mercy Adebra. Ayisi maame, Mercy Adebra nana, [[Tetteh Quarshie na ɔkyerɛwee|Tetteh Quarshie]], duaa koko dua a edi kan wɔ Ghana. Mercy Adebra, ɔbea bi a ɔyɛ basabasa a na ɔpɛ sɛ ɔde ne ho no, awiei koraa no ogyaw Kofi Ayisi na otu kɔɔ [[Nkran|Accra]] sɛ ɔrekɔbɛn n’abusua a na wɔyɛ [[Ga-Adangbe nnipa|Gas]] .

Akua Asabea Ayisi kɔɔ mfitiaseɛ sukuu wɔ Presbyterian Primary a ɛwɔ Mampong, na ɛno akyi no ɔkɔɔ Presbyterian Girls School wɔ Osu, Accra. Afei ɔkɔɔ Aban Ɔkyerɛwfo Sukuu no mu kowiee ne nhomasua. Saa bere no, na ɛntaa mma sɛ ɔbea benya nhomasua a ɛkorɔn saa. Nanso, na ne maame gye mmea nhomasua di paa.

== Adwuma ne dwumadi a wɔyɛ ==
Bere a Ayisi kɔkaa [[CPP|Convention People’s Party]] (CPP) a [[Kwame Nkrumah]] di wɔn anim no ho no, ɔbɛyɛɛ ɔbea nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfo a odi kan a wɔkyerɛw ne din wɔ Ghana (1948). Ɔne Nkrumah yɛɛ adwuma wɔ ''Accra Evening News'', da biara da atesɛm krataa a kan ɔmampanyin no de sii hɔ wɔ afe 1948 mu, na ɔkyerɛw amammuisɛm nkratawa a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wonya ahofadi na ɛboaboaa Ghanafo ano ma wɔsɔre tia atubrafo nniso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Adomako Ampofo|first=Akosua|date=1 October 2008|title=Collective Activism: The Domestic Violence Bill becoming Law in Ghana|journal=African and Asian Studies|volume=7|issue=4|pages=395–421|doi=10.1163/156921008X359597|issn=1569-2094}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɔhwɛɛ mmaa asɛm a ɛwɔ atesɛm krataa no kratafa a ɛdi kan no so – ɔfa a Nkrumah de baeɛ sɛ ne botaeɛ a ɛne sɛ ɔbɛma mmaa so wɔ Ghana denam mmabaa nwomasua a ɔbɛtrɛ mu no fa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Biney, Ama. 2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The political and social thought of Kwame Nkrumah|last=Biney|first=Ama|author-link=Ama Biney|date=2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|others=Palgrave Connect (Online service)|isbn=9780230118645|location=New York|oclc=714088713}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Accra Anwummere Amanneɛbɔ'' a wɔde sii hɔ wɔ 6 March 1949 no ne bere a woyii Nkrumah fii [[United Gold Coast Convention]] (UGCC) Party no Ɔkyerɛwfo Panyin no adwumayɛbea no hyiae. Ɛdenam atesɛm krataa no so no, na Nkrumah pɛ sɛ ɔko ma &quot;ankasa nniso a edi mũ, ɛnyɛ bere tiaa bi mu, na mmom mprempren.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Kwame Nkrumah's Politico-Cultural Thought and Politics: An African-Centered Paradigm for the Second Phase of the African Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/kwamenkrumahspol0000botw|date=8 March 2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780203505694|doi=10.4324/9780203505694|last1=Botwe-Asamoah|first1=Kwame}}&lt;/ref&gt; Esiane sɛ na Nkrumah ayɛ atesɛm nkrataa ne nhoma ahorow pii wɔ ne bere a na ɔyɛ sukuuni ɔdeyɛfo nti, obuu nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ sɛ adwinnade titiriw a wɔde boaboa nhomasua ne amammuisɛm ano.&lt;ref name=&quot;Biney, Ama. 2011&quot; /&gt;

Wɔ August 1948 mu no, Ayisi ne [[Kofi Baako]], ''Cape Coast Daily Mail samufo,'' ne Saki Scheck, ''Takoradi Times'' samufo fii ase maa ɔkasa akwantu ahorow wɔ ɔman no mu nyinaa, na wɔhyɛɛ ɔsɔretia a wɔsɔre tia ahemman nniso ho nkuran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The flagbearers of Ghana|last=Vieta|first=Kojo T.|date=2000|publisher=Ena Publications|isbn=9988004621|edition=School|location=Accra|oclc=48093337}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akyiri yi ɔbɛyɛɛ Kwame Nkrumah kokoam kyerɛwfo a odi kan (1950–56) na ɔboaa Nkrumah ma ɔkyerɛw nsɛm a ɛboa ahofadi de ko tiaa Britania ahemman nniso, te sɛ &quot;ne ahemman no wu.&quot;

Ɔde ne ho hyɛɛ amammui mu ɔsɔretia ahorow a wɔtoo din &quot; Positive Action campaign &quot; mu na akyiri yi wɔkyeree no de no too afiase esiane sɛ ɔde ne ho hyɛɛ mu nti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Ghana reader : history, culture, politics|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822359845|editor1-last=Konadu|editor1-first=Kwasi|editor2=Clifford C. Campbell|isbn=9780822359845|location=Durham|oclc=906010731|date=3 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nea ɛka ɔsɔretia no ho ne adwumayɛban mu adwumayɛ a wɔhwehwɛe sɛ wɔmma amannɔne nnwuma, na ɛhyɛɛ atuatew pii nkuran wɔ Gold Coast atubraman no nyinaa mu.

Wobu Ayisi sɛ odii dwuma titiriw wɔ Nkrumah amammerɛ nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔhyehyɛe na wɔde dii dwuma no mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge2&quot;/&gt;

Wɔ ahofadi akyi bere tiaa bi no, Ayisi kɔɔ Newnham College wɔ [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge Sukuupɔn mu]], faako a osuaa Abakɔsɛm, na osuaa matric wɔ afe 1959. Wɔfrɛɛ no kɔɔ Bar a ɛwɔ [[Lincoln Ahɔhodan a ɛwɔ hɔ|Lincoln’s Inn]] wɔ 1963 mu. Efi 1963 kosi 1964 no, Newnham College kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow kyerɛw ne ho sɛ ɔreyɛ adwuma wɔ Paris-Sorbonne Sukuupɔn mu .

Akyiri yi ɔsan baa Ghana no, Ayisi fii ase yɛɛ adwuma sɛ mmaranimfo, na awiei koraa no ɔbɛyɛɛ Asɛnnibea Kunini Temmufo. Esiane sɛ na ɔnyɛ amammuisɛm nti, wanpira no bere a asraafo no tuu Kwame Nkrumah aban gui no.

Wɔ afe 1968 mu no, ɔde ne ho hyɛɛ  mmrahyɛbagua a na ɛyɛ n’asɛyɛde sɛ wɔkyerɛw amansan mmara foforo no wɔ Kwame Nkrumah a wotuu no gui wɔ afe 1966 mu no mu.

Wɔ afe 1969 mu no, Ayisi yɛ mmea a wodii kan tuu mmirika kɔɔ  mmrahyɛbagua mu no mu biako, na ɔyɛɛ saa wɔ Akuapem Atifi Mantam mu, na awiei koraa no ɔhweree. Wɔ afe 1978 mu no, ɔboa ma wɔkyerɛw amansan mmara foforo a Ɔsahene Akuffo de sii hɔ no, bere a Ghana sesa fii Asraafo Bagua Kunini (SMC) so kɔɔ demokrase nniso so no.

== Owuo ==
Akua Asabea Ayisi wui wɔ 21 Ɔpɛpɔn 2010.

== Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so ==</text>
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'''Pauline Miranda Clerk''' (26 May 1935 – 25 Ɔkɔtɔberɛ 2013 &lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Obituary: Pauline Miranda Nanaa Adawa Clerk|date=November 2013|publisher=Presbyterian Church of Ghana Funeral Bulletin|location=Accra}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) yɛ [[Gaana|Ghana]] ɔman adwumayɛfo, ɔman soafoɔ ne ɔmampanyin fotufo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNjMDQAAQBAJ&amp;q=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&amp;pg=PA513|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1962: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations|last1=Steinberg|first1=S.|date=27 December 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230270916|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112171312/https://books.google.com/books?id=pNjMDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA513&amp;lpg=PA513&amp;dq=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Y-7q7EETsw&amp;sig=i5r4oZqszx94pgk-1GPo9CBFVo0&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjY-93ZnsbYAhXQ21MKHVfUDk8Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&amp;q=pauline%20clerk%20diplomat%20ghana&amp;f=false|archive-date=12 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NbMDQAAQBAJ&amp;q=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&amp;pg=PA514|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1963: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations|last1=Steinberg|first1=S.|date=27 December 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230270923|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112171312/https://books.google.com/books?id=6NbMDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA514&amp;lpg=PA514&amp;dq=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=1NoNfXNGXX&amp;sig=SRAnHnze_QvqKNjT1GypkfX3m0M&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjY-93ZnsbYAhXQ21MKHVfUDk8Q6AEILzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=pauline%20clerk%20diplomat%20ghana&amp;f=false|archive-date=12 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O43LDQAAQBAJ&amp;q=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&amp;pg=PA484|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1964–65: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations|last1=Steinberg|first1=S.|date=26 December 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230270930|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112171313/https://books.google.com/books?id=O43LDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA484&amp;lpg=PA484&amp;dq=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=AiqyBbH-AN&amp;sig=odZlLsm3AS5IHiygv99aKDsvXvw&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjY-93ZnsbYAhXQ21MKHVfUDk8Q6AEIMTAD#v=onepage&amp;q=pauline%20clerk%20diplomat%20ghana&amp;f=false|archive-date=12 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asetra mu nsɛm ==

==== Mfitiase asetra ne abusua ====
Wɔwoo Pauline Miranda Clerk wɔ May 26, 1935 wɔ Osu, Accra maa Richard Alfred Clerk, ɔman adwumayɛfo a na ɔyɛ atubrafo a na ɔyɛ adwuma wɔ [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] ne [[Nigeria]] . Na ne maame ne Martha Comfort Quaynor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot;/&gt; Ne nuanom ne Robert, Richard ne Caroline. Na ɔyɛ Ghana Clerk abusua a ɛho hia wɔ abakɔsɛm mu no mu awo ntoatoaso a ɛto so anan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AoXAAAAIAAJ|title=Owura Nico, the Rev. Nicholas Timothy Clerk, 1862–1961: pioneer and church leader|last1=Debrunner|first1=Hans W.|date=1965|publisher=Watervile Publishing House|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330122609/https://books.google.com/books/about/Owura_Nico_the_Rev_Nicholas_Timothy_Cler.html?id=9AoXAAAAIAAJ|archive-date=30 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ɔyɛ Alexander Worthy Clerk, Jamaicani Moravia ɔsɛmpatrɛwfo bi a oduu Danish Protectorate of Christiansborg, a ɛwɔ Gold Coast saa bere no mu wɔ 1843 mu no banana, sɛ mfitiase kuw a na wɔyɛ West [[India]] asɛmpatrɛwfo 24 a wɔyɛɛ adwuma wɔ the BaselAsɛmpakafo Asɛmpatrɛwfo Kuw a ɛwɔ Switzerland.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AoXAAAAIAAJ|title=Owura Nico, the Rev. Nicholas Timothy Clerk, 1862–1961: pioneer and church leader|last1=Debrunner|first1=Hans W.|date=1965|publisher=Watervile Publishing House|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330122609/https://books.google.com/books/about/Owura_Nico_the_Rev_Nicholas_Timothy_Cler.html?id=9AoXAAAAIAAJ|archive-date=30 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A. W. Ɔkyerɛwfo yɛ ɔkwampaefo wɔ Presbyterian Asɔre a ɛwɔ Ghana no mu na ɔyɛ ɔkannifo wɔ nhomasua mu wɔ atubrafo Ghana, na ɔne afoforo hyehyɛɛ mfinimfini sukuu a wɔtra mu wɔ Osu, Salem Sukuu wɔ afe 1843. Na n’agya nanabea panyin, Pauline Hesse (1831–1909) fi Gold Coast, na na ɔwɔ Danish, German ne Ga nananom.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5loknGzxTQC|title=Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood: The Basel Mission in Pre- and Early Colonial Ghana|last1=Sill|first1=Ulrike|date=2010|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004188884|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330122402/https://books.google.com/books/about/Encounters_in_Quest_of_Christian_Womanho.html?id=a5loknGzxTQC|archive-date=30 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne nanabea panyin ne Regina Hesse (1832–1898), ɔkyerɛkyerɛfo a ɔyɛ ɔkwampaefo ne sukuu panyin a ɔne Basel Asɛmpatrɛwfo a wɔwɔ Gold Coast yɛɛ adwuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Nea ɔda nsow wɔ n’abusuabɔ mu ne ne nanabea, Nicholas Timothy Clerk (1862–1961), nyamekyerɛfo ne ɔsɛmpatrɛwfo a wɔpaw no sɛ Synod Ɔkyerɛwfo a odi kan wɔ Presbyterian Asɔre a ɛwɔ Gold Coast no mu fi 1918 kosi 1932.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AoXAAAAIAAJ|title=Owura Nico, the Rev. Nicholas Timothy Clerk, 1862–1961: pioneer and church leader|last1=Debrunner|first1=Hans W.|date=1965|publisher=Watervile Publishing House|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330122609/https://books.google.com/books/about/Owura_Nico_the_Rev_Nicholas_Timothy_Cler.html?id=9AoXAAAAIAAJ|archive-date=30 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; N. T. Ɔkyerɛwfo yɛ agya a ɔhyehyɛɛ mmarimaa nyinaa ntoaso sukuu, Presbyterian Mmarimaa Ntoaso Sukuu a wɔde sii hɔ wɔ afe 1938. Na ne papa nua barima, Carl Henry Clerk (1895–1982) yɛ ɔkyerɛkyerɛfo ne Presbyterian ɔsomfo ne nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfo a wɔpaw no sɛ Synod Ɔkyerɛwfo a ɔto so anan wɔ Presbyterian Asɔre a ɛwɔ Gold Coast no mu fi 1950 kosi 1954 ne saa ara nso na Kristofo Ɔbɔfo no Samufo, amanneɛbɔ no bulletin a Presbyterian Asɔre a ɛwɔ Ghana de mae fi 1960 kosi 1963.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nL8DAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=carl+henry+clerk&amp;pg=PA47|title=Jet|last1=Company|first1=Johnson Publishing|date=26 August 1954|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407063017/https://books.google.com/books?id=nL8DAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA47&amp;lpg=PA47&amp;dq=carl+henry+clerk&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=OOY8HUx9_X&amp;sig=W6efRIsz7VrcevEPYCl76Hds3YE&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjZn7y-hpDTAhWmhlQKHapBD6kQ6AEIHjAC#v=onepage&amp;q=carl%20henry%20clerk&amp;f=false|archive-date=7 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onua barima bi, Theodore S. Clerk (1909–1965) yɛ Ghanani a odi kan a ɔyɛ ɔdansifoɔ a ɔfiri Gold Coast a ɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛɛ na ɔyɛɛ hyɛn gyinabea kuro Tema  PM Clerk maame nuabeanom ne Jane E. Clerk (1904–1999), . Gold Coast ɔbaa akwampaefoɔ a ɔyɛ ɔbaa nwomasua sohwɛfoɔ ne Matilda J. Clerk (1916–1984), Ghanani ɔbaa a ɔtɔ so mmienu a ɔbɛyɛɛ oduruyɛfoɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Physicians, Colonial Racism, and Diaspora in West Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/physicianscoloni0000patt|last1=Patton|first1=Adell Jr.|date=13 April 1996|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=9780813014326|edition=1st|location=Gainesville|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne nuanom mmarima ne nhomanimfo Nicholas, George ne Alexander Clerk .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Report of the Public Service Review and Reorganization Commission, 1989–1990 Vol. 1, Vol. 1|last1=Uganda|last2=Public Service Review and Reorganization Commission|last3=Clerk|first3=Nicholas T|last4=Uganda|last5=Ministry of Public Service and Cabinet Affairs|date=1990|publisher=Ministry of Public Service and Cabinet Affairs|location=Entebbe|language=en|oclc=651089969}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Nhomasua ne adwumayɛ ====
Pauline Clerk suaa ade wɔ Osu Presbyterian Mmabaa Sukuu ne [[Akyimɔta Ntoasoɔ Sukuu|Achimota College]], a abien no nyinaa wɔ Accra. Ɔhyɛɛ n’adwuma ase wɔ Ghana Broadcasting Corporation na ɔboaa ma wɔhyehyɛɛ ɔmanfoɔ broadcaster no nhwehwɛmu nwomakorabea.&lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot;/&gt;

Ɔde ne ho kɔbɔɔ Gold Coast Ɔman Adwumayɛbea wɔ 1950 mfe no mfinimfini na ɔbɛyɛɛ amannɔne adwumayɛfo panyin – ɔman nanmusifo a ɔyɛ adwumaden a ɔbata Amannɔne Nsɛm Ho Dwumadibea no ho .&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNjMDQAAQBAJ&amp;q=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&amp;pg=PA513|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1962: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations|last1=Steinberg|first1=S.|date=27 December 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230270916|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112171312/https://books.google.com/books?id=pNjMDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA513&amp;lpg=PA513&amp;dq=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Y-7q7EETsw&amp;sig=i5r4oZqszx94pgk-1GPo9CBFVo0&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjY-93ZnsbYAhXQ21MKHVfUDk8Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&amp;q=pauline%20clerk%20diplomat%20ghana&amp;f=false|archive-date=12 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NbMDQAAQBAJ&amp;q=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&amp;pg=PA514|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1963: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations|last1=Steinberg|first1=S.|date=27 December 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230270923|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112171312/https://books.google.com/books?id=6NbMDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA514&amp;lpg=PA514&amp;dq=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=1NoNfXNGXX&amp;sig=SRAnHnze_QvqKNjT1GypkfX3m0M&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjY-93ZnsbYAhXQ21MKHVfUDk8Q6AEILzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=pauline%20clerk%20diplomat%20ghana&amp;f=false|archive-date=12 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O43LDQAAQBAJ&amp;q=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&amp;pg=PA484|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1964–65: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations|last1=Steinberg|first1=S.|date=26 December 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230270930|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112171313/https://books.google.com/books?id=O43LDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA484&amp;lpg=PA484&amp;dq=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=AiqyBbH-AN&amp;sig=odZlLsm3AS5IHiygv99aKDsvXvw&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjY-93ZnsbYAhXQ21MKHVfUDk8Q6AEIMTAD#v=onepage&amp;q=pauline%20clerk%20diplomat%20ghana&amp;f=false|archive-date=12 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mfiase no wɔde no kɔɔ kan Afrika Nsɛm Ho Ɔkyerɛwfo Dwumadibea a ɛwɔ Ghana ɔmampanyin, [[Jubilee House|The Flagstaff House]] . Wɔ Ɔkyerɛwfo Dwumadibea hɔ no, Pauline Clerk ne Ghana ɔmanpanyin, KB Asante, a na [[Kwame Nkrumah]] apaw no sɛ ɔnhwɛ asoɛe no so no yɛɛ adwuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot;/&gt; Ɔyɛɛ adwuma sɛ ɔpanyin wɔ Afrika [[Apuei Mantam (Ghana)|Apuei Fam Mantam mu]] na na ɔwɔ Kampala, [[Uganda]], faako a osuaa Swahili kasa wɔ Makerere Sukuupɔn mu .&lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot;/&gt; Wɔ 1962 ne 1965 ntam no, na ɔyɛ Ghana aban ananmusifo wɔ Dahomey (mprempren [[Benin]] ).&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

Na Pauline Clerk yɛ aman ntam nkitahodi kyerɛwfo a ɔhwɛ nsɛm ne amammerɛ so wɔ Ghana aban ananmusifo dwumadibea a ɛwɔ Paris no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7gDAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=pauline+m.clerk&amp;pg=PA28|title=Jet|last1=Company|first1=Johnson Publishing|date=21 March 1968|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|language=en|access-date=25 May 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525210717/https://books.google.com/books?id=M7gDAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=pauline+m.clerk&amp;pg=PA28|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɔne Ghana aban ananmusifoɔ adwuma wɔ Washington, DC ne London. Na ɔyɛ ɔman nanmusifo nso wɔ [[Togo]] ne kan Apuei Fam Aman a ɛne Yugoslavia ne Germany Apuei fam aman no mu .&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNjMDQAAQBAJ&amp;q=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&amp;pg=PA513|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1962: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations|last1=Steinberg|first1=S.|date=27 December 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230270916|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112171312/https://books.google.com/books?id=pNjMDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA513&amp;lpg=PA513&amp;dq=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Y-7q7EETsw&amp;sig=i5r4oZqszx94pgk-1GPo9CBFVo0&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjY-93ZnsbYAhXQ21MKHVfUDk8Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&amp;q=pauline%20clerk%20diplomat%20ghana&amp;f=false|archive-date=12 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NbMDQAAQBAJ&amp;q=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&amp;pg=PA514|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1963: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations|last1=Steinberg|first1=S.|date=27 December 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230270923|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112171312/https://books.google.com/books?id=6NbMDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA514&amp;lpg=PA514&amp;dq=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=1NoNfXNGXX&amp;sig=SRAnHnze_QvqKNjT1GypkfX3m0M&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjY-93ZnsbYAhXQ21MKHVfUDk8Q6AEILzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=pauline%20clerk%20diplomat%20ghana&amp;f=false|archive-date=12 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O43LDQAAQBAJ&amp;q=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&amp;pg=PA484|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1964–65: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations|last1=Steinberg|first1=S.|date=26 December 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230270930|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112171313/https://books.google.com/books?id=O43LDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA484&amp;lpg=PA484&amp;dq=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=AiqyBbH-AN&amp;sig=odZlLsm3AS5IHiygv99aKDsvXvw&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjY-93ZnsbYAhXQ21MKHVfUDk8Q6AEIMTAD#v=onepage&amp;q=pauline%20clerk%20diplomat%20ghana&amp;f=false|archive-date=12 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Clerk yɛ amanaman ntam ɔhwɛfo a ɔde ne ho wɔ 1980 Uganda amansan abatow no mu .&lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot;/&gt; Wɔ 1980 mfe no mu no, wɔpaw no sɛ ɔfotufo wɔ Offices of the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) wɔ [[Jerry John Rawlings]] akanni ase .&lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot;/&gt; Bere a ɔsan baa ɔmanfo nniso mu wɔ 1990 mfe no mfiase no, ɔbɛyɛɛ ɔmampanyin fotufo panyin, a wɔde no kɔmaa Ɔman Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Mmea ne Nkɔso So (NCWD) sɛ ɔfotufo wɔ mmea hokwan ahorow ne asetra mu sikasɛm mu nkɔso ho nsɛm ho.&lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot;/&gt;

== Owu ne ayi ==
Pauline Clerk wui wɔ Accra wɔ 25 October 2013 esiane abɔde mu nneɛma nti .&lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot;/&gt; Na n’ayie wɔ Ebenezer Presbyterian Asɔre, Osu, na ɛno akyi no wɔsiee n’amu wɔ Osu Amusiei wɔ Accra.&lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot; /&gt;

== Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jane E. Clerk</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="8145" sha1="940pnlnbvxtwf6hxjlv40mn5459ddae" xml:space="preserve">'''Jane Elizabeth Clerk''' (26 May 1904 – 5 July 1999) yɛ [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] sukuu kyerɛkyerɛfoɔ ne ɔman nwomasua sohwɛfoɔ .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Obituary: Jane Elizabeth Clerk, 1904 -1999|last1=Clerk|first1=Nicholas, T.|publisher=Presbyterian Church of Ghana, Funeral Bulletin|date=27 July 1999|location=Accra|pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ atubrafo bere so no, na ɔka mmea akyerɛkyerɛfo akwampaefo awo ntoatoaso a edi kan a awiei koraa no wɔbɛyɛɛ aban sukuu akɛse mpanyimfo no ho.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Saa bere no mu no, na Jane Clerk yɛ Aban Mmabaa Mfinimfini Sukuu a ɛwɔ [[Kumase|Kumasi]] no Sukuu Panyin .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Asetra mu nsɛm ==

==== Mfitiase asetra ne abusua ====
Wɔwoo Jane Elizabeth Clerk wɔ Adawso wɔ [[Apuei Mantam (Ghana)|Apuei Fam Mantam mu]] wɔ 26 May 1904 maa Nicholas Timothy Clerk (1862 –1961) ne Anna Alice Meyer (1873 –1934).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Settlement of West Indian Emigrants on the Gold Coast 1843-1943 - A Centenary Sketch. Accra.|last1=Clerk|first1=N. T.|year=1943|location=Accra}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Jane Clerk yɛ mmofra akron no mu nea ɔto so ason, na na ɔyɛ awo ntoatoaso a ɛto so abiɛsa a ɔyɛ Clerk abusua a ɛda nsow wɔ abakɔsɛm mu a ɛwɔ Accra no muni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AoXAAAAIAAJ|title=Owura Nico, the Rev. Nicholas Timothy Clerk, 1862-1961: pioneer and church leader|last1=Debrunner|first1=Hans W.|date=1965|publisher=Watervile Publishing House|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330122609/https://books.google.com/books/about/Owura_Nico_the_Rev_Nicholas_Timothy_Cler.html?id=9AoXAAAAIAAJ|archive-date=30 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ne papa yɛ Basel ɔsɛmpatrɛwfo, na ɔyɛ Synod Ɔkyerɛwfo a odi kan wɔ Presbyterian Asɔre a ɛwɔ Gold Coast no mu fi 1918 kosi 1932 na ɔyɛ agya a ɔhyehyɛɛ mmarimaa ntoaso sukuu a wɔde mmofra kɔtra mu, Presbyterian Mmarimaa Ntoaso Sukuu, a wɔde sii hɔ wɔ afe 1938 &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [[Matilda J. Ɔkyerɛwfo|&lt;sup&gt;[8]&lt;/sup&gt;]]  Ne maame, Anna Alice Meyer, a ɔyɛ ofiehwɛfo ne ɔkyerɛkyerɛfo, yɛ Ga-Danish abusua mu, a ne wɔfase ne Emmanuel Charles Quist (1880 – 1959), mmaranimfo ne ɔtemmufo a ɔbɛyɛɛ nea odi kan Afrikani Ɔmanpanyin a ɔhwɛ Mmarahyɛ Bagua no so fi afe 1949 kosi afe 1951, ɔyɛ Ɔman Bagua no Kasafo fi afe 1951 kosi afe 1957 na ɔyɛɛ Ghana Ɔman Bagua no Kasafo a odi kan fi March 1957 kosi November 1957.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;  Jane Clerk agya nana, Alexander Worthy Clerk (1820-1906), Jamaica Moravia ɔsɛmpatrɛwfo bi duu Denmark Protectorate of Christiansborg (mprempren Osu kurotia ) wɔ Accra, wɔ 1843 mu, sɛ mfitiase kuw a na wɔyɛ West India asɛmpatrɛwfo 24 a yɛɛ adwuma wɔ Basel Asɛmpaka Asɛmpatrɛwfo Kuw a ɛwɔ Switzerland no akwankyerɛ ase.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;  A. W. Ɔkyerɛwfo yɛ ɔkwampaefo wɔ Presbyterian Asɔre a ɛwɔ Ghana no mu na ɔne wɔn hyehyɛɛ mfinimfini sukuu a wɔde mmofra kɔtra mu, Salem Sukuu wɔ afe 1843.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;  Na n’agya nanabea, Pauline Hesse (1831–1909) fi Gold Coast, na na ofi Danish, Ga ne German abusua mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5loknGzxTQC|title=Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood: The Basel Mission in Pre- and Early Colonial Ghana|last1=Sill|first1=Ulrike|date=2010|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004188884|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330122402/https://books.google.com/books/about/Encounters_in_Quest_of_Christian_Womanho.html?id=a5loknGzxTQC|archive-date=30 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne nanabea ne Regina Hesse (1832 –1898), ɔkyerɛkyerɛfo a ɔyɛ ɔkwampaefo ne sukuu panyin.

Ne nuabarima panyin, Carl Henry Clerk (1895 –1982), samufo, kuayɛ ho adesua ho ɔbenfo, ɔhwɛfo, nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfo ne Presbyterian somfo yɛɛ Synod Ɔkyerɛwfo a ɔto so anan wɔ Presbyterian Asɔre a ɛwɔ Gold Coast no mu fi 1950 kosi 1954 ne Kristofo Ɔbɔfo no Samufo atesɛm krataa a ɛbaa afe 1960 ne 1963 ntam hɔ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nL8DAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=carl+henry+clerk&amp;pg=PA47|title=Jet|last1=Company|first1=Johnson Publishing|date=1954-08-26|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407063017/https://books.google.com/books?id=nL8DAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA47&amp;lpg=PA47&amp;dq=carl+henry+clerk&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=OOY8HUx9_X&amp;sig=W6efRIsz7VrcevEPYCl76Hds3YE&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjZn7y-hpDTAhWmhlQKHapBD6kQ6AEIHjAC#v=onepage&amp;q=carl%20henry%20clerk&amp;f=false|archive-date=7 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Obituary: The Reverend Carl Henry Clerk|last1=Clerk|first1=Nicholas T.|publisher=Presbyterian Church of Ghana, Funeral Bulletin|date=5 June 1982|location=Accra}}&lt;/ref&gt; Theodore Clerk (1909 – 1965), ne nua kumaa ne Ghanani ɔdansifoɔ a ɔdi kan a ɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛeɛ na ɔnyaa hyɛn gyinabea kuro Tema .  Ne nuabea kumaa, Matilda J. Clerk (1916 – 1984) yɛ Ghanani ɔbaa aduruyɛ ho ɔbenfoɔ a ɔtɔ so mmienu ne saa ara nso na ɔbaa a ɔdi kan wɔ Ghana ne Afrika Atɔeɛ fam a ɔnyaa postgraduate diploma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Physicians, Colonial Racism, and Diaspora in West Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/physicianscoloni0000patt|last1=Patton|first1=Adell Jr.|date=1996-04-13|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=9780813014326|edition=1st|location=Gainesville|pages=[https://archive.org/details/physicianscoloni0000patt/page/29 29]|language=en|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Obituary: Dr. Matilda Johanna Clerk, MBChB, DTM&amp;H|last1=Clerk|first1=Nicholas, T.|publisher=Presbyterian Church of Ghana, Funeral Bulletin|date=5 January 1985|location=Accra}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Nhomasua ne ntetee ====
Jane Clerk nyaa ne mfitiaseɛ nwomasua wɔ Basel Mission mfitiaseɛ sukuu a ɛwɔ Larteh Akuapem baabi a na ne papa te sɛ ɔmantam soafoɔ ma saa presbytery no.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Obituary: Jane Elizabeth Clerk, 1904 -1999|last1=Clerk|first1=Nicholas, T.|publisher=Presbyterian Church of Ghana, Funeral Bulletin|date=27 July 1999|location=Accra|pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɔkɔɔ sukuu bi a mmeawa nkutoo na wɔtra mu wɔ Aburi, kurow bi a na ne nana te mu &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Ɔkɔɔ Aburi Mmea Akyerɛkyerɛfo Ntetee Kɔlege (mprempren Presbyterian Mmea Nhomasua Sukuu ) baabi a osuaa adekyerɛ ho ade na na ɔyɛ asuafo baanu a wɔwɔ sukuu no kuw a edi kan wɔ afe 1928 mu &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Wɔ 1946 mu no, na Jane Clerk ka akyerɛkyerɛfo mpanyimfo kuw bi a wɔapaw wɔn a wɔmaa wɔn adwuma mfinimfini sika a wɔde bɛkɔ akɔtete wɔn adwuma wɔ amannɔne wɔ London Sukuupɔn Nhomasua Asoɛe a ɛnnɛ ɛyɛ Sukuupɔn Kɔlege London fa, faako a onyaa Ɔboafo no ho Abodin krataa wɔ Nhomasua mu bere a wɔawie asram dunwɔtwe adesua no.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

== Adwuma ==
Jane Clerk kyerɛɛ ade wɔ sukuu ahorow mu wɔ Aburi ne Agogo wɔ n’adwuma mfiase.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Obituary: Jane Elizabeth Clerk, 1904 -1999|last1=Clerk|first1=Nicholas, T.|publisher=Presbyterian Church of Ghana, Funeral Bulletin|date=27 July 1999|location=Accra|pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔde no kɔɔ Kumasi na wɔpaw no sɛ Aban Mmabaa Sukuu no Sukuu Panyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Akyiri yi wɔmaa no so sɛ nhomasua sohwɛfo boafo wɔ afe 1947.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Wɔ afe 1952 mu no, ɔbɛyɛɛ nhomasua sohwɛfo maa [[Koforidua]] kurow no mu baabi a na ne dwumadi ne n’asɛyɛde ahorow no bi ne sukuu ahorow a ɔhwɛ so nyinaa na ɔhwɛ so, a na ɔbarima bi na ɔyɛ saa bere no.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Ɔkɔɔ pɛnhyen wɔ n’akyerɛkyerɛ adwuma mu wɔ afe 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

== Owuo ==
Owui wɔ abɔde mu wɔ afe 1999 mu wɔ Osu, Accra bere a na wadi mfe aduɔkron anum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Obituary: Jane Elizabeth Clerk, 1904 -1999|last1=Clerk|first1=Nicholas, T.|publisher=Presbyterian Church of Ghana, Funeral Bulletin|date=27 July 1999|location=Accra|pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔsiee n'amu no wɔ [[Amusiei ahorow a ɛwɔ Accra no din|Osu Amusiei]] a ɛwɔ [[Nkran|Accra]] .

== Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so ==</text>
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    <title>Ɔhemmaa ɛna (Afrika)</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="18832" sha1="nhf12qr6g1fm6721u8g2lrve4d6t5br" xml:space="preserve">'''Ɔhemmaa ɛna''' (a wɔsan yɛ '''Ɔhemmaa ɛna''' ) yɛ asɛmfua a wɔde kyerɛ mmea atetesɛm sodifo binom wɔ Afrikafo amammerɛ mu. Ɛwom sɛ wɔmfa &quot;ɔhemmaa ɛna&quot; ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu biara nni hɔ de, sɛnea wɔn dwumadi ahorow no gu ahorow wɔ ɔmanfo, amammuisɛm, ne amammerɛ mu de, nanso&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|jstor=2784870|title=The Queenmother, Matriarchy, and the Question of Female Political Authority in Precolonial West African Monarchy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-black-studies_1997-05_27_5/page/579|last=Farrar|first=Tarikhu|date=1997|journal=Journal of Black Studies|volume=27|issue=5|pages=579–597|doi=10.1177/002193479702700501|s2cid=142351141}}&lt;/ref&gt; mpɛn pii no wodi dwuma titiriw wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nniso mu na &quot;wɔde asetra mu tumi ne nkɛntɛnso di dwuma.&quot;

Enti wɔyɛ asetra, amammuisɛm, ne amammerɛ ahyehyɛde ahorow a ɛwɔ Afrika asasepɔn no so nyinaa fa titiriw: sɛ nhwɛso no, [[Akanfoɔ|Akanfo]], gye tom sɛ wɔyɛ mpɔtam hɔ amammuifo a wɔho hia &lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|jstor=4187478|title=Women's Voices in Akan Juridical Discourse|last1=Obeng|first1=Samuel|date=2002|journal=Africa Today|doi=10.1353/at.2002.0008|last2=Stoeltje|first2=Beverly J.|issue=1|volume=49|pages=21–41|s2cid=145539094}}&lt;/ref&gt; na wɔtaa fa wɔn so hwehwɛ agyapade wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ matrilineal kwan so;  bere a wɔ Uganda no, wobetumi de asɛmfua no akyerɛ mmea a wobuu atɛn koraa.  Tumi dodow a ɛnanom a wɔyɛ ɔhemmaa wɔ mprempren no so atew fi bere a edii atubrafo anim,&lt;ref name=&quot;:58&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/africa_today/v055/55.3.steegstra.html|title=Krobo Queen Mothers: Gender, Power, and Contemporary Female Traditional Authority in Ghana|last=Steegstra|first=Marijke|date=2009|journal=Africa Today|doi=10.2979/aft.2009.55.3.104|access-date=3 January 2016|via=Project Muse|url-access=subscription|pages=105–123|volume=55|issue=3|s2cid=144316421}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɛwom sɛ afeha a ɛto so 21 no ahu sɛ wɔn nkɛntɛnso no akɔ soro wɔ tebea horow bi mu de.  Pii yɛ African Queens and Women Cultural Leaders Network a ɛyɛ ahyehyɛde bi a wofi wɔn pɛ mu yɛ no mufo .

== Abakɔsɛm ==
Bere bi na ahemmaa ɛnanom yɛ amammuifo a wɔho hia a wɔhyɛ sɛ wonni obu ansa na atubrafo bere no reba. Nanso, ɛsono dwumadie a wɔde maa saa akontabuo yi: wɔ nsɛm bi mu no, na wɔbu wɔn sɛ wɔyɛ sodifoɔ a wɔdi wɔn ho,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Making of an African King: Patrilineal and Matrilineal Struggle among the Effutu of Ghana|last=Ephirim-Donkor|first=Anthony|publisher=University Press of America, Inc.|year=2015|isbn=9780761865049|pages=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXWHCgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22akan%20queen%20mother%22&amp;pg=PA237}}&lt;/ref&gt; wɔ ebinom mu no, na wɔwɔ tumi pɔtee wɔ &quot;mmea&quot; nsɛm so (anaasɛ nsɛm a ɛfa mmarima ne mmaa nyinaa bom, te sɛ sɛ [[Monaatoɔ|mmonnaato]], awaresɛe ne aware mu ntawntawdi),&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot;/&gt; wɔ afoforo mu no, na wɔyɛ nnipa atitiriw ɛnanom ankasa ara kwa, na wɔmaa dibea a ɛwɔ mu nyinaa.

Atubrafo a wofi Europa, esiane wɔn ankasa ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho akɔnnɔ nti, ne mmarima a wɔwɔ abodin nkutoo dii nkitaho wɔ mmeae a wɔyɛ adwuma wɔ hɔ no. Ahemmaa ɛnanom a wɔwɔ Afrika, titiriw no, na wonnye ntom sɛ wɔho hia na wɔtaa ka wɔn ho asɛm wɔ atubrafo/asɛmpatrɛwfo abakɔsɛm nkrataa mu sɛ mmarima a wɔwɔ tumi no &quot;nuabeanom&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:58&quot;/&gt; Gyinabea a wɔpow a saa mmea yi hyiae no maa tumi a wɔhweree wɔ wɔn abodin ahorow no mu no yɛɛ mmerɛw  - enti, wɔ atubrafo nniso ase no, Ɔhemmaa ɛnanom, te sɛ mmea afoforo a wɔwɔ asasepɔn no so no, hweree &quot;asetra mu, nyamesom, mmarahyɛ bagua, ne amammui mu hokwan ne hokwan ahorow.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Beyond Borders: Thinking Critically About Global Issues|last=Rothenberg|first=Paula S.|publisher=Worth Publishers|year=2006|isbn=9780716773894|pages=117–118|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOzEf4zgq_YC&amp;dq=%22queen%20mother%22%20ghana&amp;pg=PA117}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Atubrafoɔ akyi nniso &quot;toaa so yɛɛ nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛbrɛɛ mmaa atetesɛm tumi ase&quot;:&lt;ref name=&quot;:58&quot;/&gt; Wɔ afe 1957 mu, sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, [[Gaana|Ghana]] ahofadie akannifoɔ amfa ɔhemmaa ɛnanom anhyɛ wɔn nsɛm mu, na wɔpaw mmom sɛ wɔne mmarima atitire nko ara na wɔbɛyɛ adwuma.  Mmea a wonni amammuisɛm ne titiriw no, atetesɛm ahyehyɛde ahorow mu no ama tumi a wɔkyekyɛ no pɛpɛɛpɛ aba na ama ayɛ kɛse na ama wɔadi mmea &quot;adwennwene ne hokwan ahorow ho dwuma yiye.&quot;

Wɔ 1988 mu no, wɔhyehyɛɛ Ashanti Ɔhemmaa Ɛna Fekuw. Mprempren ɛwɔ mmea akannifo bɛyɛ aduanan anan a wofi Ashanti mantam mu sɛ asɔremma. Kuw no di nsɛm a ɛfa mmea ho ho dwuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Religion and Chieftaincy in Ghana: An Explanation of the Persistence of a Traditional Political Institution in West Africa|last=Muller|first=Louise|publisher=LIT Verlag|year=2013|isbn=9783643903600|pages=228|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T890Drkv9AoC&amp;dq=%22ashanti%20queen%20mother%22&amp;pg=PA270}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1992 Ghana Amanyɔ Mmara no de Ahyɛde 277 a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ ɔpanyin mu ka ho. Ahyɛdeɛ 277 kyerɛkyerɛ ɔpanin mu sɛ obi a wɔapaw no yie afiri abusua a ɛfata mu na &quot;wɔde ne nsa, ahyɛ ne honam ani anaa wɔde no asi hɔ sɛ Ɔpanin anaa Ɔhemmaa Ɛna sɛdeɛ amanne kwan so mmara ne dwumadie a ɛfa ho no kyerɛ.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=a9h&amp;AN=110745907&amp;site=ehost-live|title=Queen Mothers: The Unseen Hands in Chieftaincy Conflicts Among the Akan in Ghana: Myth or Reality?|last1=Owusu-Mensah|first1=I|date=September 2015|journal=Journal of Pan African Studies|access-date=3 January 2016|last2=Asante|first2=W.|last3=Osew|first3=W.K.|issue=6|volume=8|pages=1–16|url-access=subscription|via=EBSCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ afe 2010 ahohuru bere mu no, Ɔman Aban Asoɛe a ɛwɔ Ghana no de too gua sɛ wɔde ɛnanom mmaa 20 bɛka ho. Wɔpaw ɛnanom ahemmaa ma wɔtra fie hɔ mfe anan.

Wɔ afe 2006 mu no, Amanaman Nkabom Mmofra Foto no fii ase ne ɛnanom ahemmaa yɛɛ adwuma de boaa ma wɔboaa yiyedi mmɔdenbɔ a wɔbɔ ma mmea ne mmofra wɔ Afrika Atɔe Fam mmeae ahorow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=UNICEF.|title=The state of the world's children 2007 : women and children : the double dividend of gender equality.|url=https://archive.org/details/stateofworldschi0000unic|date=2006|publisher=United Nations Children's Fund|others=UNICEF.|isbn=92-806-3998-6|location=New York, NY, USA|oclc=83247492}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnansa yi ara, mmeae te sɛ [[Upper West Region]] of Ghana, baabi a wɔmfaa atetesɛm a ɛne sɛ wobenya ɔhemmaa ɛnanom no nni dwuma no, wɔn a wɔkamfo mmea tumidi kyerɛ no ahyɛ nkuran sɛ &quot;wɔnsan mfa ɔhemmaa ɛnanom nsi hɔ bio&quot;. Wɔde mmea pii asi hɔ sɛ ɛnanom ahemmaa wɔ Ghana atifi fam, adeyɛ a ama mmea dibea akɔ soro wɔ mpɔtam hɔ.

Wɔ afe 2014 mu no, Ghana Ɔmanpanyin, Henry Seidu Danaa, paee mu kae sɛ ɛnanom ahemmaa a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ Aban Aban Fie no mu no yɛ mmarahyɛ bagua.

== Nkyerɛkyerɛmu ne nnwuma a wɔyɛ ==
Ɔhemmaa ɛna abodin yɛ Engiresi kasa mu asɛmfua a wɔabom a wɔde di dwuma de bom kyerɛkyerɛ mmea a wɔwɔ Afrikafo atetesɛm mu akannifo dwumadi ahorow mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot;/&gt; Akanfoɔ de asɛmfua ''ohemmaa'', a ɛkyerɛ &quot;ɔbea sodifoɔ&quot; di dwuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot;/&gt; Wɔ Ga atetesɛm mu no, wɔfrɛ wɔn ''manye'' anaa &quot;mpɔtam hɔ ɛna&quot;. Wɔ Pabir atetesɛm mu no, wɔfrɛ wɔn ''maigira'', asɛmfua a ɛkyerɛ &quot;ɔhene ɔbea.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot;/&gt; Wɔ Benin atetesɛm mu no, wɔfrɛ ɛnanom ahemmaa ''iyobas'' . Wɔ Yorubaland atetesɛm mu no, wonim ɔbea a wɔde abodin no hyɛ no mu wɔ amanne kwan so sɛ ''iya oba'' anaa &quot;ɔhene maame a wɔato no abodin&quot;.

Wɔsan frɛ ɔhemmaa ɛna no adwumayɛbea no &quot;stool&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot;/&gt; Wɔ Ghana no, wɔpaw ɛnanom mmabea fi adehye abusua a ɛwɔ kurow ne akuraa biara ase. Ɛyɛ adehye abusua no ti ne mpanyimfo na wɔpaw ɔpanyin ne ɔhemmaa ɛna no nyinaa, baanu a ebia wɔne wɔn ho wɔn ho wɔ abusuabɔ Ahemfo mmusua no yɛ wɔn a wodii kan tu kɔtraa beae bi.

=== Akan atetesɛm ===
Wɔ Akanfo atetesɛm mu no, ɔhemmaa ɛnanom ka ɔpanyin anaa ɔhene ho di tumi wɔ wɔn mpɔtam hɔ. Wobu ɛnanom ahemmaa sɛ wɔn mpɔtam hɔfo honhom fam ti ne wɔn a wɔhwɛ abusua anato ho nimdeɛ so.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;/&gt; Wɔwɔ ɔhene anaa ɔpanyin no tumi a wɔde siw ano na wobetumi apaw wɔn ankasa asomfo. Ɔhemmaa ɛnanom nso paw wɔn a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ɔpanyin a odi hɔ no sɛ ɔpanyin no &quot;nkongua&quot; da mpan a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:58&quot;/&gt; Ahemmaa ɛnanom na wodi asennibea ahorow a wodi nsɛm a ɛfa akasakasa a mmea de ba asɛnnibea ho no anim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt; Wɔ wɔn asennibea ahorow mu no, ɛnanom ahemmaa ne wɔn ahemfie mpanyimfo &quot;di tumi wɔ akasakasafo so.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt; Sɛ ɛho hia a, ɛnanom a wɔyɛ ɔhemmaa betumi &quot;afa tumidi titiriw no so tumi koraa.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot;/&gt; Wɔ nsɛm bi mu (te sɛ Ɔhemmaa [[Yaa Asantewaa|Yaa Asantewa]] ) ahenni mu no, &quot;wɔayɛ wɔn ade sɛ ɔko akannifo.&quot;

=== Bini atetesɛm ===
Benin Ahemman no annya ɛnanom ahemmaa kosii afeha a ɛto so dunum awiei akyi bere a ahengua no ho ntawntawdi sii no. Wɔ ɔko no mu no, mmea nyaa tumi na wɔn dodow mu nea odi kan, Ɔhemmaa Idia, bɛyɛɛ ɔhemmaa ɛna. Ahemmaa ɛnanom a wɔwɔ Benin atetesɛm mu no, te sɛ wɔn a wɔwɔ Atɔe Fam ahemman ahorow mu no, ahemfo no ɛnanom ankasa. Na Benin ɛnanom a wɔyɛ tete mmere mu ahemmaa a wonim wɔn mu biara sɛ ''Iyoba'', no wɔ tumi kɛse na na wobu wɔn sɛ ahene no ho banbɔfo.

=== Burundifo atetesɛm ===
Wɔ Burundi Ahemman a na enni hɔ bio no mu no na wonim ɔhemmaa ɛna bi sɛ ''Mugabekazi'' . Saa abodin wura yi somm se onipa a ɔwɔ tumi wɔ ne babarima anaa - sɛnea na ɛte wɔ Ɔhemmaa Ririkumutima fam no - ne mpena ba ahenni mu.

=== Dahomeyfo atetesɛm ===
Wɔ Fonfo a wɔwɔ Dahomey mu no, ''Kpojitofo'' som sɛ ɔhemmaa ɛna. Sɛnea wɔtaa yɛ no, na saa abodin wura yi wɔ nyamesom mu asɛm a wɔde kɔdan asɛnnibea, na ɔyɛ ɔhene, anaa Ahosu a ofi Dahomey no mmaranimfo, na na ɔsrɛ n’anim wɔ owu ho nsɛm mu. Obi a wagye din a na okura saa abodin yi ne Ɔhemmaa Hwanjile .

Ɛnnɛ kpojito da so ara kura nkɛntɛnso dibea wɔ ahenni no bagua kɛse no mu, na ɔsan nso hwɛ Dahomey da biara da nniso no fa titiriw ne Dahomey Amazons asraafo kuw a agye din no amanne kwan so nkae no nyinaa so. Ɔne Ɔhemmaa Hangbe, Hangbe adehye abusua no din no panyin kyɛ saa dwumadi a etwa to yi.

=== Kongofo atetesɛm ===
Wɔ Kongo Ahemman dedaw no mu no na wonim ɔhemmaa ɛna bi sɛ ''Mwene Nzimba Mpungu'' . Mpɛn pii no na ɔyɛ ɔhene a ɔredi tumi no agya maame nuabea, na na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ obedi mmea baanan a na wɔyɛ Ne Mbanda Mbanda, ahenni no abotiri bagua no mufo ex officio no anim.

=== Krobofo atetesɛm ===
Wɔ Krobofo mu no, &quot;ɔhemmaa ɛna a ɔsen biara&quot; ne ɔhemmaa ɛnanom &quot;ketewa&quot; pii a wodi tumi wɔ n'ase wɔ hɔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:58&quot;/&gt; Krobo ɔhemmaa ɛnanom wɔ tumi sua sen ɔhemmaa ɛnanom a wɔwɔ Akanfo atetesɛm mu no.&lt;ref name=&quot;:58&quot;/&gt; Wɔkyerɛ sɛ ebia wogyee ɔhemmaa ɛna no atetesɛm fii Akanfo hɔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:84&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Queen mothers, NGOs, and orphans: Transformations in traditional women's political organization in an era of HIV and orphanhood in Manya Klo, Ghana|journal=[[Norwegian Journal of Geography|Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography]]|date=2014-01-01|issn=0029-1951|pages=10–21|volume=68|issue=1|doi=10.1080/00291951.2013.871331|first=Bright B.|last=Drah|s2cid=128426588}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Krobofo no nam kokoam abatow a mpanyimfo no paw so paw ɛnanom mmabea.&lt;ref name=&quot;:58&quot;/&gt; Bere a wɔpaw no akyi no, wɔbɔ no amanneɛ wɔ ne dwumadi foforo no ho denam dɔte fitaa a wɔde petepete ne basa so no so.&lt;ref name=&quot;:58&quot;/&gt; Wɔyɛ amanne kwan so nhyehyɛe bi a wɔkyerɛkyerɛ no, tu no fo, wɔma no din foforo na afei wɔde kyerɛ ɔpanyin no.&lt;ref name=&quot;:58&quot;/&gt; Wohu Krobo ɔhemmaa ɛnanom sɛ &quot;ɛnanom&quot; a wɔwɔ wɔn mpɔtam hɔ na bere a wosi mmea nsɛm so dua ma ɔhemmaa ɛna no, ɔboa mmarima ne mmea nyinaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:84&quot;/&gt;

=== Kushitefo atetesɛm ===
Wɔ Kush Ahemman, tete man bi a na ɛwɔ baabi a ɛnnɛ wɔfrɛ hɔ Sudan mu no, na wonim ɔhemmaa ɛna bi sɛ ''Kandake'' . Ɔne ne babarima ɔhene anaa Qore a ofi Kush dii ade, na ɔne no yɛɛ asɔfo dwumadi ahorow wɔ n’ahenni mu. Na wɔn a wokura abodin no agye din araa ma wɔkaa wɔn ho asɛm wɔ Alexander Romance ne Bible Apam Foforo no nyinaa mu.

=== Malinke atetesɛm ===
Wɔ Mali Ahemman, mfinimfini mmere mu man a agye din a na ɛwɔ Afrika Atɔe fam mu no, na ɔbea a ɔho hia sen biara wɔ ahemman no mu ne ''Qasa'', ɔhempɔn a odi tumi no yere panyin ne ne yɔnko sodifo, anaa Mansa a ofi Mali . Na wɔn a wokura abodin no mu tumi sen biara no mu biako, Ɔhemmaa Kassi, yɛ obi a ɔpɛ ɔfa bi wɔ pɔw bi a ɔbɔe sɛ obetu ne kunu dedaw Mansa Sulayman agu wɔ wɔn awaregyae akyi no mu.

=== Pabir atetesɛm ===
Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɛnanom a wɔyɛ Pabir hemmaa bɛyɛ sigyadifo .&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot;/&gt; Pabir hemmaa ɛna no dwumadi yɛ amanne kwan so, na ne &quot;tumi ankasa gyina tumi a otumi kanyan ɔsɔretia tia ɔhene no so.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:84&quot;/&gt;

=== Serer atetesɛm ===
Wɔ Serer ahenni ahorow a ɛwɔ Senegambia mu no, na wɔfrɛ ɛna ɔhemmaa bi sɛ ''Lingeer'' . Na ɔtaa yɛ ɔhene a ɔredi hene, anaa Lamane, maame anaa ne nuabea, na odii n’ankasa asasesin so wɔ n’ahenni mu. Sɛnea na ɛte wɔ Akanfo fam no, na wɔde ahemman mu nnidiso nnidiso ahyɛ n’asefo nsam sen sɛ wɔde bɛhyɛ lamane no nsam.

=== Swazifo atetesɛm ===
Wɔ Swazifo a wɔwɔ Afrika Kesee Fam mu no, wɔfrɛ ɔhemmaa ɛna no sɛ ''Ndlovukati'' . Bere a ɔde ne ho abɔ ne babarima ɔhene, anaa Ingwenyama a ofi Eswatini, ho no, odi Eswatini ahenni no so wɔ nea ne titiriw no ɛyɛ diarchy mu . Ɛwom sɛ ingwenyama na ɔyɛ da biara da dwumadi dodow no ara a ɛfa adwumayɛ ho de, nanso ndlovukati no da nsow wɔ honhom mu esiane sɛ ɔyɛ adwuma wɔ afe afe Reed Dance amanne no mu nti.

=== Tswanafo atetesɛm ===
Wɔ Tswanafo mu no wɔfrɛ ɔhemmaa ɛna no sɛ ''Mohumagadi Mma Kgosi'' . Ɔsom sɛ ne babarima panyin, anaa Kgosi, fotufo, na mpɛn pii no abusuakuw a odi so no mufo bu no kɛse. Obi a wagye din a na okura abodin no ne Ɔhemmaa Ruth, Awuraa Khama .

=== Yorubafo atetesɛm ===
Wɔde mmea a ɛsono mfe ne wɔn nananom si hɔ sɛ Yorubafo &quot;ahene ɛnanom a wɔato wɔn abodin&quot;. Wɔsan nso wɔ dwumadi ahorow ahorow.

Sɛ nhwɛso no, ''Erelu Kuti'' a ofi Lagos, no di nea ɛto so abiɛsa wɔ nnidiso nnidiso a edi kan no mu. Ɔsom sɛ regent bere a ɔhene no &quot;stool&quot;, anaa Oba of Lagos, da mpan no. Sɛ́ oba foforo abotiri ho guasodeyɛ ahorow no fa no, ohyira nea ɔpɛ sɛ ɔyɛ ɔkannifo no nso wɔ baguam ansa na wɔde no asi hɔ. Esiane saa nneɛma yi nti, wobu no sɛ ɔhemmaa ɛna a ɔwɔ ahemman no mu.

Wɔ mmeae afoforo, wɔ Egbaland, ''Moshade'' yɛ nhwɛso foforo. Ɔyɛ ahemfie panyin a ɔwɔ abodin a ɔsom ɔhene, anaa Alake a ofi Egbaland, ɔno ne adwumayɛfo a wɔde asɛyɛde ahyɛ no nsa sɛ ɔmfa abotiri bɛhyɛ no. Eyi akyi no, ɔsan nso yɛ n’ahene a wɔhyɛ n’ase nyinaa a wɔde wɔn besi hɔ no so. Esiane eyi nti, ɔno nso ka sɛ ɔhemmaa ɛna yɛ n’amanne kwan no fa.

Wɔ eyinom ne mmea afoforo a wɔwɔ Yorubaland a wokura abodin &quot;iya oba&quot; akyi no, mmea kuw bi nso wɔ hɔ a wɔfrɛ wɔn ''oba obirin'' anaa &quot;mmea hene&quot;. Mpɛn pii no, saa nnipa yi kura abodin titiriw ''Iyalode'', na wɔhwɛ mmea nsɛm so wɔ ahenni ahorow no mu na wogyina hɔ ma wɔn bɔbeasu wɔ ahemfo no bagua ahorow a wɔyɛ no kokoam no mu.

== Ɛnnɛ ==
Ɛnanom a wɔyɛ ahemmaa nnɛ kɔ so yɛ nsakrae wɔ wiase a ɛresakra no mu na gyinabea no &quot;akɔ so ayɛ nea ɛho hia.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:58&quot;/&gt; Wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ aguadi mu na wogye awogyefo ntoboa tom .

Ahemmaa ɛnanom aboa ma wɔaboa nufu mu kokoram ho nimdeɛ wɔ Ghana. Nea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔate dwuma a wodi wɔ Afrika no ase no, ɛnanom ahemmaa baanan a wofi Ghana kyinkyin United States.

Ɛnanom ahemmaa binom aka sɛ wɔmfa obu mma wɔn tumidi te sɛ mmarima mpanyimfo tumi no.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bere a ɛnanom ahemmaa pii ne mmea afoforo a wɔwɔ atetesɛm dwumadi ahorow mu ahyia akwanside ahorow a ɛbɛma nsakrae a ɛtra hɔ daa aba ama mmea no, wɔkɔ so yɛ nhyehyɛe sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobetumi agyina hɔ ama wɔn &quot;wɔ amammui nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ mu.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Kathleen M. Fallon, Democracy and the Rise of Women's Movements in Sub-Saharan Africa|last=Kaye|first=Julie|date=22 June 2009|journal=Canadian Journal of Sociology|volume=34|issue=3|pages=953–955|doi=10.29173/cjs6330|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔdi nkyerɛkyerɛ hokwan ahorow akyi, te sɛ mmara ho nimdeɛ ntetee a wɔde ma wɔ nhomakorabea ahorow wɔ Ghana &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-20945613.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314132920/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-20945613.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 March 2016|title=A Library Fellow in Equatorial West Africa|last=Elliot|first=Carol|date=1 July 1998|journal=Information Outlook|access-date=4 January 2016|url-access=subscription|via=HighBeam Research}}&lt;/ref&gt; anaa adwumayɛbea ahorow.

Wɔ Ghana no, ɛnanom ahemmaa afi Manya Krobo Queen Mothers Association (MKQMA) ase sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛboa mmofra a wɔayɛ nyisaa esiane [[HIV]] ne [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] nti .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Final Report for the Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care (IMPACT) Project in Ghana|last=Family Health International|publisher=USAID|year=2004|pages=29|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pdacg394.pdf|type=Report|access-date=2023-03-24|archive-date=2023-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324120921/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pdacg394.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nana Okleyo na ɔhyɛɛ kuw no ase.&lt;ref name=&quot;:84&quot;/&gt; Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ fekuw no adwuma ho wɔ Manya Krobo Mantam mu no hui sɛ na ɛyɛ nhwɛso pa a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea wobedi nyisaa ho asɛm a ɛwɔ Afrika Atɔe fam no ho dwuma, ɛwom sɛ na ɛwɔ anohyeto ahorow bi de.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Queens as Mothers: the role of the traditional safety net of care and support for HIV/AIDS orphans and vulnerable children in Ghana|journal=GeoJournal|date=2008-04-18|issn=0343-2521|pages=93–106|volume=71|issue=2–3|doi=10.1007/s10708-008-9145-9|language=en|first1=Ragnhild|last1=Lund|first2=Samuel|last2=Agyei-Mensah|s2cid=79398208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛnanom mmaa bɛyɛ 370 na wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ MKQMA mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:58&quot;/&gt; Bio nso, MKQMA a ɛwɔ Manye Esther akanni ase no ayɛ nhyehyɛe a wɔde besiw HIV/AIDS ano na wɔaboa aboa nyisaa bɛboro 400.&lt;ref name=&quot;:58&quot; /&gt;

== Hwɛ nso ==

* [[Hwanjile na ɔkyerɛwee]]
* [[Idia na ɔkyerɛwee]]
* [[Ririkumutima na ɔkyerɛwee]]
* [[Ruth Williams Khama na ɔkyerɛwee|Ruth, Awuraa Khama, na ɔkyerɛwee]]
* [[Yaa Asantewaa]]

== Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yaa Akyaa</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="2850" sha1="ez5rybarlsmcxua79levk6378bbosn1" xml:space="preserve">'''Yaa Akyaa''' (1847–1917) yɛ ɔhemmaa ɛna wɔ Ashanti Ahemman no mu wɔ afe 1884-1896 mu. Onyaa nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ ne babarima no ahenni mu, na ɔyɛɛ n’ade sɛ ne de facto co-regent.

== Mfitiase asetra ==
Wɔwoo Yaa Akyaa wɔ Ashanti ahemman mu bɛyɛ afe 1847. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Women Leaders of Africa, Asia, Middle East, and Pacific: A Biographical Reference|url=https://archive.org/details/womenleadersofaf0000jack|last=Jackson|first=Guida|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|year=2009|isbn=978-1469113531|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womenleadersofaf0000jack/page/128 128]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɔyɛ Asantehemaa Afua Kobi, a wɔwoo no wɔ Oyoko ahemfo mu no babea. N’awo akyi bere tiaa bi no wosii gyinae sɛ ɔbɛyɛ Ɔhemmaa Afua Kobi adedifo sɛ Asantehemaa, a wonim no sɛ Ɔhemmaa Ɛna. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Yaa Akyaa kɔɔ so waree Akyebiakyerehene Kwasi Gyambibi a na ɔyɛ Ɔhemmaa Ɛna ne ahemman no mu atitire afoforo a wɔho hia no fotufoɔ. Wɔn awareɛ mu no wɔwoo mma dumiɛnsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== Amammui mu adwuma ==
Yaa Akyaa bɛyɛɛ Ɔhemmaa Ɛna wɔ afe 1884 mu bere a ɔtuu ne nua Mensa Bonsu fii n’ahenni mu wɔ afe 1884 mu, na saa afe no mu no, ɔtuu ɔne wɔn maame nyinaa nnommum; ne babarima [[Kwaku Dua II. Kumaa|Kwaku Dua II]] bɛyɛɛ ɔhene, nanso owui bere a ɔde nnafua 44 dii akokɔsrade dibea akyi, na ɛno akyi no ɔyɛɛ mfiridwuma ma ne babarima Prempeh I a ɔde no bɛkɔ [[Sika Dwa Kofi|Sikakɔkɔɔ Nsuo]] no mu . Esiane sɛ na wadi mfe 15 pɛ nti, otumi nyaa ne so nkɛntɛnso kɛse bere a n’ankasa kɔɔ so dii tumi no. Nanso, bere a wɔkae sɛ ɔno ne ahengua no dedifo akyi no, obi foforo ne no sii akan de ntawntawdi baa Ashanti. Wɔ ɔmanko a ɛkɔɔ so daa no mu no, Adansifo a wɔbɛn wɔn no de Ashantifo tebea a na ayɛ mmerɛw no dii dwuma. Adansifo no nso frɛɛ Britaniafo sɛ wɔne Ashantifo no mfi ɔko ase, na Britaniafo no penee so.  Na ɔsɔre tia Britaniafo denneennen, na na onnyina biribiara so mfa nsɛe atamfo anaasɛ ontu wɔn mfi hɔ, ɛwom sɛ sɛ ɛnte saa a, na ɔyɛ onyansafo wɔ nsɛm a ɛfa ahemfo amammuisɛm ho mu de. Ne tan a na ɔwɔ ma Britaniafo no fi yare a na wɔde reba Ashantifo so ne ntawntawdi a na ɛde reba no mu. 

== Akyiri yi asetra ==
Wɔ 1896 mu no, Britaniafo tumi dii Ashantifo so na wɔpam no kɔɔ [[Seychelles na ɛwɔ hɔ|Seychelles]], ne ne babarima ne atitire afoforo; ɛhɔ na ɔtenaa hɔ kosii ne wu mu. Ɔda so ara yɛ obi a akyinnyegye wɔ ne ho wɔ [[Gaana|Ghana]] esiane ne su a ɛne sɛ ɔde basabasayɛ di dwuma tia wɔn a wɔsɔre tia no nti. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sheldon2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Kathleen E. Sheldon|title=Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36BViNOAu3sC|year=2005|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5331-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gagoangwe</title>
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      <text bytes="4501" sha1="20pl4b07jptbwr79kfvi9traucqj8wj" xml:space="preserve">'''Gagoangwe''' (bɛyɛ 1845 – 1924) yɛ Acting (Regent) Paramount Chieftess, [[Ɔhemmaa ɛna (Afrika)|Ɔhemmaa Ɛna]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The motherless state : women's political leadership and American democracy|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900226514559_s0j7|author=McDonagh, Eileen L.|author-link=Eileen McDonagh|date=2009|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226514543|oclc=938228232}}&lt;/ref&gt; anaa ''Mohumagadi'' a ɔwɔ Mmanaana Kgatla ne BaNgwaketse a wɔwɔ baabi a mprempren wɔfrɛ hɔ [[Botswana]] no.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUwlAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA123|title=Historical dictionary of Botswana|first1=Fred|last1=Morton|first2=Jeff|last2=Ramsay|first3=Part Themba|last3=Mgadla|date=2008-04-23|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810864047|pages=123–124|access-date=2020-03-10|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Gagoangwe yɛ Kwena abusua no muni na na ɔyɛ Kristoni a ɔyɛ ɔhotefo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Historical dictionary of women in Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000shel|author=Sheldon, Kathleen E.|isbn=9781442262928|oclc=952050712|year=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ɔyɛ ne banana, Bathoen II hene.

== Mfiase asetra ==
Na Gagoangwe yɛ Sechele I,&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton3&quot;/&gt; ''kgosi'' anaa BaKwena hene babea. Wɔnam David Livingstone adwuma so danee Sechele I bɛyɛɛ Kristoni wɔ 1840 mfe no awiei mu hɔ ; a wɔsakraa BaKwena abusuakuw no nyinaa, a Gagoangwe ka ho.&lt;ref name=&quot;Volz, Stephen C. 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Them who kill the body : Christian ideals and political realities in the interior of Southern Africa during the 1850s|author=Volz, Stephen C.|date=2010|oclc=775890092}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bere a na ɔyɛ abofra no, ɔpopaa akoa bi ani. Ne papa maa akoa no kwan ma odum n'ani biako de tuaa ka, sɛnea [[Bibel|Bible]] mu Apam Dedaw nnyinasosɛm &quot; aniwa si aniwa ananmu &quot; kyerɛ no. Ɛno akyi no, na wonim no sɛ &quot;Ɔhemmaa a n'ani yɛ biako&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Volz, Stephen C. 2010&quot;/&gt;

== Aware ne mma ==
Gagoangwe waree ne kunu a odi kan, ''kgosi'' Pilane. Wɔ 1875 mu no, ɔne Bathoen I a na ɔyɛ BaNgwaketse akannifo no ɔdedifo no guan .&lt;ref name=&quot;Jr.Akyeampong2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=Gagoangwe+dictionary+african&amp;pg=RA1-PA407|title=Dictionary of African Biography|author1=Professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr.|author2=Professor Emmanuel Akyeampong|author3=Mr. Steven J. Niven|date=2 February 2012|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|pages=407–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ 1890 mu no, Bathoen I ne Gagoangwe san waree wɔ [[Kristofo]] aware guasodeyɛ bi mu, na ɛmaa wɔn aware no yɛɛ mmara kwan so de wɔ Kristofo asɔre no ani so.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lloyd1895&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Edwin Lloyd|title=Three Great African Chiefs (Khâmé, Sebelé and Bathoeng)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RhkUAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA165|year=1895|publisher=T. F. Unwin|pages=165–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ɔyɛ Kristoni a ɔyɛ hyew na onyaa Bathoen I mmoa a ɔde maa [[London]] Asɛmpatrɛw Fekuw no so nkɛntɛnso .&lt;ref name=&quot;Jr.Akyeampong2012&quot; /&gt; Wɔ 1910 mu no, Bathoen I wui na Gagoangwe babarima panyin, Seepapitso II, bɛyɛɛ ɔhene. Akyiri yi n’ankasa nuabarima, Moepapitso, kum no wɔ afe 1916.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jr.Akyeampong2012&quot; /&gt; Eyi akyi no, Gagoangwe maa wokum ne babarima a okum awudifo, Moepapitso, na onyaa ahemman no so tumi wɔ afe 1923.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jr.Akyeampong2012&quot; /&gt; Wɔbɔ amanneɛ sɛ ɔkaa sɛ &quot;esiane sɛ na wɔatwa ne nufu [mmabarima] no mu biako nti, ma wontwa ɔfoforo no nso&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Women writing Africa : the southern region|others=Daymond, M. J. (Margaret J.)|year=2003|isbn=1-55861-406-0|edition=First|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womenwritingafri0000unse/page/187 187]|oclc=50235100|url=https://archive.org/details/womenwritingafri0000unse/page/187}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Di hene ==
Wɔ 1923 mu no, Gagoangwe bɛyɛɛ Ɔpanyin Panyin a Ɔyɛ Ɔheneba sɛ Bathoen II ɔhene.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton3&quot;/&gt; Ɔde n’ananmu sɛ ɔheneba sɛ ɔbɛkora ''bogosi'' so ama ne banana. Odii BaNgwaketse, asasesin a na ɛyɛ Tswanafo kuw ketewaa bi a ɛwɔ baabi a mprempren wɔfrɛ [[Botswana|hɔ Botswana]] no so hene wɔ bere a na ɛho hia kɛse ma saa asasesin yi mu. Na asasesin no wɔ ahofadi ho ɔko a wɔreko atia [[Boerfo]] ne Britania Ahemman a na ɛyɛ atubrafo no mfinimfini .&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton3&quot; /&gt;

Gagoangwe toaa Seepapitso II nkɔsoɔ nnwuma so, na ɔnyaa regency maa ne babaa Ntebogang Ratshosa ansa na n’ankasa rewuo.

== Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lingeer</title>
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      <id>200582</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:39:57Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="16288" sha1="5rin3l9kxe6my81lyqj4l6t2r097e6p" xml:space="preserve">'''Lingeer''' (a wɔsan nso yɛ: ''Linger'' anaa '''Linguère''' ) yɛ abodin a wɔde ma ɔhene bi [[maame]] anaa [[Nua baa|ne nuabea]] &lt;ref&gt;Sheldon, Kathleen E., ''&quot;Historical dictionary of women in [[Afrika a ɛwɔ Sahara Anafo fam|Sub-Saharan Africa]]&quot;'', vol. 1, [[Scarecrow Press a Ɛyɛ Fɛ|Scarecrow Press]], 2005, p 148 {{ISBN|0-8108-5331-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; wɔ Serer ahenni ahorow a ɛwɔ Sine, Saloum, ne kan no na ɛyɛ Baol Ahemman no mu ; ne Wolof ahemman a ɛwɔ Cayor, Jolof, Baol ne Waalo a ɛwɔ Senegal ansa na wɔredi atubrafo no . Asɛmfua &quot;Lingeer&quot; kyerɛ &quot;ɔhemmaa&quot; anaa &quot; ɔhemmaa &quot; wɔ Serer ne Wolof kasa mu .&lt;ref&gt;Klein, Martin A. ''&quot;Islam and Imperialism in Senegal [[Sine-Saloum na ɔkyerɛwee|Sine-Saloum]], 1847–1914.&quot;'' [[Edinburgh Sukuupɔn Nsɛmma Nhoma Tintimbea|Edinburgh University Press]] (1968) pp 11-15 &amp; 262, {{ISBN|0-85224-029-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na wobu Lingeer no sɛ “ahemfie ahemfie hemmaa kɛse.” Saa ahenni ahorow yi de nhyehyɛe a ɛfa [[wiktionary:bilineal|abusua abien ho]] dii dwuma, efisɛ sɛ obi a ɔpɛ sɛ ɔyɛ ɔhene no rentumi nni ahengua no so sɛ ɔnyɛ ɛna abusua a edi tumi no muni a, na ɛno nti, na Lingeer no ɛna abusua no ho hia kɛse. Nea ɛte saa ara no, obi a ɔpɛ sɛ ɔyɛ ɔhene no rentumi nni ahengua no so sɛ ɔnyɛ agyanom mpanyimfo a wɔyɛ anuonyamfo a wɔredi tumi no muni a. Na ɛno te saa titiriw wɔ Sererfo a wɔkoraa wɔn amammerɛ, amanne ne atetesɛm som dedaw no fa kɛse no ara mu a mmea dii dwuma titiriw sɛ wɔde toto Woloffo a wogyee Islam toom no ho a.&lt;ref&gt;[[Godfrey Mwakikagile na ɔkyerɛwee|Mwakikagile, Godfrey]], ''Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, The People and The Culture,'' (2010), p 231, {{ISBN|9987932223}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Klein, Martin A. ''Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914.'' Edinburgh University Press (1968) p. 13, {{ISBN|0852240295}}. Quote: &quot;The Serer determine descent by both the mother's and father's lines, but matrilineage plays a more important role in Serer life.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔahyɛ Lingeer ahorow nsow wɔ mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ wɔbɛko atia atubrafo nkonimdi no ho.

== Nkyekyɛmu a wɔkyekyɛ mu ==
Ɛwom sɛ na wɔtaa de adehye abodin Lingeer ma ɔhene no maame anaa ne nuabea, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a na ɔhene no yere a odi kan (&quot;Lingeer-Awo&quot;) de, nanso na abodin no betumi akyerɛ adehye hemmaa nso. Wɔ eyi mu no, na ɛkyerɛ ɔbea a obetumi ahu adehye abusua afi n’agya ne ne maame abusua mu. Wɔ Wolof ne Serer atetesɛm mu no, ɔbea bi a na obetumi ahu adehye abusua wɔ n’agya ne ne maame abusua nyinaa so no bɛyɛɛ Lingeer ara kwa. Na ɔbarima a ɔne no yɛ pɛ ne Garmi (ɔbarima a otumi hwehwɛ adehye abusua mu wɔ n’agya ne ɛna abusua nyinaa so). Ɛyɛ saa Lingeers (ɔbea a ɔwɔ adehye mogya kronkron) yi mu na ɔhene bi bɛhwehwɛ sɛ ɔbɛware. Na ɔhene no ankasa yɛ Garmi kuw no muni.

== Su ne tumi ahorow ==
Abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo hwɛ yiye sɛ wɔremmu nkɛntɛnso a onyae wɔ bere a na edii atubrafo anim no adewa; wɔka sɛ Lingeer no yɛ ahene ne nea ɛnnyɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|year=1973|title=Dépendance et Développement Le Statut de la Femme en Afrique Moderne|journal=Notes Africaines|volume=No 139}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ Wolof mantam no mu no, na Lingeerfo amammui mu ntease a ɛwɔ atetesɛm mu no bi ne: ɔhene no asase bi so tumi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zucarelli|first=François|date=1973-01-01|title=De la chefferie traditionnelle au canton: évolution du canton colonial au Sénégal, 1855-1960 (Evolution of the Colonial &quot;Canton&quot; (County) in Senegal, 1885-1960)|jstor=4391209|journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines|volume=13|issue=50|pages=213–238|doi=10.3406/cea.1973.2710}}&lt;/ref&gt; a na wɔbɛhwɛ so denam nnommum a wɔde bedi dwuma so; aduan ne nsiesie a wɔde bɛma wɔn a wɔkora wɔn so no; ne nkabom a wɔde bɛka abusuakuw nhyehyɛe no ho. Na ɛsɛ sɛ mpɔtam hɔfo twetwe Lingeer bi na wɔdaadaa no sɛ wɔwɔ anidaso sɛ wobenya amammui adwuma a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Creevey|first=Lucy|date=1996-01-01|title=Islam, Women and the Role of the State in Senegal|jstor=1581646|journal=Journal of Religion in Africa|volume=26|issue=3|pages=268–307|doi=10.2307/1581646}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ Serer Ahemman a ɛwɔ Sine ne Saloum mu no, na Lingeer no kura tumi kɛse na Maad no bɔɔ no abotiri sɛ ''Lingeer'' a Sinig ne Maad Saloum (Sine ne Saloum Hene sɛnea ɛte biara) wɔ n’ankasa abotiri guasodeyɛ akyi.&lt;ref&gt;[[Alioune Sarr|Sarr, Alioune]], ''Histoire du Sine-Saloum.'' Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986–1987, p. 28-30&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ sikasɛm mu no, te sɛ ne yɔnko Wolof no, Lingeer of Serer aman no dii nkuraa pii so, na na ɔwɔ ahofadi sɛ ɔde ntoboa ahorow no bedi dwuma. Na nkuraa a ɛtete saa sofo bɛyɛ aburow afuw bi de ayɛ wɔn Lingeer.

Mmusua atitiriw pii somaa wɔn mmabea sɛ wɔmmɛyɛ Lingeer akyidifo; nanso, na nnommum taa di saa dwumadi yi nso ho dwuma.

Na ɔbea bi a ɔyɛ ''géwél'', odwontofo anaa nnwontofo a ɔyɛ adwumaden, a wonim no wɔ ɔmantam no mu sɛ griot, ka Lingeer no ho. Géwél no too dwom ma atiefo da anadwo na nyane wɔn anɔpa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penna-Diaw 124–135&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|jstor=j.ctt16gznkv.10|journal=Women's Songs from West Africa|last=Penna-Diaw|first=Luciana|date=2014-01-01|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253010179|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womenssongsfromw0000unse/page/124 124]–135|title=Songs by Wolof Women|url=https://archive.org/details/womenssongsfromw0000unse}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnwom ahorow a wɔto de hyɛ Lingeer tumidi anuonyam no bi ne: ''taggate, màdd, woy u lingeer,'' ne ''buur.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;Penna-Diaw 124–135&quot; /&gt;

Tumi gyinabea a Lingeer no dii no yɛ nea ɛwɔ asɛnnibea abien ne ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛyɛ abiɛsa: na wɔyɛ n’akannifo dwumadi ahorow wɔ ɔfa a ɛkorɔn sen biara, sɛ ɔhene a ɔne no yɛ adwuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Buri Mboup|first=Samba|title=Conflicting leadership paradigms in Africa: A need for an African Renaissance perspective1|journal=International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity|volume=3|issue=1|pages=94–112|doi=10.1080/18186870802321608|year=2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sɛ ntawntawdi bi ba Lingeer ne ɔhene ntam a, ɛtɔ mmere bi a na Lingeer bi bɛma amammui mu apam foforo aba.

Ɛrekɔ afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe no awiei no, wɔde abusuabɔ bi sii Wolof nsase pii so wɔ Lingeers ne Idaw al-Hajj, Sahara atubrafo kuw kɛse bi a wɔde aguadi nhyehyɛe a ɛde Senegambia ne Afrika Atifi fam ne Sahara atɔe fam bom sii hɔ no ntam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=James L. A. Webb|first=Jr.|date=1995-01-01|title=The Evolution of the Idaw al-Hajj Commercial Diaspora (L'évolution de la diaspora marchande Idaw al-Hajj)|jstor=4392604|journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines|volume=35|issue=138/139|pages=455–475|doi=10.3406/cea.1995.1456}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ saa nsɛm yi mu no, na Idaw al-Hajj no yɛɛ ɔhemmaa no nyamesom ho afotufo.

== Abakɔsɛm ==
Bere a wonnim Lingeerfo pii bio no, mmea yi binom nyaa wɔn kwan kɔɔ abakɔsɛm mu kyerɛwtohɔ mu wɔ wɔn akanni ne, akyiri yi, wɔsɔre tia atubrafo ntua ho.

Lingeerfo a wodii kan nim wɔn no mu biako ne Lingeer Fatim Beye ( c. 1335), Joos Ɛnanom Ahemman no maame panyin . Na ɔyɛ Serer Ɔhemmaa ne Sine Hemmaa . Bere bi na waware Ɔhene Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali . Ɔyɛ Joofoɔ a wɔkɔɔ so dii Waalo, te sɛ ne banana Lingeer Ndoye Demba (bɛyɛ afe 1367) nyinaa nana a ɔdi kan. Lingeer Ndoye Demba a ɔno nso fi Serer mu no de Joos Ɛnanom Ahemman no sii hɔ wɔ Wolof ahemman a ɛwɔ Waalo mu sɛ ɔmantam no hemmaa ne Sine Hemmaa . Na Lingeer Fatoumata Sall yɛ ɔhene a ebia ɔyɛ anansesɛm mu ɔhene Ndiadiane Ndiaye, a na ɔyɛ Jolof ɔhempɔn wɔ 1360 mfe no mu no maame.&lt;ref&gt;[[John D. Fage na ɔkyerɛwee|Fage, John D.]], [[Roland Oliver na ɔkyerɛwee|Oliver, Roland]], &quot;The Cambridge history of Africa: From c. 1600 to c. 1790&quot;, p 486, {{ISBN|0-521-20981-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Glinga, Werner, Diop, Papa Samba, &quot;Sénégal-Forum. IKO-Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation, 1996. p 110, {{ISBN|3-88939-431-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Anyidoho, Kofi, &quot;Cross rhythms&quot;, Volume 1, Occasional papers in [[Africa]]n folklore, p 118, Trickster Press (1983)&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛtɔ mmere bi a na Lingeer no dwumadi no trɛw kodu sɛ obetu ɔhene a ɔwɔ hɔ mprempren no agu. Wɔ 1673 mu no, wɔmaa Ndyai Sal anaa Sar, marabout a ɛbɛyɛ sɛ ofi Tukuloor abusua mu no aware ne asraafo apam fii Lingeer bi a ɔhene foforo bi atu no nkyɛe no hɔ. Wɔboom dii ɔhene no so nkonim na wokum no. Afei wɔkɔɔ so paw obi foforo a ɔpɛ sɛ ɔyɛ ɔkannifo, a ɔyɛ adehye fi awo mu, nanso obetumi ayɛ nea ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse nso wɔ wɔn tumidi mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Colvin|first=Lucie Gallistel|date=1974-01-01|title=Islam and the State of Kajoor: A Case of Successful Resistance to Jihad|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1974_15_4/page/587|jstor=180992|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=15|issue=4|pages=587–606|doi=10.1017/s002185370001389x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo aka nsɛm a ɛfa Lingeerfo dwumadi no trɛwee koduu abusuabɔ a ɛda Wolof ne Serer ahenni no ntam no ho nkitahodi mu. Nhwɛso a ɛte saa no biako fa Lingeer Djembet (nsonsonoe pii: Jembet, Njembot Mbodj ) ho. Wɔ afe 1833 mu no, Djembet waree Trarza hene (wɔ Mauritania ), Mohamed El-Habib. Saa amammui aware yi maa awarefo no nyaa Waalo ne Trarzafo so tumi . Ɛnyɛ Moorfo ntrɛwmu ho ahunahuna na ɛkanyan apam no – gyinabea a ɔsɔretia no hyɛɛ ho nkuran – na mmom sɛ wɔbɛkyekyere kuw a ɛko tia atubrafo ntua kɛse. Aware no hyiaa ɔsɔretia a ɛnyɛ nea ɛho nhia wɔ Waalo mu, nanso Djembet na ɔyɛɛ no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a obegyae [[France|Franse]] amammui mu ntrɛwmu wɔ ɔmantam no mu. Wɔ afe 1841 mu no, ɔpaw ɔhene no sɛ onni Fara Penda Adam Sal ananmu bere a owui no.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;/&gt;

Ndaté Yalla Mbodj yɛ Djembet nuabea na ɔdii n’ade wɔ afe 1846 mu. Na n’amammui mu adeyɛ no yɛ nea ɛho hia na akyinnyegye wom saa ara; ɔda nsow wɔ pow a ɔpowee sɛ wɔbɛyɛ Fransefo apam bi no ho. Ɔsiw ne babarima no kwan sɛ ɔrensi akan wɔ Djembet babarima a ɔbɛdi ahengua no so no ho. Nhomanimfo bi ka sɛ saa paw yi fi ɔpɛ a N’Daate Yaala wɔ sɛ “ɔrensɛe ahenni a wɔaka abom no tumi.” &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;/&gt;

== Nhoma ne sini mu mfonini ahorow ==
Wɔaka Lingeer no suban ho asɛm wɔ Senegambia nhoma ahorow mu. Ginette Ba-Curry kyerɛw Lingeer a na ɔwɔ Cheikh Hamidou Kane ayɛsɛm ''Ambiguous Adventure'' mu no ho asɛm : “Ahemfo Awuraa a Ɔsen Biara no yɛ ɔbea a ɔyɛ ɔman a na ɔwɔ hɔ ansa na [[Nkramoni|Nkramofo]] reba no mu, na ɔkae ‘Linguere’ . . . Ɔyɛ abakɔsɛm mu abran a wɔtraa ase wɔ Senegal tete te sɛ Waalo ahengua no ɔdedifo, Lingeer Jombot a na ɔhwɛ Waalo mantam no amammuisɛm so na ne nuabea Nade Yalla, Maroso, Ɔheneba no yere na odii n’ade no ho mfonini a ɛwɔ Kajoor”.

Wɔ Sererfo adwinni mu nsɛm a wɔka mu, titiriw wɔ anwensɛm a wɔde ano ka ne atetesɛm mu ''griotte amammerɛ mu no,'' agoruyɛfo kyerɛ Lingeer nipasu no sɛ odi dwuma titiriw wɔ wɔn man no dwumadi mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ndiaye|first=Cheikh M.|date=2006-01-01|title=Histoire et mythes du Pays Sérère dans la poésie de Léopold Sédar Senghor|jstor=25701974|journal=Nouvelles Études Francophones|volume=21|issue=2|pages=23–32}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sini ahorow te sɛ Abderrahmane Sissako ’s ''Timbuktu'' (2014) no kyerɛ Lingeer nipa bi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=Black Camera|volume=7|issue=1|pages=238–250|jstor=10.2979/blackcamera.7.1.238|doi=10.2979/blackcamera.7.1.238|last1=Barlet|first1=Olivier|title=FESPACO 2015: After the Transition, What Next?|last2=Thackway|first2=Melissa|year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Djibril Diop Mambety ''Hyènes'' (1992) no da nipa Linguere Ramatou adi sɛ ne nipa titiriw. Ne din a edi kan yɛ Lingeer nkyerɛwde foforo na nokwarem no wɔaka ne ho asɛm sɛ ɔyɛ adehye bi: sini ho abenfo kyerɛw sɛ ɔyɛ “ɔhemmaa a wɔapow no-cum-ɔhemmaa a ɔtra ase susuw wim tebea ho”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=Black Camera|volume=7|issue=1|pages=238–250|jstor=10.2979/blackcamera.7.1.238|doi=10.2979/blackcamera.7.1.238|last1=Barlet|first1=Olivier|title=FESPACO 2015: After the Transition, What Next?|last2=Thackway|first2=Melissa|year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amusiei beae ==
Wosie Serer lingeers a wɔde abotiri abɔ Sine nyinaa wɔ Tioupane, Diakhao (wɔ nnɛyi Senegal). Abakɔsɛm akuraa Tioupane no ne baabi a ɔtraafo a wɔhyɛɛ abotiri, a mpɛn pii no Maad a Sinig maame no trae. Wosie Serer ahemfo no wɔ Sine baabi foforo. Wɔn a wɔtra hɔ kyɛ nkutoo na wosie wɔ Tioupane. Wosie lingers a wɔmfa abotiri nhyɛ wɔn so nso wɔ Tioupane, nanso wɔ ɔfa foforo wɔ amusiei no mu, a ɛne lingeers a wɔde abotiri abɔ wɔn no ntam kwan ware. Te sɛ Serer ahemfo no adamoa no, wɔahyɛ wɔn a wɔda hɔ no adamoa nso agyirae na abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo bi wɔ beae hɔ a ɔka wɔn abusua anato ne abakɔsɛm.&lt;ref&gt;Awa Yombe Yade, ''Le fonctionnement de la justice indigène dans le Cercle du Sine-Saloum de 1903 à 1931'', Université Cheikh Anta Diop, 2001, p. 12&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire: Sciences humaines, Volume 34'', IFAN, 1972, p. 742&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Official Journal of Sen&quot;&gt;Republic of Senegal, Official Journal, ''MINISTERE DE LA CULTURE ET DU PATRIMOINE HISTORIQUE CLASSE '' : ''ARRETE MINISTERIEL n° 2711 mcphc-dpc en date du 3 mai 2006'' (30 Sep 2006)&lt;/ref&gt; Te sɛ Serer abakɔsɛm ne kronkronbea afoforo no, wɔde beae a wosiee Tioupane no aka mmeae a ɛho hia wɔ abakɔsɛm mu no ho denam Senegal Amammerɛ Dwumadibea (2006 ahyɛde) so.&lt;ref name=&quot;Official Journal of Sen&quot; /&gt;

== Lingeers a Wɔakyerɛw Wɔn Din ==

* [[Lingeer Fatim Beye a ɔyɛ ɔbaabun|Lingeer Fatim Beye]] (bɛyɛ afe 1335) .
* [[Lingeer Ndoye Demba a ɔyɛ ɔbaabun|Lingeer Ndoye Demba]] (bɛyɛ afe 1367) (Fatim Beye banana) .
* [[Lingeer Ngoné Dièye na ɔyɛ ɔbarima|Lingeer Ngoné Dièye]], afeha a ɛto so 17 Ɔhemmaa ne Ɔhemmaa Cayor ne Baol Maame, ne Damel Lat Sukabe Fall maame
* Lingeer Djembet anaa [[Njembot Mbodj na ɔkyerɛwee|Njembot Mbodj]] (ɔyɛ adwuma wɔ 1830 mfeɛ no mu; owui wɔ September 1846).&lt;ref&gt;Sheldon, Kathleen E., &quot;Historical dictionary of women in [[Afrika a ɛwɔ Sahara Anafo fam|Sub-Saharan Africa]], vol. 1, [[Scarecrow Press a Ɛyɛ Fɛ|Scarecrow Press]], 2005, p. 148 {{ISBN|0-8108-5331-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lingeer [[Ndaté Yalla Mbodj na ɔkyerɛwee|Ndaté Yalla Mbodj]], dii ne nuabea ade wɔ afe 1846.&lt;ref&gt;Adande, Alexis B.A., &amp; Arinze, Emmanuel, &quot;The place of Women in the [[Misiɔm|Museum]] of [[Saint-Louis, Senegal, na ɔkyerɛwee|Saint-Louis]], [in] ''Museums &amp; urban culture in [[Afrika Atɔe Fam|West Africa]]'', Institut africain international, [[Oxford Sukuupɔn Nsɛmma Nhoma Tintimbea|Oxford]], 2002, p. 145-146 {{ISBN|0-85255-276-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof]] (Franse: Selbé Diouf), Sine Hene babea— Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof . Senegambia Nkramofo asraafo kyeree no bere a ''Mbin o Ngor'' (anaa ''Keur Ngor'' ) tow hyɛɛ no so mpofirim no. Saa ntua a ɛyɛ nwonwa a wɔde baa Sererfo a wɔwɔ Sine so no maa Fandane-Thiouthioune Ko no yɛɛ ntɛmntɛm wɔ 1867 mu baabi a Kumba Ndoffene asraafo dii Nkramofo Maraboutfo so nkonim, na wokum wɔn kannifo Maba Diakhou Ba . Serer Princes no a wɔkyeree wɔn sie akyi no, wɔde ahoɔden waree no kɔɔ Abdoulaye Ouli Bâ —Maba nuanom no mu biako a na n’agya amma kwan. Kumba Ndoffene nkonimdi akyi wɔ Fandane-Thiouthioune no, Ɔhene no de ahyɛde mae sɛ wɔmma Abdoulaye Ouli Bâ ntwitwa esiane akokoduru a ɔde hyɛɛ ne babea a wɔhyɛɛ no mu nti.&lt;ref&gt;Diouf, Niokhobaye. ''Chronique du royaume du Sine.'' Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972). pp. 726-729 (PDF: pp. 16—18)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sarr, pp 37-38&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hwɛ nso ==

* [[Maad a Sinig na ɔyɛ]]
* [[Maad Saloum na ɔkyerɛwee]]
* [[Damel na ɔkyerɛwee]]
* [[Teigne (asɛmti) .]]
* [[Brak (Afrika ahemfo) .]]
* [[Buumi]]
* [[Thilas]]
* [[Loul na ɔkyerɛwee]]

== Nsɛm a Wɔahyɛ no Nsow ==
* &lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Nsɛm a wɔde gyina so ==</text>
      <sha1>5rin3l9kxe6my81lyqj4l6t2r097e6p</sha1>
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    <title>Amanipilade</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1062" sha1="7300xfoirw5qy4l0dhuieca5wajluas" xml:space="preserve">'''Amanipilade''' (owui bɛyɛ afe 350 Y.B.), yɛ ɔhemmaa a odii Kush hene . Ɔno ne ɔhemmaa a otwa to a odii ade wɔ Meroë kurow no mu wɔ bɛyɛ afe 308 kosi 320 ntam hɔ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Women Leaders of Africa, Asia, Middle East, and Pacific|url=https://archive.org/details/womenleadersofaf0000jack|last=Jackson|first=Guida M.|publisher=libris Corporation|year=2009|isbn=9781469113531|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womenleadersofaf0000jack/page/29 29]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amanipilade di adanse fi meroitic nkyerɛwee bi a ɛwɔ Shiye ayi ase nkyerɛwee bi a wohuu wɔ Meroë so nkutoo mu. Wɔbɔɔ n’awofo din nso wɔ hɔ, n’agya; Tekye ne maame; Makehanye.

Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ owui bɛyɛ afe 350 Y.B. &lt;ref name=&quot;QK&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Quagga Kultuur: Reflections on South African Popular Culture|last=Clasquin|first=Michel|publisher=Aurora Press|year=2003|isbn=9780620298674|location=University of Michigan|pages=147|volume=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Te sɛ Kus sodifo afoforo no ara pɛ na ne din de onyame Amun de kaa ho . &lt;ref name=&quot;QK&quot; /&gt;

== Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so ==</text>
      <sha1>7300xfoirw5qy4l0dhuieca5wajluas</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Akwasi Konadu</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="6118" sha1="rbpbnwzfw0gmwgpmyd002zo33txwwpy" xml:space="preserve">[[File:AKWASI KONADU.jpg|thumb|'''AKWASI KONADU''']]
'''Akwasi Konadu''' yɛ Ghana amanyɔni na ɔsan yɛ [[New Patriotic Party (NPP)]] ni&lt;ref name=&quot;ghanaweb.com&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Manhyia North: Akwasi Konadu unseats Owusu Amankwah with 5 votes |date=2020-06-20 |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Manhyia-North-Akwasi-Konadu-unseats-Owusu-Amankwah-with-5-votes-985534 |language=en |access-date=2023-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ghanaweb.com&quot;/&gt;. Ɔyɛ mmarahyɛbaguani ma Manhyia Atifi abatoɔ Mpasuaso wɔ [[Asante Mantam|Asante]] Mantam mu wɔ [[Gaana|Ghana]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Peace FM |title=2020 Election - Manhyia North Constituency Results |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/ashanti/manhyia_north/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |archive-date=2023-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427004951/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/ashanti/manhyia_north/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mpreprei,  ɔyɛ Director wɔ Ghana Water Company Limited&lt;ref name=&quot;gwcl.com.gh&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=HON. AKWASI KONADU – GWCL - Welcome |date=2022-02-04 |url=https://www.gwcl.com.gh/hon-akwasi-konadu/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-05-19 |archive-date=2024-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307150531/https://www.gwcl.com.gh/hon-akwasi-konadu/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Mfitiase asetra ne nhomasua ==
Wɔwoo no wɔ Konadu wɔ 25 Kitawonsa 1982 na ɔfiri Paakoso a ɛwɔ Asante Mantam. Na ɔhyɛ ne mfinimfini sukuu adesua wɔ Opoku Ware Secondary School. Nyaa ne Diploma wɔ Adesua ɛfiri [[University of Education, Winneba|University of Education]] - Winneba. Ɔsan nso nyaa Bachelors degree wɔ Sociology ne Philosophy ɛfiri 2005 wɔ [[University of Ghana]]. Ɔsan nso nyaa Masters degree wɔ Development Policy ne Planning ɛfiri KNUST&lt;ref name=&quot;gwcl.com.gh&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament of Ghana&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=145 |access-date=2023-05-19 |archive-date=2023-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422095323/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=145 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Adwuma ==
Konadu bɛ Assistant Auditor ma KDA Accounting Services wɔ Kumasi. Ɔsan nso kɔyɛ Project supervising officer ma Bonsafo Barwuah Foundation. Na ɔyɛ Operations manager ma Greenfield Company Limited&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament of Ghana&quot;/&gt;.

== Amanyɔsɛm ==
Ɔkɔɔ Ghana mmrahyɛbagua bere a ɔkɔɔ primaries 2020 wɔ New Patriotic Party tekiti so wɔ Manhyia Atifi Abatoɔ Mpasuaso wɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=NPP primaries: Deputy Speaker, Majority Leader, 12 others go unopposed - MyJoyOnline.com |date=2020-03-10 |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/npp-primaries-deputy-speaker-majority-leader-12-others-go-unopposed/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Education Sector Will Win NPP Power |date=2020-07-14 |url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/education-sector-will-win-npp-power/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Anti-LGBTQ Bill will end decades of moral decadence - Manhyia North MP - MyJoyOnline.com |date=2021-07-27 |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/anti-lgbtq-bill-will-end-decades-of-moral-decadence-manhyia-north-mp/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɔtuu nea na ɔwɔ mmrahyɛbagua a yɛfrɛ no Collins Owusu Amankwah, a na wotena mmrahyɛbagua ɛfrɛ Opepon 2013. Ɔdii nkonim wo saa abatoɔ akansie afe 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/list-of-fallen-mps-after-npp-parliamentary-primaries/ |title=List of ‘fallen’ MPs after NPP parliamentary primaries |date=2020-06-20 |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/list-of-fallen-mps-after-npp-parliamentary-primaries/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=NPP Big Guns Fall 7 Ministers Out! |date=2020-06-22 |url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/npp-big-guns-fall-7-ministers-out/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɔyaa nmma no 278 ɛbere ne opponent no yaa 275, ɔde nmma no 5 na ɛtwaa no.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghanaweb.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=https://www.facebook.com/anaba.daniel.37, https://www.facebook.com/anaba.daniel.37 |title=#NPPDecides: 10 incumbent MPs in Ashanti Region lose primaries |date=2020-06-21 |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/nppdecides-10-incumbent-mps-in-ashanti-region-lose-primaries/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=NPP Primaries: Akwasi Konadu beats Owusu Amankwah with 5 votes |url=https://ghanaguardian.com/npp-primaries-akwasi-konadu-beats-owusu-amankwah-with-5-votes |language=en |access-date=2023-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ansa na ɔbɛ di nkonim no, na wade kan akɔ primaries 2012 ne 2016 a na wadi nkuguo ɛwɛ Collins Owusu Amankwah nsa ano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Manhyia North: Who gets the nod... Amankwah or Konadu? |date=2020-02-28 |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/manhyia-north-who-gets-the-nod-amankwah-or-konadu.html |language=en-gb |access-date=2023-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Konadu dii nkonim wɔ 2020 mmrahyɛbagua abatoɔ ɔwɔ Manhyia Atifi Abatoɔ Mpasuaso wɔ Openima 2020. Ɔyaa nmma no 39,562 a na agyina ho ma 69.9% atia [[National Democratic Congress (NDC)|National Democratic Congress]] nipa ɔde,  Hamza Swallah ɔyaa nmma no15,943 a agyina ho ma 28.2%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Peace FM |title=2020 Election - Manhyia North Constituency Results |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/ashanti/manhyia_north/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |archive-date=2023-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427004951/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/ashanti/manhyia_north/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Boayikuw ahorow ===
Ɔyɛ kwan a yɛ bɛfaso ayi kɔm muni a ɔwɔ dibea, ɔsan yɛ apomoden mu nipa wɔ mmrahyɛbɛtwamu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament of Ghana&quot;/&gt;

== Ankorankoro asetra ==
Konadu yɛ Kristoni&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Konadu, Akwasi |url=https://ghanamps.com/mp/akwasi-konadu/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so ==

[[Nkyekyεmu:Ghana mmrahyɛbadwafoɔ 2021-2025]]</text>
      <sha1>rbpbnwzfw0gmwgpmyd002zo33txwwpy</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15597</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200599</id>
      <parentid>167801</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:47:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="835" sha1="2q2z7t6aaeq2wihbcbq0fm0pfmf7sr7" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw''' (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions - BFTU) yɛ ɔman adwumayɛfo akuw fekuw ma [[Botswana]]. Wɔde sii hɔ wɔ afe 1977 mu, na ɛgyina hɔ ma adwumayɛfoɔ akuo a ɛwɔ ɔman no mu nyinaa mu bɛboro 90%, a nkabom akuo akɛseɛ nyinaa ka ho. Mprempren BFTU reyɛ nhyehyɛe foforo a ɛbɛma wɔaka wɔn a wɔka ho aduonu anum (25) no abom na wɔatew wɔn dodow so akɔ dumiɛnsa (13).

BFTU no wɔ Amanaman Ntam Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw ne Afrika Adwumayɛfo Kuw Biakoyɛ Ahyehyɛde no mu.

== Ntotoho ==

*  {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}</text>
      <sha1>2q2z7t6aaeq2wihbcbq0fm0pfmf7sr7</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Air Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw (Air Botswana Employees' Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15598</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200594</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:45:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="845" sha1="fw60l3658kvl9vgmfgcehdnclovnm9v" xml:space="preserve">'''Air Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw''' ('''Air Botswana Employees' Union -''' ABEU) yɛ adwumayɛfo kuw a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho.

== Ntotoho ==
** {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}
** {{cite web|title=Trade Unions in Botswana|url=http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|accessdate=2006-03-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073303/http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}</text>
      <sha1>fw60l3658kvl9vgmfgcehdnclovnm9v</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Botswana Kuadwuma ho Aguadi Boayikuw Adwumayɛfo Kuw (Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board Workers' Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15599</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200623</id>
      <parentid>167807</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:58:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="914" sha1="eqbmqa830it3eb83vt49q8umk9jg1k1" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Kuadwuma ho Aguadi Boayikuw Adwumayɛfo Kuw''' ('''Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board Workers' Union -''' BAMBWU) yɛ adwumayɛfo kuw a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho.

== Ntotoho ==

* {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}
* {{cite web|title=Trade Unions in Botswana|url=http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|accessdate=2006-03-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073303/http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}</text>
      <sha1>eqbmqa830it3eb83vt49q8umk9jg1k1</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Botswana Sikakorabea Adwumayɛfo Kuw (Botswana Bank Employees' Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15600</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200621</id>
      <parentid>167809</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:58:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="875" sha1="ejrteknd9wuez6hbcoivdpze989io2r" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Sikakorabea Adwumayɛfo Kuw''' ('''Botswana Bank Employee's Union -''' BOBEU) yɛ adwumayɛfo kuw a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho.

== Ntotoho ==

* {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}
* {{cite web|title=Trade Unions in Botswana|url=http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|accessdate=2006-03-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073303/http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}</text>
      <sha1>ejrteknd9wuez6hbcoivdpze989io2r</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Botswana Nsa &amp; Adwumayɛfo Kuw a Wɔka Ho (Botswana Beverages &amp; Allied Workers' Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15601</id>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>167812</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:37:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>10377</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="920" sha1="1dicz3rkdcp70o4qzp4i5fzy47891y7" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Nsa &amp; Adwumayɛfo Kuw a Wɔka Ho''' ('''Botswana Beverages &amp; Allied Workers’ Union''' - BB&amp;AWU) yɛ adwumayɛfo kuw a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho.

== Ntotoho ==

* {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}
* {{cite web|title=Trade Unions in Botswana|url=http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|accessdate=2006-03-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073303/http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}

[[Nkyekyεmu:Botswana]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Botswana Sikakorabea Kɛse Adwumayɛfo Kuw (Botswana Central Bank Staff Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15602</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200584</id>
      <parentid>168102</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:40:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>200584</origin>
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      <text bytes="2811" sha1="egoo9zmmyyqe4hisw56vs4bnapv0fb9" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Sikakorabea Kɛse Adwumayɛfo Kuw''' ('''Botswana Central Bank Staff Union''' - BCBSU) yɛ adwumayɛfo kuw a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho.

Wɔhyehyɛɛ Central Bank Union (CBU) wɔ afe 1980 mu na ɛka Botswana Federation ne Trade Unions (BFTU) ho. Wɔn a wɔfata sɛ wɔyɛ Sikakorabea a ɛwɔ Botswana no mu nyinaa betumi akɔ ne mufo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.bankofbotswana.bw/content/central-bank-unio https://www.bankofbotswana.bw/content/central-bank-union]&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Botae ahorow ==
Nneɛma atitiriw a ɛma Kabom no wɔ hɔ no bi ne sɛ:

* Wɔ hwɛ ma abusuabɔ a ɛda sikakorabea adwumayɛfo ntam, ne adwumayɛfo ne Sikakorabea no ntam kɔ yie.
* sɛ wɔbɛyɛ adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔbom yɛ nkitahodiɛ ho asɛdeɛ wɔ adwumayɛfoɔ ananmu
* bɔ dawuro na ɔsan hyɛ ne manfoɔ anigyeɛ a ɛwɔ mfiridwuma, amammerɛ, nwomasua ne nnwuma foforɔ a Sikakorabea no yɛ no ho nkuran na ama wɔanya nkɔsoɔ;
* de afotu ne mmoa a ɛho hia bɛma emufo; ne
* boa fekuo foforɔ biara a ɛwɔ mmara kwan so a ɛka wɔn botaeɛ ho sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ adwumayɛfoɔ anigyeɛ ho nkuran na titire no, wɔne nkabom foforɔ biara a ɛwɔ anigyeɛ ne botaeɛ a ɛte saa ara wɔ adwumayɛkuo anaa adwumayɛkuo bi a ɛfa ho mu no adwuma.

== Gyinabea ne Adwumayɛ a Wɔyɛ ==
CBU no dwumadi ahorow no, ne mmarahyɛ bagua no na ɛkyerɛ. Mmara kwan so krataa a hokwan a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔde asɛm kɔdan asɛnnibea na wɔde no kɔ asɛnnibea ka ho. Aban Asoɛe no nam Apam no so gye Kabom no tom sɛnea ɛsɛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  

== Kuw mma ne Hokwan a Wɔwɔ ==
CBU no abue ama adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔfata a Bank of Botswana de wɔn yɛ adwuma nyinaa, ɛwom sɛ ɔmannifoɔ biara a ɔnni mfeɛ aduonu baako rentumi nyɛ Adwumayɛkuo no muni anaasɛ ɔhwɛfoɔ. Gye sɛ wɔakyerɛ sɛ, asɔremma nyinaa benya hokwan a ɛyɛ pɛ wɔ CBU no mu na wɔde amansan mmara no bɛkyekyere wɔn. Eyinom bi ne hokwan a asɔremma nyinaa wɔ sɛ wɔtow aba wɔ nsɛm a ɛfa CBU ho nyinaa ho sɛnea wɔakyerɛ wɔ mmara a ɛfa ho no mu no.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

== Ntotoho ==

* {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}
* {{cite web|title=Trade Unions in Botswana|url=http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|accessdate=2006-03-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073303/http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}

== Beaɛ a menyaa mmoa fii ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>egoo9zmmyyqe4hisw56vs4bnapv0fb9</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Botswana Aguadi &amp; Adwumayɛfo Kuw Kɛse (Botswana Commercial &amp; General Workers' Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15604</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200587</id>
      <parentid>167819</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:42:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>200587</origin>
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      <text bytes="574" sha1="ez76qbqdreh84p12b4prt4ln90xuybt" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Aguadi &amp; Adwumayɛfo Kuw Kɛse''' ('''Botswana Commercial &amp; General Workers’ Union''' - BCGWU) yɛ adwumayɛfo kuw a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho.

== Ntotoho ==
{{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}</text>
      <sha1>ez76qbqdreh84p12b4prt4ln90xuybt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Botswana Adansi Adwumayɛfo Kuw (Botswana Construction Workers' Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15605</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200595</id>
      <parentid>167822</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:45:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="929" sha1="mmywsovibqgt3u05nvmop1jdixvg805" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Adansi Adwumayɛfo Kuw''' ('''Botswana Construction Workers' Union -''' BCWU) yɛ [[Adwumayɛfo kuw (Trade union)|adwumayɛfo kuw]] a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho.

== Ntotoho ==

* {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|last=|first=|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|pages=|display-editors=etal|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}
* {{cite web|title=Trade Unions in Botswana|url=http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|accessdate=2006-03-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073303/http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}</text>
      <sha1>mmywsovibqgt3u05nvmop1jdixvg805</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Botswana Dɛnkyɛmmo Nneɛma a wɔde di dwumayɛfo ne Wɔn a Wɔkyerɛ ne Botae Kuw (Botswana Diamond Sorters &amp; Valuators' Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15606</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200579</id>
      <parentid>167824</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:38:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>200579</origin>
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      <text bytes="990" sha1="l0d4lznlrjgoqkqwmd370idmufi63pm" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Dɛnkyɛmmo Nneɛma a wɔde di dwumayɛfo ne Wɔn a Wɔkyerɛ ne Botae Kuw  (Botswana Diamond Sorters &amp; Valuators’ Union''' (BDSVU) yɛ [[Adwumayɛfo kuw (Trade union)|adwumayɛfo kuw]] a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho.

== Ntotoho ==

* {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}
* {{cite web|title=Trade Unions in Botswana|url=http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|accessdate=2006-03-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073303/http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}

[[Nkyekyεmu:Botswana]]</text>
      <sha1>l0d4lznlrjgoqkqwmd370idmufi63pm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Botswana Ahɔhodan Akwantuo &amp; Nsrahwɛ Adwumayɛfoɔ Kuw (Botswana Hotel Travel &amp; Tourism Workers' Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15607</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200592</id>
      <parentid>167826</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:44:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="946" sha1="3j6qtd8poo1j9d6xlmbkonxd3z25viu" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Ahɔhodan Akwantuo ne Nsrahwɛ Adwumayɛfo Kuw''' ('''Botswana Hotel Travel &amp; Tourism Workers' Union -''' BHT&amp;TWU) yɛ [[Adwumayɛfo kuw (Trade union)|adwumayɛfo kuw]] a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho.

== Ntotoho ==

* {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}
* {{cite web|title=Trade Unions in Botswana|url=http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|accessdate=2006-03-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073303/http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}</text>
      <sha1>3j6qtd8poo1j9d6xlmbkonxd3z25viu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Botswana Adan Adwumakuw Adwumayɛfo Kuw (Botswana Housing Corporation Staff Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15608</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200572</id>
      <parentid>167828</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:34:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>200572</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="915" sha1="sdxythfg6x77mncau2wn2dkzjdhp2mz" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Adan Adwumakuw Adwumayɛfo Kuw (Botswana Housing Corporation Staff Union''' (BHCSU) yɛ [[Adwumayɛfo kuw (Trade union)|adwumayɛfo kuw]] a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho.

== Ntotoho ==

* {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}
* {{cite web|title=Trade Unions in Botswana|url=http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|accessdate=2006-03-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073303/http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}</text>
      <sha1>sdxythfg6x77mncau2wn2dkzjdhp2mz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Botswana Asoɛe a Ɛhwɛ Nkɔsoɔ Ho Adwumayɛfo Kuw (Botswana Institute of Development Management Workers' Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15609</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200569</id>
      <parentid>167832</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:30:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>200569</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="954" sha1="be58cuhc5p4ud87mf5cv4gnt2figiny" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Asoɛe a Ɛhwɛ Nkɔsoɔ Ho Adwumayɛfo Kuw''' ('''Botswana Institute of Development Management Workers' Union''' - BDMWU) yɛ [[Adwumayɛfo kuw (Trade union)|adwumayɛfo kuw]] a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho.

== Ntotoho ==

* {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}
* {{cite web|title=Trade Unions in Botswana|url=http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|accessdate=2006-03-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073303/http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}</text>
      <sha1>be58cuhc5p4ud87mf5cv4gnt2figiny</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Botswana Adwumayɛfo a Wɔyɛ Nneɛma ne Nneɛma a Wɔde Gu Nneɛma Mu Kuw (Botswana Manufacturing &amp; Packaging Workers' Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15610</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200614</id>
      <parentid>167834</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:55:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>200614</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="667" sha1="f4vf3zmfyj3bakefxkdd9dm8jwlw12d" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Adwumayɛfo a Wɔyɛ Nneɛma ne Nneɛma a Wɔde Gu Nneɛma Mu Kuw''' (Botswana Manufacturing &amp; Packaging Workers’ Union - BW&amp;PWU) yɛ [[Adwumayɛfo kuw (Trade union)|adwumayɛfo kuw]] a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho.

== Ntotoho ==
{{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}
[[Nkyekyεmu:Botswana]]</text>
      <sha1>f4vf3zmfyj3bakefxkdd9dm8jwlw12d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Botswana Nam Nnwuma Adwumayɛfo Kuw (Botswana Meat Industry Workers' Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15611</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200615</id>
      <parentid>167836</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:55:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>200615</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="909" sha1="0b8aj3hsu70ybfwomh6zpln9iou7zv4" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Nam Nnwuma Adwumayɛfo Kuw''' (Botswana Meat Industry Workers' Union - BMIWU) yɛ [[Adwumayɛfo kuw (Trade union)|adwumayɛfo kuw]] a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho.

== Ntotoho ==

* {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}
* {{cite web|title=Trade Unions in Botswana|url=http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|accessdate=2006-03-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073303/http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}</text>
      <sha1>0b8aj3hsu70ybfwomh6zpln9iou7zv4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw a Wɔtu Fam Agodie (Botswana Mining Workers' Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15612</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200564</id>
      <parentid>167838</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:27:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>200564</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="592" sha1="pilmlj76j6g15av7bonsk14kqls8sg7" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw a Wɔtu Fam Agodie''' (Botswana Mining Workers' Union - BMWU) yɛ [[Adwumayɛfo kuw (Trade union)|adwumayɛfo kuw]] a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho.

== Ntotoho ==

* {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}</text>
      <sha1>pilmlj76j6g15av7bonsk14kqls8sg7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Botswana Ɔman Nkɔsoɔ Sikakorabea Adwumayɛfo Kuw (Botswana National Development Bank Staff Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15613</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200601</id>
      <parentid>167840</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:47:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>200601</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="934" sha1="llbz5fad7cmqj1v7sd0iaeuii8rshzb" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Ɔman Nkɔsoɔ Sikakorabea Adwumayɛfo Kuw''' (Botswana National Development Bank Staff Union - BNDBU) yɛ [[Adwumayɛfo kuw (Trade union)|adwumayɛfo kuw]] a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho.

== Ntotoho ==

* {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}
* {{cite web|title=Trade Unions in Botswana|url=http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|accessdate=2006-03-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073303/http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}</text>
      <sha1>llbz5fad7cmqj1v7sd0iaeuii8rshzb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Botswana Amanae Nkrataa Adwumayɛfo Kuw (Botswana Postal Services Workers' Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15614</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200585</id>
      <parentid>167842</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:41:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>200585</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="943" sha1="6nqp7fy86d0wdhnypqe4a1bi4oidr8o" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Amanae Nkrataa Adwumayɛfo Kuw''' (Botswana Postal Services Workers’ Union - BOPSWU) yɛ [[Adwumayɛfo kuw (Trade union)|adwumayɛfo kuw]] a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho.

== Ntotoho ==

* {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}
* {{cite web|title=Trade Unions in Botswana|url=http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|accessdate=2006-03-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073303/http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}

[[Nkyekyεmu:Botswana]]</text>
      <sha1>6nqp7fy86d0wdhnypqe4a1bi4oidr8o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Botswana Ahoɔden Ho Adwumayɛfo Kuw (Botswana Power Corporation Workers' Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15615</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200603</id>
      <parentid>167845</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:49:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>200603</origin>
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      <text bytes="1024" sha1="jkzk6sx0kbw76tapuwpn6bp9oiskcz7" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Ahoɔden Ho Adwumayɛfo Kuw''' (Botswana Power Corporation Workers' Union - BPCWU) yɛ [[Adwumayɛfo kuw (Trade union)|adwumayɛfo kuw]] a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho.

== Hwɛ eyi nso ==
 Botswana Tumi Adwumakuw ([[:en:Botswana_Power_Corporation|Botswana Power Corporation]])

== Ntotoho ==

* {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}
* {{cite web|title=Trade Unions in Botswana|url=http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|accessdate=2006-03-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073303/http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}</text>
      <sha1>jkzk6sx0kbw76tapuwpn6bp9oiskcz7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Botswana Ankorankoro Aduruyɛ &amp; Akwahosan Dwumadibea Adwumayɛfo Kuw (Botswana Private Medical &amp; Health Services Workers' Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15616</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200613</id>
      <parentid>167847</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:55:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="967" sha1="42a1ajex4sae3grigd0cc7r96escq7u" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Ankorankoro Aduruyɛ &amp; Akwahosan Dwumadibea Adwumayɛfo Kuw''' (Botswana Private Medical &amp; Health Services Workers’ Union - BPM&amp;HSWU) yɛ [[Adwumayɛfo kuw (Trade union)|adwumayɛfo kuw]] a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho.

== Ntotoho ==

* {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}
* {{cite web|title=Trade Unions in Botswana|url=http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|accessdate=2006-03-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073303/http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}</text>
      <sha1>42a1ajex4sae3grigd0cc7r96escq7u</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Botswana Keteke Kwan Dwumadibea Adwumayɛfo Kuw a Wɔaka abom (Botswana Railways Amalgamated Workers' Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15617</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200589</id>
      <parentid>167849</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:42:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>200589</origin>
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      <text bytes="932" sha1="adq5lnvxub887gihk3ia8l9wlakpwnl" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Keteke Akwan Adwumayɛfo Kuw a Wɔaka abom''' (Botswana Railways Amalgamated Workers' Union - BRAWU) yɛ [[Adwumayɛfo kuw (Trade union)|adwumayɛfo kuw]] a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho.

== Ntotoho ==

* {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}
* {{cite web|title=Trade Unions in Botswana|url=http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|accessdate=2006-03-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073303/http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}</text>
      <sha1>adq5lnvxub887gihk3ia8l9wlakpwnl</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Botswana Sikakorabea Adwumayɛfo Kuw (Botswana Saving Bank Employees' Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15618</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200581</id>
      <parentid>167851</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:38:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>10377</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="909" sha1="jj9d9fhesqe1jy55srqy3yj252oml72" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Sikakorabea Adwumayɛfo Kuw''' (Botswana Saving Bank Employees' Union - BSEU) yɛ [[Adwumayɛfo kuw (Trade union)|adwumayɛfo kuw]] a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho.

== Ntotoho ==

* {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}
* {{cite web|title=Trade Unions in Botswana|url=http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|accessdate=2006-03-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073303/http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}</text>
      <sha1>jj9d9fhesqe1jy55srqy3yj252oml72</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Botswana Telefon Nkitahodi Adwumayɛfo Kuw (Botswana Telecommunication Employees' Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15619</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200620</id>
      <parentid>167853</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:57:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="922" sha1="ekpk4kfkvygtoqhzli35fjqg8xj3t8n" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Telefon Nkitahodi Adwumayɛfo Kuw''' (Botswana Telecommunication Employees' Union - BOTEU) yɛ [[Adwumayɛfo kuw (Trade union)|adwumayɛfo kuw]] a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho.

== Ntotoho ==

* {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}
* {{cite web|title=Trade Unions in Botswana|url=http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|accessdate=2006-03-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073303/http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}</text>
      <sha1>ekpk4kfkvygtoqhzli35fjqg8xj3t8n</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Botswana Aduru a Wɔde Esiw Nyarewa Ano Asoɛe Adwumayɛfo Kuw (Botswana Vaccine Institute Staff Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15620</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200591</id>
      <parentid>196871</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:43:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="2560" sha1="lp9nc1xl1p7taqfzt2sq7vh34ua23hn" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Aduru a Wɔde Esiw Nyarewa Ano Asoɛe Adwumayɛfo Kuw''' (Botswana Vaccine Institute Staff Union - BVSU) yɛ [[Adwumayɛfo kuw (Trade union)|adwumayɛfo kuw]] a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho. Efi ne mfiase a ɛba fam wɔ afe 1978 mu no, BVI a ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ no yɛ adwumakuw a anya nkɔsoɔ kɛse nanso ɛnhinhim mfi ne botae ahorow a ɛde sii hɔ a ɛne sɛ nea edi kan no bɛhwɛ sɛ nantwinam aguadi kɔ so wɔ [[Botswana]] (Wɔda so ara de Botswana Nantwinam kɔ Europa Aman Nkabom no mu) denam mmoa [[nyarewa]] a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so ne nyarewa a ɛhaw ɔmanfo akwahosan so. Ɛdenam amanaman ntam nnuru a wɔde bɔ nkurɔfo ho ban gyinapɛn ahorow (OIE) a wodi so denneennen so no, esiane sɛ wɔde nhyehyɛe pa a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma pa so ne ɔkwan a wɔfa so hwɛ adetɔfo so nnɛ no, wɔde nnuru a wɔde bɔ nkurɔfo ho ban a wɔyɛ wɔ BVI nyinaa mu nkyem abiɛsa mu abien kɔ aman bɛboro dunum (15) so afe biara wɔ [[Abibrem|Afrika]] ne Mfinimfini Apuei ([[:en:Middle_East|Middle East]]). Aman yi mu pii de BVI nnuru a wɔde bɔ nkurɔfo ho ban adi dwuma ama wɔn Ɔman afe afe nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde siw nyarewa ano mfe du du pii ni. BVI nnɛ wɔ ahyɛdeɛ a wɔatrɛ mu a seesei ɛma ɛyɛ Ɔman (National), Ɔmantam (Regional) ne Wiase nyinaa agofoɔ a ɔde mmoa akwahosan ano aduru a ɛtena hɔ daa ma (Global player providing sustainable animal health solutions). BVI de ahoahoa ne ho sɛ wɔredi ɔko no anim wɔ Afrika mmoa tumi kɛse no a wobebue mu denam mmoa nyarewa a ɛde mfe pii asiw saa ɔfa yi nkɔso kwan no a wobesiw ano no so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Us – BVI|url=https://bvi-bw.com/about-us/|access-date=2023-05-29|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527153908/https://bvi-bw.com/about-us/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntotoho ==

* {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}
* {{cite web|title=Trade Unions in Botswana|url=http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|accessdate=2006-03-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073303/http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}</text>
      <sha1>lp9nc1xl1p7taqfzt2sq7vh34ua23hn</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Botswana Akonkosifo, Dan mu Nneɛma ne Adetɔnfoɔ Adwumayɛfo Kuw (Botswana Wholesale, Furniture &amp; Retail Workers' Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15621</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200610</id>
      <parentid>167860</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:52:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="643" sha1="cv4qz4mqg6w2uuq6wfgyfkflzpwj89d" xml:space="preserve">'''Botswana Akonkosifo, Dan mu Nneɛma ne Adetɔnfoɔ Adwumayɛfo Kuw''' (Botswana Wholesale, Furniture &amp; Retail Workers’ Union - BWF&amp;RWU) yɛ [[Adwumayɛfo kuw (Trade union)|adwumayɛfo kuw]] a ɛka [[Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw (Botswana Federation of Trade Unions)|Botswana Adwumayɛfo Kuw Fekuw]] a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]] no ho.

== Ntotoho ==

* {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}</text>
      <sha1>cv4qz4mqg6w2uuq6wfgyfkflzpwj89d</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ɔman Mfinimfin, Mpɔtam, ne Ndwuma ho Nhoma Adwumayɛfo Kuw a Wɔaka Abom (National Amalgamated Central, Local &amp; Parastatal Manual Workers' Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15622</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200605</id>
      <parentid>167862</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:50:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>200605</origin>
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      <text bytes="902" sha1="2g27juf2qir6j52w7pwfw8j903carsc" xml:space="preserve">'''Ɔman Mfinimfin, Mpɔtam, ne Ndwuma ho Nhoma Adwumayɛfo Kuw a Wɔaka Abom''' (National Amalgamated Central, Local and Parastatal Manual Workers’ Union) a wɔtaa frɛ no &quot;The Manual Workers&quot;) yɛ [[Adwumayɛfo kuw (Trade union)|adwumayɛfo kuw]] bi a ɛwɔ [[Botswana]].

== Ntotoho ==

* {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}
* {{cite web|title=Trade Unions in Botswana|url=http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|accessdate=2006-03-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073303/http://botswana.fes-international.de/Downloads/BFTUCountryReport2003.pdf|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}</text>
      <sha1>2g27juf2qir6j52w7pwfw8j903carsc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Polisifo ne Afiase Ɔmanfo Hokwan Kuw (Police and Prisons Civil Rights Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15627</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200583</id>
      <parentid>167886</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:40:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>200583</origin>
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'''Polisifoɔ ne Afiaseɛ Ɔmanfoɔ Hokwan Kuw''' ('''Police and Prisons Civil Rights Union -''' '''POPCRU''') yɛ [[Adwumayɛfo kuw (Trade union)|adwumayɛfoɔ kuo]] a ɛwɔ [[South Africa]] a ɛgyina hɔ ma polisifoɔ, kar akwan so adwumayɛfoɔ ne nteɛsoɔ adwumayɛfoɔ, ɛwɔ emufoɔ bɛyɛ 120,000. Wɔhyehyɛɛ POPCRU wɔ afe 1989 mu.

== Abakɔsɛm ==
Wɔ [[Ɛbɔ]] [[bosome]] da a ɛtɔ so anum (5) afe 1989 mu no, abibifo polisifo kuw bi a wɔwɔ South Africa Polisifo mu buu ahyɛde ahorow so na wɔpowee sɛ wɔbɛtow ahyɛ wɔn a wɔsɔre tia nnipa mu nyiyim no so. Wɔn mu binom ne afiasehwɛfo kuw bi yɛɛ adwuma de hyehyɛɛ POPCRU, wɔ [[bosome]]  [[Ɛbɔ]] mu. Nkabom foforo no antumi annye ntom, na woyii n’akannifo no pii fii adwumam, na wɔde ebinom guu afiase. Wɔ afe 1993 mu no, awiei koraa no, wogyee no toom.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Das|first1=Dilip K.|title=Effective Crime Reduction Strategies: International Perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/effectivecrimere0000unse|date=2011|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=9781420078404}}&lt;/ref&gt;

POPCRU yɛ [[South Africa Adwumayɛfo Kuw Mmarahyɛ Badwa|South Africa Adwumayɛfoɔ Kuo Mmarahyɛ Badwa]] (COSATU) no fa.

== Akannifoɔ ==

=== Akyerɛwfo Panyin ===

: Jacob Tsumane na ɔkyerɛwee
: Afe 2000: Abbey Witbooi
: Afe 2007: Nathi Theledi na ɔkyerɛwee

=== Eguatenafoɔ ===

: 1989: Gregory Rockman na ɔkyerɛwee
: 1990 mfe no mu: Johnny Jansen
: 1996: Zizamele Cebekhulu na ɔkyerɛwee

== Ntotoho ==</text>
      <sha1>n9mgn33pv5bri8fos6ctmj4qiv1z5fe</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ɔman Nhomasua, Akwahosan ne Adwumayɛfo a Wɔka Ho Kuw (National Education, Health and Allied Workers' Union)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200576</id>
      <parentid>168128</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:37:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>200576</origin>
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      <text bytes="2147" sha1="1o2pveu3pjps0k0viq0g5s8ksn1csm8" xml:space="preserve">'''Ɔman Nhomasua, Akwahosan ne Adwumayɛfo a Wɔka Ho''' '''Kuw''' ('''National Education, Health and Allied Workers' Union -''' '''NEHAWU''' ) yɛ [[Adwumayɛfo kuw (Trade union)|adwumayɛfo kuw]] a ɛwɔ [[South Africa]]. Ɛnam sɛ emufoɔ yɛ 276,000 nti ɛyɛ ɔman adwumayɛkuo a ɛso sen biara wɔ ɔman no mu. Ɛhyehyɛ Ɔman, Akwahosan, Nhomasua ne Yiyedi adwumayɛfo.

== Abakɔsɛm ==
Wɔhyehyɛɛ nkabom kuw no wɔ afe 1987 mu, bere a Akwahosan ne Adwumayɛfo a Wɔka Wɔn Ho Kuw no ne Adwumayɛfo Kuw a Wɔka Ho ne South Africa Adwumayɛfo Kuw a Wɔka Ho no boom no .&lt;ref name=&quot;bendix2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Bendix|first1=Sonia|title=Industrial Relations in the New South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/industrialrelati0003bend|date=1996|publisher=Creda Press|location=Cape Town|isbn=0702134538}}&lt;/ref&gt;

NEHAWU ne [[South Africa Adwumayɛfo Kuw Mmarahyɛ Badwa|South Africa Adwumayɛfoɔ Kuo Mmarahyɛ Badwa]] (COSATU), ne Ɔmanfoɔ Nnwuma Amanaman Ntam ne Adwumayɛfoɔ Kuo Amanaman Ntam Ɔmanfoɔ Adwumayɛfoɔ ne Ayɔnkofoɔ adwumayɛfoɔ abɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=NEHAWU AFFILIATION |url=http://www.nehawu.org.za/NEHAWU%20Affiliations.html |access-date=2023-05-30 |archive-date=2014-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603151601/http://nehawu.org.za/NEHAWU%20Affiliations.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akannifoɔ ==

=== Akyerɛwfo Panyin ===

: Afe 1987: Yure Mdyogolo
: Afe 1988: Phillip Dexter
: Afe 1994: Neil Thobejane
: Afe 1998: Fikile Majola
: Afe 2013: Bereng Soke
: Afe 2017: Zola Saphetha

=== Titenani ===

: Afe 1987: Bheki Mkhize
: Afe 1990: Vusi Nhlapo
: Afe 2004: Noluthando Mayende-Sibiya
: Afe 2010: Mzwandile Makwayiba
: Afe 2022: Mike Shingange

== Ntotoho ==
&lt;references /&gt;
; Nneɛma a wonya fi mu
;* {{cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|editor-link=International Centre for Trade Union Rights|display-editors=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}

== Abɔnten so nkitahodi ahorow ==

* [http://www.nehawu.org.za/ NEHAWU] aban wɛbsaet.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kɔmputa So Nkitahodie</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15735</id>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>177793</parentid>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="34179" sha1="f7a06jxa6ivzdbkne4mrvzthkm6x663" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Internet map 1024.jpg|thumb|Internet map 1024|alt=Internet_map_1024.jpg]]Ɛfiri Wikipidia, Nimdeɛbuukuu kwa

''&quot;Datacom&quot; no so kɔ ha. Sɛ wopɛ dwumadie foforɔ a, hwɛ [[:en:Datacom (disambiguation)|Datacom (disambiguation)]].Wopɛ nsɛmfua foforo a, hwɛ [[:en:Network|Network.]]''

Kɔmputa ntam nkitahodi yɛ [[:en:Computer|kɔmputa]] ahodoɔ a wɔkyɛ nnoɔma a ɛwɔ ntwamutam [[:en:Node (networking)|node ahodoɔ]] so anaasɛ wɔde ma. Kɔmputa ahorow de nkitahodie nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔtaa de di dwuma wɔ [[:en:Interconnection|dijitaal nkitahodi ahodoɔ]] so di dwuma de ne wɔn ho wɔn ho di nkitaho. Saa nkitahodi yi yɛ telecommunication network mfiridwuma a egyina honam fam nhama, optical, ne wireless radio-frequency akwan a ebia wɔahyehyɛ wɔ network topology ahorow mu.

Kɔmputa ntam nkitahodi node ahorow betumi ayɛ ankorankoro kɔmputa, server ahorow, nkitahodi nhyehyɛe ho hardware, anaa host afoforo a ɛyɛ soronko anaasɛ wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so. Wɔde network address na ɛkyerɛ wɔn na ebia wɔwɔ hostnames. Hostnames yɛ adwuma sɛ labels a wɔbɛkae ma nodes no na wɔntaa nsakra wɔ mfitiase dwumadie akyi. Network address ahorow no di dwuma de hwehwɛ na wɔkyerɛ node ahorow no denam nkitahodi nhyehyɛe te sɛ Intanɛt Protocol so.

Wobetumi de gyinapɛn ahorow pii akyekyɛ kɔmputa ntam nkitahodi mu, a nea ɛka ho ne nkrasɛm a wɔde fa nsɛnkyerɛnne, bandwidth, nkitahodi nhyehyɛe a wɔde hyehyɛ ntwamutam akwantu, ntwamutam kɛse, topology, akwan a wɔfa so hwɛ kar akwan, ne ahyehyɛde no adwene. [ɛho hia sɛ wɔtwe adwene si so].

Kɔmputa ntam nkitahodi boa dwumadie ne dwumadie bebree, te sɛ Wiase Nyinaa Wɛbsaet a wobɛtumi akɔ, digyital video ne ɔdio, application ne storage servers a wɔkyɛ, printa ne fax mfiri, ne email ne instant messaging applications a wɔde di dwuma.

== Ne Dwumadie ==
Kɔmputa nkitahodi trɛw nnipa ntam nkitahodi mu denam ɛlɛtrɔnik akwan so denam mfiridwuma ahorow te sɛ imel, nkrasɛm a wɔde mena ntɛm ara, intanɛt so nkɔmmɔbɔ, nne ne video telefon so frɛ, ne video nhyiam so. Netwɛk ma kwan ma wɔkyɛ ntwamutam ne kɔmputa so nneɛma. Wɔn a wɔde di dwuma no betumi anya na wɔde nneɛma a mfiri a ɛwɔ ntwamutam no so de ama adi dwuma, te sɛ krataa bi a wobetintim wɔ ntwamutam printa a wɔakyɛ so anaasɛ mfiri a wɔde sie a wɔkyɛ a wɔde bedi dwuma. Netwɛk ma kwan ma wɔkyɛ fael, data, ne nsɛm ahorow afoforo a ɛma wɔn a wɔama wɔn tumi sɛ wɔde di dwuma no tumi nya nsɛm a wɔde asie wɔ kɔmputa afoforo a ɛwɔ netɛw no so. [[Kɔmputa a wɔakyekyɛ|Distributed computing]] de kɔmputa so nneɛma di dwuma wɔ network bi so de yɛ nnwuma.

== Network packet a wɔde di dwuma ==
[[File:Network_packet.jpg|thumb|Network Packet a Wɔde Di Dwuma]]
Nnɛyi kɔmputa ntam nkitahodi dodow no ara de protocol ahorow a egyina packet-mode transmission so na edi dwuma. [[Network packet a wɔde di dwuma|Network packet]] yɛ [[Nsɛm|data]] a wɔahyehyɛ a [[Packet-switched ntam nkitahodi|network a wɔasesa packet no]] de kɔ

Packets yɛ data ahorow abien: control information ne user data (payload). Control information no ma data a network no hia na ɛde user data no ama, sɛ nhwɛso no, source ne destination [[Network address a ɛwɔ hɔ|network addresses]], [[mfomso a wohu]] codes, ne sequencing nsɛm. Mpɛn pii no, wohu control ho nsɛm wɔ [[Ti (kɔmputa) .|packet headers]] ne [[Trailer (kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma) .|trailers]], a [[Payload (kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma) .|payload data]] wɔ ntam.

Wɔ packets mu no, wobetumi akyɛ [[Bandwidth (kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma) .|bandwidth]] a ɛwɔ transmission medium no mu yiye wɔ wɔn a wɔde di dwuma no mu sen sɛ wɔde [[Circuit a wɔsakra no|circuit switched]] network no . Sɛ obiako ntumi nkɔma packets a, wobetumi de packets a efi nnipa afoforo hɔ ahyɛ link no ma, na enti wobetumi akyɛ ɛka no, a biribiara ntwitware mu, sɛ wɔamfa link no nni dwuma mmoroso a. Mpɛn pii no, ɔkwan a ɛsɛ sɛ packet fa so fa network so no nni hɔ ntɛm ara. Sɛ ɛba saa a, wɔde packet no to [[Nkrasɛm a wɔde hyɛ ntonto mu|ntonto mu]] na ɛtwɛn kosi sɛ link bi bɛba free.

Honam fam nkitahodi mfiridwuma a ɛwɔ packet network ahorow mu no taa to packets no kɛse ano hye kɔ [[Maximum nkrasɛm unit|maximum transmission unit]] (MTU) pɔtee bi so. Wobetumi akyekyɛ nkrasɛm a ɛware no mu ansa na wɔde akɔ baabi foforo na sɛ packets no ba pɛ a, wɔsan boaboa ano de yɛ mfitiase nkrasɛm no.

== Netwɛk topology a ɛwɔ hɔ ==
[[File:NetworkTopologies.svg|right|thumb|Netwɛk topology ahorow a wɔtaa de di dwuma]]
Mpɛn pii no, honam fam anaa asasesin mu mmeae a ntwamutam node ne nkitahodi ahorow no wɔ no nni nkɛntɛnso kɛse biara wɔ ntwamutam bi so, nanso ntwamutam bi nkitahodi ahorow a ɛwɔ ntam no betumi aka ne nkɔso ne ahotoso kɛse. Wɔ mfiridwuma pii te sɛ bɔs anaa nsoromma ntam nkitahodi mu no, sɛ obi adi nkogu pɛnkoro a, ebetumi ama ntam nkitahodi no adi huammɔ koraa. Mpɛn pii no, dodow a nkitahodi pii wɔ hɔ no, dodow no ara na nkitahodi nhyehyɛe no mu yɛ den; nanso dodow no ara na ne bo yɛ den sɛ wode bɛhyɛ mu. Enti, wɔhyehyɛ ntwamutam mfonini dodow no ara denam wɔn [[Netwɛk topology a ɛwɔ hɔ|ntwamutam topology]] a ɛyɛ map a ɛkyerɛ nkitahodi a ntease wom a ɛwɔ ntwamutam host ahorow mu.

Topology ahorow a wɔtaa de di dwuma ne:

* [[Bɔs ntam nkitahodi|Bus network]] : nodes nyinaa wɔ abusuabɔ wɔ common medium bi so wɔ saa medium yi so. Eyi ne nhyehyɛe a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ [[Ethernet a wɔde di dwuma|Ethernet]] a edi kan no mu a wɔfrɛ no [[10BASE5]] ne [[10BASE2]] . Eyi da so ara yɛ topology a ɛtaa ba wɔ [[Data link layer a ɛwɔ hɔ|data link layer]], ɛwom sɛ nnɛyi [[honam fam layer]] variants de [[Point-to-point (telefon so nkitahodi) .|point-to-point]] links di dwuma mmom, na ɛyɛ nsoromma anaa dua.
* [[Nsoromma ntam nkitahodi|Star network]] : node nyinaa na ɛka mfinimfini node soronko bi ho. Eyi ne nhyehyɛe a wɔtaa hu wɔ [[Ethernet a wɔasesa no|Ethernet LAN ketewa a wɔasesa]] mu, baabi a akraman biara di nkitaho kɔ mfinimfini ntwamutam switch mu, ne ntease mu wɔ [[Wireless LAN a wɔde di dwuma|wireless LAN]] mu, baabi a wireless akraman biara ne mfinimfini [[Wireless kwan a wɔfa so kɔ hɔ|wireless access point no]] bɔ.
* [[Ring ntam nkitahodi|Ring network]] : node biara abɔ ne benkum ne nifa fipamfo node, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a node nyinaa abɔ mu na node biara betumi adu ne yɔnko node ho denam node a ɛbɛfa benkum anaa nifa so. [[Token ring no|Token ring]] networks, ne [[Fiber a Wɔkyekyɛ Data Nkitahodi|Fiber Distributed Data Interface]] (FDDI), de topology a ɛte saa dii dwuma.
* [[Mesh ntam nkitahodi|Mesh network]] : wɔde node biara bata afipamfo dodow bi a wɔpɛ ho wɔ ɔkwan bi so a anyɛ yiye koraa no, traversal biako fi node biara so kɔ foforo biara so.
* [[Netwɛk a ɛka bom koraa|Fully connected network]] : node biara abɔ node foforo biara a ɛwɔ network no mu.
* [[Nnua ntam nkitahodi]] : wɔahyehyɛ nodes no sɛnea wɔahyehyɛ no nnidiso nnidiso. Eyi ne abɔde mu topology ma Ethernet ntwamutam kɛse a ɛwɔ switch ahorow pii na enni redundant meshing.

=== Ntwamutam a wɔde kata so ===
[[File:Network_Overlay_merged.svg|thumb|Nhwɛsode bi a wɔde kata ntwamutam so]]
[[Ntwamutam a wɔde kata so|Overlay network]] yɛ virtual network a wɔasi wɔ network foforo so. Nodes a ɛwɔ overlay network no mu no, wɔde virtual anaa logical links na ɛka bom. Nkitahodi biara ne ɔkwan bi hyia, ebia ɛnam honam fam nkitahodi pii so, wɔ ntam nkitahodi a ɛwɔ ase no mu. Topology a ɛwɔ overlay network no mu no betumi ayɛ soronko (na ɛtaa yɛ saa) wɔ nea ɛwɔ ase no ho. Sɛ nhwɛso no, [[Atipɛnfo ne atipɛnfo|atipɛnfo ntam]] nkitahodi pii yɛ ntam nkitahodi a wɔde kata so. Wɔahyehyɛ wɔn sɛ nodes a ɛwɔ virtual system a ɛyɛ link ahorow a ɛkɔ [[Intanɛt so|Intanɛt]] atifi .&lt;ref name=&quot;over2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=D. Andersen |title=Resilient Overlay Networks |date=October 2001 |url=http://nms.lcs.mit.edu/papers/ron-sosp2001.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124125227/http://nms.lcs.mit.edu/papers/ron-sosp2001.html |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |access-date=2011-11-12 |archive-date=2011-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Overlay networks wɔ hɔ fi bere a wɔyɛɛ networking bere a wɔde kɔmputa nhyehyɛe ahorow fa telefon nhama so de [[Modem a ɛwɔ hɔ|modem]] dii dwuma ansa na [[Telefon so nkitahodi nhyehyɛe|data network]] biara reba no.

Nhwɛso a ɛyɛ nwonwa sen biara a ɛfa overlay network ho ne Intanɛt ankasa. Mfiase no wɔyɛɛ Intanɛt ankasa sɛ ade a wɔde kata [[telefon ntam nkitahodi]] so .&lt;ref name=&quot;over2&quot;/&gt; Ɛnnɛ mpo, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Intanɛt node biara tumi ne afoforo biara di nkitaho denam sub-networks a ɛwɔ topology ne mfiridwuma ahorow a ɛsono emu biara koraa so. [[Address Nsiesiei Protocol|Address resolution]] ne [[Ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ adwuma|routing]] ne akwan a ɛma kwan ma wɔde IP overlay network a ɛka bom koraa no yɛ map kɔ ne network a ɛwɔ aseɛ no so.

Nhwɛsoɔ foforɔ a ɛfa overlay network ho ne [[Hash pon a wɔakyekyɛ|distributed hash table]], a ɛkyerɛ keys kɔ nodes a ɛwɔ network no mu. Wɔ saa tebea yi mu no, ntwamutam a ɛwɔ ase no yɛ IP ntwamutam, na ntwamutam a ɛkata so no yɛ pon (nokwarem no, [[Fekubɔ nhyehyɛe|asase mfonini]] ) a wɔde safe ahyɛ mu.

Wɔahyɛ nyansa nso sɛ overlay networks nyɛ ɔkwan a wɔbɛfa so ama Intanɛt so akwantuo atu mpɔn, te sɛ ɛnam [[Ɔsom a ɛfata|ɔsom pa ho]] bɔhyɛ so nya [[Nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ a wɔde fa nsu mu|streaming media]] a ɛkorɔn . Nsusuwii ahorow a atwam te sɛ [[IntServ]], [[Nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ hɔ|DiffServ]], ne [[IP multicast a wɔde di dwuma|IP multicast]] nnyaa agye atom kɛse esiane sɛ ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nsakrae wɔ [[Router (kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma) .|router ahorow]] a ɛwɔ ntwamutam no mu nyinaa mu nti. &lt;/link&gt; Ɔkwan foforo so no, wobetumi de overlay network adi dwuma nkakrankakra wɔ end-hosts a wɔde overlay protocol software no di dwuma no so, a [[Intanɛt dwumadibea|wɔn a wɔde Intanɛt dwumadie ma no]] nyɛ biako . Overlay network no nni tumi biara wɔ sɛnea wɔde packets kɔ wɔ network a ɛwɔ aseɛ no mu wɔ overlay nodes mmienu ntam, nanso ɛtumi di, sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, overlay nodes a ɛtoatoa soɔ a nkra bi fa mu ansa na adu baabi a ɛrekɔ no so &lt;/link&gt; .

Sɛ nhwɛso no, [[Akamai Mfiridwuma Ho Nneɛma|Akamai Technologies]] hwɛ overlay network a ɛma wotumi de ho to so, etu mpɔn a wɔde ma ( [[Multicast a wɔde di dwuma|multicast]] bi ). Adesua mu nhwehwɛmu bi ne end system multicast,&lt;ref name=&quot;compnetworking&quot;/&gt; resilient routing ne quality of service adesua, ne afoforo.

== Netwɛk nkitahodi ahorow ==
Nneɛma a wɔde mena (a wɔtaa frɛ no wɔ nhoma ahorow mu sɛ ''[[Nkrasɛm a wɔde fa so|honam fam ade]]'' ) a wɔde di dwuma de ka mfiri ahorow bom ma ɛyɛ kɔmputa ntam nkitahodi no bi ne [[Ɛlektrik nhama|anyinam ahoɔden nhama]], [[Optical fiber a wɔde yɛ nneɛma|optical fiber]], ne baabi a ɛnyɛ hwee. Wɔ [[OSI nhwɛsode|OSI model]] mu no, wɔakyerɛkyerɛ softwea a wɔde bedi nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ ho dwuma no mu wɔ layers 1 ne 2 — honam fam layer ne data link layer.

''Abusua'' a wɔagye atom kɛse a wɔde kɔbere ne nhama nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ di dwuma wɔ [[Mpɔtam hɔ mpɔtam hɔ nkitahodi|mpɔtam hɔ ntam nkitahodi]] (LAN) mfiridwuma mu no, wɔbom frɛ wɔn Ethernet. Media ne protocol gyinapɛn a ɛma nkitahodi tumi di nkitaho wɔ networked devices ntam wɔ Ethernet so no, [[IEEE 802.3]] na ɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu. Wireless LAN gyinapɛn ahorow de [[Radio so asorɔkye|radio asorɔkye]] di dwuma, afoforo de [[IrDA na ɔkyerɛwee|infrared]] nsɛnkyerɛnne di dwuma sɛ ade a wɔde mena. [[Nkitahodi a ɛfa anyinam ahoɔden nhama ho|Power line nkitahodi]] de ɔdan bi mu [[Tumi a wɔde fa nhama so|anyinam ahoɔden nhama]] di dwuma de mena data.

=== Wɔde nhama ayɛ ===
[[File:Fibreoptic.jpg|alt=Bundle of glass threads with light emitting from the ends|thumb|Wɔde [[Fiber optic nhama a wɔde yɛ nneɛma|fiber optic nhama]] di dwuma de hann fi kɔmputa/network node biako mu kɔ foforo mu.]]
Wɔde mfiri a wɔde nhama ayɛ akuw a edidi so yi di dwuma wɔ kɔmputa so nkitahodi mu.

* Wɔde ''[[Coaxial nhama a ɛyɛ den|coaxial cable]]'' di dwuma kɛse ma cable television nhyehyɛe, adwumayɛbea adan, ne adwumayɛbea afoforo ma mpɔtam hɔ nkitahodi nhyehyɛe ahorow. Ahoɔhare a wɔde mena no fi bits ɔpepem 200 wɔ sekan biara mu kosi bɛboro bits ɔpepem 500 wɔ sekan biara mu. &lt;/link&gt;
* [[ITU-T]] [[G.hn]] mfiridwuma de [[Ofie nhama a wɔde hyɛ mu|ofie nhama]] a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw ( [[Ethernet wɔ coax so|coaxial cable]], telefon nhama ne [[Nkitahodi a ɛfa anyinam ahoɔden nhama ho|anyinam ahoɔden nhama]] ) di dwuma de yɛ mpɔtam hɔ nkitahodi a ɛkɔ ntɛmntɛm.
* Wɔde ''[[Twisted awarefo|Twisted pair]]'' cabling di dwuma ma wired [[Ethernet a wɔde di dwuma|Ethernet]] ne gyinapɛn afoforo. Ɛtaa yɛ kɔbere nhama 4 abien a wobetumi de adi dwuma ama nne ne data nyinaa. Nhama abien a wɔakyinkyim no boa ma [[Crosstalk (ɛlektrɔnik mfiri) .|crosstalk]] ne [[Electromagnetic a wɔde hyɛ nipadua mu|electromagnetic induction]] so tew . Ahoɔhare a wɔde mena no fi 2&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s kosi 10&amp;nbsp;Gbit/s. Twisted pair cabling wɔ akwan abien so: unshielded twisted pair (UTP) ne shielded twisted-pair (STP). Krataa biara wɔ [[Ɔfa cable|category ratings]] pii mu, a wɔayɛ sɛ wɔmfa nni dwuma wɔ tebea ahorow mu.

[[File:World_map_of_submarine_cables.png|alt=World map with red and blue lines|thumb|2007 asase mfonini a ɛkyerɛ po ase akohyɛn mu optical fiber telefon so nkitahodi nhama wɔ wiase nyinaa]]
''[[Optical fiber a wɔde yɛ nneɛma|Optical fiber]]'' yɛ ahwehwɛ nhama. Ɛde hann a ɛbɔ a egyina hɔ ma data denam laser ne [[Optical amplifier a ɛma nneɛma yɛ kɛse|optical amplifiers so]] kɔ . Mfaso bi a ɛwɔ optical fibers so sen dade nhama ne sɛ ɛhwere nkrasɛm a ɛba fam koraa na ɛmma anyinam ahoɔden nhaw no. Sɛ wɔde dense [[Asorɔkye tenten-kyekyɛmu multiplexing|wave division multiplexing]] di dwuma a, optical fibers tumi de data pii kɔ hann asorɔkye tenten ahorow so bere koro mu, na ɛma sɛnea wobetumi de data akɔ bit ɔpepepem pii wɔ sekan biara mu no kɔ soro kɛse. Wobetumi de optic fibers adi dwuma ama nhama a ɛkɔ akyiri a ɛde data rates a ɛkorɔn yiye, na wɔde yɛ [[po ase nkitahodi nhama]] de ka nsasepɔn ahorow bom. Fiber optics ahorow abien titiriw na ɛwɔ hɔ, [[Single-mode optical fiber a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan biako so|single-mode optical fiber]] (SMF) ne [[Multi-mode optical fiber a wɔde yɛ nneɛma pii|multi-mode optical fiber]] (MMF). Single-mode fiber wɔ mfaso a ɛne sɛ etumi kura sɛnkyerɛnne a ɛne ne ho hyia mu kilomita du du anaa ɔha mpo. Multimode fiber bo yɛ mmerɛw sɛ wobewie nanso ɛyɛ mita ɔhaha kakraa bi anaa mpo du du kakraa bi pɛ, a egyina data rate ne cable grade so.&lt;ref name=&quot;1961- 2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=CompTIA Network+ exam guide : (Exam N10-005)|url=https://archive.org/details/comptianetworkex0000meye_r5x8|last=Meyers|first=Mike|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=9780071789226|edition=5th|location=New York|oclc=748332969}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wireless a wɔde di dwuma ===
[[File:Wireless_network.jpg|alt=Black laptop with the router in the background|right|thumb|Wɔtaa de wireless link ahorow di dwuma de kɔmputa ahorow di nkitaho.]]
Wobetumi de radio anaa anyinam ahoɔden akwan foforo a wɔfa so di nkitaho no ayɛ network nkitahodi ahorow a wɔmfa nhama nkɔ so.

* ''Asase so [[Microwave a wɔde yɛ adwuma|microwave a]] wɔde yɛ nneɛma''&amp;nbsp;– Asase so microwave nkitahodi de Asase so transmitters ne receivers a ɛte sɛ satellite dishes di dwuma. Asase so microwave ahorow wɔ gigahertz a ɛba fam mu, na ɛma nkitahodi nyinaa yɛ nea ɛkɔ baabi a wotumi hu ade. Relay gyinabea ahorow no ntam kwan bɛyɛ {{Convert|40|mi|km}} ntam kwan ware.
* ''[[Nkitahodi ho satellite|Nkitahodi satellite ahorow]]''&amp;nbsp;– Satellite nso nam microwave so di nkitaho. Satellite ahorow no gyina ahunmu, na mpɛn pii no ɛwɔ geosynchronous orbit {{Convert|35,400|km|mi|abbr=on}} mu wɔ equator no atifi. Saa nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛtwa Asase ho hyia yi tumi gye nne, data, ne TV so nsɛnkyerɛnne na ɛde kɔ.
* ''[[Cellular ntam nkitahodi|Cellular network ahorow]]'' de radio so nkitahodi mfiridwuma ahorow pii di dwuma. Nhyehyɛe ahorow no kyekyɛ ɔmantam a wɔakata so no mu ma ɛyɛ asasesin ahorow pii. Wɔde [[Transceiver a wɔde ma|afiri a wɔde fa nsɛm]] a ahoɔden kakraa bi na ɛyɛ adwuma .
* ''Radio ne [[Trɛw spectrum mu|spread spectrum]] mfiridwuma''&amp;nbsp;– Wireless LAN ahorow de radio mfiridwuma a ɛwɔ frequency a ɛkorɔn a ɛte sɛ dijitaal cellular di dwuma. Wireless LAN ahorow de spread spectrum mfiridwuma di dwuma de ma nkitahodi tumi di mfiri ahorow pii ntam wɔ beae kakraa bi. [[IEEE 802.11 na ɛwɔ hɔ|IEEE 802.11]] kyerɛkyerɛ radio-asorɔkye mfiridwuma a wɔabue ano a wɔfrɛ no [[Wi-Fi a wɔde di dwuma|Wi-Fi]] a ɛyɛ dɛ a ɛtaa ba mu.
* ''[[Free-space optical nkitahodi|Free-space optical communication]]'' de hann a wotumi hu anaa a wontumi nhu di dwuma ma nkitahodi. Mpɛn pii no, wɔde [[Line-of-sight a wɔtrɛw mu|line-of-sight propagation]] di dwuma, na ɛma mfiri a wɔde di nkitaho no si baabi a ɛwɔ honam fam no ano hye.
* Intanɛt a ɛtrɛw kɔ okyinnsoromma ahorow ntam nsusuwii ahorow so denam radio asorɔkye ne akwan a wɔfa so hwɛ ade so, [[Intanɛt a Ɛfa Okyinnsoromma Ahorow Ntam|Interplanetary Internet]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=A. Hooke |title=Interplanetary Internet |date=September 2000 |url=https://www.ipnsig.org/reports/ISART9-2000.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113053223/https://www.ipnsig.org/reports/ISART9-2000.pdf |publisher=Third Annual International Symposium on Advanced Radio Technologies |access-date=2011-11-12 |archive-date=2012-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[IP wɔ Avian Carriers so|IP over Avian Carriers]] yɛ April ɔkwasea a ɛyɛ serew [[Bisa Sɛ Wɔmma Nsɛm a Wobɛka|Request for Comments]], a wɔde mae sɛ  . Wɔde dii dwuma wɔ asetra ankasa mu wɔ afe 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;compnetworking&quot;/&gt;

== Netwɛk node ahorow ==
Sɛ honam fam nkrasɛm biara da nkyɛn a, wɔde nhyehyɛe no adansi nneɛma atitiriw afoforo te sɛ [[Network ntam nkitahodi sohwɛfo|ntwamutam ntam nkitahodi controllers]], [[Nsɛm a wɔka no mpɛn pii|repeaters]], [[Ethernet afiri a wɔde yɛ adwuma|hubs]], [[Network bridge a ɛwɔ hɔ|bridges]], [[Network switch no yɛ adwuma|switches]], [[Router (kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma) .|routers]], modems, ne [[Firewall (kɔmputa a wɔde yɛ adwuma) .|firewalls]] na ɛkyekye ntwamutam ahorow. Mpɛn pii no, adwinnade pɔtee biara bɛkura adansi nneɛma pii na enti ebetumi ayɛ nnwuma pii.

=== Netwɛk nkitahodi ahorow ===
[[File:ForeRunnerLE_25_ATM_Network_Interface_(1).jpg|alt=A network interface circuit with a port for ATM|right|thumb|[[Asynchronous Nneɛma a Wɔde Kɔma Nneɛma|ATM]] network interface a ɛyɛ accessory card. Wɔasisi network interfaces pii wɔ mu.]]
Network interface controller (NIC) yɛ [[Kɔmputa so nneɛma a wɔde yɛ adwuma|kɔmputa hardware]] a ɛde kɔmputa no bata [[Netwɛk nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ|network media]] ho na ɛwɔ tumi a ɛde di network ho nsɛm a ɛba fam ho dwuma. Sɛ nhwɛso no, NIC no betumi anya nkitahodi bi a wɔde gye nhama, anaasɛ wim a wɔde fa wireless transmission ne gye, ne circuitry a ɛbata ho.

Wɔ Ethernet ntwamutam mu no, NIC biara wɔ [[MAC address a ɛwɔ hɔ|Media Access Control (MAC) address]] soronko —a wɔtaa de sie wɔ controller no daa memory mu. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkwati address ntawntawdi wɔ network mfiri ahorow ntam no, [[Asoɛe a Ɛhwɛ Ɛlektrik ne Ɛlektrɔnik Mfiridwuma So|Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE) hwɛ MAC address soronko so na ɛhwɛ so. Ethernet MAC address kɛse yɛ [[Octet (kɔmputa ho nimdeɛ) .|octets]] asia . Wɔde octets abiɛsa a ɛho hia sen biara no asie sɛ wɔde bɛkyerɛ wɔn a wɔyɛ NIC. Saa adwinnan yi, a wɔde wɔn prefixes a wɔde ama wɔn nkutoo na edi dwuma, de Ethernet interface biara a wɔyɛ no octets abiɛsa a ɛho nhia pii no ma wɔ ɔkwan soronko so.

=== Repeaters ne hubs a wɔde yɛ nneɛma ===
Repeater yɛ ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri a egye network [[Nsɛnkyerɛnne (nsɛm ho nsusuwii) .|signal]], ɛho tew fi dede a ɛho nhia ho na ɛsan yɛ no foforo. [[Retransmission (data ntam nkitahodi) .|Wɔsan de]] sɛnkyerɛnne no kɔ tumi a ɛkorɔn mu, anaasɛ ɛkɔ akwanside no fa foforo sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a sɛnkyerɛnne no betumi atwa akwan tenten a ɛrensɛe. Wɔ twisted-pair Ethernet nhyehyeɛ dodoɔ no ara mu no, wɔhia repeaters ma cable a ɛkyɛ boro mita 100. Sɛ wɔde fiber optics di dwuma a, repeaters betumi ayɛ kilomita du anaa ɔhaha pii mpo.

Repeaters yɛ adwuma wɔ physical layer a ɛwɔ OSI model no so nanso ɛda so ara hia bere kakra na wɔasan ayɛ signal no. Eyi betumi ama [[Ntrɛwmu a ɛkyɛ|propagation delay]] a ɛka network adwumayɛ na ebetumi aka adwumayɛ a ɛfata. Nea ɛde ba ne sɛ, ntwamutam nhyehyɛe pii to repeater dodow a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ntwamutam mu ano hye, s.e., Ethernet [[5-4-3 mmara]] .

Ethernet repeater a ɛwɔ port ahorow pii no yɛ nea wonim no sɛ [[Ethernet afiri a wɔde yɛ adwuma|Ethernet hub]] . Wɔ reconditioning ne distributing network signals akyi no, repeater hub boa ma wohu collision detection ne fault isolation ma network no. Hub ne repeater a ɛwɔ LAN mu no ayɛ nea ne bere atwam kɛse esiane nnɛyi network switch ahorow nti.

=== Bridges ne switch ahorow ===
Network bridges ne network switches yɛ soronko wɔ hub ho efisɛ ɛde frames kɔ ports a ɛka nkitahodi no ho nkutoo bere a hub de kɔ ports nyinaa so.&lt;ref name=&quot;compnetworking&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bridges wɔ port abien pɛ nanso wobetumi asusuw switch ho sɛ multi-port bridge. Switches taa wɔ ports pii, a ɛma nsoromma topology yɛ mmerɛw ma mfiri ahorow, ne cascading switch afoforo.

Bridges ne switches yɛ adwuma wɔ [[Data link layer a ɛwɔ hɔ|data link layer]] (layer 2) a ɛwɔ OSI model no mu na ɛbɔ traffic wɔ [[Network fa bi|network afa]] mmienu anaa nea ɛboro saa ntam de yɛ local network baako. Wɔn baanu nyinaa yɛ mfiri a ɛde data [[Frame (nkitahodi a wɔde di dwuma) .|frame ahorow]] kɔ [[Kɔmputa hyɛn gyinabea (hardware) .|port ahorow]] ntam a egyina destination MAC address a ɛwɔ frame biara mu so.&lt;ref name=&quot;compnetworking&quot;/&gt; Wosua abusuabɔ a ɛda honam fam hyɛn gyinabea ahorow ne MAC address ahorow ntam denam frame ahorow a wɔagye no fibea address ahorow a wɔhwehwɛ mu na wɔde frame no kɔ bere a ɛho hia nkutoo. Sɛ wɔde wɔn ani asi MAC a wonnim a wɔrekɔ so a, afiri no bɔ abisade no kɔ hyɛn gyinabea nyinaa gye fibea no, na ehu beae no fi mmuae no mu.

Bridges ne switches kyekyɛ network no collision domain no mu nanso ɛkura broadcast domain baako mu. Network nkyekyɛmu a ɛnam bridge ne switching so boa ma wɔpaapae network kɛseɛ a ɛyɛ congested mu ma ɛyɛ ntwamu nketewa a ɛyɛ adwuma yie a wɔaboaboa ano.

=== Router ahorow a wɔde di dwuma ===
[[File:Adsl_connections.jpg|right|thumb|Ofie anaa ɔfese ketewa router a wɔtaa yɛ a ɛkyerɛ [[ADSL]] telefon nhama ne [[Ethernet a wɔde di dwuma|Ethernet]] ntwamutam nhama nkitahodi]]
Router yɛ internetworking device a ɛde packets kɔ networks ntam denam addressing anaa routing nsɛm a ɛka packet no mu a ɛdi ho dwuma no so. Wɔtaa di routing ho nsɛm no ho dwuma de ka [[Routing pon a wɔde fa kwan so|routing table no]] ho . Router de ne routing table di dwuma de kyerɛ baabi a wɔde packets bɛkɔ na enhia broadcasting packets a ɛnyɛ adwuma yiye mma network akɛse paa.

=== Modem ahorow ===
Wɔde modem (modulator-demodulator) di dwuma de fa waya a wɔannwene no mfiase no amma dijitaal ntwamutam akwantu, anaasɛ wireless so na ɛka ntwamutam node ahorow bom. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔayɛ eyi no, dijitaal sɛnkyerɛnne no [[Nsakrae a wɔde yɛ nneɛma|sesa]] [[Carrier sɛnkyerɛnne|carrier signals]] biako anaa nea ɛboro saa ma ɛyɛ [[Analog sɛnkyerɛnne|analog signal]] a wobetumi ayɛ no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛma wɔanya su ahorow a ɛho hia ma transmission. Modem ahorow a edi kan no sesaa [[Ɔdio sɛnkyerɛnne|ɔdio nsɛnkyerɛnne]] a wɔde fa nne telefon nhama a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ so. Wɔda so ara taa de modem di dwuma ma telefon nhama, wɔde [[Digitals akrafo line|dijitaal akrafo nhama]] mfiridwuma ne cable television nhyehyɛe a wɔde [[DOCSIS NKYEKYƐMU|DOCSIS]] mfiridwuma di dwuma.

=== Firewalls a wɔde yɛ nneɛma ===
Firewall yɛ ntwamutam mfiri anaa softwea a wɔde hwɛ ntwamutam ahobanbɔ ne akwan a wɔfa so kɔ hɔ ho mmara so. Wɔde ogya fasuo hyɛ nkitahodi a ɛda emu ntwamutam a ahobanbɔ wom ne abɔnten ntwamutam a ebetumi ayɛ nea ahobammɔ nnim te sɛ Intanɛt ntam. Wɔtaa hyehyɛ Firewalls sɛ ɛbɛpow kwan a wɔfa so kɔ hɔ a wɔhwehwɛ fi mmeae a wonnim bere a wɔma nneyɛe a efi mmeae a wonim no kwan. Dwuma titiriw a ogya fasu di wɔ nkitahodi nhyehyɛe mu ahobammɔ mu no nyin ne [[Intanɛt so ntua|kɔmputa so ntua]] a ɛkɔ soro bere nyinaa no .

== Nkitahodi ho nhyehyɛe ahorow ==
[[File:Internet_layering.svg|alt=Protocols in relation to the Internet layering scheme.|thumb|250x250px|TCP/IP nhwɛsoɔ no ne abusuabɔ a ɛda protocol ahodoɔ a wɔtaa de di dwuma wɔ nhwɛsoɔ no layers ahodoɔ so]]
[[Nkitahodi ho nhyehyɛe|Nkitahodi nhyehyɛe]] yɛ mmara ahorow a wɔde sesa nsɛm wɔ ntwamutam so. Nkitahodi nhyehyɛe ahorow wɔ su ahorow. Ebia wɔyɛ [[Nkitahodi a ɛfa nkitahodi ho|nkitahodi-oriented]] anaasɛ [[Nkitahodi a nkitahodi nnim|connectionless]], wobetumi de [[Circuit mode a ɛwɔ hɔ|circuit mode]] anaa packet switching adi dwuma, na wobetumi de hierarchical addressing anaa flat addressing adi dwuma.
[[File:Message_flows_and_Routing.svg|alt=When a router is present, message flows go down through protocol layers, across to the router, up the stack inside the router, and back down again and is sent on to the final destination where it climbs back up the stack|thumb|250x250px|Nkrasɛm no sen fa mfiri abien (AB) ntam wɔ TCP/IP model no layers anan no so wɔ router (R) anim. Red flows yɛ nkitahodi akwan a etu mpɔn, tuntum akwan wɔ network links ankasa no so.]]
Wɔ [[Protocol stack a wɔde ahyɛ mu|protocol stack]], a wɔtaa yɛ no sɛnea OSI nhwɛso no te no, wɔkyekyɛ nkitahodi dwumadi ahorow mu yɛ no protocol layers, baabi a layer biara de layer a ɛwɔ n’ase no nnwuma di dwuma kosi sɛ layer a ɛba fam koraa no bedi hardware a ɛde nsɛm kɔ media no so no so. Protocol layering a wɔde di dwuma no wɔ baabiara wɔ kɔmputa so nkitahodi mu. Nhwɛsoɔ a ɛho hia a ɛfa protocol stack ho ne [[HTTP]] (Wiase Wide Web protocol) a ɛnam [[Nkrasɛm a wɔde di dwuma no sohwɛ protocol|TCP]] so wɔ IP (Internet protocols) so wɔ [[IEEE 802.11 na ɛwɔ hɔ|IEEE 802.11]] (Wi-Fi protocol) so. Wɔde saa stack yi di dwuma wɔ [[Wireless router a wɔde di dwuma|wireless router]] ne ofie dwumadiefoɔ no ankasa kɔmputa ntam berɛ a ɔdefoɔ no rehwehwɛ wɛbsaet no so.

Nkitahodi nhyehyɛe pii wɔ hɔ, na wɔaka emu kakraa bi ho asɛm wɔ ase ha

=== Protocol ahorow a wɔtaa de di dwuma ===

==== Intanɛt so protocol suite ====
[[Intanɛt so protocol suite|Intanɛt protocol suite]], a wɔsan frɛ no TCP/IP, ne nnɛyi nkitahodi nyinaa fapem. Ɛde nnwuma a nkitahodi nnim na ɛfa nkitahodi ho ma wɔ ntwamutam a wontumi mfa ho nto so a efi awosu mu a datagram a wɔde Intanɛt protocol (IP) di dwuma de fa so. Wɔ ne titiriw mu no, protocol suite no kyerɛkyerɛ addressing, identification, ne routing specifications ma [[IPv4|Internet Protocol Version 4]] (IPv4) ne [[IPv6]], protocol no awo ntoatoaso a edi hɔ a ɛwɔ addressing tumi a ɛtrɛw kɛse. Intanɛt protocol suite no ne protocol ahorow a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ Intanɛt so.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanenbaum&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Andrew S.|last=Tanenbaum|author-link=Andrew S. Tanenbaum|title=Computer Networks|url=https://archive.org/details/computernetworks00tane_2|edition=4th|publisher=[[Prentice Hall]]|date=2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== IEEE 802 na ɛwɔ hɔ ====
[[IEEE 802 na ɛwɔ hɔ|IEEE 802]] yɛ IEEE gyinapɛn abusua a ɛfa mpɔtam hɔ nkitahodi ne nkurow akɛse mu nkitahodi ho. IEEE 802 protocol suite a edi mũ no ma nkitahodi tumi ahorow ahorow. Protocol ahorow no wɔ addressing nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ tratraa. Wɔyɛ adwuma kɛse wɔ layers 1 ne 2 a ɛwɔ OSI model no mu.

Sɛ nhwɛso no, [[Bridging (nkitahodi a wɔde di dwuma) .|MAC bridging]] ( [[IEEE 802.1D na ɛwɔ hɔ|IEEE 802.1D]] ) di Ethernet packets a wɔde [[Spanning Dua Protocol no|Spanning Tree Protocol]] di dwuma no kwan ho dwuma. [[IEEE 802.1Q]] kyerɛkyerɛ [[VLAN]]s mu, na [[IEEE 802.1X na ɛwɔ hɔ|IEEE 802.1X]] kyerɛkyerɛ port-based [[Network Access Control]] protocol mu, a ɛyɛ nnyinaso ma nokwaredi akwan a wɔde di dwuma wɔ VLANs mu &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=9018452|date=February 2020|doi=10.1109/IEEESTD.2020.9018454|isbn=978-1-5044-6440-6|at=7.1.3 Connectivity to unauthenticated systems|access-date=2022-05-09|archive-date=2023-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204143515/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9018454|url-status=live|title=IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks--Port-Based Network Access Control|journal=IEEE STD 802.1X-2020 (Revision of IEEE STD 802.1X-2010 Incorporating IEEE STD 802.1Xbx-2014 and IEEE STD 802.1Xck-2018)}}&lt;/ref&gt; (nanso wohu wɔ WLANs mu nso &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9363693|date=February 2021|doi=10.1109/IEEESTD.2021.9363693|isbn=978-1-5044-7283-8|at=4.2.5 Interaction with other IEEE 802 layers|access-date=2022-05-09|archive-date=2022-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517014920/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9363693|url-status=live|title=IEEE Standard for Information Technology--Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems - Local and Metropolitan Area Networks--Specific Requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications|journal=IEEE STD 802.11-2020 (Revision of IEEE STD 802.11-2016)}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) .&amp;nbsp;– ɛyɛ nea ofie dwumadiefoɔ no hu berɛ a ɛsɛ sɛ ɔdefoɔ no hyɛ &quot;wireless access key&quot; mu.

==== Ethernet a wɔde di dwuma ====
Ethernet yɛ mfiridwuma abusua bi a wɔde di dwuma wɔ wired LAN ahorow mu. Wɔde gyinapɛn ahorow bi a wɔaka abom a wɔfrɛ no [[IEEE 802.3]] a Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers tintimii na ɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu.

==== Wireless LAN a wɔde di dwuma ====
Wireless LAN a egyina [[IEEE 802.11 na ɛwɔ hɔ|IEEE 802.11]] gyinapɛn so, a wɔsan frɛ no kɛse sɛ WLAN anaa WiFi no, ebia ɛyɛ [[IEEE 802 na ɛwɔ hɔ|IEEE 802]] protocol abusua no muni a wonim no yiye ma wɔn a wɔde di dwuma wɔ fie nnɛ. IEEE 802.11 kyɛ agyapadeɛ pii ne Wired Ethernet.

==== SONET/SDH na ɛyɛ adwuma ====
[[Synchronous optical nkitahodi nhyehyɛe|Synchronous optical networking]] (SONET) ne Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) yɛ standardized [[Nneɛma pii a wɔde hyɛ mu|multiplexing]] protocols a ɛde dijitaal bit nsuten pii fa optical fiber so de laser di dwuma. Mfiase no wɔyɛɛ no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔde amansin kwan so nkitahodi ahorow fi mmeae ahorow bɛkɔ, titiriw sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛboa [[Digitals telefon a wɔde di dwuma|dijitaal telefon]] a wɔde amansin-sesa . Nanso, ɛnam ne protocol neutrality ne transport-oriented features nti, SONET/SDH nso na ɛda adi pefee sɛ wɔpaw sɛ wɔde [[Asynchronous Nneɛma a Wɔde Kɔma Nneɛma|Asynchronous Transfer Mode]] (ATM) frames bɛkɔ.

==== Asynchronous Nneɛma a Wɔde Kɔma Nneɛma ====
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) yɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so sesa telefon so nkitahodi nhyehyɛe. Ɛde asynchronous [[Bere mu nkyekyɛmu multiplexing|time-division multiplexing di]] dwuma na ɛde data kɔ [[Nkwammoaa mu relay|nkwammoaa]] nketewa a ne kɛse yɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ mu . Eyi yɛ soronko wɔ protocol afoforo te sɛ Intanɛt protocol suite anaa [[Ethernet a wɔde di dwuma|Ethernet]] a ɛde packets anaa [[Ethernet frame a wɔde yɛ adwuma|frame]] ahorow a ne kɛse sesa di dwuma no ho . ATM wɔ nsɛsoɔ wɔ circuit ne packet switched networking nyinaa mu. Wei ma ɛyɛ paw pa ma ntwamutam a ɛsɛ sɛ ɛdi atetesɛm mu data akwantuo a ɛkɔ soro, ne berɛ ankasa, nsɛm [[Network latency a ɛwɔ hɔ|a ɛnyɛ den]] te sɛ nne ne video nyinaa ho dwuma. ATM de nkitahodi-oriented model a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde [[virtual circuit]] si hɔ wɔ endpoints abien ntam ansa na data exchange ankasa afi ase.

ATM da so ara di dwuma wɔ [[Akwansin a etwa to (telefon so nkitahodi) .|akwansin a etwa to]], a ɛyɛ nkitahodi a ɛda Intanɛt dwumadibea bi ne nea ɔde di dwuma wɔ fie ntam no mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;compnetworking&quot;/&gt;

== Asasesin mu nsenia ==
[[Nanoscale ntam nkitahodi]] wɔ nneɛma atitiriw a wɔde di dwuma wɔ nanoscale no mu, a nkrasɛm a wɔde fa nneɛma ka ho, na ɛde honam fam nnyinasosɛm ahorow a ɛsono wɔ macroscale nkitahodi akwan horow ho di dwuma. Nanoscale nkitahodi trɛw nkitahodi mu kɔ sensor ne actuators nketewa paa te sɛ nea wohu wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom nhyehyɛe mu na ɛsan nso taa yɛ adwuma wɔ mmeae a ɛbɛyɛ katee dodo ma nkitahodi akwan afoforo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Nanoscale Communication Networks|last=Bush|first=S. F.|isbn=978-1-60807-003-9|publisher=Artech House|year=2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ankorankoro mpɔtam hɔ nkitahodie ===
[[Ankorankoro mpɔtam hɔ nkitahodi|Personal area network]] (PAN) yɛ kɔmputa ntam nkitahodi a wɔde di nkitaho wɔ kɔmputa ne nsɛm ho mfiridwuma mfiri ahorow a ɛbɛn onipa biako ntam. Mfiri a wɔde di dwuma wɔ PAN mu no nhwɛso bi ne ankorankoro kɔmputa, printa, fax mfiri, telefon, PDA, scanner, ne video game console. Ebia PAN bi bɛka mfiri a wɔde nhama ne nea wɔde nhama ayɛ ho. Mpɛn pii no, baabi a PAN betumi adu no trɛw kɔ mita 10.&lt;ref name=&quot;compnetworking&quot;/&gt; Wɔtaa de [[USB]] ne [[FireWire na ɛyɛ adwuma|FireWire]] nkitahodi na ɛyɛ PAN a wɔde nhama ayɛ bere a mfiridwuma te sɛ [[Bluetooth]] ne [[infrared nkitahodi]] taa yɛ PAN a wɔde nhama ayɛ.

== Baabi A Menyaa Mmoa Firii ==</text>
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      <text bytes="50253" sha1="7b2yav8l1hjlgkcdfvg5ubcamsxpmgz" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ saa nsɛm wei wɔ Asante Twi kasa mu''

'''Nationalism (Ɔman Ho Dɔ)''' yɛ adwene mu ne kuo a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ [[:en:Nation|nkuro]] no ne [[:en:Nation|ɔman]] no yɛ pɛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Saa kuo no, ɛtaa hyɛ ɔman pɔtee bi anigyeɛ ho nkuran (te sɛ dea ɛwɔ nnipa kuo bi mu),&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Nationalism |date=2023-07-23 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&amp;oldid=1166733569 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2023-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; titire a ne botaeɛ ne sɛ ɛbɛnya amammuo mu [[:en:Sovereignty|tumidie]] ([[:en:Self-governance|self-governance]]) wɔ ne [[:en:Homeland|kuro]] so na wakura mu de abɔ [[:en:Nation state|kuro-ɔman]]. Ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ɔman biara di ne ho so, a abɔntenfoɔ mfa wɔn ho nhyɛ mu ([[:en:Self-determination|self-determination]]), sɛ ɔman yɛ abɔdeɛ mu nnyinasoɔ a ɛyɛ ma [[:en:Polity|amammuosɛm]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; na ɔman no nkutoo ne [[:en:Politics|amammuo]] tumi fibea a ɛfata&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; . Deɛ ɛsi n'ani so bi ne sɛ ɛbɛkyekyere na akura [[:en:National identity|ɔman baakoyɛ]] mu, a ɛgyina asetena mu su ahodoɔ a wɔkyɛ te sɛ [[:en:Culture|amammerɛ]], [[:en:Ethnicity|mmusuakuo]], [[:en:Location|asasesin]], [[:en:Language|kasa]], [[:en:Politics|amammuosɛm]] (anaa [[:en:Government|aban]]), [[:en:Religion|nyamesom]], [[:en:Tradition|atetesɛm]] ne gyidie a wɔwɔ wɔ [[:en:History|abakɔsɛm]] baako pɛ a wɔkyɛ mu a wɔaka abom so,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; na wɔde ahyɛ ɔman baakoyɛ anaa [[:en:Solidarity|baakoyɛ ho nkuran]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ɔmampɛ, hwehwɛ sɛ ɛbɛkora ɔman bi atetesɛm amammerɛ so na wɔahyɛ no den.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Nkyerɛaseɛ ahodoɔ wɔ hɔ a ɛfa &quot;ɔman&quot; ho, a ɛde [[:en:Types of nationalism|ɔman ho dɔ ahodoɔ ba.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Nationalism |date=2023-07-23 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&amp;oldid=1166733569 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2023-08-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnoɔma titire mmienu a ɛsono ɛmu biara ne [[:en:Ethnic nationalism|mmusuakuo mu ɔmampɛ]] ne [[:en:Civic nationalism|ɔmanfoɔ mampɛ]].

Ɛfiri afeha a ɛtɔ so du nnɔtwe awieɛ, titire berɛ a [[:en:French Revolution|French man Anidan]] ne nnyinasosɛm a ɛne sɛ [[:en:Popular sovereignty|nnipa tumidie]] anaasɛ [[:en:Self-determination|wɔn ankasa gyinaeɛ]] si trɛɛ no, amammusɛm ho animdefoɔ na wɔde adwene a ɛne sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ &quot;ɔmanfoɔ&quot; di tumi no baeɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nationalism |date=2023-08-31 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&amp;oldid=1173114299 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2023-09-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔde nsusuiɛ atitire mmiɛnsa adi dwuma de akyerɛkyerɛ ɔmampɛ a ɛbaeɛ no mu:

# [[:en:Primordialism|Mfitiaseɛ adwene]] ([[:en:Primordialism|perennialism]]) nyaa nkɔsoɔ kaa ɔmampɛ ho wɔ [[:en:Romanticism|ɔdɔ berɛ]] no mu na wɔkae sɛ aman wɔ hɔ bere nyinaa. Ɛfiri saa berɛ no, nwomanimfoɔ dodoɔ no ara apo saa adwene yi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Coakley|first1=John|title='Primordialism' in nationalism studies: theory or ideology?: 'Primordialism' in nationalism studies|journal=Nations and Nationalism|date=April 2018|volume=24|issue=2|pages=327–347|doi=10.1111/nana.12349|s2cid=149288553|url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/primordialism-in-nationalism-studies-theory-or-ideology(28e99592-2d86-421f-9fd3-2c4517aa7278).html|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-date=17 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217061210/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/primordialism-in-nationalism-studies-theory-or-ideology|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; na mprempren wɔbu aman sɛ [[:en:Social constructionism|wɔkyekyere wɔn wɔ asetra mu]] na wɔhyɛ abakɔsɛm mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mylonas&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Mylonas|first1=Harris|last2=Tudor|first2=Maya|date=2021|title=Nationalism: What We Know and What We Still Need to Know|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|volume=24|issue=1|pages=109–132|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-101841|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[:en:Modernization theory (nationalism)|Nnɛyi nsusuwiiɛ]], a mprempren ɛyɛ ɔmampɛ ho nsusuwii a wogye tom sen biara,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Woods|first1=Eric Taylor|last2=Schertzer|first2=Robert|last3=Kaufmann|first3=Eric|title=Ethno-national conflict and its management|journal=Commonwealth &amp; Comparative Politics|date=April 2011|volume=49|issue=2|page=154|doi=10.1080/14662043.2011.564469|s2cid=154796642}}&lt;/ref&gt; fa ɔkwan a wɔfa [[:en:Constructivism (ethnic politics)|so yɛ adansi ho]] nhyehyɛe na ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔmampɛ baeɛ esiane [[:en:Modernization theory|nnɛyi]] nneɛma a ɛkɔ so, te sɛ mfiridwuma mu nkɔso, nkurow akɛse mu nkɔso, ne nnipadɔm nhomasua, a ɛmaa ɔman adwene tumi yɛɛ yiye nti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mylonas&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Deanna Smith&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Deanna|year=2007|title=Nationalism|edition=2nd|publisher=polity|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0745651286}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔn a wɔkamfo saa nsusuwiiɛ yi kyerɛ no ka aman ho asɛm sɛ &quot; [[:en:Imagined community|mpɔtam a wɔayɛ ho mfonini wɔ wɔn adwene mu]] &quot; na ɔmampɛ sɛ &quot; [[:en:Invented tradition|atetesɛm a wɔayɛ]] &quot; a nkate a wɔkyɛ ma wonya nnipakuw nipasu bi na ɛkyekyere ankorankoro bom wɔ amammui mu biakoyɛ mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mylonas&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Anderson|first=Benedict|title=Imagined Communities: Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism|url=https://archive.org/details/imaginedcommunit0000ande_s3l3|publisher=Verso Books|location=London|year=1983}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hobsbawm|first1=E.|title=The Invention of Tradition|last2=Ranger|first2=T.|date=1983|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Nsusuwiiɛ a ɛto so mmiɛnsa, [[:en:Ethnosymbolism|mmusuakuo mu sɛnkyerɛnnedeɛ]] kyerɛkyerɛ ɔmampɛ mu sɛ nea efi sɛnkyerɛnnede, anansesɛm, ne atetesɛm mu ba, na ɛne [[:en:Anthony D. Smith|Anthony D. Smith]] adwuma no wɔ abusuabɔ .&lt;ref name=&quot;oxford_dict2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Adeney|first1=Katharine|editor1-last=Iain|editor1-first=McLean|editor2-last=McMillan|editor2-first=Alistair|title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780191727191|edition=3rd|chapter=Nationalism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;778&quot;&gt;Abrabɔ pa ho mfasoɔ a ɛwɔ nationalism so, abusuabɔ a ɛda ɔmampɛ ne [[:en:Nationalism|ɔman ho dɔ]] ntam, ne ɔmampɛ ne amansan nyinaa mu nnipa ho dɔ a ɛne ne ho hyia no nyinaa yɛ nsɛm a nyansapɛ mu akyinnyegye wom.[12] Wobetumi de ɔmampɛ aka amammuo botaeɛ ne adwene ahodoɔ te sɛ [[:en:Conservatism|conservatism]] ([[:en:National conservatism|ɔman conservatism]] ne [[:en:Nationalism|nifa fam populism]]) anaa [[:en:Socialism|socialism]] ([[:en:Nationalism|benkum fam ɔmampɛ]]) ho.[17][18][19][20] Wɔ nneyɛe mu no, wobu ɔmampɛ sɛ ɛyɛ papa anaa bɔne a egyina n’adwene ne nea efi mu ba so. Ɔmampɛ ayɛ ade a ɛwɔ ahofadi ne atɛntrenee akuw ahorow mu,[21] wɔde abata amammerɛ mu nkanyan ho,[8] na ɛhyɛ ɔman nkɔso ho ahantan ho nkuran.[22] Wɔde adi dwuma nso de ama mmusuakuw, mmusuakuw, ne nyamesom mu mpaapaemu ayɛ nea ɛfata, asiw nnipa kakraa bi ano anaasɛ wɔtow hyɛ so, na wɔsɛe nnipa hokwan ne demokrase atetesɛm.[12]&lt;/span&gt;

== Nsɛmfua a wɔde di dwuma ==
[[File:381px-Grotius_de_jure_1631.jpg|thumb|Asɛmti kratafa a ɛfiri nea ɛtɔ so mmiɛnu no mu(Amsterdam 1631) De jure belli ac pacis]]
Wɔyɛɛ nsɛmfua a wɔde di dwuma wɔ &quot;aman&quot;, &quot;tumidi&quot; ne nsusuwii ahorow a ɛbata ho no mu kɛse denam ''[[:en:Hugo Grotius|Hugo Grotius]]'' a ɔkyerɛwee wɔ ''De jure belli ac pacis'' mu wɔ afeha a ɛto so 17 mfiase no so. Esiane sɛ na

Grotius te Mfe Aduɔwɔtwe Ko a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Spain ne Netherlands ntam ne Mfirihyia Aduasa Ko a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Katolekfo ne Protestant Europa aman ntam (Katolekfo France wɔ nsraban a anka ɛyɛ Protestantfo nsraban no mu) no mu nti, ɛnyɛ nwonwa sɛ na Grotius dwen nsɛm a ɛfa ntawntawdi a ɛkɔ so wɔ aman ntam wɔ ɔsɔretia a efi nyamesom mu nsonsonoe mu ba no mu. Wɔde asɛmfua ɔman nso dii dwuma yiye ansa na 1800 reba wɔ Europa de akyerɛ ɔman bi mufo ne nnipa dodow a wɔbom yɛ a ebetumi aka abakɔsɛm, mmara, kasa, amammui hokwan ahorow, nyamesom ne atetesɛm a wɔbom yɛ ho, wɔ ɔkwan bi so a ɛte sɛ nnɛyi de kɛse nyinsɛn a wɔde ma.[23]

Ɔmampɛ sɛnea wonya fii edin a ɛkyerɛ ‘amanaman’ mu no yɛ asɛmfua foforo; wɔ Borɔfo kasa mu no, asɛmfua no fi afe 1798.[24] Asɛmfua no dii kan bɛyɛɛ nea ɛho hia wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 mu.[25] Asɛmfua no bɛyɛɛ nea enye kɛse wɔ ne nkyerɛase mu wɔ 1914 akyi Glenda Sluga ka sɛ &quot;Afeha a ɛto so aduonu, bere a na ɔmampɛ ho abasamtu kɛse no nso yɛ wiase nyinaa ayɔnkofa bere kɛse no.

Nhomanimfo kyerɛkyerɛ ɔmampɛ mu sɛ amammui nnyinasosɛm a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ɔman ne ɔman no yɛ pɛ.[1][2][27] Sɛnea Lisa Weeden kyerɛ no, ɔmampɛ adwene fa no sɛ &quot;nnipa&quot; ne ɔman no yɛ pɛ.[28]

== Abakɔsɛm ==
[[File:&quot;Onward_to_Victory&quot;,_World_War_I_Allied_propaganda_postcard.jpg|thumb|Postcard a ɛfiri 1916 mu a ɛkyerɛ Wiase Ko a ɛdi kan mu Aman a Wɔyɛ Apamfoɔ no bi a wɔn mu biara kura ɔman frankaa]]
Nwomanimfoɔ taa de nationalism mfiaseɛ to Amerika Ahofadie Mpaemuka anaa French man Anidan no so wɔ afeha a ɛto so du nwɔtwe awieɛ anaa afeha a ɛto so 19 mfiase.[29][30][31] Adwene a ɛwɔ mu ne sɛ wɔde ɔmampɛ sɛ adwene sii hɔ pintinn wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no mu.[32][33][34] Wɔ ɔmampɛ abakɔsɛm mu no, wohu Franse Ɔman Anidan (1789) sɛ mfiase a ɛho hia, ɛnyɛ nkɛntɛnso a enyae wɔ Fransefo ɔmampɛ so nko na mmom kɛse mpo esiane nkɛntɛnso a enyae wɔ Germanfo ne Italiafo ne Europafo anyansafo so nti. Ɔmampɛ ho nhyehyɛe, sɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so boaboa ɔmanfo adwene ano twa ɔman foforo a egyina nnipa tumidi so ho hyia no kɔɔ akyiri sen 1789: na nyansapɛfo te sɛ Rousseau ne Voltaire a wɔn adwene nyaa Franse Ɔman Anidan no so nkɛntɛnso no ankasa anya nhwɛso no so nkɛntɛnso anaasɛ wɔahyɛ wɔn nkuran a edi kan no mu ahofadi akuw a wɔpɛ mmarahyɛ bagua, titiriw Corsican Republic (1755–1768) ne Amerika Ɔman Anidan (1775–1783).[36]

Esiane Mfididwuma mu Ɔsesɛw no nti, sikasɛm a wɔaka abom, a ɛka ɔman no ho ne ɔman no ɔmanfo atrae bae, baabi a Britaniafo fii ase boaboaa wɔn ho ano wɔ ɔman no nyinaa mu, sen sɛ wɔbɛboaboa wɔn ho ano wɔ wɔn mantam, kurow anaa abusua.[37] Ɔman ho dɔ a agye din a ɛbae ntɛm no sii wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 mfinimfini na Britania aban ne akyerɛwfo ne anyansafo a na wɔwɔ hɔ saa bere no na wɔhyɛɛ ho nkuran denneennen.[38] Ɔmampɛfo de nsiyɛ yɛɛ ɔman agyiraehyɛde, nnwom, anansesɛm, frankaa ne asɛm a wɔka na wogye toom kɛse. Wɔgyee Union Jack toom wɔ afe 1801 mu sɛ ɔman no deɛ.[39] Thomas Arne na ɔhyehyɛɛ ɔman ho dɔ dwom &quot;Rule, Britannia!&quot; wɔ afe 1740 mu,[40] na mfoniniyɛfo John Arbuthnot yɛɛ John Bull suban sɛ Engiresifo ɔman honhom no nipasu wɔ afe 1712 mu.[41]

Amammuo mu basabasayɛ a ɛbaa afeha a ɛto so 18 awiei a ɛbaa Amerika ne Franse ɔman anidan ahorow ho no maa ɔman ho dɔ ɔmampɛ a ɛtrɛwee no yɛɛ kɛse.[42][43] Napoleon Bonaparte tumidi no maa ɔmampɛ sii hɔ bio bere a ɔtow hyɛɛ Europa fa kɛse no ara so no. Napoleon de hokwan yi dii dwuma de trɛw ɔman anidan adwene mu, na ɛde afeha a ɛto so 19 Europa Ɔmampɛ no fa kɛse no ara bae.[44]

Prussiani nhomanimfo Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) na ɔde asɛmfua no sii hɔ wɔ afe 1772 mu wɔ ne &quot;Treatise on the Origin of Language&quot; a osii dwuma a kasa a wɔtaa ka di so dua no mu.[45][46] Ɔde ɔman ho dɔ ne ɔman ho dɔ ho adwene ahorow no ho hia soronko – &quot;nea wahwere ne ɔman ho dɔ honhom no ahwere ne ho ne wiase nyinaa a ɛfa ne ho&quot;, bere a ɔkyerɛkyerɛ sɛ &quot;wɔ ntease pɔtee bi mu no, onipa pɛyɛ biara yɛ ɔman&quot;.[47]

Nhomanimfo binom ka sɛ ɔmampɛ ahorow a ɛsono emu biara bae ansa na afeha a ɛto so 18 reba. Amerikani nyansapɛfo ne abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Hans Kohn kyerɛwee wɔ 1944 mu sɛ ɔmampɛ bae wɔ afeha a ɛto so 17 mu.[48] Wɔ Britons, Forging the Nation 1707–1837 (Yale University Press, 1992) mu no, Linda Colley hwehwɛ sɛnea ɔmampɛ dwumadie no puei bɛyɛ afe 1700 na ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Britain a ɛduruu ne nyinaa mu wɔ 1830 mfeɛ no mu. Bere a Britania ɔkyerɛwfo a wagye din H.G. Wells rekyerɛw Wiase Ko I akyi bere tiaa bi no, ɔhwehwɛɛ Europa ɔmampɛ mfiase kosii Ɔsesɛw no akyi, bere a ɛhyɛɛ abrabɔ pa a ɛda hɔ a Kristofo gyidi a ɛrekɔ fam no gyaw hɔ no ma no:

[A]s adwene a ɛne sɛ Kristosom yɛ wiase onuayɛ a nnipa wɔ no memee wɔ animtiaabu mu esiane sɛ ɛne asɔfodi ne Pope Dibea wɔ ɔfa biako ne mmapɔmma tumidi a ɛyɛ hu wɔ ɔfa foforo nti, na gyidi bere no twaam kɔɔ yɛn mprempren yi mu mfe a adwenem naayɛ ne gyidi a wonni nti, mmarima danee wɔn asetra ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu fii Onyankopɔn ahenni ne adesamma onuayɛ so kɔɔ saa nokwasɛm ahorow a ɛda adi sɛ ɛte ase kɛse yi so, France ne England, Russia Kronkron, Spain, Prussia.... **** Wɔ afeha a ɛto so dumiɛnsa ne dunan mu no na Europafo dodoɔ no ara yɛ nyamesomfo na na wɔwɔ ɔman ho dɔ a emu nna hɔ nkutoo; ebeduu nea ɛto so dunkron no na abɛyɛ ɔman ho dɔ koraa.[49]

Sɛ wɔfa primordialist adwene so bɛn no a, nhwɛsoɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔrehu amannɔne asraafoɔ kuo bi a wɔaboaboa wɔn ano wɔ ɔman no ahyeɛ so no betumi ahyɛ ɔman kuw bi mufoɔ abufuo ma wɔayɛ biako na wɔaboaboa wɔn ho ano de ayɛ mmuaeɛ. Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ɛbɛn hɔ a ankorankoro hu tebea horow a ɛnyɛ ntɛm ara anaa nea wɔayɛ ho mfonini wɔ wɔn adwene mu a wɔde ka tebea horow a ɛba ntɛm ara a ɛma ankorankoro hyia tebea a ɛtaa ba a ɛfa nneɛma a ɛfa wɔn adwene ne nea wɔde wɔn adwene si so nyinaa a ɛka wɔn gyinaesi ahorow ho.[161] Sɛnea nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ɛbɛn saa no ma nkurɔfo gyina tebea horow a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw ne tebea horow a wɔhwɛ kwan so sisi gyinae.[161]

Akasatiafo ka sɛ ɛnyɛ abakɔsɛm mu adanse so na mfitiase nhwɛso ahorow a ɛde ne ho to adannandi adwene so no nnyina abakɔsɛm mu adanse so na mmom nsusuwii ahorow a ɛfa nsakrae a wonhui wɔ mfe mpempem pii mu ho na wosusuw sɛ nnipa dodow a wɔte beae pɔtee bi no awosu mu nneɛma a ɛyɛ pintinn na wontumi nni nsɛm a esisi a ɛyɛ abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm biara a wonim no ho dwuma kwan. Robert Hislope gye akyinnye sɛ:

[T]he articulation of cultural evolutionary theory gyina hɔ ma nsusuwii mu nkɔso wɔ sociobiology so, nanso ne nkyerɛkyerɛmu akatua no da so ara yɛ kakraa bi esiane dwuma a nea ɛba ntɛm di wɔ nnipa nsɛm mu ne hia a nea ɛnyɛ adannandi, a ɛbɛn ade a ɛde ba no kyerɛ nti. Bere a akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ adannandi nkyerɛkyerɛ ma abɔde a nkwa wom nyinaa nkɔso mu da hɔ no, ɛbɛyɛ te sɛ nea ɛyɛ adwuma yiye wɔ nhwehwɛmu akɛse, nkyerɛkyerɛmu mmeae a &quot;akyirikyiri&quot;, ne bere tenten adwene mu. Enti, ɛyɛ nea ɛbɛda sintɔ ahorow adi wɔ micro-level events a ɛyɛ nea egyina so kɛse wɔ abɔde mu.[162]

Wɔ 1920 mu no, Engiresini abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo G. P. Gooch kae sɛ “[bere a ɔman ho dɔ akyɛ te sɛ nnipa fekubɔ na ɛde nkakrankakra atrɛw ne fa no mu afi abusuakuw ne abusuakuw no mu akɔ kurow no ne ɔman no mu no, ɔmampɛ sɛ nnyinasosɛm a ɛyɛ adwuma ne gyidi a wɔka no pefee nkutoo na ɛmaa ne.” a ɛda adi wɔ nnɛyi wiase no mu adwene mu akwan a ɛyɛ den kɛse no mu.&quot;[163]

Marxfoc Nkyerɛaseɛ ahodoɔ

Wɔ The Communist Manifesto mu no, Karl Marx ne Friedrich Engels kae sɛ &quot;mmarima a wɔyɛ adwuma no nni ɔman biara&quot;.[164] Vladimir Lenin foaa adwene a ɛne sɛ obiara besi ne ho gyinae no akyi.[165] Joseph Stalin nhoma Marxism and the National Question (1913) pae mu ka sɛ &quot;ɔman nyɛ abusuakuw anaa abusuakuw, na mmom ɛyɛ nnipa a wɔahyehyɛ wɔn wɔ abakɔsɛm mu;&quot; &quot;ɔman nyɛ akuw a wɔyɛ no kwa anaasɛ bere tiaa mu de, na mmom nnipa kuw a wɔyɛ den&quot;; &quot;wɔhyehyɛ ɔman bi esiane nkitahodi a ɛware na ɛyɛ nhyehyɛe nkutoo nti, esiane nnipa a wɔbom tra awo ntoatoaso akyi awo ntoatoaso&quot;; na, ne nyinaa mu no: &quot;ɔman yɛ nnipa kuw a wɔahyehyɛ wɔn wɔ abakɔsɛm mu, a wogyina pintinn, a egyina kasa koro, asasesin, sikasɛm asetra, ne adwene mu nhyehyɛe a ɛda adi wɔ amammerɛ biako mu so hyehyɛe.&quot;[166]

Nneɛma ahorow

Hwɛ nso: Ɔmampɛ ahorow

Abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo, asetra ho animdefo ne nnipa ho animdefo agye ɔmampɛ ahorow ho akyinnye fi anyɛ yiye koraa no 1930 mfe no mu.[167] Mpɛn pii no, ɔkwan a wɔtaa fa so kyekyɛ ɔmampɛ mu ne sɛ wɔbɛka akuw ahorow ho asɛm sɛ wɔwɔ &quot;ɔmanfo&quot; anaa &quot;abusuakuw&quot; ɔmampɛ su ahorow. Saa nsonsonoe yi gyee din wɔ 1950 mfe no mu denam Hans Kohn a ɔkaa &quot;ɔmanfo&quot; ɔmampɛ ho asɛm sɛ &quot;Atɔe Fam&quot; na ɛyɛ demokrase kɛse bere a ɔkyerɛɛ &quot;abusuakuw&quot; ɔmampɛ sɛ &quot;Apuei&quot; ne nea enni demokrase. Efi 1980 mfe no mu no, ɔmampɛ ho abenfo akyerɛ sintɔ ahorow pii wɔ saa mpaapaemu a ɛyɛ katee yi mu na wɔahyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔmfa nkyekyɛmu pɔtee bi ne ahorow pii nkɔ.[169][170]

Nea wɔko tia atubrafo

Ɔmampɛ a ɛko tia atubrafoɔ yɛ adwene mu nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛdii, ɛkaa ho na ɛdii akyire wɔ atubrafoɔ a wɔfiri atubrafoɔ mu wɔ 1900 mfeɛ no mfimfini. Benedict Anderson kyerɛɛ ɔman ase sɛ ɔmanfoɔ a wɔakyekyere wɔn wɔ asetena mu a ankorankoro a wɔyɛ wɔn ho sɛ wɔyɛ saa kuw yi fa na wɔbom bɔ.[12][15] Ɔtwe adwene si Wiase Foforo no so sɛ beae a mfiase no wosusuwii sɛ ɔmampɛ sɛ adwene, a wɔde n’adwene a ɛfa abakɔsɛm mu nipasu a ɛnam nkyerɛase so pow atubrafo nniso ho no so. Wɔyɛɛ ɔmampɛ ho adwene yi ho nhwɛso denam atubrafo atubra aman a wɔsakraa no ma ɛbɛyɛɛ aman no so, bere a ɔmampɛ a wɔsɔre tia atubrafo no yɛ nea wɔyɛe wɔ atubrafo tumi ahorow a wɔyɛe wɔ 1900 mfe no mu no ho nhwɛso.

Ɔmampɛfo a wɔboaboaa wɔn ano wɔ Fransefo atubrafo Afrika ne Britania atubrafo India no nyaa nkɔso &quot;bere a atubrafo nniso ahorow powee sɛ wɔde hokwan ahorow bɛma wɔn atubrafo a wɔresua nhoma yiye kɛse no&quot;, a wɔhyehyɛɛ aborɔfo atitiriw na wɔfaa ɔkwan pa so na wɔfaa ɔmampɛ akwan horow so na wɔsakraa no. Ɔman foforo betumi atwa mmusuakuw anaa kasa mu mpaapaemu a na ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw no.[12] Ankorankoro a na wɔwɔ nnipa a wɔbom yɛ adwuma na wɔyɛɛ kurom a wonni abɔnten nniso ho mfonini wɔ wɔn adwenem na wodii atubrafo ahofadi akuw a wɔsɔre tiae wɔ Afrika ne Asia wɔ 1900 mfe no mu no anim. Anderson kyerɛ sɛ mmusua mu nyiyim a wɔtaa nya esiane atubrafo nniso nti na wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ ɔmampɛ no fi adesuakuw ho nsusuwii ahorow mmom.[147]

Gellner nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛfa ɔmampɛ ho no kyerɛ sɛ ɔmampɛ yɛ adwuma de ka amammerɛ anaa abusuakuw biako bom wɔ ɔman biako mu, na ɛno ma saa ɔman no di yiye. Wɔ Gellner fam no, ɔmampɛ yɛ mmusuakuw, na ɛsɛ sɛ ɔman no amammui akuw ahorow da mmusuakuw dodow no ara adi wɔ ɔman no mu. Saa ɔmampɛ ho nkyerɛase yi nso boa ma ɔmampɛ a ɛko tia atubrafo, sɛ obi susuw sɛ akuw a wɔsɔre tia atubrafo yɛ akuw a mmusuakuw pɔtee biako na wɔko tia kuw bi a edi tumi a ɛwɔ akyi a.[173] Edward Said nso huu ɔmampɛ sɛ mmusuakuw, anyɛ yiye koraa no ne fa bi, na ɔkyerɛe sɛ ɔmampɛ ho asɛm taa ne mmusua mu nyiyim kɔ so, sɛnea mpɔtam hɔfo kyerɛkyerɛ wɔn ho mu wɔ ɔfoforo no ho no.[174]

Ɔmampɛ a ɛko tia atubrafo no nyɛ nea ɛkɔ so daa na ɔmampɛ ahorow a egyina beae so na ɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu. Wɔ kuw a wɔsɔre tia atubrafo a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ India asasepɔn no so no, Mahatma Gandhi ne n’ayɔnkofo a wɔwɔ India ahofadi kuw no mu no gyee ɔmampɛ a wɔabom ayɛ ho akyinnye, a na wonnye nni sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde ne nyamesom nipasu kyerɛkyerɛ India man a ɛde ne ho mu ] . Ɛmfa ho ɔsɔretia kɛse no, wɔkyekyɛɛ India asasepɔn no mu yɛɛ no aman abien wɔ 1947 mu: Pakistan a Nkramofo dodow no ara te mu ne India Dominion a Hindufo dodow no ara te mu.[177]

Esiane sɛ atubrafo de ɔman ne aman ntam kwan a ɛfa mmusuakuw, nyamesom, kasa ne abakɔsɛm mu ahye afoforo so nti, ɔmampɛ a ɛko tia atubrafo no ne asase wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse kan. Ahofadi akyi, titiriw wɔ aman a nnipa gu ahorow titiriw a wɔwɔ abakɔsɛm mu nitan mu no, ahofadi akuw nketewa a ɛtoatoa so aba a wɔn nso kyerɛkyerɛ mu denam atubrafo a wɔsɔre tia so.

Nyansapɛfo ne nhomanimfo Achille Mbembe ka sɛ atubrafo akyi yɛ asɛmfua a ɛbɔ abira, efisɛ atubrafo wɔ hɔ bere nyinaa.[178] Wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ saa adwene mu adeyɛ yi mu no hwɛ atubrafo akyi kwan no ho mfonini ɛmfa ho sɛ ɛyɛ wiase no nhyehyɛe a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu no. Eyi te saa wɔ atubrafo a wɔsɔre tia no nso ho. Ɔmampɛ a ɛko tia atubrafo sɛ nyansahu nhyehyɛe no kɔɔ so kosii afeha a ɛto so 20 awiei bere a wɔsɔre tia akuw a ɛwɔ Soviet satellite aman mu no mu na ɛkɔ so wɔ ahofadi akuw a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Arab wiase no mu wɔ afeha a ɛto so 21 yi mu no mu.

Ɔmanfo ne ahofadi

Asɛm titiriw: Ɔmanfo ɔmampɛ

Ɔmanfoɔ ɔmampɛ kyerɛkyerɛ ɔman mu sɛ nnipa a wɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ɔman no muni, a wɔwɔ amammui mu hokwan a ɛyɛ pɛ na wɔkyɛ, ne nokwaredi ma amammuisɛm mu akwan a ɛte saa ara. Sɛnea ɔmanfo ɔmampɛ nnyinasosɛm ahorow kyerɛ no, ɔman no nnyina mmusuakuw a wofi mu biako so, na mmom ɛyɛ amammui kuw a ne nipasu titiriw nyɛ mmusuakuw. Saa ɔmanfo adwene a ɛfa ɔmampɛ ho yi yɛ nhwɛso wɔ Ernest Renan mu wɔ ne kasa a ɔmae wɔ 1882 mu &quot;Dɛn ne Ɔman?&quot;, faako a ɔkyerɛɛ ɔman no ase sɛ &quot;da biara da ɔmanfo a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔpaw wɔn&quot; (a wɔtaa kyerɛ ase sɛ &quot;da biara da ɔmanfo a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔpaw wɔn&quot;) a egyina ne nkurɔfo apɛde so sɛ kɔ so tra faako a wɔbom tra.[179]

Mpɛn pii no, wɔde ɔmanfo ɔmampɛ bata ɔmampɛ a ɛma ahofadi ho, ɛwom sɛ ɛsono abien no de, na ɛnyɛ bere nyinaa na na ɛne ne ho hyia de. Ɔkwan biako so no, kosii afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei ne afeha a ɛto so 20 mfiase no, na wɔn a wɔbata akuw a wɔsɔre tia Nimdeɛ Te sɛ Franse Mmarahyɛ Bagua anaa Spain Carlism akyi no taa pow ɔman biakoyɛ a ɛma ahofadi, ɔman biakoyɛ no, nanso na ɛnyɛ ɔman a efi mmusuakuw mu na wɔde wɔn ho to so na mmom ahemman a ɛnyɛ ɔman de ne ɔmantam feudal hokwan ahorow. Ahɔho tan akuw ahorow a ɛwɔ Europa Atɔe Fam aman a wɔde asi hɔ akyɛ mu no taa fa ‘ɔmanfo ɔman’ kwan so ampa, na wɔpow tumi a kuw bi a wɔde ama no betumi de wɔn ho ahyɛ ɔman no mu esiane sɛ ɛyɛ ɔman bi a ɛtwam ahye mufo nti (Irish Katolekfo wɔ Britain, Ashkenazi Yudafo a wɔwɔ France) . . Ɔkwan foforo so no, bere a na wɔtaa de aman nketewa mu mpaapaemu akuw bata mmusuakuw mu ɔmampɛ ho no, na eyi nyɛ saa bere nyinaa, na na ɔmampɛfo te sɛ Corsican Republic, United Irishmen, Breton Federalist League anaa Catalan Republican Party betumi aka ɔmanfo-ɔman a wɔyɛ biako no a wɔpow no bom ɔman a ɛwɔ gyidi a ɛwɔ amansan nyinaa mu ahofadi mu.

Ɔmampɛ a ɛma ahofadi yɛ ɔmampɛ a ɛnyɛ ahɔho ho tan a wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛne ahofadi gyinapɛn ahorow a ɛfa ahofadi, abodwokyɛre, pɛyɛ, ne ankorankoro hokwan ahorow hyia.[180][181][182] Wɔtaa susuw sɛ Ernest Renan[183] ne John Stuart Mill[184] yɛ ɔmampɛfo a wodii kan gyee ahofadi. Ɔmampɛfoɔ a wɔpɛ ahofadi taa bɔ ɔman nipasu boɔ ho ban denam ka a wɔka sɛ ankorankoro hia ɔman nipasu na wɔatumi atra ase a nteaseɛ wom, a ɛwɔ ahofadie,[185][186] na ahofadi demokrase amammuisɛm hia ɔman nipasu na ama ayɛ adwuma yie.

Ɔmanfo ɔmampɛ da atetesɛm a ɛne ntease ne ahofadi ho adwene mu, nanso sɛ́ ɔmampɛ bi no, wɔtaa de toto mmusuakuw mu ɔmampɛ ho. Wɔde ɔmanfo ɔmampɛ ne aman a wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ mu akyɛ a na wɔn ahemman sodifo de nkakrankakra anya nsasesin ahorow pii a ɛsono emu biara, a nsakrae kakraa bi na ɛbae wɔ ahye so, nanso na abakɔsɛm mu nnipa a wofi kasa ne/anaasɛ bɔneka mu nsɛm pii wom no wɔ abusuabɔ. Esiane sɛ ebia ankorankoro a ɔte ɔman no asasesin no afa horow no nni adwene koro a ɛda adi pefee nti, ɔmanfo ɔmampɛ nyaa nkɔso sɛ ɔkwan a sodifo bɛfa so akyerɛkyerɛ nnɛyi ntease a enti a ɛsono emu biara a ɛte saa mu na wɔde atirimpɔw biako ama (Ernest Renan nkyerɛkyerɛmu a ɛyɛ nwonwa wɔ What is a Nation mu ?(1882) sɛ fekubɔ a wofi wɔn pɛ mu yɛ de yɛ adwuma biako). Renan kae sɛ nneɛma te sɛ mmusuakuw, kasa, nyamesom, sikasɛm, asase ho nsɛm, ahemman a edi tumi ne abakɔsɛm mu asraafo nneyɛe ho hia nanso ɛnnɔɔso. Na honhom mu ɔkra a ɛma kwan sɛ &quot;da biara da referendum&quot; wɔ nkurɔfo no mu no ho hia.[189] Ɔmanfoɔ-ɔman adwene nyaa ananmusifoɔ demokrase nkɔsoɔ so nkɛntɛnsoɔ wɔ aman a mmusuakuo ahodoɔ te sɛ United States ne France, ne afei nso wɔ amansan mmara mu ahemman te sɛ Great Britain, Belgium ne Spain.[62]

Creole kasa mu

Asɛm titiriw: Creole ɔmampɛ

Creole ɔmampɛ ne adwene a epuei wɔ ahofadi akuw ahorow mu wɔ creolefo (atubrafo asefo) mu, titiriw wɔ Latin Amerika wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 mfiase mu hɔ. Wɔmaa ɛyɛɛ mmerɛw bere a Franse Ɔhempɔn Napoleon gyee Spain ne Portugal so tumi, na ɔpaapaee tumidi nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn a efi Spain ne Portugal ahemfo so kosii mpɔtam hɔ amrado ahorow so no. Wɔpoo nokwaredi a wɔde bɛma Napoleon aman no, na na creolefo no hwehwɛɛ ahofadi kɛse. Wɔnyaa no wɔ ɔmanko akyi 1808–1826.[190]

Mmusuakuw

Hwɛ nso: Mmusuakuw mu ɔmampɛ

Mmusuakuw mu ɔmampɛ, a wɔsan frɛ no ethno-nationalism, yɛ ɔmampɛ bi a wɔkyerɛkyerɛ &quot;ɔman&quot; mu wɔ mmusuakuw mu.[191] Mmusuakuw mu ɔmampɛfo asɛmti titiriw ne sɛ &quot;wɔde agyapade a wɔkyɛ na ɛkyerɛkyerɛ aman mu, a mpɛn pii no ɛka kasa biako, gyidi biako, ne mmusuakuw biako nananom ho&quot;.[192] Ɛsan nso ka amammerɛ bi a kuw no mufo kyɛ ho adwene, ne wɔn nananom ho. Ɛyɛ soronko wɔ amammerɛ mu nkyerɛase ara kwa a wɔde ma wɔ &quot;ɔman no&quot; ho, a ɛma nkurɔfo kwan ma wɔyɛ ɔman bi mufo denam amammerɛ a wɔde bɛka wɔn ho so; na efi kasa mu nkyerɛase ara kwa mu, a sɛnea ɛte no, &quot;ɔman&quot; no yɛ wɔn a wɔka kasa pɔtee bi nyinaa.

Bere a ɔmampɛ ankasa nkyerɛ gyidi a ɛne sɛ mmusuakuw anaa ɔman bi korɔn sen afoforo no, ɔmampɛfo binom gyina mmusuakuw a wodi wɔn so anaasɛ ahobammɔ ho adwene akyi.

Animguase a ɛbae sɛ wɔyɛ ɔman ba a ɔto so abien no maa ɔmantam kakraa bi a wɔwɔ aman a mmusuakuw pii wom te sɛ Great Britain, Spain, France, Germany, Russia ne Ottoman Ahemman no mu no kyerɛkyerɛɛ ɔmampɛ mu wɔ nokwaredi a wodi ma wɔn amammerɛ a ɛyɛ kakraa bi no mu, titiriw kasa ne nyamesom. Na wɔhyɛ obi ma ɔde ne ho hyɛ mu no yɛ nnome.[193]

Wɔ amammerɛ kuw a na wodi amammui mu tumi no fam no, na ɛho hia sɛ wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu na ama wɔatumi atew nokwaredi a wonni ne ɔman anidan so ma enti ɛbɛyɛɛ ɔmampɛ no fa titiriw. Ade a ɛto so abien a ɛmaa kuw a na wodi amammui mu tumi no ne akansi a wɔne aman a ɛbemmɛn wɔn no nyae —na ɔmampɛ fa akansi ho, titiriw wɔ sraadi mu ahoɔden ne sikasɛm mu ahoɔden mu.[194]

Sikasɛm

Hwɛ nso: Sikasɛm mu ɔmampɛ

Sikasɛm mu ɔmampɛ, anaa sikasɛm mu ɔman ho dɔ yɛ adwene a ɛpɛ ɔman de ne ho hyɛ sikasɛm mu, a nhyehyɛe ahorow a esi ɔman no mu tumi a wɔde di sikasɛm, adwumayɛfo, ne kapital a wɔhyehyɛ so dua, sɛ eyi hwehwɛ mpo sɛ wɔde tow ne anohyeto afoforo to adwumayɛfo a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu so a , nneɛma ne kapital.[195]

Bɔbeasu ne ntini mu ahoɔden

Asɛm titiriw: Ɔmampɛ ne ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna

Mmea ho ɔkasatia kyerɛ ɔmampɛ ase sɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so ma nna mu tumidi ne nhyɛso fata na wɔma ɛyɛ mmara kwan so de, a mpɛn pii no mmarima tumi bi a ɛwɔ tumi kɛse na ɛyɛ. Ɛnyɛ sɛ ɔmampɛ a wɔde kyerɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna denam adwene a wɔakyekye wɔ asetra mu a ɛfa ɔbarima ne ɔbea ho no na ɛkyerɛ sɛnea mmarima ne mmea kyɛfa a wobenya wɔ saa ɔman no kyekye mu no bɛyɛ nko, na mmom sɛnea ɔmampɛfo bɛyɛ ɔman no ho mfonini wɔ wɔn adwene mu nso. Wobu ɔman a ɛwɔ n’ankasa nipasu sɛ ɛho hia, na mpɛn pii no wontumi nkwati, na wɔde saa nipasu ahorow yi gyina ɔbarima ne ɔbea ntam.[197] Wɔtaa de honam fam asase no ankasa yɛ ɔbea (i.e. &quot;Ɛna Man&quot;), a nipadua bi wɔ asiane mu bere nyinaa sɛ amannɔne mmarima bɛto so, bere a wɔde ɔman ahantan ne &quot;ne&quot; ahye ho banbɔ yɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea. Abakɔsɛm, amammui adwene, ne nyamesom ahorow de aman dodow no ara to ɔmampɛ a ɛwɔ ntini mu a ɛkɔ so so.[197] Ntini mu ɔmampɛ fa ɔman bi nipasu ho adwene sɛ efi ntini anaa mmarima su ahorow a ɛyɛ soronko wɔ ɔman pɔtee bi mu.[197] Sɛ wɔte ɔmampɛ ne ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho nkyerɛase ahorow ase sɛ wɔde asetra ne amammerɛ mu a, wobetumi de abien no abom denam &quot;yɛn&quot; ne &quot;wɔn&quot; ntam nsonsonoe a wɔbɛfrɛ no so a atirimpɔw no ne sɛ wɔbɛyi nea wɔfrɛ no &quot;ɔfoforo,&quot; a wɔde di dwuma no afi mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛhyɛ ɔman no abusuabɔ a ɛka bom no mu den.[196] Tumi a wɔde ma ɔbarima ne ɔbea, ɔman anaa nna mu abusuabɔ taa ba wɔ ɔfoforo a wɔsɛe no na wɔmma wɔn tumi; saa kwan yi so no, wobetumi de ɔmampɛ adi dwuma sɛ adwinnade a wɔde bɛma tumi nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛyɛ heteronormative akɔ so atra hɔ.[199] Ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ ɔmampɛ a ɛwɔ tumi kɛse wɔ aman dodow no ara mu wɔ wiase no mu no anya nkɛntɛnso titiriw wɔ ɛnyɛ ankorankoro osuahu a ɔtraa ase nko so, na mmom amanaman ntam abusuabɔ nso.[200] Abakɔsɛm mu no, atubrafo ne ɔmampɛ a ɛwɔ ntini mu no abɔ mu kɛse, efi nhwehwɛmu a ɛde mmarimayɛ a wɔyɛ tumidi ne ahemman a wɔkyekye bata ho,[196] kosi nhyɛso a ɛda ntam a wɔde atubrafo mfonini ahorow a ɛfa &quot;ɔfoforo&quot; no bu no bem, adeyɛ a ɛho hia wɔ Atɔe Famfo nipasu a wɔhyehyɛ mu. Saa &quot;afoforo&quot; yi betumi aba wɔ apuei famfo kwan so, a ɛnam so ma Apuei famfo yɛ mmea na Atɔe Famfo de wɔn ho hyɛ nna mu. Apuei a wɔyɛ mmea, anaa &quot;afoforo&quot; a wɔyɛ ho mfonini wɔ wɔn adwene mu no wɔ hɔ a ɛne Atɔe Fam a wɔyɛ mmarima no bɔ abira.

Aman a wɔadi so nkonim no gyinabea betumi abɛyɛ nea ɛde ba ho asɛnnennen: wodii ɔman no so nkonim efisɛ na wɔyɛ mmea na wohuu wɔn sɛ mmea efisɛ wodii wɔn so nkonim. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobebu ɔman bi sɛ &quot;ɛfata&quot; no, ɛsɛ sɛ ɛwɔ ɔbarima ne ɔbea su a ɛne mmarimayɛ, a ɛne mmea su a ɛyɛ stereotypically a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ wɔn ho ase na wɔde wɔn ho to wɔn so no bɔ abira.[197] Mpɛn pii no, wontumi ntetew ɔmampɛ a ɛwɔ ntini mu no mfi ɔkofo adwene a ɛwɔ adwene koro wɔ aman pii mu no ho; wɔde mmarima adwene a ɛfa basabasayɛ, ɔpɛ a wɔwɔ sɛ wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ ɔko mu, gyinaesi, ne ntini mu ahoɔden so na ɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu, a ɛne mmea adwene a ɛne asomdwoe, mmerɛwyɛ, basabasayɛ a wɔnyɛ, ne ayamhyehye bɔ abira. Wɔasusuw sɛ saa ɔkofo mfonini a wɔayɛ no ɔbarima yi yɛ &quot;abakɔsɛm ne asetra mu nsɛm a ɛfa ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ho a ɛtoatoa so&quot; a wɔadi agoru wɔ ɔman ne amanaman ntam tebea mu no awiei.[196] Adwene a ɛfa amammerɛ mu abien ho —a ɛfa ɔbarima a ɔyɛ ɔko ne ɔbea a ne ho tew ho —a ɛda adi wɔ ɔmampɛ a ɛwɔ ntini mu no, si ɔman nipasu a ɛwɔ tumi kɛse no su a ɛyɛ mmusuakuw, kuw, ɔbarima ne ɔbea, ne heteronormative su so dua.

Aman ne mmarima ne mmaa nhyehyeɛ yɛ adansiɛ a ɛboa wɔn ho wɔn ho: ɔman no di mmarima adwene a ɛfa yɔnko ne onuayɛ ho no ho dwuma.[202] Wɔaka mmarimayɛ ho asɛm sɛ ade titiriw a ɛde amammui mu akodi ba.[202] Ade a ɛtaa ba ɔman ahokyere mu ne nsakrae kɛse a ɛba wɔ akwan a asetra mu gye tom a wɔfa so yɛ ɔbarima no mu,[203] a afei ɛboa ma wɔhyehyɛ adwene a ɛfa ɔbarima ne ɔbea ho wɔ ɔman no nyinaa ho.

Integral, pan ne irredentism

Nsɛm atitiriw: Ɔmampɛ a edi mũ, Irredentism, ne Pan-nationalism

Ɔmampɛ ahodoɔ bi wɔ hɔ a Risorgimento ɔmampɛ ne Integral ɔmampɛ ka ho.[204][205] Bere a risorgimento ɔmampɛ fa ɔman a ɛrehwehwɛ sɛ ɛde ɔman a ɛma ahofadi besi hɔ ho (sɛ nhwɛso no, Risorgimento a ɛwɔ Italy ne akuw a ɛte saa ara a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Greece, Germany, Poland wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 mu anaasɛ ɔmanfo Amerika ɔmampɛ) ho no, ɔmampɛ a ɛyɛ den fi mu ba bere a ɔman bi anya ahofadi akyi na de ɔman bi asi hɔ. Sɛnea Alter ne Brown kyerɛ no, na Fasist Italy ne Nasi Germany yɛ ɔmampɛ a ɛho hia ho nhwɛso.

Su ahorow a ɛda ɔmampɛ a ɛho hia adi no bi ne ankorankoro a wɔsɔre tia, ɔman ho adwemmɔne, kateeyɛ a emu yɛ den, ne asraafo a wɔyɛ basabasa a wɔtrɛw mu. Asɛmfua Integral Nationalism taa ne fasist nniso di nsɛ, ɛwom sɛ abɔde mu nneɛma pii a wɔn adwene nhyia wɔ hɔ de. Ɔmampɛ a edi mũ sɔre wɔ aman a asraafo su a emu yɛ den agye ntini denam ahofadi ho apereperedi no so, bere a, sɛ wonya ahofadi pɛ a, wogye di sɛ asraafo a wɔyɛ den ho hia na ama ɔman foforo no anya ahobammɔ ne nea ebetumi ayɛ adwuma no. Afei nso, ahofadi ho apereperedi a ɛte saa a edi mu no ma wɔte nka sɛ ɔman korɔn a ebetumi ama wɔanya ɔmampɛ a ɛtra so.

Pan-nationalism yɛ soronko efisɛ ɛfa beae kɛse bi ho. Pan-nationalism twe adwene si mmusuakuw &quot;akuw&quot; so kɛse. Pan-Slavism yɛ Pan-nationalism ho nhwɛso biako. Botae no ne sɛ wɔbɛka Slavfo nyinaa abom ayɛ wɔn ɔman biako. Wodii nkonim ampa denam anafo fam Slavfo pii a wɔkaa wɔn boom baa Yugoslavia wɔ 1918 mu no so.[206]

Benkum fam ntaban

Asɛm titiriw: Benkum fam ɔmampɛ

Benkum fam ɔmampɛ, a ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔfrɛ no sohyialist ɔmampɛ, a ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔde frafra German fasist &quot;Ɔman Sohyialism&quot;,[207] yɛ amammui kuw a ɛka benkum fam amammuisɛm ne ɔmampɛ bom.

Ɔmampɛ akuw pii de wɔn ho ama ɔman ahofadi, wɔ adwene a ɛne sɛ aman afoforo retaa wɔn aman ma enti ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde wɔn ho si wɔn ho so denam ahofadi a wobegye afi ɔtaafo a wɔabɔ wɔn sobo no nsam no so. Marxism a ɛko tia nsakrae–Leninism ne saa adwene yi wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse, na nhwɛso ahorow a mfaso wɔ so bi ne Stalin mfitiase adwuma Marxism ne Ɔman Asɛmmisa ne ne sohyialism wɔ ɔman biako ahyɛde mu, a ɛpae mu ka sɛ wobetumi de ɔmampɛ adi dwuma wɔ amanaman ntam abusuabɔ mu, a wɔko ma ɔman ahofadi a enni hɔ mmusuakuw anaa nyamesom mu mpaapaemu.

Benkum fam ɔmampɛ ho nhwɛso afoforo ne Fidel Castro July 26th of July Kuw a ɛde Cuba Ɔman Anidan no sii hɔ wɔ 1959 mu, Cornwall Mebyon Kernow, Ireland Sinn Féin, Wales Plaid Cymru, Galicia Galicia Nationalist Bloc, Awami League wɔ Bangladesh, African National Congress wɔ 1959 mu South Africa ne akuw pii a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Europa Apuei fam.[208][209]

Ɔman-anarchism

Asɛm titiriw: Ɔman-anarchism

Wɔn a wodii kan gyinaa ɔman-anarchism akyi no bi ne Hans Cany, Peter Töpfer ne kan National Front ɔdeyɛfo Troy Southgate, a ɔhyehyɛɛ National Revolutionary Faction, ahyehyɛde a egyina Britania so fi bere a wɔtew a ɛde abusuabɔ bae wɔ benkum fam akyirikyiri ne nifa fam akuw bi mu wɔ United Kingdom ne aman a ɛwɔ Soviet akyi mu no, ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔde frafra ɔman-anarchism a ɛwɔ Black Ram Kuw no mu.[210][211][212] Wɔ United Kingdom no, ɔman-anarchistfo ne Albion Awake, Alternative Green (a kan Green Anarchist samufo Richard Hunt tintimii) ne Jonathan Boulter yɛɛ adwuma de yɛɛ Anarchist Heretics Fair.[211] Saa ɔman-anarchistfoɔ no fa wɔn nkɛntɛnsoɔ titire fi Mikhail Bakunin, William Godwin, Peter Kropotkin, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Max Stirner ne Leo Tolstoy hɔ.[210]

Gyinabea bi a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Europa wɔ 1990 mfeɛ no mu no, ɔman-anarchist akuo ahunu sɛ ɛresɔre wɔ wiase nyinaa, a ɛda nsow kɛseɛ wɔ Australia (New Right Australia/New Zealand), Germany (International National Anarchism) ne United States (BANA).[211][212 ] . Wɔaka ɔman-anarchism ho asɛm sɛ nifa fam[213][214][215] ɔmampɛ adwene a ɛyɛ katee a ɛkamfo mmusuakuw mu mpaapaemu ne aborɔfo mmusuakuw mu ahotew kyerɛ.[210][211][212] Ɔman-anarchists kyerɛ sɛ wɔde neotribal mmusuakuw ɔmampɛ ne nyansapɛ anarchism bom, titiriw wɔ wɔn mmoa a wɔde ma ɔman a wonni ɔman bere a wɔpo anarchist asetra mu nyansapɛ.[210][211][212] Adwene mu foforo titiriw a ɛwɔ ɔman-anarchism mu ne ne anti-state palingenetic ultranationalism.[213] Ɔman-anarchistfo gyina mpɔtam a ɛyɛ pɛ akyi de si ɔman man ananmu. Ɔman-anarchists ka sɛ wɔn a wofi mmusuakuw anaa mmusuakuw ahorow mu no benya ahofadi sɛ wobenya nkɔso wɔ wɔn ankasa mmusuakuw akuw mu bere a wɔrebɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛyɛ amammui mu mfaso, sikasɛm mu a wɔnyɛ kapitalist, abɔde a nkwa wom a ɛbɛkɔ so atra hɔ na asetra ne amammerɛ mu atetesɛm.

Ɛwom sɛ asɛmfua ɔman-anarchism no fi 1920 mfe no mu de, nanso nnɛyi ɔman-anarchist kuw no, Britania amammuisɛm ho ɔbenfo Troy Southgate na ɔde too gua fi 1990 mfe no awiei, na ɔde si hɔ sɛ &quot;ɛboro benkum ne nifa so Nhomanimfo kakraa bi a wɔasua ɔman-anarchism ho ade no de ba awiei sɛ egyina hɔ ma nkɔso foforo wɔ nifa famfo a wɔyɛ katee no adwene mu sen sɛ ɛbɛyɛ ade foforo koraa wɔ amammuisɛm mu.[213][214][215] Ɔman-anarchism yɛ nea anarchistfo bu no sɛ ɛyɛ totalitarian fascism a wɔsan de din foforo ne oxymoron esiane abirabɔ a ɛwɔ anarchist nyansapɛ a ɛko tia fascism, nhyehyɛe a ɛnteɛ a woyi fi hɔ, ɔman ahye a wobubu ne amansan nyinaa pɛyɛ a ɛda aman ahorow ntam sɛ ɛne adwene a ɛfa anarchism ne fascism ntam nkitahodi ho.[212]

Ɔman-anarchism ama adwenem naayɛ ne nitan a ɛda adi pefee afi benkum fam ne nifa fam akasatiafo nyinaa hɔ.[211][212] Akasatiafo, a nhomanimfo ka ho, bɔ ɔman-anarchistfo sobo sɛ wɔnyɛ hwee sɛ ɔmampɛfo aborɔfo a wɔhyɛ mmusuakuw ne mmusuakuw mu mpaapaemu kwan a ɛfa mpɔtam hɔfo ne mmusua mu nyiyim ho nkuran bere a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ akofofo chic a wɔbɛfrɛ wɔn ho anarchists a wonni abakɔsɛm ne nyansapɛ mu nneɛma a ɛka asɛm a ɛte saa ho, a nea ɛka ho no nyansapɛ a ɛko tia mmusua mu nyiyim a ɛyɛ pɛ a ɛyɛ anarchist ne ntoboa a Yudafo anarchistfo de mae.[211][212] Nhomanimfo binom gye akyinnye sɛ ɔman-anarchism a wɔde bedi dwuma no bɛma ahofadi atrɛw na wɔaka ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ tumidi a ɛko tia ɔman a ɛbɛma tumidi ne nhyɛso aba, wɔ ɔkwan ketewaa bi so.

Nativist

Hwɛ nso: Nativism (amammuisɛm) .

Nativist ɔmampɛ yɛ ɔmampɛ bi a ɛte sɛ creole anaa asasesin mu ɔmampɛ ahorow, nanso ɛkyerɛkyerɛ ɔman bi mufo a wɔwoo no wɔ n’asasesin mu nkutoo so. Wɔ aman a nativist ɔmampɛ a emu yɛ den wɔ hɔ mu no, wobu nnipa a wɔanwo wɔn wɔ ɔman no mu sɛ ɔman mma a wɔsua sen wɔn a wɔwoo wɔn wɔ hɔ no na sɛ wɔbɛyɛɛ abɔde mu de mpo a, wɔfrɛ wɔn atubrafo. Ɛyɛ amammerɛ efisɛ nkurɔfo renhu obi a wɔwoo no wɔ amannɔne sɛ wɔn mu biako da na ɛyɛ mmara kwan so de efisɛ wɔabara nnipa a wɔte saa nkwa nna nyinaa sɛ wɔnyɛ nnwuma bi, titiriw aban nnwuma. Wɔ nhomanimfo adesua mu no, nativism yɛ mfiridwuma mu asɛmfua a wɔtaa de di dwuma, ɛwom sɛ wɔn a wokura amammui adwene yi ntaa nnye din a wɔde frɛ wɔn no ntom de. &quot;[N]ativists . . . mmu wɔn ho sɛ nativists. Wɔn fam no ɛyɛ asɛmfua a enye na mmom wobu wɔn ho sɛ 'Patriots'.&quot;[217]

Abusuakuw mu nyiyim

Asɛm titiriw: Abusuakuw mu ɔmampɛ

Abusuakuw mu ɔmampɛ yɛ adwene a ɛkamfo mmusuakuw mu nkyerɛkyerɛmu a wɔde ma wɔ ɔman nipasu ho kyerɛ. Abusuakuw mu ɔmampɛ hwehwɛ sɛ ɛbɛkora abusuakuw bi a wɔde ama no so denam nhyehyɛe ahorow te sɛ mmusuakuw a wɔbɛfrafra ne mmusuakuw afoforo a wotu kɔtra mmeae foforo a wɔbɛbara so. N’adwene taa ne nea ɛfa mmusua mu nyiyim ne amammerɛ ahorow ho bɔ abira tẽẽ.[218][219] Nhwɛso pɔtee bi ne abibifo ɔmampɛ ne aborɔfo ɔmampɛ.

Nyamesom

Asɛm titiriw: Nyamesom mu ɔmampɛ

Nyamesom mu ɔmampɛ yɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda ɔmampɛ ne nyamesom mu gyidi, nkyerɛkyerɛ, anaa fekubɔ pɔtee bi ntam a wobetumi ahu sɛ nyamesom a wɔbom yɛ no boa ma wɔte ɔman biakoyɛ ho nka, abusuabɔ biako a ɛda ɔman no mufo ntam. Saudi Arabia, Iran, Egypt, Iraq, Amerika, India ne Pakistan-Islam ɔmampɛ (Aman Abien Nsusuwii) yɛ nhwɛso ahorow bi.

Asasesin mu nsɛm

Asɛm titiriw: Asasesin mu ɔmampɛ

Ɔmampɛfo binom yi akuw bi fi mu. Afei ɔmampɛfo binom, a wɔkyerɛkyerɛ ɔman no mufo mu wɔ mmusuakuw, kasa, amammerɛ, abakɔsɛm, anaa nyamesom mu (anaasɛ eyinom a wɔaka abom) mu no betumi ahwehwɛ sɛ wobebu nnipa kakraa bi binom sɛ wɔnyɛ ‘ɔmanfo’ no fa ankasa sɛnea wɔkyerɛkyerɛ mu no . Ɛtɔ da bi a, anansesɛm mu kurom ho hia kɛse ma ɔman no nipasu sen asasesin ankasa a ɔman no di so.[220]

Asasesin mu ɔmampɛfo fa no sɛ ɔman pɔtee bi mufo nyinaa de nokwaredi ka ma ɔman a wɔwoo wɔn anaa wɔfaa wɔn sɛ wɔn ba.[221] Wɔhwehwɛ su kronkron bi wɔ ɔman no mu ne nkae a agye din a ɛkanyan no mu. Asasesin mu ɔmampɛfo na wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɔman bayɛ yɛ nea ɛfata. Asasesin mu ɔmampɛ ho gyinapɛn ne sɛ wɔde nnipadɔm, ɔmanfo amammerɛ a egyina ɔmanfo gyinapɛn, mmara ne atetesɛm a wɔbom yɛ so besi hɔ.[222]

Agumadi

Asɛm titiriw: Ɔmampɛ ne agumadi

Agumadi mu ahwɛde te sɛ bɔɔlbɔ Wiase Kupɔn no hyɛ wiase nyinaa atiefo bere a aman reko sɛ wɔbɛkorɔn na akyidifo no de mmoa kɛse ma wɔn ɔman kuw no. Nkɔanim na nnipa de wɔn nokwaredi ne wɔn amammerɛ mu nipasu mpo akyekyere ɔman akuw ahorow.[223] Wiase nyinaa atiefoɔ a wɔnam television ne nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ foforɔ so de wɔn ho ahyɛ mu no ama wɔanya sika afiri aguadeɛ ho dawurubɔfoɔ ne wɔn a wɔkra no hɔ wɔ dɔla ɔpepepem pii, sɛdeɛ FIFA Aniwuosɛm a ɛbaa afe 2015 mu no daa no adi no.[224] Jeff Kingston hwɛ bɔɔlbɔ, Amanaman Nkabom Agumadi, baseball, kriket, ne Olimpik akansi no na ohu sɛ, “Tumi a agumadi wɔ sɛ ɛbɛhyew na ama ɔmampɛ akɔnnɔ ne adwemmɔne ayɛ kɛse no yɛ soronko te sɛ nea tumi a ɛwɔ sɛ ɛkyekye werɛ, ka bom, ma so na ɛma apɛde pa ba no.” .&quot;[225] Adeyɛ no da adi wɔ wiase fa kɛse no ara.[226][227][228] Britania Ahemman no sii agumadi so dua denneennen wɔ n’asraafo ne n’ananmusifo mu wɔ wiase nyinaa, na mpɛn pii no ɛhɔfo de anigye de wɔn ho hyɛ mu.[229] Ɛde akansi bi a ɛwɔ anuonyam kɛse sii hɔ wɔ afe 1930 mu, na wɔtoo din Britania Ahemman Agumadi fi 1930 kosi 1950, Britania Ahemman ne Amanaman Nkabom Agumadi fi 1954 kosi 1966, Britania Amanaman Nkabom Agumadi fi 1970 kosi 1974 ne efi saa bere no Amanaman Nkabom Agumadi.[230]

Franse Ahemman no anka Britaniafo akyi koraa wɔ agumadi a wɔde dii dwuma de hyɛɛ atubrafo biakoyɛ a wɔne France wɔ no mu den no mu. Atubrafo mpanyimfo hyɛɛ apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ, pon so agodie, ne asaw ho nkuran na wɔboaa wɔn na wɔboaa bɔɔlbɔ ma ɛtrɛw kɔɔ Franse atubra aman mu.[231]

Amansan nsanyareɛ

Harris Mylonas ne Ned Whalley boom hyehyɛɛ nsɛmma nhoma titiriw bi a ɛfa &quot;ɔyaredɔm ɔman ho dɔ&quot; a ɛhwehwɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda ɔmampɛ ne COVID-19 ɔyaredɔm ntam.[232] Bere a akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ɔmampɛ boa ma wodii ɔhaw ahorow a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ ɔman no ahye so wɔ ɔyaredɔm no mu no so nkonim no, asɛe no wɔ wiase nyinaa. Nhwɛso a emu da hɔ sen biara ne amanaman ntam ahyehyɛde ahorow a wɔantumi anhyehyɛ mmuae a ɛfata no. Sɛnea wɔkae no, &quot;Wɔ ɔyaredɔm no mu no, ɔmampɛ nnipa akontaabu adi nkonim. Wɔatrɛw biakoyɛ mu akɔ aman a wɔka wɔn ho wɔn ho mu nanso ɛnyɛ nea ɛreba kɛse nsen saa bere no. Aman nyinaa ayɛ ho biribi denam dan a wɔdan kɔ wɔn mu no so. Ɔhye a wɔato mu ayɛ ade titiriw wɔ.&quot; mmɔdenbɔ a wɔde brɛɛ nneɛma ase fi mfiase pɛɛ, ne lockdowns a wɔmaa ɛyɛɛ mmara kwan so de na wɔtaa de di dwuma denam ɔman ne ɔman ho dɔ ho nsɛm so.&quot;[233]

Ka tia

Hwɛ nso: Amanaman ntam nkitahodi (amammui) .

Wɔn a wɔkasa tia ɔmampɛ aka sɛ mpɛn pii no ɛnyɛ nea ɛda adi pefee wɔ nea ɛyɛ ɔman, anaasɛ sɛ ebia ɔman bi yɛ amammui nniso kuw a ɛfata. Ɔmampɛfoɔ ka sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ɔman ne ɔman hyeɛ ne wɔn ho wɔn ho hyia, enti ɔmampɛ taa sɔre tia amammerɛ ahodoɔ[234] ne mmusua mu nyiyim a wɔsɔre tia.[218][219] Ebetumi nso de ntawntawdi aba bere a aman akuw bɛboro biako hu sɛ wɔreka sɛ wɔwɔ hokwan wɔ asasesin pɔtee bi mu anaasɛ wɔrehwehwɛ sɛ wobedi ɔman no so no.[6]

Nyansapɛfo A. C. Grayling ka aman ho asɛm sɛ wɔyɛ nneɛma a wɔde nsa ayɛ, &quot;wɔn ahye a wɔde akodi a atwam mogya atwe&quot;. Ɔkyerɛ sɛ &quot;ɔman biara nni asase so a ɛnyɛ amammerɛ soronko bɛboro biako nanso ɛtaa tra faako. Amammerɛ agyapade ne ɔman nipasu nyɛ ade koro&quot;.[235]

N’akasatiafo bu ɔmampɛ sɛ efi awosu mu na ɛde mpaapaemu ba, efisɛ ebia akyidifo bɛtwe adwene asi nsonsonoe a wosusuw sɛ ɛwɔ nnipa ntam no so na wɔasi so dua, na wɔasi sɛnea ankorankoro bi ne n’ankasa man yɛ no so dua. Wɔsan nso bu adwene no sɛ ebetumi ayɛ nhyɛso, efisɛ ebetumi de ankorankoro nipasu ahyɛ ɔman mũ bi mu na ama nnipa atitiriw anaa amammui akannifo anya hokwan ahorow a wobetumi de adi dwuma anaasɛ wɔadi nnipadɔm no so.[236] Na ɔsɔretia a wodii kan de tiaa ɔmampɛ no mu dodow no ara fa ne asase so amammui adwene a ɛne sɛ ɔman biara benya ɔman a ɛda nsow no ho. Afeha a ɛto so 19 mu ɔmampɛ akuw a wɔtaa yɛ no pow mmusuakuw pii ahemman ahorow a ɛwɔ Europa ankasa, a ɛne ɔmampɛ ho ɔkasatia a ɛkɔɔ so bɛyɛɛ amanaman ntam nkitahodi ne ɔmampɛ ahorow pii bɔ abira. Nkramofo nkanyan a ɛbaa afeha a ɛto so 20 mu no nso de Nkramofo kasatia bi bae wɔ ɔman-man no ho. (hwɛ Pan-Islamism)[237] .

Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei no, Marxfo ne sohyialistfo ne komunisfo afoforo (te sɛ Rosa Luxemburg) yɛɛ amammui mu nhwehwɛmu ahorow a ɛkasa tiaa ɔmampɛ akuw a na ɛyɛ nnam saa bere no wɔ Europa Mfinimfini ne Apuei fam, ɛwom sɛ na nnɛyi sohyialistfo ne komunisfo afoforo ahorow ahorow fi Vladimir de Lenin (komunistni) kosi Józef Piłsudski (sohyialistni), na wɔwɔ tema kɛse ma ɔman no ankasa gyinaesi.[238]

Wɔ n’asɛmti a ɔkyerɛwee a ɛyɛ nwonwa a ɛfa asɛmti no ho mu no, George Orwell kyerɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda ɔmampɛ ne ɔman ho dɔ a ɔkyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ ahofama a wɔde ma beae pɔtee bi ntam. Nea ɛyɛ adwenem naayɛ kɛse no, ɔmampɛ yɛ &quot;tumi-kɔm a ɛnam ankasa nnaadaa so brɛ ase&quot;.[239] Wɔ Orwell fam no, ɛda adi sɛ nkate bɔne a ntease nnim na edi ɔmampɛfo so:

Ɔmampɛfo yɛ obi a osusuw akansi mu anuonyam nkutoo ho, anaasɛ titiriw. Ebia ɔyɛ ɔmampɛfo a ɔwɔ adwempa anaasɛ ɔnyɛ papa —kyerɛ sɛ, obetumi de n’adwene mu ahoɔden adi dwuma wɔ nkɔso anaasɛ animguase mu —nanso sɛnea ɛte biara no, n’adwene dan kɔ nkonimdi, nkogudi, nkonimdi ne animguase so bere nyinaa. Ohu abakɔsɛm, titiriw nnɛyi abakɔsɛm, bere a tumi akɛse akuw a ɛkɔ soro ne nea ɛkɔ fam a enni awiei ne adeyɛ biara a ɛba no te sɛ nea ɛkyerɛ sɛ n’ankasa afa wɔ nkɔso mu na akansifo bi a wɔtan no wɔ fam. Nanso awiei koraa no, ɛho hia sɛ yɛmfa ɔmampɛ ne nkonimdi som ara kwa. Ɔmampɛfo no nkɔ nnyinasosɛm a ɛne sɛ ɔne ɔfa a emu yɛ den sen biara no bɛbom ayɛ kuw kɛkɛ no so. Nea ɛne no bɔ abira no, esiane sɛ wapaw n’afa nti, ɔtwetwe ne ho sɛ ɛno ne nea emu yɛ den sen biara na otumi bata ne gyidi ho bere mpo a nokwasɛm ahorow no tia no kɛse no.[239]

Wɔ ahofadi amammui atetesɛm mu no, na adwene a ɛnteɛ a wɔwɔ wɔ ɔmampɛ sɛ tumi a asiane wom ne nea ɛde ntawntawdi ne ɔko ba aman-aman ntam no ho kɛse. Abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Lord Acton de asɛm no too hɔ sɛ &quot;ɔmampɛ sɛ agyimisɛm&quot; wɔ 1862. Ɔkyerɛe sɛ ɔmampɛ siw nnipa kakraa bi ano, ɛde ɔman to abrabɔ pa nnyinasosɛm so na ɛma ankorankoro bata ɔman no ho a asiane wom. Ɔsɔre tiaa demokrase na ɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛbɔ pope no ho ban afi Italiafo ɔmampɛ ho.[240] Efi afeha a ɛto so 20 awiei no, ahofadifo mu apaapae kɛse, na nyansapɛfo binom te sɛ Michael Walzer, Isaiah Berlin, Charles Taylor ne David Miller sii so dua sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ɔmanfo a wɔpɛ ahofadi gyina ɔman man a ɛyɛ den so.

Ɔmampɛ ho ɔkasatia a ɛyɛ asomdwoe no nso twe adwene si ɔmampɛ akuw bi basabasayɛ, asraafo a wɔde wɔn ho bata ho, ne aman ntam ntawntawdi a jingoism anaa chauvinism kanyan wɔn no so. Ɔman agyiraehyɛde ne ɔman ho dɔ a wɔka no denneennen no yɛ nea wɔsɛe no wɔ aman bi mu esiane abusuabɔ a ɛda wɔne akodi ahorow a atwam ntam wɔ abakɔsɛm mu nti, titiriw wɔ Germany. Britania asomdwoe ho ɔbenfo Bertrand Russell kasa tiaa ɔmampɛ sɛ ɛtew tumi a onipa no wɔ sɛ obebu n’agya man amannɔne amammuisɛm atɛn.[242][243] Albert Einstein kaa sɛ &quot;Ɔmampɛ yɛ nkokoaa yareɛ. Ɛyɛ adesamma akisikuru&quot;.[244] Jiddu Krishnamurti kaa sɛ &quot;Ɔmampɛ yɛ mmusuakuw mu nyiyim a wɔhyɛ no anuonyam ara kwa&quot;.[245]

Nnipa a wɔsakra nnipa nso ada wɔn sɔretia a wɔde tia ɔmampɛ adi, akodu baabi a wɔn a wɔsakra nnipa binom gye di sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsɛe ɔman nipasu koraa. FM-2030 a ɔyɛ nnipa a ɔsakra nnipa a ɔwɔ nkɛntɛnso no powee sɛ ɔde ne ho bɛto ɔman biara mu, na ɔkaa ne ho asɛm sɛ ‘amansan nyinaa de’.[246] Bio nso, wɔ The Transhumanist Handbook mu no, Kate Levchuk kae sɛ obi a ɔsakra nnipa &quot;nnye ɔman nni&quot;.[247]

=== Hwɛ nso ===

* Chauvinism
* Gellner's theory of nationalism
* Jingoism
* List of figures in nationalism
* List of historical separatist movements
* List of nationalist organizations
* List of active nationalist parties in Europe
* Lists of active separatist movements
* National memory
* National myth
* Nationalism and archaeology
* ''Nationalisms Across the Globe''
* Nationalism in the Middle Ages
* Nationalism studies, an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to the study of nationalism
* Nationalist historiography
* Nationalization of history
* Nativism
* Patriotism
* ''Notes on Nationalism'', an essay by George Orwell on types of nationalism in the late World War Two world
* ''Sadaejuui''
* Zionism
* Xenophobia
&lt;references /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
* &lt;abbr&gt;v&lt;/abbr&gt;
* &lt;abbr&gt;t&lt;/abbr&gt;
* &lt;abbr&gt;e&lt;/abbr&gt;

Conformity
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
* &lt;abbr&gt;v&lt;/abbr&gt;
* &lt;abbr&gt;t&lt;/abbr&gt;
* &lt;abbr&gt;e&lt;/abbr&gt;

Nationalism
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
* &lt;abbr&gt;v&lt;/abbr&gt;
* &lt;abbr&gt;t&lt;/abbr&gt;
* &lt;abbr&gt;e&lt;/abbr&gt;

List of political ideologies
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Authority control 
|}
Categories:

* Nationalism
* Political id
|-
|
|-
|Categories: Nationalism Political ideologies
|}

[[Nkyekyεmu:Wikipedia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tɛknɔlɔgyi</title>
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      <text bytes="87237" sha1="jtkdka4pxpqlyp8gijal64kbbiz6d7t" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Dampfturbine Montage01.jpg|thumb|A steam turbine with the case opened, an example of energy technology|alt=Photo of technicians working on a steam turbine|328x328px]]
'''Tɛknɔlɔgyi''' yɛ nimdeɛ a wɔde di dwuma de duru botaeɛ ahodoɔ a mfasoɔ wɔ so ho wɔ ɔkwan a wɔbɛtumi asane ayɛ bio so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Skolnikoff|first=Eugene B.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7rpm1|title=The Elusive Transformation: Science, Technology, and the Evolution of International Politics|date=1993|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691037707|page=13|jstor=j.ctt7rpm1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asɛmfua ''mfididwuma'' nso bɛtumi akyerɛ nnoɔma a ɛfiri mmɔdemmɔ a ɛte saa mu ba,&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salomon|first=Jean‐Jacques|date=1 January 1984|title=What is technology? The issue of its origins and definitions|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07341518408581618|journal=History and Technology|volume=1|issue=2|pages=113–156|doi=10.1080/07341518408581618|issn=0734-1512|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184240/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07341518408581618|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 117. Nkyekyɛm &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mitcham|first=C.|title=Thinking Through Technology: The Path Between Engineering and Philosophy|url=https://archive.org/details/thinkingthrought0000mitc_c3c2|year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0226531984}}&lt;/ref&gt; a nnwinnadeɛ a wɔtumi hunu te sɛ nnwinnadeɛ anaa [[afidie|mfidie]], ne nea wɔntumi mfa wɔn nsa nka te sɛ softwea nyinaa ka ho. Mfididwuma di dwuma titiri wɔ nyansahunu, mfididwuma, ne da biara da asetena mu.

Mfididwuma mu nkɔsoɔ ama nsakraeɛ kɛseɛ aba ɔmanfoɔ mu . Mfididwuma a edi kan a wɔnim ne aboɔ adwinnadeɛ a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ mmere a ɛdii abakɔsɛm anim, na ɛno akyi no wɛdi ogya so a ɛboaa ma nipa amemene nyin na [[kasa]] nyaa nkɔsoɔ wɔ Nsukyenee Berɛ no mu . Ntwahonan a wɔyɛeɛ wɔ Kɔbere Mmere no mu no maa wɔtumi tuu kwan kɛseɛ na wɔyɛɛ [[afidie|mfidie]] a ɛyɛ den kɛseɛ. Mfididwuma mu nnoɔma a wɔayɛ nnansa yi, a nwoma tintim mfidie, [[Ahomatrofoɔ|telefon]], ne Intanɛt ka ho no ama akwansideɛ ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ nkutahodie mu no so ate na ɛde nimdeɛ sikasɛm ab.

Berɛ a mfididwuma boa ma sikasɛm nya nkɔsoɔ na ɛma nnipa yiedie tu mpɔn no, ɛbɛtumi nso anya nkɛntɛnsoɔ bɔne te sɛ ɛfi ne nnoɔma a wɔsɛeɛ no, na ɛbɛtumi de asetena mu ɔhaw ahodoɔ te sɛ mfididwuma mu adwuma a wonnya nyɛ a ɛfiri afidie a wɔde yɛ adwuma mu ba no aba . Ne saa nti, nyansapɛ ne amammu mu akyinnyegye kɔ so wɔ dwuma a mfididwuma di ne sɛdeɛ wɔde di dwuma, mfididwuma mu abrabɔ pa, ne akwan a wɔbɛfa so abrɛ ne bɔne ase ho.

Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 mu no, ɛsiane nyansahunu mu nkɔsoɔ ne Mfididwuma mu Ɔsesɛ a Ɛto so Mmienu, nti, wogyaeɛ sɛ wobɛbu ''mfididwuma'' sɛ adesua mu nteɛsoɔ soronko na ɛnyaa dea ɛkyerɛ nnɛ: nimdeɛ a wɔde bɛdi dwuma wɔ nhyehyɛeɛ kwan so de ayɛ atirimpɔ ahodoɔ a mfasoɔ wɔ so.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt; : 1 . 119. Nkyekyɛm 

== Etymology ho adesua ==
''Mfididwuma'' yɛ asɛmfua a ɛfiri afeha a ɛto so 17 mfitiaseɛ a na ɛkyerɛ ‘ayaresa a wɔyɛ no nhyehyɛeɛ so’ (ɛfiri Hela kasa mu Τεχνολογία , efi Greek    ne -λογία na ɛwɔ hɔ, ‘adesua, nimdeɛ’). ''&lt;ref name=&quot;Liddell 1980&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Liddell|first1=Henry George|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|title-link=A Greek-English Lexicon|last2=Scott|first2=Robert|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1980|isbn=978-0199102075|edition=Abridged|location=United Kingdom}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|title=technology|encyclopedia=The Oxford English Dictionary|editor1-last=Simpson|editor1-first=J.|editor2-last=Weiner|editor2-first=Edmund|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0198611868}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tete Hela asɛmfua ''tékhnē'', a na ɛkyerɛ ‘sɛdea wɔyɛ nnoɔma ho nimdeɛ’, a na ɛka dwumadie ahodoɔ te sɛ adansi ho no na edii kan de dii dwuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;oup978019921361&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Aristotle|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-nicomachean-ethics-9780199213610?cc=fr&amp;lang=en&amp;|title=The Nicomachean Ethics|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199213610|editor-last=Brown|editor-first=L.|series=Oxford World's Classics|location=Oxford &amp; New York|page=105|translator-last=Ross|translator-first=D.|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184232/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-nicomachean-ethics-9780199213610?cc=fr&amp;lang=en&amp;|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛfiri afeha a ɛto so 19 no, Europa asasepɔn sofoɔ firii aseɛ de nsɛmfua ''Technik'' ( German ) anaa ''ɔkwan a wɔfa'' so yɛ ade ( [[France|Franse]] ) dii dwuma de kyerɛɛ ‘ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ’, a na mfididwuma ho adwinni nyinaa te sɛ asau, po so hyɛn, anaa nwoma tintim ka ho, sɛɛ ɛyɛ anaasɛ ɛnte saa nnwinnadeɛ anaa nnwinnadeɛ a wɔhwehwɛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt; : 1 . 114–115 na ɛwɔ hɔ Saa berɛ no, ''Technologie'' ( [[:en:German language|German]] ne [[:en:French language|Franse]] ) kaa nwomasua mu nteɛsoɔ a asua &quot;akwan a wɔfa so yɛ adwinni ne nsaanodwuma&quot;, anaasɛ amammui nteɛso a &quot;wɔabɔ wɔn tirim sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ mmara wɔ adwinni ne nsaanodwuma dwumadie ahodoɔ ho.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; : 1 . 117. Nkyekyɛm Esiane sɛ nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda ''Technik'' ne ''Technologie'' ntam nni Borɔfo kasa mu nti, wɔkyerɛɛ mmienu no nyinaa ase sɛ ''mfididwuma'' . Kane no na asɛmfua no ntaa mma wɔ Borɔfo kasa mu na na ɛkyerɛ nwomasua mu nteɛsoɔ titire, sɛdea ɛte wɔ [[:en:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Mfididwuma Sukuu mu no]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;jstor40061169&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schatzberg|first=Eric|year=2006|title=&quot;Technik&quot; Comes to America: Changing Meanings of &quot;Technology&quot; before 1930|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061169|journal=Technology and Culture|volume=47|issue=3|pages=486–512|doi=10.1353/tech.2006.0201|jstor=40061169|s2cid=143784033|issn=0040-165X|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-date=10 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910165857/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061169|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Abakɔsɛm''' ==
[[File:Faustkeil_Nachbau,_2020_PD_a-7.jpg|thumb|A person holding a hand axe]]

=== Ansa na abakɔsɛm reba ===
Mfitiase no hominids na wɔyɛɛ nnwinnadeɛ denam hwɛ ne sɔhwɛ ne mfomso so .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Schiffer|first=M. B.|chapter=Discovery Processes: Trial Models|year=2013|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13|title=The Archaeology of Science: Studying the Creation of Useful Knowledge|series=Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique|volume=9|pages=185–198|place=Heidelberg|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13|isbn=978-3319000770|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184259/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛyɛ Mya 2 (mfe ɔpepem a atwam ni) no, wɔsuaa sɛdeɛ wɔyɛ aboɔ nnwinnadeɛ a edi kan denam hama a wɔde bɔɔ abotan nketenkete bi so, na wɔyɛɛ nsa agyan a ano yɛ nnam so.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔyɛɛ saa adeyɛ yi mu nsakrae kya 75 (mfe apem a atwam ni) ma ɛbɛyɛɛ nhyɛsoɔ a ano yɛ mmere, na ɛmaa wɔtumi yɛɛ adwuma a ɛyɛ fɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;

Charles Darwin kaa ogya a wohuu no ho asɛm sɛ &quot;ebia ɛyɛ dea ɛsene biara a onipa ayɛ pɛn&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Crump|first=Thomas|title=A Brief History of Science|year=2001|publisher=[[Constable &amp; Robinson]]|isbn=978-1841192352|page=9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fam tutu, aduane, ne asetena mu adanseɛ kyerɛ sɛ &quot;[nnipa] ogya a wɔde di dwuma berɛ nyinaa&quot; anyɛ yie koraa no 1.5 Mya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Gowlett|first1=J. A. J.|last2=Wrangham|first2=R. W.|date=1 March 2013|title=Earliest fire in Africa: towards the convergence of archaeological evidence and the cooking hypothesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2012.756754|journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa|volume=48|issue=1|pages=5–30|doi=10.1080/0067270X.2012.756754|s2cid=163033909|issn=0067-270X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ogya a wɔde nnua ne fango, na ɛmaa nnipa a wɔdi kan no noa wɔn aduane ma ɛyɛɛ yie, na ɛmaa aduannuru a ɛwɔ mu no yɛɛ yie na ɛmaa nnuane dodoɔ a wobɛtumi adi no trɛɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Stahl|first=Ann B.|author-link=Ann B. Stahl|year=1984|title=Hominid dietary selection before fire|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1984-04_25_2/page/151|journal=[[Current Anthropology]]|volume=25|pages=151–68|doi=10.1086/203106|issue=2|jstor=2742818|s2cid=84337150}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Adwene a ɛfa aduannoa ho'' no kyerɛ sɛ tumi a wɔtumi noa aduane no maa hominid amemene kɛse kɔɔ soro, ɛwom sɛ nhwehwɛmufoɔ binom hunu sɛ adanseɛ no nyɛ nokware deɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wrangham|first=R.|date=1 August 2017|title=Control of Fire in the Paleolithic: Evaluating the Cooking Hypothesis|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/692113|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=58|issue=S16|pages=S303–S313|doi=10.1086/692113|s2cid=148798286|issn=0011-3204|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-date=10 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910190830/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/692113|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔkyerɛeɛ sɛ fam tutufoɔ adanseɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ogya dan ahodoɔ no yɛ 790 kya; nhwehwɛmufoɔ gye di sɛ ɛbɛyɛ sɛ eyi maa nnipa fekubɔ mu yɛɛ den na ebia ɛno na ɛmaa [[kasa]] baeɛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldcat1124046527&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1124046527|title=Lucy to Language: the Benchmark Papers|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199652594|editor-last=Dunbar|editor-first=R. I. M.|oclc=1124046527|editor-last2=Gamble|editor-first2=C.|editor-last3=Gowlett|editor-first3=J. A. J.|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814044201/http://worldcat.org/oclc/1124046527|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;20030715nytimes-science&quot;&gt;{{Cite news}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mfididwuma mu nkɔsoɔ afoforɔ a wɔnyaeɛ wɔ Tete Aboɔ berɛ no mu ne ntadeɛ ne daberɛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shaar|first1=Ron|last2=Matmon|first2=Ari|last3=Horwitz|first3=Liora K.|last4=Ebert|first4=Yael|last5=Chazan|first5=Michael|last6=Arnold|first6=M.|last7=Aumaître|first7=G.|last8=Bourlès|first8=D.|last9=Keddadouche|first9=K.|date=1 May 2021|title=Magnetostratigraphy and cosmogenic dating of Wonderwerk Cave: New constraints for the chronology of the South African Earlier Stone Age|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121001141|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=259|page=106907|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106907|bibcode=2021QSRv..25906907S|s2cid=234833092|issn=0277-3791}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adwene biara nni hɔ wɔ bɛyɛ berɛ a wɔde bɛgye mfididwuma mmienu no mu biara atom no ho, nanso fam tutufoɔ ahunu fam tutufoɔ adanseɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ntadeɛ 90-120 kya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Hallett|first1=Emily Y.|last2=Marean|first2=Curtis W.|last3=Steele|first3=Teresa E.|last4=alvarez-Fernandez|first4=Esteban|last5=Jacobs|first5=Zenobia|author5-link=Zenobia Jacobs|last6=Cerasoni|first6=Jacopo Niccolò|last7=Aldeias|first7=Vera|last8=Scerri|first8=Eleanor M. L.|last9=Olszewski|first9=Deborah I.|last10=Hajraoui|first10=Mohamed Abdeljalil El|last11=Dibble|first11=Harold L.|date=24 September 2021|title=A worked bone assemblage from 120,000–90,000 year old deposits at Contrebandiers Cave, Atlantic Coast, Morocco|journal=iScience|volume=24|issue=9|page=102988|doi=10.1016/j.isci.2021.102988|issn=2589-0042|pmc=8478944|pmid=34622180|bibcode=2021iSci...24j2988H}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne daberɛ 450 kya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Berɛ a Tete Abotan berɛ no kɔɔ so no, atenaeɛ bɛyɛɛ dea ɛyɛ nwanwa na ɛyɛɛ dea wɔayɛ no fɛfɛɛfɛ; kya 380 mu tɔnn no, na nnipa resi nnua asese a wɔde nnua ayɛ berɛ tiaa bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Villa|first=Paola|title=Terra Amata and the Middle Pleistocene archaeological record of southern France|url=https://archive.org/details/terraamatamiddle0013vill|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1983|isbn=978-0520096622|location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/terraamatamiddle0013vill/page/303 303]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntadeɛ a wɔdane firii mmoa a wɔbɔ wɔn abɔmmɔ no nwoma ne nwoma mu no boaa adasamma ma wɔtrɛɛ kɔɔ mmeaeɛ a awɔ hɔ; nnipa firii aseɛ [[:en:Early human migrations|tu]] firii Afrika bɛyɛ kya 200, na mfitiase no wɔtu kɔɔ [[:en:Eurasia|Eurasia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordaux|first=Richard|author2=Stoneking, Mark|year=2003|title=South Asia, the Andamanese, and the Genetic Evidence for an 'Early' Human Dispersal out of Africa|url=http://site.voila.fr/rcordaux/pdfs/04.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]]|volume=72|issue=6|pages=1586–1590; author reply 1590–93|doi=10.1086/375407|pmc=1180321|pmid=12817589|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001022940/http://site.voila.fr/rcordaux/pdfs/04.pdf|archive-date=1 October 2009|access-date=22 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Harvati|first1=Katerina|author-link=Katerina Harvati|last2=Röding|first2=Carolin|last3=Bosman|first3=Abel M.|last4=Karakostis|first4=Fotios A.|last5=Grün|first5=Rainer|last6=Stringer|first6=Chris|last7=Karkanas|first7=Panagiotis|last8=Thompson|first8=Nicholas C.|last9=Koutoulidis|first9=Vassilis|last10=Moulopoulos|first10=Lia A.|last11=Gorgoulis|first11=Vassilis G.|last12=Kouloukoussa|first12=Mirsini|title=Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia|journal=Nature|publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC|volume=571|issue=7766|year=2019|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1376-z|pages=500–504|pmid=31292546|s2cid=195873640|url=https://zenodo.org/record/6646855|access-date=17 September 2022|archive-date=1 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801132212/https://zenodo.org/record/6646855|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Néolithique_0001.jpg|thumb|An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools]]

=== Abodan foforo bere mu ===
[[:en:Neolithic Revolution|Aboɔ Foforo mu Ɔsesɛ]] (anaasɛ ''Kuadwuma mu Ɔsesɛ a Edi Kan'' ) no de mfididwuma mu nnoɔma foforɔ a wɔyɛeɛ ntɛmntɛm baeɛ, na dea efirii mu baeɛ ne asetena mu nsɛm a emu yɛ den a ɛkɔɔ soro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2D8OBwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neolithic+revolution+social+organization&amp;pg=PA3|title=Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and Differentiation|publisher=Springer New York|year=2002|isbn=9780306471667|editor-last=Kuijt|editor-first=i.|series=Fundamental Issues in Archaeology|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184244/https://books.google.com/books?id=2D8OBwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neolithic+revolution+social+organization&amp;pg=PA3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Hand axe|Aboɔ agyan]] a wɔayɛ no fɛfɛɛfɛ a wɔyɛeɛ no yɛ nkɔsoɔ kɛseɛ a ɛmaa wɔtumi yii kwaeɛ akɛseɛ na wɔyɛɛ kua.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Coghlan|first=H. H.|date=1943|title=The Evolution of the Axe from Prehistoric to Roman Times|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844356|journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=73|issue=1/2|pages=27–56|doi=10.2307/2844356|jstor=2844356|issn=0307-3114|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926011626/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844356|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aboɔ agyan a wɔayɛ no fɛfɛɛfɛ a wɔde dii dwuma yi kɔɔ soro kɛseɛ wɔ Aboɔ Foforɔ Mmerɛ no mu nanso mfitiase no wɔde dii dwuma wɔ [[:en:Mesolithic|Mesolithme]] berɛ a edii ɛno anim no mu wɔ mmeaeɛ bi te sɛ [[:en:Ireland|Ireland]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Driscoll|first1=Killian|title=The early prehistory in the west of Ireland: Investigations into the social archaeology of the Mesolithic, west of the Shannon, Ireland|date=2006|url=http://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_2.html|access-date=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904110326/http://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_2.html|archive-date=4 September 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Agriculture|Kuadwuma]] maa nnipa pii nyaa aduane, na nsakraeɛ a wɔyɛeɛ kɔɔ [[:en:Sedentism|baabi a wɔtena ase no]] maa wɔtumi tetee mmɔfra pii berɛ korɔ mu, efiri sɛ na ɛnhia sɛ [[:en:Nomad|atubrafo]] de nkokoaa di akɔneaba bio. Bio nso, na mmɔfra bɛtumi de adwumayɛfoɔ aboa ma wɔatete nnɔbaeɛ ntɛm sene sɛdea wɔbɛtumi de wɔn ho ahyɛ [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|abɔmmɔfo ne nneɛma a wɔboaboa ano]] dwumadie ahodoɔ mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;20030715nytimes-science&quot;&gt;{{Cite news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Child Transport, Family Size, and Increase in Human Population During the Neolithic|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1972-04_13_2/page/258|journal=[[Current Anthropology]]|author=Sussman, Robert W.|author2=Hall, Roberta L.|volume=13|issue=2|pages=258–267|date=April 1972|doi=10.1086/201274|jstor=2740977|s2cid=143449170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Berɛ a nnipa dodoɔ a ɛkɔɔ soro ne adwumayɛfoɔ a wonyaeɛ yi maa [[:en:Division of labour|adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔyɛ adwuma titire]] no nyaa nkɔanim .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|access-date=17 May 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isGyuX9motEC&amp;q=labor+neolithic+population&amp;pg=PA163|title=Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective|publisher=[[The Thomson Corporation]]|author=Ferraro, Gary P.|year=2006|isbn=978-0495030393|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145412/https://books.google.com/books?id=isGyuX9motEC&amp;q=labor+neolithic+population&amp;pg=PA163|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔnnim dea ɛkanyan nkɔsoɔ a ɛfiri mfitiaseɛ Aboɔ Foforɔ nkuraa so kɔɔ nkuro a edi kan te sɛ [[:en:Uruk|Uruk]], ne anibue ahodoɔ a edi kan te sɛ [[:en:Sumer|Sumer]], no pɔtee; nanso, wosusu sɛ asetena mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ a ɛrekɔ so [[:en:Hierarchy|wɔ nnidisoɔ nnidisoɔ]] ne adwumayɛfoɔ titire a ɛbaeɛ, adwadie ne ɔko a ɛbaa amammerɛ ahodoɔ a ɛbɛn hɔ mu, ne hia a ɛhia sɛ wɔbom yɛ adeɛ de di nnoɔma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nsɛnnennen te sɛ [[:en:Irrigation|nsuo a wɔde gugu nnɔbaeɛ so]], so nkunim no nyinaa dii dwuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pKKwlEcpwYC&amp;q=labor+surplus+neolithic+population&amp;pg=PA7|access-date=17 May 2008|title=The Essentials of Ancient History|publisher=Research &amp; Education Association|author=Patterson, Gordon M.|year=1992|isbn=978-0878917044|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145419/https://books.google.com/books?id=8pKKwlEcpwYC&amp;q=labor+surplus+neolithic+population&amp;pg=PA7|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔɔ so no maa [[:en:Metallurgical furnace|fononoo]] ne [[:en:Bellows|ahyɛnsodeɛ a ɛyɛ hu]] no baeɛ na ɛmaa, dea edi kan no, wɔtumi te [[:en:Gold|sika kɔkɔɔ]], [[:en:Copper|kɔberɛ]], [[:en:Silver|dwetɛ]], ne [[:en:Lead|kɔberɛ hua]] na wɔyɛeɛ – dadeɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ ankasa a wɔhunu wɔ ɔkwan a ɛho te kakra so wɔ abɔdeɛ mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=A Short History of Metals|journal=Nature|volume=203|issue=4943|page=337|last=Cramb|first=Alan W|bibcode=1964Natur.203Q.337T|year=1964|doi=10.1038/203337a0|s2cid=382712|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mfasoɔ a ɛwɔ kɔberɛ nnwinnadeɛ so sene aboɔ, dompe ne nnua nnwinnadeɛ no daa adi ntɛm ara wɔ nnipa a wɔdi kan no mu, na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔde kɔberɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ no dii dwuma firi berɛ a ɛbɛn [[:en:Neolithic|Abodan Foforɔ]] mmerɛ no mfitiase (bɛyɛ ka 10).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Ceramics|volume=05|pages=703–760; see page 708|last1=Hall|first1=Harry Reginald Holland|author-link=Harry Reginald Holland Hall|quote=The art of making a pottery consisting of a siliceous sandy body coated with a vitreous copper glaze seems to have been known unexpectedly early, possibly even as early as the period immediately preceding the Ist Dynasty (4000 B.C.).}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kɔberɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ no nni hɔ pii firi awosu mu, nanso kɔberɛ a wɔde yɛ nnoɔma abu so koraa na emu bi yɛ dadeɛ ntɛmntɛm berɛ a wɔhye wɔ nnua anaa fango ogya mu no. Awieeɛ koraa no, dadeɛ a wɔde yɛ adwuma no ma wɔhunuu nnoɔma a wɔde afra te sɛ kɔbere ne kɔbere (bɛyɛ 4,000 A.Y.B.). Dadeɛ a wɔde afra te sɛ dadeɛ a wɔde di dwuma dea edi kan no firi bɛyɛ afe 1,800 A.Y.B.&lt;ref name=&quot;20030715nytimes-science&quot;&gt;{{Cite news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Hideo|last=Akanuma|title=The significance of the composition of excavated iron fragments taken from Stratum III at the site of Kaman-Kalehöyük, Turkey|journal=Anatolian Archaeological Studies|volume=14|publisher=Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology|place=Tokyo}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Wheel_Iran.jpg|thumb|The wheel was invented c. 4,000 BCE.]]

=== Tete ===
Berɛ a nnipa de ogya dii dwuma wiee no, wɔhunuu ahoɔden afoforɔ. Mframa ahoɔden a edi kan a wɔnim sɛ wɔde di dwuma ne [[:en:Sailing ship|hyɛn a ɛde po so hyɛn tu]] ; twerɛtohɔ a edi kan a ɛfa po so hyɛn bi a na ɛretu ne Nil hyɛmma bi a wɔyɛeɛ bɛyɛ afe 7,000 A.Y.B.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author1-first=Donatella|author1-last=Usai|author2-first=Sandro|author2-last=Salvatori|title=The oldest representation of a Nile boat|journal=Antiquity|volume=81}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛfiri berɛ a edii abakɔsɛm anim no, ɛbɛyɛ sɛ Misrifoɔ de tumi a [[:en:Flooding of the Nile|Nil nsuyiri]] a ɛba afe biara no nya no dii dwuma de gugu wɔn nsase so nsuo, na nkakrankakra wɔsuaa sɛdeɛ wɔbɛhyehyɛ ne fa kɛseɛ no ara denam nsuo a wɔde gugu nnɔbaeɛ a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ ne nsukorabea ahodoɔ a &quot;wɔkyere&quot; so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Postel|first=Sandra|author-link=Sandra Postel|url=http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html|title=Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last?|date=1999|publisher=W.W. Norton &amp; Company|isbn=978-0393319378|chapter=Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119022630/http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tete [[:en:Sumer|Sumeriafoɔ]] a na wɔwɔ [[:en:Mesopotamia|Mesopotamia]] no de nsuten ne nsuten a ɛyɛ den dii dwuma de dan nsu fi [[:en:Tigris|Tigris]] ne [[:en:Euphrates|Eufrate]] nsubɔnten mu de gugu nnɔbaeɛ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Crawford|first=Harriet|author-link=Harriet Crawford|date=2013|title=The Sumerian World|location=New York &amp; London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0203096604|pages=34–43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOYAAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Sumerian+irrigation&amp;pg=PA35|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205005423/https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOYAAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Sumerian+irrigation&amp;pg=PA35|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔn a wɔtutu fam hwehwɛ tetefoɔ nnoɔma mu bu akontaa sɛ wɔde wɔn ho na wɔyɛɛ kankra no wɔ Mesopotamia (wɔ nnɛyi [[Irak|Iraq]] ), Caucasus Atifi fam ( [[:en:Maykop culture|Maykop amammerɛ]] ), ne Europa Mfinimfini fam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East|last=Potts|first=D.T.|year=2012|page=285}}&lt;/ref&gt; Berɛ ho akontaabu frii 5,500 kɔsi 3,000 A.Y.B.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=New Light on the Most Ancient East|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215014|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|year=1928|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215014/page/n129 110]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnoɔma a akyɛ sene biara a mfonini ahodoɔ a ɛkyerɛ teaseɛnam a kankra wom no firi bɛyɛ afe 3,500 A.Y.B.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World|url=https://archive.org/details/horsewheellangua0000anth|last=Anthony|first=David A.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0691058870|location=Princeton|page=[https://archive.org/details/horsewheellangua0000anth/page/67 67]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnansa yi ara, wɔhunuu nnua kankra a akyɛ sene biara wɔ wiase no wɔ [[:en:Ljubljana Marsh|Ljubljana Marsh]] a ɛwɔ [[Slovenia]] no mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;

Kankra a wɔyɛeɛ no maa adwadie ne ɔko mu nsakraeɛ kɛseɛ. Ankyɛ koraa na wohunuiɛ sɛ wɔbɛtumi de teaseɛnam a kankra wɔ so asoa nnesoa a emu yɛ duru. Tete Sumeriafoɔ de [[:en:Potter's wheel|ɔnwemfo ntwahonan]] na ɛdii dwuma na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔn na wɔyɛɛ no.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramer1963&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Kramer|first=Samuel Noah|date=1963|title=The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IuxIdug8DBUC|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0226452388|page=290|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808201642/http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Sumerians.html?id=IuxIdug8DBUC|archive-date=8 August 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abo nkuku ntwahonan bi a wɔhunuu wɔ kuro-man [[:en:Ur|Ur]] mu no yɛ bɛyɛ mfeɛ 3,429 &lt;ref name=&quot;Moorey1994&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Moorey|first=Peter Roger Stuart|date=1999|orig-year=1994|title=Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC|location=Winona Lake, Indiana|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-1575060422|page=146|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017215042/https://books.google.com/books/about/Ancient_Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Indus.html?id=P_Ixuott4doC|archive-date=17 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Moorey1994&quot; /&gt; Nkukuo ntwahonan a ɛkɔ ntɛmntɛm (a ɛkyinkyini) no maa wɔtumi yɛɛ nkuku pii ntɛm, nanso ɛyɛ ntwahonan no a wɔde dii dwuma sɛ ahoɔden a ɛsakra (ɛnam nsuo ntwahonan, mframa afidie, ne afidie a wɔde tu mmirika mpo so) na ɛsakraa ahoɔden a ɛnyɛ nnipa de a wɔde di dwuma no. Wɔnyaa teaseɛnam a edi kan a ɛwɔ ntwahonan mmienu no firii [[:en:Travois|travois]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Lay1992&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Lay|first=M G|title=Ways of the World|publisher=Primavera Press|year=1992|location=Sydney|page=28|isbn=978-1875368051}}&lt;/ref&gt; mu na wɔdii kan de dii dwuma wɔ Mesopotamia ne [[Iran]] bɛyɛ afe 3,000 A.Y.B.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lay1992&quot; /&gt;
Akwan a wɔasisi a akyɛ sen biara a wɔnim ne mmɔnten a wɔde aboɔ ayɛ a ɛwɔ kuro-man Ur mu, a wɔyɛeɛ wɔ bɛyɛ c. 4,000 A.Y.B.,&lt;ref name=&quot;Gregersen2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gregersen|first1=Erik|title=The Complete History of Wheeled Transportation: From Cars and Trucks to Buses and Bikes|date=2012|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-1615307012|page=130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSbAAAAQBAJ&amp;q=paved+road+in+Ur&amp;pg=PA130|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145500/https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSbAAAAQBAJ&amp;q=paved+road+in+Ur&amp;pg=PA130|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne nnua akwan a ɛfa atɛkyɛ a ɛwɔ [[:en:Glastonbury, England|Glastonbury, England]], a efiri bɛyɛ berɛ korɔ no ara mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gregersen2012&quot; /&gt; Ɔkwan tenten a edi kan a wɔde dii dwuma bɛyɛ afe 3,500 A.Y.B.,&lt;ref name=&quot;Gregersen2012&quot; /&gt; no trɛ 2,400&amp;nbsp;km firi [[:en:Persian Gulf|Persia Po no mu]] kɔsi [[:en:Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranea Po no]] ho,&lt;ref name=&quot;Gregersen2012&quot; /&gt; nanso wɔansisi aboɔ na na wɔasiesie no fa bi pɛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gregersen2012&quot; /&gt; mu bɛyɛ Minoan kwan a ɛfiri [[:en:Gortyn|Gortyn]] ahemfie a ɛwɔ supɔ no anafoɔ fam, fa mmepɔ no so, kɔ [[:en:Knossos|Knossos]] ahemfie a ɛwɔ supɔ no atifi fam no.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gregersen2012&quot; /&gt; Dea ɛnte sɛ ɔkwan a edi kan no, na wɔabɔ Minoa kwan no koraa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gregersen2012&quot; /&gt;[[File:Pont_du_Gard_BLS.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the Pont du Gard in France, one of the most famous ancient Roman aqueducts[46]]]Na [[:en:Tap water|nsu a ɛsen]] fa tete Minoafoɔ afie mu .&lt;ref name=&quot;Eslamian2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Eslamian|first1=Saeid|title=Handbook of Engineering Hydrology: Environmental Hydrology and Water Management|date=2014|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|isbn=978-1466552500|pages=171–175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USXcBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=Minoan+flush+toilet&amp;pg=PA174|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210095408/https://books.google.com/books?id=USXcBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=Minoan+flush+toilet&amp;pg=PA174|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔtuu adwaeɛ bi a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛne nnɛ deɛ no yɛ pɛ wɔ Knossos Ahemfie hɔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eslamian2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechner2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lechner|first1=Norbert|title=Plumbing, Electricity, Acoustics: Sustainable Design Methods for Architecture|date=2012|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=978-1118014752|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0loW1G-Q5f4C&amp;q=Minoan+flush+toilet&amp;pg=PA106|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145421/https://books.google.com/books?id=0loW1G-Q5f4C&amp;q=Minoan+flush+toilet&amp;pg=PA106|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Minofoɔ ankorankorɛ afie pii nso wɔ [[:en:Toilet|tiafi]], a na wɔbɛtumi ahohoro denam nsuo a wɔbɛhwie agu nsuo a ɛrekɔ nsuo no mu no so.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eslamian2014&quot; /&gt; Na tete Romafoɔ no wɔ tiafi pii a ɔmanfoɔ de nsuo gu mu,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechner2012&quot; /&gt; na na ɛho te kɔ nsuo fi a ɛtrɛ mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechner2012&quot; /&gt; Nsuo a ɛkɔ nsuo mu titire a na ɛwɔ [[Roma|Rome]] ne [[:en:Cloaca Maxima|Cloaca Maxima]] ;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechner2012&quot; /&gt; wɔfirii aseɛ sii wɔ so wɔ afeha a ɛto so nsia A.Y.B.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechner2012&quot; /&gt;

Na tete Romafoɔ nso wɔ [[:en:Aqueduct (bridge)|nsu kwan]] a ɛyɛ den,&lt;ref name=&quot;Aicher1995&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Aicher|first1=Peter J.|title=Guide to the Aqueducts of Ancient Rome|date=1995|publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc.|location=Wauconda, IL|isbn=978-0865162822|page=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IEa04PmWXq0C&amp;q=Pont+du+Gard|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205010425/https://books.google.com/books?id=IEa04PmWXq0C&amp;q=Pont+du+Gard|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; a na wɔde fa nsuo fa akyirikyiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aicher1995&quot; /&gt; Wɔyɛɛ [[:en:Roman aqueduct|Romafoɔ nsuo kwan]] a edi kan wɔ 312 A.Y.B.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aicher1995&quot; /&gt; Wɔsii tete Roma nsuo kwan a ɛto so du-baako ne dea ɛtwa toɔ no mfeɛ 226 Y.B.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aicher1995&quot; /&gt; Sɛ wɔka bom a, na Roma nsuo kwan no trɛ bɛboro 450&amp;nbsp;km,&lt;ref name=&quot;Aicher1995&quot; /&gt; nanso ɛnnuru 70&amp;nbsp;km wɔ eyi so wɔ asase so na na wɔde abrannaa gyina akyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aicher1995&quot; /&gt;

=== Ansa na nnɛ berɛ reba ===
Nnoɔma foforɔ kɔɔ so kɔsii [[:en:Middle Ages|Mfinimfini Mmere no]] mu berɛ a wɔde [[:en:Silk|sirikyi]] a wɔyɛ (wɔ Asia ne akyiri yi Europa), [[:en:Horse collar|apɔnkɔ kɔla]], ne [[:en:Horseshoe|apɔnkɔ nan ase]] baeɛ no. Wɔkaa mfidie a ɛnyɛ den (te sɛ [[:en:Lever|lever]], [[:en:Screw|screw]], ne [[:en:Pulley|pulley]] ) bɔɔ mu yɛɛ no nnwinnadeɛ a ɛyɛ den kɛseɛ te sɛ [[:en:Wheelbarrow|ntwahonan]], [[:en:Windmill|mframa afiri]], ne [[:en:Clock|wɔɔkye]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315588605|title=Innovation and Creativity in Late Medieval and Early Modern European Cities|date=2019|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315588605|isbn=978-1317116530|s2cid=148764971|editor-last=Davids|editor-first=K.|editor-last2=De Munck|editor-first2=B.|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184255/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315588605/innovation-creativity-late-medieval-early-modern-european-cities-karel-davids-bert-de-munck|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Suapɔn|Sukuupɔn]] ahorow nhyehyɛe bi yɛɛ nyansahu mu nsusuwii ne nneyɛe na wɔtrɛw mu, a [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] ne [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] ka ho . 
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Deming|first=D.|url=|title=Science and Technology in World History, Volume 3: The Black Death, the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution|year=2014|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0786490868}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[:en:Renaissance technology|Ahosɛpɛ]] berɛ no maa nnoɔma foforɔ pii baeɛ, a dea ɛka ho ne [[:en:Movable type|mfidie a wɔde tintim nwoma]] a wɔde baa Europa, na ɛmaa nimdeɛ a wɔde di nkutaho no yɛɛ mmerɛ. Nyansahunu nyaa mfididwuma so nkɛntɛnsoɔ kɛseɛ, na ɛfiiri nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔ so wɔ wɔn ho wɔn ho mu ase.

=== Abɛɛfosɛm ===
[[File:Late_model_Ford_Model_T.jpg|thumb|The automobile revolutionized personal transportation.]]
Ɛfiri United Kingdom wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 mu no, [[:en:Steam engine|anyinam ahoɔden]] a wɔhunuu no de [[:en:Industrial Revolution|Mfididwuma mu Ɔsesɛ]], a ɛmaa wɔhunuu mfididwuma mu nnoɔma pii, titire wɔ [[:en:British Agricultural Revolution|kuayɛ]], [[:en:Manufacturing|nnoɔma a wɔyɛ]], [[:en:Mining|famgudeɛ]], [[:en:Metallurgy|dadeɛ]], ne [[:en:Transport|akwantuo mu]], ne sɛdeɛ wɔde dii dwuma kɛseɛ no baeɛ [[:en:Second Industrial Revolution|adwumayɛbea nhyehyɛeɛ no]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stearns|first=P. N.|url=https://archive.org/details/industrialrevolu0000pete|title=The Industrial Revolution in World History|publisher=Routledge|year=2020|isbn=978-0813347295}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyi akyi no, [[:en:Second Industrial Revolution|Mfiridwuma mu Ɔsesɛw a Ɛto so Abien]] a ɛde nyansahu mu nneɛma a wohuu ntɛmntɛm, hyehyɛɛ gyinapɛn, na wɔyɛɛ nneɛma pii bae. Wɔyɛɛ mfiridwuma mu nnoɔma foforɔ a dea ɛka ho [[:en:Sewage treatment|ne nsuo fi]], [[Ɛlɛktrisiti|anyinam ahoɔden]], [[:en:Electric light|kanea]], [[:en:Electric motor|anyinam ahoɔden mfidie]], [[:en:Rail transport|keteke akwan]], [[Ɛhyɛn|kar]], ne [[:en:Airplane|wiemhyɛn]] . Saa mfiridwuma mu nkɔso ahorow yi ma wonyaa nkɔsoɔ kɛse wɔ [[Aduro|nnuruyɛ]], [[:en:Physics|abɔdeɛ mu nnoɔma ho]] nimdeɛ ne [[:en:Engineering|mfididwuma mu]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt; Wɔde asetena mu nsakraeɛ a ɛfirii mu baeɛ kaa ho, na wɔde [[:en:Skyscraper|abansoro adan a]] ɛkorɔn baeɛ a nkuro akɛseɛ a ɛkɔɔ so ntɛmntɛm ka ho .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Black|first=B. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPJjEAAAQBAJ|title=To Have and Have Not: Energy in World History|year=2022|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=978-1538105047|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184800/https://books.google.com/books?id=NPJjEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkitahodie nyaa nkɔsoɔ berɛ a wɔyɛɛ [[:en:Telegraph|telegraph]], [[Ahomatrofoɔ|telefon]], [[:en:Radio|radio]] ne [[:en:Television|television no]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Albion|first=Robert G.|date=1933-01-01|title=The Communication Revolution, 1760-1933|url=https://doi.org/10.1179/tns.1933.002|journal=Transactions of the Newcomen Society|volume=14|issue=1|pages=13–25|doi=10.1179/tns.1933.002|issn=0372-0187|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184825/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/tns.1933.002|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Afeha a ɛto so 20 no de nnoɔma foforɔ pii baeɛ. Wɔ [[:en:Physics|abɔdeɛ mu nnoɔma mu no]], [[:en:Nuclear fission|nuklea mpaapaemu]] a wohunuu wɔ [[:en:Atomic Age|Atɔm Mmere no]] mu no ma wonyaa [[:en:Technology|nuklea akodeɛ]] ne [[:en:Nuclear power|nuklea ahoɔden]] nyinaa . Wɔyɛɛ [[:en:Computers|kɔmputa]] na akyiri yi wɔdan fii [[:en:Analog computer|analog]] so kɔɔ dijitaal so wɔ [[:en:Digital Revolution|Digital Revolution]] no mu . Amanneɛbɔ mfididwuma, titire [[Optical fiber a wɔde yɛ nneɛma|optical fiber]] ne [[Optical amplifier a ɛma nneɛma yɛ kɛse|optical amplifiers]] na ɛma wɔwoo [[:en:Internet|Intanɛt]] na ɛde [[Amanneɛbɔ Mmerehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information Age|Amanneɛbɔ Berɛ no]] baeɛ . [[:en:Space Age|Ahunumu Mmere no]] firii ase berɛ a wɔde [[:en:Sputnik 1|Sputnik 1]] too dwa wɔ 1957 mu, na akyiri yi wɔde [[Nnipa ahunmu wimhyɛn|adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔyɛ adwuma]] wɔ bosome wɔ 1960 afe no mu no. Mmɔden a wɔahyehyɛ sɛ [[Hwehwɛ nyansa a efi asase so|wɔbɛhwehwɛ nyansa a efi asase so no]] de [[Radio afiri a wɔde hwɛ akyirikyiri|radio afiri a]] wɔde hwɛ akyirikyiri adi dwuma de ahu mfiridwuma ho sɛnkyerɛnne, anaasɛ ''[[Mfiridwuma ho nsaano nkyerɛwee|technosignatures]]'', a ahɔho anibuei ahorow de ma. Wɔ nnuruyɛ mu no, wɔyɛɛ mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ foforo a wɔde behu yare no ( [[CT scan a wɔde yɛ adwuma|CT]], [[Positron a ɛma obi nya tomography|PET]], ne [[MRI]] scanning), ayaresa (te sɛ [[Afiri a wɔde yɛ dialysis|dialysis afiri]], [[Afiri a wɔde yi fibrillator|defibrillator]], [[Koma mu ahoɔden a wɔde yɛ adwuma|pacemaker]], ne [[Aduro|nnuru foforo pii a wɔde yɛ nnuru]] ), ne nhwehwɛmu (te sɛ [[:en:Interferon|interferon]] cloning ne [[:en:DNA microarray|DNA microarrays]] ) . .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Agar|first=J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2TrhBB_4fYC|title=Science in the 20th Century and Beyond|year=2012|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0745634692|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184804/https://books.google.com/books?id=e2TrhBB_4fYC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nneɛma [[Nneɛma a wɔyɛ|a wɔyɛ]] ne [[Adesie|adansi ho]] akwan ne ahyehyɛde ahorow a ɛyɛ den ho hia na wɔatumi ayɛ nnɛyi mfiridwuma pii na wɔakura mu, na [[Nnwuma (sikasɛm) .|nnwuma]] mũ nyinaa asɔre sɛ wɔbɛyɛ awo ntoatoaso a edi hɔ a wɔde nnwinnade a ɛreyɛ den kɛse. Nnɛyi mfiridwuma de ne ho to ntetee ne nhomasua so kɛse&amp;nbsp;– wɔn adwumfo, adansifoɔ, wɔn a wɔhwɛ so, ne wɔn a wɔde di dwuma no taa hwehwɛ nteteeɛ a ɛyɛ nwonwa a ɛfa biribiara ho ne pɔtee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Goldin|first1=C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGlCFqnakCoC|title=The Race between Education and Technology|last2=Katz|first2=L. F.|year=2010|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0674037731|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184804/https://books.google.com/books?id=yGlCFqnakCoC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afei nso, saa mfiridwuma yi abɛyɛ nea ɛyɛ den araa ma wɔayɛ nnwuma mũ nyinaa a ɛbɛboa, a [[Mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ|mfiridwuma]], [[Aduro|nnuruyɛ]], ne [[kɔmputa ho nyansahu]] ka ho ; ne nnwuma afoforo abɛyɛ nea ɛyɛ den kɛse, te sɛ [[Adesie|adansi]], [[Akwantuo|akwantu]], ne [[Dan nhyehyɛeɛ|adansi]] .

=== Nsunsuansoɔ ===
Mfiridwuma mu nsakrae ne ade kɛse a ɛde sikasɛm mu nkɔso a ɛtra hɔ kyɛ ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Solow|first=Robert M.|date=1957|title=Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1926047|journal=The Review of Economics and Statistics|volume=39|issue=3|pages=312–320|doi=10.2307/1926047|jstor=1926047|issn=0034-6535}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Bresnahan|first1=Timothy F.|last2=Trajtenberg|first2=M.|date=1995-01-01|title=General purpose technologies 'Engines of growth'?|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076%2894%2901598-T|journal=Journal of Econometrics|volume=65|issue=1|pages=83–108|doi=10.1016/0304-4076(94)01598-T|issn=0304-4076}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ adesamma abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, na ahoɔden a wɔyɛ no ne ade titiriw a ɛmma [[sikasɛm mu nkɔso]], na mfiridwuma foforo maa nnipa tumi maa ahoɔden dodow a ɛwɔ hɔ no kɔɔ soro kɛse '''.''' Nea edi kan bae ogya, na ɛmaa wotumi di nnuan ahorow pii, na ɛmaa ɛnyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛyam wɔ nipadua mu. Ogya nso maa wotumi yɛɛ [[Nneɛma a wɔde smelting|smelting]], ne [[tin]], [[Kɔpa|kɔbere]], ne [[Dadeɛ|dade]] nnwinnade a wɔde bɔ abɔmmɔ anaa [[Oguadifo|aguadi]] . Afei kuayɛ mu nsakrae bae: na enhia sɛ nnipa [[Ɔbɔmmɔfo-aboaboa nneɛma ano|bɔ abɔmmɔ anaasɛ wɔboaboa wɔn ho ano bio]] na wɔatumi atra ase, na wofii ase kɔtraa nkurow ne nkurow akɛse mu, na wɔhyehyɛɛ aman a emu yɛ den kɛse, a [[Asraafoɔ|asraafo]] ne [[Ɔsom|nyamesom]] ahorow a wɔahyehyɛ no yiye wom .&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wrigley|first=E. A|date=2013-03-13|title=Energy and the English Industrial Revolution|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2011.0568|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|volume=371|issue=1986|page=20110568|doi=10.1098/rsta.2011.0568|pmid=23359739|bibcode=2013RSPTA.37110568W|s2cid=10624423}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mfiridwuma aboa ma nnipa yiyedi aba denam yiyedi a ɛkɔ soro, ahotɔ ne asetra pa a ɛkɔ anim, ne [[Akwahosan ho mfiridwuma|aduruyɛ mu nkɔso so]], nanso ebetumi asɛe asetra mu nniso a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw no nso, de [[Efiyɛ|efi]] aba, na apira ankorankoro anaa akuw.

Nnansa yi mfe ama [[Social media sohyial media|social media]] ’s amammerɛ mu din kɛse aba, na ebetumi de nkɛntɛnso aba demokrase, ne sikasɛm ne asetra mu asetra so. Mfiase no, na wohuu intanɛt sɛ &quot;ahofadi mfiridwuma&quot; a ɛbɛma nimdeɛ ayɛ demokrase, ama nhomasua a wobenya no atu mpɔn, na ama demokrase anya nkɔso. Nnɛyi nhwehwɛmu adan akɔhwehwɛ intanɛt so bɔne ahorow mu, a nsɛm a ɛnteɛ, polarization, ɔtan kasa, ne nsɛmmɔnedi ka ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-media-and-democracy/E79E2BBF03C18C3A56A5CC393698F117|title=Social Media and Democracy: The State of the Field, Prospects for Reform|date=2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1108835558|editor-last=Persily|editor-first=Nathaniel|series=SSRC Anxieties of Democracy|location=Cambridge|doi=10.1017/9781108890960|s2cid=243715477|editor-last2=Tucker|editor-first2=Joshua A.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Efi 1970 mfe no mu no, [[Mfiridwuma ho ɔkasatia|wɔakasa atia]] nkɛntɛnso a mfiridwuma nya wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so no, na ɛde sika a wɔde hyɛ [[Owia ahoɔden|owia]], [[Mframa ahoɔden|mframa]], ne [[Ahoɔden a ɛtra hɔ daa|ahoɔden a ɛho tew]] afoforo mu no akɔ soro .

=== Asetenam ===

==== Nnwuma ====
Efi bere a wɔyɛɛ ntwahonan no, mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ aboa ma nnipa sikasɛm mu nkɔso akɔ soro. automation a atwam no de adwumayɛfo asi adwumayɛfo ananmu na wɔaboa wɔn; mfiri besii nnipa ananmu wɔ nnwuma bi a akatua sua mu (sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ kuayɛ mu), nanso wɔde nnwuma foforo a akatua kɛse wom a wɔyɛe no tuaa eyi so ka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Autor|first=D. H.|year=2015|title=Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=29|number=3|pages=3–30|doi=10.1257/jep.29.3.3|url=https://economics.mit.edu/files/11563|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901060615/http://economics.mit.edu/files/11563|archive-date=1 September 2022|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ kɔmputa amma [[Mfiridwuma mu adwuma a wonnya nyɛ|mfiridwuma mu adwuma a wonnya]] nyɛ kɛse amma .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bessen|first=J. E.|date=2016-10-03|title=How Computer Automation Affects Occupations: Technology, Jobs, and Skills|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2690435|location=Rochester, NY|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2690435|ssrn=2690435|s2cid=29968989|access-date=17 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184808/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2690435|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Esiane sɛ [[Nyansa a wɔde ayɛ nneɛma|nyansa a wɔde ayɛ ade]] tumi yɛ adwuma sen kɔmputa koraa, na ɛda so ara wɔ ne mmofraase nti, wonnim sɛ ebia ebedi su koro no ara akyi anaa; wɔagye asɛmmisa no ho akyinnye tenten wɔ sikasɛm ho abenfo ne nhyehyɛeyɛfo mu. Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 2017 mu no anhu sɛ sikasɛm ho abenfoɔ adwene nhyia pefee wɔ sɛ ebia AI bɛma adwuma a wonnya nyɛ akyɛ no akɔ soro anaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt; Sɛnea [[Wiase Nyinaa Sikasɛm Ho Nhyiam|World Economic Forum]] &quot;The Future of Jobs Report 2020&quot; kyerɛ no, wɔahyɛ nkɔm sɛ AI besi nnwuma ɔpepem 85 ananmu wɔ wiase nyinaa, na ɛde nnwuma foforo ɔpepem 97 aba afe 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt; Efi 1990 kosi 2007 no, nhwehwɛmu bi a [[Massachusetts Mfiridwuma Asoɛe|MIT]] sikasɛm ho ɔbenfo [[Daron Acemoglu na ɔkyerɛwee|Daron Acemoglu]] yɛe wɔ U.S. kyerɛe sɛ sɛ wɔde robɔt biako ka ho ma adwumayɛfo 1,000 biara a, ɛma [[Adwumayɛ ne nnipa dodow ntam nsonsonoe|adwumayɛ ne nnipa dodow so tew]] 0.2%, anaa bɛyɛ adwumayɛfo 3.3, na ɛma akatua so tew 0.42%.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Acemoglu|first1=Daron|last2=Restrepo|first2=Pascual|date=2020-06-01|title=Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/705716|journal=Journal of Political Economy|volume=128|issue=6|pages=2188–2244|doi=10.1086/705716|hdl=1721.1/130324|s2cid=7468879|issn=0022-3808}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso mfiridwuma a ebesi nnipa adwuma ananmu ho dadwen yɛ nea ɛtra hɔ kyɛ. Sɛnea U.S. ɔmampanyin [[Lyndon B. Johnson na ɔkyerɛwee|Lyndon Johnson]] kae wɔ 1964 mu no, &quot;Mfiridwuma rebɔ hokwan foforo ne asɛyɛde foforo nyinaa ama yɛn, hokwan a ɛbɛma yɛatumi ayɛ adwuma kɛse na yɛanya nkɔso; asɛyɛde a ɛne sɛ yɛbɛhwɛ ahu sɛ ɛnsɛ sɛ odwumayɛni biara, abusua biara tua bo a ɛnteɛ wɔ nkɔso ho.&quot; bere a wɔde wɔn nsa ahyɛ Ɔman Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Mfiridwuma, Mfiridwuma, ne Sikasɛm mu Nkɔso ho mmara ase no.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;

=== Bammɔ ===
Esiane sɛ wɔde wɔn ho to mfiridwuma so kɛse nti, ahobammɔ ne kokoam nsɛm ho haw ahorow aka ho. Nnipa ɔpepepem pii de akwan horow a wɔfa so tua sika wɔ Intanɛt so di dwuma, te sɛ [[WeChat Tua Ka|WeChat Pay]], [[PayPal na ɛyɛ adwuma|PayPal]], [[Alipay na ɔyɛ|Alipay]], ne nea ɛkeka ho pii de boa ma wɔde sika kɔ baabi foforo. Ɛwom sɛ wɔde ahobammɔ ho nhyehyɛe ahorow si hɔ de, nanso nsɛmmɔnedifo binom tumi twa ho hyia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Elizabeth|author1-link=Elizabeth Rosenberg|last2=Harrell|first2=Peter E.|last3=Shiffman|first3=Gary M.|last4=Dorshimer|first4=Sam|date=2019|title=Financial Technology and National Security|publisher=Center for a New American Security|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20404}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ March 2022 mu no, North Korea de [[Blender.io]], [[Cryptocurrency a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ hu so|mixer]] a ɛboaa wɔn ma wɔde wɔn cryptocurrency exchanges siee, dii dwuma de hohoro bɛboro $20.5 ɔpepem wɔ cryptocurrency mu, fii [[Axie Infinity a Ɛyɛ Adwuma|Axie Infinity]], na wowiaa bɛboro $600 ɔpepem cryptocurrency fii agoru no wura hɔ. Esiane eyi nti, U.S. Sikakorabea Dwumadibea no maa Blender.io a ɛyɛ bere a edi kan a ayɛ ade atia mixer bi no sɛ ɔmmɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛhyɛ North Korea hackers so.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt; Wɔagye cryptocurrency kokoamsɛm ho akyinnye. Ɛwom sɛ adetɔfo pii ani gye cryptocurrency kokoam nsɛm ho de, nanso pii nso ka sɛ ehia sɛ wɔyɛ no pefee na ɛyɛ pintinn kɛse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;

=== Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ===
Mfiridwuma anya wiase no so [[Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mfiridwuma|nkɛntɛnso bɔne ne nneɛma a atwa]] yɛn ho ahyia so nkɛntɛnso pa, a mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ nea ɛne ɔsɛe a edi kan no bɔ abira, te sɛ; [[Efiyɛ|efi]] a wɔbɔ ne mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ [[Efi a wosiw ano nhyehyɛe|wobeyi efi a wɔaka ho asɛm no afi hɔ]],&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt; [[kwae a wotutu]] ne kwae a wotutu a wɔdan no,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Grainger|first1=Alan|last2=Francisco|first2=Herminia A.|last3=Tiraswat|first3=Penporn|date=July 2003|title=The impact of changes in agricultural technology on long-term trends in deforestation|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264837703000097|journal=The International Journal Covering All Aspects of Land Use|volume=20|issue=3|pages=209–223|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne [[ngo a wɔhwie gu]]i . Eyinom nyinaa anya nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia wɔ asase so so nkɛntɛnso kɛse. Bere a mfiridwuma anya nkɔso no, saa ara na [[Mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew|nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so nkɛntɛnso bɔne no nso anya nkɔso, na mframa a ɛma wim yɛ]] hyew, te sɛ [[Methane a wɔde yɛ adwuma|methane]] ne [[Carbon dioxide a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu|carbon dioxide]], fi wim, na ɛde wim [[Nkɛntɛnso a ɛma wim yɛ hyew|tebea a ɛma wim yɛ hyew]] ba, na ɛde nkakrankakra ma asase yɛ hyew na ɛde wiase nyinaa hyew ba. Eyi nyinaa asɛe kɛse bere a mfiridwuma mu nkɔso aba no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Chaudhry|first1=Imran Sharif|last2=Ali|first2=Sajid|last3=Bhatti|first3=Shaukat Hussain|last4=Anser|first4=Muhammad Khalid|last5=Khan|first5=Ahmad Imran|last6=Nazar|first6=Raima|date=October 2021|title=Dynamic common correlated effects of technological innovations and institutional performance on environmental quality: Evidence from East-Asia and Pacific countries|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1462901121001921|journal=Environmental Science &amp; Policy|volume=124|issue=Environmental Science &amp; Policy|pages=313–323|doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2021.07.007|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Efiyɛ ===
Anka efi, efi a ɛwɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ɛde ɔhaw ahorow ba no betumi aba wɔ [[Inca Ahemman no|Inca ahemman no]] mu tɔnn . Wɔde kɔbere [[Kɔbere sulfide a wɔde yɛ aduru|sulfide]] [[Flux (dade ho nimdeɛ) .|a]] [[Nneɛma a wɔde smelting|ɛsensɛn]] aboɔden abo mu, ne dɔte [[Kiln a wɔde yɛ adwuma|fononoo]] a mframa bɔ, a ɛma [[Di kan|kɔbere]] kɔ [[Wim tebea|wim]] ne nsubɔnten mu [[Nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam|nsu a ɛyɛ fi]] no dii dwuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smol|first=J. P.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/476272945|title=Pollution of Lakes and Rivers : a Paleoenvironmental Perspective.|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1444307573|edition=2nd|location=Chichester|page=135|oclc=476272945}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Felɔsɔfi ===
Mfiridwuma ho nyansapɛ yɛ [[Felɔsɔfi|nyansapɛ]] baa dwumadibea a ɛsua &quot;adeyɛ a wɔde yɛ nneɛma a wɔde ayɛ nneɛma na wɔyɛ&quot;, ne &quot;nneɛma a wɔabɔ saa no su.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Franssen|first1=M.|chapter=Philosophy of Technology|year=2018|chapter-url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/technology/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=E. N.|edition=Fall 2018|access-date=11 September 2022|last2=Lokhorst|first2=G.-J.|last3=van de Poel|first3=I.|archive-date=11 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911061556/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/technology/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛda adi sɛ nteɛso wɔ mfeha abien a atwam no mu, na anya nkɔanim &quot;kɛse&quot; fi 1970 mfe no mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=de Vries|first1=M. J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EOmPCgAAQBAJ|title=Philosophy of Technology : An Introduction for Technology and Business Students|last2=Verkerk|first2=M. J.|last3=Hoogland|first3=J.|last4=van der Stoep|first4=J.|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2015|isbn=978-1317445715|location=United Kingdom|oclc=907132694|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184227/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Philosophy_of_Technology/EOmPCgAAQBAJ|archive-date=4 October 2022|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Nnipa ho nyansapɛ a ɛfa mfiridwuma ho'' no fa &quot;nea mfiridwuma kyerɛ ma, ne nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ, ɔmanfo ne amammerɛ so&quot; ho.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Mfiase no, na wobu mfiridwuma sɛ onipa abɔde a nkwa wom no ntrɛwmu a ɛyɛ nipadua ne adwene mu tumi ahorow anaasɛ ɛma ɛyɛ kɛse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brey|first=P.|year=2000|editor-last=Mitcham|editor-first=C.|title=Theories of Technology as Extension of Human Faculties|journal=Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Technology. Research in Philosophy and Technology|volume=19}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Karl Marx na ɔkyerɛwee|Marx]] hyehyɛɛ no sɛ adwinnade a kapitalistfo de di dwuma de hyɛ proletariat so, nanso na ogye di sɛ mfiridwuma bɛyɛ tumi a ɛma ahofadi titiriw bere a &quot;wɔade ne ho afi ɔmanfo mu nsakrae ho&quot; no. Akyiri yi nyansapɛfo a wɔbaa asorɔkye a ɛto so abien te sɛ Ortega danee wɔn adwene fii sikasɛm ne amammuisɛm so kɔɔ “da biara da asetra ne asetra wɔ mfiridwuma-honam fam amammerɛ mu,” na wɔkae sɛ mfiridwuma betumi ahyɛ “bourgeoisie no mufo a wɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ne wuranom ne ne wuranom mpo so.” Nyansapɛfo a wɔwɔ ɔfa a ɛto so abiɛsa te sɛ [[Don Ihde na ɔkyerɛwee|Don Ihde]] ne [[Albert Borgmann na ɔkyerɛwee|Albert Borgmann]] gyina hɔ ma nsakrae a ɛkɔ de-generalization ne empiricism so, na wosusuw sɛnea nnipa betumi asua sɛnea wɔde mfiridwuma bɛtra ase no ho.&lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot;/&gt;

Wɔkyekyɛɛ mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ a edi kan no mu wɔ akyinnyegye abien mu: [[Mfiridwuma mu nneɛma a wɔde si gyinae|mfiridwuma mu determinism]], ne [[Asetra mu adansi a ɛfa mfiridwuma ho|asetra mu adansi]] . Mfiridwuma mu determinism ne adwene a ɛne sɛ mfiridwuma de asetra mu nsakrae a wontumi nkwati ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Deborah G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iN6MEAAAQBAJ|title=Technology and Society: Building Our Sociotechnical Future|edition=2nd|last2=Wetmore|first2=Jameson M.|date=2021|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0262539968}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 1 . 95. Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so Mpɛn pii no ɛka akyinnyegye bi a ɛfa ho, mfiridwuma mu ahofadi, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ mfiridwuma mu nkɔso di abɔde mu nkɔso akyi na wontumi nsiw ano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dusek|first=Val|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_VXvwEACAAJ|title=Philosophy of Technology: An Introduction|date=2006|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1405111621|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184807/https://books.google.com/books?id=J_VXvwEACAAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asetra mu nkɔso ho animdefo &lt;/link&gt; ka sɛ mfiridwuma di abɔde mu nkɔso biara akyi, na amammerɛ mu gyinapɛn ahorow, mmara, amammuisɛm, ne sikasɛm mu nkannyan na ɛkyerɛ. Nnɛyi nhomanimfo adan akɔ [[Asetra mu mfiridwuma nhyehyɛe|sociotechnical nhyehyɛe ahorow]] mu nhwehwɛmu, &quot;nneɛma, nnipa, nneyɛe, ne ntease ahorow a wɔaboaboa ano&quot;, a wɔhwɛ bo a ɛsom ho atemmu ahorow a ɛhyehyɛ mfiridwuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

Amammerɛ ho ɔkasatiafo [[Neil Postman a ɔyɛ adwuma wɔ hɔ|Neil Postman]] kyerɛɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda aman a wɔde nnwinnade di dwuma ntam ne nea ɔfrɛɛ no “mfiridwuma” mu, aman a mfiridwuma ne nyansahu mu nkɔso ho adwene bi na ɛhyɛ wɔn so a ɛsɛe amammerɛ mu nneyɛe afoforo, gyinapɛn ahorow, ne wiase adwene ahorow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Postman|first=Neil|title=Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology|url=https://archive.org/details/technopolysurren00post|publisher=Vintage|year=1993|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Herbert Marcuse na ɔkyerɛwee|Herbert Marcuse]] ne [[John Zerzan na ɔkyerɛwee|John Zerzan]] kyerɛ sɛ akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ mfiridwuma mu nnipa bɛma yɛagye yɛn ahofadi ne yɛn adwene mu akwahosan afi yɛn nsam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcuse|first=H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoKGAgAAQBAJ|title=Technology, War and Fascism: Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse, Volume 1|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1134774661|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184809/https://books.google.com/books?id=WoKGAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmara ===
''Mfiridwuma mu abrabɔ pa'' yɛ [[Mmara|abrabɔ pa]] ho adesua a ɛwɔ nnwuma ahorow ntam a ɛhwehwɛ mfiridwuma mu abrabɔ pa ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu mu na ɛhwehwɛ akwan a wɔbɛfa so abrɛ nkɛntɛnso bɔne a ebetumi afi mfiridwuma foforo mu aba no ase. Abrabɔ pa ho nsɛm ahodoɔ pii wɔ hɔ a ɛfa mfiridwuma ho, ɛfiri mmeaeɛ pɔtee a wɔde wɔn adwene si so a ɛka adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔde mfiridwuma yɛ adwuma kɔsi asetena, abrabɔ pa, ne mmara mu nsɛm a ɛtrɛ a ɛfa dwumadie a mfiridwuma di wɔ ɔmanfoɔ ne da biara da asetena mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hansson|first=Sven Ove|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YeLaDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=technology+ethics&amp;pg=PR7|title=The Ethics of Technology: Methods and Approaches|year=2017|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=978-1783486595|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184810/https://books.google.com/books?id=YeLaDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=technology+ethics&amp;pg=PR7|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye atitiriw atwa [[Abɔde a wɔayɛ no foforo wɔ awosu mu|abɔde a nkwa wom a wɔayɛ wɔn awosu mu nsakrae]], robɔt asraafo a wɔde di dwuma, [[Algorithmic bias a wɔde di dwuma|algorithmic bias]], ne asɛm a ɛfa [[AI a wɔde hyɛ mu|AI nneyɛe a wɔbɛma]] ne nnipa gyinapɛn ahorow ahyia ho no ho.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mfiridwuma mu abrabɔ pa ka nneɛma atitiriw pii ho. [[Abɔde a nkwa wom ho abrabɔ pa|Bioethics]] hwɛ abrabɔ pa ho nsɛm a ɛfa abɔde a nkwa wom ho mfiridwuma ne nnɛyi nnuruyɛ ho, a nea ɛka ho ne cloning, nnipa awosu mu nsakrae, ne stem cell nhwehwɛmu. [[Kɔmputa so abrabɔ pa|Kɔmputa so]] abrabɔ pa twe adwene si nsɛm a ɛfa kɔmputa ho so. [[Cyberethics a Wɔde Di Dwuma|Cyberethics]] hwehwɛ nsɛm a ɛfa intanɛt ho te sɛ [[Adwene mu agyapade|adwene mu agyapade hokwan]], [[Intanɛt so kokoam nsɛm|kokoam nsɛm]], ne [[Intanɛt so nsɛm a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma so|censorship]] . [[Nano mfiridwuma ho abrabɔ pa|Nanoethics]] hwehwɛ nsɛm a ɛfa nneɛma a ɛsakra wɔ atom ne molecule gyinabea ho wɔ nteɛso ahorow a kɔmputa ho nimdeɛ, mfiridwuma, ne abɔde a nkwa wom ho adesua ka ho mu. Na [[mfiridwuma mu abrabɔ pa]] fa mfiridwumayɛfo adwumayɛ gyinapɛn ahorow ho, a [[Software ho mfiridwuma|softwea mfiridwumayɛfo]] ne wɔn abrabɔ pa ho asɛyɛde ahorow wɔ ɔmanfo anim ka ho.&lt;ref name=&quot;Luppicini, R. 20082&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Luppicini|first=R.|title=Handbook of Research on Technoethics|publisher=Idea Group Publishing|year=2008|editor1=Luppicini|location=Hershey|chapter=The emerging field of Technoethics|editor2=R. Adell}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mfiridwuma mu abrabɔ pa baa dwumadibea kɛse bi fa [[Abrabɔ pa a ɛfa nyansa a wɔde ayɛ nneɛma ho|abrabɔ pa a ɛfa]] nyansa a wɔde yɛ nneɛma ho : ɛka [[Robot abrabɔ pa ho nimdeɛ|robɔt abrabɔ pa]], a ɛfa abrabɔ pa ho nsɛm a ɛfa robɔt nhyehyɛe, ne si, ne di, ne ne ayaresa ho,&lt;ref name=&quot;Veruggio2002&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Veruggio, Gianmarco|year=2011|title=The Roboethics Roadmap|journal=EURON Roboethics Atelier|publisher=Scuola di Robotica|page=2|citeseerx=10.1.1.466.2810}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne [[Mfiri ho abrabɔ pa|mfiri abrabɔ pa]], a ɛyɛ a ɛhaw no sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ ma wɔayɛ abrabɔ pa wɔ [[Ɔnanmusifo a onim nyansa|nnuru a wɔde nyansa a wɔde ayɛ nneɛma mu no]] ho .&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Machine Ethics|url=https://archive.org/details/machineethics0000unse|date=2011|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521112352|editor1-last=Anderson|editor1-first=Michael|editor2-last=Anderson|editor2-first=Susan Leigh}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ AI abrabɔ pa ho nsɛm mu no, nhwehwɛmu mu ɔhaw atitiriw a wonnya nnii ho dwuma no bi ne [[AI a wɔde hyɛ mu|AI a ɛne ne ho hyia]] (a wɔhwɛ hu sɛ AI nneyɛe ne wɔn abɔfo no botae ne wɔn anigyede ahorow a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ no hyia) ne [[Algorithmic bias a wɔde di dwuma|algorithmic bias]] a wɔtew so . Nhwehwɛmufo binom abɔ kɔkɔ wɔ asiane a wosusuw sɛ ɛwɔ [[AI a wɔde gye nneɛma|AI a wɔbɛfa mu]] no ho, na wɔakamfo [[AI tumi a wɔde di dwuma|AI tumi sohwɛ a]] wɔde bedi dwuma nka akwan a wɔfa so de AI hyia no ho

=== Daakye ho adesua ===
''Daakye adesua'' yɛ nhyehyɛe ne nnwuma ahorow ntam adesua a ɛfa asetra ne mfiridwuma mu nkɔso ho. Ɛde asi n’ani so sɛ ɛbɛhwehwɛ daakye a ɛyɛ nokware no mu wɔ dodow ne su mu na ɛde nnipa gyinapɛn ahorow ahyɛ mfiridwuma foforo a wɔbɛyɛ mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bell|first=W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ILJ_pfMgLqsC|title=Foundations of Futures Studies, Volume 1: Human Science for a New Era|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1412823791|access-date=12 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004185315/https://books.google.com/books?id=ILJ_pfMgLqsC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 1 . 54. Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so Mpɛn pii no, daakye ho nhwehwɛmufo ani gye ho sɛ wɔbɛma &quot;adesamma ahofadi ne yiyedi&quot; atu mpɔn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; : 1 . 73. Nkyekyɛm Ɛde ne ho to dodow ne su mu nhwehwɛmu a edi mũ a ɛfa mfiridwuma mu nkɔso a atwam ne mprempren ho so, na [[ɛbɔ]] mmɔden sɛ ɛde katee bɛka ho asɛm akɔ daakye.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wɔtaa de nyansahu mu ayɛsɛm di dwuma sɛ adwene fibea.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; : 1 . 173. Nkyekyɛm Daakye nhwehwɛmu akwan no bi ne [[Nhwehwɛmu (nnipa nhwehwɛmu) .|nhwehwɛmu nhwehwɛmu]], [[Nhwɛsoɔ|nhwɛsode]], [[Akontaabu mu nsusuwii|akontaabu nhwehwɛmu]], ne [[Nsusuwii a wɔde yɛ nneɛma|kɔmputa so mfoniniyɛ]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; : 1 . 187 na ɛwɔ hɔ .

== Kɔmputa ==
'''Kɔmputa''' yɛ [[afidie|afiri]] a wobetumi ayɛ ho nhyehyɛe sɛ ɛbɛyɛ akontaabu anaa ntease dwumadi ahorow ( [[Mfiridwuma a wɔde di dwuma|akontaabu]] ) nnidiso nnidiso. Nnɛyi [[Digitals ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri|dijitaal ɛlɛtrɔnik]] kɔmputa ahorow tumi yɛ adwuma ahorow a wɔfrɛ no [[Kɔmputa so dwumadi|program ahorow]] a ɛyɛ ne nyinaa . Saa nhyehyɛe ahorow yi ma kɔmputa ahorow tumi yɛ nnwuma ahorow pii. '''Kɔmputa nhyehyɛe''' yɛ kɔmputa a edi mũ a wɔfrɛ no [[Kɔmputa so nneɛma a wɔde yɛ adwuma|hardware]], [[Dwumadi nhyehyɛe|operating system]] (main [[software]] ), ne [[Nneɛma a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri|peripheral]] equipment a wohia na wɔde di dwuma ma ɛyɛ adwuma koraa ka ho. Saa asɛmfua yi nso betumi akyerɛ kɔmputa kuw bi a ɛka bom na ɛyɛ adwuma bom, te sɛ [[Kɔmputa so nkitahodi|kɔmputa ntam nkitahodi]] anaa [[Kɔmputa so akuwakuw|kɔmputa akuw]] .

[[Logic controller a wotumi yɛ ho nhyehyɛe|Mfiridwuma]] ne [[Ɛlektrɔnik mfiri a wɔde di dwuma|adetɔfo nneɛma]] ahorow pii de kɔmputa di dwuma sɛ [[Control nhyehyɛe|nhyehyɛe a wɔde di dwuma]] . Wɔde mfiri a ɛnyɛ den a wɔde di dwuma titiriw te sɛ [[Microwave fononoo a wɔde gu mu|microwave oven]] ne [[Remote control a wɔde di dwuma|remote control]] ka ho, na saa ara na mfiri a wɔde yɛ adwumayɛbea te sɛ [[mfiridwuma mu robɔt]] ne [[Kɔmputa so adwini a wɔde yɛ adwuma|kɔmputa a wɔde boa adwini]], ne mfiri a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so te sɛ [[ankorankoro kɔmputa]] ne [[Mobile mfiri a wɔde di dwuma|mfiri a wɔde di dwuma wɔ telefon]] so te sɛ [[Smartphone a wɔde di dwuma|smartphone]] . Kɔmputa na ɛma [[Intanɛt so|Intanɛt]], a ɛka kɔmputa afoforo ne wɔn a wɔde di dwuma ɔpepepem pii bom no nya ahoɔden.

Na wɔayɛ sɛ wɔde kɔmputa a edi kan no bɛyɛ akontaabu nkutoo. Nnwinnade a wɔde nsa yɛ a ɛnyɛ den te sɛ [[Abacus a ɛwɔ hɔ|abacus]] aboa nkurɔfo ma wɔabu akontaa fi tete. Wɔ [[Mfiridwuma mu Ɔsesɛw|Mfiridwuma mu Ɔsesɛw no]] mfiase no, wɔyɛɛ mfiri ahorow bi a wɔde bɛyɛ nnwuma atenten a ɛyɛ den, te sɛ nsusuwso ahorow a wɔkyerɛ kwan ma [[Loom|ntamadan]] . Ɛlektrik mfiri a ɛyɛ nwonwa kɛse yɛɛ [[Analogue ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri|analog]] akontaabu titiriw wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 mfiase mu hɔ. Wɔyɛɛ [[Digitals data a wɔde di dwuma|dijitaal]] ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri a edi kan a wɔde bu akontaa wɔ [[Wiase Ko II]] mu . [[Semiconductor a ɛyɛ adwuma|Semiconductor]] [[Transistor a ɛwɔ hɔ|transistors]] a edi kan wɔ 1940 mfeɛ no awieeɛ no, [[Silicon a wɔde yɛ nneɛma|silicon]] -based [[MOSFET na ɔkyerɛwee|MOSFET]] (MOS transistor) ne [[Monolithic ɔmansin a wɔaka abom|monolithic integrated circuit]] chip mfiridwuma dii akyire wɔ 1950 mfeɛ no awieeɛ mu, na ɛde [[Microprocessor a wɔde yɛ adwuma|microprocessor]] ne [[Kɔmputa nketewa mu nsakrae|microcomputer nsakraeɛ]] baeɛ wɔ 1970 mfeɛ no mu. Kɔmputa ahoɔhare, ahoɔden ne sɛnea ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ mmeae pii no akɔ soro kɛse fi saa bere no, na [[Transistor dodow a wɔde ma|transistor dodow]] akɔ soro ntɛmntɛm (sɛnea [[Moore mmara no|Moore mmara]] kyerɛe no ), na ɛde [[Digitals Ɔsesɛw a Ɛbae|Digital Revolution]] bae wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 awiei kosi 21 mfiase mu hɔ.

Sɛnea wɔtaa yɛ no, anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnɛyi kɔmputa yɛ [[Nneɛma a wɔde yɛ adwuma|ade biako a wɔde yɛ adwuma]], a mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ [[Central processing unit a wɔde yɛ adwuma|central processing unit]] (CPU) a ɛte sɛ microprocessor, ne [[Kɔmputa so memory|kɔmputa memory]] bi, a mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ [[Semiconductor a wɔde kae ade|semiconductor memory]] chips. Ade a wɔde yɛ adwuma no yɛ akontaabu ne ntease mu dwumadi ahorow, na nhyehyɛe a wɔde di dwuma nnidiso nnidiso ne nea wɔde di dwuma no betumi asesa nhyehyɛe a wɔde yɛ adwuma no de abua [[nsɛm]] a wɔde asie . Mfiri a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri no bi ne mfiri a wɔde hyɛ mu (keyboards, mice, [[Anigyede a wɔde hyɛ mu|joystick]], ne nea ɛkeka ho), mfiri a wɔde fi mu (monitor screens, [[Printer (kɔmputa a wɔde tintim nhoma) .|printers]], ne nea ɛkeka ho), ne mfiri a wɔde hyɛ mu/fi mu a ɛyɛ adwuma abien no nyinaa (sɛ nhwɛso no, 2000 mfe no mu [[Touchscreen a wɔde ka ho|touchscreen]] ). Peripheral devices ma kwan ma wogye nsɛm fi abɔnten fibea na ɛma wotumi sie nea efi adwumayɛ mu ba no so na wogye.

== Etymology ho adesua ==
[[File:X-4_with_Female_Computer_-_GPN-2000-001932.jpg|alt=A human computer.|thumb|Onipa kɔmputa, a microscope ne calculator wom, 1952]]
Sɛnea ''[[Oxford Engiresi Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma|Oxford English Dictionary]]'' kyerɛ no, nea edi kan a wonim sɛ wɔde ''kɔmputa'' dii dwuma ne nhoma bi a Engiresi kyerɛwfo [[Richard Brathwait na ɔkyerɛwee|Richard Brathwait]] kyerɛwee wɔ 1613 mu a wɔfrɛ no ''The Yong Mans Gleanings'' : “I haue.” [   kenkan Times kɔmputa a ɛyɛ nokware sen biara, ne Akontaabu ho nimdefo a oye sen biara a euer [   homee, na ɔtew wo nna so ma ɛyɛ tiaa.&quot; Na asɛmfua a wɔde dii dwuma yi kyerɛ [[Nnipa kɔmputa|onipa kɔmputa]], obi a ɔyɛ akontaabu anaa akontaabu. Asɛmfua no kɔɔ so nyaa ntease koro no ara kosii afeha a ɛto so 20 mfinimfini. Wɔ saa bere yi fa a etwa to no mu no, na wɔtaa fa mmea sɛ kɔmputa efisɛ na wotumi tua wɔn ka a ɛba fam sen wɔn mfɛfo mmarima. [1] Eduu afe 1943 no, na nnipa kɔmputa dodow no ara yɛ mmea. [2]

''[[Online Etymology Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma|Online Etymology Dictionary]]'' de ''kɔmputa'' a edi kan a wɔadi ho adanse sɛ wɔde dii dwuma wɔ 1640 mfe no mu ma, a ɛkyerɛ ‘obi a obu akontaa’; eyi yɛ &quot;agent noun a efi compute (v. )&quot;. ''Online Etymology Dictionary'' ka sɛ asɛmfua no a wɔde dii dwuma de kyerɛ &quot;  akontaabu afiri' (a ɛyɛ ɔkwan biara so) no fi 1897.&quot; ''Online Etymology Dictionary'' kyerɛ sɛ &quot;nnɛyi dwumadie&quot; a wɔde asɛmfua no di dwuma, sɛ ɛkyerɛ 'digyital ɛlɛtrɔnik kɔmputa a wɔtumi yɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ' no firi &quot;1945 wɔ saa din yi ase; [wɔ] nsusuiɛ [nteaseɛ mu] firi 1937, sɛ ''[[Turing afiri a wɔde yɛ adwuma|Turing afiri]]'' &lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;

=== Ansa na afeha a ɛto so 20 reba ===
[[File:Os_d'Ishango_IRSNB.JPG|thumb|[[Ishango dompe]], [[nnompe adwinnade]] a efi [[Afrika a na ɛwɔ hɔ ansa na abakɔsɛm reba|Afrika ansa na abakɔsɛm reba]]]]
Wɔde mfiri adi dwuma de aboa akontaabu mfe mpempem pii, na ne fa kɛse no ara de [[Nsateaa a wɔde kan|nsateaa]] [[Nkrataa a wɔkyerɛw mmiako mmiako|a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm a ɛyɛ biako ne biako]] na edi dwuma . Ɛda adi kɛse sɛ na mfiri a edi kan a wɔde kan akontaa no yɛ [[Tally dua no|tally stick]] bi . Akyiri yi mmoa a wɔde sie kyerɛwtohɔ wɔ [[Ɔsram a Ɛsow Aba|Fertile Crescent]] no nyinaa mu no bi ne calculi (dɔte kurukuruwa, cone, ne nea ɛkeka ho) a egyina hɔ ma nneɛma dodow, a ɛbɛyɛ sɛ mmoa anaa aburow, a wɔatoto mu wɔ dɔte nkuku a tokuru a wɔantow mu. [lower-alpha 1] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Eleanor|last=Robson|author-link=Eleanor Robson|year=2008|title=Mathematics in Ancient Iraq|isbn=978-0-691-09182-2|page=5}}: calculi were in use in Iraq for primitive accounting systems as early as 3200–3000 BCE, with commodity-specific counting representation systems. Balanced accounting was in use by 3000–2350 BCE, and a [[Sexagesimal nɔma nhyehyɛe|sexagesimal number system]] was in use 2350–2000 BCE.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nnua a wɔde bu akontaa|Nkontaabu]] a wɔde di dwuma no yɛ nhwɛso biako.
[[File:Abacus_6.png|left|thumb|Chinafo [[Suanpan na ɔkyerɛwee|suanpan]] (算盘&lt;/link&gt; ). Dodow a wɔde gyina hɔ ma wɔ [[Abacus a ɛwɔ hɔ|abacus]] yi so no yɛ 6,302,715,408.]]
Mfiase no na wɔde [[Abacus a ɛwɔ hɔ|abacus]] no yɛ akontaabu ho nnwuma. Wɔde [[Romafo abacus|mfiri]] a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ [[Babilon]] wɔ afe 2400 A.Y.B. Efi saa bere no, wɔayɛ akontaabu kyerɛwpon anaa apon afoforo pii. Wɔ mfinimfini mmere mu Europafo [[Fie a wɔkan nneɛma|akontaabu dan]] bi mu no, na wɔde ntama a wɔakyerɛw so sisi pon so, na wɔde agyiraehyɛde ahorow di akɔneaba wɔ so sɛnea mmara ahorow bi kyerɛ, sɛ mmoa a wɔde bu sika dodow ho akontaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Flegg, Graham.|title=Numbers through the ages|date=1989|publisher=Macmillan Education|isbn=0-333-49130-0|location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire|language=en-US|oclc=24660570}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:NAMA_Machine_d'Anticythère_1.jpg|thumb|[[Antikythera afiri a wɔde yɛ adwuma|Antikythera afiri]], a efi [[Tete Helafo|tete Hela]] bɛyɛ afe [[Analog kɔmputa so dwumadi|150–100]] A.Y.B.]]

Sɛnea [[Derek J. de Solla Boɔ a Wɔde Ma|Derek J. de Solla Price]] kyerɛ no wogye di sɛ [[Antikythera afiri a wɔde yɛ adwuma|Antikythera afiri no]] ne [[Analog kɔmputa so|kɔmputa a wɔde yɛ mfiri]] a edi kan a wonim no .&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080428070448/http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/project/general/the-project.html ''The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428070448/http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/project/general/the-project.html|date=28 April 2008}}, The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Retrieved 1 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔyɛɛ no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobebu nsoromma mu hwɛbea ahorow ho akontaa. Wohuu no wɔ 1901 mu wɔ [[Antikythera hyɛn a asɛe|Antikythera po so hyɛn a asɛe]] wɔ Hela supɔw [[Antikythera a wɔde yɛ nnuru|Antikythera]] so a ɛda [[Kythera na ɔkyerɛwee|Kythera]] ne [[Kreta|Crete]] ntam no mu, na wɔakyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ bɛyɛ c. 100 A.Y.B. Na mfiri a ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔde toto Antikythera adwinnade no ho no rensan mma bio kosi afeha a ɛto so dunan no mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Marchant|first=Jo|date=1 November 2006|title=In search of lost time|journal=Nature|volume=444|issue=7119|pages=534–538|doi=10.1038/444534a|pmid=17136067|bibcode=2006Natur.444..534M|s2cid=4305761|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔyɛɛ mfiri pii a wɔde boa akontaabu ne susuw de dii dwuma wɔ nsoromma mu hwɛ ne po so hyɛn mu. Na [[Planisphere a ɛwɔ asase so|planisphere]] yɛ [[Nsoromma nhyehyɛe|nsoromma ho mfonini]] a [[Al-Biruni na ɔkyerɛwee|Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] yɛe wɔ afeha a ɛto so 11 mfiase.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiet&quot;&gt;G. Wiet, V. Elisseeff, P. Wolff, J. Naudu (1975). ''History of Mankind, Vol 3: The Great medieval Civilisations'', p. 649. George Allen &amp; Unwin Ltd, [[UNESCO]].&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔyɛɛ [[nsoromma mu hwɛ]]bea no wɔ [[Helafo anibuei|Helafo wiase no]] mu wɔ afeha a ɛto so 1 anaa 2 [[Hipparchus na ɔkyerɛwee|A.Y.B.]] Na nsoromma mu hwɛbea no yɛ planisphere ne [[Dioptra na ɔkyerɛwee|dioptra]] a wɔaka abom no yɛ kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a etu mpɔn so a etumi di ɔhaw ahorow pii ho dwuma wɔ [[Nsoromma ho adesua a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa|nsoromma mu hwɛ a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa]] mu . Abi Bakr a &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first1=Silvio A.|last1=Bedini|first2=Francis R.|last2=Maddison|year=1966|title=Mechanical Universe: The Astrarium of Giovanni de' Dondi|journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society|volume=56|issue=5|pages=1–69|jstor=1006002|doi=10.2307/1006002}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Isfahan na ɔkyerɛwee|Isfahan]], [[Iran|Persia]] na ɔyɛɛ nsoromma mu hwɛbea bi a mfiri [[Kalenda a wɔde yɛ adwuma|kalenda]] kɔmputa &lt;ref&gt;Fuat Sezgin &quot;Catalogue of the Exhibition of the Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science (at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University&quot;, Frankfurt, Germany) Frankfurt Book Fair 2004, pp.&amp;nbsp;35 &amp; 38.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first=François|last=Charette|title=Archaeology: High tech from Ancient Greece|journal=Nature|volume=444|issue=7119|pages=551–552|year=2006|doi=10.1038/444551a|pmid=17136077|bibcode=2006Natur.444..551C|s2cid=33513516|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne [[Afadeɛ|gear]] -wheels ka ho wɔ afe 1235 mu. Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī na ɔyɛɛ [[Lunisolar kalenda a wɔde di dwuma|lunisolar kalenda]] astrolabe a edi kan a wɔde mfiri ayɛ geared,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first=Derek de S.|last=Price|author-link=Derek J. de Solla Price|year=1984|title=A History of Calculating Machines|url=https://archive.org/details/ieee-micro_1984-02_4_1/page/22|journal=IEEE Micro|volume=4|number=1|pages=22–52|doi=10.1109/MM.1984.291305}}&lt;/ref&gt; mfitiase [[afidie|afiri a]] wɔde di dwuma wɔ nimdeɛ [[Wɔya|a]] wɔde nhama a ɛyɛ pintinn ayɛ &lt;ref name=&quot;Oren&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|first=Tuncer|last=Őren|author-link=Tuncer Őren|year=2001|title=Advances in Computer and Information Sciences: From Abacus to Holonic Agents|url=http://www.site.uottawa.ca/~oren/pubs/pubs-2001-02-Tubitak.pdf|journal=Turk J Elec Engin|volume=9|number=1|pages=63–70|access-date=21 April 2016|archive-date=15 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915033859/http://www.site.uottawa.ca/~oren/pubs/pubs-2001-02-Tubitak.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; a ɛwɔ [[Gear keteke|gya keteke]] ne gya-ntwahonan,&lt;ref&gt;[[Donald Routledge Hill]] (1985). &quot;Al-Biruni's mechanical calendar&quot;, ''Annals of Science'' '''42''', pp.&amp;nbsp;139–163.&lt;/ref&gt; c. 1000 Y.B.

Wɔyɛɛ [[Sector (adwinnade) .|sector]], adwinnade a wɔde bu akontaa a wɔde di ɔhaw ahorow ho dwuma wɔ nsusuwii, trigonometry, dodow ne mpaapaemu mu, ne dwumadi ahorow te sɛ ahinanan ne kuruwa ntini, wɔ afeha a ɛto so 16 awiei mu hɔ na wɔde dii dwuma wɔ atuo a wɔde di dwuma, nhwehwɛmu ne po so hyɛn mu.

Na [[Planimeter a wɔde kyerɛ sɛnea nneɛma te|planimeter]] no yɛ adwinnade a wɔde nsa yɛ a wɔde bu akontaa fa mfonini a wɔato mu no kɛse ho denam mfiri a wɔde di nkitaho a wɔde hwehwɛ so.

Wɔ 1770 mfe no mu no, [[Pierre Jaquet-Droz na ɔkyerɛwee|Pierre Jaquet-Droz]], Switzerlandni [[Ɔwɛn-dwumayɛfo|dɔn yɛfo]] bi yɛɛ mfiri doll ( [[Automata na ɛyɛ adwuma|automaton]] ) a otumi kyerɛw a okura quill pen. Ɛdenam ne mu ntwahonan dodow ne nhyehyɛe a wɔbɛsesa so no, na wobetumi ayɛ nkyerɛwde ahorow, na ɛno nti nkrasɛm ahorow. Sɛ yɛbɛka a, na wobetumi de mfiri &quot;ayɛ nhyehyɛe&quot; de akenkan akwankyerɛ. Abofraa no ne mfiri afoforo abien a ɛyɛ den no wɔ Musée d’Art et d’Histoire a ɛwɔ [[Neuchâtel na ɔkyerɛwee|Neuchâtel]], [[Switzerland]], na ɛda so ara yɛ adwuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;

Wɔ 1831–1835 mu no, akontaabufo ne mfiridwumayɛfo [[Giovanni Plana na ɔkyerɛwee|Giovanni Plana]] yɛɛ [[Cappella dei Mercanti (Turin) na ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ.|Perpetual Calendar afiri]] bi, a ɛnam nhyehyɛe bi a ɛyɛ pulleys ne cylinders ne nea ɛboro saa so tumi kyerɛ [[Kalenda a ɛkɔ so daa|daa kalenda]] a ɛbɛba afe biara fi 0 Y.B.(kyerɛ sɛ, 1 A.Y.B.) kosi 4000 Y.B. mfe a ɛboro so ne da tenten a ɛsonosonoe a wɔbɛhwɛ so. [[Afiri a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea asorɔkye bɛba|Afiri a ɛkyerɛ asorɔkye]] a Scotlandni nyansahufo [[William Thomson, Ɔsahene a ɔdi kan Kelvin|Sir William Thomson]] yɛe wɔ 1872 mu no ho wɔ mfaso kɛse ma po so hyɛn a wɔde fa nsu a emu nnɔ mu. Ɛde nhyehyɛe bi a wɔde twe ne nhama dii dwuma de buu asorɔkye dodow a wɔahyɛ ho nkɔm wɔ bere pɔtee bi mu wɔ beae pɔtee bi no ho akontaa ankasa.

[[Nsonsonoe a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu|Differential analyser]], kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ mfiri a wɔde yɛ analog a wɔayɛ sɛ wɔde bedi [[Nsonsonoe mu nsɛso|differential equations]] ho dwuma denam [[Nneɛma a ɛho hia|nkabom so]], de ntwahonan ne diski mfiri dii dwuma de yɛɛ nkabom no. Wɔ 1876 mu no, na Owura William Thomson aka sɛnea wobetumi ayɛ akontaabu mfiri a ɛtete saa ho asɛm dedaw, nanso na [[Ball-ne-disk a wɔde bom yɛ adwuma|bɔɔl ne disk a wɔde bom no]] ahoɔden kakraa bi a ɛde ba no asiw no kwan .&lt;ref name=&quot;scientific-computing.com2&quot;&gt;Ray Girvan, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103094710/http://www.scientific-computing.com/scwmayjun03computingmachines.html &quot;The revealed grace of the mechanism: computing after Babbage&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103094710/http://www.scientific-computing.com/scwmayjun03computingmachines.html|date=3 November 2012}}, ''Scientific Computing World'', May/June 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ differential analyzer mu no, integrator biako output na ɛma integrator a edi hɔ no input, anaasɛ graphing output. [[Torque a ɛma nneɛma yɛ kɛse|Torque amplifier]] no ne nkɔso a ɛmaa saa mfiri yi tumi yɛɛ adwuma. Efi 1920 mfe no mu no, [[Vannevar Bush na ɔkyerɛwee|Vannevar Bush]] ne afoforo yɛɛ mfiri a wɔde hwehwɛ nsonsonoe mu.
[[File:Sliderule_2005.png|left|thumb|[[Slide mmara|Slide mmara bi]]]]

== Kɔmputa a edi kan ==
[[File:Charles_Babbage_by_Antoine_Claudet_c1847-51-crop.jpg|left|thumb|Charles Babbage wɔ afe 1990 mu. 1850 mu]]
[[Charles Babbage na ɔkyerɛwee|Charles Babbage]], Engiresini mfiridwuma ho nimdefo ne [[Polymath a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm pii|polymath]], na ɔde kɔmputa a wotumi yɛ ho nhyehyɛe ho adwene no bae. Wobu no sɛ &quot; [[Kɔmputa ho ɔkwampaefo|kɔmputa agya]] &quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Halacy, Daniel Stephen|title=Charles Babbage, Father of the Computer|url=https://archive.org/details/charlesbabbagefa00hala|url-access=registration|year=1970|publisher=Crowell-Collier Press|isbn=978-0-02-741370-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɔno na ɔyɛɛ adwene na ɔyɛɛ [[Kɔmputa a wɔde mfiri yɛ|mfiri kɔmputa]] a edi kan wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 mfiase.

Bere a ɔyɛɛ adwuma wɔ ne [[Nsonsonoe engine|nsonsonoe engine no]] akyi no ɔde nea ɔyɛe no too gua wɔ afe 1822 mu, wɔ krataa bi a ɔkyerɛw kɔmaa [[Royal Nsoromma Ho Adesua Kuw|Royal Astronomical Society]], a wɔtoo din &quot;Hyɛ no nsow wɔ mfiri a wɔde di dwuma wɔ nsoromma mu hwɛ ne akontaabu pon ahorow ho akontaabu mu&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt; ɔsan nso yɛɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ ɛbɛboa wɔ akwantu mu akontaabu mu no, wɔ 1833 mu no ohui sɛ wobetumi ayɛ nhyehyɛe a ɛkɔ akyiri koraa, [[engine a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu]] ,. Na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde nhyehyɛe ne data a wɔde bɛhyɛ afiri no mu no ma denam kaad a wɔabɔ [[Kaad a wɔabɔ no akuturuku|no akuturuku so]], na na ɔkwan bi a wɔfa so kyerɛ mfiri a wɔde ntama [[Loom|nneɛma]] te sɛ [[Jacquard afiri a wɔde yɛ ntama|Jacquard ntamadan kwan]] saa bere no . Sɛ wɔde output a, anka afiri no benya printa, curve plotter ne dɔn. Na afiri no nso betumi abɔ nɔma ahorow agu nkrataa so akenkan akyiri yi. Engine no de [[Nkontaabu mu ntease unit|akontaabu mu ntease unit]], [[Di nsu a ɛsen no so|control flow]] wɔ [[Nkorabata a ɛwɔ tebea bi mu|conditional branching]] ne [[Dwumadi nhyehyɛe no loop|loops]] kwan so, ne integrated [[Kɔmputa so memory|memory]] kaa ho, na ɛmaa ɛyɛɛ nhyehyɛe a edi kan a wɔde yɛɛ kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so a wobetumi aka ho asɛm wɔ nnɛyi nsɛm mu sɛ [[Turing-a ɛyɛ nea edi mũ|Turing-complete]] &lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;

Na afiri no adi ne bere so bɛyɛ mfe ɔha. Na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde nsa na ɛyɛ n’afiri no afa horow nyinaa – na eyi yɛ ɔhaw kɛse ma afiri a ɛwɔ afa mpempem pii. Awiei koraa no, wogyaee adwuma no bere a [[Britania Aban]] sii gyinae sɛ wobegyae sika a wɔde ma no. Wobetumi aka sɛ Babbage antumi anwie nhwehwɛmu engine no titiriw ne amammui ne sikasɛm mu nsɛnnennen ne ɔpɛ a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔbɛyɛ kɔmputa a ɛrenya nkɔanim na wakɔ n’anim ntɛmntɛm sen sɛnea obi foforo biara betumi adi akyi no. Ne nyinaa mu no, ne babarima, [[Henry Babbage na ɔkyerɛwee|Henry Babbage]], wiee nhwehwɛmu engine no kɔmputa dwumadibea (afiri ''a wɔde yɛ nneɛma'' ) a wɔayɛ no mmerɛw no wɔ 1888 mu. Ɔyɛɛ sɛnea wɔde di dwuma wɔ kɔmputa so pon so ho ɔyɛkyerɛ a edii yiye wɔ 1906 mu.

Wɔ n’adwuma ''Essays on Automatics'' a wotintimii wɔ 1914 mu no, [[Spain]] mfiridwumayɛfo [[Leonardo Torres Quevedo na ɔkyerɛwee|Leonardo Torres Quevedo]] kyerɛw abakɔsɛm tiawa bi a ɛfa mmɔden a Babbage bɔe sɛ ɔbɛyɛ mfiri a wɔde yɛ Difference Engine ne Analytical Engine ho. Ɔkaa Analytical Engine ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ ne nsusuwii ahorow a ɛfa tumi a mfiri betumi anya ho nhwɛso, na ɔfa ɔhaw a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛyɛ engine a ɛte saa no sɛ ɛyɛ asɛnnennen ma n’ahokokwaw sɛ obi a ɔyɛɛ mfiri a wɔde anyinam ahoɔden yɛ adwuma. Krataa no kura afiri bi a etumi bu bo a ɛsom wɔ ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ no so koraa, ma nsakrae ahorow a ɛka ho no botae ahorow a wɔahyehyɛ no nnidiso nnidiso. Na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde nhyehyɛe bi a [[Nkaeɛ a wɔkenkan nkutoo|wɔkenkan nkutoo na]] ɛhwɛ afiri no nyinaa so, a na nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛfa [[Nkorabata a ɛwɔ tebea bi mu|nkorabata a wɔde tebea bi ahyɛ mu]] ho awie . Ɔde [[Nkontaabu a ɛfa nsu a ɛsensɛn nsu mu ho|akontaabu a ɛsensɛn nsu so]] ho adwene nso bae .&lt;ref name=&quot;LTQ1914es&quot;&gt;L. Torres Quevedo. ''Ensayos sobre Automatica – Su definicion. Extension teórica de sus aplicaciones,'' Revista de la Academia de Ciencias Exacta, Revista 12, pp. 391–418, 1914.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LTQ1915fr&quot;&gt;Torres Quevedo. L. (1915). [https://diccan.com/dicoport/Torres.htm &quot;Essais sur l'Automatique - Sa définition. Etendue théorique de ses applications&quot;], ''Revue Génerale des Sciences Pures et Appliquées'', vol. 2, pp. 601–611.&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ 1920 mu, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na Torres redi [[Nkontaabu kyerɛwtohɔ|akontaabu]] kyerɛwtohɔ a wɔyɛe no mfe 100 [[afahyɛ]] no, ɔde [[Leonardo Torres ne Quevedo na ɔkyerɛwee|Electromechanical Arithmometer]], nhwɛsode bi a wɔde [[Relay a wɔde ma|relay ahorow]] dii dwuma de dii akontaabu afiri bi a wɔde abɔ afiri a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm (ebia ɛwɔ akyirikyiri) a na ahyɛde ahorow wɔ so no dwumadi ahorow ho dwuma no mae wɔ Paris typed na nea efii mu bae no tintim automatic. [23] &lt;ref name=&quot;Randell1982p109&quot;&gt;B. Randell. ''Electromechanical Calculating Machine,'' The Origins of Digital Computers, pp.109-120, 1982.&lt;/ref&gt; [25]

=== Analog kɔmputa ahorow ===
[[File:099-tpm3-sk.jpg|left|thumb|[[William Thomson, Ɔsahene a ɔdi kan Kelvin|Sir William Thomson]] ’s afiri a ɛto so abiɛsa a ɛkyerɛ asorɔkye a ɛbɛba, 1879–81]]
Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 no fa a edi kan no mu no, wɔde kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ nwonwa so a ɛrenya nkɔanim kɛse na edii nyansahu mu [[Kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma|kɔmputa]] ho ahiade pii ho dwuma, na ɛde ɔhaw no ho mfonini a wɔde mfiri anaa anyinam ahoɔden yɛ tẽẽ dii dwuma sɛ nea wogyina so yɛ [[Mfiridwuma a wɔde di dwuma|akontaabu]] . Nanso, na eyinom nyɛ nea wotumi yɛ ho nhyehyɛe na mpɛn pii no na enni nnɛyi dijitaal kɔmputa ahorow a wotumi de di dwuma wɔ mmeae pii na ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ no.&lt;ref name=&quot;stanf&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history/|title=The Modern History of Computing|publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|year=2017|language=en-US|access-date=7 January 2014|archive-date=12 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712072148/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnɛyi kɔmputa a edi kan a wɔde yɛ analog ne [[afiri a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea asorɔkye bɛba]], a [[William Thomson, Ɔsahene a ɔdi kan Kelvin|Owura William Thomson]] (akyiri yi ɔbɛyɛɛ Lord Kelvin) na ɔyɛe wɔ 1872 mu. [[James Thomson (mfiridwumayɛfo) .|James Thomson]], Owura William Thomson a wagye din kɛse no nuabarima panyin na ɔyɛɛ [[Nsonsonoe a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu|differential analyzer]], kɔmputa a wɔde mfiri yɛ a wɔayɛ sɛ wɔde bedi differential equations ho dwuma denam ntwahonan ne diski mfiri a wɔde ka bom so no ho adwene wɔ 1876 mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;scientific-computing.com2&quot;/&gt;

Adwinni a ɛfa mfiri a wɔde yɛ analog kɔmputa ho no duu ne sorosoro denam [[Nsonsonoe a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu|differential analyser]], a H. L. Hazen ne [[Vannevar Bush na ɔkyerɛwee|Vannevar Bush]] yɛe wɔ [[Massachusetts Mfiridwuma Asoɛe|MIT]] fi 1927 mu no so. Eyi de [[James Thomson (mfiridwumayɛfo) .|James Thomson]] mfiri a ɛka bom ne torque amplifiers a H. W. Nieman yɛe no sii so. Wɔyɛɛ saa mfiri yi dumien ansa na wɔn dedaw reda adi. Eduu 1950 mfe no mu no, na [[Digitals ɛlɛtrɔnik kɔmputa|dijitaal ɛlɛtrɔnik kɔmputa ahorow]] a edii yiye no akyerɛ sɛ analog kɔmputa mfiri dodow no ara baa awiei, nanso wɔkɔɔ so de analog kɔmputa dii dwuma wɔ 1950 mfe no mu wɔ nneɛma titiriw bi te sɛ nhomasua ( [[Slide mmara|slide rule]] ) ne wimhyɛn ( [[Control nhyehyɛe|control systems]] ) mu.

=== Digitals kɔmputa ahorow ===
Eduu 1938 no, na [[United States Po so Asraafo]] ayɛ kɔmputa bi a wɔde anyinam ahoɔden yɛ a ɛne ne ho di nsɛ a ɛyɛ ketewaa bi a wobetumi de adi dwuma wɔ [[po ase akohyɛn]] mu . Na eyi ne [[Torpedo Data Kɔmputa|Torpedo Data Computer]], a ɛde trigonometry dii dwuma de dii ɔhaw a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtow torpedo agu baabi a ɛrekɔ so no ho dwuma. Wɔ [[Wiase Ko II]] mu no, wɔyɛɛ mfiri a ɛte saa ara wɔ aman afoforo so nso.
[[File:Z3_Deutsches_Museum.JPG|left|thumb|[[Konrad Zuse na ɔkyerɛwee|Konrad Zuse]] ’s [[Z3 (kɔmputa) .|Z3]], kɔmputa a edi kan a ɛyɛ adwuma koraa, dijitaal (electromechanical) no nsɛso]]
Na dijitaal kɔmputa ahorow a edi kan no yɛ [[Ɛlektrɔnik mfiri a wɔde yɛ nneɛma|anyinam ahoɔden mfiri]] ; anyinam ahoɔden switch ahorow na ɛmaa mfiri relay ahorow yɛɛ akontaabu no. Na saa mfiri yi ntumi nyɛ adwuma ntɛmntɛm na awiei koraa no, wɔde kɔmputa a ɛyɛ ntɛm kɛse a anyinam ahoɔden nyinaa na ɛyɛ adwuma, a mfiase no na wɔde [[Vacuum tube a wɔde hyɛ mu|vacuum tubes]] na esii ananmu . [[Z2 (kɔmputa) .|Z2]], a Germanni mfiridwumayɛfo [[Konrad Zuse na ɔkyerɛwee|Konrad Zuse]] yɛe wɔ 1939 mu wɔ [[Bɛɛlin|Berlin]], yɛ kɔmputa a wɔde anyinam ahoɔden mfiri a wɔde fa nneɛma kɔ baabi foforo ho nhwɛso a edi kan no mu biako.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Konrad_Zuse_(1992).jpg|right|thumb|[[Konrad Zuse na ɔkyerɛwee|Konrad Zuse]], a ɔyɛɛ nnɛyi kɔmputa &lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;]]

== Beaeɛ A Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ ==</text>
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    <title>Nkwammoa nkwa nna</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="12096" sha1="qs74k708fx3efupxtaxx1vf99ot6bsq" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei ɛwɔ '''Asante''' kasa mu''
[[File:Culex mosquito life cycle en.svg|thumb|Life cycle of a [[mosquito]]. An adult female mosquito lays eggs which develop through several stages to adulthood. Reproduction completes and perpetuates the cycle.]]
Wɔ adesua a ɛfa abɔdeɛ ho no, kwan a nipa fa so nnyini yɛ nnidisoɔ nnidisoɔ nsesaeɛ a abɔdeɛ fa mu, sɛ yɛrekɔ ahyeaseɛ no. Saa adwene no bɛn asetena mu nsɛm nkɔsoɔ ne sɛdeɛ abɔdeɛ faa so ne ne nkɔsoɔ nanso nsosoneɛ a ɛtwe adwene si nsakare so.

Nsakrae no bɛtumi ayɛ nyini, biribi a ɛnni atenka ne deɛ ɛwɔ atenka.

W abɔdeɛ no bi no mu, awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ ma aboa kro bi tumi twa nkwa nna.

Bi ne nnua ne nnua a ɛnso nhwiren, nkwammoa pii no wɔ afa mmienu, na nkwa na no wɔfrɛ no sɛ Alternation Generations. Asetena abakɔsɛm no ɔtaa de yɛ adwuma, ne titire ne red algae a ɛwɔ afa mmiɛnsa anaa deɛ ɛboro saa mankwammoa a ɛnyɛ mmienu.

Nkwa nna a ɛwɔ nnhyiaeɛ fa nsesaeɛ haploid ne daploid  afa ɛne sɛ nsesaeɛ a ploidy w mu no. Sɛ wo sane ba diploid afa de kɔ haploid afa, ɛsɛ sɛ meiosis ɛba. Ploidy wɔ nkwa nna afa mmiɛnsa.

* ''haplontic'' life cycle — the haploid stage is multicellular and the diploid stage is a single cell, meiosis is &quot;zygotic&quot;.
* ''diplontic'' life cycle — the diploid stage is multicellular and haploid gametes are formed, meiosis is &quot;gametic&quot;.
* ''haplodiplontic'' life cycle (also referred to as ''diplohaplontic'', ''diplobiontic'', or ''dibiontic'' life cycle) — multicellular diploid and haploid stages occur, meiosis is &quot;sporic&quot;

Nna no deɛ mitosis deɛ nko, zygotic meiosis wɔ mitotic afa baako mitosis si berɛ n fa wɔ &quot;zygotic&quot; meiosis ne berɛ a 2n fa wɔ gametic meiosis. Saa nti zygotic ne gametic meiosis ka bom a yɛfrɛ no &quot;haplobiontic&quot;(mitosis ɔfa baako, sɛ adwen no nnyɛ ntanta wɔ haplontic). Spontic meiosis nso wɔ mitosis afa mmienu, diploidne haploid afa no yɛfrɛ no &quot;diplobiontic&quot; (sɛ adwen no nnyɛ ntanta wɔ diplontic).

== Deɛ wɔahwehwɛ ahunu no foforɔ ==
Adesua a ɛfa awoɔ ne mpuntuo wɔ nkwammoa mu no nipa a wadɔ asukɔ wɔ nnua ho ne deɛ wadɔ asukɔ  wɔ mmoa ho na yɛ adwuma no.

Wilheim Holmeister yɛɛ ɔyɛkyerɛ sɛ alternation generation yɛ su a ɛka nnua bom, na ɔde deɛ ɛfiri mu baeɛ too daw wɔafe apem ɔha nnwɔtwe ne aduonum baako.

Nsɛmfua bi te sɛ(haplobiont ne diplobiont) a ɔde kyerɛ nkwa nna no Nils Svedelius na de baeɛ ma algae na ɔde maa nkwammoa biara, Nsɛmfua afoforɔ( autogamy ne gamontogamy) di dwuma wɔ protist nkwa nna mu wei nso Karl Gottlieb Grell na de dii dwuma. Nkyerɛmu ma nkwa naa a ɛmu yɛ den ma nkwammoa ahodoɔ no boa ma yɛnya adanseɛ sɛ ɛnyɛ nokware wɔ nsusueɛ wɔ spontaneous generation wɔ afe apem ɔha nnwɔtwe ne aduonan ne afe apem ɔha nnwɔtwe ne aduonum mu.

== Haplontic nkwa nna ==
Zygotic meiosis yɛ meiosis wɔ zygote a ɛdi karyogamy akyi pɛɛ a ɛka nuclei mmienu bom. Kwan wei so no nkwammoa no si diploid fa na ayɛ haploid nkwammoa bebree. Saa nkwammoa yi yɛkyɛm mitotically de nya multicellular kɛseɛ anaa haploid nkwammoa bebree. Gametes mmienu a ɛbɔ abira (barima ne ɔbaa)firi wɔn hɔ anaa nkwammoa no hɔ kabom bɛyɛ zygote.

Wɔ afa nyinaa mu no zygote yɛ diploid nkwammoa pɛ, mitosis si wɔ haploid ɔfa mu.

Nkwammoa bɛyɛ mitosis a ɛyɛ haplonts nti nkwa nna no nti yɛfrɛ no haplonticnkwa nna, haplonts yɛ;

* In [[:en:Archaeplastida|archaeplastidans]]: some [[:en:Green algae|green algae]] (e.g., ''[[:en:Cladophora|Cladophora glomerata]]'',&lt;ref&gt;O. P. Sharma. Textbook of Algae, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[:en:Acetabularia|Acetabularia]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Díaz&quot;&gt;Díaz Gonzalez, T.E., C. Fernandez-Carvajal Alvarez &amp; J.A. Fernandez Prieto. (2004). ''Curso de Botanica''. Gijón: Trea. Online material: ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20200514023212/https://www.unioviedo.es/bos/Asignaturas/Botanica/1.htm Botanica: Ciclos biológicos de vegetales] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514023212/https://www.unioviedo.es/bos/Asignaturas/Botanica/1.htm|date=2020-05-14}}'' (Vegetal life cycles, in Spanish).  Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo.&lt;/ref&gt;)
* In [[:en:Stramenopiles|stramenopiles]]: some [[:en:Brown algae|brown algae]] (the [[:en:Fucales|Fucales]], however, their life cycle can also be interpreted as strongly heteromorphic-diplohaplontic, with a highly reduced gametophyte phase, as in the [[:en:Flowering plant|flowering plants]]),{{sfn|van den Hoek|Mann|Jahns|1995|p=207}} some [[:en:Xanthophyte|xanthophytes]] (e.g., ''[[:en:Vaucheria|Vaucheria]]''),{{sfn|van den Hoek|Mann|Jahns|1995|p=124}} most [[:en:Diatom|diatoms]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruppert&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ruppert|first1=Edward E.|last2=Fox|first2=Richard S.|last3=Barnes|first3=Robert D.|title=Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780030259821|date=2004|publisher=Thomson-Brooks/Cole|isbn=978-0-03-025982-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780030259821/page/26 26]}}&lt;/ref&gt; some [[:en:Oomycete|oomycetes]] (e.g., ''[[:en:Saprolegnia|Saprolegnia]]'', ''[[:en:Plasmopara viticola|Plasmopara viticola]]''),&lt;ref name=&quot;Díaz&quot; /&gt; [[:en:Opaline|opalines]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruppert&quot; /&gt; some &quot;[[:en:Heliozoan|heliozoans]]&quot; (e.g., ''[[:en:Actinophrys|Actinophrys]]'', ''[[:en:Actinosphaerium|Actinosphaerium]]'')&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruppert&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Bell|first1=Graham|title=Sex and Death in Protozoa: The History of Obsession|date=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-36141-5|page=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lCengzqXfsC&amp;pg=PA11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In [[:en:Alveolate|alveolates]]: [[:en:Ciliate|ciliates]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Ruppert&quot; /&gt;
* In [[:en:Excavata|excavates]]: some [[:en:Parabasalid|parabasalids]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Ruppert&quot; /&gt;
* In [[:en:Opisthokont|opisthokonts]]: [[:en:Animal|animals]], some [[:en:Fungi|fungi]] (e.g., some [[:en:Ascomycetes|ascomycetes]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Díaz&quot; /&gt;

== Diplontic nkwa nna ==
Wɔ gametes meiosis ɛnka ɛsɛ meiotic na ɛkyekyɛ ne homu de nya haploid nkwammoa no nanso zygote na kyekyɛ ne ho mu wɔ mitotic mu de nya multicellular diploid ankorɛankorɛ anaa akuo akuo nya unicellulat deploid nkwammoa bebree .

Nkwammoa firi deploid ankorɛankorɛ na wakɔ fa meiosis mu de abɛnya haploid nkwammoa anaa gametes.Haploid nkwammoa bɛtumi akyɛ mu biom( fri mitosis) de anya haploid nkwammoa, wɔ yeast bebree, nanso haploid afa nnyɛ nkwa nna ɔfa titire. Wɔ diplonts, mitosis si wɔ diploid afa nloa mu ɛne sɛ gametes taa yɛ ntɛmpaa ne nkabom yɛ diploid zygotes.

Wɔ nna ne nyinaa mu no, gametes taa ne titire ne haploid nkwammoa ne mitosis taa si wɔ haploid afa nkoaa mu.

Diploid multicellular ankorɛankorɛ yɛ diplont ɛbiom nso gametic meiosis yɛ sane frɛ no diplontic nkwa nna. Diplonts no ne;

* In archaeplastidans: some green algae (e.g., ''Cladophora glomerata'', ''Acetabularia'')&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=R. E. Sinden, R. H. Hartley |title=Identification of the Meiotic Division of Malarial Parasites |date=1985-11 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03113.x |work=The Journal of Protozoology |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=742–744 |language=en |doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03113.x |access-date=2023-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In stramenopiles: some brown algae (the Fucales, however, their life cycle can also be interpreted as strongly heteromorphic-diplohaplontic, with a highly reduced gametophyte phase, as in the flowering plants),&lt;ref name=&quot;Biological life cycle&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Biological life cycle |date=2023-06-16 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biological_life_cycle&amp;oldid=1160369896 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2023-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; some xanthophytes (e.g., ''Vaucheria''),&lt;ref name=&quot;Biological life cycle&quot;/&gt; most diatoms, some oomycetes (e.g., ''Saprolegnia'', ''Plasmopara viticola''), opalines, some &quot;heliozoans&quot; (e.g., ''Actinophrys'', ''Actinosphaerium'')
* In alveolates: ciliates 
* In excavates: some parabasalids 
* In opisthokonts: animals, some fungi (e.g., some ascomycetes)

== Haplodiplontic nkwa nna ==
''Main article:'' Alternation of generations

Wɔ meiosis( a yɛ taa frɛ no intermediary meiosis) zygote no kyekyɛ mitotically de nya multicellular diploid sporophyte. Sporophyte no yɛ spore  fa meiosis a ɛno nso kyɛ mitosis kwan so a ɛno nso yɛ haploid ankorɛankorɛ a yɛfrɛ no gmetophytes.Na gametophytes no yɛ gametes fa mitosis mu. Wɔ nnua no mu bi no gametophytes no nnyɛ ketewa nkoaa na mmom ne nkwa yɛ tiawa; wɔ nnua no bi no algae bebree, gametophytes na di akotene wɔ ɔfa anaa nkwa nna no mu.

Haplodionts yɛ;

* In archaeplastidans: red algae (which have two sporophyte generations), some green algae (e.g., ''Ulva''), land plants
* In stramenopiles: most brown algae
* In rhizarians: many foraminiferans, plasmodiophoromycetes
* In amoebozoa: myxogastrids
* In opisthokonts: some fungi (some chytrids, some ascomycetes like the brewer's yeast)
* Other eukaryotes: haptophytes                                                                                         Mmoa no bi yɛ sex determination system a yɛfrɛ no haplodiploid nanso wei ne haplodiplontic nkwa nna no nnyɛ mmɛn.

== Vegetative meiosis ==
Red algae no bi( bonnemaisonia&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Noemi Salvador Soler, Amelia Gómez Garreta, M. Antonia Ribera Siguan |title=Somatic meiosis in the life history of Bonnemaisonia asparagoides and Bonnemaisonia clavata (Bonnemaisoniales, Rhodophyta) from the Iberian peninsula |date=2009-08 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09670260902780782 |work=European Journal of Phycology |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=381–393 |language=en |doi=10.1080/09670260902780782 |issn=0967-0262 |access-date=2023-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne Lemanea) ne green algae(Prasiola) wɔ vegetative meiosis a yɛ sane frɛ no somatic meiosis a ɛho ɛden. Vegetative meiosis bɛtumi asi wɔ haplodiontic ne diplontic nkwa nna mu. Gametophytes kɔso bata sane ka sporophyte ho. Vegetative(deɛ ɛnwo) diploid nkwammoa fa meiosis, a ɛyɛ vegetative haploid nkwammoa. Wei fa mitosis bebree mu na ayɛ gametes.

Ade foforɔ a yɛfrɛ vegetative diploidization ɛyɛ apomixis sɛ so, ɛsi wɔ  brown algae mu bi( Elachista stellaris). Nkwammoa a ɛwɔ haploid a ɛka nnua a ɛsi ntɛm so nya chromosomes mmienu de nya diploid tissue.

== Mmoawa nkwa nna ==
Mmoawa hwehwɛ na wadan ɔhohoɔ baako anaa mmienu. Deɛ ɔsaaeɛ bebree kyɛn ɔhohoɔ baako mmoa de awie nkwa nna na nkwa nna no ayɛ bibia a ɛwɔ hɔ. Dirofilaria immits anaa heartworm ne nkwa nna a ɛnyɛ nnidisoɔ nhwesoɔ no bi. Microfilariae no ɛsɛ ntomtom baa no fa ɛdikan yɛ, a ɛyɛ de kɔ yɛ infective larval afa ahodoɔ. Ntomtom ka aboa  na wɔde ama larvae a aseɛ de ama aboa no a ɔde ɛkɔ fa pulmonary artery ne deɛ ɛnyini no,

Saa mmoawa na ɛsaeɛ mmoa mmako no wɔ nkwa nna nnidisoɔ. Nhwɛsoɔ no bi ne mmoawa a ɛwɔ nkwa nna nnidisoɔ a yɛfrɛ no Ancyiostoma caninum anaa canine hookworm. Wɔnya nkɔsoɔ wɔ larval af a ɛwɔ yɛ mantam na afa kraman honam no mu pɛɛ de anya mpanimfoɔ a ɛwɔ nsono ketewa no mu.

== Nsesaeɛ ==
Deɛ ɛdikan paa wɔ nkwa nna no deɛ ɛnyɛ a ɛwɔ haploid ankorɛankorɛ ne deɛ ɛntumi nnwo.

Bateria ne archaea yi kyerɛ nkwa nna bi te sɛ eukaryotes no bi yɛ no( bi ne cryptophyta, chaonoflagellata, ne euglenozoa bebree, ne amaoebozoa, ne red algae no mu bi, green algae no bi, imperfect fungi, rioters no bi ne akuo bebree a ɛnhyɛda ɛnyɛ haploid).

Nanso eurokaryotes nyɛ dɛn ara yɛ mmoawa ɛnwo, nanso wayera wɔn awoɔ ho nnoɔma, anaa ɛni amma ho.

Eurokaryotes bebree(mmoa ne nnua) kyerɛ sɛ ɛnwo, a ɛyɛ ɔhyɛ wɔ nkwa nna  wɔ deɛ ɛwo a ɛsi bebree anaa kakraa bi.

== Sane hwɛ ==
Alternation of generations- Awoɔ nna ma nnua ne algae

Apomixis- ɛhyɛ deɛ ɛwo no anan wɔ deɛ ɛnwo no

Haplodiploidy- abɔdeɛ nkwa wɔm nhyehyeɛ no dodoɔ na kyerɛ chromosomes.

Parasexual cycle- Deɛ ɛnwo nso de kɔ ma genetic ho nnoɔma a meiosis ɛnka ho

== Beaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firii ==
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      <text bytes="47747" sha1="d1rqa4hkxex7nc8vst2oi0bbsz1e4q7" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Delphi_BW_2017-10-08_11-38-38.jpg|thumb|Nsrahwɛfo a wɔba Apollo Asɔredan mu, Delphi, Greece]]
'''Nsrahwɛ''' yɛ akwantu a wɔde gye wɔn ani anaa adwuma, ne aguadi dwumadi a ɛne sɛ wɔde akwantu a ɛte saa ma na wɔboa.&lt;ref&gt;{{OED|tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wiase Nyinaa Nsrahwɛ Ahyehyɛde no kyerɛkyerɛ nsrahwɛ mu wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so, wɔ nsɛm a ɛkɔ akyiri sen adwene a wɔtaa kura wɔ nsrahwɛ ho sɛ ɛyɛ nnapɔnna dwumadi nkutoo nkutoo mu&quot;, sɛ nnipa a &quot;wɔtu kwan kɔ mmeae a ɛnyɛ nea wɔtaa yɛ no na wɔtra hɔ a ɛnyɛ nea ɛboro afe biako a ɛtoatoa so ma ahomegye ne nea ennu nnɔnhwerew 24, adwumayɛ ne atirimpɔw afoforo&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsrahwɛ betumi ayɛ ɔman no mu (wɔ akwantufo no ankasa man mu) anaa amanaman ntam, na amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ wɔ nkɛntɛnso a ɛba ne nea efi mu nyinaa wɔ ɔman bi sika a aka no so .

Nsrahwɛfoɔ dodoɔ so teɛeɛ ɛnam sikasɛm a ɛkɔɔ fam kɛseɛ ( 2000 mfeɛ no awieeɛ sikasɛm mu ɔhaw ) wɔ afe 2008 fa a ɛtɔ so mmienu ne afe 2009 awieeɛ ntam, ne nea ɛfirii mu baeɛ ne sɛ afe 2009 H1N1 influensa mmoawa no paee,&lt;ref name=&quot;Barom2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|date=January 2009|title=International tourism challenged by deteriorating global economy|url=http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO_Barom09_1_en.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer|volume=7|issue=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017212434/http://www2.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO_Barom09_1_en.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2013|access-date=17 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WTOaugust10&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|date=August 2010|title=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer Interim Update|url=http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO_Barom10_update_august_en.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017203915/http://www2.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO_Barom10_update_august_en.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2013|access-date=17 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; nanso nkakrankakra nyaa ahoɔden kosii sɛ [[Yareɛ a yɛ frɛ no Coronavirus|COVID-19 ɔyaredɔm no]] de nkɔso no baa awiei mpofirim. Amanaman Nkabom Wiase Nsrahwɛ Ahyehyɛde no buu akontaa sɛ wiase nyinaa amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo a wɔba no betumi so atew 58% akosi 78% wɔ afe 2020 mu, na ɛbɛma wɔahwere U.S. dɔla ɔpepepem 0.9–1.2 wɔ amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo a wonya no mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;/&gt;

Wɔ wiase nyinaa no, amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfoɔ sika a wɔnya (akwantuo adeɛ a ɛwɔ sika a wɔde tua ho ka mu ) kɔɔ soro koduu US$1.03 ɔpepepem ( €740 ɔpepepem) wɔ afe 2005 mu, a ɛne nkɔanim ankasa a ɛkɔɔ soro 3.8% firi afe 2010 no hyia &lt;ref name=&quot;pr12027&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2017 Edition|date=1 July 2017|publisher=World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)|isbn=978-92-844-1902-9|language=en|doi=10.18111/9789284419029|url=https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/5202}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo a wɔbaa hɔ no boroo nsrahwɛfo ɔpepepem 1 wɔ wiase nyinaa nea edi kan wɔ afe 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barom2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|date=January 2013|title=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer|url=http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_barom13_01_jan_excerpt_0.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer|volume=11|issue=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228162347/http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_barom13_01_jan_excerpt_0.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2013|access-date=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na gua ahorow a ɛrenya nkɔso te sɛ [[China]], [[Russia]], ne [[Brasil|Brazil]] ama wɔn sika a wɔsɛe no akɔ soro kɛse wɔ mfe du a atwam no mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wiase nyinaa nsrahwɛfo na ɛma c. Wiase nyinaa mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a wɔtow gu no mu 8%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Lenzen|first1=Manfred|last2=Sun|first2=Ya-Yen|last3=Faturay|first3=Futu|last4=Ting|first4=Yuan-Peng|last5=Geschke|first5=Arne|last6=Malik|first6=Arunima|title=The carbon footprint of global tourism|journal=Nature Climate Change|publisher=Springer Nature Limited|date=7 May 2018|volume=8|issue=6|pages=522–528|issn=1758-6798|quote=[...] between 2009 and 2013, tourism's global carbon footprint has increased from 3.9 to 4.5 GtCO2e, four times more than previously estimated, accounting for about 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Transport, shopping and food are significant contributors. The majority of this footprint is exerted by and in high-income countries.|doi=10.1038/s41558-018-0141-x|bibcode=2018NatCC...8..522L|s2cid=90810502}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛnyɛ bere nyinaa na mframa a wɔtow gu ne nneɛma afoforo a ɛho hia a ɛba nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ne asetra mu no so wɔ mfaso ma mpɔtam hɔfo ne wɔn sikasɛm. Esiane eyi nti, nsrahwɛfo nkɔso ahyehyɛde ahorow pii afi ase de wɔn adwene asi nsrahwɛ a ɛtra hɔ daa so de abrɛ nkɛntɛnso bɔne a nsrahwɛfo nkɛntɛnso a ɛrenya nkɔanim no de ba no ase. Amanaman Nkabom Wiase Nsrahwɛ Ahyehyɛde no sii saa nneyɛe yi so dua denam nsrahwɛ a wɔhyɛɛ ho nkuran sɛ Nkɔso a Ɛkɔ So Daa Botae ahorow no fa, denam nhyehyɛe ahorow te sɛ Amanaman Ntam Afe a Ɛfa Nsrahwɛ a Ɛkɔ So Daa ma Nkɔso wɔ afe 2017 mu,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284419340|title=Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals – Journey to 2030, Highlights|date=2017-12-18|publisher=World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)|isbn=978-92-844-1934-0|language=en|doi=10.18111/9789284419340}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne nhyehyɛe ahorow te sɛ Nsrahwɛ ma SDGs a ɛtwe adwene si sɛnea SDG 8, SDG 12 ne SDG 14 de nsrahwɛ ka ho wɔ sikasɛm a ɛbɛkɔ so atra hɔ daa a wɔbɛbɔ mu .&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;/&gt;

Nsrahwɛ adu baabi foforo ne nnwuma a ɛreba a ɛfa ahunmu nsrahwɛ ho ne mprempren nnwuma a ɛwɔ po so ahyɛn a wɔde tu kwan no, akwan horow pii wɔ hɔ a wɔfa so kɔsrasra hɔ. Nsrahwɛ adwuma foforo a ebetumi aba ne nsrahwɛ a wɔyɛ no ankasa.

== Etymology ho adesua ==
Wɔde [[English|Borɔfo kasa mu]] asɛmfua ''tourist'' dii dwuma wɔ afe 1772 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Griffiths|first1=Ralph|author-link1=Ralph Griffiths|author2=Griffiths, G.E.|title=Pennant's Tour in Scotland in 1769|journal=[[Monthly Review (London)|The Monthly Review, Or, Literary Journal]]|year=1772|volume=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xS8oAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=tourist&amp;pg=PA150|access-date=23 December 2011|page=150}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ''wɔde tourism'' dii dwuma afe 1811.&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{oed|tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nsɛmfua yi fi asɛmfua ''tour'', a efi Engiresi Dedaw turian mu&lt;/link&gt; , a efi Franse kasa dedaw mu torner&lt;/link&gt; , a efi Latin tornare&lt;/link&gt; - &quot;sɛ wobɛdan lathe&quot;, a ɛno ankasa fi Tete Helafo tornos mu&lt;/link&gt; ( τόρνος&lt;/link&gt; ) - &quot;lathe&quot; a wode wo ho to so.&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;/&gt;

== Nkyerɛase ahorow ==
Wɔ afe 1936 mu no, Amanaman Apam no kyerɛɛ ''ɔman foforo so nsrahwɛfo'' ase sɛ &quot;obi a anyɛ yiye koraa no otu kwan kɔ amannɔne nnɔnhwerew aduonu anan&quot;. [[Amɑnɑmɑn Nkɑbɔmu|Amanaman Nkabom]] a edii n’ade no yɛɛ nsakrae wɔ nkyerɛase yi mu wɔ 1945 mu, denam asram asia a wɔde bɛtra hɔ a ɛsen biara a wɔde kaa ho no so.&lt;ref name=&quot;theobald&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dvK2ajv7zIC&amp;q=league+of+nations+tourism+1936&amp;pg=PA6|title=Global Tourism|last=Theobald|first=William F.|publisher=[[Butterworth–Heinemann]]|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7506-4022-0|edition=2nd|location=Oxford [England]|pages=6–7|oclc=40330075}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ afe 1941 mu no, Hunziker ne Kraft kyerɛɛ nsrahwɛ ase sɛ &quot;nneɛma a ɛyɛ nwonwa ne abusuabɔ a efi akwantu ne tra a wɔn a wɔnyɛ ɔman no mu ba no nyinaa bom, kosi sɛ ɛmma obi ntra hɔ daa na ɛne dwumadi biara a ɛma wonya sika nni abusuabɔ.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;1941define&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Grundriß Der Allgemeinen Fremdenverkehrslehre|last1=Hunziker|first1=W|author-link1=Walter Hunziker|last2=Krapf|first2=K|oclc=180109383|publisher=Polygr. Verl|language=de|location=Zurich|year=1942}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Tourismus-management: Tourismus-marketing Und Fremdenverkehrsplanung|year=1998|publisher=[u.a.] de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-015185-5|last1=Spode|first1=Hasso|author-link1=Hasso Spode|editor1-first=Günther|editor1-last=Haedrich|location=Berlin|oclc=243881885|language=de|chapter=Geschichte der Tourismuswissenschaft}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ 1976 mu no, England Nsrahwɛ Kuw no nkyerɛase ne sɛ: “Nsrahwɛ yɛ bere tiaa mu, bere tiaa mu nnipa a wɔde wɔn kɔ mmeae a ɛnyɛ mmeae a wɔtaa tra na wɔyɛ adwuma ne wɔn dwumadi bere a wɔtra baabiara.” Ɛka kankyee a wɔde yɛ atirimpɔw nyinaa ho.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Beaver|first=Allan|title=A Dictionary of Travel and Tourism Terminology|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoftrav0000beav_w7z2|year=2002|publisher=CAB International|isbn=978-0-85199-582-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoftrav0000beav_w7z2/page/313 313]|location=Wallingford|oclc=301675778}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ 1981 mu no, Amanaman Ntam Nyansahu mu Abenfo Fekuw a Ɛhwɛ Nsrahwɛ So no kyerɛkyerɛɛ nsrahwɛ mu sɛ dwumadi pɔtee bi a wɔpaw na wɔyɛ wɔ fie akyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;/&gt;

Wɔ afe 1994 mu no, [[Amɑnɑmɑn Nkɑbɔmu|Amanaman Nkabom no]] kyerɛɛ nsrahwɛ ahorow abiɛsa wɔ ne ''Recommendations on Tourism Statistics'' mu :&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|year=1994|title=Recommendations on Tourism Statistics|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/newsletter/unsd_workshops/tourism/st_esa_stat_ser_M_83.pdf|series=M|issue=83|page=5|journal=Statistical Papers|access-date=12 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Domestic tourism, a ɛfa ɔman a wɔde ama no mufo a wotu kwan wɔ ɔman yi mu nkutoo ho
* Nsrahwɛ a ɛba,&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;/&gt; a ɛfa nnipa a wɔnyɛ ɔmanfo a wotu kwan wɔ ɔman a wɔde ama no mu ho
* Nsrahwɛ a ɛkɔ amannɔne, a ɛfa nnipa a wɔte hɔ a wotu kwan wɔ ɔman foforo so ho
* Akuw afoforo a wonya fii atifi hɔ akuw mu:&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ɔman nsrahwɛ, nsrahwɛ a wɔyɛ wɔ ɔman no mu ne nea ɛkɔ amannɔne a wɔaka abom
* Ɔmantam mu nsrahwɛ, nsrahwɛ a wɔyɛ wɔ ɔman no mu ne nea wɔba mu a wɔaka abom
* Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ, nsrahwɛ a ɛba ne nea ɛkɔ akyi a wɔaka abom

Ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔde nsɛmfua ''nsrahwɛ'' ne ''akwantu'' di dwuma de sesa wɔn ho wɔn ho. Wɔ saa tebea yi mu no, akwantu wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛte sɛ nsrahwɛ nanso ɛkyerɛ akwantu a atirimpɔw wom kɛse. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔde nsɛmfua ''nsrahwɛ'' ne ''nsrahwɛfo'' di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ animtiaabu so, de kyerɛ anigye a emu nnɔ wɔ amammerɛ anaa mmeae a wɔkɔsra no ho. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, wɔtaa de ''akwantufo'' di dwuma sɛ sɛnkyerɛnne a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi da nsow. Nsrahwɛ ho asetra ho adesua asua amammerɛ mu gyinapɛn ahorow a ɛhyɛ saa nsonsonoe ahorow yi ase ne nea ɛkyerɛ wɔ adesuakuw mu abusuabɔ ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjLxR2H-YCYC|title=Tourists at the Taj: Performance and Meaning at a Symbolic Site|last=Edensor|first=Tim|year=1998|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-16712-3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nsrahwɛ ho nneɛma ===
Sɛnea Wiase Nyinaa Nsrahwɛ Ahyehyɛde kyerɛ no, ade bi a wɔyɛ wɔ nsrahwɛ ho ne:&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;/&gt;

Nsrahwɛ ho ade no fa nnwuma ahorow pii ho a dea ɛka ho ne:&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;/&gt;

* Dabere ho nhyehyɛe fi afie a wɔtra a ne bo nyɛ den so kosi ahɔhodan a nsoromma anum wom so
* Ahɔhoyɛ adwuma a mmeae a wɔde nnuan ne anonne ma ka ho
* Akwahosan ho adwumayɛbea ahorow te sɛ aduru a wɔde twitwiw nipadua no
* Akwan ahorow nyinaa a wɔfa so, ne booking ne rental
* Akwantuo adwumayɛbea ahorow, akwantufo a wɔkyerɛ wɔn kwan ne nsrahwɛfo akwankyerɛfo
* Amammerɛ mu nnwuma te sɛ nyamesom nkaedum, tete nneɛma akorae, ne abakɔsɛm mmeae
* Dwadie

=== Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo ===
[[File:International-tourist-arrivals-by-world-region.svg|thumb|Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo a wɔba afe biara sɛnea ɔmantam biara te]]
Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ yɛ nsrahwɛ a ɛtwa ɔman ahye. Wiase nyinaa ayɔnkofa ama nsrahwɛ ayɛ wiase nyinaa ahomegye dwumadi a agye din. Wiase Nsrahwɛ Ahyehyɛde no kyerɛkyerɛ nsrahwɛfo mu sɛ nnipa &quot;a wotu kwan kɔ mmeae a ɛnyɛ nea wɔtaa yɛ no na wɔtra hɔ a ɛnboro afe biako a ɛtoatoa so de gye wɔn ahome, nnwuma ne nneɛma afoforo&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;/&gt; Wiase Nyinaa Akwahosan Ahyehyɛde (WHO) bu akontaa sɛ nnipa bɛyɛ 500,000 na wɔte wimhyɛn mu bere biara.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian.com2&quot;&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/8477508 Swine flu prompts EU warning on travel to US]. ''The Guardian.'' 28 April 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ afe 2010 mu no, amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ duu US$ 919B, na ɛkɔɔ soro 6.5% sene afe 2009, a ɛne nkɔanim a ɛkɔɔ soro wɔ ankasa mu a ɛyɛ 4.7% hyia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|date=June 2011|title=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer June 2009|url=http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_pisa_2011_1.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer|publisher=World Tourism Organization|volume=7|issue=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119091058/http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_pisa_2011_1.pdf|archive-date=19 November 2011|access-date=3 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ afe 2010 mu no, amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo bɛboro ɔpepem 940 na wɔbaa wiase nyinaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2011Highlights&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|date=June 2011|title=2011 Highlights|url=http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights11enlr.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=UNWTO World Tourism Highlights|publisher=UNWTO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113021355/http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights11enlr.pdf|archive-date=13 January 2012|access-date=9 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eduu afe 2016 no na saa dodow no akɔ soro akodu ɔpepem 1,235, na ɛde sika a wɔsɛee no wɔ mmeae a wɔrekɔ no yɛ USD ɔpepepem 1,220.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)|url=https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284419029|title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2017 Edition|date=2017-07-01|publisher=World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)|isbn=978-92-844-1902-9|doi=10.18111/9789284419029}}&lt;/ref&gt; COVID-19 ahokyere no nyaa [[Nkɛntɛnso a COVID-19 ɔyaredɔm no anya wɔ nsrahwɛfo so|nkɛntɛnso bɔne kɛse wɔ amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ so]] maa su a ɛrekɔ soro no nyinaa brɛɛ ase kɛse.

Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ wɔ [[Nkɛntɛnso a nsrahwɛfo nya|nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ nneɛma a]] [[Nkɛntɛnso a wimhyɛn nya wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so|atwa yɛn ho ahyia so, a ɔhaw ahorow a wimhyɛn akwantu de]] ba no fa bi ma ɛyɛ kɛse nanso nsɛm afoforo nso, a nsrahwɛfo a wɔyɛ adefo a wɔde asetra kwan a ɛhaw mpɔtam hɔ nnwuma, nsu ne nwura nhyehyɛe ne afoforo ka ho.

== Gyinabea ==
Sikasɛm mu nnyinaso a ɛwɔ nsrahwɛ mu titiriw ne amammerɛ mu agyapade, [[amammerɛ mu agyapade]] ne [[Abɔdeɛ|sɛnea]] akwantu beae no te. Ɛfata sɛ yɛka [[Wiase Nyinaa Agyapade Mmeae|Wiase Agyapade Mmeae ahorow no]] ho asɛm titiriw nnɛ efisɛ ɛyɛ nsrahwɛfo magnet ankasa. Nanso ɔman bi nniso a ɛwɔ hɔ mprempren anaa kan no mpo betumi ayɛ nea ɛho hia kɛse ama nsrahwɛfo. Sɛ nhwɛso no, [[Britania adehye abusua]] no anigye no ma nsrahwɛfo ɔpepem pii ba Great Britain afe biara ma enti sikasɛm bɛyɛ £550 ɔpepem afe biara. Yebetumi aka [[Habsburg na ɔkyerɛwee|Habsburg]] abusua no ho asɛm wɔ Europa Mfinimfini fam. Sɛnea akontaabu kyerɛ no, ɛsɛ sɛ Habsburg ahyɛnsode no ma nsrahwɛfo tɔn euro ɔpepem 60 afe biara ma Vienna nkutoo.&lt;ref&gt;[[Laurajane Smith]] &quot;Uses of Heritage&quot; (2006); Regina Bendix, Vladimir Hafstein &quot;Culture and Property. An Introduction&quot; (2009) In: Ethnologia Europaea 39/2&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gerhard Bitzan, Christine Imlinger &quot;Die Millionen-Marke Habsburg&quot; (German) In: Die Presse, 15 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mpɛn pii no, nsrahwɛ hwehwɛ sɛ nsrahwɛfo no te nka sɛ ɔde ne ho ahyɛ beae a wɔrekɔ no ho osuahu ankasa mu. Sɛnea Dean MacCannell kyerɛ no, nsrahwɛ hwehwɛ sɛ nsrahwɛfo no betumi abu beae a wɔakɔsra hɔ no sɛ ɛyɛ nokware na ɛsono wɔn ankasa osuahu a wɔatra ase &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Maccannell|first=Dean|title=The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class|publisher=University of California Press|year=1999|isbn=9780520218925|edition=2nd|pages=12|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; .&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Amish and the Media {{!}} Johns Hopkins University Press Books|url=https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/title/amish-and-media|access-date=2021-11-30|website=jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu|year=2016|doi=10.1353/book.44948|isbn=9781421419572|last1=Nolt|first1=Steven}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 1 . 113. Nkyekyɛm  &lt;/link&gt; Ɛdenam &quot;nea ɛyɛ nwonwa&quot; a nsrahwɛfo hwɛ so no, wosua nea wɔn ankasa nyɛ: kyerɛ sɛ, wɔyɛ &quot;an-exotic,&quot; anaasɛ wɔyɛ ade a ɛfata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; &lt;/link&gt;

Sɛnea MacCannell kyerɛ no, nnɛyi nsrahwɛ nyinaa nya osuahu a ɛyɛ &quot;nokware&quot; ne &quot;nea ɛyɛ nwonwa&quot; sɛ &quot;ɛba fam wɔ nkɔso mu&quot; sen nnɛyi de no —kyerɛ sɛ, osuahu a nsrahwɛfo no tra ase no.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; : 1 . 114. Nkyekyɛm  &lt;/link&gt;

== Abakɔsɛm ==

=== Tete ===
[[File:&quot;A_Tour_Guide_to_the_Famous_Places_of_the_Capital&quot;_from_Akizato_Rito's_Miyako_meisho_zue_(1787).jpg|thumb|Japanni nsrahwɛfo bi rebisabisa akwantufo kwankyerɛfo ne akwankyerɛ nhoma bi a efi Akizato Ritō ''Miyako meisho zue'' (1787) mu]]
Na akwantu a ɛkɔ obi mpɔtam hɔ akyi de gye w’ahome no yɛ adefo akuw nkutoo dea, na ɛtɔ

mmere bi a na wotu kwan kɔ wiase mmeae a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri, kɔhwɛ adan akɛse ne adwinni ahorow, [[Kasa ahorow pii a wɔka|sua kasa foforo]], nya amammerɛ foforo, nya abɔde a ɛho tew mu anigye na wɔsɔ hwɛ soronko [[Aduan a wɔde yɛ aduan|nnuan a wɔde yɛ aduan]] . Nanso, wɔ [[Shulgi na ɔkyerɛwee|Shulgi]], mu tɔnn no, ahemfo kamfoo wɔn ho sɛ wɔbɔ akwan ho ban na wosisi akwan so gyinabea ahorow ma akwantufo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFWjoeVCLk0C|title=Introduction To Tourism|last=Jayapalan|first=N.|year=2001|publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-977-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wobetumi ahu akwantu a wɔde gye wɔn ani wɔ [[Misrim|Misraim]] fi 1500 A.Y.B.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Casson|first1=Lionel|title=Travel in the Ancient World|url=https://archive.org/details/travelinancientw0000cass|date=1994|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|page=[https://archive.org/details/travelinancientw0000cass/page/n33 32]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na [[Nsrahwɛ a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ tete Roma|tete Roma nsrahwɛfo a wɔba hɔ]] wɔ [[Roman Republic|Republic]] bere so no kɔsra [[Spa|mmeae a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ]] mu ne mpoano ahomegyebea ahorow te sɛ [[Baiae na ɛyɛ|Baiae]] . Na adefo ani gye wɔn ho. Na Romafo a wɔkorɔn no de wɔn ahomegye bere di dwuma wɔ asase so anaa po so na na wotu kwan kɔ wɔn villa urbana mu&lt;/link&gt; anaasɛ villa maritima&lt;/link&gt; . Na adan akɛse pii wɔ [[Campania na ɛwɔ hɔ|Campania]], atwa [[Roma|Rome]] ho ahyia ne Adriatic asubɔnten no atifi fam te sɛ nea ɛwɔ [[Barcola na ɔkyerɛwee|Barcola]] a ɛbɛn Trieste no. [[Pausanias (asase ho nimdefo) .|Pausanias]] kyerɛw ne ''Description of Greece'' wɔ afeha a ɛto so abien Y.B. Wɔ [[tete China]], ɛtɔ mmere bi a na atitiriw yɛ wɔn adwene sɛ wɔbɛkɔ [[Bepɔw Tai]] ne ɛtɔ mmere bi a [[Mmepɔw Kronkron Anum|wɔbɛkɔ Mmepɔw Kronkron anum no]] nyinaa so .

Eduu [[Wɔ tete mmere akyi|tete mmere no akyi no]], na ɔsom ahorow pii a [[Kristofo akwantu|Kristosom]], [[Buddhafo akwantu|Buddhasom]], ne [[Umrah a ɛwɔ hɔ|Nkramofo]] ka ho anya akwantu ho [[Akwantuo ho akwantuo|atetesɛm]] . ''[[Canterbury Anansesɛm no|Canterbury Anansesɛm]]'' ( c. 1390 mfe no mu ), a ɛde akwantu bi di dwuma sɛ [[Framing afiri a wɔde yɛ nneɛma|afiri a wɔde yɛ mfonini]] no da so ara yɛ [[Engiresi nhoma ahorow|Engiresifo nhoma ahorow]] a wɔagye din, ne ''[[Akwantu a ɛkɔ Atɔe Fam|Journey to the West]]'' ( c. 1592 ), a ɛwɔ beae titiriw wɔ [[Chinafo nhoma ahorow]] mu no wɔ Buddhafo akwantu bi wɔ n’asɛm no mfinimfini.

Wɔ [[Mfinimfini Mmere no mu Italy|mfinimfini mmere mu Italy]], [[Petrorarch na ɔkyerɛwee|Petrarch]] kyerɛw mfatoho kyerɛwtohɔ bi a ɛfa ne [[Mont Ventoux a wɔforo kɔ soro|foro kɔɔ Mont Ventoux]] wɔ 1336 mu a kamfoo akwantu adeyɛ no na ɔkasa tiaa frigida incuriositas&lt;/link&gt; (‘awɔw mu anigye a wonni’); wobu saa kyerɛwtohɔ yi sɛ ɛyɛ nsɛm a edi kan a wonim sɛ wɔde tu kwan ma n’ankasa yiyedi no mu biako.&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cassirer|first=Ernst|date=January 1943|title=Some Remarks on the Question of the Originality of the Renaissance|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-ideas_1943-01_4_1/page/49|jstor=2707236|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|volume=4|issue=1|pages=49–74|doi=10.2307/2707236}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ɔheneba a ofi Burgundy|Burgundian]] anwensɛm kyerɛwfo Michault Taillevent [ fr ] akyiri yi hyehyɛɛ n'ankasa nkae a ɛyɛ hu a ɛfa akwantu bi a ɔfaa [[Jura Mmepɔw so|Jura Mmepɔw]] so wɔ 1430 mu ho .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yqsIYSNmLMC&amp;pg=PA32|title=Un poète bourguignon du XVe siècle, Michault Taillevent: édition et étude|publisher=Librairie Droz|author1=Deschaux, Robert|author2=Taillevent, Michault|year=1975|pages=31–32|isbn=978-2-600-02831-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ China no, ‘akwantu ho kyerɛwtohɔ nhoma’ (遊記文學;  ) bɛyɛɛ nea agye din wɔ [[Nnwom Ahemman|Nnwom Ahemman no]] mu (960–1279).&lt;ref name=&quot;hargett 67&quot;&gt;Hargett 1985, p. 67.&lt;/ref&gt; Akwantuo ho akyerɛwfoɔ te sɛ [[Fan Chengda na ɔkyerɛwee|Fan Chengda]] (1126–1193) ne [[Xu Xiake na ɔkyerɛwee|Xu Xiake]] (1587–1641) de [[Gyeografi|asase]] ne [[Asase ho nsɛm a ɛfa asase ho|asase ho]] nsɛm pii kaa wɔn nkyerɛwee ho, berɛ a ‘daytrip essay’ ''[[Su Shi na ɔkyerɛwee|Record of Stone Bell Mountain]]'' a anwensɛm kyerɛwfoɔ ne ɔmannifoɔ a wagye din [[Su Shi na ɔkyerɛwee|Su Shi]] kyerɛweeɛ no (1037–1101) de nyansapɛ ne abrabɔ pa ho akyinnyegye mae sɛ n’atirimpɔw titiriw.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hargett|first1=James M.|year=1985|title=Some Preliminary Remarks on the Travel Records of the Song Dynasty (960-1279)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_chinese-literature-essays-articles-reviews_1985-07_7_1-2/page/67|journal=Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews|volume=7|issue=1/2|pages=67–93|jstor=495194|doi=10.2307/495194}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nsrahwɛ Kɛse Kɛse ===
[[File:Willem_van_Haecht_Władysław_Vasa.JPG|thumb|Ɔheneba Ladislaus Sigismund a ofi Poland kɔsraa [[Cornelis van der Geest na ɔkyerɛwee|Cornelis van der Geest]] Mfoniniyɛbea a ɛwɔ [[Brussels na ɛwɔ hɔ|Brussels]] wɔ 1624 mu]]
Yebetumi ahu nnɛyi nsrahwɛfo afi nea na wonim no sɛ [[Nsrahwɛ Kɛse Kɛse|Grand Tour]], a na ɛyɛ atetesɛm akwantu a wɔde twa [[Europe|Europa]] (titiriw [[Germany]] ne [[Italy]] ), a Europa mmerante a [[Adesuakuw a wɔkorɔn|wɔkorɔn]] a wɔwɔ sika titiriw, a wofi Europa Atɔe fam ne Atifi fam aman mu titiriw na wɔyɛe no mu. Wɔ 1624 mu no, [[Poland]] Ɔheneba kumaa, [[Władysław IV Vasa na ɔkyerɛwee|Ladislaus Sigismund Vasa]], [[Sigismund III Vasa na ɔkyerɛwee|Sigismund III]] babarima panyin fii akwantu bi ase faa Europa, sɛnea na Polandfo atitiriw [[Norm (asetra mu nsɛm ho adesua) .|taa yɛ]] no.&lt;ref name=&quot;wladcy12b&quot;&gt;[[Tomasz Bohun]], ''Podróże po Europie'', ''Władysław IV Wasa'', Władcy Polski, p. 12&lt;/ref&gt; Otutuu akwan faa nsasesin a ɛwɔ nnɛyi Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, faako a n’ani gyee sɛnea Spain asraafo, France, Switzerland, kosii Italy, Austria, ne [[Czech Republic]] [[Breda a Wɔkaa Ho Ahyia (1624) .|kaa Breda hyɛɛ]] mu no ho .&lt;ref name=&quot;wladcy12b&quot; /&gt; Na ɛyɛ nhomasua akwantu &lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;/&gt; na nea efii mu bae no mu biako ne [[Polandfo opera a wɔfrɛ no opera|Italiafo opera]] a wɔde baa [[Poland–Lithuania Aman Nkabom Kuw no|Poland–Lithuania Amanaman Nkabom no]] mu .&lt;ref&gt;''The Oxford Illustrated History of Opera'', ed. [[Roger Parker]] (1994): a chapter on Central and Eastern European opera by John Warrack, p. 240; ''The Viking Opera Guide'', ed. Amanda Holden (1993): articles on Polish composers, p. 174&lt;/ref&gt;

Amanne no nyaa nkɔso fi bɛyɛ 1660 kosii sɛ [[Keteke akwantu|keteke]] akɛse a wɔde fa nnipa bae wɔ 1840 mfe no mu na mpɛn pii no na edi [[Akwantuo akwantuo ho nhyehyɛeɛ|akwantu nhyehyɛe]] a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ akyi . Na ɛyɛ nhomasua hokwan ne [[amanne a wɔde twa kwan]] . Ɛwom sɛ na ɛne [[Britaniafo atitiriw]] ne adefo [[Asase so ahemfo|a wɔwɔ asase so ahemfo]] wɔ abusuabɔ titiriw de, nanso mmerante a wɔyɛ adefo a wofi [[Protestantsom|Protestant]] [[Europa Atifi fam]] aman a ɛwɔ [[Europa Asasepɔn so|Asasepɔn no]] so na wotuu akwantu a ɛte saa ara, na efi afeha a ɛto so 18 no fa a ɛto so abien no mu no, Amerika Kesee Fam, U.S., ne amannɔne mmerante afoforo bi de wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu . Wɔtrɛw atetesɛm no mu ma ɛkaa [[Mfinimfini mpanyimfo kuw|mfinimfini mpanyimfo]] pii ho bere a keteke ne po so ahyɛn akwantu maa akwantu no yɛɛ mmerɛw akyi, na Thomas Cook maa &quot;Cook's Tour&quot; yɛɛ asɛmfua a wɔde frɛ no.

Grand Tour no bɛyɛɛ dibea ho sɛnkyerɛnne ankasa maa sukuufo a wɔkorɔn wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 ne 19 mu. Wɔ saa bere yi mu no, [[Johann Joachim Winckelmann na ɔkyerɛwee|Johann Joachim Winckelmann]] nsusuwii ahorow a ɛfa sɛnea tete amammerɛ korɔn ho no bɛyɛɛ nea nkurɔfo ani gyee ho kɛse na wɔkyerɛɛ ho anisɔ wɔ Europa nhomasua wiase no mu. Mfoniniyɛfo, akyerɛwfo, ne akwantufo (te sɛ [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] ) sii so dua sɛ adwinni a wɔagye din a Italy, France, ne Greece de ho nhwɛso pa ma no korɔn. Esiane saa nneɛma yi nti, na Grand Tour no kɔ titiriw ne saa mmeae no, baabi a na sukuufo a wɔkorɔn betumi anya adwinni ne abakɔsɛm a wɔagye din ho nhwɛso ahorow a wɔntaa nhu.

Nnansa yi ara ''[[New York Times no mu nsɛmma nhoma|New York Times]]'' kaa Grand Tour no ho asɛm wɔ saa kwan yi so sɛ:

Na wogye di sɛ mfaso titiriw a ɛwɔ Grand Tour no so ne sɛ wɔbɛda [[Tete tete nneɛma|tete tete mmere mu]] amammerɛ agyapade ne [[Renaissance bere no mu|Renaissance]], ne Europa asasepɔn no so nnipa a wɔyɛ adehye na wɔwɔ animtew wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so no nyinaa adi.

=== Ahomegye akwantu a ɛbae ===
[[File:Alsfeld-marktplatz-1900.jpg|thumb|223x223px|Engiresifo postcard a ɛkyerɛ kurow dedaw [[Alsfeld na ɔkyerɛwee|Alsfeld]] a ɛwɔ Germany, a nsrahwɛfo wɔ gua so abɔnten so]]
Na akwantu a [[Ɔhomeɛ|wɔde gye wɔn ahome]] no ne [[Mfiridwuma mu Ɔsesɛw|Mfiridwuma mu Ɔsesɛw a ɛkɔɔ so]] wɔ [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom no]] wɔ abusuabɔ – Europa man a edi kan a ɛhyɛɛ ahomegye bere ho nkuran maa mfiridwuma mu nnipa a wɔredɔɔso no.&lt;ref name=&quot;singh&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Singh|first=L.K.|title=Fundamental of Tourism and Travel|year=2008|publisher=Isha Books|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-8205-478-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mWf4PtzRmwUC&amp;q=the%20first%20European%20country%20to%20promote%20leisure%20time%20to%20the%20increasing%20industrial%20population&amp;pg=PA189|page=189|chapter=Issues in Tourism Industry}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mfiase no, na eyi fa mfiri a wɔde yɛ nneɛma wuranom, sikasɛm mu nnipa kakraa bi, adwumayɛbea wuranom ne aguadifo ho. Eyinom na na wɔyɛ [[mfinimfini mpanyimfo kuw]] foforo no .&lt;ref name=&quot;singh&quot; /&gt; Cox &amp; Kings ne akwantu adwumakuw a edi kan a aban mpanyimfo hyehyɛɛ wɔ afe 1758.&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;/&gt;

Britania mfiase a adwuma foforo yi fi bae no da adi 
[[File:Banja_Slatina_ljeto.jpg|thumb|223x223px|Slatina Spa a ɛwɔ [[Slatina, Foča, na ɔkyerɛwee|Slatina]], Bosnia ne Herzegovina no agye din wɔ ne su ahorow ho na na atwetwe nsrahwɛfo fi 1870 mfe no mu.]]
wɔ mmeae din pii mu. Wɔ [[Nice]], France, akwamma ahomegyebea ahorow a edi kan na wɔagye din sen biara wɔ [[French Riviera a ɛwɔ hɔ|French Riviera]], no mu biako no, wonim ɔkwan tenten a ɛwɔ po no ano no de besi nnɛ sɛ ''[[Akwantuo a ɛkɔ Anglais|Promenade des Anglais]]'' ; wɔ abakɔsɛm mu ahomegyebea afoforo pii a ɛwɔ [[Europa Asasepɔn so|Europa asasepɔn so no]], ahemfie ahɔhodan dedaw a wɔagye din yiye no wɔ din te sɛ ''[[Ahɔhodan a ɛwɔ Bristol|Hotel Bristol]]'', ''Hotel Carlton'', anaa ''Hotel Majestic'' – a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea Engiresifo adetɔfo di tumi kɛse.

Wɔ 1855 mu no, ɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ ɔbɛkɔ amannɔne nea edi kan, bere a ɔde kuw bi fii Leicester kɔɔ [[Calais na ɔkyerɛwee|Calais]] ma ɛne [[Nkyerɛkyerɛmu Amansan (1855) .|Paris Ɔyɛkyerɛ no]] hyiae no . Afe a edi hɔ no ofii ne &quot;grand circular tours&quot; ase wɔ Europa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;/&gt; Wɔ 1860 mfe no mu no ɔkɔɔ apontow ahorow mu kɔɔ Switzerland, Italy, Egypt, ne United States. Cook de &quot;inclusive independent travel&quot; sii hɔ, a ɛnam so na akwantufo no kɔ ahofadi nanso n'adwumakuw no gye akwantu, aduan, ne dabere ho ka bere pɔtee bi wɔ ɔkwan biara a wapaw so. Ne nkonimdi araa ma Scotland keteke nnwumakuw no twee wɔn mmoa no fii hɔ wɔ 1862 ne 1863 ntam hɔ sɛ wɔn ankasa bɛsɔ akwantu adwuma no ahwɛ.

[[Thomas Cook na ɔkyerɛwee|Thomas Cook]] a na ɔyɛ akwantu adwumayɛbea adwuma no kwampaefo, na adwene a ɛne sɛ ɔbɛma akwantu ahorow no baa ne tirim bere a na ɔretwɛn asɛnka agua so kar a ɛwɔ London Road wɔ [[Kibworth na ɔkyerɛwee|Kibworth]] no. Bere a wobuee [[Midland Mantam Keteke Dwumadibea|Midland Counties Keteke kwan]] a wɔatrɛw mu no, ɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ ɔde kuw bi [[Ahosodi a Wɔde Yɛ Adwuma|a wɔyɛ ahosodi ho ɔsatufo]] 540 befi [[Leicester]] [[Leicester Campbell Street keteke gyinabea|Campbell Street gyinabea]] akɔ nhyiam bi ase wɔ [[Loughborough na ɛwɔ hɔ|Loughborough]], {{Convert|11|mi|km|spell=in}} akyirikyiri. Wɔ July 5, 1841 mu no, Thomas Cook yɛɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ keteke adwumakuw no gye [[shilling]] biako wɔ onipa biara ho; na keteke tekiti ne aduan a wɔde bɛkɔ akwantu no ka eyi ho. Wotuaa Cook ka a wogye fii akwantufo no hɔ no mu kyɛfa, efisɛ esiane sɛ na keteke tekiti no yɛ mmara kwan so apam a ɛda adwumakuw ne akwantufo ntam nti, anka wontumi mfa n’ankasa bo mma.  Eyi ne [[Keteke a wɔde kɔ mmeae ahorow|keteke a edi kan a ankorankoro agye a wɔde tu kwan]] a wɔbɔɔ ho dawuru kyerɛɛ ɔmanfo nyinaa; Cook ankasa gye toom sɛ na ankorankoro keteke ahorow a wɔde tu kwan a wɔammɔ ho dawuru wɔ hɔ dedaw.&lt;ref&gt;Ingle, R., 1991 ''Thomas Cook of Leicester'', Bangor, Headstart History&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ ahohuru bere abiɛsa a edi hɔ no mu no ɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe na ɔyɛɛ apuei maa ahosodi fekuw ne [[Kwasida sukuu]] mmofra. Wɔ 1844 mu no, Midland Counties Keteke Adwumakuw no penee so sɛ wɔne no bɛyɛ nhyehyɛe a ɛbɛtra hɔ daa, sɛ ohu akwantufo no a. Saa nkonimdi yi maa ofii n’ankasa adwuma ase a ɔde keteke akwantu tu mmirika de gyee n’ani, na ogyee keteke ho ka ɔha biara mu nkyem biako.&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;/&gt;
[[File:The_promenade,_Blackpool,_Lancashire,_England,_ca._1898.jpg|thumb|Photochrom a ɛwɔ [[Blackpool na ɛwɔ hɔ|Blackpool]] kwan a wɔfa so nantew so c. 1898 mu]]

== Sikasɛm mu ntease a ɛwɔ nsrahwɛ mu ==
Nsrahwɛ adwuma, sɛ́ [[Ɔsom adwumayɛbea|ɔsom adwuma no]] fa,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Tassiopoulos|first1=Dimitri|publisher=Juta and Company Ltd|year=2008|isbn=9780702177262|editor1-last=Tassiopoulos|editor1-first=Dimitri|location=Cape Town|publication-date=2008|page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; abɛyɛ sika a ɛho hia ma mpɔtam pii ne aman mũ nyinaa mpo. ''Manila Mpaemuka a ɛfa Wiase Nyinaa Nsrahwɛ Ho a wɔyɛe wɔ 1980 mu no'' gye toom sɛ ɛho hia sɛ “dwumadi a ɛho hia ma aman asetra esiane nkɛntɛnso a enya tẽẽ wɔ aman aman asetra, amammerɛ, nhomasua, ne sikasɛm mu, ne wɔn amanaman ntam abusuabɔ so nti.” &lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference|date=10 October 1980|title=Manila Declaration on World Tourism|url=http://www.univeur.org/cuebc/downloads/PDF%20carte/65.%20Manila.PDF|conference=World Tourism Conference|location=[[Manila]], [[Philippines]]|pages=1–4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120180003/http://www.univeur.org/CMS/UserFiles/65.%20Manila.PDF|archive-date=20 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nsrahwɛ de sika pii ba mpɔtam hɔ sikasɛm mu wɔ [[Nneɛma ne nnwuma a wɔyɛ|nneɛma ne nnwuma a]] nsrahwɛfo hia ho ka a wotua, akontaabu as of 2011 &lt;/link&gt;&lt;/link&gt; ma wiase no mu [[Dwadie|aguadi a]] ɛfa nnwuma ho no mu 30%, ne, sɛ́ [[Nneɛma a wɔde kɔ amannɔne a aniwa nhu|ade a wɔde kɔ amannɔne a aniwa nhu]], ma nneɛma ne nnwuma [[Mane kɔ|a wɔde kɔ amannɔne]] nyinaa mu 6%.&lt;ref name=&quot;pr120272&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2017 Edition|date=1 July 2017|publisher=World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)|isbn=978-92-844-1902-9|language=en|doi=10.18111/9789284419029|url=https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/5202}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛsan nso ma wonya [[Adwumafa|adwumayɛ]] hokwan ahorow wɔ [[Sikasɛm mu adesuakuw a ɛto so abiɛsa|sikasɛm mu ɔsom adwuma]] a ɛbata nsrahwɛ ho no mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔkyerɛ nso sɛ akwantu trɛw adwene mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;/&gt;

Ahɔhoyɛ nnwuma a wonya mfaso fi nsrahwɛ mu no bi ne [[Hyɛn|akwantu adwuma]] (te sɛ [[Wimhyɛn adwumayɛkuw|wimhyɛn]] [[Hyɛn a wɔde tu kwan|adwumayɛkuw, po so ahyɛn a wɔde tu]] kwan, [[Ɔmanfo kar|akwantu]], [[Tete|keteke]] ne [[Taksi a wɔde fa nnipa|taksi]] ); [[Dabere a wɔde ma|dabere]] (a [[Ahɔhobea|ahɔhodan]], [[Ahɔhodan mu|ahɔhodan]], [[Ofie a wɔtra mu|afie a wɔtra]], [[Anigyebea|ahomegyebea]] ne adan a wɔde tua ho ka ka ho); ne mmeae a wogye wɔn ani (te sɛ [[Agumadibea a wɔde gye wɔn ani|agoprama ahorow]], [[Adidibea|adidibea ahorow]], [[Casino a ɛwɔ hɔ|kyakyatow adan]], [[Afahyɛ|afahyɛ ahorow]], [[Adetɔbea kɛse|aguadidan ahorow]], [[Beae a wɔbɔ nnwom|mmeae a wɔbɔ nnwom]], ne [[Agorudibea|agoprama ahorow]] ). Eyi ka nneɛma a [[Nkaedi a Wɔde Di Dwuma|nsrahwɛfo]] tɔ, a nkae nneɛma ka ho ho .

Sikasɛm mu nnyinaso a ɛwɔ nsrahwɛ mu titiriw ne amammerɛ mu agyapade, [[amammerɛ mu agyapade]] ne [[Abɔdeɛ|sɛnea]] akwantu beae no te. Ɛfata sɛ yɛka [[Wiase Nyinaa Agyapade Mmeae|Wiase Agyapade Mmeae no]] ho asɛm titiriw nnɛ efisɛ ɛyɛ nsrahwɛfo magnet ankasa. Nanso ɔman bi nniso a ɛwɔ hɔ mprempren anaa kan no mpo betumi ayɛ nea ɛho hia kɛse ama nsrahwɛfo. Sɛ nhwɛso no, [[Britania adehye abusua]] no anigye no ma nsrahwɛfo ɔpepem pii ba Great Britain afe biara na ɛnam so ma sikasɛm bɛyɛ £550 ɔpepem afe biara. Yebetumi aka [[Habsburg na ɔkyerɛwee|Habsburg]] abusua no ho asɛm wɔ Europa Mfinimfini fam. Sɛnea akontaabu kyerɛ no, ɛsɛ sɛ Habsburg ahyɛnsode no ma nsrahwɛfo tɔn euro ɔpepem 60 afe biara ma Vienna nkutoo. Nsrahwɛfo nnyinasosɛm &quot;Habsburg tɔn&quot; no di dwuma.&lt;ref&gt;[[Laurajane Smith]] &quot;Uses of Heritage&quot; (2006); Regina Bendix, Vladimir Hafstein &quot;Culture and Property. An Introduction&quot; (2009) in Ethnologia Europaea 39/2&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gerhard Bitzan, Christine Imlinger &quot;Die Millionen-Marke Habsburg&quot; (German), in Die Presse, 15 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsrahwɛ, amammerɛ agyapade ne UNESCO ==
[[File:Blue_Shield_Fact_Finding_Mission_Egypt.jpg|thumb|Blue Shield nokwasɛm hwehwɛ asɛmpatrɛw adwuma wɔ Egypt]]
Wɔ nsɛm pii mu no, amammerɛ ne abɔde mu agyapade ne nea wogyina so yɛ wiase nyinaa nsrahwɛfo koraa. Amammerɛ mu nsrahwɛ yɛ nneɛma akɛse a ɛda adi wɔ nnipa dodow a wɔda hɔ anadwo ne nneɛma a wɔtɔn mu no mu biako. Sɛnea [[UNESCO]] rehwɛ kɛse no, amammerɛ agyapade no ho hia ma nsrahwɛfo, nanso ɛde ne ho to asiane mu nso. &quot;ICOMOS - Amanaman Ntam Amammerɛ Nsrahwɛ Nhyehyɛe&quot; a efi 1999 no redi ɔhaw ahorow yi nyinaa ho dwuma dedaw. Sɛ nhwɛso no, esiane asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ ma nsrahwɛfo nti, wɔsan sii [[Lascaux na ɔkyerɛwee|Lascaux]] ɔbodan no maa nsrahwɛfo. [[Nsrahwɛ a ɛboro so]] yɛ asɛmfua a ɛho hia a nkurɔfo ani gye ho kɛse wɔ saa beae yi. Bio nso, deɛ UNESCO de n’adwene si so wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɔko wɔ ne sɛ ɛbɛhwɛ sɛ wɔbɛbɔ amammerɛ agyapadeɛ ho ban sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkura daakye sikasɛm mu nnyinasoɔ a ɛho hia yi mu ama mpɔtam hɔfoɔ. Na biakoyɛ a emu yɛ den wɔ UNESCO, [[Amɑnɑmɑn Nkɑbɔmu|Amanaman Nkabom]], [[Amanaman Nkabom no asomdwoe ho nhyehyɛe|Amanaman Nkabom asomdwoe ho adwumayɛkuw]] ne [[Blue Shield Amanaman Ntam|Blue Shield International]] ntam. Amanaman ntam ne ɔman no mu nsusuwii, nhwehwɛmu ne nhyehyɛe ahorow pii wɔ hɔ a wɔde bɛbɔ amammerɛ mu agyapade ho ban afi nsrahwɛ ne nea efi ɔko mu no nkɛntɛnso ho. Titiriw no, ɛfa ɔmanfo a wɔnyɛ asraafo ne asraafo a wɔbɛtete wɔn nso ho. Nanso ɛhɔfo a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu no ho hia titiriw. Blue Shield International titrani a ɔhyehyɛɛ adwuma no [[Karl von Habsburg na ɔkyerɛwee|Karl von Habsburg]] de nsɛm yi bɔɔ no mua sɛ: &quot;Sɛ ɛnyɛ mpɔtam hɔfo na sɛ ɛnyɛ mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no a, anka ɛno rentumi nyɛ yiye koraa'.&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rick Szostak: ''The Causes of Economic Growth: Interdisciplinary Perspectives.'' Springer Science &amp; Business Media, 2009, {{ISBN|9783540922827}}; Markus Tauschek &quot;Kulturerbe&quot; (2013), p 166; Laurajane Smith &quot;Uses of Heritage&quot; (2006).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}; Roger O'Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari &quot;Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual.&quot; UNESCO, 2016, p 73; [https://web.archive.org/web/20200527103531/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/action-plan-to-preserve-heritage-sites-during-conflict Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict - UNITED NATIONS, 12 Apr 2019]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}; Jyot Hosagrahar: ''Culture: at the heart of SDGs.'' UNESCO-Kurier, April-Juni 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Po so hyɛn a wɔde fa po so hyɛn mu ===
[[File:Seabourn_Ovation_surrounded_by_palm_trees.jpg|thumb|Nnɛyi po so hyɛn a wɔde tu kwan ''a wɔfrɛ no Seabourn Ovation'' a ɛwɔ Mediterranea Po no so no]]
Po so hyɛn a wɔde fa po so hyɛn mu yɛ ɔkwan a agye din a wɔfa so [[Nsu so nsrahwɛfo|kɔsrasra nsu so]] . ''Peninsular &amp; Oriental Steam Navigation Company'' (P&amp;O) na ɛde po so [[Hyɛn a wɔde tu kwan|ahyɛn a]] wɔde gye ahomegye bae wɔ 1844 mu, na efi [[Southampton na ɛwɔ hɔ|Southampton]] kɔɔ mmeae te sɛ [[Gibraltar na ɛwɔ hɔ|Gibraltar]], [[Malta]] ne [[Atɛns|Athens]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;/&gt; Wɔ 1891 mu no, Germanni aguadifo [[Albert Ballin na ɔkyerɛwee|Albert Ballin]] de po so hyɛn [[Augusta Victoria (hyɛn) .|''Augusta Victoria'']] fii [[Hambɔg|Hamburg]] kɔɔ Mediterranea Po no mu. 29 June 1900 na wɔde hyɛn a edi kan a wɔde tu kwan a wɔyɛɛ no atirimpɔw bi ne ''[[Ɔheneba a ɔyɛ ɔheneba Victoria Luise|Prinzessin Victoria Luise]]'', a wɔyɛe wɔ Hamburg maa Hamburg America Line no too fam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnɛyi nsrahwɛfo ===
Nsrahwɛfo pii a wɔpɛ ahomegye tu kwan kɔ [[Po so ahomegyebea|po so ahomegyebea ahorow]] a ɛbɛn wɔn mpoano anaa akyirikyiri. Mpoano mmeae a ɛwɔ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse no yɛ nea nkurɔfo ani gye ho wɔ ahohuru bere ne awɔw bere nyinaa mu.

=== Nsrahwɛ a nnipa pii kɔ hɔ ===
[[File:Barceloneta_2007.jpg|thumb|Nsrahwɛfo a wɔwɔ Mediterranea Mpoano wɔ [[Barcelona]], 2007]]
Nhomanimfo akyerɛkyerɛ nsrahwɛ a nnipa pii kɔ mu sɛ akwantu a akuw ahorow tu wɔ akwantu ahorow a wɔadi kan ayɛ ho nhyehyɛe mu, a mpɛn pii no wɔ nsrahwɛ ho abenfo nhyehyɛe ase. Saa nsrahwɛ yi nyaa nkɔso wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no fa a ɛto so abien mu wɔ [[United Kingdom]] na [[Thomas Cook na ɔkyerɛwee|Thomas Cook]] na ɔyɛɛ akwampaefo . Cook de Europa keteke kwan a ɛretrɛw ntɛmntɛm no dii dwuma na ɔhyehyɛɛ adwumakuw bi a ɛde [[da koro akwantu]] akwantu a ne bo nyɛ den ma [[Nnipa a wɔyɛ mpapahwekwa|nnipadɔm]], de ka akwamma tenten a ɔde kɔ Europa Asasepɔn, India, Asia ne Atɔe Fam a ɛtwee adetɔfo a wɔwɔ sika kɛse no ho. Eduu 1890 mfe no mu no, nsrahwɛfo bɛboro 20,000 na wɔde Thomas Cook &amp; Son di dwuma afe biara.

Abusuabɔ a ɛda nsrahwɛfo nnwumakuw, akwantu adwumayɛfo ne ahɔhodan ahorow ntam no yɛ ade titiriw a ɛwɔ nsrahwɛ a nnipa pii kɔ hɔ no mu. Cook tumi de bo a ɛba fam sen bo a wɔbɔɔ ho dawuru wɔ baguam no mae efisɛ n’adwumakuw no tɔɔ tekiti pii fii keteke akwan mu. Nnɛyi nsrahwɛ a nnipa pii kɔ hɔ no biako, [[Package akwantuo|package tourism]], da so ara de fekubɔ a ɛda akuw abiɛsa yi ntam no ka ho.

Akwantu nyaa nkɔso wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 mfiase mu hɔ, na kar ahorow a wɔyɛe ne akyiri yi wimhyɛn ahorow na ɛmaa ɛyɛɛ mmerɛw. Nkɔso a ɛbaa akwantu mu no maa nnipa pii tuu kwan ntɛmntɛm kɔɔ mmeae a wɔpɛ ahomegye sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a nnipa pii betumi afi ase anya ahomegye bere so mfaso.

Wɔ [[Europa Asasepɔn so|Europa Asasepɔn so no]], na [[Po so ahomegyebea|mpoano ahomegyebea ahorow]] a edi kan no bi ne: [[Heiligendamm na ɔkyerɛwee|Heiligendamm]], a wɔde sii hɔ wɔ 1793 mu wɔ [[Baltic Po no]] so, a na ɛyɛ po so ahomegyebea a edi kan; [[Ostend a wɔde kyerɛ|Ostend]] a [[Brussels na ɛwɔ hɔ|Brusselsfo]] gyee din ; [[Boulogne-sur-Mer na ɔkyerɛwee|Boulogne-sur-Mer]] ne [[Deauville na ɔkyerɛwee|Deauville]] ma [[Paris]]fo no ; [[Taormina na ɔkyerɛwee|Taormina]] a ɛwɔ [[Sicily na ɛwɔ hɔ|Sicily]] no . Wɔ [[Amerika|United States no]], po so ahomegyebea ahorow a edi kan wɔ Europafo kwan so ne [[Atlantic Kuropɔn, New Jersey, na ɛwɔ hɔ|Atlantic City]], [[New Jersey na ɛwɔ hɔ|New Jersey]] ne [[Long Supɔw so|Long Island]], [[New York (ɔman) .|New York]] .

Eduu afeha a ɛto so 20 mfinimfini no, Mediterranea Mpoano bɛyɛɛ beae titiriw a nsrahwɛfo pii kɔ hɔ. 1960 ne 1970 mfe no mu no, nsrahwɛfo pii dii dwuma titiriw wɔ [[Spainfo anwonwade|Spain sikasɛm &quot;anwonwade&quot;]] no mu. &lt;/link&gt; .

Wɔ 1960 ne 1970 mfe no mu no, nyansahufo kaa nkɛntɛnso bɔne a nsrahwɛfo nya wɔ asetra ne amammerɛ mu wɔ mpɔtam a wɔgye ahɔho no so ho asɛm. Efi 1980 mfe no mu no wofii ase huu nneɛma pa a ɛwɔ nsrahwɛ mu nso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Putova|first=Barbora|date=2018|title=Anthropology of Tourism: Researching Interactions between Hosts and Guests|url=https://sciendo.com/downloadpdf/journals/cjot/7/1/article-p71.pdf|journal=Czech Journal of Tourism|volume=7|issue=1|pages=71–92|doi=10.1515/cjot-2018-0004|s2cid=159280794|access-date=2023-08-04|archive-date=2023-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710233448/https://sciendo.com/downloadpdf/journals/cjot/7/1/article-p71.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Niche nsrahwɛfo ===
[[File:Cristo_Rei_(36211699613).jpg|right|thumb|[[Kristo Ɔhene (Almada) .|Kristo Ɔhene Kronkronbea]], a ɛwɔ [[Almada na ɔkyerɛwee|Almada]], abɛyɛ mmeae a nyamesom nsrahwɛfo kɔ hɔ kɛse no mu biako.]]
Niche nsrahwɛ kyerɛ nsrahwɛ soronko pii a aba wɔ mfe no mu, a emu biara wɔ n’ankasa asɛmfua a ɛkyerɛ biribi. Nsɛmfua yi pii na nsrahwɛfo ne nhomanimfo ataa de adi dwuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lew|first=Alan A.|title=Long Tail Tourism: New geographies for marketing niche tourism products|journal=Journal of Travel &amp; Tourism Marketing|year=2008|volume=25|issue=3–4|pages=409–19|doi=10.1080/10548400802508515|url=http://www.geog.nau.edu/publications/Long-Tail-Tourism-Lew.pdf|access-date=22 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614084130/http://www.geog.nau.edu/publications/Long-Tail-Tourism-Lew.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2010|citeseerx=10.1.1.467.6320|s2cid=16085592}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afoforo nso yɛ nsusuwii ahorow a ɛreba a ebia nnipa pii de di dwuma anaasɛ wɔrennya. Nhwɛso ahorow a ɛfa niche tourism gua ahorow a abu so kɛse ne:

Nsɛmfua afoforo a wɔde di dwuma ma niche anaa akwantu ho nkrataa titiriw bi ne asɛmfua &quot;beae&quot; a ɛwɔ nkyerɛkyerɛmu ahorow no mu, te sɛ [[Destination ayeforohyia|ayeforohyia a wɔde kɔ]], ne nsɛmfua te sɛ [[Beae a wɔde gye akwamma|beae a wɔkɔ akwamma]] .

=== Awɔw bere mu nsrahwɛ ===
[[File:Arctic_circle_santa_village.jpg|thumb|[[Santa Claus Akuraa ase|Santa Claus Akuraa]] a ɛwɔ [[Arctic Kurukuruwa|Arctic Circle]] a ɛwɔ [[Rovaniemi na ɔkyerɛwee|Rovaniemi]], Finland no yɛ mmeae atitiriw a nsrahwɛfo kɔ hɔ wɔ Europa Atifi fam no mu biako.&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;/&gt;]]
[[Ɔhotefo Moritz|St. Moritz]], [[Switzerland]] bɛyɛɛ awɔw bere mu nsrahwɛfo a na ɛrenya nkɔso no akokoaa wɔ 1860 mfe no mu: ahɔhodan sohwɛfo Johannes Badrutt too nsa frɛɛ awɔw bere mu ahɔho bi a wofi England sɛ wɔmmra awɔw bere mu nkɔhwɛ asase a sukyerɛmma wɔ hɔ no, na ɔnam saayɛ so de su bi a agye din fii ase.&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;/&gt; Nanso, ɛyɛ 1970 mfe no mu nkutoo na awɔw bere mu nsrahwɛ dii anim fii awɔw bere mu nsrahwɛ a wɔyɛe wɔ Switzerland mmeae a wɔde ski tu mmirika pii no mu. Wɔ awɔw bere mu mpo no, ahɔho nyinaa mu bɛyɛ nkyem abiɛsa mu biako (egyina beae a wɔwɔ so) yɛ wɔn a wɔnyɛ wɔn a wɔnyɛ skifo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WTO2012Highlights&quot;/&gt;

[[Ski ahomegyebea]] akɛse no wɔ Europa aman ahorow no mu dodow no ara (sɛ nhwɛso no [[Andorra]], [[Austria]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia ne Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Cyprus]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Hela|Greece]], [[Island|Iceland]], [[Italy]], [[Norway]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Mmeae a wɔde ski tu ne ahomegyebea ahorow a ɛwɔ Europa no din|Poland]], [[Romania]], [[Serbia]], [[Sweden]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]], [[Turkey]] ), [[Canada]], [[Amerika]] (sɛ nhwɛso no Montana, Utah, Colorado, California, Wyoming, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York) [[Agyentina|Argentina]], [[New Zealand]], [[Japan]], [[Korea anaafoɔ|South Korea]], [[Kyili|Chile]], ne [[Lebanon]] .
[[File:Aerial_view_Yacht_Harbour_Residence_Rostock_Yachthafenresidenz_Hohe_Düne_6.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ahɔhodan a wɔde kɔ hɔ|Ahɔhodan bi a wɔde kɔ hɔ]] wɔ [[Germany]] : ''Yacht Harbor Residence'' a ɛwɔ [[Warnemünde na ɔkyerɛwee|Rostock]], [[Mecklenburg na ɔkyerɛwee|Mecklenburg]]]]

== Nnansa yi nkɔso ==
Nsrahwɛ akɔ soro wɔ mfe du du kakraa a atwam no mu, . &lt;/link&gt; titiriw wɔ Europa, baabi a amanaman ntam akwantu a wɔde gye ahome bere tiaa bi abu so no. Nsrahwɛfo wɔ sikasɛm nhyehyɛe ne wɔn anigyede ahorow pii, na wɔayɛ ahomegyebea ne ahɔhodan ahorow pii de adi wɔn ho dwuma. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nnipa binom pɛ mpoano akwamma a ɛnyɛ den, bere a afoforo pɛ akwamma titiriw pii, ahomegyebea ahorow a ɛhɔ yɛ komm, akwamma a ɛfa abusua ho, anaa [[Ahɔhodan a wɔde kɔ hɔ|ahɔhodan ahorow a]] wɔde wɔn ani si gua so a wɔde wɔn ani asi so .

Nkɔso a aba wɔ [[Wimhyɛn ho adwumayɛ|wimhyɛn akwantu]] nhyehyɛe mu, te sɛ [[Wimhyɛn a ne nipadua trɛw|jumbo jets]], [[Carrier a ne bo nyɛ den|wimhyɛn a ne bo nyɛ den]], ne [[Wiemhyɛn gyinabea|wimhyɛn gyinabea]] ahorow [[Nsrahwɛ a wotumi kɔ hɔ|a wotumi kɔ hɔ]] kɛse no ama nsrahwɛ ahorow pii ayɛ nea ɛho ka yɛ den. Ade titiriw a ɛma wimhyɛn akwantu ho ka sua koraa ne [[Wimhyɛn mu pɛtro|tow a wɔayi afi wimhyɛn mu pɛtro ho]] . [[HWAN|WHO]] buu akontaa wɔ afe 2009 mu sɛ nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepem fa na wɔte wimhyɛn mu bere biara.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian.com2&quot;/&gt; Nsakrae aba asetra mu nso, sɛ nhwɛso no, nnipa binom a wɔadi mfe a wɔakɔ pɛnhyen no kɔ so yɛ nsrahwɛ afe mũ no nyinaa. Eyi nam [[Ɛlektrɔnik aguadi|intanɛt so tɔn a wɔtɔn]] nsrahwɛfo adwumayɛbea ahorow so na ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛw. Mprempren mmeae bi afi ase de [[nneɛma a wɔde kyekyere nneɛma a ɛyɛ nnam]] rema, a wɔka bo a ɛka ho ma nneɛma a wɔayɛ no sɛnea wɔpɛ a adetɔfo no bisa bere a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nneɛma no.

== Beaeɛ A Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ ==

[[Nkyekyεmu:Wikipedia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fɔɔso</title>
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      <comment>Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="21879" sha1="6tm48xyo7w29qaiogrfvdrgq1x8n4hl" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot;
! id=&quot;6&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |Fɔɔso
!
|- id=&quot;8&quot;
| id=&quot;9&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Force_examples.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Force_examples.svg|200x200px]]&lt;div id=&quot;10&quot; class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Yɛka fɔɔso a, ɛkyerɛ yɛtwe anaa yɛpia adeɛ bi. Ɛbɛtumi anam nneɛma bi te sɛ [[:en:Gravity|gravity]], [[:en:Magnetism|magnetism]], anaa biribi a ɛtumi ma maase (mass) nante anaa ɛtu anammɔn.&lt;/div&gt;
|
|-
!&lt;div id=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Ahyɛnsodeɛ Ahodoɔ&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;math&gt;\vec F&lt;/math&gt;, ''&lt;span class=&quot;texhtml mvar&quot; style=&quot;font-style:italic;&quot;&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;'', &lt;span class=&quot;texhtml&quot;&gt;'''F'''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
![[:en:SI unit|SI unit]]
|[[:en:Newton (unit)|newton]] (N)
|-
!&lt;div id=&quot;30&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Unite a ɛkeka ho&lt;/div&gt;
|[[:en:Dyne|dyne]], [[:en:Pound-force|pound-force]], [[:en:Poundal|poundal]], [[:en:Kip (unit)|kip]], [[:en:Kilopond|kilopond]]
|-
!Wɔ [[:en:SI base unit|SI&amp;nbsp;base units]]
|[[:en:Kilogram|kg]]·[[:en:Metre|m]]·[[:en:Second|s]]&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
!&lt;div id=&quot;50&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Dɛribahyin a ɛfiri ade dodoɔ a aka mu &lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;span class=&quot;texhtml&quot;&gt;'''F''' = ''[[:en:Mass|m]]''[[:en:Acceleration|'''a''']]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|Ɛfa a ɔka serise wɔ 
|&lt;math&gt;\mathsf{L} \mathsf{M} \mathsf{T}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
![[:en:Classical mechanics|Classical mechanics]]
|
|-
|&lt;math&gt;\textbf{F} = \frac{d}{dt} (m\textbf{v})&lt;/math&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;76&quot; class=&quot;sidebar-caption&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;padding:0.6em 0;font-style:italic;&quot;&gt;[[:en:Second law of motion|Second law of motion]]&lt;/div&gt;
|
|-
!&lt;div id=&quot;81&quot; class=&quot;hlist&quot;&gt;
* [[:en:History of classical mechanics|History]]
* [[:en:Timeline of classical mechanics|Timeline]]
* [[:en:List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics|Textbooks]]
&lt;/div&gt;
|
|-
|&lt;div id=&quot;94&quot; class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div data-darkreader-inline-border-bottom=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;95&quot; class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;Nkorabata Ahodoɔ&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;97&quot; class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist&quot; style=&quot;padding-top:0.35em;&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;98&quot; class=&quot;hlist&quot;&gt;
* [[:en:Applied mechanics|Applied]]
* [[:en:Celestial mechanics|Celestial]]
* [[:en:Continuum mechanics|Continuum]]
* [[:en:Analytical dynamics|Dynamics]]
* [[:en:Kinematics|Kinematics]]
* [[:en:Kinetics (physics)|Kinetics]]
* [[:en:Statics|Statics]]
* [[:en:Statistical mechanics|Statistical mechanics]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|
|-
|&lt;div id=&quot;126&quot; class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible&quot;&gt;&lt;div data-darkreader-inline-border-bottom=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;127&quot; class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;Nyinnasoɔ Ahodoɔ&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;129&quot; class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist&quot; style=&quot;padding-top:0.35em;&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;130&quot; class=&quot;hlist&quot;&gt;
* [[:en:Acceleration|Acceleration]]
* [[:en:Angular momentum|Angular momentum]]
* [[:en:Couple (mechanics)|Couple]]
* [[:en:D'Alembert's principle|D'Alembert's principle]]
* [[:en:Energy|Energy]]
** [[:en:Kinetic energy#Newtonian kinetic energy|kinetic]]
** [[:en:Potential energy|potential]]
* [[:en:Force|Force]]
* [[:en:Frame of reference|Frame of reference]]
* [[:en:Inertial frame of reference|Inertial frame of reference]]
* [[:en:Impulse (physics)|Impulse]]
* &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[:en:Inertia|Inertia]]&amp;nbsp;/&amp;#x20;[[:en:Moment of inertia|Moment of inertia]]&lt;/span&gt;
* [[:en:Mass|Mass]]
* [[:en:Power (physics)|Mechanical power]]
* [[:en:Work (physics)|Mechanical work]]
* [[:en:Moment (physics)|Moment]]
* [[:en:Momentum|Momentum]]
* [[:en:Space|Space]]
* [[:en:Speed|Speed]]
* [[:en:Time|Time]]
* [[:en:Torque|Torque]]
* [[:en:Velocity|Velocity]]
* [[:en:Virtual work|Virtual work]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|
|-
|&lt;div id=&quot;205&quot; class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div data-darkreader-inline-border-bottom=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;206&quot; class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;Fɔmulehyin Ahodoɔ&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;208&quot; class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist&quot; style=&quot;padding-top:0.35em;&quot;&gt;
* &lt;div id=&quot;211&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Newton's laws of motion|Newton's laws of motion]]'''&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;div id=&quot;215&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Analytical mechanics|Analytical mechanics]]'''&lt;div id=&quot;218&quot; class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* [[:en:Lagrangian mechanics|Lagrangian mechanics]]
* [[:en:Hamiltonian mechanics|Hamiltonian mechanics]]
* [[:en:Routhian mechanics|Routhian mechanics]]
* [[:en:Hamilton–Jacobi equation|Hamilton–Jacobi equation]]
* [[:en:Appell's equation of motion|Appell's equation of motion]]
* [[:en:Koopman–von Neumann classical mechanics|Koopman–von Neumann mechanics]] &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|
|-
|&lt;div id=&quot;240&quot; class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div data-darkreader-inline-border-bottom=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;241&quot; class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;Adesuadeɛ Atitire&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;243&quot; class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist&quot; style=&quot;padding-top:0.35em;&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;244&quot; class=&quot;hlist&quot;&gt;
* [[:en:Damping|Damping]]
* [[:en:Displacement (geometry)|Displacement]]
* [[:en:Equations of motion|Equations of motion]]
* [[:en:Euler's laws of motion|Euler's laws of motion]]
* [[:en:Fictitious force|Fictitious force]]
* [[:en:Friction|Friction]]
* [[:en:Harmonic oscillator|Harmonic oscillator]]
&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[:en:Inertial frame of reference|Inertial]]&amp;nbsp;/&amp;#x20;[[:en:Non-inertial reference frame|Non-inertial reference frame]]&lt;/span&gt;
* [[:en:Mechanics of planar particle motion|Mechanics of planar particle motion]]

&lt;div id=&quot;275&quot; class=&quot;hlist&quot;&gt;
* [[:en:Motion|Motion]]&amp;nbsp;([[:en:Linear motion|linear]])
* [[:en:Newton's law of universal gravitation|Newton's law of universal gravitation]]
* [[:en:Newton's laws of motion|Newton's laws of motion]]
* [[:en:Relative velocity|Relative velocity]]
* [[:en:Rigid body|Rigid body]]
** [[:en:Rigid body dynamics|dynamics]]
** [[:en:Euler's equations (rigid body dynamics)|Euler's equations]]
* [[:en:Simple harmonic motion|Simple harmonic motion]]
* [[:en:Vibration|Vibration]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|
|-
|&lt;div id=&quot;308&quot; class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div data-darkreader-inline-border-bottom=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;309&quot; class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;Rotehyin&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;312&quot; class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist&quot; style=&quot;padding-top:0.35em;&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;313&quot; class=&quot;hlist&quot;&gt;
* [[:en:Circular motion|Circular motion]]
* [[:en:Rotating reference frame|Rotating reference frame]]
* [[:en:Centripetal force|Centripetal force]]
* [[:en:Centrifugal force|Centrifugal force]]
** [[:en:Reactive centrifugal force|reactive]]
* [[:en:Coriolis force|Coriolis force]]
* [[:en:Pendulum (mechanics)|Pendulum]]
* [[:en:Tangential speed|Tangential speed]]
* [[:en:Rotational frequency|Rotational frequency]]
&lt;/div&gt;

* [[:en:Angular acceleration|Angular acceleration]]&amp;nbsp;/&amp;#x20;[[:en:Angular displacement|displacement]]&amp;nbsp;/&amp;#x20;[[:en:Angular frequency|frequency]]&amp;nbsp;/&amp;#x20;[[:en:Angular velocity|velocity]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|
|-
|&lt;div id=&quot;352&quot; class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div data-darkreader-inline-border-bottom=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;353&quot; class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;Abɔdeɛ Mu Nyansapɛfoɔ&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;355&quot; class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist&quot; style=&quot;padding-top:0.35em;&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;356&quot; class=&quot;hlist&quot;&gt;
* [[:en:Johannes Kepler|Kepler]]
* [[:en:Galileo Galilei|Galileo]]
* [[:en:Christiaan Huygens|Huygens]]
* [[:en:Isaac Newton|Newton]]
* [[:en:Jeremiah Horrocks|Horrocks]]
* [[:en:Edmond Halley|Halley]]
* [[:en:Pierre Louis Maupertuis|Maupertuis]]
* [[:en:Daniel Bernoulli|Daniel Bernoulli]]
* [[:en:Johann Bernoulli|Johann Bernoulli]]
* [[:en:Leonhard Euler|Euler]]
* [[:en:Jean le Rond d'Alembert|d'Alembert]]
* [[:en:Alexis Clairaut|Clairaut]]
* [[:en:Joseph-Louis Lagrange|Lagrange]]
* [[:en:Pierre-Simon Laplace|Laplace]]
* [[:en:William Rowan Hamilton|Hamilton]]
* [[:en:Siméon Denis Poisson|Poisson]]
* [[:en:Augustin-Louis Cauchy|Cauchy]]
* [[:en:Edward Routh|Routh]]
* [[:en:Joseph Liouville|Liouville]]
* [[:en:Paul Émile Appell|Appell]]
* [[:en:Josiah Willard Gibbs|Gibbs]]
* [[:en:Bernard Koopman|Koopman]]
* [[:en:John von Neumann|von Neumann]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|
|-
|
* &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg|alt=icon|class=noviewer|16x16px]]&amp;nbsp;[[:en:Portal:Physics|Physics&amp;#x20;portal]]&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[File:Symbol_category_class.svg|link=|alt=|class=noviewer|16x16px|Category]]&amp;nbsp;[[:en:Category:Classical mechanics|Category]]&lt;/span&gt;
|
|}
Wɔ [[Abɔde mu Nneɛma Ho Adesua|abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma]] ho adesua mu no, '''fɔɔso (force)''' yɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ a ebetumi ama [[Honam fam ade|adeɛ bi]] asesa n'[[Ahoɔhare a wɔde yɛ adwuma|ahoɔhare]] kyerɛ sɛ, ayɛ [[Fa ahoɔhare yɛ|ntɛmntɛm]], gye sɛ fɔɔso '''(force)''' afoforo kari pɛ. Adwene a ɛne sɛ ahoɔden wɔ hɔ no ma da biara da adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛpia anaasɛ wɔbɛtwe no yɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ akontaabuo mu. Ɛsiane sɛ fɔɔso [[Euclidean a ɛyɛ ɔyare mmoawa|kɛse]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ɛ ne [[Akwankyerɛ (geometry, asase ho adesua) .|n'akwankyerɛ]] nyinaa ho hia nti, fɔɔso yɛ [[Vector (geometrie) .|vɛketa]](vector) dodow. Wɔ susu no wɔ [[Newton (ade biako) .|newton (N)]] [[SI unit no|SI unit]]  mu na wɔtaa de agyiraehyɛdeɛ '''F''' na ɛgyina hɔ ma no.

Fɔɔso di dwuma titire wɔ tete mfidie nnwuma mu, na ɛkyerɛ wɔ [[Newton mmara a ɛfa kankyee ho|Newton mmara abiɛsa a ɛfa moohyin ho]] [[Ɔdodoɔ|no nyinaa mu, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ fɔɔso a ɛwɔ adeɛ bi so no ne adeɛ no kɛse]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ɛ [[Adeyɛ (akontaabu) .|ne]] [[Ahoɔhare a wɔde yɛ adwuma|mmrikatuo]] a ɛfa mu no aba yɛ pɛ. Fɔɔso ahodoɔ a wɔtaa hyia wɔ tete mfidie nnwuma mu no bi ne [[Elasticity (abɔde mu nneɛma ho nimdeɛ) .|elastic]], [[Akasakasa|frictional]], [[Ahoɔden a ɛyɛ daa|contact anaa &quot;normal&quot; fɔɔso]], ne [[Tumi a ɛtwe ade ba fam|gravitational]] . Fɔɔso '''(force)''' a ɛkyinkyini twa ne ho ne [[Torque a wɔde yɛ adwuma|torque]], a ɛma [[Angular ahoɔhare|nsakrae ba ahoɔhare a adeɛ bi de twa ne ho]]  no mu. Wɔ adeɛ bi a ne kɛseɛ no damɛhyin (dimension) yɛ baako anaa deɛ ɛboro saa mu no, ɔfa biara taa de fɔɔso  di afa ahodoɔ a ɛbɛn ho no so; tumi a ɛtete saa a wɔkyekyɛ fa adeɛ no mu no ne internal [[:en:Stress (mechanics)|mechanical stress]] ɛwɔ adeɛ no mu no. Saa internal [[:en:Stress (mechanics)|mechanical stress]] a ɛte saa no mma saa adeɛ no nkɔ ntɛmntɛm berɛ a tumi ahodoɔ no kari pɛ no. Prɛhya(Pressure), tumi nketenkete pii a wɔde di dwuma wɔ adeɛ bi fa bi a wɔkyekyɛ no yɛ nhyɛsoɔ a ɛnyɛ den a sɛ ankari pɛ a ebetumi ama adeɛ no atu mmrika. Mpɛn pii no, nhyɛsoɔ ma nneɛma a ɛyɛ den no sɛe, anaasɛ ɛsene kɔ yɔɔ wɔ nneɛma a ɛnyɛ den fam. Wɔ [[Nnɛyi abɔde mu nneɛma ho adesua|nnɛ yi abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma ho nimdeɛ mu no]], a relativity ne quantum mfiridie dwuma ho nimdeɛ ka ho mu no, wɔayɛ nsakraeɛ wɔ mmara a ɛfa moohyin ho no mu ma wɔde wɔn ho to [[:en:Fundamental interactions|fundamental interactions]] so sɛ ɛno ne baabi a fɔɔso firi baeɛ, nanso fɔɔso ho ntease a tete mfidedwuma de ma no da so ara yɛ deɛ mfasoɔ wɔ so  koraa sɛ wɔde di dwuma ankasa.

== Nkɔso a ɛba wɔ adwene no mu ==
Nyansapɛfo a wɔtraa [[Tete tete nneɛma|ase tete]] no de tumi ho adwene dii dwuma wɔ nneɛma a [[Dynamics (abɔde mu nneɛma ho nimdeɛ) .|egyina]] [[Statics a ɛwɔ hɔ|hɔ]] na ɛkeka ne [[Afiri a ɛnyɛ den|mfiri a ɛnyɛ den]] ho adesua mu, nanso adwenkyerɛfo te sɛ [[Aristotle na ɔkyerɛwee|Aristotle]] ne [[Archimedes na ɔkyerɛwee|Archimedes]] kuraa mfomso atitiriw a ɛwɔ tumi ntease mu no mu. Wɔ ɔfa bi mu no, na eyi fi ntease a enni mũ a na wɔwɔ wɔ tumi a ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛnyɛ nea ɛda adi wɔ [[Akasakasa|apereperedi mu]] no ho na nea efi mu ba ne adwene a ɛnsɛ a wonyae wɔ sɛnea abɔde mu kankyee te ho.&lt;ref name=&quot;Archimedes2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Heath|first=Thomas L.|author-link=Thomas Heath (classicist)|url=https://archive.org/details/worksofarchimede029517mbp|title=The Works of Archimedes|via=[[Internet Archive]]|access-date=2007-10-14|year=1897}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mfomso titiriw bi ne gyidi a ɛne sɛ ahoɔden bi ho hia na ama watumi akɔ so akanyan, wɔ ahoɔhare a ɛkɔ so daa mpo mu. Awiei koraa no [[Galileo Galilei na ɔkyerɛwee|Galileo Galilei]] ne [[Owura Isaac Newton na ɔkyerɛwee|Sir Isaac Newton]] na wosiesiee ntease a ɛnteɛ a na wɔwɔ kan wɔ kankyee ne ahoɔden ho no mu dodow no ara . Newton nam ne akontaabu mu nhumu so hyehyɛɛ [[Newton mmara a ɛfa kankyee ho|kankyee ho mmara]] a wɔantu mpɔn bɛboro mfe ahanu.&lt;ref name=&quot;uniphysics_ch2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=University Physics|last1=Sears|first1=Francis W.|last2=Zemansky|first2=Mark W.|last3=Young|first3=Hugh D.|author-link1=Francis Sears|author-link2=Mark Zemansky|author-link3=Hugh D. Young|title-link=University Physics|pages=[https://archive.org/details/universityphysic0000sear/page/18 18]–38|publisher=Addison-Wesley|edition=6th|year=1982|isbn=0-201-07199-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Eduu afeha a ɛto so 20 mfiase no, [[Albert Einstein na ɔkyerɛwee|Einstein]] yɛɛ [[Nsusuwii a ɛfa relativity ho|nsusuwii]] bi a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea tumi ahorow no bɛyɛ adwuma wɔ nneɛma a ahoɔden a ɛkɔ soro a ɛbɛn hann ahoɔhare so no ho nkɔm yiye na ɛmaa wohuu tumi a tumi a ɛtwe ade ba fam ne nea entumi [[Inertia a ɛnyɛ adwuma|nyɛ adwuma no]] nso de ba no ho nhumu . Esiane sɛ wɔanya nnɛyi nhumu wɔ [[Quantum mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ|quantum mfiridwuma]] ne mfiridwuma a ebetumi ama nneɛma nketenkete a ɛbɛn hann ahoɔhare ayɛ ntɛmntɛm nti, [[abɔde mu nneɛma nketenkete]] ayɛ [[Nhwɛsode a Wɔde Di Dwuma|Standard Model]] a wɔde bɛkyerɛkyerɛ tumi ahorow a ɛda nneɛma nketenkete a ɛsua sen atɔm ntam. [[Nhwɛsode a Wɔde Di Dwuma|Standard Model no]] hyɛ nkɔm sɛ nneɛma nketenkete a wɔasesa a wɔfrɛ no [[Gauge boson a wɔde susuw nneɛma ho|gauge bosons]] ne akwan titiriw a wɔfa so yi tumi ahorow fi mu na wɔtwetwe. Nkitahodi atitiriw anan pɛ na wonim: sɛnea ahoɔden so tew no, ɛne: [[Ahoɔden a emu yɛ den|ahoɔden]], [[Electromagnetic tumi a ɛma anyinam ahoɔden|anyinam ahoɔden]], [[Tumi a ɛyɛ mmerɛw|mmerɛw]], ne [[tumi a ɛtwe ade ba fam]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;FeynmanVol1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Feynman volume 1}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 1 . 2-10 na ɛwɔ hɔ &lt;ref name=&quot;Kleppner&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Kleppner|Kolenkow|2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 1 . 79. Nkyekyɛm [[Ahoɔden a ɛkorɔn abɔde mu nneɛma ho nimdeɛ|Ahoɔden kɛse mu nneɛma nketenkete abɔde mu]] [[Ahwɛeɛ|nneɛma]] a wɔhwɛɛ wɔ 1970 ne 1980 mfe no mu no sii so dua sɛ tumi a ɛyɛ mmerɛw ne anyinam ahoɔden a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no yɛ [[Ɛlektrik a ɛyɛ mmerɛw|nkitahodi a]] ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse a ɛda adi.&lt;ref name=&quot;final theory&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Weinberg|first=S.|year=1994|title=Dreams of a Final Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/dreamsoffinalthe0000wein_i5m9|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=978-0-679-74408-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsusuwii ahorow a na ɛwɔ hɔ ansa na Newton reba ==
[[File:Aristoteles_Louvre2.jpg|thumb|[[Aristotle na ɔkyerɛwee|Aristotle]] kaa fɔɔso ho asɛm sɛ biribiara a ɛma ade bi kɔ &quot;moohyin a ɛnyɛ abɔdeɛ mu deɛ&quot;.]]
Efi tete no wɔagye tumi ho adwene atom sɛ ade titiriw a ɛma [[Afiri a ɛnyɛ den|mfiri a ɛnyɛ den]] no mu biara yɛ adwuma . [[Mfiridwuma mu mfaso]] a afiri a ɛnyɛ den de mae no maa wotumi de ahoɔden kakraa bi dii dwuma de sesaa saa tumi a ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ akyirikyiri kɛse ma [[Adwuma (abɔde mu nneɛma ho nimdeɛ) .|adwuma]] dodow koro no ara . Awiei koraa no tumi ahorow su ho nhwehwɛmu kowiee [[Archimedes na ɔkyerɛwee|Archimedes]] a ogyee din titiriw sɛ ɔyɛɛ [[Tumi a ɛma ahoɔden|tumi ahorow]] a ɛsensɛn nsu a ɛwɔ [[Nsudeɛ|nsu mu no]] ho aduruyɛ mu no adwuma mu .&lt;ref name=&quot;Archimedes2&quot;/&gt; [[Aristotle na ɔkyerɛwee|Aristotle]] de [[Nyansapɛ mu nsɛm|nyansapɛ mu]] nkɔmmɔbɔ bi mae wɔ adwene a ɛne sɛ tumi bi yɛ [[Abɔde mu Nneɛma Ho Adesua (Aristotle) .|Aristotle amansan ho adesua]] fa titiriw no ho . Wɔ Aristotle adwene mu no, na [[Classical element|nneɛma]] anan a ɛba sɛ ɛbɛhome wɔ &quot;abɔde mu mmeae&quot; ahorow wɔ mu wɔ asase so kurukuruwa no mu. Na Aristotle gye di sɛ nneɛma a enhinhim wɔ Asase so, nea nneɛma a ɛyɛ asase ne nsu na ɛwom no mu dodow no ara wɔ wɔn abɔde mu baabi bere a ɛwɔ fam no, na sɛ wogyaw wɔn nkutoo a, ɛtra hɔ saa. Ɔkyerɛɛ nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda awosu mu su a nneɛma wɔ sɛ wɔbɛhunu wɔn &quot;abɔdeɛ mu beaeɛ&quot; (sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, sɛ nipadua a emu yɛ duru bɛhwe ase), a ɛde &quot;abɔdeɛ mu kankyee&quot; ba, ne kankyee a ɛnyɛ abɔdeɛ mu anaasɛ wɔhyɛ, a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔkɔ so de tumi bi di dwuma no ntam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Lang|first=Helen S.|title=The order of nature in Aristotle's physics : place and the elements|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521624534|edition=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa nsusuwii yi a egyina da biara da osuahu a ɛfa sɛnea nneɛma tu ho, te sɛ tumi bi a ehia a wɔde di dwuma bere nyinaa na ama teaseɛnam akɔ so akɔ so no, nyaa adwene mu ɔhaw wɔ akontaabu mu wɔ sɛnea [[Projectile a wɔde tu mmirika|agyan]], te sɛ agyan a ɛtu no yɛ adwuma ho. Obi a ɔtow agyan ma agyan no tu wɔ wimhyɛn no mfiase, na afei ɛde po so hyɛn fa wim ɛwom mpo sɛ ade a etu mpɔn biara a wotumi hu nyɛ adwuma wɔ so de. Na Aristotle nim ɔhaw yi na ɔhyɛɛ nyansa sɛ mframa a ɛtu fa ɔtopae no kwan so no de ɔtopae no kɔ nea ɛrekɔ so no so. Saa nkyerɛkyerɛmu yi hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde ade a ɛkɔ so te sɛ mframa di dwuma na ama kankyee no akɔ so.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hetherington&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Norriss S.|last=Hetherington|title=Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives|page=[https://archive.org/details/cosmologyhistori0000unse/page/100 100]|publisher=Garland Reference Library of the Humanities|year=1993|isbn=978-0-8153-1085-3|url=https://archive.org/details/cosmologyhistori0000unse/page/100}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛwom sɛ wɔkasa tiaa [[Aristotle abɔde mu nneɛma ho adesua|Aristotle abɔde mu nneɛma ho nimdeɛ]] wɔ afeha a ɛto so 6 mu tɔnn de, nanso &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Sorabji|chapter=John Philoponus|title=Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science|jstor=44216227|year=2010|edition=2nd|publisher=Institute of Classical Studies, University of London|isbn=978-1-905-67018-5|oclc=878730683|page=47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Anneliese|last=Maier|author-link=Anneliese Maier|title=On the Threshold of Exact Science|url=https://archive.org/details/onthresholdofexa0000maie|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=1982|editor-first=Steven D.|editor-last=Sargent|isbn=978-0-812-27831-6|oclc=495305340|page=[https://archive.org/details/onthresholdofexa0000maie/page/79 79]}}&lt;/ref&gt; na wɔrensiesie ne sintɔ ahorow no kosii afeha a ɛto so 17 adwuma a [[Galileo Galilei na ɔkyerɛwee|Galileo Galilei]], a mfinimfini mmere no awiei adwene a ɛne sɛ nneɛma a ɛhyɛ obi so no kura tumi bi a efi awosu mu no nyaa no so nkɛntɛnso no a [[Nkannyan ho nsusuwii|ɛkanyan obi]] . Galileo yɛɛ sɔhwɛ bi a wɔde abo ne aprɛm nyinaa guu baabi a ɛkɔ fam de kyerɛe sɛ [[Aristotle nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛfa tumi a ɛtwe ade ba fam ho|Aristotle nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛfa kankyee ho no]] nyɛ nokware . Ɔkyerɛe sɛ tumi a ɛtwe ade ba fam na ɛma nipadua ahorow no yɛ ntɛmntɛm kodu baabi a ɛnyɛ wɔn kɛse na ɔkyerɛe sɛ nneɛma kura wɔn [[Ahoɔhare a wɔde yɛ adwuma|ahoɔhare]] mu gye sɛ tumi bi na ɛyɛ adwuma, sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, [[Akasakasa|friction]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;Galileo&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Drake|first=Stillman|year=1978|title=Galileo At Work|url=https://archive.org/details/galileoatwork00stil|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-16226-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Galileo adwene a ɛne sɛ ahoɔden ho hia na ama wɔasesa kankyee mmom sen sɛ ɛbɛkɔ so akura mu, a [[Isaac Beeckman na ɔkyerɛwee|Isaac Beeckman]], [[René Descartes na ɔkyerɛwee|René Descartes]], ne [[Pierre Gassendi na ɔkyerɛwee|Pierre Gassendi]], maa no nyaa nkɔso kɛse no bɛyɛɛ Newton abɔde mu nneɛma ho adesua nnyinasosɛm titiriw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=LoLordo|first=Antonia|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/182818133|title=Pierre Gassendi and the Birth of Early Modern Philosophy|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-34982-9|location=New York|pages=175–180|oclc=182818133}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 17 mfiase, ansa na Newton ''[[Nyansapɛæ Naturalis Principia Nkontaabu|Principia]]'' reba no, asɛmfua &quot;tumi&quot; ( Latin: ''vis'' ) no dii dwuma wɔ honam fam ne nea ɛnyɛ honam fam nneɛma pii ho, s.e., sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a asɛm bi bɛkɔ ntɛmntɛm. Wɔtoo nea efi point mass ne ne ahoɔhare ahinanan mu ba no din ''vis''  (ahoɔden a ɛte ase) a [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz na ɔkyerɛwee|Leibniz kyerɛwee]] . Nnɛyi adwene a ɛfa tumi ho no ne Newton vis motrix no hyia&lt;/link&gt; (ahoɔden a ɛma ɛyɛ ntɛmntɛm).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author-link1=Vladimir Arnold|first1=V. I.|last1=Arnold|first2=V. V.|last2=Kozlov|first3=A. I.|last3=Neishtadt|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16404140|chapter=Mathematical aspects of classical and celestial mechanics|title=Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences, Dynamical Systems III|volume=3|date=1988|publisher=Springer-Verlag|others=Anosov, D. V.|isbn=0-387-17002-2|location=Berlin|oclc=16404140}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <title>Wiase Nyinaa Wɛbsaet ( World Wide Web; WWW )</title>
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{{Databox}}
[[File:WWW-LetShare.svg|thumb|Wiase Nyinaa Wɛbsaet ahyɛnsodeɛ]]
[[File:Chromium on Ubuntu.png|thumb|Sɛnea wɔde Wiase Nyinaa Wɛbsaet yɛ adwuma. ]]
'''Wiase Nyinaa Wɛbsaet (WWW)''', a wɔtaa frɛ no Wɛbsaet no yɛ nsɛm ho nhyehyɛe a ɛma wotumi de nsɛm kyɛ wɔ Intanɛt so. Wɔayɛ no  akwan a ɛyɛ mmerɛw so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛma wɔn a wɔde di dwuma no ani agye asen IT ho abenfo ne wɔn a wɔn ani gye ho dada mpo. Ɛsan nso boa ma wɔn nsa ka nkrataa ne wɛbsaet nneɛma afoforo a ɛwɔ Intanɛt so denam mmara pɔtee bi a wɔfrɛ no ''Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).''&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Help |url=https://www.w3.org/help/ |language=en |access-date=2023-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔnam wɛb server so tumi ma wɔtwe nkrataa ne nsɛm afoforɔ kɔ netwɛk bi so na afei nso wɔnam program ahoroɔ te sɛ wɛb brawsa so tumi bue kɔ mu. Wɔnam nkyerɛwde nhama a wɔfrɛ no uniform resource locators (URLs) so na ɛhyɛ server biara nso; sɛnea ɛte ne beaɛ a ɛwɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=What is a URL (Uniform Resource Locator)? Definition from SearchNetworking |url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/URL |language=en |access-date=2023-08-24 |archive-date=2023-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824023920/https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/URL |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sɛnea netwɛk so nkrataa te firi kane bɛsi nnɛ no nsesaɛ pii esiane sɛ nkurɔfoɔ pii da so ara de a Mfitiaseɛ na ɛda so ara de wɛb krataafa a wɔahyehyɛ no Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) mu no da so yɛ adwuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=What is HTML – Definition and Meaning of Hypertext Markup Language |date=2021-08-24 |url=https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/what-is-html-definition-and-meaning/ |language=en |access-date=2023-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa kasa a wɔde hyɛ agyirae yi boa ma wɔde nsɛm a ɛnyɛ den, mfonini, video ne ɔdio mu nsɛm a wɔde ahyɛ mu, ne scripts (nhyehyɛe ntiantiaa) a ɛde dwumadiefoɔ nkitahodiɛ a ɛyɛ den di dwuma.

HTML kasa no nso boa ''hyperlinks'' (embedded URLs) a ɛma wotumi kɔ wɛb nsɛm afoforɔ so ntɛm ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=What is a Hyperlink? |url=https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/hyperlink.htm |language=en |access-date=2023-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɛbsaet so akwantu, anaa wɛbsaet so nhwehwɛmu, yɛ adeyɛ a wɔtaa yɛ sɛ wodi ''hyperlink'' a ɛte saa akyi wɔ wɛbsaet ahorow pii so. Wɛb aplikeshɔn yɛ wɛb nkratafa a ɛyɛ adwuma sɛ aplikeshɔn ''software''. Wɔde ''Hypertext Transfer Protocol'' (HTTP) na ɛde nsɛm a ɛwɔ Wɛbsaet no so no fa Intanɛt so.
[[File:World Map of Web Index 2014.svg|thumb|Sɛnea nnipa dodoɔ de Wiase Nyinaa Wɛbsaet di dwuma wɔ wiase Nyinaa.]]
Wɛb nneɛma pii a asɛmti koro na ɛtaa so na afei ne ''domain'' din yɛ biako na ɛka bom yɛ wɛbsaet. Web server biako betumi ama wɛbsaet ahorow pii, na bere koro no ara wɛbsaet ahorow bi, titiriw nea agye din sen biara no, ebia ''server'' ahoroɔ pii na ɛde bɛma.

Nnwumakuo, ahyehyɛde ahoroɔ, aban adwumayɛbea ahoroɔ, ne ankorankoro a wɔde di dwuma pii na wɔde wɛbsaet no so nsɛm bɛgu so; na ɛyɛ nhomasua, anigyede, aguadi, ne aban ho nsɛm pii.

Wiase Nyinaa Wɛbsaet abɛyɛ wiase no mu nsɛm ho nhyehyɛe titiriw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Help |url=https://www.w3.org/help/ |language=en |access-date=2023-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛyɛ adwinnade titiriw a nnipa ɔpepepem pii a wɔwɔ wiase nyinaa de di dwuma ne Intanɛt di nkitaho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Contributor |title=The Once And Future Web Platform |date=2014-05-16 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/05/16/the-once-and-future-web-platform/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=No Author |title=World Wide Web Timeline |date=2014-03-11 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2014/03/11/world-wide-web-timeline/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Caitlin Dewey |title=36 ways the Web has changed us |date=2021-12-03 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2014/03/12/36-ways-the-web-has-changed-us/ |work=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |access-date=2023-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Internet Live Stats - Internet Usage &amp; Social Media Statistics |url=https://www.internetlivestats.com/ |language=en |access-date=2023-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tim Berners-Lee na ɔyɛɛ Wɛbsaet wɔ CERN wɔ afe 1989 mu na wobuee ano maa ɔmanfoɔ wɔ afe 1991. Wɔsusuu ho sɛ &quot;amansan nyinaa nsɛm ho nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛka bom&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The World’s First Web Site |date=2018-08-30 |url=https://www.history.com/news/the-worlds-first-web-site |language=en |access-date=2023-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Internet Key Layers.png|thumb]]

==Sɛnea Wɔde Di Dwuma==

Wɔtaa de nsɛmfua Intanɛt ne Wiase Nyinaa Wɛbsaet di dwuma a nsonsonoe kɛse biara nni mu. Nanso, nsɛmfua abien no nkyerɛ ade koro. Intanɛt yɛ wiase nyinaa nhyehyɛe a ɛfa kɔmputa ntam nkitahodie a ɛnam telefon so nkitahodi ne aniwa so nkitahodie so. Nea ɛne wei bɔ abira no, Wiase Nyinaa Wɛbsaet yɛ wiase nyinaa nkrataa ne nneɛma afoforo a wɔaboaboa ano, a wɔde ''hyperlink'' ne ''URI'' ahorow na ɛka bom. Wɔde HTTP anaa HTTPS a ɛyɛ ''application-level'' Intanɛt nhyehyɛe a ɛde Intanɛt akwantu nhyehyɛe di dwuma na ɛkɔ wɛbsaet nneɛma so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Help |url=https://www.w3.org/help/ |language=en |access-date=2023-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sɛ worehwehwɛ wɛbsaet krataafa bi wɔ Wiase Nyinaa Wɛbsaet so a, mpɛn pii no wofi ase denam krataafa no URL a wobɛkyerɛw akɔ wɛb brawsa mu anaasɛ wobɛdi hyperlink a ɛkɔ saa krataafa anaa adeɛ no so. Afei wɛb brawsa no hyɛ akyi nkitahodi nkrasɛm ahoroɔ ase de fa kratafa a wɔabisa no na eyi pue. 

Wɔ 1990 mfeɛ no mu no, wɔde brawsa a wɔde hwɛ wɛbsaet nkratafa —na wɔfa hyperlink so fi wɛbsaet krataafa biako so kɔ foforo so —wɔbɛfrɛɛ no ​​‘''browsing'',’ ‘''wɛb surfing''’ (wɔ ''channel surfing'' akyi), anaa ‘''navigating the Web''’. Nhwehwɛmu a edi kan a wɔyɛe wɔ saa suban foforo yi ho no hwehwɛɛ sɛnea nkurɔfoɔ de di dwuma wɔ wɛb brawsa ahoroɔ so. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nhwehwɛmu bi huu akwan anum a wɔfa so de di dwuma: ''exploratory surfing, window surfing, evolved surfing, bounded navigation ne targeted navigation.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Steve Muylle, Rudy Moenaert, Marc Despontin |title=A grounded theory of World Wide Web search behaviour |date=1999-01 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/135272699345644 |work=Journal of Marketing Communications |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=143–155 |language=en |doi=10.1080/135272699345644 |issn=1352-7266 |access-date=2023-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nhwɛsoɔ a ɛdidi soɔ yi kyerɛ sɛdeɛ wɛb brawsa yɛ adwuma berɛ a worekɔ kratafa bi wɔ URL no so

&lt;code&gt;http://example.org/home.html&lt;/code&gt;

Browser no siesie URL no server din no &lt;code&gt;example.org&lt;/code&gt;

kɔ Intanɛt Protocol address mu denam ''Domain Name System'' (DNS) a wɔakyekyɛ wɔ wiase nyinaa no so.

==Nhyehyeɛ Ma Wɔn A Wɔadi Dɛm==

Akwan bi wɔ hɔ a wɔfa so kɔ Wɛbsaet no so so na ama ankorankoro a wɔadi dɛm de adi dwuma. Saa dɛmdi ahorow yi betumi ayɛ aniwa, aso, nipadua, ɔkasa, adwene, ntini, anaa biribi a wɔaka abom. Nneɛma a ɛma wotumi kɔ hɔ no bi nso boa nnipa a wɔadi dɛm bere tiaa bi, te sɛ wɔn a wɔn nsa mu abu, anaa wɔn a wɔn mfe akɔ anim ma wwɔn ahoɔden so ate.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) - home page |date=2009-04-02 |url=http://www.w3.org/WAI/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |archive-date=2008-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904094012/http://www.w3.org/WAI/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɛbsaet no gye nsɛm ne afei nso ɛde nsɛm ma na ɛne ɔmanfo adi nkitaho. Wiase Nyinaa Wɛbsaet Kuw no ka sɛ ɛho hia sɛ obiara tumi kɔ Wɛbsaet no so, enti ɛsɛ sɛ etumi ma nnipa a wɔadi dɛm de di dwuma na wɔanya hokwan a ɛyɛ pɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) |title=The Business Case for Digital Accessibility |url=https://www.w3.org/WAI/business-case/ |language=en |access-date=2023-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tim Berners-Lee kae bere bi sɛ, &quot;Wɛb tumi nyinaa gyina sɛnea wɔde di dwuma  wɔ amansan nyinaa mu. Obiara betumi de adi dwuma ɛmfa ho mpo sɛ nnipa no adi dɛm.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Aman pii hyɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so kɔ wɛbsaet so ho mmara sɛnea ɛbɛboa ma wɔn a wɔadi dɛm bɛtumi de adi dwuma; na ɛno ka ahwehwɛde ma wɛbsaet ahoroɔ no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) |title=The Business Case for Digital Accessibility |url=https://www.w3.org/WAI/business-case/ |language=en |access-date=2023-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amanaman ntam biakoyɛ a wɔyɛe wɔ W3C Web Accessibility Initiative no mu no maa wɔde akwankyerɛ a ɛnyɛ den a wɛb mu nsɛm akyerɛwfo ne wɔn a wɔyɛ ''software'' betumi de adi dwuma de ama nnipa a ebia wɔde mfiridwuma a ɛboa anaasɛ wɔmfa nni dwuma no betumi akɔ Wɛbsaet no so.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) |title=WCAG 2 Overview |url=https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/wcag/ |language=en |access-date=2023-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Beaɛ A Nsɛm No Firi==</text>
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      <text bytes="7296" sha1="2q1rbdzjbgle1mrsl8j0g9xm6dc8s4e" xml:space="preserve">Wɔ [[Nyarewa a ɛtrɛw ho adesua|yaredɔm ho adesua]] mu no, '''asiane''' anaa '''ade a ɛkyerɛ biribi''' yɛ adeɛ a ɛsakra a ɛne [[Ahudeɛ|asiane]] a ɛkɔ soro sɛ wobenya [[Nyarewa|yareɛ]] anaa [[Nsaneɛ|yareɛ mmoawa no]] wɔ abusuabɔ .  : 1 . 38. Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so 

Esiane sɛ nkyerɛkyerɛmu ahodoɔ no nhyia nti, wɔtaa de nea ɛkyerɛ biribi, wɔ ne nyansahu mu nteaseɛ a wɔgye tom kɛse mu no di dwuma sɛ asɛmfua a ɛne ne ho di nsɛ. Nsonsonoe titiriw no wɔ adwumayɛ mu: aduruyɛ ( [[Aduro|ayaresabea adeyɛ]] ) ne [[ɔmanfo akwahosan|ɔmanfoɔ akwahosan]] . Sɛ́ nhwɛsoɔ a efiri ayaresabea dwumadi mu no, [[Vitamin C a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu|vitamin C]] a wonya firi aduane mu a wɔnom kakraa bi no yɛ asiane a wɔnim sɛ ɛma obi nya [[Scurvy a ɛyɛ mmerɛw|sk]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ɛbi . Ɔmanfoɔ akwahosan ho nhyehyɛeɛ pɔtee, adeɛ a ɛkyerɛ ne akwahosan ho asian a ɛyɛ nea ɛfa biribiara ho, ɛnyɛ nea ɛfa biribiara ho, ɛfa pɛyɛ a enni hɔ ho, na ɛyɛ den ma ankorankorɛ sɛ obedi so.  nhwɛsoɔ , wonim sɛ ohia na ɛkyerɛ ankorankorɛ [[Apomuden|akwahosan]] gyinapɛn .

== Nkitahodi ne nea ɛde ba ==
Asiane ahodoɔ anaa nneɛma a ɛkyerɛ no yɛ [[Nkitahodi a ɛwɔ hɔ|abusuabɔ]] na ɛnyɛ [[nea ɛde ba]] ankasa, efirisɛ [[Nkitahodi nkyerɛ sɛ ɛde ba|abusuabɔ nkyerɛ deɛ ɛde ba]] .  nhwɛsoɔ , wontumi nka sɛ mmeranteɛ ne mmabaa de [[akisikuru]] ba, nanso mmeranteɛ ne mmabaa nya akisikuru kɛseɛ efiri sɛ ɛnyɛ den koraa sɛ wobenya [[Nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa (aduruyɛ mu) .|ahoɔden a]] ɛko tia nyarewa wɔ yaredɔm bi a atwam no mu. Wɔtaa de [[akontaabu]] akwan di dwuma de hwɛ sɛnea fekubɔ bi mu yɛ den na wɔde adanseɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛde ba,  nhwɛso , wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛda sigarɛtenom ne [[ahurututu mu kokoram]] ntam ho [[Britania nnuruyɛfo sua ade|nhwehwɛmu]] mu . Akontaabu mu nhwehwɛmu  abɔdeɛ a nkwa wɔ mu ho nyansahu ka ho betumi akyerɛ sɛ asian ahodoɔ na ɛde ba. Ebinom pɛ sɛ asɛmfua asiane a ɛde ba no kyerɛ nneɛma a ɛde yareɛ dodoɔ a ɛkɔ soro ba, ne sɛ wɔbɛfrɛ abusuabɔ a wɔankyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ asian a ɛbɛtumi aba, fekuo, ne nea ɛkeka ho. &lt;/link&gt;

Berɛ a wɔayɛ no yiye na egyina nhwehwɛmu so, asiane ahodoɔ a wobehu no betumi ayɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ [[Nhwehwɛmu (aduruyɛ) .|aduruyɛ mu nhwehwɛmu]] .

== Nsɛmfua a wɔde kyerɛkyerɛ mu ==
Wɔfa no titiriw firii nneɛma a ɛde nufoɔ mu kokoram ba mu, na wobɛtumi akyerɛkyerɛ asiane ahodoɔ mu wɔ ɔkwan a ɛne,nhwɛso

* [[Asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ kakra|Asiane a ɛfa ho]], te sɛ &quot;Ɔbaa betumi anya nufu mu kokoram wɔ ne mfeɛ aduasia mu bɛboro mpɛn ɔha sen nea wadi mfeɛ aduonu.&quot; 
* [[Nea ɛba (epidemiology) .|Nsɛm]] a ɛsisi wɔ kuu a ɛwɔ asiane no su anaasɛ wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu no fa ketewaa bi, te sɛ &quot;wɔhu nufoɔ mu kokoram ɔha nkyekyɛmu adoukron nkron wɔ mmaa mu.&quot; 
* Nkɔanim a ɛba wɔ nea ɛba a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no mu, te sɛ &quot;nsa biara a wɔnom da biara no ma nufoɔ mu kokoram a ɛba no kɔ soro mpɛn dubaako wɔ mmaa apem biara mu.&quot; 
* [[Asiane a ɛwɔ mu no dodow|Asiane dodo]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ɔ, te sɛ &quot;nufoɔ mu kokoram nyinaa ne nea ɛba mu nyinaa a ɛkɔ soro wɔ mmaa a wɔanhyɛ da sɛ wɔmfa aduro a ɛma nipadua no yɛ adwuma ne adeɛ a wɔde yɛ aduane mma wɔn mfe num mu, a asiane dodoɛ yɛ 1.24 bere a wɔde toto wɔn a wɔhwɛ so no ho no.&quot;

== Nhwɛsoɔ ==
Wɔ ayeforohyia bi ase no, nnipa aduoson nson dii akokɔ na wɔn mu aduonu mmienu  yareeɛ, berɛ a nnipa aduasa a wodii mpataa anaa afifideɛ aduane no mummienu pɛ na wɔyaree. So akokɔ no maa nkurɔfoɔ no yaree?

: nnipa dodoɔ a wɔrehyia adeyɛ (aduane mu awuduru) . nnipa dodow a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ asiane mu (aduane) mu .&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Tenny |title=Relative Risk |date=2020 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430824/ |work=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=28613574 |access-date=2020-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Enti asiane a ɛwɔ wɔn wɔdii akokɔ no mu = 22/74 = 0.297&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Na asiane a ɛwɔ wɔn a wɔnni akokɔ so = 2/35 = 0.057.

Wɔn a wodii akokɔ no wɔ asiane a ɛboro wɔn a wɔanni no so mmɔho num, kyerɛ sɛ, asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ no bɛboro num. wei kyerɛ sɛ akokɔ a wɔdi na ɛde yareɛ no bae, nanso wei ''nyɛ'' adanseɛ.

Wɔkyerɛkyerɛ asiane bi ho nhwɛsoɔ yi mu wɔ [[Asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ kakra|asiane a ɛfa]] ho a ɛde ba no mu a, wɔde asiane a ɛwɔ wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho to asiane a ebetumi aba no mu ne wɔn a wɔmfa wɔn ho nhyɛ mu no toto ho so na ɛsɔ hwɛ.

== Nneɛma a ɛkyerɛ nneɛma nyinaa ==
Mpɛn pii no, sɛnea ebetumi aba sɛ nea ebefiri mu aba no gyina nkitahodie a ɛda nneɛma pii a ɛbata ho ntam so. Sɛ wɔreyɛ [[Nyarewa ho nhwehwɛmu|yaredɔm ho nhwehwɛmu]] de asusu adeɛ baako anaa nea ɛboro saa a ɛkyerɛ nea ebefiri mu aba pɔtee bi ho a, nneɛma afoforɔ a ɛkyerɛ no betumi ayɛ adwuma sɛ nneɛma [[Ɛyɛ adwenem naayɛ|a ɛma adwene tu fra]], na ɛsɛ sɛ wodi so ma, s.e., denam biribi a wɔkyekyɛ mu yɛ no ntoatoaso . Nneɛma a ebetumi ama adwene atu afra no gu ahodoɔ wɔ nea efi mu ba a wɔsua ho adeɛ, nanso nneɛma a ɛma adwene tu fra wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so yi na ɛtaa ba wɔ yaredɔm ho fekuo dodoɔ no ara mu, na ɛno ne nneɛma a wɔtaa di so wɔ yaredɔm ho nhwehwɛmu mu: &lt;/link&gt;

* Mfeɛ (mfeɛ 0 kosi 1.5 ma nkokoaa, mfeɛ 1.5 kosi 6 ma mmɔfra nkumaa, ne nea ɛkeka ho. ) .
* Bɔbea ne awusou (Ɔbarima anaa ɔbea)  : 20. Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne
* Mmusuakuw (Egyina abusuaku so &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Abnormal child psychology|url=https://archive.org/details/abnormalchildpsy0000mash_f0m5|last=Mash, Eric J.|others=Wolfe, David A. (David Allen), 1951-|year=2019|isbn=9781337624268|edition=Seventh|location=Boston, MA|oclc=1022139949}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Afoforɔ a wɔntaa nyɛ nsakrae wɔ nneɛma a ebetumi ayɛ basaa ho ne:

* Asetra mu gyinabea/sika a wɔnya   : 
* Asase so beae a ɛwɔ
* Awosu mu nneɛma a ɛma obi yɛ adeɛ tra so
* Bɔbeasu ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu
* Adwuma
* Adwuma a wɔyɛ boro so 
* Ɔbarima ne ɔbaa nna ho akɔnnɔ
* ɔbrɛ a yɛntumi ntu aseɛ nnidisoɔ
* Adidie
* Apɔmu tenetene dodoɔ
* Nsa a wɔnom ne tawanom
* Nneɛma afoforɔ [[Asetra mu nneɛma a ɛkyerɛ akwahosan|a ɛkyerɛ akwahosan wɔ asetra mu]]

''Asiane agyiraehyɛde'' yɛ ade a ɛsakra a ɛne yare bi anaa nea efi mu ba no wɔ abusuabɔ wɔ dodow mu, nanso asiane agyiraehyɛde no mu nsakrae tẽẽ nsakra asiane a ɛwɔ nea ebefi mu aba no mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, karka a wɔabow (DWI) abakɔsɛm yɛ asiane agyiraehyɛde ma wimhyɛnkafo efisɛ ɔyaredɔm ho nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ wimhyɛnkafo a wɔwɔ DWI abakɔsɛm no taa de wɔn ho hyɛ wimhyɛn akwanhyia mu kɛse sen wɔn mfɛfo a wonni DWI abakɔsɛm.&lt;ref&gt;Li G., Baker S. P., Qiang Y., Grabowski J. G., McCarthy M. L. Driving-while-intoxicated history as a risk marker for general aviation pilots. Accid Anal Prev. 2005;37(1):179-84./McFadden K. L. Driving while intoxicated (DWI) convictions and job-related flying performance – a study of commercial air safety. J Oper Res Soc. 1998;49:28–32&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abakɔsɛm ==
Kan Framingham Koma Adesua kwankyerɛfo, William B. Kannel na ɔde asɛmfua &quot;asiane a ɛde ba&quot; bae wɔ 1961 asɛm bi mu wɔ ''Annals of Internal Medicine'' .

== Hwɛ nso ==

== References ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hwene mu a ɛsɔne nsuo</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="6555" sha1="hce8ejxvrn6ryps20or34xcdjso0nv3" xml:space="preserve">{{Dialect|Asante}}
{{Databox|item=Q1115038}}'''Hwene mu a ɛsɔne nsuo (Rhinorrhea''', '''rhinorrhoea''',  anaa '''runny nose) yɛ'''   sɛ nsuo bɛfiri obi hwene mu aba wɔ berɛ a ɛnyɛ nipa no ankasa na ɔrepu nsuo afiri ne hwene mu. Nsuo no ankasa na ɛpue. Nsuo no taa yɛ mann. Edin a wɔde feɛ nsuo torotorootoro yi ne [https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/mucous-membrane mucus] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Dorland's pocket medical dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/dorlandspocketme0000unse_29ed|date=10 November 2013|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-81-312-3501-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dorlandspocketme0000unse_29ed/page/660 660]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/mucous-membrane |date=2011-02-02 |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/mucous-membrane |language=en |access-date=2024-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;Yei yɛ bebea bi a Ɛnyɛ na koraa. Mmɔfra na ɛtaa yɛ wɔn. Nyɛ wɔn nko, mpanimfoɔ nso kɔ tebea bi mu a, sɛ ebia wɔyare tipaeɛ a, nsuo  tumi firi wɔn hwene mu ba. Sɛ obi kɔdi aduane bi a ne nipadua no mpɛ a ɛso nsunsuansoɔ no bi ne sɛ nsuo bɛfiri ne hwene mu. Wɔn a wɔanya [https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html COVID] 19 &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=CDC |title=COVID-19 and Your Health |date=2020-02-11 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html |language=en-us |access-date=2024-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;nso bɛtumi akɔ saa tebea no mu. Nyɛ yadeɛ nko na ɛtumi ma obi hwene mu sɔne nsuo. Sɛ obi fa nnurubɔne bi te sɛ cocaine  boro so nso a, ɛma ne hwene mu sɔne nsuo. Ɛbɛtumi nso ayɛ esu mmorosoɔ&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid20060991&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Myon L, Delforge A, Raoul G, Ferri J|title=[Palatal necrosis due to cocaine abuse]|language=fr|journal=Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac|volume=111|issue=1|pages=32–5|date=February 2010|pmid=20060991|doi=10.1016/j.stomax.2009.01.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Eileen Trigoboff|author2=Kneisl, Carol Ren|author3=Wilson, Holly Skodol|title=Contemporary psychiatric-mental health nursing|publisher=Pearson/Prentice Hall|location=Upper Saddle River, N.J|year=2004|isbn=978-0-13-041582-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/contemporarypsyc00caro/page/274 274]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/contemporarypsyc00caro/page/274}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sɛ ayarehwɛfoɔ yɛ wɔn adwene sɛ wɔresa saa yadeɛ yi a, nyɛ wɔn botaeɛ nko ara  ne sɛ wɔbɛma nsuo a ɛfiri nipa no hwene mu no abgyae ba mmom, wɔhwɛ nso sɛ wɔbɛtu adeɛ a ɛde hwene mu nsuo no baeɛ no nso ase.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rhinorrhea (Runny Nose)|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17660-runny-nose|access-date=2023-10-10|website=Cleveland Clinic|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Nsɛnkyerɛnne ==
[[File:Rhinorrhea nasal congestion.jpg|thumb|Rhinorrhea]]
Deɛ ɛbɛma yɛahunu sɛ obi anya rhinorrhea ne nsuo a ɛtaa firi ne hwene mu ba.  Nsuo a ɛpue firi nipa no hwene mu no firi ne [https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/nasal-cavity tiri mu]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/nasal-cavity |date=2011-02-02 |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/nasal-cavity |language=en |access-date=2024-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nsuo a ɛwɔ yɛn tiri mu no deɛ, ɛsɛ sɛ ɛwɔ hɔ, nanso ɛnam tebea bi a obi bɛkɔ mu so mu nti ɛbɛdɔɔso wɔ nipa no tiri mu a na ebi pue firi ne hwene mu. Nyɛ ne hwene mu nko ara na ebi tumi fa ne mene mu te sɛ ahɔhorɔ.&lt;ref name=NLM&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003051.htm|access-date=1 November 2007|publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]], [[National Institutes of Health]]|work=Medline Plus|title=Nasal discharge}}&lt;/ref&gt; sɛ obi nya [[Hwenemusie|hwenemmusie]] a, mframa ntumi mfa ne hwene mu. Nti, nsuo yi a ɛwɔ ne tiri mu no ntumi nkenkyene sɛdeɛ ɛsɛ sɛ ɛyɛ no. Ɛba saa a, ɛsɔne firi ne hwenemu. &lt;ref name=NLM/&gt; Rhinorrhea ho nɛnkyerɛnne no bi nso ne su onipa a wanya no bɛwansin atoɔtoa so anaa ebi wɔ hɔ a ne hwene mu bɛfiro mogya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=FreeMd|url=http://www.freemd.com/rhinorrhea/overview.htm|title=Rhinorrhea Overview|access-date=21 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Deɛ Ɛde Ba==
Deɛ ɛma nsuo firi obi hwene mu ba no dɔɔso bebree. Yɛadi kan aka bi. Yɛbɛsan ati mu bio. Ɛgu ahodoɔ mmienu; yɛwɔ deɛ ɛyɛ yadeɛ bi nsunsuansoɔ. Yɛsan wɔ deɛ ɛnyu yadeɛ biara nsunsuansoɔ nanso tebea bi a obi bɛkɔ mu anaa ne nneyɔeɛ bi de bɛba. Deɛ yadeɛ de ba no bi ne sɛ, sɛ obi [[Tipaeɛ|ti pae]] no , ɔnya hwene mu sie anaa biribi a ɛte saa a, ne hwene mu tumi firi nsuo. Yadeɛ COVID 19 nso ho nsunsuansoɔ no bi ne no.  Afei, obi nso kɔdi biribi a ɔmpɛ a, ɛno nso tumi de ba. Deɛ tebea foforɔ bi nso de ba no bi na ɛdidi soɔ yi. Sɛ  obi fa adubɔne bi te sɛ [[cocaine]] boro so ɛno nso tumi ma ne hwene mu firi nsuo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Julie Marks |title=Cocaine: How It Works, Effects, and Risks |url=https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/cocaine-use-and-its-effects |language=en |access-date=2024-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;Afei sɛ obi su mmorosoɔ nso a, ɛtumi de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Runny nose: causes | website=Mayo Clinic | date=2021-03-16 | url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/runny-nose/basics/definition/sym-20050640}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Nsɔano==
Mpɛn pii no, ɛyɛ  rhinorrhea ho ayarehwɛ nhyɛ da nhia esiane sɛ, sɛ ɛno ankasa wɔ hɔ a, ɛtumi kɔ, nkanka ne berɛ a ɛyɛ yadeɛ bi anaa tebea bi a obi akɔ mu nsunsuansoɔ. Ayarehwɛfoɔ taa tu fo sɛ biribi saa ba a, ɛyɛ a ɔyarefoɔ no ntaa nnuom nsuo no. Sɛ wɔhwɛ nso na ɛho bɛhia sɛ wɔma nipa a ne hwene mu resɔne nsuo no  aduro nso a, aduro a wɔde ma no no yɛ deɛ ɛbɛsɔ yadeɛ a ama ne hwene mu resɔne nsuo no ano.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ramey JT, Bailen E, Lockey RF | title = Rhinitis medicamentosa | journal = Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 148–155 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16784007 | accessdate = 29 April 2015 | url = http://www.jiaci.org/issues/vol16issue03/1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rhinorrhea (Runny Nose) |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17660-runny-nose |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Beaeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Nkyekyεmu:Nyarewa]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:Hwenemu nyarewa]]</text>
      <sha1>hce8ejxvrn6ryps20or34xcdjso0nv3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Margaritaria discoides</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16741</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200563</id>
      <parentid>200492</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:26:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>200563</origin>
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{{Databox|item=Q104116742}}
'''''Margaritaria discoidea''''' dua bi a ɛka  Phyllanthaceae, nnua abusuakuo no ho. Edin a dodoɔ no ara de nim no wɔ borɔfo mu ne '''pheasant-berry''', '''egossa red pear''' anaa  '''bushveld peacock-berry'''. Baabi a wɔgye to mu sɛ ɛhɔ na dua yi firi no ne  [[Africa]] beaeɛ a nsuo taa tɔ pa ara. 

== Nkyekyɛmu. ==
Sɛdeɛ dua no bɔberɛ teɛ no nti, abɔdeɛ mu nyansapɛ.nhwehwɛmufoɔ  ayɛ nhwehwɛmu bebree afa ne nkyekyɛmu anaa n'hodoɔ ho. Wɔtaa sesasesa ne kyekyɛmu no, esiane sɛdeɛ dua no su teɛ nti. Wɔdii kan de saa dua yi kaa  ''Phyllanthus'' abuasuakuo a ɛhyɛ Euphorbiaceae abusuakuo kɛseɛ no ase no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/4113603|pages=219–221|author1=Radcliffe-Smith, A|title=Notes on African Euphorbiaceae_ XI_ Margaritaria discoidea_ A Re-Appraisal|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_kew-bulletin_1981_36_2/page/219|journal=Kew Bulletin|volume=36|issue=2|year=1981|jstor=4113603}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sɛ wokɔ KwaZulu-Natal a ɛwɔ South Africa  a dua yi wɔ nkyekyɛmu mmeɛnsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pooley1993&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Pooley|first=E.|year=1993|title=The Complete Field Guide to Trees of Natal, Zululand and Transkei|url=https://archive.org/details/completefieldgui0000pool|isbn=978-0-620-17697-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''M. discoidea'' var. ''discoidea''
* ''M. discoidea'' var. ''fagifolia''
* ''M. discoidea'' var. ''nitida''

== Baabi a Ɛwɔ ==
Wɔkɔ South Africa a, wobɛhunu dua yi wɔ   [[Eastern Cape]] mpoano,&lt;ref name=&quot;Pooley1993&quot; /&gt; [[South Africa]], o [[tropical Africa]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Pooley1993&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Burkill&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Burkill|first=H.M.|year=1994|title=The useful plants of west Tropical Africa|publisher=Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew.|place=London, UK|isbn=978-0-947643-56-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; as far as [[Senegal]] in West Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burkill&quot; /&gt;

==Ne Bɔberɛ==
Ɛyɛ dua tenten bi a ɛwɔ pɔ mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pooley1993&quot;/&gt; ɛtumi nyini ma ne tenten yɛ mita aduasa(30 mitres),&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid20073344&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
|vauthors=Adedapo AA, Sofidiya MO, Afolayan AJ | title = Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the aqueous extracts of Margaritaria discoidea (Euphorbiaceae) stem bark in experimental animal models
| journal = Revista de Biología Tropical
| volume = 57
| issue = 4
| pages = 1193–200
|date=December 2009
| pmid = 20073344
| doi = 
| url = 
| issn = 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pooley1993&quot;/&gt; Ɛyɛ dua a ɛnyini kɔ soro tee na ɛho yɛ wensee. N'ahosuo reyɛ ayɛ te sɛ nso. Wowae n'abena no nso a, ɛmu no yɛ kɔkɔɔ kakra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pooley1993&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VanWyk&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last1=Van Wyk | first1= B. | last2= Van Wyk| first2= P. | year = 1997| title = Field guide to trees of Southern Africa | edition= 2 | isbn = 978-1-86825-922-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Woodhall |first=Steve |title=Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa |year=2005 |location=Cape Town, South Africa |publisher=Struik |isbn=978-1-86872-724-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dua ne renyini a, ɛyɛ a na ne mman no puepue firi dua no ho wɔ  nkyennkyɛn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pooley1993&quot;/&gt; N'ahaban no danedane. Berɛ biara ne sɛdeɛ ɛteɛ. Ɛrenyini a, ani no nhyɛ da mmiri. Ɛnyini wie a, n'ahaban no biri pa ara. Na sɛ ɛrebɛte nso a, na ayɛ te sɛ akokɔ seradeɛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pooley1993&quot;/&gt; and fragrant.&lt;ref name=&quot;Webster&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal| title = Entry for Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) Webster [family EUPHORBIACEAE]| url = http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.UPWTA.2_222&amp;pgs=| url-status = dead| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20130801230810/http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.UPWTA.2_222&amp;pgs=| archivedate = 2013-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aduaba a ɛso  wɔ dua no so no sɛ ɛbere a n'ahosuo te sɛ akokɔ seradeɛ. Ɛwɔ nkorabata anaa nkyekyɛmu mmeɛnsa .&lt;ref name=&quot;Pooley1993&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VanWyk&quot;/&gt; 

==Ne Dwumadie==
[[File:Margaritaria discoidea leaves.JPG|thumb|right|''M. discoidea'' leaves]]Apɔmuden ho nhwehwɛmufoɔ adan no adi sɛ, nnuro  alkaloids ne phyllochrysine  a ɛboa nipadua no fa a yɛfrɛ no central nervous system no.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burkill&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kerharo&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last1 = Kerharo | first1 = J.  | first2 = J.G. | last2= Adam | year = 1974 | title = La Pharmacopie Senegalese traditionelle. Plants medicinales et Toxiques | publisher = Vigot Freres | place = Paris, France}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Weenen et al, 1990&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu faa n'ahaban mu nsuo no ho. Kwan a wɔfaa so yɔeɛ ne sɛ, wɔde ɛmu nsuo no yɛɛ aduro maa nkura. Na ɛno akyiri no wɔhunuu sɛ ɛho bɛhia sɛ wɔde bɛyɛ abibiduro.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid20073344&quot; /&gt;  Nsuo a ɛwɔ ''M. discoidea'' abena mu no nso, wɔayɛ nhwehwɛmu afa ho. Wɔnam kwan korɔ no ara so yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu faa ho. Wɔhunuu sɛ nnuro a yɛfrɛ no  carrageenan ne histamine wɔ mu. Nti ɛno nso bɛboa wɔ abibiduro yɛ mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid20073344&quot;/&gt;

== Ne Dwumadie Nkaeɛ Bi ==
Sɛ wɔde dua no aba dua a, ɛnkyɛ na afifiri,  anyini kama. Ɛyɛ den. Ɛnsɛe ntɛm. Ne saa nti wɔde yɛ timba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pooley1993&quot; /&gt; Dua no mu yɛ akokɔ seradeɛ. Ne fa baabi nso reyɛ ayɛ kɔkɔɔ. Ɛnam sɛ n'ahosuo yɛ fɛ nti wɔde yɛ fie nneɛma bebree.&lt;ref name=&quot;Webster&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title = Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 7(1): Timbers 1 | first1= D. | last1= Louppe | first2= A.A.  | last2= Oteng-Amoako | first3= M.  | last3= Brink |year = 2008 |pages =333 | isbn = 978-3-8236-1541-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Beaeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Nkyekyεmu:Nnua]]</text>
      <sha1>qbybixo6bigs13pjcjn62trluj7kv7z</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Monodora myristica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16748</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200600</id>
      <parentid>181494</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:47:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>200600</origin>
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{{Databox|item=Q6901558}}
''''Bold text'''''''Monodora myristica''''', a wɔfrɛ no  '''calabash nutmeg''' anaa '''African nutmeg''', nwuram dua bi a ɛka  Annonaceae nnua abusuakuo no ho. N'ase ankasa firi beaeɛ bi a ɛwɔ   [[Sierra Leone]] atɔeɛ fam de rekɔ  [[Tanzania]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:74141-1|title=Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|date=n.d.|website=Plants of the World Online|publisher=The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|access-date=April 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kane no, na wɔtɔn n'aba no aboɔden. Ɛnnɛ yi deɛ, ne boɔ nyɛ den saa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Celtnet&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Celtnet Recipes|title=Calabash Nutmeg Information Page|url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Calabash%20Nutmeg|accessdate=4 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163429/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Calabash%20Nutmeg|archive-date=16 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edin afoforɔ bi nso a wɔde frɛ no ne  Jamaican nutmeg, ehuru, ariwo, awerewa,&lt;ref name=&quot;Burkill&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Burkill|first=H.M.|title=The useful plants of West tropical Africa|year=1985|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens|location=Kew|isbn=978-0-947643-01-0|edition=Ed. 2.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ehiri, airama, African orchid nutmeg,  muscadier de Calabash and lubushi ne ade.&lt;ref name=&quot;Celtnet&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Weiss&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Weiss|first=E.A.|title=Spice Crops|url=https://archive.org/details/spicecrops0000weis|year=2002|publisher=CABI Publishing|location=Oxon|isbn=978-0-85199-605-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/spicecrops0000weis/page/102 102]–103}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ne Dua ==

Calabash nutmeg dua no nyini wɔ baabi a nsuo taa tɔ pa ara na awia nso tumi bɔ; sɛ ebia, [[Liberia]],  [[Nigeria]],  [[Cameroon]], [[Ghana]], [[Angola]]  [[Uganda]] anaa  Kenya atɔeɛ fam.&lt;ref name=Weiss /&gt; Ɛnam afe Apem ne ahanson mu hɔ nnipatɔn adwadie no so na Caribbean islandfoɔ bɛhunuu Mondora myristica. Ɛno na ɛnam so maa Jamaicafoɔ nso bɛnyaa Jamacan nutmeg. Ɛwɔ afe apem, ahanwɔtwe ne adduɔkron nson(1897) mu no, Bogor Botanical Gardens a ɛwɔ [[Indonesia]] bɛhunuu ''Monodora myristica''.&lt;ref name=Weiss /&gt;

== Dua no Ne N'ahaban ==

''Monodora myristica'' tumi nyini ma ne tenten no bɛyɛ mita aduasa num( 35mitres) a ɛgyina hɔ ma anammɔn ɔha ne dunum. Ne nhwiren no pue a ɛyɛ hwam na n'ahosuo te sɛ akokɔ seradeɛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CouvreurBotermans2008&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Couvreur |first1=Thomas L. P. |last2=Botermans |first2=Marleen|last3=van Heuven |first3=Bertie Joan |last4=van der Ham |first4=Raymond W. J. M. |title=Pollen morphology within the Monodora clade, a diverse group of five African Annonaceae genera |journal=Grana |volume=47 |issue=3 |year=2008 |pages=185–210|issn=0017-3134|doi=10.1080/00173130802256913|doi-access= }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmoa a nnompe nni wɔn mu na wɔboa ma nhwiren no tumi bɛdane aduaba&lt;ref name=&quot;Weiss&quot; /&gt;Sɛ n'amma no nyini pa ara a, ɛho no bɛyɛ sɛ dua a awu. Ne mu no reyɛ ayɛ sɛ adeɛ fitaa a ani asene. Sɛ wopae mu a, wɔhunu biribi a ɛyɛ sɔkyee nanso ɛnni ahosuo biara wɔ mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Weiss&quot; /&gt;

== Ne Dwumadie ==

Ɛyɛ dua bi a wɔtumi di n'aba. Ne hwam ne sɛdeɛ wodi a ɛteɛ no nyinaa sɛ  nutmeg pɛpɛɛpɛ. Africafoɔ se yɛ nnuane bebree na ɛma wɔn nnuane yɛ hwam.&lt;ref name=Celtnet /&gt; Wɔdi kan tete aduaba no firi ne dua so, na wɔde agu awia mu ahata ma no awo ayɛ wesee. Afei, wɔwie a na wɔatɔn.&lt;ref name=Celtnet /&gt;&lt;ref name=Weiss /&gt; Ɛba ayarehwɛ mu a, wɔde sa yadeɛ bi te sɛ yafunukeka, tipaeɛ, ekuro ne deɛ ɛkeka ho. Wɔsan nso de pam mmoawa a nnɔmpe nni wɔn mu, sɛ ebia ntontom anaa nwansena. Abibirem ha, wɔtumi sina n'amma no de yɛ kɔn mu adeɛ.&lt;ref name=Weiss /&gt; Esiane sɛ ne dua no yɛ den nti, wɔde yɛ timba,  wɔde pae ntaaboo yɛ nneɛma bebree nso. &lt;ref name=&quot;Weiss&quot; /&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Fournier&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fournier|first=G.|title=''Annonaceae'' essential oils: a review|journal=Journal of Essential Oil Research|year=1999|volume=11|issue=2|pages=131–142|doi=10.1080/10412905.1999.9701092|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Beaeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Nkyekyεmu:Nnua]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:Nnuro]]</text>
      <sha1>4bav6jki2krl7btcbcxs27gwqu4mke1</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Datura suaveolens</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16779</id>
    <revision>
      <id>200565</id>
      <parentid>200499</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T21:27:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>200565</origin>
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{{Databox|item=Q9929613}}
'''''Brugmansia suaveolens''''', '''Brazil's white angel trumpet''',  a yɛsan frɛ no a'''ngel's tears''' and '''snowy angel's trumpet''', yɛ dua bi a ɛka  Solanaceae nnua abusuakuo no ho. Baabi a ɛfiri pa ara ne  Brazil anaafoɔ atɔeɛ fam. Nanso ɛnnɛ yi, nhwehwɛmufoɔ se ɛreyɛ ayera. 

== Ne Bɔ Berɛ ==
''Brugmansia suaveolens yɛ'' dua ketewa. Ɛnyini a, ne tenten tumi duru mita mmeɛnsa de rekɔ nsonl( anammɔn du de rekɔ du-nsia.  N'ahaban no trɛtrɛ .ɛma nwunu, n'abɔsuo te sɛ kosua. Ne nhwiren no yɛ fitaa. Ɛyɛ hwam. Na ɛduru anɔpa tutuutu ne adwadwo a na ne hwam no di ne pa ara. Wosusu a, ne kɛseɛ  yɛ 2-5 cm. Akoa kakra. Ɛsan nso wɔ nkyekyɛmu num..&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Lorraine |title=RHS Latin for Gardeners |url=https://archive.org/details/rhslatinforgarde0000harr |year=2012 |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1845337315 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nhwiren a ɛso wɔ so no ara na ɛdanwe ne ho bɛyɛ aduaba no.  

== Baabi a Ɛwɔ ==
''Kane no, na baabi a  B. suaveolens''  wɔ pa ara ne Brazil, naafoɔ- apueɛ fam. Ɛyɛ ahomadua nti sɛ ɛrenyini a na ɛnenam fam. Saa Bazil mpoano hɔ no, na ɛdennɛn wɔ nsuo no ano  ma  ne tenten tumi duru mita apem  a ɛgyina hɔ ma anammɔn mpem mmeɛnsa ne ahasa. Baabi a nsuo taa tɔ na ɛhɔ ntaa nyɛ hye pii na ɛtaa fifiri pa ara. Ɛnnɛ yi, ɛtumi nyini wɔ Amerika anaafoɔ fam mmeammea ahodoɔ nyinaa. Afei nso, ebi wowɔ  Central America, Mexico, California, Greece, [[Abibrem|Africa]] ne mpo,  Florida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=294 | title = Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants |author1=Wunderlin, R. P. |author2=Hansen, B. F. | year = 2008 | publisher = Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa | access-date = 2011-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Barwick | first = M. | title = Tropical and Subtropical Trees: An Encyclopedia | url = https://archive.org/details/tropicalsubtropi0000barw | publisher = Timber Press | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-88192-661-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Eich | first = E. | title = Solanaceae and convolvulaceae - secondary metabolites | pages = 157, 158 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpYtUED_DSsC&amp;q=scopolamine+truth+drug+brugmansia&amp;pg=PA157 | isbn = 978-3-540-74540-2  | date = 2008-01-12 | publisher = Springer }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-08/010052239.pdf|title=LES ESPÈCES EXOTIQUES ENVAHISSANTES DE NOUVELLE-CALÉDONIE|last=Hequet|first=Vanessa|year=2009|pages=17|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Angel Trumpets shrub -- Brugmansia suaveolens.jpg|thumb|300px|''Brugmansia suaveolens'' on the Texas Gulf Coast]]
[[File:Angel Trumpets -- Brugmansia suaveolens.jpg|thumb|200px|''Brugmansia suaveolens'']]
==Ne Dwumadie==
Nsuo a ɛwɔ ne nhwiren no mu no kuta biribi a yɛfrɛ no (antinociceptive) a ɛboa te yaw so. Nti, wɔtumi de yɛ nnuro ko honamyaw. &lt;ref&gt;{{ cite journal |author1=Parker, A. G. |author2=Peraza, G. G. |author3=Sena, J. |author4=Silva, E. S. |author5=Soares, M. C. |author6=Vaz, M. R. |author7=Furlong, E. B. |author8=Muccillo-Baisch, A. L. | title = Antinociceptive Effects of the Aqueous Extract of ''Brugmansia suaveolens'' Flowers in Mice |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-research-for-nursing_2007-01_8_3/page/234 | journal = Biological Research for Nursing | year = 2007 | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 234–239 | doi = 10.1177/1099800406293984 | pmid = 17172322 |s2cid=24325338 }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ cite journal |author1=Muccillo-Baisch, A. L. |author2=Parker, A. G. |author3=Cardoso, G. P. |author4=Cezar-Vaz, M. R. |author5=Soares, M. C. | title = Evaluation of the Analgesic Effect of Aqueous Extract of ''Brugmansia suaveolens'' Flower in Mice: Possible Mechanism Involved | journal = Biological Research for Nursing | year = 2010 | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = 345–350 | doi = 10.1177/1099800409354123 | pmid = 20338896 |s2cid=45521800 }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br /&gt; ''B. suaveolens'' is included in the Tasmanian Odum- gya adwumayɛkuo no akyerɛ mu sɛ ''B. suaveolens''  ka nhaban a ɛtumi boa dum gya no ho. Wɔdua wɔ fie ma ɛforo ban a, ɛboa bɔ fie no ho ban firi ogyahyehyeɛ ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Chladil and Sheridan|first1=Mark and Jennifer|title=Fire retardant garden plants for the urban fringe and rural areas|url=http://www.fire.tas.gov.au/publications/1709%20Brochure.pdf|website=www.fire.tas.gov.au|publisher=Tasmanian Fire Research Fund|access-date=2024-07-13|archive-date=2015-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316070841/http://fire.tas.gov.au/publications/1709%20Brochure.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Pratt | first = C. | title = An Encyclopedia of Shamanism | volume = 1 | pages = 68, 69 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HltJMMq1_60C&amp;q=brugmansia%20suaveolens&amp;pg=PA68 | isbn = 978-1-4042-1040-0 | date = 2007-08-01 | publisher = The Rosen Publishing Group }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Campos, Don Jose (2011). The Shaman &amp; Ayahuasca: Journeys to Sacred Realms.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Beaeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ ==</text>
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    <title>Prostaglandin E1</title>
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      <text bytes="3400" sha1="rctven9shu3aw7w479tspfr3pjem18i" xml:space="preserve">'''Prostaglandin E&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;''' ('''PGE&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;''') yɛ aduro bi a,  sɛdeɛ Ɔbɔɔ- adeɛ yɛɛ no no, saa na ɛteɛ, ɛne biribi foforɔ biara nnii afera ( Highly organic).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Alprostadil|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/alprostadil.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116185111/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/alprostadil.html|archive-date=16 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmɔfra a wɔwɔ wɔn baa anaa wɔn barima ho haw ( congenital heart defects) no, wɔde fa panneɛ mu wɔ wɔn. Wɔyɛ no saa ara kɔpem sɛ wɔbɛyɛ oprehyɛn.&lt;ref name=&quot;No2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Northern Neonatal Network|title=Neonatal Formulary: Drug Use in Pregnancy and the First Year of Life|date=208|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9780470750353|page=2010|edition=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aumIBqHmChwC&amp;pg=PA210|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113131748/https://books.google.ca/books?id=aumIBqHmChwC&amp;pg=PA210|archive-date=13 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sɛ wɔde wɔ obi barima a, ɛboa sɔ mpa mu mmerɛyɛ anaa [[kɔtewuiɛ]] ano.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF69&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=British National Formulary (BNF)|url=https://archive.org/details/bnf69britishnati0000unse|date=2015|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=9780857111562|page=[https://archive.org/details/bnf69britishnati0000unse/page/569 569]|edition=69th}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsunsuansoɔ ==
Sɛ obi fa prostahladin E1 a, ɛso nsunsuansoɔ no bi na ɛdidi soɔ yi. Sɛ wɔde ma mmɔfra a,  ɛma wɔhome a ɛnsi so papa. Ɛtumi de [[Ahoɔhyeɛ|ahohyeɛ]] ne   low blood pressure nso ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot; /&gt; Sɛ wɔde wɔ obi kɔte mu sɛ wɔde resɔ mpa mu mmerɛyɛ ano a, ɛho nsunsuansoɔ no ne ne sɛ, ɛtumi ma onipa no te yaw bi wɔ ne kɔte mu, mmogya tumi tu no wɔ beaeɛ a wɔde panneɛ no wɔeɛ no, ne kɔte sɔre a ɛtumi gyina so kyɛ  sene sɛdeɛ ɔrehwehwɛ(priapism) ne ade.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot; /&gt; Prostaglandin E&lt;sub&gt;1 ka&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;nowiki&gt;''vasodilator''&lt;/nowiki&gt; nnuro abusuakuo no ho. Kwan a ɛfa so yɛ adwuma wɔ nipadua mu ne sɛ, ɛma ntini a mogya fa mu no mu buebue, na ama nipadua no nso ho adwo no fɔmm.

== Abakɔsɛm ==
Wɔhunuu Prostaglandin E1 wɔ afe Apem, Ahankron ne Aduonum nson (1957) na wɔgye too mu sɛ ayarehwɛfoɔ mfa nyɛ adwuma wɔ afe Apem, Ahankron ne Aduɔwɔtwe baako (1981) wɔ [[Amerika|America]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Sneader W |title=Drug Discovery: A History|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9780470015520|page=185|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&amp;pg=PA185|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113131638/https://books.google.ca/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&amp;pg=PA185|archive-date=13 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wiase kubaatan a ɛhwɛ apɔɔmuden so World Health Organization agye ato mu sɛ ɛka nnuro a ɛho hia pa ara no ho. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Beaeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ ==</text>
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    <title>Propylthiouracil</title>
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      <text bytes="2509" sha1="h1sflscwrq8j1o7ke5zij9gpumlthww" xml:space="preserve">'''Propylthiouracil''' ('''PTU''') yɛ aduro a wɔde sa  hyperthyroidism yadeɛ .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Propylthiouracil|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/propylthiouracil.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227055334/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/propylthiouracil.html|archive-date=27 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; This includes hyperthyroidism a  Graves' disease ne kɔmpɔ de ba nyinaa no, ɛtumi sa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; yeinom pa ho a gye sɛ &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt;  methimazole, ne oprehyɛn mu na wɔde adi dwuma&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt;  Ɛyɛ aduro a wɔnom&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt;

== Nsunsuansoɔ ==
Nsunsuansoɔ no bi ne sɛ, ɛtumi ma obi nnwi so te, ɛtumi ma obi ho keka no, ɛtumi de honamyaw ba, ɛtumi de tipaeɛ, abofono ne ɛfeɛ. Ɛtɔ da mpo a, ɛtumi de berɛboɔ ho haw ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Ɔpemfoɔ fa a, ɛtumi ha abɔfra a ɔhyɛ ne yam no.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Propylthiouracil ka antithyroid nnuro abusuakuo no ho.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF69&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 69|url=https://archive.org/details/bnf69britishnati0000unse|date=2015|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=9780857111562|page=[https://archive.org/details/bnf69britishnati0000unse/page/493 493]|edition=69}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛkwan a ɛfa so yɛ adwuma ne sɛ, ɛma  thyroid hormone a  thyroid gland de ma nipadua no so te.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt;

Wɔgyee Propylthiouracil too mu wɔ ayarehwɛ mu wɔ afe Apem, Ahankron ne Aduanan(1940). &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = De Groot LJ, Jameson JL |title=Endocrinology Adult and Pediatric: The Thyroid Gland|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0323221535|page=e202|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjctIKeMh3sC&amp;pg=SL5-PA202|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226215821/https://books.google.ca/books?id=vjctIKeMh3sC&amp;pg=SL5-PA202|archive-date=2016-12-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; World Health Organization agye ato mu sɛ ɛka nnuro a ɛho hia pa ara no ho. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Beaeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="934" sha1="kwfc5vpvnzuqo0m52pboyfgcjql5yjl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Definition and medical uses --&gt;'''Prednisolone''' yɛ aduro a sɛ obi kɔdi biribi a ɔmpɛ na ɛnya nsunsuansoɔ wɔ ne so a ɔtumi fa (allergies). Ɛtumi nso sa inflammatory conditions, autoimmune disorders, ne kokoram ahodoɔ pii.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=WHO Model Formulary 2008|url=https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse|year=2009|isbn=978-924154765-9|veditors=Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR|hdl=10665/44053|publisher=World Health Organization|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse/page/53 53]–54}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa inflammatory conditions yi bi ne  adrenocortical insufficiency, high blood calcium, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatitis, eye inflammation, ntehyeewa, ne multiple sclerosis. Wɔtumi nom anaa wɔtumi de fa Penneɛ mu, wɔ ntini mu. Yɛtumi de yɛ nku a wɔde sa honam ani yadeɛ. Yɛtumi nso de yɛ aduro a wɔde sɔ aniwa so ( eye drop).

== Baabi a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1465" sha1="2134pbj2hh7nj7x4pyvplrt8qew0vh9" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Definition and medical uses --&gt;'''Praziquantel''' (PZQ),  din a wɔde nim no wɔ dwa so ne '''Biltricide. Wɔde''' sa nyarewa ahodoɔ bi a nsonsono a wɔyɛ antɔborɔ de ba( [[Helminthiasis|parasitic worm infections]]).  Saa nyarewa yi wɔ mmoa mu. Mmoa bi te aɛ nwɔ, ntakraboa, amphibian, ne nsuomunam mu pa ara na ɛtaa wɔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Praziquantel|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/praziquantel.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220223422/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/praziquantel.html|archive-date=20 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yɛba nnipa mu a, nyarewa a wɔde sa no hi ne [[schistosomiasis]], [[clonorchiasis]], [[opisthorchiasis]], [[Taeniasis|tapeworm infections]], [[cysticercosis]], [[echinococcosis]], [[paragonimiasis]], [[fasciolopsiasis]], ne [[fasciolosis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Yɛnhyɛ no nso sɛ,  ani nyarewa a nsonsoIno de ba deɛ, wɔmfa nsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=WHO Model Formulary 2008|url=https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse|year=2009|isbn=9789241547659|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|veditors=Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR|hdl=10665/44053|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|hdl-access=free|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse/page/88 88], 593}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔnom&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="3995" sha1="k9eu5trrqin4w6tk2qas4bk8dx2ch6z" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Definition and use --&gt;'''Povidone-iodine''' ('''PVP-I'''), a wɔsan nso frɛ no '''iodopovidone''', yɛ aduro a wɔde sa honam ani yadeɛ berɛ a wɔrebɛyɛ oprehyɛn anaa wɔayɛ operehyɛn no awie. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=WHO Model Formulary 2008|url=https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse|year=2009|isbn=978-92-4-154765-9|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|veditors=Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR|hdl=10665/44053|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse/page/321 321]–323}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ayarehwɛfoɔ tumi de hohoro wɔn nsa ho ma ɛho te. Wɔtumi nso de sa ɔyarefoɔ bi honam ani yadeɛ. Wɔbɛtumi nso de asa ekuro nketewa nso. Wɔtumi yɛ no nku a wɔde sera anaa pawoda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Povidone iodine topical|url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/povidone-iodine-topical.html#:~:text=Povidone%20iodine%20topical%20is%20used,pressure%20sores%2C%20or%20surgical%20incisions.|website=drugs.com|access-date=11 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsunsuansoɔ ==
Ɛso nsunsuansoɔ no bi ne sɛ, ɛtumi ma obi honam ani hyehye no anaasɛ ɛtumi ma honam no ani baabi hono.&lt;ref name=WHO2008/&gt; Sɛ wɔde yɛ ekuro a ɛso ho adwuma a, deɛ ekuro atu no no tumi nya berɛboɔ ho haw, , high blood sodium, ne metabolic acidosis.&lt;ref name=WHO2008/&gt; Ɛnyɛ mma apemfoɔ a wɔn nyafunu no nni mmoroo naawɔtwe aduasa mmienu(32 weeks).&lt;ref name=BNF69/&gt;  Ɛnyɛ mma wɔn a wɔwɔ thyroid ho haw no nso sɛ wɔbɛfa atoatoa so.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF69&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=British National Formulary (BNF), 69th Edition|date=6 March 2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yzLOwAEACAAJ|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222102345/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/British_National_Formulary_BNF_69/yzLOwAEACAAJ?hl=en|archive-date=22 February 2022|publisher=British Medical Association; Joint Formulary Committee|isbn=978-0-85711-156-2|page=840|oclc=1031488649}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nneɛma a ɛkeka bobom yɛ Povidone-iodine ne povidone, hydrogen iodide, ɛma elemental iodine.&lt;ref name=&quot;En2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of polymer science and technology|date=16 October 2013|publisher=Wiley Publishing|isbn=978-0-470-07369-8|oclc=899175361|page=728|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vfh1AQAAQBAJ|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113101739/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Vfh1AQAAQBAJ|archive-date=2017-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Povidone a ɛwɔ mu no yɛ ɔha nkyekyɛmu du.

== Abakɔsɛm ==
Wɔde Povidone-iodine baa dwa so wɔ afe apem, ahankron ne aduonum nnum(1955).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Sneader W |title=Drug Discovery: A History|date=31 October 2005|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-0-470-01552-0|oclc=62301847|page=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&amp;pg=PA68|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113010552/https://books.google.ca/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&amp;pg=PA68|archive-date=2017-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is on the World Health Organization agye ato mu sɛ ɛka nnuro a ɛho hia pa ara no ho .&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO22nd&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021) | year = 2021 | hdl = 10665/345533 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02 | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Povidone-iodine nyɛ na wɔ mmeaeɛ a wɔtɔn nnuro.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Povidone/iodine solution: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings - Drugs.com|url=https://www.drugs.com/cdi/povidone-iodine-solution.html|website=www.drugs.com|access-date=11 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113032449/https://www.drugs.com/cdi/povidone-iodine-solution.html|archive-date=13 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edin a wɔde nim no wɔ dwa so no bi ne '''Betadine'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF69&quot; /&gt;

== Beaeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Podophyllotoxin</title>
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      <id>200607</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1858" sha1="hvzdl6t8r8us5zh8yb5hs6oc967pero" xml:space="preserve">'''Podophyllotoxin''' ('''PPT''') yɛ nneɛma a ɛwɔ '''Podofilox''' mu no baako. Wɔde Podofilox yi yɛ nsaa a ɛgu obi barima ho anaa ɛgu ɔbaa bi ase ho dwuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Podofilox|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/podofilox.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Sɛ nsaa yi yɛ deɛ HIV akɔfa aba a, ɛnyɛ sɛ wɔde podofilox bɛdi ho dwuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Apɔɔmuden adwumayɛfoɔ bɛtumi de adi ayarefoɔ ho dwuma. Ayarefoɔ no ankasa nso bɛtumi de wɔn adeɛ asa wɔn ho yadeɛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt;

== Nsunsuansoɔ ==
Ɛyɛ aduro a alkaloid toxin lignin nni mu. Yɛtwe firi rhizomes  dua a ɛka ''Podophyllum'' abusuakuo no ho no nhini mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Xu H, Lv M, Tian X|title=A review on hemisynthesis, biosynthesis, biological activities, mode of action, and structure-activity relationship of podophyllotoxins: 2003-2007|journal=Current Medicinal Chemistry|volume=16|issue=3|pages=327–49|year=2009|pmid=19149581|doi=10.2174/092986709787002682}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aduro no fa a yɛfrɛ no Podophyllum resin nso wɔ hɔ, nanso ɛno deɛ, obi fa a, ɛso nsunsuansoɔ no dɔɔso.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016R&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Podophyllum Resin|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/podophyllum-resin.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=WHO Model Formulary 2008|url=https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse|year=2009|isbn=9789241547659|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|veditors=Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR|hdl=10665/44053|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|hdl-access=free|page=[https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse/page/307 307]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Beaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Erica Ntiamoah Mensah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="5118" sha1="crs2ynjqm51o0c7t1958e60ppwuu7fg" xml:space="preserve">'''Dr. Erica Maame Abena Pomaa Ntiamoah Mensah''' yɛ Ghanani ɔtarehyɛfoɔ ne ɔbenfo a ɔhwɛ obibini awoɔ ne mmaa ho (obstetrics and gynaecology)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Meet Our Doctors {{!}} UQ SPECIALIST MEDICAL CENTRE |url=https://www.uqhospital.com/meet-our-doctors |language=en |access-date=2026-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ɔbɛyɛɛ ɔman nyinaa animuonyam wɔ 2021 mu sɛ ɔbaa a ɔyɛ ɔtarehyɛfoɔ kumaa paa wɔ Ghana bere a na wadi mfeɛ 21&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Meet Erica Ntiamoah Mensah: The youngest female medical doctor in Ghana |date=2023-03-11 |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Meet-Erica-Ntiamoah-Mensah-The-youngest-female-medical-doctor-in-Ghana-1728836?audio=1 |work=GhanaWeb |language=en-US |access-date=2026-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Magdalene Larnyoh |title=Meet the Ntiamoah Mensahs: Father and His Two Children Who Are All Doctors - YEN.COM.GH |date=2025-11-14 |url=https://yen.com.gh/people/294661-meet-ntiamoah-mensahs-father-children-doctors/ |language=en |access-date=2026-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wɔnim no sɛ ɔka mmaa ho akwahosan ne mmoa a wɔde ma mma a wonni mma ho&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Dr Erica Ntiamoah Mensah; medical doctor at 21 |date=2021-11-14 |url=https://graphiconline.com/lifestyle/dr-erica-ntiamoah-mensah-medical-doctor-at-21.html |language=en-gb |access-date=2026-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Stella Botchway |title=The Youngest Ghanaian Female Doctor Advocating for Women’s Health |date=2024-03-26 |url=https://www.viceversaglobal.com/the-youngest-ghanaian-female-doctor-advocating-for-womens-health/ |language=en |access-date=2026-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ɔbra Ahyaseɛ ne Nhomasua ==
Wɔwoo Dr. Erica maa Dr. Eric Ntiamoah Mensah a ɔyɛ ɔbarima a ɔdi kan wɔ mmaa ho akwahosan ho na ɔno na ɔtee CPF Medical Unit&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Eric Ntiamoah Mensah: Doctor of faith healer |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/166109/eric-ntiamoah-mensah-doctor-of-faith-healer.html |language=en |access-date=2026-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ɔhyɛɛ nʼadesua ase wɔ CPF Baby College a ɛwɔ Achimota, na ɔtoaa so kɔɔ Mary Mother of Good Counsel School wɔ West Airport, Accra&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Ɔwiee nʼjunior high school sukuu wɔ Ridge Church School a ɛwɔ [[Nkran|Accra]].

Ɔkɔɔ Achimota School maa nʼsecondary education sukuu, sukuu a wɔnim no yie wɔ Accra, ansa na ɔrekɔ Accra College of Medicine a ɛyɛ sukuu a wɔtua ka ma wosua aduruyɛ&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Wɔ 2021 mu no, na wadi mfeɛ 21 na ɔwiee aduruyɛ sukuu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Nathaniel Crabbe |title=Erica Mensah: Ghanaian Lady Becomes Medical Doctor at 21 - YEN.COM.GH |date=2021-11-14 |url=https://yen.com.gh/education/197711-dr-erica-mensah-ghanaian-lady-becomes-medical-doctor-21/ |language=en |access-date=2026-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Edward Asare |title=Medical Doctor at 21: Meet Erica Ntiamoah Mensah |date=2021-11-17 |url=https://edwardasare.com/medical-doctor-at-21-meet-erica-ntiamoah-mensah/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-03-24 |archive-date=2022-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809174014/https://edwardasare.com/medical-doctor-at-21-meet-erica-ntiamoah-mensah/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;, na ɛmaa no bɛyɛɛ ɔbaa a ɔyɛ ɔtarehyɛfoɔ kumaa paa wɔ Ghana saa bere no&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Wɔde nkabomdeɛ kaa ne ho too mu firii ɔbenfo Professor Afua Hesse a ɔyɛ mmɔfra ho ɔtarehyɛfoɔ titiriw nkyɛn&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Adwuma ==
Ɔwiee aduruyɛ sukuu akyi no, Dr. Erica Ntiamoah gyinaa sii so sɛ ɔbɛyɛ ɔbenfo wɔ obibini awoɔ ne mmaa ho. Seesei ɔyɛ resident wɔ Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Mmaa Ho Akwahosan Dwumadie (Women's Health Advocacy) ==
Dr. Mensah ani gye mmaa ho akwahosan ne mmoa a wɔde ma mma a wonni mma (assisted reproductive technology) ho . Ɔdi nʼagya, Dr. Eric Ntiamoah Mensah, anammɔn a ɔkaa ase wɔ mmaa ho akwahosan ho. Ne papa na ɔyɛ telebisini dwumadie ''The Complete Woman'' a ɛka mmaa ho akwahosan ne awoɔ ho nsɛm ho&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

Wɔ 2021 mu bere a ɔne The Mirror kasaee no, ɔkaa sɛ:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Mmaa pii wɔ yareɛ a ɛho hia a wɔde wɔn ho na wɔpɛ ɔhwɛ ne nkwagyeɛ. Mʼapɛdeɛ ne sɛ mebɛsi mʼagya a ɔno nso yɛ ɔtarehyɛfoɔ nʼananmu wɔ mmaa ho akwahosan dwumadie mu&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Abusua Agyapadeɛ ==
Dr. Erica Ntiamoah Mensah firi abusua a wɔn nyinaa yɛ aduruyɛfoɔ mu. Nʼagya, Dr. Eric Ntiamoah Mensah, na ɔtee CPF Medical Unit a ɛyɛ aduruyɛbea a wɔnko wɔ Achimota, Accra&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Ne nuabarima kumaa, Dr. Pedro Ntiamoah Mensah, wiee aduruyɛ sukuu wɔ October 2026 bere a na wadi mfeɛ 23&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Seesei wɔn mmiɛnsa nyinaa yɛ aduruyɛfoɔ a wɔagye din wɔ Ghana&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ghana News |title=Father and His Two Children Who Are All Doctors |date=2025-11-14 |url=https://www.ghanamma.com/2025/11/14/father-and-his-two-children-who-are-all-doctors/ |language=en-US |access-date=2026-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Baabi a meyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Akosombo Dam</title>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="21027" sha1="nwf75w3waidm29g3m40y4sorxy6ec1r" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox dam
| name                 = Akosombo Dam
| name_official        =
| image                = Akosombo Dam from the Volta Hotel.JPG
| image_size           =
| image_caption        = Akosombo Dam sɛ wohu no firi Volta Hotel
| image_alt            =
| location_map         = Ghana
| location_map_size    =
| location_map_caption = Akosombo Dam beaɛ a ɛwɔ Ghana
| coordinates          = {{coord|6|17|59|N|0|3|34|E|region:GH_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| location             = Akosombo, [[Ghana]]
| status               = O (Adwuma so)
| construction_began   = 1961
| opening              = 1965
| demolished           =
| cost                 = £130 ɔpepem (Pound 130 million)
| owner                = [[Volta River Authority]] (VRA)
| dam_type             = Embankment, rock-fill (bɔɔ mmorosoɔ ne aboɔ a wɔagugu)
| dam_length           = {{convert|660|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height           =
| dam_height_thalweg   =
| dam_height_foundation={{convert|114|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_elevation_crest  =
| dam_width_base       = {{convert|366|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_volume           = {{convert|7900000|m3|abbr=on}}
| dam_crosses          = [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]]
| spillway_count       = Abien a wɔde pon sohwɛ
| spillway_type        =
| spillway_capacity    = {{convert|34000|m3/s|abbr=on}}
| res_name             = [[Lake Volta|Asuo Volta Tade]] (Lake Volta)
| res_capacity_total   = {{convert|148|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}
| res_capacity_inactive=
| res_catchment        =
| res_surface          = {{convert|8502|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_elevation        =
| res_max_depth        =
| res_max_length       ={{convert|400|km|abbr=on}}
| plant_hydraulic_head = {{convert|68.8|m|abbr=on}} (a ɛso sen biara)
| res_max_width        =
| res_tidal_range      =
| plant_operator       =
| plant_commission     =
| plant_decommission   =
| plant_type           =
| plant_turbines       = 6 x {{convert|170|MW|abbr=on}} [[Francis turbine|Francis-type]]
| plant_capacity       = {{convert|1038|MW|abbr=on}}
| plant_annual_gen     =
| website              = {{URL|http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php}}
| extra                =
}}

'''Akosombo Dam''', a wɔsan frɛ no '''Volta Dam''', yɛ hydroelectric dam (nwomso omhyɛ ban) a ɛwɔ [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] so wɔ anafoɔ fam apueeɛ [[Ghana]] wɔ Akosombo abo ntoroso (gorge) mu, na ɛyɛ Volta River Authority (VRA) no fa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mensah-Ayettey |first=Eric |date=17 May 2021 |title=Akosombo Dam could serve Ghana for another 50 years if well maintained – Kweku Awotwi |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/akosombo-dam-could-serve-ghana-for-another-50-years-if-well-maintained-kweku-awotwi/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔsisii dam no maa Asuo Volta Basin no fa baa nsuo ase na ɛmaa wɔbɔɔ Asuo Volta (Lake Volta). Asuo Volta Tade ne nsukorɛbea a ɛso sen biara wɔ wiase a nyansafoɔ asie (man-made lake) wɔ ne mmeaeɛ so. Ɛkata {{convert|8502|km2}} so, a ɛyɛ Ghana asase so 3.6%. Ne nsuo dodoɔ yɛ cubic kilomita 148, na ɛyɛ nsukorɛbea a ɛso mmiɛnsa wɔ wiase a nyansafoɔ asie; nea ɛso sen biara ne Lake Kariba a ɛwɔ cubic kilomita 185 nsuo&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Remediation of the environmental impacts of the Akosombo and Kpong dams |url=http://www.solutions-site.org/artman/publish/article_53.shtml |access-date=2026-04-06 |archive-date=2006-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231122711/http://www.solutions-site.org/artman/publish/article_53.shtml |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Akosombo Dam dwumadie titire ne sɛ ɛbɛma omhyɛ ama aluminium adwuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wɔtoo Akosombo Dam din sɛ &quot;sika a wɔde hyɛɛ Ghana atuho nhyehyɛeɛ mu a ɛso sen biara. Dam no yɛ ade titire ma ɛma [[Togo]] ne [[Benin]] omhyɛ dodoɔ no ara, ɛwɔm sɛ Adjarala Dam (a ɛwɔ Togo Mono River so) a wɔresisi no bɛma saa aman yi abrɛ wɔn a wɔde omhyɛ firi amannɔne so.&lt;ref name=Europa&gt;{{Cite book  | last = Europa Publications  | title = Africa South of the Sahara 2014  | url = https://archive.org/details/africasouthofsah0000unse_e3y7  | publisher = [[Routledge]]  | year = 2014  | page = [https://archive.org/details/africasouthofsah0000unse_e3y7/page/112 112]  | isbn =9781857436983}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dam no omhyɛ a edi kan a na ɛtumi yɛ {{convert|912|MW}}, nanso wɔmaa ɛkɔɔ soro kɔɔ {{convert|1020|MW}} wɔ adwuma a wɔyɛeɛ de yɛɛ no foforɔ a wɔwieeɛ wɔ 2006 mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.vra.com/Power/retrofit.html |title=Akosombo Hydro Power Plant Retrofit |publisher=Volta River Authority |access-date=2007-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808064226/http://www.vra.com/Power/retrofit.html |archive-date=8 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nsuyiri a ɛbɔɔ Asuo Volta no maa nnipa pii fii wɔn afie, na ɛmaa asase so nneɛma no nyaa nsunsuansoɔ kɛseɛ,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; a asase woso (seismic activity) a ɛde mpoano asase hwehwɛe (coastal erosion) baeɛ ka ho; nsuo dwumadie a ɛsesaeɛ de mframa ne osu sɛeɛ ne hyeɛ a ɛkɔɔ soro baeɛ. Asase a ɛatwa tade no ho nyɛ asase a ɛwɔ tade no ase no so, na akuayɛ a wɔyɛ dodoɔ ama wɔatumi de nnuo agu asase so, a ɛnso de eutrophication (nsuo mu nnuo dodoɔ a ɛsɛe nsuo) baeɛ, a ɛmaa nwura a ɛyɛ fɔ (''Ceratophyllum'') nyii yie, a ɛma nsuo so akwantuo yɛ den, na ɛma ntontom ne aboafowa (vectors) a ɛde nsuo mu yareɛ te sɛ bilharzia, [[Onchocerciasis|asubɔnten anifira]] ne [[atiridii]] yɛ wɔn fie. Wɔsan kyekyɛɛ nnipa a wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ no, nanso ɛnyɛɛ yie wɔ mmeaeɛ pii; akuayɛ a na wɔyɛ dada no gyaee, na ohia kɔɔ soro.

== Sɛnea wɔsisi dam no ==
Wɔdwene dam no ho wɔ 1915 mu, ɔbɔ fam nyansafoɔ (geologist) Albert Kitson na ɔdwene ho, nanso wɔanyɛ nhyehyɛɛ biara kɔsi afe 1940 mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ElectricPowerGhana&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Guide to Electric Power in Ghana |url=https://1library.net/document/q042d0gz-guide-to-electric-power-in-ghana.html |website=1Library.net |access-date=2 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okoampa-Ahoofe |first=Kwame |date=16 July 2009 |title=The False Ghanaian History of Paa Kwesi Nduom |url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=8696&amp;section=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930095101/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=8696&amp;section=1 |archive-date=30 September 2011 |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=The Statesman}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔhyɛɛ [[Volta River|Asuo Volta]] Basin nkɔso ho nhyehyɛɛ wɔ 1949 mu, nanso sika nni maa ɛno nti, Amerika adwumakuo Volta Aluminum Company (Valco) yɛɛ Ghana sika awiewie sɛ wɔbɛsi dam no. Ɔmanpanyin [[Kwame Nkrumah]] gye too mu na ɔhyɛɛ Asuo Volta hydropower adwuma no ase,&lt;ref name=&quot;GHP&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=History of Akosombo dam|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php|publisher=Ghana Home Page|access-date=8 May 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110516134942/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/akosombo_dam.php| archive-date= 16 May 2011 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ɔhyɛɛ ɔstarefoɔ (architect) Kenneth Scott a ofiri Australia sɛ ɔntoɔ no dan a ɔbɛhwie n'ani ase afiri hɔ a ɛhwɛ dam no so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aidoo |first=Kwame |date=2018-03-09 |title=Ghana's Most Impressive Buildings |url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/ghanas-most-impressive-buildings |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Culture Trip |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201192820/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/ghanas-most-impressive-buildings |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dam no yɛ {{convert|660|m|abbr=on}} tenteɛ na ne tenten yɛ {{convert|114|m|abbr=on}}. Ɛyɛ aboɔ ne bɔɔ mmorosoɔ dam. Ne ase tɛtrɛtɛ yɛ {{convert|366|m|ft|abbr=on}} na ne nneɛma dodoɔ a wɔde sisii no yɛ {{convert|7900000|m3|cuyd|abbr=on}}. Nsukorɛbea a dam no bɔeɛ, Asuo Volta, nsuo a ɛtumi fa yɛ {{convert|148|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} na ne mmeaeɛ so yɛ {{convert|8502|km2|abbr=on}}. Tade no tenteɛ yɛ {{convert|400|km|abbr=on}}. Ne nsuo a ɛkɔ sor sen biara yɛ {{convert|84.73|m|abbr=on}} na nea ɛtwa toɔ yɛ {{convert|73.15|m|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;akohydro&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Akosombo Hydro Power Plant |url=http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421080909/http://www.vra.com/our_mandate/akosombo_hydro_plant.php |archive-date=21 April 2007 |access-date=2007-03-26 |publisher=Volta River Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dam no apueeɛ fam nkyɛn no, wɔwɔ akwan abien a wɔfa so gyaa nsuo ba fam (spillways) a wɔtumi gyaa nsuo bɛyɛ {{convert|34000|m3/s|abbr=on}}. Spillway biara wɔ nnade pon (steel floodgates) nsia a ne trɛw yɛ {{convert|11.5|m|adj=on}} na ne tenten yɛ {{convert|13.7|m|adj=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Akosombo Dam Brochure |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache:ickZ1oH93YYJ:www.vra.com/Publications/akobrochure.pdf+akosombo+dam+spillway+cubic+meters&amp;hl=en&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEESi6Tt-YHv0BX-4PMqnu2nC0uYqIClyDQ-5-vhlPSHDUkYLu8cqzSpSSdP6uXXtdVZkBtnPOM2GoZgw27GSiZZ00AjSMIc05vo-LUR_Vr2ZkfWlk-FR5am1TPlo0cZmqbM742KjQ&amp;sig=AHIEtbS-Hu03H0CR92EIB0LFfiCpOMQGrQ |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Volta River Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Annex 3 |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache:YrnEXgzACScJ:www2.alterra.wur.nl/Internet/webdocs/ilri-publicaties/publicaties/Pub45v2/pub45v2-h3.pdf+akosombo+dam+spillway+m3+second&amp;hl=en&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEESg7nsHhRD-TQ6aq7Stoy2tdE5OnQWmWiE6gfN-T12Ps-EwstJdTqHcB250hKvAmmPDqKeyRPlbVbggFDecQxToMDyGfSLxk0qkknuspVaT6134fVziWxcOvQCwaS0mbmW1e1P6H&amp;sig=AHIEtbQB-r5WNRxae8QFaHJQrYHb4m_l2A |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Alterra |pages=46}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dam no omhyɛ adwumayɛbea no wɔ Francis turbine nsia a ne biara tumi yɛ {{convert|170|MW}}. Turbine biara, wɔde nsuo ma no fa penstock a ne tenteɛ yɛ {{convert|112|-|116|m}} na ne kɛseɛ yɛ {{convert|7.2|m}} a hydraulic head a ɛtumi kɔ sor sen biara yɛ {{convert|68.8|m|ft|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;akohydro&quot; /&gt; 

Nhyehyɛeɛ a etwa to no kyerɛɛ sɛ wɔbɛsi aluminium (aluminum) smelter (adwuma a wɔtwa aluminium) wɔ [[Tema]], na wɔasi dam wɔ Akosombo a ɛbɛma smelter no omhyɛ, na wɔato omhyɛ ntintim (power lines) wɔ anafoɔ fam Ghana. Smelter no na ɛbɛma wɔanya sika a ɛho hia sɛ wɔbɛsi bauxite adwuma wɔ ɔman no mu, na ama wɔatumi ayɛ aluminium a wɔnnɔ mfiri amannɔne. Aluminium adwuma a ɛrekɔ so wɔ Ghana gyina hydroelectric power a wɔhyɛɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ no so.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHP&quot; /&gt; Adwuma a wɔhyɛɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ no smelter no, Amerika adwumakuo Kaiser Aluminum na ɛhwɛ so, na Valco na ɛhwɛ so. Smelter no nyaa sika a wɔde hyɛɛ mu firi Valco ahokafoɔ (shareholders) hɔ, a Export–Import Bank of the United States boa wɔn. Nanso, Valco ammɔ nsa mmaa no, ɛnkane sɛ Ghana aban yɛɛ no apam a ɛmaa wɔn a wɔntua tow wɔn adwadeɛ so, na wɔtɔ omhyɛ no sika a ɛso. Sika a wɔde bɛsi adwuma no nyinaa yɛ dɔla ɔpepem 258 (US$258 million).&lt;ref name=&quot;GHP&quot; /&gt;

== Dam no Sisiiɛ ==
[[File:Akosombo Dam is spilling water, Ghana.JPG|thumb|left|Akosombo dam a nsuo gyaa mu (spillways) aba mu]]
Wɔ May 1960 mu no, Ghana aban frɛɛ sɛ wɔmma nkrataa a wɔbɛsi dam no. Wɔ 1961 mu no, Italia adwumakuo (consortium), Impregilo a na wɔawie Kariba Dam no, dii nkonim wɔ adwuma no mu. Wɔ 1961 mu no, Volta River Authority (VRA) a Ghana Mmarahyɛ Badwa hyɛɛ no ase denam Volta River Development Act a wɔgyee too mu so. VRA adwuma no yɛ adwumakuo no nyinaa a na ɛyɛ mmarima nsia a ɔmanpanyin Nkrumah yɛ wɔn panyin. VRA dwumadie titire ne sɛ ɛbɛhwɛ Asuo Volta Basin nkɔso, a dam no sisiiɛ, omhyɛ adwumayɛbea, ne omhyɛ ntintim a wɔde fa nkuro mu ka ho. VRA na ɛhwɛ nsukorɛbea a dam no bɔeɛ, apataam a ɛwɔ tade no mu, tade no so akwantuo ne nkitahodie, ne nnipa a wɔatwa tade no ho no yiedie&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

Wɔsii dam no ntam wɔ 1961 ne 1965 ntam.&lt;ref name=&quot;akohydro&quot; /&gt; Ghana aban na ɛyɛɛ adwuma no, na 25% sika no firi International Bank for Reconstruction and Development a ɛyɛ World Bank no fa, United States, ne United Kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Education |url=http://commonwealth.ednet.ns.ca/africa/Ghana/Rivers/riversetc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020201060457/http://commonwealth.ednet.ns.ca/africa/Ghana/Rivers/riversetc.html |archive-date=1 February 2002 |access-date=15 December 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Impreglio hyɛɛ asuo no mu dɔteɛ tuntum (dredging) ne nsuo no fa a wɔpae (dewatering) no, na wowiee dam no bosome biako ansa na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔbɛwie, ɛwɔm sɛ Asuo Volta nsuyiri a ɛbaa 1963 mu no kyekyɛɛ adwuma no wɔ bosome mmiɛnsa mu. Wɔ 1961 ne 1966 ntam no, Impreglio adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔsii dam no mu aduonu awotwe (28) wuiɛ. Wɔasi nkaeɛ duma wɔ Akosombo kurow mu ne St. Barbara Catholic Church wɔ wɔn anuonyam&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Akosombo Dam sisiiɛ no maa Asuo Volta Basin fa ne mfuo a ɛwɔ ne so kɔɔ nsuo ase, na wɔbɔɔ Asuo Volta a ɛkata Ghana asaase so 3.6% so&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Asuo Volta Tade no baeɛ ntam wɔ 1962 ne 1966 mu, na ɛmaa nnipa bɛyɛ 80,000 fii wɔn afie, a na wɔyɛ ɔman no mu nnipa dodoɔ no 1%.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2947420.stm|title=Eyewitness: Waking up to water crisis |agency=BBC |date=30 May 2003 |author=Matthew Davis}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkuraase 700 mu nnipa wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ kɔɔ nkuraase 52 a wɔsiesiee maa wɔn mfeɛ abien ansa na dam no bɛwie; VRA na ɛhwɛ atuo no so.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Europa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GHP&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Jackson|first1=Iain|last2=Uduku|first2=Ola|author-link2=Ola Uduku|last3=Addo|first3=Irene Appeaning|last4=Opong|first4=Rexford Assasie|date=2019-05-19|title=The Volta River Project: planning, housing and resettlement in Ghana, 1950–1965|journal=The Journal of Architecture|volume=24|issue=4|pages=512–548|doi=10.1080/13602365.2019.1643389|issn=1360-2365|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnipa a wɔtuu wɔn kɔeɛ no mu abien (2%) na wɔyɛ asuo mu apataamfoɔ (fishers), na na dodoɔ no ara yɛ akuafoɔ a wɔyɛ nnɔbaeɛ ketewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Europa&quot; /&gt; Ghana [[Apuei Mantam (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] ne nnipa a wɔwɔ n'akyi no na adwuma no mmaeɛ no kaa wɔn kɛseɛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Suave&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Nadine Sauvé, Agnes Dzokoto, Bernard Opare, Edmund Ekow Kaitoo, Nzambi Khonde, Myrto Mondor, Veronika Bekoe, Jacques Pépin |title=The price of development: HIV infection in a semiurban community of Ghana |date=2002-04-01 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11917246 |work=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999) |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=402–408 |doi=10.1097/00126334-200204010-00012 |issn=1525-4135 |pmid=11917246 |access-date=2026-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:1 Ghana Cedi.png|thumb|left|Akosombo Dam wɔ 2007 1 Cedi specimen banknote (sika) akyi]]

== Omhyɛ a ɛba ==
Dam no ma omhyɛ ma Ghana ne n'Afrika Atɔeɛ aman a ɛbɛn no, a Togo ne Benin ka ho.&lt;ref name=&quot;Suave&quot; /&gt; Mfiase no, Akosombo Dam omhyɛ a ɛba no mu 20% (a na ɛma ɔman no yɛ 70%) a wɔde maeɛ no, na Ghana nyinaa na wɔde di dwuma, na ɛkaa 80% no, Valco na ɛnyaa. Ghana aban, denam apam so, wɔhyɛɛ no sɛ ɔntua Akosombo sisiiɛ sika no mu ɔfa (50%), nanso omhyɛ a ɛba no mu 20% pɛ na ɔman no tumi nya. Afoforɔ susuw sɛ eyi yɛ nhwɛsoɔ neocolonialism (neɔcolonism). Afei akyiri yi, Valco adwumabea no so omhyɛ a ɛba ase atwa, ama Akosombo omhyɛ no atumi asom ma Ghana ohia a ɛrekɔ soro.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?section=11&amp;newsid=4580|title=NPP cuts sod for Bui Dam|publisher=Statesman online|author=Kwame Okoampa-Ahoofe|date=2007-08-28|access-date=13 October 2007|archive-date=30 May 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530185104/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?section=11&amp;newsid=4580|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mfiase no, dam no omhyɛ a ɛtumi yɛ no boro deɛ na ɛho hia; nanso ohia a ɛrekɔ soro nam Ghana nkɔsoɔ so ama omhyɛ ho hia ayɛ dodoɔ sen deɛ Akosombo omhyɛ adwumayɛbea no tumi yɛ. Wɔ 1981 mu no, wɔsii dam ketewa bi wɔ Kpong, a ɛwɔ Akosombo fam ase, na wɔmaa Akosombo dam no ho yɛɛ foforɔ sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a omhyɛ a ɛba no bɛtumi abɛn ohia no&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

Ohia a ɛrekɔ soro no boro deɛ ɛnneɛma a yɛwɔ seesei no tumi ma. Ohia, ne nsuyiri a wɔanhyehyɛ so, deɛnkyerɛnkyerɛ (rolling blackouts) ne omhyɛ gyaee (major power outages) ahaban ba&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Wahu sɛ tade no mu nsuo so rekɔ fam, na ɛtɔ mmerɛ a ɛkɔ fam sen deɛ ɛho hia ma generators no tumi yɛ adwuma&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Wɔ afe 2007 mfiase no, na adwene a wɔdwene ho na ɛwɔ omhyɛ a ɛfiri dam no ho, efirisɛ nsuo a na ɛwɔ Asuo Volta Tade no mu so ate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 March 2007 |title=Akosombo Dam To Be Shut Down? |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=121525 |publisher=Ghana web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ afe 2007 akyiri fa no, saa adwene yi fa too mu bere a osu tɔɔ Asuo Volta beaeɛ a nsuo firi mu no so.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2007-08-29 |title=Flood destroys farmlands in Bongo District |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=129773}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ 2010 mu no, nsuo a ɛkɔɔ sor sen biara wɔ dam no mu. Eyi ma wɔbuee nsuo gyaa mu pon (flood gates) bere a tade no nsuo kɔɔ {{Convert|84.45|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} na mmere pii mu no, nsuo firii tade no mu gyaee, a ɛmaa nsuyiri kɔɔ fam ase.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=VRA ends spillage from Volta Dam | date=30 November 2001 |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage//economy/artikel.php?ID=198319 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmaeɛ (Impacts) ==
[[File:Akosombo Dam hydroelectric plant.jpg|thumb|left|Hydroelectric power plant a ɛwɔ Asuo Volta Tade no so]]
Akosombo Dam no boaa nnwuma ne sikasɛm adwumapɛn pii, te sɛ tade no so akwantuo, apataam a ɛdɔɔso, akuayɛ foforɔ a ɛwɔ tade no mpoano, ne nsrahwɛ&lt;ref name=&quot;GHP&quot; /&gt;.

=== Abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma tebea ===
[[File:volta lake.jpg|thumb|right|Asuo Volta wɔ ɔsoro]]
Dam no wui akyi no, akuayɛ a ɛwɔ tade no ne n'asukɔ mmienu no ho atu mpɔn koraa&lt;ref name=&quot;GHP&quot; /&gt;. Asase a ɛatwa Asuo Volta Tade no ho nyɛ asase a ɛwɔ tade no ase a na wɔfuw no so no so. Akuayɛ a wɔyɛ dodoɔ no ama asase a ɛnni mu na ɛwɔ hɔ no nso asa. Asase a ɛwɔ tade no fam ase no nso nyɛ asase a na ɛwɔ hɔ no, na osu a ɛbaa fam no na ɛde nnuo ba fam no amma bio, efirisɛ dam no sii asuo a ɛte fam no kwan. Akuayɛ a ɛyɛ adwumaden no nso ama nnuo a ɛfiri fam gu asuo mu no dɔɔso. Eyinom, ne ntowa a ɛfiri ntakuo (cattle) ne fɛm (sewage) a ɛgu asuo mu no abom ama nsuo mu nnuo dɔɔso (eutrophication)&lt;ref name=&quot;GHP&quot; /&gt;. Nnuo a ɛdɔɔso no, ne nsuo a ɛntena faako no abom ama nwura a ɛyɛ fɔ (''Ceratophyllum'') agu asuo mu. Saa nwura yi asi akwantuo a wɔde fa nsuo so no kwan den&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

=== Nnipa yiedie (Human welfare) ===
''Ceratophyllum'' a ɛwɔ tade no ne n'asukɔ mmienu no ama yareɛ a ɛbɛn nnipa no mpo ayɛ hu. Nwura no ma ntontom, ntaemoa, ne nsuo mu nwura (snails) a wɔde yareɛ te sɛ bilharzia, [[Onchocerciasis|asubɔnten anifira]] ne atridɔ no nya wɔn tenabea.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHP&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Drisdelle R |title=Parasites. Tales of Humanity's Most Unwelcome Guests.  |url=https://archive.org/details/parasitestalesof0000dris_c9m4 |publisher=Univ of California press, 2010 |page=11f |isbn=978-0-520-25938-6|year=2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔsi dam no akyi no, saa yareɛ yi ahyɛ dɔɔso. Nea ɛkyerɛ yie ne sɛ nkuraase a wɔtuu nnipa no kɔeɛ no mu, yareɛ ahyɛ dɔɔso fi bere a wɔbɔɔ Asuo Volta Tade no, na sɛ kuraa bi bɛn tade no a, ɛnna wɔn a wɔbɛnya yareɛ no dɔɔso&lt;ref name=&quot;Europa&quot; /&gt;. Mmɔfra ne apataamfoɔ na saa yareɛ yi kaa wɔn kɛseɛ&lt;ref name=&quot;Europa&quot; /&gt;. Nea ɛka ho bio, nsuo mu nneɛma a ɛsɛe ama nsuo mu nnuma te sɛ shrimp ne clam a wɔwɔ nsuo mu no asa&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Saa nnuma yi maa nnipa a wɔtete hɔ no nyaa nam a wɔdi. Wɔn a wonni saa nam no no, wɔn nyarewa no amma wɔn yie. Bio, akuraa ne adwuma sikasɛm no nso atrɛw ɔpepe, efirisɛ nsuo mu apataam adwuma no a wɔhwɛ no yie no nsunsuanso bɔne abɛn wɔn&lt;ref name=&quot;GHP&quot; /&gt;.

Ohia ne atuo tebea a ɛnyɛ papa a wɔde maa nnipa no maa nnipa pii tu fii wɔn kurow mu kɔeɛ&lt;ref name=&quot;GHP&quot; /&gt;. Saa atuo yi maa [[HIV]] kɔɔ Asuo Volta Basin mu mpɔtam no nyinaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Suave&quot; /&gt; Manya Krobo ne Yilo Krobo akyi no, a ɛwɔ Asuo Volta Basin anafoɔ fam atɔeɛ no, na HIV wɔ hɔ pii.&lt;ref name=&quot;Suave&quot; /&gt; Nnipa a wɔbɛsii dam no no dɔɔso a wɔyɛ mmarima a wɔfiri baabi foforɔ bae no maa agyapadeɛ adwuma (commercial sex work) gyee wɔn so. Saa bere mu no, mmaa a wɔbɛbɔ mma no mu 10% firii Manya Krobo ne Yilo Krobo akyi kɔeɛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Suave&quot; /&gt; Wɔ 1986 mu no, &quot;Ghana AIDS yareɛfoɔ mu 90% yɛ mmaa, na wɔn mu 96% te amannɔne na wɔresan aba Ghana&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Suave&quot; /&gt;.

== Ntotoho ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Drums in communication</title>
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      <text bytes="12010" sha1="kogl1cy4s3u70k5a2k4inw9cj8x5hh2" xml:space="preserve">{{Dialect|Asante}}

'''Drums in communication,''' wɔn a wɔde ntwene yi di dwuma yɛ wɔn a wɔbɛn [[Kwaɛ|kwaeɛ]] mu.Wɔde ntwene na ɛdii kan too nkra wɔ mmeaeɛ a mmɛn. Wɔde ntwene di dwuma wɔ adwabɔ ase ne ɔsom mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dance|first=Omaha School of Music and|date=2016-06-17|title=History of The Drum {{!}} 5 Ways Drums are Used to Communicate|url=https://omahaschoolofmusicanddance.com/our-blog/5-ways-drums-are-used-to-communicate/|access-date=2025-11-17|website=OSMD|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216002217/https://omahaschoolofmusicanddance.com/our-blog/5-ways-drums-are-used-to-communicate/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Short description|Drums used for long-distance signalling and communications}}
[[File:TamTam.jpg|thumb|[[Bamileke]] people tamtam]]

== Ahodoɔ ==

=== Talking drum ===
'''Talking drum''' yɛ twene wɔde dua na ayɛ a ɛfiri [[Abibrem|Abibirem]] [[Atɔɛ Mantam|Atɔeɛ]] fam a wɔde yɛ kasa ho adwuma na wɔyɛ no sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ ɛbɛtumi ne nipa deɛ ayɛ pɛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gershon&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gershon|first1=Livia|title=How Does the West African Talking Drum Accurately Mimic Human Speech?|journal=Smithsonian Magazine|date=2021-07-27|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-west-african-drums-really-talk-180978296/|access-date=2021-08-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gninyomo|first=Luc|date=2021-08-14|title=What Is a Talking Drum in Africa?|url=http://www.sheenmagazine.com/what-is-a-talking-drum-in-africa/|access-date=2023-02-11|website=Sheen Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛwɔ etire mmienu a wɔde aboanwoma na ayɛ. Wɔtae de hyɛ wɔn mmɔtuam na ɛbɔ. Deɛ ɔreyan twene no bɛtumi asesa twene no nne wɔ berɛ a ɔreyere anaa ɔregyae mu kakara wɔ ne mmɔtuam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Talking Drum|url=https://percussion.byu.edu/talking-drum|access-date=2026-02-25|website=BYU Percussion Techniques|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Twene a wɔde kasa hyɛɛ aseɛ firii 18th century, wɔn a wɔde twene di dwuma no de nne na ɛde asɛm no to dwa, nsɛm bi te sɛ kɛseɛ a ɛfa dwabɔ bi ho ne ɔhyɛ a ɛfiri akwansini bɛyɛ 4 kɔpem kwasini 5 (6.4-8.0).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Ong|first=Walter|title=Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/interfacesofword0000ongw|year=1977|page=[https://archive.org/details/interfacesofword0000ongw/page/101 101]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Deɛ ɔnim twene no bɔ no tumi bɔ ɛfa mmienu no nyinaa. Ntwene a wɔde [[kasa]] no dodoɔ no ara gyegye sɛ nnipa nne na ɛgyina deɛ ɔrebɔ. Twene a ɛte sɛ hourglass-shaped no yɛhu no wɔ  Asia nanso wɔanyɛ no sɛ wɔde kasa na mmom idakka na wɔde to nkra sane de [[kasa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Acoustics of Idakkā: An Indian snare drum with definite pitch|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324828208|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|year=2018|doi=10.1121/1.5038111|last1=Jose|first1=Kevin|last2=Chatterjee|first2=Anindya|last3=Gupta|first3=Anurag|volume=143|issue=5|pages=3184–3194|pmid=29857748|bibcode=2018ASAJ..143.3184J}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛwom sɛ hourglass twene no yɛbɛtumi ayɛno sɛdeɛ yɛpɛ na mmom ne nnyegyeeɛ ntumi ntra mmeaeɛ wɔabɔ dwa ne beaeɛ a wɔdi dwa na ne botae yɛ sɛ yɛbɔ no ɛfa hyɛ ase.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Talking drum {{!}} African, West African, Musical Instrument {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/talking-drum|access-date=2025-11-17|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛfa hyɛ bi te sɛ, asa,amammerɛ, anansesɛmtoɔ ne kasa nnidisoɔ. Abibirem no, [[Guinea]] ne [[Amerika]] nkuro no bi mu nnipa de twene ato nkra mfeɛ bebree akyi wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛware mu. Berɛ a Europofoɔ ba bɛhunuu no ɛyɛɛ wɔn nwanwa sɛ amanfoɔ ahunu sɛ wɔreba ne wɔn tirimpɔ. Sɛ wcrebɔ amaneɛ afiri baabi akɔ beaeɛ foforɔ, Abibifoɔ ayanfoɔ tumi yan twene ne kaseɛ atwa kwasini 100 wɔ dɔnhwere baako ntam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Davis|first=Ernest|title=Information, from drums to Wikipedia|url=http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article760768.ece|work=[[James Gleick]]. [[The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood]]. 526pp. Fourth Estate. 978 0 00 722573 6|publisher=The Times Literary Supplement|date=23 August 2011|access-date=12 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114011403/http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article760768.ece|archive-date=14 January 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ ntwene wɔde to nkra a agye din pa ara no firi Abibirem Atɔeɛ. Firi [[Nigeria]] ne [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]] ɛwɔ baabiara, [[:en:United_States|America]] ne Caribbean wɔ nkoa dwadie berɛ mu no. Ɛhɔ no wɔde ɔhyɛ too so ɛfiri sɛ na nkoa no de twene no to nkra wɔ kwan tenten so.&lt;ref name=&quot;Epstein&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|first=Dena J.|last=Epstein|year=1963|title=Slave Music in the United States before 1860: A Survey of Sources (Part II)|journal=Music Library Association Notes|series=Second Series|volume=20|issue=3|pages=377–390|doi=10.2307/895685|jstor=895685}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ntwene a yɛde to nkra no nso wɔde di dwuma wɔ Abibirem Apueeɛ na wɔkyerɛm sɛ Andreus Bauer wɔ 'Street of Caravans', wɔ ne berɛ so na wɔ fa no sɛ bammɔ wɔ Wissmann Truppe de ma caravan of Charles Stokes.

Ntwene ahodoɔ a yɛde kasa wɔ Abibirem Atɔeɛ fa mu ne nnipakuo ne sɛdeɛ wɔfrɛ no:

* '''Tama''' (Wolof a ɛfiri [[Senegal]])
* '''Gan gan''', '''Dun Dun''' ([[:en:Yoruba_people|Yoruba]] a ɛfiri [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] ne [[Benin|Benein]] apueeɛ)
* '''Dondo''' ([[:en:Akan_people|Akan]] a wɔfiri Ghana mfimfini ne [[Côte d'Ivoire]])
* '''Lunna''' ([[:en:Dagomba_people|Dagomba]] a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]; [[:en:Mossi_people|Mossi]] aɛwɔ [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]])
* '''Kalangu''' ([[:en:Hausa_people|Hausa]] a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]], [[:en:Niger|Niger]], a ɛwɔ Atifi mantam a ɛwɔ [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]], [[:en:Benin|Benin]] ne [[:en:Cameroon|Cameroon]])
* '''Doodo''' ([[:en:Songhai_people|Songhai]] ne [[:en:Zarma_people|Zarma]] a ɛwɔ [[:en:Mali|Mali]], [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]], ne [[:en:Niger|Niger]])

Afe 20th century mu no ntwene a wɔde to nkra no bɛkaa nnwom a agye din wɔ Abibirem atɔeɛ fam ne titre ne nnwom ahodoɔ bi te sɛ Jùjú (Nigeria) ne Mbalax (Senegal).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jùjú music {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research|url=https://www.ebsco.com/|access-date=2025-11-17|website=EBSCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Slit gongs ===
Ntwene a wɔde to nkra pa ara ne slit gongs, na wato amena a ɛyɛ feaa a ɛboa sɛ wɔbɔ mu a ɛgyegye, saa twene wɔde dua kɛseɛ wayi afiri nnua mu na ayɛ. Wɔde Slit-log ntwene di dwuma wɔ nketahodie mu wɔ Papua [[Guinea]] a wɔnim sɛ Tok Pisin yɛ ''garamut''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Becoming a Garamut Player in Baluan, Papua New Guinea Musical Analysis As a Pathway to Learning|last=Lewis, Tony|isbn=9781315406480|oclc=1033693900|date=2018-04-19|publisher=Routledge}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Ntwene no mu duro sesa firi ɛmu biara ho na ne nnyegyeeɛ no nso gyina nnua a wɔde bɔ no so. Berɛ ntwene no binom nso nyɛ deɛ ɛboro so saa nanso wɔtumi yɛ n'adwuma a ɛwɔ sɛ ɛyɛ. Wɔtwitwa nnua nkumaa atenten kakra de hyehyɛ ntwene no nkyɛn. Sɛ wɔde [[Mma|mmaa]] atenten bɔ ntwene no a ɛma wote no wɔ akyirikyiri baabi. Sɛ wobɔ baabi faako kyɛn baako no a, ɛma wo nnyegyeeɛ foforɔ na ɛnam sɛ baako wɔ soro kyɛn baako no nti ɛma yɛnya nnyegyeeɛ a ɛwɔ soro  ne fam. Twene no anim na yɛde mmaa no bɔ na ɛma yɛn soro ne fam nnyegyeeɛ. Wɔyɛ adeɛ kumaa bi de twene no twene no ma no gyina yie na atumi agyegye yie. Ne yie mu no wote nnyegyeeɛ no wɔ kwansini nnum kɔpem kwansini du-baako ntam.&lt;ref name=&quot;OLAp470&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Finnegan|first=Ruth|title=Oral Literature in Africa|year=2012|publisher=Open Book Publishers|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-1-906924-72-0|page=470|url=https://unglue.it/work/81834/|quote=&quot;Drum messages can be heard at a distance of between three to seven miles, according to Carrington 1949b: 25.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso amanebɔ a ɛyɛ anika no wɔte akuraa ɛdi hɔ no so. Ntwene a Bulu [[nnipakuo]] a wɔfiri [[Cameroon]] de di dwuma no wote nnyegyeeɛ no kwansini 10 de rekɔ kwansini 15 wɔ anwummerɛ ntam sɛ wode toto ɛda no mu a wote no kwansini 3 kɔpem 4.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Good|first=AI|title=Drum Talk Is the African's &quot;Wireless&quot;|year=1942|journal=Natural History Magazine|url=https://www.naturalhistorymag.com/htmlsite/editors_pick/1942_09_pick.html|access-date=2026-05-15|archive-date=2024-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211062132/https://www.naturalhistorymag.com/htmlsite/editors_pick/1942_09_pick.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cambarysu ===
Nnipa wɔyɛ Catuquinaru a wɔfiri [[Brasil|Brazil]] no wɔbɔɔ wɔn kwaadu sɛ wɔde twene a yɛfrɛ no cambarysu to nkra fa esum ase ma cambarysusfoɔ kɔpem 1.5km.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prometheus&quot;&gt;''Prometheus: Illustrierte Wochenschrift über die Fortschritte'', volume 20 (1908)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EHG&quot;&gt;Enrico Hillyer Giglioli, ''Il &quot;Cambarysú&quot;: telefono dei Catuquinarú dell'Amazzonia'' (1898)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ensign&quot;&gt;[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&amp;d=ME18981213.2.16&amp;cl=&amp;srpos=0&amp;e=-------10--1----0-- ''The original of the telephone''], ''Mataura Ensign'', issue 520, 13 December 1898, page 4]&lt;/ref&gt;  Animdifoɔ abɔ kwaadu sɛ sɛ wɔbɔ twene no a ɛfa fam a anka ɛwɔ sɛ ɛfa mframa mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prometheus&quot; /&gt;

== Deɛ ɛde to dwa ==
[[Tetefo|Tete]] ntwene ahodoɔ mmienu na wɔde to nkra wɔ [[Abibrem|Abibirem]]. Deɛ ɛdi kan no wɔ kwan a ɛfa so gyegye ɛna deɛ ɛtɔ so mmienu no na ɛkasa na mmom ɛhwɛ kasa wɔreka no na ɛno nso ayɛ bi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=Jeremy|date=2010-11-27|title=Speaking in Rhythm — Drums That Talk, Voices That Drum - ThisWorldMusic|url=https://thisworldmusic.com/speaking-in-rhythm-drums-that-talk-voices-that-drum/|access-date=2026-04-19|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Twene a yɛde kasa no nyɛ ɛno ankasa kasa na mmom wɔgyina kasa obi ka na ɔno nso yɛ bi. Wei nti kasa a ɛde to dwa no nam kasa bɛbuo so na ɛde to dwa wɔ sɛdeɛ kasa no si gyegye no. Ayan nkaebɔ akɔyɛ sɛ ɛfa nnipa kuo bi ho. Wɔn a wɔka saa kasa no  wɔ tumi sɛ wɔyɛ nsakraeɛ ma wɔn a wɔretie no te aseɛ nanso ɛnyɛ saa na ɛteɛ wɔ ayan mu. Wɔ [[Mfinfii Mantan|mfimfini]] ne [[Abibrem|Abibirem]] apueɛ fa mu no, twene nyegyeeɛ no gyina kasa no nhyehyɛeɛ, nne wɔ saa kasa no mu. Kasa nne mu no, kasa ne nhyehyɛeɛ nti no ɛma nne no bi sesɛ nsɛmfua nsesaeɛ gyina ɛnne no so. Wei nti, twene kasa nhyehyɛeɛ de kaseɛ to dwa berɛ ɛnam ɛnne no so nko ara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-05-04|title='Talking Drums': Long-Distance Communication in Early Africa|url=https://brewminate.com/talking-drums-long-distance-communication-in-early-africa/|access-date=2026-04-19|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ kasa bi mu no, kasa no [[Nnyegyeɛ (Tones)|nnyegyeeɛ]] yɛhunu no sononko kwan so. Wei nti nkaebɔ bɛtumi akɔ ntɛm sɛdeɛ kasa teɛ no a ne nnidisoɔ ne ɛnne te sɛ kasa yɛka pɛpɛɛpɛ.

Nkyerɛaseɛ foforo bɛtumi aba ɛnam da ayan no mu nna hɔ no. Nkyerɛaseɛ foforɔ so bɛte a na ɛnam sɛdeɛ ayan no siteɛ ne deɛ [[Kasasin|kasasini]] no kɔ fa. Nhwɛsoɔ, wɔ Jabo wɔn kasafua no yɛ baako berɛ a wode ɛbɛ redi dwuma anaa wodi rebaebae obi edin mu, aboa anaa adeɛ bi, sɛ wobɔ edin bi a ɛbɛtumi [[Nnyegyeɛ (Tones)|nnyegyeeɛ]] bi asi anan. Wɔ nhwɛsoɔ mu, ɛnyɛ atiefoɔ nyinaa na ɛte ayan ase. Ayan nteaseɛ no gyina wogyina bea wɔ kasa no mu anaa wo mfeɛ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Franich|first1=Kathryn H.|last2=Lendja Ngnemzué|first2=Ange B.|date=2021-06-16|title=Feeling the Beat in an African Tone Language: Rhythmic Mapping Between Language and Music|journal=Frontiers in Communication|volume=6|article-number=653747|doi=10.3389/fcomm.2021.653747|doi-access=free|issn=2297-900X}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==</text>
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