Wikipedia twwiki https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratafa_Titiriw MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Soronko Nkitahode Dwumadini Dwumadini nkitahode Wikipedia Wikipedia nkitahode File File nkitahode MediaWiki MediaWiki nkitahode Nhwɛsoɔ Nhwɛsoɔ nkitahode Mmoa Mmoa nkitahode Nkyekyεmu Nkyekyεmu nkitahode TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4858 200820 190684 2026-10-20T02:55:02Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 200820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Akuapem}} {{Databox}} '''Yaa Asantewaa({{Audio|tw-Yaa Asantewaa.ogg|pronounciation of "Yaa Asantewa"}})''' (wɔwoo no [[Ahinime]] bosome da a ɛtɔ so du-nson (17), wɔ afe apem ahanwɔtwe ne aduanan [1840]). Na ɔyɛ [[Ejisu(Ghana mmarahyɛbadwafie mpasua )|Ejisuhemaa]] wɔ [[Asante Mantam|Asanteman]] mu a ɛka [[Ghana]] ho nnɛ da yi. Ne nua barima Nana [[Akwasi|Akwesi]] Afrane Okese a ɔyɛ [[Ejisu(Ghana mmarahyɛbadwafie mpasua )|Ejisuhene]] na ɔpaw no. Ɔdii [[Asante Kasa|Asantefoɔ]] ko a yɛfrɛ no sikadwa ko na yɛsan frɛ no Yaa Asantewaa ko a atia Abrɔfo a wɔdi yɛn so.<ref>[1] Appiah, Kwame Anthony, and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (eds), Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience, p. 276.</ref> == Mfe a edi kan == Wɔwoo no wɔ Besease wɔ afe apem ahanwɔtwe wɔ [[Gaana|Ghana]] atɔe fam, na wɔyɛ mmɔfra mmienu na Yaa Asantewaa yɛ ba panin. Ne nua barima Afrane Panin bɛyɛɛ [[Ejisu(Ghana mmarahyɛbadwafie mpasua )|Ejisuhene]] kuro a ɛbɛn wɔn. Yaa Asantewaa nyinii no oduaa nnɔbae wɔ asase a ɛbɛn Boankra. Ɔkɔtɔɔ aware so na ɔnyaa babea.<ref name=":0">[2] Korsah, Chantal (22 July 2016). "Yaa Asantewaa". Dangerous Women. Retrieved 20 February 2017.</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Archive copy |url=https://dangerouswomenproject.org/2016/07/22/yaa-asantewaa/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219074410/https://dangerouswomenproject.org/2016/07/22/yaa-asantewaa/ |access-date=2022-02-19 |archive-date=2022-02-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Owuu wɔ mfe apem ahankron ne aduonu baako (1921). Na ɔyɛ okuanni ne ɔbatan mapa. Ɔyɛ obi a n'adwene mu dɔ, amanyɔnni, banbɔnni, ɔhemmea,ne odikanfo. Yaa Asantewaa bɛgye din ɛnam sɛ odii [[Asante Mantam|Ashanteman]] anim ko tiaa Britishfoɔ bere a na wɔpɛ sɛ wɔgye [[Asante Mantam|Ashanteman]] Sika Dwa Kɔkɔɔ.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Archive copy |url=http://nanayaaasantewaa.de/who-is-nana-yaa-asantewaa/ |access-date=2022-02-03 |archive-date=2022-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411021631/http://nanayaaasantewaa.de/who-is-nana-yaa-asantewaa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=Archive copy |url=http://nanayaaasantewaa.de/who-is-nana-yaa-asantewaa/ |access-date=2022-02-03 |archive-date=2022-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411021631/http://nanayaaasantewaa.de/who-is-nana-yaa-asantewaa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Atuateɛ Mfitiaseɛ == Berɛ a ne nua no di hene no, [[Yaa]] Asantewaa hunuu sɛ [[Asante Mantam|Asanteman]] nni daakye biara ɛnam nnoɔma bi ɛrekɔso a ɔmo ankasa ho ntɔkwa di mu akotene firi afe apem ahannwɔtwe aduowɔtwe mmi3nsa(1883) de kɔsi aduowɔtwe nwɔtwe(1888) so <ref name=":1" /> . Berɛ a ne nua no wuii wɔ afe apem ɔhanwɔtwe adukron nan so no ɔde ne tumi sɛ ɔhemaa paw ne nana sɛ <ref name=":2" />[[Ejisu(Ghana mmarahyɛbadwafie mpasua )|Ejisuhene]]. Berɛ a abrɔfo no de no ne [[Asante Kasa|Asantehene]] [[Prempeh Kɔlegye|Prempeh]] a ɔdi kan ne [[Asante Mantam|Asanteman]] mu mpanimfoɔ kɔtoo Sychelles no [[Yaa]] Asantewaa bɛdii mu wɔ [[Ejisu(Ghana mmarahyɛbadwafie mpasua )|Ejisu]]-[[Juaben (Ghana parliament constituency )|Juaben]] mansini mu. Wɔbɔɔ [[Prempeh Kɔlegye|Prempeh]] a ɔdi kan no baeɛ no, buroni a ɔdi ɔman [[Sika Mpoano|Gold Coast]] so no Frederick Hodgson kaa sɛ ɔhia sika dwa no [[Asante Mantam|Asanteman]] ahyɛnso.<ref name=":0" /> Saa adesrɛdeɛ yi maa [[Asante Mantam|Asanteman]] mu mpanimfoɔ waka no kɔhyia sieɛ dwenee ɔkwan a wɔbɛfa so abɔ wɔn hene ho ban berɛ a ɔreba no. Na nteaseɛ nni wɔn a wahyia ntam fa ɔkwan a wɔbɛfa so. [[Yaa]] Asantewaa a saa berɛ no na ɔwɔ hɔ sɔree de nsɛm wei too mpanimfoɔ a wahyia hɔ no ; Afei mahu sɛ mo mu binom suro sɛ wɔbɛkɔ wɔn anim ako ama yɛn hene. Sɛ ɛyɛ Osei Tutu, Okomfo Anokye ne Opuku Ware I akokoduru nna no a, anka atitire rentra ase nhwɛ sɛ wɔnfa wɔn hene a wɔnto tuo. Anka Oboroni biara ntumi nnya akokoduru ne Asante hene no nkasa wɔ ɔkwan a gɔvena no kasa kyerɛɛ mpaninfoɔ atitire anɔpa yi no so. Enti ɛyɛ nokware sɛ Asante akokoduru nni hɔ bio? Minnye nni. Ɛrentumi nyɛ saa! Ɛsɛ sɛ meka wei sɛ: Sɛ mo, Asante mmarima no, moankɔ ɔkoo no anim a, ɛnneɛ yɛbɛkɔ. Mɛfrɛ me mfɛfoɔ mmaa. Yɛbɛko atia aborɔfo no. Yɛbɛko akosi sɛ yɛn mu nea otwa toɔ no bɛhwe ase wɔ ɔko no mu.<ref>{{Citation |last=Agnes A. Aidoo |title=Order and Conflict in the Asante Empire: A Study in Interest Group Relations |date=1977-04 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/523860 |work=African Studies Review |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.2307/523860 |issn=0002-0206 |access-date=2024-09-25}}</ref> Nansa yi mahunu sɛ mo mu bi suro sɛ wɔbɛgyina ako agye wɔn hene. Sɛ nka ɛyɛ Ɔsei Tutu, ɔkɔmfo Anɔkye ne Opoku Ware mo akokuoduru pɛn so a nka ahemfo ntena hɔ nhwɛ sɛ yɛbɛfa wɔn hene a atuo biara nto. Nka buroni biara nni hɔ a ɔbɛtumi akasa sɛdeɛ ɔman panin kasa kyerɛɛ ahemfo anɔpa yi. Nti ɛyɛ ampa sɛ [[Asante Kasa|Asante]] akukuoduru no nni hɔ bio? ɛwɔ sɛ meka wei ; sɛ mo mmarima a mo wɔ [[Asante Kasa|Asante]] anni kan a ɛnneɛ yɛbɛdi kan. Mɛfrɛ me fɛfoɔ mmaa, yɛbɛko akɔ si sɛ yɛbɛku deɛ ɔbɛka wɔ ɔkono. [[Asante Mantam|Asante mantam]] ahemfo bebree yii [[Yaa]] Asantewaa sɛ ɔnni [[Asante Kasa|Asante]] akofoɔ anim. == Atuatew no ne nea efii mu bae == Efi March 1900 no, atuatewfo no twaa Britania abankɛse a ɛwɔ Kumasi, faako a na wɔakɔhwehwɛ guankɔbea no. Abantenten no da so ara gyina hɔ nnɛ sɛ Kumasi Abankɛse ne Asraafo Tete Nneɛma Akorae. Asram pii akyi no, awiei koraa no, Gold Coast amrado no somaa asraafo dɔm a wɔn dodow yɛ 1,400 sɛ wɔnkɔsiw atuatew no ano. Wɔ ɔko no mu no, Ɔhemmaa Yaa Asantewaa ne n’afotufo a wɔbɛn no paa dunum—Nana Akwasi Afrane Okpase, Nana Kwaku Duah, Nana Yaw Akoto, Nana Abena Nkyinkyim, Nana Osei Tutu II, Nana Adjei Kwaku, Nana Afia Kobi Serwaa Ampem, Nana Kofi Kumi, Nana Kwabena Nkyinkyim, Nana Wɔkyeree Okwan Nkyinkyim, Nana Agyeman Badu, Nana Ntiamoah, Nana Ababio, Nana Afia Nkyinkyim, ne Nana Osei Bonsu—de wɔn kɔɔ nnommumfa mu kɔɔ Seychelles, ɛwom mpo sɛ wɔankyerɛkyerɛ n’afotufo no din pɔtee mu kɛse wɔ nhoma ahorow a ɛwɔ hɔ no mu de<ref>{{Citation |title=Yaa Asantewaa |date=2025-04-27 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yaa_Asantewaa&oldid=1287705258 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref>. Ná atuatew no gyina hɔ ma ɔko a etwa to wɔ Anglo-Asante akodi ahorow a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 mu no mu. Wɔ saa akasakasa yi mu no, Ashanti akofo bɛboro 2,000 hweree wɔn nkwa bere a wokunkum Britania asraafo bɛyɛ 1,000 nso. Eyi ne nnipa dodow a wowuwui sen biara wɔ Anglo-Asante akodi no mu na ɛkɔɔ so asram 6. Wɔ 1 Ɔbɛnem 1902 mu no, awiei koraa no, Britaniafo faa asasesin a na Asante Ahemman no adi so bɛyɛ mfe ɔha no, na ɛdanee Asantefo no bɛyɛɛ Britania abotiri no ahobammɔbea<ref>{{Citation |last=A. Adu Boahen |title=Yaa Asantewaa and the Asante-British War of 1900-1 |date=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4ALSvMlbzUC |publisher=Sub-Saharan Publishers |language=en |isbn=978-0-85255-443-2 |access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref>. [[:en:Frederick_Mitchell_Hodgson|Fredrick Mitchell Hodgson]] hwehwɛɛ sɛ Ashanti ahemman no de wɔn tete "sika kɔkɔɔ asɛnka agua" no bɔ afɔre bere a wɔde wɔn ho mae no. Sikakɔkɔɔ asɛnka agua no ayɛ Ashanti man no kra ho sɛnkyerɛnne a wobu no fi afeha a ɛto so 17 mu. Nsuo no tenten yɛ nsateakwaa 18 na ne tɛtrɛtɛ yɛ nsateakwaa 12. Ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔtra so da na mmom wɔde si Ashanti hene no ahengua nkyɛn. Ɛmfa ho sɛ Britaniafo dii Ashanti asraafo no so nkonim no, wɔandan sika kɔkɔɔ asɛnka agua no da. Wɔde sika kɔkɔɔ atoro atoro bi kɔmaa Britania amrado bere a na ɔman no ahofadi ho sɛnkyerɛnne, tete sika kɔkɔɔ asɛnka agua no sie dwoodwoo no. Wɔ 1920 mu no, Afrikafo a wɔyɛ keteke kwan kuw bi huu sikakɔkɔɔ asɛnka agua a ahintaw no na wɔsɛee no. Ashantifoɔ no buu wɔn atɛn na wɔbuu wɔn kumfɔ. Britania atumfoɔ no tuu nsɛmmɔnedifo no fii Golden Coast atubraman no mu ansa na wɔrekum wɔn. Britania atubrafo penee so sɛ wɔremfa wɔn ho nhyɛ Sikakɔkɔɔ asɛnka agua no mu bere a wohuu nea ade no kyerɛ no. Wɔda so ara de Sikakɔkɔɔ Nsuo di dwuma nnɛ de hyɛ [[:en:Asantehene|Asantehene]] (Ashanti sodifoɔ) ase na wɔhyɛ no abotiri<ref>{{Citation |title=July 17, 1900: Kumasi surrenders to British forces under Sir Frederick Hodgson |date=2017-07-17 |url=https://www.eaumf.org/ejm-blog/jul-17-golden-stool |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref>. Nana Yaa Asantewaa wui wɔ nnommumfa mu wɔ Seychelles wɔ 17 October 1921. Ne wu akyi mfe abiɛsa, wɔ 17 December 1924 no, wɔmaa Ɔhene Prempeh I ne Asante ahemfie a na wɔakɔ nnommumfa mu no mufo afoforo a wɔaka no kwan ma wɔsan kɔɔ Asante. Ɔhene Prempeh I hwɛ hui sɛ wɔbɛsan de Nana Asantewaa ne Ashantifo afoforo a wɔakɔ nnommumfa mu no amu aba ma wɔasie wɔn wɔ adehye mu yiye<ref>{{Citation |last=Prempeh I. (King of Ashanti), A. Adu Boahen |title=The History of Ashanti Kings and the Whole Country Itself and Other Writings |date=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NA5a78btyKMC&pg=PA25 |publisher=British Academy |language=en |isbn=978-0-19-726261-0 |access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref>. == Baabi a menyaa mmoa fii == <references /> qwiiy0qnzdd62i71ir4ylo2z2hhjeet 0 11398 200816 184712 2026-10-20T01:30:01Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 200816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Akuapem}} '''Kunlé Adeyemi'''  (wɔwoo no 7 [[Oforisuo]] 1976) yɛ adansi mu nimdefo a ofi [[Nigeria]]. Adeyemi na ɔde adwumakuw NLÉ sii hɔ. NLÉ yɛ adansi adwuma a ɛwɔ [[Amsterdam]], wɔ [[Netherlands]]. == Ne mmofraberem ne sukuukɔ == Wɔwoo Adeyemi 7 [[Oforisuo]] 1976 wɔ Kaduna, kurow a ɛwɔ Nigeria atifi fam.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/22/climate/architecture-environment-Kunle-Adeyemi.html</ref> Osuaa adansi ho nimdeɛ wɔ University of Lagos in Lagos, Nigeria.<ref name=":0">https://www.holcimfoundation.org/Experts/kunle-adeyemi</ref> == N'adwuma == Adeyemi yɛɛ adwuma wɔ Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA).<ref name=":0" /> Bere a ɔwɔ OMA no, ɔne Rem Koolhaas, nea ɔda adwuma no ano no boom no yɛɛ adwuma. Wɔboom yɛɛ adwuma wɔ adansi nnwuma ahorow wɔ Europe, Asia, [[Abibrem|Africa]] ne Middle East.<ref name=":0" /> Akyiri no ɔde n'ankasa adansi ho nimdeɛ adwuma sii hɔ. Ɔfrɛɛ n'adwuma no NLÉ wɔ [[Amsterdam]], wɔ [[Netherlands]].<ref>https://thearchitectsworkshop.com/kunle-adeyemi/</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Archive copy |url=https://aap.cornell.edu/news-events/kunl-adeyemi-african-water-cities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528003056/https://aap.cornell.edu/news-events/kunl-adeyemi-african-water-cities |access-date=2022-03-19 |archive-date=2022-05-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ade foforo a w'ayɛ == Adeyemi yɛ obi a wonim no sɛ ɔhyehyɛe na osii Makoko floating school.<ref>https://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/13/world/o2w-profile-kunle-adeyemi/index.html</ref> Ɔde kurom hɔ nneɛma na esii dan no.<ref name=":1">https://www.designindaba.com/videos/interviews/kunl%C3%A9-adeyemi-we-are-living-interesting-times-africa</ref> Adeyemi de nadwene si nkurow a ɛrekɔ n'anim wɔ wiase. Afe 2013 mu no, Adeyemi kasa faa African Water Cities Project, titiriw no Makoko Floating School ne sɛnea ohu adansi wɔ Africa daakye.<ref name=":1" /> Adeyemi san kyerɛ adansi wɔ sukuupɔn ahorow. Ɛhɔ no ɔkasa fa adansi a wobesisi wɔ Africa ha a ɛbɛboa yɛn daakye. Ɔsan kaa LafargeHolcim Awards jury ma Middle East Africa. == Beae a minyaa mmoa firii == <references /> [[Nkyekyεmu:Ateasefoɔ]] ohnbtzbchp60e2lmzvu6x24hjq13sxf 0 15734 200815 184516 2026-10-19T23:58:00Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 200815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Kɔmputa so dwumadie a wɔde hyehyɛ, hwehwɛ mu, na wɔkora nsɛm so wɔ hyehyɛpon kwan so}} '''Akontaabu krataa''' ('''Spreadsheet)''' yɛ kɔmputa so dwumadie a wɔde yɛ akontabuo, nhyehyɛeɛ, nhwehwɛmu ne [[nsɛm]] a wɔkora so wɔ tabular kwan so.<ref>{{Citation |title=Definition of SPREADSHEET |date=2023-07-17 |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/spreadsheet |language=en |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=What are spreadsheets and how do they work? |url=https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/spreadsheet |language=en |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Spreadsheet {{!}} Definition, Uses, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/spreadsheet |language=en |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> [[File:LibreOffice 7.2.4.1 Calc with csv screenshot.png|thumb|300px|Nhwɛsoɔ a ɛfa akontaabu krataa a ɛkura nsɛm a ɛfa nnwom a wɔde tie asɛm kuo bi ho.]]Wɔyɛɛ Akontaabu krataa sɛ kɔmputa so nsɛso a ɛfa krataa so akontaabu adwuma krataa ho.<ref name=":0" /> Dwumadi no de nsɛm a wɔde ahyɛ pon bi nkrataa mu na ɛyɛ adwuma. Krataa biara betumi akura akontaahyɛde anaa nkyerɛwee nsɛm, anaasɛ nea efi fomula ahorow a egyina nkrataa afoforo mu nsɛm so bu akontaa na ɛda mmuae bi adi no mu aba. Asɛmfua ''spreadsheet'' nso betumi akyerɛ ɛlɛtrɔnik krataa a ɛte saa no biako.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=What is a Spreadsheet? |url=https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/spreadsheet.htm |language=en |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Spreadsheet Definition & Meaning |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/spreadsheet |language=en |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Vangie Beal |title=What is Spreadsheet? |date=1996-09-01 |url=https://www.webopedia.com/definitions/spreadsheet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> Wɔn a wɔde Akontaabu krataa di dwuma bɛtumi asiesie boɔ biara a wɔde asie na wɔahwɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ a ɛwɔ boɔ a wɔabu ho akontaa so. Wei ma akontaabu krataa no ho ba mfasoɔ ma "dɛn-sɛ" nhwehwɛmu ɛfiri sɛ wɔbɛtumi ahwehwɛ nsɛm pii mu ntɛmntɛm a wɔmfa nsa nbu akontaa bio. Nnɛyi akontaabu krataa sɔɔftewɛ betumi anya nkrataa pii a ɛne wɔn ho wɔn ho di nkitaho na ebetumi ada nsɛm adi sɛ nkyerɛwee ne akontaahyɛde anaasɛ mfonini kwan so.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=SpreadsheetCollege Team |title=What Is A Spreadsheet Used For? (Everything You Need To Know) |date=2022-12-15 |url=https://spreadsheetcollege.com/what-is-a-spreadsheet-used-for/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-07-27 |archive-date=2023-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727121228/https://spreadsheetcollege.com/what-is-a-spreadsheet-used-for/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sɛ akontaabu ne akontaabu mu dwumadi atitiriw a wɔyɛ da nkyɛn a, nnɛyi akontaabu krataa ma dwumadi ahorow a wɔayɛ ama sikasɛm akontaabu ne akontaabu dwumadi ahorow a wɔtaa yɛ.<ref name=":1" /> Wobetumi de akontabuo te sɛ mprempren bo a ɛsom ankasa anaa ɔmanekwan a edimu adi dwuma wɔ tabular nsɛm a ɛwɔ dwumadie a wɔadi kan ayɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ wɔ formula mu. Akontaabu nkrataa nhyehyɛe ahorow nso ma nsɛm a ɛwɔ tebea mu, dwumadi ahorow a wɔde dannan nsɛm ne nɔma ntam, ne dwumadi ahorow a ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ nkyerɛwee [[String (kɔmputa ho nyansahu) .|nhama]] so. Akontaabu krataa asi nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde krataa yɛ ananmu wɔ aguadi wiase nyinaa mu. Ɛwom sɛ wodii kan yɛɛ no maa akontaabu anaa [[Nwoma sohwɛ|nhomakorabea]] nnwuma de, nanso mprempren wɔde di dwuma kɛse wɔ tebea biara a wɔkyekye, hyehyɛ, na wɔkyɛ nsɛm a wɔahyehyɛ wɔ pon so no mu.<ref name=":1" /> == Mfitiasesɛm == [[File:Python demo - spreadsheet.png|thumb]] LANPAR, a na ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ afe 1969 mu, ne ɛlɛtrɔnik Akontaabu krataa a edi kan wɔ wiase ne kɔmputa a wɔde kyɛ bere. Na LANPAR yɛ asɛmfua a wɔatwa no tiaa a ɛkyerɛ: ''LANguage ma Programming Arrays at Random.''<ref>{{Citation |last=Hannah B. Higgins |title=The Grid Book |date=2009-01-23 |url=https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=ms--K3jipt4C&q=LANPAR&pg=PT149&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=LANPAR&f=false |publisher=MIT Press |language=en |isbn=978-0-262-51240-4 |access-date=2023-08-22}}</ref> VisiCalc (1979) ne ɛlɛtrɔnik Akontaabu krataa a edi kan wɔ kɔmputa ketewa so, na ɛboa ma wɔdanee Apple II kɔmputa no yɛɛ no ​​ankorankoro kɔmputa a agye din na wɔde di dwuma kɛse paa. Lotus 1-2-3 na ɛyɛ Akontaabu krataa a ɛdi kan bere a na nnipa pii de DOS di dwuma titire no.<ref>{{Citation |title=THE EXECUTIVE COMPUTER; Lotus 1-2-3 Faces Up to the Upstarts (Published 1988) |date=1988-03-13 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/13/business/the-executive-computer-lotus-1-2-3-faces-up-to-the-upstarts.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |language=en |access-date=2023-08-22}}</ref> Mprempren Microsoft Akontaabu krataa na ɛwɔ gua so kyɛfa kɛse wɔ Windows ne Macintosh platfɔm ahorow no so.<ref name="knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu">{{Citation |title=Rivals Set Their Sights on Microsoft Office: Can They Topple the Giant? |url=https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/podcast/knowledge-at-wharton-podcast/rivals-set-their-sights-on-microsoft-office-can-they-topple-the-giant/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-08-23}}</ref><ref name="knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu"/><ref>{{Citation |title=A |url=https://personal.utdallas.edu/~liebowit/book/wordprocessor/word.html |access-date=2023-08-23}}</ref> Akontaabu krataa nhyehyɛe yɛ ade a ɛyɛ edi akoten wɔ ɔfese adwumayɛ nhyehyɛe mu. Wɔ afe 2006 mu no Google de spreadsheet wɛb aplikeshɔn a ɛyɛ papa a wɔayi no adi, mprempren wɔfrɛ eyi Google Sheets ne aplikeshɔn a wɔde ama wɔ Google Drive mu no mu biako.<ref>{{Citation |last=Michael Arrington |title=Google "Docs & Spreadsheets" Launches |date=2006-10-11 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2006/10/10/google-docs-spreadsheets-launches/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-08-23}}</ref> Akontaabu krataa yɛ sɛlls a wɔahyehyɛ atoatoa so ne wrɔo a wɔde X ne Y asensode no na ɛkyerɛ. X mmeae, nkyerɛwde ahorow no, wɔtaa de nkyerɛwde, "A," "B," "C," ne nea ɛkeka ho na egyina hɔ ma, bere a wɔtaa de nɔma, 1, 2, 3, ne nea ɛkeka ho gyina hɔ ma nkyerɛwde ahorow no. Wobetumi akyerɛ sell biako denam ne row ne column, "C10" a wɔbɛkyerɛw so. Saa ɛlɛtrɔnik adwene a ɛfa sɛll nkyerɛkyerɛmu ho yi na wɔdii kan de baeɛ wɔ LANPAR (Language for Programming Arrays at Random) (Rene Pardo ne Remy Landau na wɔboom yɛɛ) ne ɔkwan foforɔ a wɔde di dwuma wɔ VisiCalc mu na wɔfrɛ no "A1 notation" no. Bio nso, Akontaabu krataa wɔ adwene a ɛne sɛ range, sɛlls kuw bi, a mpɛn pii no ɛne wɔn ho wɔn ho di nsɛ. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, obi bɛtumi akyerɛ sɛll du a ɛdi kan wɔ kɔlɔm a ɛdi kan no mu sɛ "A1:A10". LANPAR yɛɛ nhyehyɛe a wɔde gyina hɔ ma anim akontabuo foforɔ a nsan mpue kɔsii sɛ Lotus 123 ne Microsoft MultiPlan po 2 no bae. Wɔ nnɛyi Akontaabu applɛkahyens mu no, wɔboaboa Akontaabu krataa pii a wɔtaa frɛ no adwuma krataa anaasɛ krataa kɛkɛ ano de yɛ adwuma nhoma. Wɔde fael a nwoma no, nkratafa no, ne sɛlls a ɛwɔ nkrataa no ho nsɛm nyinaa na ɛgyina hɔ ma adwuma nwoma. Mpɛn pii no, wɔde tab ahorow a ɛdannan nkratafa ntam na egyina hɔ ma adwuma nkrataa, a emu biara kura nkrataa no mu biako, ɛwom sɛ nɔma sesa saa nhwɛso yi kɛse de. Sɛlls a ɛwɔ nwoma a ɛwɔ nkratafa pii mu de krataa din no ka wɔn nkyerɛkyerɛmu ho, sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, "Krataa 1!C10". Nhyehyɛe ahorow bi trɛw saa kasamufa yi mu ma ɛma kwan ma sɛlls mu nsɛm a wɔde gyina hɔ ma kɔ adwuma nhoma ahorow so. == Nneɛma a wɔde Akontaabu Krataa Yɛ == # Nsɛm a Wɔde Hyehyɛ ne Nea Wɔkora So # Nsɛmmisa Nhoma a Wɔbɛbɔ # Akontaabu ne Nkontaabu # Nhyehyɛe a Wɔyɛ # Adwumayɛ ne Adwumayɛ ho Nnwuma # Nsɛm Nhwehwɛmu # Nnwuma a Wɔyɛ wɔ Aguadi Ho # Amanneɛbɔ ne Mfonini ahorow # Akatua ho nhyehyɛe<ref>{{Citation |last=Chantal Bechervaise |title=9 Common Uses of a Business Excel Spreadsheet |date=2020-05-07 |url=https://takeitpersonelly.com/2020/05/07/9-common-uses-of-a-business-excel-spreadsheet/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref> == Akontaabu krataa ahorow a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm == === Akontaabu krataa a agye din sen biara<ref name=":2" /> === * Microsoft Excel * Numbers * Google Sheets * OpenOffice * LibreOffice * Quip * SmartSheet * Lotus Symphony === Krataa so nsɛm a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm === Nnipa ahyehyɛ nsɛm ayɛ no [[Table (nsɛm) .|pon]], kyerɛ sɛ, nsusukwan a wɔde adum ne toatoa so, fi tete. Babilonfo de dɔte abopon na ɛkoraa nsɛm so wɔ 1800 A.Y.B.<ref>{{Citation |title=Plimpton 322 |url=https://personal.math.ubc.ca/~cass/courses/m446-03/pl322/pl322.html |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> Yebetumi ahu nhwɛso afoforo wɔ nhomakorabea nhoma akɛse ne nsoromma mu hwɛ ho kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow mu.<ref>{{Citation |title='Georgii Vallae Placentini viri clariss. De expetendis, et fugiendis rebus opus. 1' - Viewer {{!}} MDZ |url=https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10148187?page=452,453 |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> Anyɛ yiye koraa no, efi 1906, wɔ akontaabu mu no, wɔadi ho adanse sɛ asɛmfua "spread sheet" kyerɛ adum ne nkyerɛwde a wɔahyehyɛ wɔ nhoma(ledger) mu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Transactions of the American Hospital Association. Eighth Annual Conference.|date=1906|page=[https://archive.org/details/proceedingsannua08ameruoft/page/148 148]|url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsannua08ameruoft/page/148|quote=[...] the expenditures of these institutions are carefully audited by an accounting staff at the Department. A spread sheet showing every item of expenditure is prepared each month so that the superintendent is kept posted, not only on the amounts expended, but is able to see at a glance what the same items are costing in similar institutions in the Province.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=N.A.C.A. Bulletin 1933-01-15: Vol 14 Iss 10|date=1933|publisher=Institute of Management Accountants|page=[https://archive.org/details/sim_strategic-finance_1933-01-15_14_10/page/762 762]|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_strategic-finance_1933-01-15_14_10/page/762|language=English|quote=We maintain, in our general ledger, a so-called Spread Sheet which is a long sheet with the name of each individual plant in a particular column.}}</ref> Asɛmfua "spreadsheet" no fi "spread" mu wɔ ne ntease a ɛne atesɛm krataa anaa nsɛmma nhoma mu ade (nkyerɛwee anaa mfonini) a ɛkata nkratafa abien a ɛhwɛ anim, a ɛtrɛw fa mfinimfini kwan no so na ɛfa nkratafa abien no sɛ kratafa kɛse biako.<ref>{{Citation |title=What is the origin of the term "spreadsheet"? |url=https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-origin-of-the-term-spreadsheet |language=en |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Holly Meikle |title=The history of spreadsheets |date=2021-09-02 |url=https://blog.sheetgo.com/spreadsheets-tips/history-of-spreadsheets/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> Asɛmfua a wɔabom ayɛ ‘spread-sheet’ no bɛkyerɛɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so de nhomakorabea nhomakorabea ahorow kyerɛ—a wɔde nkyerɛwde a ɛkyerɛ sika a wɔsɛe no akuw ahorow wɔ soro, sika a wɔde tua ho ka a wɔakyerɛw wɔ benkum so, ne sika biara a wotua wɔ cell a ne row ne column no twam no mu—a, sɛnea wɔtaa yɛ no, na ɛyɛ "trɛw" wɔ ledger a wɔakyekyere (nhoma a wɔde sie akontaabu kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow) nkratafa a ɛhwɛ anim so nkrataa a ne kɛse yɛ (a wɔfrɛ no ‘nhwehwɛmu krataa’) a wɔde dii tumi yɛɛ no toatoa so ne adum wɔ saa nhyehyɛe no mu na ne tɛtrɛtɛ bɛyɛ sɛ krataa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no mmɔho abien.<ref>{{Citation |title=What Does the Term “Spread” Refer to in Book Design and Layout? |date=2018-07-10 |url=https://www.juliekaren.com/blog/2018/7/10/what-does-the-term-spread-refer-to |language=en-US |access-date=2023-07-27 |archive-date=2023-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727124850/https://www.juliekaren.com/blog/2018/7/10/what-does-the-term-spread-refer-to |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Q&A: What is a book spread and why does it matter? » BOOK THIS PROJECT. |url=https://www.bookthisproject.com/2014/02/qa-what-is-a-book-spread-and-why-does-it-matter/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727124851/https://www.bookthisproject.com/2014/02/qa-what-is-a-book-spread-and-why-does-it-matter/ |archive-date=2023-07-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Ɛlektrɔnik mfiri a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm === ==== Microsoft Excel a wɔde yɛ adwuma wɔ Apple Macintosh ne Windows so ==== [[Microsoft na ɛwɔ hɔ|Microsoft]] yii [[Microsoft Excel na ɛyɛ adwuma|Excel]] a edi kan maa [[Mac (kɔmputa) .|Apple Macintosh]] adi wɔ Ɔbɔ bosome de da ɔtɔ so 30, 1985, na afei wɔde kɔɔ Windows,<ref name=":3">{{Citation |title=Brief History of Spreadsheets, v. 3.6 |url=http://dssresources.com/history/sshistory.html |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> na wɔde nɔma maa nea edi kan no 2.05 (sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛne Macintosh nkyerɛase 2.2 bɛyɛ pɛ) na woyii no adi wɔ Obubuo bosome, 1987 mu. Microsoft Windows 3.x platfɔms a ɛwɔ 1990 mfeɛ no mfitiaseɛ no maa ɛyɛɛ yie sɛ wɔn Excel akontaabu krataa application no bɛgye gua so kyɛfa afiri Lotus hɔ.<ref name=":3" /> Eduu bere a Lotus de Windows nneɛma a wotumi de di dwuma yɛɛ ho biribi no, na Microsoft afi ase reboaboa wɔn [[Microsoft Office na ɛyɛ adwuma|Office]] suite no ano. Eduu afe 1995 no, na Excel yɛ gua so kannifoɔ, na ɛdii Lotus 1-2-3 so nkonim, na wɔ afe 2013 mu no, IBM gyaee Lotus 1-2-3 koraa. === Nkrataa afoforo a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm === Mprempren spreadsheet softwea a ɛda nsow: * Apache OpenOffice Calc yɛ nea wɔde ma kwa na wɔabue ano. * Calligra Nkratafa (kan no na wɔfrɛ no KCalc). * Collabora Online Calc app a wɛayɛ ama fon ne dɛsktɔp no yɛ LibreOffice nkyerɛase ahorow a wontua hwee, a wɔabue ano, a wɔasiesie ama adwumayɛbea ahorow. * Corel Quattro Pro (Adwumayɛbea a Ɛyɛ Ɔpɛpɔn). * Gnumeric yɛ ma wontua na krɔss-platfɔm, ɛyɛ GNOME Desktop Software Dwumadi a Wɔde Ma kwa no fa. * Kingsoft Nkrataa a Wɔde Di Dwuma * LibreOffice Calc yɛ ma wontua, wabue mu ne krɔs platfɔm. * NeoOffice a ɛwɔ hɔ * Numbers yɛ Apple Inc. ’s spreadsheet software, a ɛyɛ [[IAdwuma|iWork]] fa. * Nhyehyɛeyɛfo (SoftMaker Office). * Pyspread a ɛwɔ hɔ Spreadsheet softwea a wɔagyae: * 20/20 na ɛwɔ hɔ * 3D-Calc ma Atari ST kɔmputa ahorow * Nhyehyɛe a Forefront Corporation / Ashton-Tate (1983–84) yɛe * GNU Oleo na ɛwɔ hɔ&nbsp;– Atetesɛm terminal mode spreadsheet ma UNIX/UNIX-te sɛ nhyehyɛe * IBM Lotus Nnwom a Wɔde Di Dwuma (2007). * Javelin Software a Wɔde Di Dwuma * KCells na ɛwɔ hɔ * Lucid 3-D a wɔde yɛ adwuma * Lotus Improv * Lotus Jazz a wɔde yɛ Macintosh * Lotus Nnwom (1984) . * MultiPlan a Wɔde Di Dwuma * Claris Gyinaesi (Macintosh). * Nsiesiei a Ɛdi Kan * Borland a ɔyɛ Quattro Pro no * SC IM (kan no na wɔfrɛ no SC - Spreadsheet Calculator). * SIAG na ɛyɛ * SuperCalc a ɛwɔ hɔ * T/Ɔyɛfo * Botae Nhyehyɛe Calc ma CP/M ne TRS-DOS * Trapeze a wɔde yɛ Macintosh * Wingz ma Macintosh == Asɛmpɔ == Nsusuwii atitiriw no ne nea ɛfa sɛlls a wɔayɛ no grid no ho, a wɔfrɛ no krataa, a ɛwɔ nsɛm a wɔnhyehyeɛ, a wɔfrɛ no gyinapɛn ahorow, anaasɛ fɔmulas wɔ sɛlls no mu. Nsusuwii ahorow ka sɛnea wɔde mfiri bu nsusuwii foforo fi gyinapɛn ahorow a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw mu.<ref>{{Citation |title=What Do the Symbols (&,$,{, etc.) Mean in Formulas? – Excel & Google Sheets |url=https://www.automateexcel.com/how-to/signs-symbols-mean-in-formulas/ |language=en |access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref> Nneɛma a ɛsom bo yɛ akontaahyɛde a ɛwɔ hɔ nyinaa, nanso ebetumi nso ayɛ nkyerɛwee kronkron, nna, asram, ne nea ɛkeka ho.<ref>{{Citation |title=Convert date to text in Excel - TEXT function and no-formula ways |date=2023-03-22 |url=https://www.ablebits.com/office-addins-blog/convert-date-text-excel/ |language=en-US |access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=How to Format Numbers, Dates, and Times in Excel With the TEXT Function |date=2023-07-25 |url=https://www.makeuseof.com/format-numbers-dates-in-excel/ |language=en |access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref> Saa nsusuwii ahorow yi ntrɛwmu bi ne Akontaabu krataa a ntease wom. Wɔtaa de nnwinnade ahorow a wɔde yɛ nkratafa ho nhyehyɛe, de yɛ data ho mfonini, de nkratafa di nkitaho wɔ akyirikyiri, kyerɛ nkwammoaa a egyina so, ne nea ɛkeka ho ma.<ref>{{Citation |title=Spreadsheet - CodeDocs |url=https://codedocs.org/what-is/spreadsheet |language=en |access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref> === Sɛlls === Wobetumi asusuw "sɛll" ho sɛ adaka a wɔde sie data. Wɔtaa de ne kɔlɔm ne ne worɔo(row) na ɛkyerɛ sɛll biako (C2 begyina hɔ ama cell a ɛwɔ nɔma 30 wɔ nhwɛso pon a ɛwɔ ase ha no mu). Mpɛn pii no, wɔde decimal nkyerɛwde a efi ase fi 1 na ɛkyerɛ worɔo(row) ahorow, a egyina hɔ ma nsakrae ahorow a egyina so no, bere a nkyerɛwde a egyina hɔ ma nsakrae ahorow a ɛde ne ho no de 26-adic ''bijective numeration'' di dwuma de nkyerɛwde A-Z di dwuma sɛ akontaahyɛde. Mpɛn pii no wobetumi ayɛ ne honam fam kɛse ma ɛne emu nsɛm no ahyia denam ne sorokɔ anaa ne tɛtrɛtɛ a wɔbɛtwe wɔ adaka no ntam (anaasɛ ama kɔlɔm anaa nkyerɛwde mũ nyinaa denam kɔlɔm- anaa row-ti ahorow a wɔbɛtwe so). {| border="1" class="wikitable" |+ My Spreadsheet ! !! A !! B !! C !! D |- !01 | Adetɔn || 100000 || 30000 || 70000 |- !02 | Nneɛma a Wɔtɔ || 25490 || 30 || 200 |} Wɔfrɛ sɛlls a wɔahyehyɛ no krataa anaa adwuma krataa. Ɛte sɛ nneɛma a ɛsakra ahorow a wɔahyehyɛ wɔ kɔmputa so dwumadi a wɔtaa de di dwuma mu (ɛwom sɛ wobetumi abu gyinapɛn ahorow bi a ɛnsakra, bere a wɔde ahyɛ mu pɛ no, denam nsɛdi koro no ara so, sɛ ɛyɛ nea ɛkɔ so daa ho de). Wɔ dwumadie dodoɔ no ara mu no, ebia adwuma krataa pii wɔ akontaabu krataa baako mu. Adwuma krataa yɛ akontaabu krataa no fa ketewaa bi kɛkɛ a wɔakyekyɛ mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a emu bɛda hɔ. Wɔ dwumadie mu no, akontaabu krataa no de neho wɔ adwuma ɔyɛ nyinaa mu na sɛlls nyinaa yɛ adwuma sɛ wiase nyinaa nsakraeɛ ''(global variables)'' wɔ akontaabu krataa no mu (nsakraeɛ biara wɔ ‘akenkan’ kwan nko ara gye ne sɛll a ɛwɔ mu). Ebia cell bi bɛwɔ boɔ anaa fɔmula bi, anaasɛ wobetumi agyaw no kwa kɛkɛ. Sɛnea wɔtaa yɛ no, mpɛn pii no, = sɛnkyerɛnne no na efi nsusuwii ahorow no ase. === Nneɛma a wɔde hyɛm (Values) === Wobetumi afi kɔmputa no keyboard no so abɔ nneɛma bi denam nkyerɛwde a wobɛkyerɛw akɔ sɛll no ankasa mu tẽẽ no so. Anaa sɛ, wobetumi agyina fɛmula bi so (hwɛ aseɛ ha), a ɛbɛtumi ayɛ akontabuo, akyerɛ da anaa berɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ mprempren, anaasɛ ɛbɛgye abɔnten nsɛm te sɛ stock quote anaa database boɔ.<blockquote> ==== Spreadsheet Botae Mmara no ==== Kɔmputa ho nyansahufo Alan Kay<ref>{{Citation |title=Alan Kay {{!}} Biography, Inventions, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Kay |language=en |access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref> de asɛmfua value rule dii dwuma de bɔɔ sɛnea spreadsheet bi yɛ adwuma no mua: sɛll bi bo gyina formula a ɔde di dwuma no akyerɛw akɔ sɛll no mu nkutoo so. Ebia fɔmula no de ne ho bɛto nneɛma a sɛll afoforo wɔ so, nanso saa sɛll no nso yɛ nea wɔabara wɔ nsɛm anaa fɔmula a ɔde di dwuma no mu nkutoo. ‘Nsunsuanso bɔne’ biara nni fomula bi a wobu akontaa no mu: nea efi mu ba ara ne sɛ wɔbɛda nea wɔabu akontaa no adi wɔ ne nkwammoaa a ɛgye no mu. Abɔde mu kwan biara nni hɔ a wɔfa so sesa sɛll bi mu nneɛma daa gye sɛ nea ɔde di dwuma no de ne nsa sesa sɛll no mu nneɛma. Wɔ nhyehyɛe kasa ahorow mu no, eyi ma wonya nhyehyɛe a edi kan a ɛyɛ adwuma a anohyeto wom.<ref>{{Citation |last=Margaret Burnett, John Atwood, Rebecca Walpole Djang, James Reichwein, Herkimer Gottfried, Sherry Yang |title=Forms/3: A first-order visual language to explore the boundaries of the spreadsheet paradigm |date=2001-03 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-functional-programming/article/forms3-a-firstorder-visual-language-to-explore-the-boundaries-of-the-spreadsheet-paradigm/66F1ACF22742EA28DD52608A5122E70F# |work=Journal of Functional Programming |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=155–206 |language=en |doi=10.1017/S0956796800003828 |issn=1469-7653 |access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref></blockquote> === Akontaabu a ɛno ara san yɛ === Gyinapɛn a ɛfa akontaabu krataa ho fi 1980 mfe no mu, saa ade a wɔpaw yi yi hia a ehia sɛ obi ankasaa bɛyɛ akontaabu krataa dwumadi no sɛ ɔnsan mmu botae ahorow (nnɛyi mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ default option gye sɛ ‘wɔadum’ no ama akontaabu krataa akɛse, mpɛn pii no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a adwumayɛ bɛtu mpɔn). Na akontaabu krataa ahorow bi a atwam no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔankasa a bɛbisa na wɔasan abu akontaa efisɛ na akontaabu krataa akɛse anaa nea ɛyɛ den a wɔsan bu akontaa no taa ma ahoɔhare a wɔde hyɛ nsɛm mu no so tew. Nnɛyi akontaabu krataa pii da so ara de saa kwan yi yɛ adwuma. Mpɛn pii no, akontaabu a wɔsan yɛ no hwehwɛ sɛ biribiara nni hɔ a egyina kurukuruwa so wɔ akontaabu krataa mu. Nneɛma a wɔde gyina so ho Akontaabu pon yɛ akontaabu pon a ɛwɔ vertex ma ade biara a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ no foforo, ne edge a ɛka nneɛma abien bom bere biara a ɛho behia sɛ wɔyɛ emu biako foforo ntɛm sen foforo no. Nneɛma a wɔde gyina so ho akontaabu pon aɛhorow a enni circular dependencies yɛ kyerɛ kwan acyclic akontaabu pon, gyinabea ahorow a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea wɔahyehyɛ no fa bi (wɔ eyi mu no, wɔ akontaabu krataa so) a wobetumi de wɔn ho ato so de ama aba a ɛyɛ papa. === Bere ankasa mu nsesae === Saa adeɛ yi kyerɛ sɛ wɔde boɔ a ɛfiri abɔnten fibea bi bɛsesa sɛll bi mu nsɛm foforɔ berɛ ne berɛ mu —te sɛ sɛll a ɛwɔ "akyirikyiri" akontaabu krataa mu. Wɔ ma wɔkyekyɛɛ mu, Web-based akontaabu krataa ho no, ɛfa "ntɛm ara" ma wɔde sesa sɛlls a ɔdefo foforo ayɛ no foforo. === Sɛll a wɔato mu === Sɛ wohyɛ mu wie a, wobetumi "atoto" sɛlls a wɔapaw (anaasɛ akontaabu krataa no nyinaa) a wɔpɛ de asiw nkyerɛwee a wɔbɛkyerɛw so wɔ ber a wɔanhyɛda mu no ano. == Beaɛ a menyaa mmoa fii == <references /> lcrp1d4z0c74orfm1xx4gwenj1ci51j 0 15786 200818 185898 2026-10-20T01:56:46Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 200818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Dialect|Asante}} [[File:Sustainable development - 6 central capacities.png|thumb|Nkɔsoɔ a ɛbɛtena hɔ daa hwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ahoɔden titire nsia.<ref name=":4">https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-environ-012420-043621</ref>]] '''Nkɔsoɔ a ɛtena hɔ daa''' yɛ nhyehyeɛ titire bi a ɛwɔ botaeɛ sɛ ɛbɛduru [[nnipa]] nkɔsoɔ botaeɛ ho berɛ a ɛrema [[Abɔdeɛ Mu Nnoɔma A Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia (Natural Environment)|abɔdeɛ]] mu nhyehyɛeɛ nso tumi de abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma ne abɔdeɛ a nkwa womu ho dwumadie a ɛhia ma nnipa. Nea wɔpɛ sɛ efiri mu ba ne ɔman a edi nnipa ahiadeɛ ho dwuma a ɛrensɛe planɛte ahodoɔ no mudie mu kura ne abɔdeɛ.<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.2005.10524444</ref><ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311886.2019.1653531</ref> Nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔ so daa bɔ mmɔden sɛ ɛbɛkari pɛ wɔ sikasɛm mu nkɔsoɔ, nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho banbɔ, ne asetena mu yiedie ntam . Bruntland Ammaneɛbɔ a ɛbaa afe 1987 mu no kyerɛɛ nkɔsoɔ a ɛtena hɔ daa ase sɛ 'nkɔsoɔ a ɛdi mprempren awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ no ahiadeɛ ho dwuma a ɛmma awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ a ɛbɛba daakye no tumi a wɔde bedi wɔn ankasa ahiadeɛ ho dwuma no nsɛe'.<ref name=":0"/><ref>http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-02.htm</ref> Adwene a ɛfa nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔ so daa ho nnɛ no de n’adwene si sikasɛm mu nkɔsoɔ, asetena mu nkɔsoɔ ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho banbɔ ama awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ a ɛbɛba daakye. Wɔde Rio Adeyɛ a wofii ase wɔ 1992 Asaase Nhyiam a wɔyɛe wɔ Rio de Janeiro no dii kan de nkɔso a ɛtena hɔ daa sii hɔ . Wɔ afe 2015 mu no, Amanaman Nkabom Bagua Kɛseɛ (UNGA) gyee Nkɔsoɔ a Ɛkɔ So Daa Botaeɛ(2015 kɔsi 2030) na ɛkyerɛkyerɛɛ sɛdeɛ wɔaka botaeɛ no abom na wɔankyekyɛ mu na ama wɔanya nkɔsoɔ a ɛbɛtena hɔ daa wɔ wiase nyinaa.<ref name=":2"/> UNGA botae ahorow 17 no di wiase nyinaa nsɛnnennen ho dwuma, a ohia, pɛyɛ a enni hɔ, wim nsakrae, nneɛma a nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔsɛe no, asomdwoe, ne atɛntrenee ka ho. Nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔ so daa ne adwene a ɛwɔ mmara mu a ɛne sɛ ɛbɛkɔ so atena hɔ daa no wɔ abusuabɔ . UNESCO hyehyɛɛ nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda adwene mmienu no ntam sɛdeɛ edidi soɔ yi: " Wɔtaa susuw sɛ nneɛma a ɛbɛkɔ so atena hɔ daa no yɛ botae a ɛtra hɔ kyɛ (kyerɛ sɛ wiase a ɛbɛkɔ so atra hɔ daa), bere a nkɔso a ɛtena hɔ daa no kyerɛ akwan ne akwan pii a wɔfa so du ho."<ref name="unesco.org">https://www.unesco.org/en/education-sustainable-development</ref> Wɔakasa atia adwene a ɛne sɛ nkɔso a ɛtena hɔ daa no wɔ akwan ahodoɔ so. Bere a ebinom hu no sɛ ɛyɛ abirabɔ (anaasɛ ɛyɛ oxymoron) na wobu nkɔsoɔ sɛ nea entumi nkɔ so fi awosu mu no, afoforɔ abam bu wɔ nkɔsoɔ a ennyaa de besi nnɛ no ho.<ref name=":3">https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/65/10/1027/1996049?login=false</ref> Ɔhaw no fa bi ne sɛ wɔankyerɛkyerɛ "nkɔsoɔ<nowiki>''</nowiki> ankasa mu bere nyinaa.<ref name="worldcat.org">https://www.worldcat.org/title/1124780147</ref> [[File:Visualization of pillars of sustainability.webp|thumb|Mfonyini ahodoɔ pii a wɔde aniwa hu a ɛkyerɛ sustainability development ne nsusuiɛ mmiɛnsa: benkum so mfonyini no kyerɛ sɛnea sustainability development sɛ nkuruwankuruwa mmiɛnsa a ɛtwam. Wɔ soro nifa so no ɛyɛ te sɛ ebuo. Wɔ aseɛ nifa so no, ɛyɛ adum mmiɛnsa.<ref name=":2"/> Schematic a ɛwɔ nested ellipses no si nsusuiɛ ahodoɔ no nhyehyɛe a ɛkɔ soro so dua, na ɛde nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no si fapem ma mmienu a aka no.]] == Nkyerɛaseɛ == Wɔ 1987 mu no, Amanaman Nkabom Wiase Nyinaa Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ne Nkɔsoɔ So no (World Commission on Environment and Development) yii amanneɛbɔ a wɔato ''din Our Common Future'', a wɔtaa frɛ no Brundtland Amanneɛbɔ<ref name=":0">https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf</ref> no de nkyerɛaseɛ a ɛfa "nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔ so daa" a seesei wɔde di dwuma kɛseɛ ka ho:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07488008808408783</ref><blockquote>Nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔ so daa yɛ nkɔsoɔ a ɛdi mprempren ahiadeɛ ho dwuma a ɛnsɛe tumi a awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ a ɛbɛba daakye wɔ sɛ wɔbɛdi wɔn ankasa ahiadeɛ ho dwuma. Nsusuwii atitire mmienu na ɛwɔ mu: Adwene a ɛne ‘ahiadeɛ’, titire, wiase ahiafoɔ ahiadeɛ ahodoɔ a ɛho hia, a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde di kan sen biara; ne Adwene a ɛfa anohyeto ahorow a mfiridwuma tebea ne asetra mu nhyehyɛe de to nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ebetumi adi mprempren ne daakye ahiade ahorow ho dwuma no so. — Wiase Nyinaa Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia ne Nkɔso So, Yɛn Daakye a Yɛbom Yɛ( World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (1987)</blockquote>Enti nkɔsoɔ a ɛtena hɔ daa bɔ mmɔden sɛ ɛbɛkari pɛ wɔ sikasɛm mu nkɔsoɔ, nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho banbɔ, ne asetena mu yiedie ntam. Enti nkɔsoɔ a ɛtena hɔ daa bɔ mmɔden sɛ ɛbɛkari pɛ wɔ sikasɛm mu nkɔsoɔ, nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho banbɔ, ne asetena mu yiedie ntam. === Nsusui ahodoɔ a ɛfa ho === ==== Deɛ ebetumi atim( sustainability) ==== Nneɛma a ɛbɛkɔ so atena hɔ daa yɛ asetena mu botae a ɛbɛma nnipa bɛbom atena Asase so berɛ tenten. Wɔagye asɛmfua yi nkyerɛaseɛ pɔteeahodoɔ ho akyinnyeɛ na ɛsono sɛdeɛ nwoma, nsɛm a ɛfa ho, ne berɛ akyerɛ aseɛ.<ref name=":2">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11625-018-0627-5</ref><ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10806-015-9578-3</ref> Abenfoɔ taa ka nneɛma a ɛbɛtena hɔ daa ho asɛm sɛ ɛwɔ afa mmiɛnsa (anaasɛ adum): nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia, sikasɛm, ne asetena mu,<ref name=":2" /> na nwoma pii si nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia deɛ no so dua.<ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/political-impact-of-the-sustainable-development-goals/planetary-integrity/147A3264C1C585FF83CA3E27FB0550B3</ref><ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2424</ref> Wɔ da biara da dwumadie mu no,nkɔsoɔ a ɛbɛtena hɔ daa no taa twe adwene si nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho haw akɛseɛ a wɔbɛko atia so, a wim nsakraeɛ, abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom a wɔhwere, abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom dwumadie a wɔhwere, asase a wɔsɛe no, ne mframa ne nsuo a wɔsɛe no ka ho. Nsusui a ɛfa nneɛma a ɛbɛkɔ so atena hɔ daa ho no betumi akyerɛ gyinaesi ahodoɔ kwan wɔ wiase nyinaa, ɔman, ne ankorankoro gyinabea (e.g. asetena a ɛkɔ so daa).<ref name="worldcat.org"/> Adwene a ɛfa ho ne nkɔso a ɛtena hɔ daa, na wɔtaa de nsɛmfua no di dwuma de kyerɛ ade korɔ.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/science/sustainability</ref> UNESCO kyerɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda nsusui mmienu no ntam te sɛ eyi: "Wɔtaa susu sɛ nneɛma a ɛbɛkɔ so atena hɔ daa no yɛ botae a ɛtena hɔ kyɛ (i.e. wiase a ɛtena hɔ daa kɛseɛ), bere a nkɔso a ɛtena hɔ daa no kyerɛ akwan ahodoɔ pii a wɔfa so du ho."<ref name="unesco.org"/> == Sɛnea Wɔyɛe( Development of the concept) == Nkɔso a ɛkɔ so daa firi nsusuwii ahodoɔ a ɛfa kwae a wɔhwɛ so yiye ho, a wɔyɛe wɔ Europa wɔ afeha a ɛto so 17 ne 18 mu no mu.<ref>https://bibliothek.wzb.eu/pdf/2007/p07-002.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15693430600688831</ref> Bere a John Evelyn rebua nhumu a ɛrenya nkɔanim wɔ nnua a ɛwɔ England a ɛresɛe no ho no, ɔkae wɔ n’asɛm a ɔkyerɛwee wɔ 1662 mu Sylva, mu sɛ “na ɛsɛ sɛ wobu nnua a wogu na wodua sɛ asase wura biara ɔman asɛyɛde, na ama wɔagyae nneɛma a ɛsɛe ade no.” abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma boro so<nowiki>''</nowiki>. Wɔ 1713 mu no,Hans Carl von Carlowitz, a ɔyɛ ɔtopae sohwɛfo panyin a ɔsom Ɔpawfo Frederick Augustus I a ofi Saxony no tintim ''Sylvicultura economics'', nhoma a ekura nkratafa 400 a ɛfa kwae ho.<ref name=":0" /> Von Carlowitz de Evelyn ne Franse ɔsomfo Jean-Baptiste Colbert adwene sii so de adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ kwae so na ama wɔanya nnɔbae a ɛtena hɔ daa. N’adwuma no nyaa afoforɔ so nkɛntɛnso, a Alexander von Humboldt ne Georg Ludwig Hartig ka ho, na awiei koraa no ɛmaa wonyaa kwae ho nyansahu. Eyi nso nyaa nnipa te sɛ Gifford Pinchot, U.S. Kwae Dwumadibea no panyin a odi kan, a na adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔde nneɛma bedi dwuma nyansam na ɛkanyan ɔkwan a ɔfaa so hwɛ kwae so no, ne Aldo Leopold a n’asase so abrabɔ pa nyaa nkɛntɛnso wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no nkɔso mu kuo no mu wɔ 1960 mfe no mu.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Bere a wotintim Rachel Carson nhoma Silent Spring wɔ 1962 mu akyi no, nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho kuo a na ɛrenya nkɔso no twee adwene sii abusuabɔ a ɛda sikasɛm mu nkɔso ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔsɛe no ntam no so. Kenneth E. Boulding, wɔ ne 1966 asɛm a ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth mu no, kyerɛɛ hia a ehia sɛ sikasɛm nhyehyɛe no fata nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia nhyehyɛe a ɛwɔ nneɛma kakraa bi a ɛwɔ mu no. Ade foforo a ɛho hia ne asɛm a Garrett Hardin kyerɛwee wɔ afe 1968 mu a ɛmaa asɛmfua "awerɛhosɛm a ɛfa nnipa dodow no ara ho" gyee din.<ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17756331/</ref> Yebetumi ahu abusuabɔ tẽẽ a ɛda nkɔsoɔ a ɛtena hɔ daa ne nkɔsoɔ ntam wɔ nnɛyi ntease mu no fi 1970 mfe no mfiase. "Strategy of Progress", nhoma bi (wɔ German kasa mu) a Ernst Basler kyerɛwee wɔ afe 1972 mu, kyerɛkyerɛɛ sɛnea wobetumi de adwene a wɔagye atom berɛ tenten a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛkora kwaeɛ so ama nnua a wɔbɛyɛ daakye no tẽẽ akɔ hia a ɛtrɛw sɛ wɔbɛkora nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so na ama wiase no akɔ so atena hɔ daakye no mu awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ ahodoɔ. Saa afe no ara mu no, wɔdaa abusuabɔ a ɛda nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ne nkɔsoɔ ntam adi wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so wɔ nhyehyɛe ahodoɔ a ɛyɛ nnam 'simulation model' a wɔbɔɔ ho amanneɛ wɔ amanneɛbɔ a wɔagye din a ɛfa Limits to Growth ho no mu. Rome Kuw no na ɛhyɛɛ sɛ wɔmfa nyɛ adwuma, na nyansahufo kuw bi a Dennis ne Donella Meadows a wɔwɔ Massachusetts Mfiridwuma Sukuu mu di wɔn anim na wɔkyerɛwee. Bere a akyerɛwfo no reka "wiase nyinaa kari pɛ tebea" a wɔpɛ no ho asɛm no, wɔkyerɛwee sɛ: "Yɛrehwehwɛ nhwɛsode a efi mu ba a egyina hɔ ma wiase nhyehyɛe a ɛtra hɔ daa a enhwe ase mpofirim na wontumi nni so na ebetumi adi ne nkurɔfo nyinaa honam fam ahiade atitiriw ho dwuma." Afei nso wɔ afe 1972 mu no, wotintim nhoma a ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso, A Blueprint for Survival.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1972/02/05/archives/a-blueprint-for-survival.html</ref><ref>https://theecologist.org/2012/jan/27/ecologist-january-1972-blueprint-survival</ref> Wɔ afe 1975 mu no, MIT nhwehwɛmu kuw bi siesiee nna du atiefo a ɛfa "Nkɔso ne Nea Ɛkyerɛ ma Daakye" ho maa U.S. Mmarahyɛ Bagua no, asɛm a edi kan a wɔyɛe pɛn a ɛfa nkɔso a ɛtra hɔ daa ho.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033056/http://www.wpainc.com/Archive/MIT/Growth%20and%20Its%20Implications.pdf</ref> Wɔ afe 1980 mu no, Amanaman Ntam Nkabom Kuo a Ɛhwɛ Abɔdeɛ So no tintim wiase nyinaa nneɛma a wɔkora soɔ ho nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛkaa nsɛm a ɛdi kan a wɔkaa nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔ so daa ho asɛm sɛ wiase nyinaa adeɛ a ɛho hia paa no mu baako<ref>{{Citation |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.a21italy.it/medias/31C2D26FD81B0D40.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126210451/http://www.a21italy.it/medias/31C2D26FD81B0D40.pdf |access-date=2023-08-22 |archive-date=2019-11-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> na wɔde asɛmfua "nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔ so daa" baeɛ. Mfeɛ mmienu akyi no, wɔde nsɛm a ɛdi kan a ɛfa nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔ so daa ho no mu baako ka ho Amanaman Nkabom Wiase Nyinaa Mmara a Ɛfa Abɔdeɛ Ho no maa nnyinasosɛm anum a ɛfa nneɛma a wɔkora so ho sɔree a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔfa so kyerɛ nnipa nneyɛe a ɛka abɔdeɛ kwan na wobu atɛn.<ref>https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/37/a37r007.htm</ref> Efi Brundtland Amanneɛbɔ no so no, adwene a ɛfa nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔ so daa ho no anya nkɔsoɔ a ɛboro awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ ntam nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛdi kan no so de wɔn adwene asi botaeɛ a ɛne sɛ "sikasɛm mu nkɔsoɔ a ɛbɛka asetena mu nyinaa na ɛbɛtena hɔ daa" so kɛseɛ. Wɔ afe 1992 mu no, UN Nhyiamu a ɛfa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ne nkɔsoɔ ho no tintimii Asase Mmara a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea wɔbɛkyekye wiase nyinaa ɔman a ɛteɛ, a ɛbɛkɔ so atra hɔ, na asomdwoe wom wɔ afeha a ɛto so 21 yi mu no. Dwumadie nhyehyeɛ Agenda 21 a ɛfa nkɔsoɔ a ɛbɛtena hɔ daa ho no kyerɛɛ nsɛm, nkabom, ne kyɛfa a wɔde bɛhyɛ mu sɛ adansifoɔ titire a ɛbɛboa aman ma wɔanya nkɔsoɔ a ɛgye saa adum a ɛgyina wɔn ho wɔn ho yi tom. Bio nso, Agenda 21 si so dua sɛ ɔmanfoɔ kyɛfa a ɛtrɛ wɔ gyinaesie mu yɛ adeɛ titire a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔdi kan yɛ ansa na wɔanya nkɔsoɔ a ɛbɛtena hɔ daa.<ref>{{Citation |title=Archive copy |url=https://learningforsustainability.net/susdev/ |access-date=2023-08-22 |archive-date=2023-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822102324/https://learningforsustainability.net/susdev/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Na Rio Apam no yɛ ade kɛse a ɛkɔ anim: nea edi kan no, wiase no penee so sɛ wɔbɛyɛ nhyehyɛe a ɛbɛma wɔakɔ so atra hɔ daa. Nokwarem no, wɔmaa wiase nyinaa adwene a ɛwɔ hɔ no yɛɛ mmerɛw denam botae pɔtee ne adwumayɛ ho nsɛm a wobuu wɔn ani guu so no so. Mprempren Nkɔsoɔ a Ɛkɔ So Daa Botaeɛ (SDGs) no wɔ botaeɛ pɔtee (a ɛnte sɛ nea ɛfiri Rio Dwumadie no mu aba) nanso enni akwan a wɔbɛfa so de anohyetoɔ ama.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jun/12/rio20-agenda-politicians-john-gummer</ref> == Nsusuiɛ Ahodoɔ(Dimensions) == [[File:Sustainability venn diagram.svg|thumb|Nneɛma a ɛbɛkɔ so atena hɔ daa(sustainability development) Venn Diagram, baabi a wosusu sɛ nneɛma a ɛbɛkɔ so atena hɔ daa no yɛ beaɛ a nneɛma mmiɛnsa no hyia.]] Wobu nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔ so daa, te sɛ nkɔsoɔ a ɛbɛtena hɔ daa, sɛ ɛwɔ afa mmiɛnsa: nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia, sikasɛm ne ɔmanfoɔ. Adwene no ne sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔkari pɛ yiye wɔ afa mmiɛnsa no ntam. Sɛ́ anka yɛbɛfrɛ wɔn nsusuiɛ no, nsɛmfua afoforoɔ a wɔtaa de di dwuma ne adum, domɛn, afa hodoɔ, kurukuruwa. Nhomanimfoɔ taa kyerɛ nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda nneɛma ahodoɔ mmiɛnsa a ɛfa nneɛma a ɛbɛkɔ so atena hɔ daa ho. Eyinom ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia, asetena, ne sikasɛm. Wɔde nsɛmfua pii di dwuma ma saa adwene yi. Atwerɛfoɔ betumi aka adum mmiɛnsa, nsusuiɛ, nneɛma a ɛwom, afa hodoɔ,<ref>https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_60_1.pdf</ref> adwene, nneɛma, anaa botae ahodoɔ ho asɛm. Ne nyinaa kyerɛ ade korɔ wɔ saa asɛm yi mu.<ref name=":0" /> Nneɛma mmiɛnsa nhwɛsodeɛ no nni nsusuiɛ fapem kakraa bi. Ɛpuei a na ɛnyɛ baabi baako mpo a ɛfirii.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://www.nachhaltigkeit.info/artikel/definitionen_1382.htm</ref> Nhomanimfoɔ ntaa nnye nsonsonoe no ankasa ho kyim. Adwene a ɛfa nkɔsoɔ a ɛwɔ afa mmiɛnsa ho no yɛ nkyerɛaseɛ titire wɔ nwoma mu.<blockquote>Aman betumi ayɛ nhyehyeɛ a wɔde bɛhwɛ na wɔasusu nkɔsoɔ a ɛwɔ nkɔsoɔ a ɛbɛtena hɔ daa ho denam nsɛnkyerɛnneɛ a wɔbɛfa so asusu nsakraeɛ a ɛba wɔ sikasɛm, asetena ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu no so. — Amanaman Nkabom Nhyiam a Ɛfa Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia & Nkɔso Ho – Asase Nhyiam( United Nations Conference on Environment & Development – Earth Summit (1992) <ref>https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.pdf</ref></blockquote> == Kasatia(Critique) == Adwene a ɛfa nkɔsoɔ a ɛtena hɔ daa ho no ayɛ nea wɔkasa tia, na ɛda so ara wɔ hɔ, a asɛmmisa a ɛfa 'nea ɛsɛ sɛ ɛkɔ so tena hɔ daa' wɔ nkɔsoɔ a ɛtena hɔ daa mu ka ho. Wɔaka sɛ biribiara nni hɔ a wɔfrɛ no adeɛ a ɛnyɛ foforɔ a wɔde bedi dwuma daa, efisɛ awiei koraa no, mfasoɔ pa biara a wɔde bedi dwuma no bɛma asase so nneɛma a ɛwɔ anohyetoɔ no asa; saa adwene yi ma Mfiridwuma mu Ɔsesɛw (Industrial Revolution) no yɛ a ne nyinaa ntumi nkɔ so.<ref>https://archive.org/details/entropylawe00nich</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.foet.org/FOET-data/uploads/2017/03/Jeremy-Rifkin-Entropy-table-of-contents.pdf |access-date=2023-08-23 |archive-date=2024-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426072015/https://www.foet.org/FOET-data/uploads/2017/03/Jeremy-Rifkin-Entropy-table-of-contents.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔ so daa ho akyinnyegyeɛ no gyina adwene a ɛne sɛ ɛhia sɛ amanfoɔ di kapital ahodoɔ mmiɛnsa (sikasɛm, asetena, ne abɔdeɛ mu), a ebia wɔrentumi nsi ananmu na ebia wɔrentumi nsakra nea wɔde di dwuma no so.<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bse.323</ref> Ɛnyɛ nea wobetumi de sikasɛm mu kapital asi abɔdeɛ mu kapital ananmu. Berɛ a ebetumi aba sɛ yebetumi anya akwan a yɛbɛfa so de abɔdeɛ mu nneɛma bi asi ananmu no, ɛnyɛ den koraa sɛ wobetumi de asi abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ho nnwuma ananmu da bi, te sɛ ahobammɔ a ozone a ɛwɔ soro no de ma, anaasɛ Amazon kwae no dwumadi a ɛma wim tebea yɛ den . Wɔakasa atia adwene a ɛfa nkɔso a ɛtena hɔ daa ho no afi mmeaɛ ahodoɔ. Berɛ a ebinom hu no sɛ ɛyɛ abirabɔ (anaasɛ ɛyɛ oxymoron) na wobu nkɔsoɔ sɛ nea entumi nkɔ so fi awosuo mu no, afoforɔ abam bu wɔ nkɔsoɔ a ennyaa de besi nnɛ no ho.<ref name=":3"/> Ɔhaw no fa bi ne sɛ wɔankyerɛkyerɛ "nkɔso" ankasa mu berɛ nyinaa.<ref name=":3" /><ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sd.2645</ref> Adwene a ɛte saa no ne adesuafoɔ atitire no adwene wɔ ho nhyia esiane sɛ wɔtaa gye tom sɛ kapitalism akwan hodoɔ no ne adwene a ɛne sɛ nnipa bɛkɔ so atena hɔ berɛ tenten no nhyia Wɔakasa atia Brundtland nkyerɛaseɛ a ɛfa nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔ so daa ho a emu nna hɔ no sɛdeɛ ɛdidi soɔ yi:<ref name=":3" /> Nkyerɛaseɛ no "abue kwan sɛ wɔbɛbu nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔ so daa no animtiaa. Enti, aban ahodoɔ trɛw nkrasɛm a ɛne sɛ yɛbɛtumi anya ne nyinaa wɔ berɛ korɔ mu, a ɛne sikasɛm mu nkɔsoɔ, aman a wodi yiye ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ɛyɛ papa.Abrabɔ pa foforɔ biara nhia.Saa mmerɛwyɛ a ɛfa nneɛma a ɛbɛkɔ so atena hɔ daa ho yi yɛ nea aban ahodoɔ, ne nnwuma ahodoɔ ani gye ho, nanso ɛyɛ mfomsoɔ kɛse na ɛnyɛ mmerɛw mpo, efisɛ ɔkwan foforo biara nni hɔ a wɔbɛfa so akora asase so nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so no nokwaredi."<ref>https://www.worldcat.org/title/951915998</ref> == Akwan A Wɔfa So == === Ahwehwɛdeɛ Ahodoɔ === Wobu tumi nsia a egyina ne ho so no sɛ adeɛ a ehia na ama woatumi adi nkɔsoɔ a ɛtena hɔ daa akyi yiye.<ref name=":4" /> Weinom ne susudeɛ ahodoɔ a wɔde susu nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔ sustainable development mu; sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ pɛpɛyɛ ho nkuran wɔ awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ ahodoɔ mu ne wɔn ntam; wobɛdannan wo ho ma ɛne ahodwiri ne nneɛma a ɛba mpofirim hyia; dane nhyehyɛe no kɔ nkɔsoɔ akwan a ɛtena hɔ daa so; bata nimdeɛ ne adeyɛ a ɛbɛma nneɛma akɔ so atena hɔ daa ho; na wɔayɛ nnisoɔ nhyehyɛe a ɛbɛma nkurɔfo atumi abom ayɛ adwuma. === Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia su ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ nkuro a ɛtena hɔ daa mu === Nkuro a ɛtena hɔ daa yɛ nkuro akɛseɛ a ɛnam nkurow akɛseɛ ho nhyehyɛe ne ne sohwɛ so ma nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no tu mpɔn. Sɛ wopɛ nkyerɛase a ɛfa abɔde a nkwa wom kurow ho a, fa no sɛ kurow bi a ɛwɔ agoprama pii ne mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ frɔmfrɔm, adan a ɛde owia ahoɔden na ɛyɛ adwuma, turo a ɛwɔ ɔdan atifi, ne nnipa a wɔnam fam ne sakre pii sen kar. Wei nyɛ daakye ho daeɛ. Abɛɛfo nkuropɔn de nsi asi kwan so rebɛyɛ nkurow akɛseɛ a abɔdeɛ a nkwa womu a ɛyɛ ahabammono ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nhyehyɛe pa.<ref>https://www.globalgoals.org/goals/11-sustainable-cities-and-communities/</ref> == Beae A Minyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ == <references /> mjxth455iihxcoetp3jmuwg8w15v8a8 0 15924 200817 172085 2026-10-20T01:46:51Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 200817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = Hon. | name = Mark Owen Woyongo | honorific-suffix = | image = | alt = | caption = | constituency_MP = [[Navrongo Central (Ghana parliament constituency)|Navrongo Central]] | parliament = Ghana | majority = 2,464 | term_start = 7 January 2013 | term_end = 2017<!--Can be repeated up to eight times by adding a number--> | predecessor = [[Joseph Kofi Adda]] | successor = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by adding a number--> | order2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | office2 = [[List of Mills government ministers|Upper East Region Minister]] | term_start2 = 2009 | term_end2 = 2014<!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | president2 = [[John Atta Mills]] | predecessor2 = Alhassan Samari | successor2 = [[Ephraim Avea Nsoh]]<!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | order3 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | office3 = [[Minister for Defence (Ghana)|Minister for Defence]]<!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | term_start3 = 2013<!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | term_end3 = 2014<!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | president3 = [[John Dramani Mahama]]<!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | predecessor3 = [[Joseph Henry Smith]]<!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | successor3 = [[Benjamin Kunbuor]]<!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | order4 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | office4 = [[Minister for the Interior (Ghana)|Minister for the Interior]]<!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | term_start4 = 16 July 2014<!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | term_end4 = 7 January 2017 | president4 = [[John Dramani Mahama]]<!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | predecessor4 = [[Kwesi Ahwoi]]<!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> | successor4 = [[Ambrose Dery]] | prior_term = | birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|66|2013|12|7}}<!-- {{Birth date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Birth-date and age|Month DD, YYYY}} --> | birth_place = | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|Month DD, YYYY|Month DD, YYYY}} (death date then birth date) --> | death_place = | restingplace = | restingplacecoordinates = | birthname = | citizenship = | nationality = [[Ghanaian]] | party = [[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|National Democratic Congress]] | otherparty = <!--For additional political affiliations--> | spouse = | partner = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--> | relations = | children = | residence = | alma_mater = | occupation = | profession = | cabinet = | committees = | portfolio = | religion = | signature = | signature_alt = | website = | footnotes = }} Mark Owen Woyongo (wɔwoo no 9 June 1946) yɛ Ghana amanyɔni ne Ghana ɔsoafoɔ a ɔhwɛ ɔman no mu banbɔ nsɛm so ma Ghana hwɛ ɔman no mu banbɔ Dwumadibea. Na ɔsan yɛ mmarahyɛbadwani ma Navrongo Central mansini a ɛwɔ Ghana. Woyongo dii kan gyinaa abatoɔ no so wɔ National Democratic Congress tekiti so wɔ afe 2008 Ghana mmarahyɛ badwa abatoɔ mu, ɔdii nkonim wɔ abatoɔ no mu a ɔnyaa 41.7% na ɔde dii Joseph Kofi Adda a ɔfiri New Patriotic Party no anim wɔ abatoɔ no mu no so nkunim, a ɔno nso nyaa mma no mu 1,130 (3.5%).<ref>{{Citation |title=Parliamentary Results Navrongo-Central (Upper East) |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/election2008/parliament.constituency.php?ID=268 |access-date=2023-10-02}}</ref> Nanso Ɔmampanyin Mills paw no sɛ Upper East mantam no soafoɔ wɔ n’aban mu wɔ afe 2009. Ɔmampanyin Mahama na ɔde no kɔɔ saa dibea yi mu wɔ Mills wuo akyi. Wɔ afe 2013 mu no, Ɔmampanyin Mahama na ɔyii no sɛ ɔnyɛ ɔsoafoɔ a ɔhwɛ Bammɔ so.<ref>{{Citation |title=Mahama appoints more ministers: Haruna for Trade {{!}} General News 2013-01-21 |date=2013-01-23 |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=262685 |access-date=2023-10-02 |archive-date=2013-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123194736/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=262685 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mfitiaseɛ asetena ne nwomasua == Wɔwoo Mark Owen Woyongo wɔ Ayɛwohomumɔ bosome no da a ɛtɔ so nkron wɔ afe 1946 mu wɔ Bolgatanga wɔ Upper East mantam no mu wɔ Ghana. Ɔkɔɔ Notre Dame Secondary School wɔ Navrongo wɔ afe 1966. Ɔwiee Diploma wɔ Journalism mu wɔ Ghana Institute of Journalism wɔ afe 1971. Wayɛ adwumayɛfoɔ adesua bebree wɔ Ghana ne amannɔne.<ref>{{Citation |title=Profile of Hon. Mark Owen Woyongo |url=https://www.mint.gov.gh/profile-of-hon-mark-owen-woyongo/ |language=en-GB |access-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727224250/https://www.mint.gov.gh/profile-of-hon-mark-owen-woyongo/ |archive-date=2023-07-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Amanyɔsɛm == Mark Owen Woyongo yɛ Ɔmanfoɔ Nkitahodiɛ sohwɛfoɔ wɔ Upper East mantam no Administration so firi afe 1978 ne 1985. Wɔpaw no sɛ mantam Amanneɛbɔ sohwɛfoɔ, Upper East mantam no mu wɔ afe 1985. Wɔ afe 1994 mu no, wɔpaw no sɛ Ɔsomfoɔ Fotufoɔ a ɔhwɛ Amanneɛbɔ so wɔ Ghana High Commission wɔ London, United Kingdom, na ɛwɔ hɔ. Mark Woyongo yɛ ɔsoafoɔ a ɔhwɛ Upper East mantam no so firi afe 2009 – 2012.<ref>{{Citation |title=Profile of Hon. Mark Owen Woyongo |url=https://www.mint.gov.gh/profile-of-hon-mark-owen-woyongo/ |language=en-GB |access-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727224250/https://www.mint.gov.gh/profile-of-hon-mark-owen-woyongo/ |archive-date=2023-07-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ɔnyaa ne ti didii mu wɔ akwanhyia a ɛyɛ hu mu bere a ɔfiri NDC nhyiam a wɔyɛeɛ wɔ Upper East mantam mu no sane aba no.<ref>{{Citation |title=Mark Woyongo survives near fatal crash |url=https://ghanaguardian.com/mark-woyongo-survives-near-fatal-crash |language=en |access-date=2023-10-02}}</ref> Ɔdii nkonim wɔ afe 2012 mmarahyɛ badwa abatoɔ no mu wɔ National Democratic Congress (NDC) tekiti so. Wɔ afe 2013 mu no, wɔpaw no sɛ Ɔman Bammɔ Soafoɔ na akyiri yi ɔyɛɛ Ɔman no mu Ɔsoafo wɔ bere a na ɔyɛ Upper East mantam no soafoɔ .<ref>{{Citation |title=Profile of Hon. Mark Owen Woyongo |url=https://www.mint.gov.gh/profile-of-hon-mark-owen-woyongo/ |language=en-GB |access-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727224250/https://www.mint.gov.gh/profile-of-hon-mark-owen-woyongo/ |archive-date=2023-07-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ankorankoro asetena == Mark Woyongo aware na ɔwɔ mma mmienu.<ref>{{Citation |title=Profile of Hon. Mark Owen Woyongo |url=https://www.mint.gov.gh/profile-of-hon-mark-owen-woyongo/ |language=en-GB |access-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727224250/https://www.mint.gov.gh/profile-of-hon-mark-owen-woyongo/ |archive-date=2023-07-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == fu2lxl9pnsyjxhm5f320jv3j1jm03nc 0 16750 200819 186285 2026-10-20T02:19:09Z InternetArchiveBot 10377 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 200819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dialect|Asante}} {{Databox}} '''Psidium guajava''', a wɔtaa frɛ no guava no yɛ<ref>{{Citation |title=Psidium guajava L. GRIN-Global |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=30205 |access-date=2024-07-09}}</ref>nnua bi a ɛwɔ Caribbean, Central [[Amerika|America]] ne South America. == Nkyerɛkyerɛmu == [[File:ARS_HPSI47.jpg|thumb|200x200px|''P. guajava'' aba]] Sɛ wɔtete guava fi aba mu a, ɛma ɛyɛ nwonwa sɛ enyin nkakrankakra wɔ asram pii mu ansa na enyin ntɛmntɛm. Sɛ guava gu aba a, etumi sow aba mfe abien anaa mfe awotwe pɛ. Guava tumi yɛ nsakrae pii, na ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wobetutu no wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew, ɛwom sɛ wɔn nhwiren ne wɔn aba a wɔbɛso no yɛ nea wontumi nhu. Wɔ mmeae bi a osu tɔ na ewim yɛ hyew no, guava betumi ayin hɔ.<ref>{{Citation |title=Forest of Scalesia daisy trees in Santa Cruz {{!}} Wondermondo |date=2012-03-11 |url=https://www.wondermondo.com/forest-of-daisy-trees-in-santa-cruz/ |language=en-us |access-date=2024-07-09 |archive-date=2024-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530033932/https://www.wondermondo.com/forest-of-daisy-trees-in-santa-cruz/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wɔde dua no di dwuma wɔ sampoo ahorow pii mu esiane ne hua nti. Ɛreyɛ abɛyɛ bonsai a agye din nso, na seesei agye din yiye wɔ India ne Asia Apuei fam.<ref>{{Citation |title=player_list |date= |url=http://guide.makebonsai.com/bonsai_species_guide_training.asp?SpeciesID=5108&Name=Psidium_guajava |access-date=2024-07-09 |archive-date=2019-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205125159/http://guide.makebonsai.com/bonsai_species_guide_training.asp?SpeciesID=5108&name=Psidium_guajava |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kɛmistri == Flavonol morin, morin-3-O-lyxoside, morin-3-O-arabinoside, quercetin ne quercetin-3-O-arabinoside wɔ P. guajava nhaban mu.<ref>{{Citation |last=Pongsak RATTANACHAIKUNSOPON, Parichat PHUMKHACHORN |title=Bacteriostatic effect of flavonoids isolated from leaves of Psidium guajava on fish pathogens |date=2007 |url=https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=19087798 |work=Bacteriostatic effect of flavonoids isolated from leaves of Psidium guajava on fish pathogens |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=434–436 |issn= |access-date=2024-07-09}}</ref> == Sɛnea Wɔde Di Dwuma == Wɔtaa de guava dua a efi Hawaii yɛ nam a wɔhyew. Nnua no tumi ko tia nkoekoemmoa ne ntontom. Ɔdan a wɔde nnua a wɔaworo no mu yɛ duru bɛyɛ 670 kg/m3 (1,130 lb/cu yd) na wɔahu sɛ ɛfata sɛ wɔde si dan wɔ Nigeria. <ref>{{Citation |title=player_list |date= |url=https://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/10508/1/BC%2005%20010%20Olorunnisola%20final%2017June2006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200241/https://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/10508/1/BC%2005%20010%20Olorunnisola%20final%2017June2006.pdf |access-date=2024-07-09 |archive-date=2014-09-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Guava yɛ aduaba a wodi, na wotumi di no nwono anaa wɔnoa. Sɛ wɔdannan nnuaba no so a, wonya nnuaba a wɔde ma mmoa. Wobetumi de nnua no so ahaban nso adi dwuma sɛ aduan.<ref>{{Citation |title=Guava (Psidium guajava) {{!}} Feedipedia |url=https://www.feedipedia.org/node/111 |language=en |access-date=2024-07-09}}</ref> == Wɔ Atetesɛm Mu Nnuru == Wɔde Psidium guajava adi dwuma wɔ atetesɛm aduruyɛ mu wɔ aman pii mu wɔ Central [[Amerika|America]], Caribbean, [[Abibrem|Afrika]], ne Asia. <ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Rosa Martha Pérez Gutiérrez, Sylvia Mitchell, Rosario Vargas Solis |title=Psidium guajava: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology |date=2008-04-17 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874108000536 |work=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=117 |issue=1 |pages=1–27 |doi= |issn= |access-date=2024-07-09}}</ref> Wɔde di dwuma wɔ ahohyehyeɛ, asikreyare, mogya mmoroso, apira, ɛyaw ano aduro, [[atiridii]], asaabo, akwahosan mu yareɛ, ne nsamanwa mu yareɛ ho.<ref name=":0" /> == Mfoni == [[File:Honey_bee_on_a_Guava_flower_3.jpg|thumb|Asomfena a ɛwɔ Psidium guajava nhwiren so. Wutumi hu nhwiren ne nhaban a ɛreyɛ ayɛ frɔmfrɔm no nso.]] [[File:Common_guava_seedling,_14_months.jpg|thumb|Guava a wɔtetew no foforo, asram 14]] [[File:Goiaba_vermelha.jpg|thumb]] == Beaɛ A Mmenyaa Mmoaa Fii == 2pcgz2hdcwdqw143ay5jbl3qq32w60n