Wikipedia twwiki https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratafa_Titiriw MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter Media Soronko Nkitahode Dwumadini Dwumadini nkitahode Wikipedia Wikipedia nkitahode File File nkitahode MediaWiki MediaWiki nkitahode Nhwɛsoɔ Nhwɛsoɔ nkitahode Mmoa Mmoa nkitahode Nkyekyεmu Nkyekyεmu nkitahode TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 13654 200671 200522 2026-09-19T05:36:47Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260919sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 200671 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ahokeka'''(ɛsane de "'''pruritus"''') ɛyɛ atenka a ɛma wo ho yɛ hene na ɛsan ma wo titi wo ho .<ref name="andersen">{{cite journal|vauthors=Andersen HH, Elberling J, Arendt-Nielsen L|title=Human surrogate models of histaminergic and non-histaminergic itch|journal=Acta Dermato-Venereologica|volume=95|issue=7|pages=771–777|date=September 2015|pmid=26015312|doi=10.2340/00015555-2146|doi-access=free}}</ref> Mpen pii no ahoɔhene pɛ sɛ ɛbɛka atenka a nipadua no wɔ no mu baako nanso anyɛ yie. Ahoɔhene wɔ nsosoesoɔ bebree a ɛne honamyaw sɛ, ɛnam sɛ ne nyinaa ɛnyɛ atenka a ɛma anigyeɛ nti, wɔn nneyɛe sesa wɔ akwan bebree so. Honamyaw ma w'ani ba wo ho so ntɛm ɛna ahoɔhene nso ma wo titi wo ho ma no watiri.<ref name="ikoma">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ikoma A, Steinhoff M, Ständer S, Yosipovitch G, Schmelz M|display-authors=3|title=The neurobiology of itch|journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience|volume=7|issue=7|pages=535–547|date=July 2006|pmid=16791143|doi=10.1038/nrn1950|s2cid=9373105}}</ref> Ntini a ɛwɔ ɛnam nipadua no mu kɔ adwenemu nso yɛ hene na yaw wei nyinaa ba honam ani; bio, adwuma a wɔn nyinaa di ne sɛ wɔn boaboa wɔn ho wɔ nipadua no beaeɛ baabi na wɔn nyinaa fa ntini ne "spinothalamic tract"<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Greaves MW, Khalifa N|title=Itch: more than skin deep|url=https://archive.org/details/international-archives-of-allergy-and-immunology_2004-10_135_2/page/166|journal=International Archives of Allergy and Immunology|volume=135|issue=2|pages=166–172|date=October 2004|pmid=15375326|doi=10.1159/000080898|s2cid=13376216}}</ref> == Nkyekyɛmu == Mpen pii no, nipadua baabi faako na wonnya saa atenka no.Sɛ ɛtɔ honam no ho nyinaa a, ɛna yɛfrɛ no ahotitiɛ anaa sɛ ahoɔhene .<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|vauthors=Molkara S, Sabourirad S, Molooghi K|title=Infectious differential diagnosis of chronic generalized pruritus without primary cutaneous lesions: a review of the literature|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=59|pages=30–36|date=July 2019|pmid=31364165|doi=10.1111/ijd.14587|s2cid=198998956}}</ref> Sɛ atenka a ɛwɔ ahoɔne mu toa so bɛyɛ nnawɔtwe nsia anaa deɛ ɛboro saa a ɛna yɛfrɛ no yadeɛ koankorɔ.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Harrison IP, Spada F|title=Breaking the Itch-Scratch Cycle: Topical Options for the Management of Chronic Cutaneous Itch in Atopic Dermatitis|journal=Medicines|volume=6|issue=3|page=76|date=July 2019|pmid=31323753|pmc=6789602|doi=10.3390/medicines6030076|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Yareɛ mu nhwehw3 mu|Yadeɛ]] koankorɔ yɛ kwan a ahoɔhene tena nipadua mu boro nnawɔtwe nsia, adekorɔ a ɛdeba pɔtee no deɛ nhyenda nna adi pɔtee.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Erickson S, Nahmias Z, Rosman IS, Kim BS|title=Immunomodulating Agents as Antipruritics|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=36|issue=3|pages=325–334|date=July 2018|pmid=29929604|doi=10.1016/j.det.2018.02.014|s2cid=49336771}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|vauthors=Hinkle JL, Cheever KH|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yS7vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1269|title=Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing|date=2018-08-30|publisher=Wolters kluwer india Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-87963-72-6|pages=1269|language=en}}</ref> == Deɛ ɛde ba == [[File:Scabies-burrow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scabies-burrow.jpg|thumb|[[Scabies]] is one cause of itching.]] [[File:CercariaDermatitis.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CercariaDermatitis.JPG|thumb|[[Swimmer's itch]]]] [[File:Tinea_pedis_interdigitalis.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tinea_pedis_interdigitalis.jpg|thumb|[[Athlete's foot]] (showing the toes from below plus the front part of the sole)]] === Nsaeɛ === * Honam dwidwie ba wɔ beaeɛ a ahodidie wɔ fam. * [[Cutaneous larva migrans]], ɛyɛ honam ani yarewa . * [[Head lice|"Head lice]]", ɛtumi ba wo kon ne wotiri ho nnam no nko ara. * [[Herpes]], ɛyɛ yareɛ a ɛkɔ akyiri. * Mmoa keka, ɛbi tesɛ deɛ ɛfiri ntontom anaa sakasaka. * [[Pubic lice]], sɛ aba wɔ ɔbaa baa ho anaa ɔbarima barima ho. * [[Scabies]], mpen pii no, sɛ ɛkɔba sɛ nnipa pii ɛben na wɔn nyinaa anya ahoɔhene no bi. * Nwii ayie, a ɛtumi de honam ani nsaansaa ba. * [[Swimmer's itch]], a short-term immune reaction * [[Chickenpox|Varicella]]&nbsp;– i.e. chickenpox, prevalent among young children and highly contagious * [[Tungiasis]], ectoparasite of skin === Atenaeɛ ne Ho yadeɛ === * [[Allergic reaction]] sɛ wo ne nnuro bɔne bi adi ahyea sɛ ebia, [[urushiol]], yɛnya firi awuduro mu ɛna [[Balsam of Peru]], yɛnnya no nnuane ahodoɔ mu.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Pfützner W, Thomas P, Niedermeier A, Pfeiffer C, Sander C, Przybilla B|display-authors=3|title=Systemic contact dermatitis elicited by oral intake of Balsam of Peru|journal=Acta Dermato-Venereologica|volume=83|issue=4|pages=294–295|date=2003-02-20|pmid=12926805|doi=10.1080/00015550310016599|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Usatine RP, Riojas M|title=Diagnosis and management of contact dermatitis|journal=American Family Physician|volume=82|issue=3|pages=249–255|date=August 2010|pmid=20672788|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0801/p249.html|access-date=2014-04-09|publisher=Aafp.org}}</ref> Nnyarewa bi wɔ hɔ a nhwehwɛ mu na yɛde hunu .<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QhWgKgiT6FoC&pg=PA329|title=Metalworking Fluids|edition=Second|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=142001773X|date=2006|author=Byers, Jerry P.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Me5rAAAAMAAJ&q=pruritus+%22patch+test%22|title=Introduction to clinical allergy|vauthors=Feingold BF|veditors=Byers JP|publisher=the University of Michigan|date=1973|isbn=0398027978}}</ref> * [[Foreign Body|Foreign objects]] on the skin are the most common cause of non-pathological itching. * [[Photodermatitis]]&nbsp;– [[sunlight]] reacts with chemicals in the skin, leading to the formation of irritant metabolites. * [[Urticaria]] (also called [[hives]]) usually causes itching. === Honam ani nnyarewa === * [[Dandruff]]; an unusually large amount of flaking is associated with this sensation. * [[Punctate palmoplantar keratoderma]], a group of disorders characterized by abnormal thickening of the palms and soles. * [[Skin condition]]s (such as [[psoriasis]], [[eczema]], [[seborrhoeic dermatitis]], [[sunburn]], [[athlete's foot]], and [[hidradenitis suppurativa]]). Most are of an inflammatory nature. * [[Wound healing|Scab]] healing, [[scar]] growth, and the development or emergence of [[Melanocytic nevus|moles]], [[pimple]]s, and [[ingrown hair]]s from below the epidermis. * [[Xerosis]]: dry skin, frequently seen in the winter and also associated with older age, frequent bathing in hot showers or baths, and high-temperature and low-humidity environments. === Nnyarewa ahodoɔ ni === * [[Diabetes mellitus]], a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar * [[Hyperparathyroidism]], overactivity of the parathyroid glands resulting in excess production of parathyroid hormone (PTH)<ref>LaBagnara, James. [http://www.emedicine.com/ent/TOPIC299.HTM eMedicine&nbsp;–Hyperparathyroidism]. emedicine.com</ref> * [[Iron deficiency anemia]], a common anemia (low red blood cell or hemoglobin levels) * [[Cholestasis]], where bile acids leaking into the serum activate peripheral opioid receptors, resulting in the characteristic generalized, severe itching * [[Jaundice]], where excess bilirubin (hyperbilirubinemia) irritates nerves in the skin{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} * [[Malignancy]] or internal cancer, such as [[lymphoma]] or [[Hodgkin's disease]]<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|vauthors=Botero F|title=Pruritus as a manifestation of systemic disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cutis_1978-06_21_6/page/873|journal=Cutis|volume=21|issue=6|pages=873–880|date=June 1978|pmid=657843}}</ref> * [[Polycythemia]], which can cause generalized itching due to increased histamines * [[Psychiatric]] disease ("[[Psychogenic disease|psychogenic]] itch", as may be seen in [[delusional parasitosis]]) * [[Thyroid]] illness * [[Uraemia]]&nbsp;– the itching sensation this causes is known as [[uremic pruritus]] === Medication === * Drugs (such as [[opioids]]) that activate histamine (H1) receptors or trigger histamine release * [[Chloroquine]], a drug used in the treatment and prevention of [[malaria]] * [[Bile acid]] congeners such as obeticholic acid === Related to pregnancy === * [[Gestational pemphigoid]], a dermatosis of pregnancy * [[Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy]], a medical condition in which cholestasis occurs * [[Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy]] (PUPPP), a chronic hives-like rash === Other === * [[Menopause]], or changes in hormonal balances associated with aging * [[Terminal illness]]<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|vauthors=Siemens W, Xander C, Meerpohl JJ, Buroh S, Antes G, Schwarzer G, Becker G|display-authors=3|title=Pharmacological interventions for pruritus in adult palliative care patients|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=11|issue=11|pages=CD008320|date=November 2016|pmid=27849111|pmc=6734122|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008320.pub3}}</ref> == Kwan a yɛfa so ma no kɔ == {{Main|Antipruritic}} [[Amansan Kubatan|Aman]] ahodoɔ pii de nnuro ahodoɔ de aba sɛ ahokeka aduro. [[Nnua]] bi nso a yɛhunu nso tumi sa saa [[Yareɛ mu nhwehw3 mu|yadeɛ]] no nnua no bi nte saa. Kwan a yɛfa so ne sɛ , yɛreka aduro no hye ne ade. Nnuro no bi ye sɛ krem ne supree wɔ mmeaɛ a wɔtɔn nnuro. Nnuro a yɛtumi de nsɛm na ɛyɛ nso wɔ hɔ. Nnoɔma a edi mu akotene paa no wɔ saaa ekuo a edidi soɔ yi mu: * [[Antihistamine]]s, such as [[diphenhydramine]] (Benadryl)<ref name=":2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Andrade A, Kuah CY, Martin-Lopez JE, Chua S, Shpadaruk V, Sanclemente G, Franco JV|display-authors=3|title=Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=1|pages=CD013128|date=January 2020|pmid=31981369|pmc=6984650|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD013128.pub2|collaboration=Cochrane Skin Group}}</ref> * [[Corticosteroid]]s, such as [[hydrocortisone]] topical cream; ''see'' [[topical steroid]] * [[Counterirritant]]s, such as [[Mentha|mint oil]], [[menthol]], or [[camphor]]<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Hercogova J|title=Topical anti-itch therapy|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=18|issue=4|pages=341–343|year=2005|pmid=16297007|doi=10.1111/j.1529-8019.2005.00033.x|s2cid=31573591}}</ref> * [[Crotamiton]] (trade name Eurax) is an antipruritic agent available as a cream or lotion, often used to treat [[scabies]]. Its mechanism of action remains unknown. * [[Local anesthetic]]s, such as [[benzocaine]] topical cream (Lanacane) [[Phototherapy]] is helpful for severe itching, especially if caused by [[kidney failure]]. The common type of light used is [[UVB]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> == Beaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == 6yv4sihdzmsk79jfz10npl3dtre5i6i