Wikipedia warwiki https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syahan_nga_Pakli MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.3 first-letter Medya Pinaurog Hiruhimangraw Gumaramit Hiruhimangaw hiton gumaramit Wikipedia Hiruhimangraw hiton Wikipedia Paypay Hiruhimangraw hiton paypay MedyaWiki Hiruhimangraw hiton MedyaWiki Batakan Hiruhimangraw hiton batakan Bulig Hiruhimangaw hiton bulig Kaarangay Hiruhimangraw hiton kaarangay TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 795 7783315 7783072 2026-05-24T19:16:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260524sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783315 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:CollageFisica.jpg|thumb]] Iton '''físika''', '''pesiká'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 283.</ref> o '''pisiká'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 288.</ref> (tikang han [[Griyego nga yinaknan|Griyego]], φύσις (''phúsis''), ''"nature"'' ngan φυσικός (''phusikós''), "natural"), an pinaka-''fundamental'' nga [[siyensya natural]], nanginginlabot hiton mga batikan nga mga prinsipyo han [[Universo]]. Iton Físika nanginginlabot hiton mga elementarya nga nakahimo han [[Nature|natural nga kalibutan]] (e.g. ''[[matter]]'', [[enerhiya]], [[espasyo]], ngan [[takna]]) ngan an ira mga interaksyon, pati gihapon han pag-analisar han mga sistema nga naipapahayag hin klaro ha pamulong hinin nga mga prinsipyo. ==Kasaysayan== Nagtikang an Pesika bilang Pilosopiya-natural sadton ''[[Archaic Greece|Archaic period]]'' han [[Greece]] (tuig 650 BCE – 480 BCE). An mga pilosopo sugad kan [[Thales]] naghanap hin ''methodological'' na mga eksplenasyons san mga natural na phenomena. Naghatag sira mga ideya nga ginpasarig san rason ngan obserbasyon, ngan daramo san kanra mga ''hypotheses'' naprubaran san experimento;<ref name="lloyd1970pp108-109">{{harvnb|Lloyd|1970|pp=108–109}}</ref> sugad san [[atomismo]] na naprubaran na tama haros 2000 katuig tikang sa una gin-''propose'' ni [[Leucippus]] ngan [[Democritus]].<ref name="about-atomism">{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=N.S. |title=Atomism - Pre-Socratic Philosophy of Atomism |work=Ancient/Classical History |publisher=[[About.com]] |url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/presocraticphiloso/p/Atomism.htm |accessdate=1 Abril 2014 |ref=harv |archive-date=2014-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710140657/http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/presocraticphiloso/p/Atomism.htm |url-status= }}</ref> Nagin siyensya an Pesika sadton ''early modern Europe'' san paggamit nira san experimental ngan ''quantitative'' na ''methods'' para ma-diskobre an yana ginkokonsidera na ''[[laws of physics]]''.<ref name="benchaim2004">{{harvnb|Ben-Chaim|2004}}</ref> ==Klasikal na Pesika== [[Paypay:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg|thumbnail|Si Isaac Newton(1643-1727), na may dagko na kontribusyon sa Klasikal na Piseka, an 'universal gravitation' ngan 'laws of motion']] Sakob sa Klasikal na pesika an mga tradisyonal na mga sanga sugad san ''[[mechanics]]'', ''[[acoustics]]'', ''[[optika|optics]]'', ''[[thermodynamics]]'', ngan ''[[electromagnetism]]''. Nanginginlabot an Klasikal na mechaniks san mga butang na nagkikiwa ngan ginpapakiwa san pwersa, ngan ginbabahin ini ngadto ha ''statics'', ''kinematics'', ngan ''dynamics''; Ginbabahin liwat an mechanics ngadto ha ''solid mechanics'' ngan ''fluid mechanics''. Sa fluid mechanics sakob an mga sanga na [[hydrostatics]], [[hydrodynamics]], [[aerodynamics]], ngan [[nyumatika|pneumatics]]. ==Moderno na Pesika== An moderno na pesika nagpapakita san iba na konsepto san ''space, time, ngan matter'' na prenesentar san klasikal na pesika. An duha na teoriya na nagdominar sa moderno na pesika amo an ''[[Quantum theory]]'' ngan ''special theory of relativity''. Sakob san moderno na pesika an [[quantum mechanics]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== <div class="reflist"> * {{Cite book |last=Aaboe |first=A. |authorlink=Asger Aaboe | date = 1991 |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |edition=2nd |volume=Volume III |chapter=Mesopotamian Mathematics, Astronomy, and Astrology |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-22717-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last=Allen |first=D. |date=10 Abril 1997 |title=Calculus |publisher=[[Texas A&M University]] |url=http://www.math.tamu.edu/~dallen/history/calc1/calc1.html |accessdate=1 Abril 2014 |ref=harv |archive-date=2021-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323194040/https://www.math.tamu.edu/~dallen/history/calc1/calc1.html |url-status= }} * {{Cite book |last=Ben-Chaim |first=M. | date = 2004 |title=Experimental Philosophy and the Birth of Empirical Science: Boyle, Locke and Newton |url=https://archive.org/details/experimentalphil0000benc |publication-place=Aldershot |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing|Ashgate]] |isbn=0-7546-4091-4 |oclc=53887772 57202497 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e6MEnPOhv7cC&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Applied Turbulence Modelling in Marine Waters |publisher=Springer |last=Burchard |first=H. | date = 2002 |isbn=3-540-43795-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Cho |first=A. |title=Higgs Boson Makes Its Debut After Decades-Long Search |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2012-07-13_337_6091/page/n16 |journal=Science |pages=141–143 |volume=337 |date=13 Hulyo 2012 |doi=10.1126/science.337.6091.141 |pmid=22798574 |issue=6091 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |title=Ancient Egyptian Science |volume=Volume 2 |place=Philadelphia |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |last=Clagett |first=M. | date = 1995 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=M.L. |title=Fifty Years of Condensed Matter Physics |journal=Physical Review Letters | date = 2008 |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages=25001–25006 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.250001 |url=http://prl.aps.org/edannounce/PhysRevLett.101.250001 |bibcode = 2008PhRvL.101y0001C |ref=harv}} * {{Cite arXiv |last=DØ Collaboration |first=584 co-authors |authorlink=DØ experiment |title=Direct observation of the strange 'b' baryon <math>\Xi_{b}^{-}</math> |date=12 Hunyo 2007 |arxiv=0706.1690 |class=hep-ex |version=v2 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |url=http://www.getcited.org/pub/102471397 |last=Dijksterhuis |first=E.J. |title=The mechanization of the world picture: Pythagoras to Newton |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]] | date = 1986 |isbn=978-0-691-08403-9 |ref=harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805141040/http://www.getcited.org/pub/102471397 |date= 5 Agosto 2011 }} * {{Cite web |last=DONUT |authorlink=DONUT |title=The Standard Model |publisher=[[Fermilab]] |date=29 Hunyo 2001 |url=http://www-donut.fnal.gov/web_pages/standardmodelpg/TheStandardModel.html |accessdate=1 Abril 2014 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Feynman |first1=R.P. |author1link=Richard Feynman |last2=Leighton |first2=R.B. |last3=Sands |first3=M. | date = 1963 |title=[[The Feynman Lectures on Physics]] |volume=1 |isbn=0-201-02116-1 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Feynman |first=R.P. |authorlink=Richard Feynman |title=[[The Character of Physical Law]] | date = 1965 |isbn=0-262-56003-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Godfrey-Smith |first=P. | date = 2003 |title=Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science |url=https://archive.org/details/theoryrealityint0000godf |isbn=0-226-30063-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Goldstein |first=S. |title=Fluid Mechanics in the First Half of this Century |journal=Annual Reviews in Fluid Mechanics | date = 1969 |volume=1 |pages=1–28 |doi=10.1146/annurev.fl.01.010169.000245 |bibcode = 1969AnRFM...1....1G |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Gribbin |first1=J.R. |last2=Gribbin |first2=M. |last3=Gribbin |first3=J. |title=Q is for Quantum: An Encyclopedia of Particle Physics |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WzwbAQAAIAAJ | date = 1998 |publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]] |isbn=978-0-684-85578-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Grupen |first=Klaus |title=Instrumentation in Elementary Particle Physics: VIII ICFA School |journal=AIP Conference Proceedings |date=10 Hulyo 1999 |volume=536 |pages=3–34 |doi=10.1063/1.1361756 |arxiv=physics/9906063 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Guicciardini |first=N. | date = 1999 |title=Reading the Principia: The Debate on Newton's Methods for Natural Philosophy from 1687 to 1736 |url=https://archive.org/details/readingprincipia0000guic |location=New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Halpern |first=P. |title=Collider: The Search for the World's Smallest Particles |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JAxLVY96sqsC | date = 2010 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-64391-4 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Hawking |first1=S. |author1link=Stephen Hawking |last2=Penrose |first2=R. |author2link=Roger Penrose | date = 1996 |title=[[The Nature of Space and Time]] |isbn=0-691-05084-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Holzner |first=S. | date = 2006 |title=Physics for Dummies |url=http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0764554336 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |quote=Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you. |isbn=0-470-61841-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Honderich |first=T. (editor) |title=[[The Oxford Companion to Philosophy]] | date = 1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-866132-0 |edition=1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgehandboo00morr/page/n469 474]–476 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Kellert |first=S.H. |title=In the Wake of Chaos: Unpredictable Order in Dynamical Systems |url=https://archive.org/details/inwakeofchaosunp0000kell |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] | date = 1993 |isbn=0-226-42976-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite news |last=Kerr |first=R.A. |title=Tying Up the Solar System With a Ribbon of Charged Particles |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/sci;326/5951/350-a?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=IBEX&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&issue=5951&resourcetype=HWCIT |work=Science |date=16 Oktubre 2009 |volume=326 |issue=5951 |pages=350–351 |accessdate=27 Nobyembre 2009 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Krupp |first=E.C. | date = 2003 |title=Echoes of the Ancient Skies: The Astronomy of Lost Civilizations |publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |isbn=0-486-42882-6 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7rMAJ87WTF0C |accessdate=31 Marso 2014 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Laplace |first=P.S. |authorlink=Pierre-Simon Laplace |others=Translated from the 6th French edition by Truscott, F.W. and Emory, F.L. | date = 1951 |title=A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities |url=https://archive.org/details/philosophicaless00lapl |location=New York |publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Leggett |first=A.J. |title=Superfluidity |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics | date = 1999 |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=S318–S323 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.71.S318 |bibcode = 1999RvMPS..71..318L |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Levy |first=B.G. |title=Cornell, Ketterle, and Wieman Share Nobel Prize for Bose-Einstein Condensates |journal=Physics Today |date= Disyembre 2001 |page=14 |doi=10.1063/1.1445529 |url=http://physicstoday.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_54/iss_12/14_1.shtml?bypassSSO=1 |volume=54 |issue=12 |bibcode=2001PhT....54l..14L |ref=harv |access-date= 19 Enero 2015 |archive-date= 15 Mayo 2016 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515100141/http://physicstoday.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_54/iss_12/14_1.shtml?bypassSSO=1 |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book |title=Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle |url=https://archive.org/details/earlygreekscienc00gerl |last=Lloyd |first=G.E.R. |authorlink=G. E. R. Lloyd |publisher=[[Chatto and Windus]]; [[W. W. Norton & Company]] |location=London; New York | date = 1970 |isbn=0-393-00583-6 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last=Mastin |first=L. |title=Greek Mathematics - Plato |work=The Story of Mathematics | date = 2010 |url=http://www.storyofmathematics.com/greek_plato.html |accessdate=31 Marso 2014 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Mattis |first=D.C. |title=The Theory of Magnetism Made Simple |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VkNBAQAAIAAJ | date = 2006 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=978-981-238-579-6 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Maxwell |first=J.C. |authorlink=James Clerk Maxwell | date = 1878 |title=Matter and Motion |url=http://books.google.com/?id=noRgWP0_UZ8C&printsec=titlepage&dq=matter+and+motion |publisher=D. Van Nostrand |isbn=0-486-66895-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Moore |first=J.T. |title=Chemistry For Dummies |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TRuP-BbS9xoC |edition=2 | date = 2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-00730-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5869&page=161 |title=Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035 Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 9: Modeling and Simulation |publisher=[[The National Academies Press]] |last1=National Research Council |author1link=United States National Research Council |last2=Committee on Technology for Future Naval Forces | date = 1997 |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-309-05928-2 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J.J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E.F. |author2link=Edmund F. Robertson |title=Special Relativity |work=[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]] |publisher=[[University of St Andrews]] |date= Pebrero 1996a |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Special_relativity.html |accessdate=1 Abril 2014 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J.J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E.F. |author2link=Edmund F. Robertson |title=A History of Quantum Mechanics |work=[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]] |publisher=[[University of St Andrews]] |date= Mayo 1996b |url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/The_Quantum_age_begins.html |accessdate=1 Abril 2014 |ref=harv |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028220722/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/The_Quantum_age_begins.html |url-status= }} * {{Cite book |last=Oerter |first=R. |title=The Theory of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1KHuAAAAMAAJ | date = 2006 |publisher=[[Pi Press]] |isbn=978-0-13-236678-6 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Penrose |first1=R. |author1link=Roger Penrose |last2=Shimony |first2=A. |last3=Cartwright |first3=N. |last4=Hawking |first4=S. |author4link=Stephen Hawking |title=[[The Large, the Small and the Human Mind]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | date = 1997 |isbn=0-521-78572-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Penrose |first=R. |authorlink=Roger Penrose |title=[[The Road to Reality]] | date = 2004 |isbn=0-679-45443-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Rosenberg |first=Alex |title=Philosophy of Science |publisher=[[Routledge]] | date = 2006 |isbn=0-415-34317-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Schrödinger |first=E. |title=My View of the World |publisher=Ox Bow Press | date = 1983 |isbn=0-918024-30-7 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Schrödinger |first=E. |title=The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics |publisher=Ox Bow Press | date = 1995 |isbn=1-881987-09-4 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Singer |first=C. |title=A Short History of Science to the 19th Century |publisher=Streeter Press | date = 2008 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Stajic |first1=Jelena |last2=Coontz |first2=R. |last3=Osborne |first3=I. |title=Happy 100th, Superconductivity! |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2011-04-08_332_6026/page/189 |journal=Science |date=8 Abril 2011 |volume=332 |issue=6026 |page=189 |doi=10.1126/science.332.6026.189 |bibcode = 2011Sci...332..189S |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=P.L. |last2=Heinonen |first2=O. |title=A Quantum Approach to Condensed Matter Physics |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hyx6BjEX4U8C | date = 2002 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-77827-5 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Thurston |first=H. |title=Early Astronomy |url=https://archive.org/details/earlyastronomy0000thur | date = 1994 |publisher=Springer |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Toraldo Di Francia |first=G. |title=The Investigation of the Physical World |url=https://archive.org/details/investigationofp0000tora | date = 1976 |isbn=0-521-29925-X |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=K.M. |title=Plotting the Future for Computing in High-Energy and Nuclear Physics |url=http://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=23098 |publisher=[[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] |accessdate=18 Oktubre 2012 |date=1 Hunyo 2012 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Young |first1=H.D. |last2=Freedman |first2=R.A. | date = 2014 |edition=13th |title=[[University Physics|Sears and Zemansky's University Physics with Modern Physics Technology Update]] |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |isbn=978-1-29202-063-1 |ref=harv}} </div> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wiktionary|physics}} {{Wikibooks|Physics}} {{Wikibooks|Physics Study Guide}} {{Wikibooks|FHSST Physics}} {{Wikisource portal|Physics}} {{Wikiversity|Category:Physics|Physics}} '''Kasahiran''' <!--Please do not post more links here, they will be taken down as link spam!!--> * [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Encyclopedia_of_physics Encyclopedia of Physics] at [[Scholarpedia]] * de Haas, Paul, {{Wayback|url=http://home.tiscali.nl/physis/HistoricPaper/|title=Historic Papers in Physics (20th Century)|date=20090826083339}} * [http://www.physicscentral.com/ PhysicsCentral] – Web portal run by the [http://www.aps.org/ American Physical Society] * [http://www.physics.org/ Physics.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040902123039/http://physics.org/ |date= 2 Septyembre 2004 }} – Web portal run by the [http://www.iop.org/ Institute of Physics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521010833/http://www.iop.org/ |date= 21 Mayo 2019 }} * [http://musr.physics.ubc.ca/~jess/hr/skept/ ''The Skeptic's Guide to Physics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207124645/http://musr.physics.ubc.ca/~jess/hr/skept/ |date= 7 Pebrero 2016 }} * [http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ Usenet Physics FAQ] – A FAQ compiled by sci.physics and other physics newsgroups * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/ Website of the Nobel Prize in physics] * [http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/ World of Physics] An online encyclopedic dictionary of physics * [http://www.nature.com/naturephysics ''Nature'': Physics] * [http://physics.aps.org/ Physics] announced 17 Hulyo 2008 by the [[American Physical Society]] * {{dmoz|/Science/Physics/Publications/|Physics/Publications}} * [http://physicsworld.com/ Physicsworld.com] – News website from [http://publishing.iop.org/ Institute of Physics Publishing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712050838/http://publishing.iop.org/ |date= 12 Hulyo 2012 }} * [http://physlib.com/ Physics Central] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624055123/http://physlib.com/ |date= 24 Hunyo 2013 }} – includes articles on astronomy, particle physics, and mathematics. * [http://www.vega.org.uk/ The Vega Science Trust] – science videos, including physics * [https://archive.org/details/JustinMorganPhysicsLightningTour/ Video: Physics "Lightning" Tour with Justin Morgan] * [http://www.learner.org/resources/series42.html 52-part video course: The Mechanical Universe...and Beyond] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322020457/http://www.learner.org/resources/series42.html |date= 22 Marso 2013 }} Note: also available at [https://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6774539130229106025 01 – Introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027101214/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6774539130229106025 |date= 27 Oktubre 2012 }} at [[Google Videos]] * [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html HyperPhysics website] – [[HyperPhysics]], a physics and astronomy mind-map from [[Georgia State University]] '''Mga organisasyon''' * [http://www.aip.org/index.html AIP.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041012041319/http://www.aip.org/index.html |date= 12 Oktubre 2004 }} – Website of the [[American Institute of Physics]] * [http://www.aps.org/ APS.org] – Website of the [[American Physical Society]] * [http://www.iop.org/ IOP.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521010833/http://www.iop.org/ |date= 21 Mayo 2019 }} – Website of the [[Institute of Physics]] * [http://planetphysics.org/ PlanetPhysics.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225121156/http://planetphysics.org/ |date= 25 Pebrero 2009 }} * [http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/ Royal Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050604075524/http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/ |date=2005-06-04 }} – Although not exclusively a physics institution, it has a strong history of physics * [http://www.spsnational.org/ SPS National] – Website of the [[Society of Physics Students]] [[Kaarangay:Fisika| ]] [[Kaarangay:Siyensyas Matematikas, Fisika ngan Naturales|Fisika]] lg6b0dxgakqxac1ez335dsdeoz79uqo 0 8586 7783321 7783113 2026-05-25T10:52:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lugar <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Tokyo | official_name = 東京都 · Tokyo Metropolis | native_name = 東京 | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | other_name = | settlement_type = Metropolis <!-- transliteration(s) --------> | translit_lang1 = | translit_lang1_type = | translit_lang1_info = | translit_lang1_type1 = | translit_lang1_info1 = | translit_lang1_type2 = | translit_lang1_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang1_type6 / translit_lang1_info6 --> | translit_lang2 = | translit_lang2_type = | translit_lang2_info = | translit_lang2_type1 = | translit_lang2_info1 = | translit_lang2_type2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang2_type6 / translit_lang2_info6 --> <!-- images, nickname, motto ---> | image_skyline = Tokyo Montage 2015.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = Tikang ha igbaw nga wala: [[Shinjuku, Tokyo|Shinjuku]], [[Tokyo Tower]], [[Rainbow Bridge (Tokyo)|Rainbow Bridge]], [[Shibuya, Tokyo|Shibuya]], [[National Diet Building]] | image_flag = | flag_size = | flag_alt = | flag_link = | image_seal = PrefSymbol-Tokyo.svg | seal_size = 115px | seal_alt = | seal_link = | image_shield = | shield_size = | shield_alt = | shield_link = | image_blank_emblem = Emblem of Tokyo Metropolis.svg | blank_emblem_type = <!-- defaults to Logo --> | blank_emblem_size = 100px | blank_emblem_alt = | blank_emblem_link = | nickname = | motto = | anthem = <!-- maps and coordinates ------> | image_map = Map_of_Japan_with_highlight_on_13_Tokyo_prefecture.svg | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = Lokasyon han Tokyo ha sulod han Hapon | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_alt1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_base_alt = | dot_map_alt = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = |dot_y = | pushpin_map = <!-- name of a location map as per Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_label = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map1 = | pushpin_label_position1 = | pushpin_label1 = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt1 = | pushpin_mapsize1 = | pushpin_map_caption1 = | latd = |latm = |lats = |latNS = | longd = |longm = |longs = |longEW = | coor_pinpoint = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --> | coordinates_type = | coordinates_display = inline,title | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> <!-- location ------------------> | subdivision_type = Nasod | subdivision_name = Hapon | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = <!-- etc., subdivision_type6 / subdivision_name6 --> <!-- established ---------------> | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date1 = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | extinct_title = | extinct_date = | founder = | named_for = <!-- seat, smaller parts -------> | seat_type = <!-- defaults to: Seat --> | seat = | parts_type = <!-- defaults to: Boroughs --> | parts_style = <!-- list, coll (collapsed list), para (paragraph format) --> | parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> | p1 = | p2 = <!-- etc., up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- government type, leaders --> | government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | government_type = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = <!-- add &nbsp; (no-break space) to disable automatic links --> | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = <!-- etc., up to leader_title4 / leader_name4 --> <!-- display settings ---------> | total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | unit_pref = <!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --> <!-- area ----------------------> | area_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> | area_total_sq_mi = <!-- see table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details --> | area_total_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = | area_blank2_title = | area_blank2_km2 = | area_blank2_sq_mi = | area_note = <!-- elevation -----------------> | elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = <!-- population ----------------> | population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = <!-- for automatic calculation of any density field, use: auto --> | population_density_sq_mi= | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_density = | population_density_rank = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi= | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank2_km2 = | population_density_blank2_sq_mi= | population_demonym = <!-- demonym, ie. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --> | population_note = <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics1_title1 = | demographics1_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics1_title5 / demographics1_info5 --> <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics2_title5 / demographics2_info5 --> <!-- time zone(s) --------------> | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | timezone2 = | utc_offset2 = | timezone2_DST = | utc_offset2_DST = <!-- postal codes, area code ---> | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | postal2_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal2_code = | area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --> | area_code = | geocode = | iso_code = | registration_plate = <!-- twin cities ---------------> | twin1 = | twin1_country = | twin2 = | twin2_country = <!-- etc., up to twin9 / twin9_country --> <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> | blank_name_sec1 = | blank_info_sec1 = | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank2_name_sec1 = | blank2_info_sec1 = <!-- etc., blank6_name_sec1 / blank6_info_sec1 --> <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> | blank_name_sec2 = | blank_info_sec2 = | blank1_name_sec2 = | blank1_info_sec2 = | blank2_name_sec2 = | blank2_info_sec2 = <!-- etc., blank6_name_sec2 / blank6_info_sec2 --> <!-- website, footnotes --------> | website = | footnotes = }} An '''Tokyo''' ({{IPA-ja|toːkjoː|lang|ja-Tokyo.ogg}}, {{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|t|oʊ|k|i|.|oʊ}}), opisyal nga ngaran Tokyo Metropolis,<ref>{{cite web |title=Geography of Tokyo|publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Government}}</ref> amo an kapital han Hapon ngan usa han iya 47 ka mga prefektura.<ref>{{cite web|title=Japan's Local Government System|url=http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview05.htm|publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Government|accessdate=5 Agosto 2013|archive-date=11 Agosto 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811121829/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview05.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> An Greater Tokyo Area an may gidadamoi nga tawo nga lugar metropolitano han kalibutan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/wup2014/unup/index.asp?panel=2|title=World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision Population Database|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=10 Agosto 2014}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Dinhi nalingkod an Emperador han Hapon ngan an pamunuan Hapon. Sakop ini han rehiyon Kantō ha salatan-sinirangan nga bahin han panguna nga isla Honshu ngan ginlalakipan an Kapuropod-an Izu ngan Kapuropod-an Ogasawara.<ref name="nussbaum981">Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Tōkyō" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', pp. 981–982|page=981}}; "Kantō" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|p. 479|page=479}}</ref> Anay gintawag nga Edo, nagin de facto nga lingkuran han gobyerno tikang han tuig 1603 han hi Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu in ginhimo ini nga syudad iya ulobuhatan. Nagin opisyal nga kapital katima la hi Emperador Meiji binalhin an iya lingkuran pakadto hini nga syudad tikang an daan nga kapital nga Kyoto han tuig 1868; ngan ini nga panahon an Edo in gin-utro pagngarana nga Tokyo. An Tokyo Metropolis in natukod han tuig 1943 tikang ha pagtampo han anay Prefektura Tokyo (東京府 Tōkyō-fu) ngan an syudad han Tokyo (東京市 Tōkyō-shi). An Tokyo bisan agsob tinutodlok komo usa ka syudad, in opisyal nga kilala ngan pinamumunuan komo usa ka "prefektura metropolitana", nga naiiba ngan gintampo an mga elemento han usa ka syudad ngan usa ka prefektura, usa ka gahom nga para gud la ha Tokyo. An pamunuan metropolitano han Tokyo in nagdudumara hin 23 ka mga Pinaurog nga Ward han Tokyo (tagsa tagsa nga pinamumunuan komo usa ka indibiduwal nga syudad), nga sakop han lugar han anay syudad han Tokyo san-o ini igintampo ngan nagin prefektura metropolitana han 1943. An pamunuan metropolitano in nagdudumara liwat han 38 ka mga munisipyo ha katundan nga dapit han prefektura ngan han duduha nga kapurupod-an. May-ada 9 ka milyon katawo an mga pinaurog nga ward, ngan may-ada populasyon nga lapos hin 13 milyones an prefektura. An prefektura in lakip han kanan kalibutan may gidadamoi katawo nga lugar metropolitano nga may-ada 37.8 milyones katawo ngan ini an kanan kalibutan gidadakoi nga ekonomiya agglomerasyon urbano. Liman-an kat usa (51) han kanan Fortune Global 500 nga mga kompanya in nakabase dinhi, an pinakahitaas han bisan diin nga syudad han kalibutan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/countries/Japan.html|title=Global Fortune 500 by countries: Japan|author=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|accessdate=22 Hulyo 2011|publisher=CNN|archive-date=2011-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718151023/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/countries/Japan.html|url-status=}}</ref> An Tokyo in ikatulo han International Financial Centres Development IndexEdit. Ini nga syudad amo liwat an panimalay han pipira ka mga telebisyon network sugad han [[Fuji TV]], [[Tokyo MX]], [[TV Tokyo]], [[TV Asahi]], [[Nippon Television]], [[NHK]] ngan an [[Tokyo Broadcasting System]]. An Tokyo in nangunguna han Global Economic Power Index ngan ika-upat ha Global Cities Index. Ini nga syudad senisiring nga usa ka alpha+ world city – ha lista han kanan Globalization and World Cities Research Network 2008 nga imbentaryo<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html|title=GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2008|publisher=Lboro.ac.uk|date=13 Abril 2010|accessdate=29 Oktubre 2010|archive-date=2016-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811203314/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html|url-status=}}</ref> - ngan han tuig 2014, an Tokyo in numero uno han "Best overall experience" nga kategorya han kanan TripAdvisor World City Survey (an syudad nangunguna liwat ha masunod nga mga kategorya: "pagigin mabulignon han mga mulupyo", "kinabuhi ha gab-i", "shopping", "lokal nga panakayan panpubliko" ngan "kalimpyohan han kakalsadahan").<ref>{{cite web|title=Tokyo Tops Among Global Travelers, According To TripAdvisor World City Survey|url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/PressCenter-i6742-c1-Press_Releases.html|website=TripAdvisor|publisher=TripAdvisor LLC|accessdate=1 Septyembre 2014|date=20 Mayo 2014}}</ref> Han tuig 2015, an Tokyo an nakatala ha ika-11 han pinakamahal nga syudad para han mga nangungukoy nga dayu, sumala han Mercer consulting firm,<ref>{{cite web|title=2015 Cost of Living Rankings|url=http://www.mercer.com/newsroom/cost-of-living-survey.html|work=Mercer|publisher=Mercer LLC|accessdate=17 Oktubre 2015|date=17 Hunyo 2015}}</ref> ngan ika-11 liwat han kanan kalibutan pinakamahal it papliton nga syudad, sumala han kanan Economist Intelligence Unit cost-of-living survey.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uptown top ranking|url = http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/03/daily-chart|publisher=The Economist|accessdate=17 Oktubre 2015|date=17 Hunyo 2015}}</ref> Han tuig 2015, an Tokyo in ginngaranan nga Most Liveable City han kalibutan han magasin nga Monocle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://monocle.com/film/affairs/the-monocle-quality-of-life-survey-2015/|title=The Monocle Quality of Life Survey 2015 – Film|publisher=|access-date=2017-02-10|archive-date=2015-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814223203/http://monocle.com/film/affairs/the-monocle-quality-of-life-survey-2015/|url-status=}}</ref> Ginpasidunggan liwat han Michelin Guide an Tokyo hin pinakadamo nga bituon Michelin ha bisan diin nga syudad han kalibutan.<ref name=michelin20101124>{{ja icon}} [http://web-cache.stream.ne.jp/www09/michelin/guide/tokyo/ "「ミシュランガイド東京・横浜・鎌倉2011」を発行　三つ星が14軒、二つ星が54軒、一つ星が198軒に"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129012353/http://web-cache.stream.ne.jp/www09/michelin/guide/tokyo/ |date=2010-11-29 }}, Michelin Japan, 24 Nobyembre 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article2901640.ece|title=Tokyo is Michelin's biggest star|work=The Times|date=20 Nobyembre 2007|access-date=2017-02-10|archive-date=2011-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012200057/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article2901640.ece|url-status=}}</ref> An Tokyo nangunguna ha kalibutan ha Safe Cities Index.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://safecities.economist.com/infographics/safe-cities-index-infographic/|title=Safe Cities Index 2015 Infographic – NEC: Safe Cities|date=7 Enero 2015|publisher=|access-date=10 Pebrero 2017|archive-date=31 Oktubre 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031165733/http://safecities.economist.com/infographics/safe-cities-index-infographic/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ikatulo nga pinakamaupay nga syudad ha kalibutan para han mag-aaram ha Unibersidad an Tokyo han 2016 nga edisyon han QS Best Student Cities.<ref name="test">{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/city-rankings/2016#sorting=rank+custom=rank+order=desc+search=|title=QS Best Student Cities 2016|work=Top Universities}}</ref> An Tokyo nagdumara han 1964 Olimpiko han Katsirak, an 1979 G-7 summit, an 1986 G-7 summit, an 1993 G-7 summit, ngan magdudumara han 2020 Olimpiko han Katsirak ngan 2020 Paralympiko han Katsirak. ==Etimolohiya== An Tokyo orihinal nga kilala ha ngaran nga Edo (江戸), nga it' kasirigngon "estuaryo".<ref name=placenames>Room, Adrian. ''Placenames of the World''. McFarland & Company (1996), [https://books.google.com/books?id=PzIer-wYbnQC&pg=PA360&sig=X75YRM_z45rzt4ZcemXMFhn9uWs p360]. ISBN 0-7864-1814-1.</ref> Inin nga ngaran in ginbalyo ngadto ha Tokyo (東京 Tōkyō; 東 tō "sinirangan", ngan 京 kyō "ulohan") han nagin ulohan han imperyo ha pag-abot ni Emperador Meiji han tuig 1868,<ref>US Department of State. (1906). [https://books.google.com/books?id=dKCOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA751&dq= ''A digest of international law as in diplomatic discussions, treaties and other international agreements'' (John Bassett Moore, ed.), Volume 5, page 759]; excerpt, "The Mikado, on assuming the exercise of power at Yedo, changed the name of the city to Tokio".</ref> nga nasunod an kahigaraan han mga Sinirangan Asyano nga nasod ha pagdugang hin pulong nga ulohan (京) ha ngaran han ulohan nga syudad.<ref name=placenames /> Han uruunhan nga panahon Meiji, an syudad liwat in gintawag nga "Tōkei", usa ka alternatibo nga kaluwas han kapareho nga Tsino nga mga agi nga nagrerepresentar han "Tokyo", nga naghihimo hini nga kanji homograph. An iba nga nabibilin nga opisyal nga pinulongan Ingles nga dokumento hin nagamit hit pagbaybay nga "Tokei".<ref name="Tōkei">{{cite book |title=Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo |url=https://archive.org/details/japanesecapitals0000paul |author1=Fiévé, Nicolas |author2=Paul Waley |lastauthoramp=yes | date = 2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/japanesecapitals0000paul/page/253 253] |isbn= }}</ref> Pero, ini nga kaluwas in diri na gingagamit yana.<ref>[http://www.soumu.metro.tokyo.jp/01soumu/archives/0715tokei.htm "明治東京異聞～トウケイかトウキョウか～東京の読み方" Tokyo Metropolitan Archives (2004)]. Retrieved on 13 Septyembre 2008. {{ja icon}}</ref> An ngaran nga Tokyo in syahan ginmawas han 1883 ha libro nga Kondō Hisaku (Sekreto nga Plano han Commingling), nga sinurat ni Satō Nobuhiro. Han hi Ōkubo Toshimichi in nagproposar nga ngaranan utro ini nga lugar ha gobyerno han panahon han Restorasyon Meiji, sumala kan Oda Kanshi (織田完之), nakuha ini niya nga ideya tikang hiton nga libro. ==Heyograpiya== ==Kaayusan han Syudad== ==Kalibungan== ==Demograpiko== ==Ekonomiya== ==Panakayan== ==Pag-aram== [[File:YasudaAuditorium.jpg|thumb|[[University of Tokyo]], Yasuda Auditorium]] [[File:Okuma lecture hall Waseda University 2007-01.jpg|thumb|[[Waseda University]]]] Dida ha Tokyo in may-ada damo nga mga unibersidad, mga junior college, ngan mga vocational school. Kadam-an han kanan Hapon pinakaprestihiyoso nga mga unibersidad in aada ha Tokyo, upod an [[University of Tokyo]], [[Hitotsubashi University]], [[Tokyo Institute of Technology]], [[Waseda University]], ngan [[Keio University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university_rankings/results/2008/overall_rankings/fullrankings/ |title=The Times Higher Education – QS World University Rankings 2008 |accessdate=11 Nobyembre 2008 |publisher=[[Quacquarelli Symonds|QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202025203/http://www.topuniversities.com/university_rankings/results/2008/overall_rankings/fullrankings/ |archivedate=2 Disyembre 2008 }}</ref> An pipira ha gidadakoi nga mga nasodnon nga unibersidad ha in masunod: * [[Hitotsubashi University]] * [[National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies]] * [[Ochanomizu University]] * [[Tokyo Gakugei University]] * [[Tokyo Institute of Technology]] * [[Tokyo Medical and Dental University]] * [[Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology]] * [[Tokyo University of Foreign Studies]] * [[Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology]] * [[Tokyo University of the Arts]] * [[University of Electro-Communications]] * [[University of Tokyo]] May-ada la usa nga diri-nasudnon nga unibersidad panpubliko: an [[Tokyo Metropolitan University]]. May-ada liwat pipira nga mga unibersidad nga kilala nga nagkaklase ha pinulongan Ingles ngan para han pagtutdo hin pinulongan Hapon. Lakip ini an: * [[Globis University Graduate School of Management]] * [[International Christian University]] * [[Sophia University]] * [[Waseda University]] An Tokyo amo liwat an ulobuhatan han [[United Nations University]]. An mga panpubliko nga mga kindergarten, elementarya nga eskoylahan (mga tuig 1-6), Primera nga eskoylahan (7-9) in gindudumara han mga lokal nga ward o buhatan han munisipyo. An mga panpubliko nga segundarya nga eskoylahan in gindudumara han [[Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education]] ngan tinatawag nga "Metropolitan High Schools". Mayda liwat ha Tokyo hin damo nga mga eskoylahan nga pribado tikang kindergarten ngadto ha high school. ==Kultura== ==Mga Paugnat-hit-kusog== ==Ha popular nga kultura== [[File:Fuji TV headquarters and Aqua City Odaiba - 2006-05-03 edit.jpg|thumb|[[Fuji TV]] headquarters]] Tungod nga ini in may-ada gidadakoi nga sentro han populasyon ha Hapon ngan aanhi liwat an kanan nasod gidadakoi nga mga broadcaster ngan studio, an Tokyo agsob ginbubuhat nga lugar para han damo nga mga Hapones nga salida, pasalida han telebisyo, serye hin animasyon (''[[anime]]''), mga [[web comic]], ngan libro nga komix (''[[manga]]''). Han ''[[kaiju]]'' (monster movie) genre, an mga kiritaon han Tokyo in permi naruruba han mga dumagko sugad han [[Godzilla]] ngan [[Gamera]]. An iba liwat nga mga Hollywood director in ginhimo an Tokyo nga pinagbuhatan para han pasalida ha Hapon. An iba nga bantog nga kahuman ha gera nga mga pananglitan in ''[[Tokyo Joe (1949 film)|Tokyo Joe]]'', ''[[My Geisha]]'', ''[[Tokyo Story]]'' ngan [[James Bond]] nga pelikula ''[[You Only Live Twice (film)|You Only Live Twice]]''; an mga bantog liwat ha pagkayana nga pananglitan in upod an ''[[Kill Bill]]'', ''[[The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift]]'', ''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]'', ''[[Babel (film)|Babel]]'', ngan ''[[Inception]]''. Hi [[Haruki Murakami]], usa ka Hapon nga manunurat, in nakabase an iba niya nga mga nobela ha Tokyo (lakip dinhi an [[Norwegian Wood (novel)]]), ngan kan [[David Mitchell (author)|David Mitchell]] syahan nga duha nga mga nobela [[number9dream]] ngan [[Ghostwritten]] in nagpapakita hinin nga syudad. An kontemporaryo nga Briton nga pintor nga hi [[Carl Randall]] in nag-ukoy hin 10 ka tuig ha Tokyo komo usa ka artista, naghihimo hin mga buhat nga nagpapakita an mga syudad nga naghuhuruot ngan mga espasyo panpubliko.<ref name="BBC World Service - Carl Randall interview">{{citation | title= BBC World Service: World Update. 'Carl Randall – Painting the faces in Japan's crowded cities'. | publisher= BBC World Service | date = 2016 | url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03mt7rn }}</ref><ref name="BBC News - Carl Randall interview">{{citation | title= BBC News. 'Painting the faces in Japan's crowded cities'. | publisher= BBC News – Arts & Entertainment | date = 2016 | url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35841387 }}</ref><ref name="Tokyo Portraits by Carl Randall">{{citation | title= 'Tokyo Portraits by Carl Randall'. | publisher= The Daiwa Anglo Japanese Foundation, London | date = 2014 | url= http://www.dajf.org.uk/exhibitions/tokyo-portraits-by-carl-randall-2}}</ref><ref name="BP Portrait Award 2013">{{citation | title= 'The BP Portrait Awards 2013'. | publisher= The National Portrait Gallery, London | date = 2012 | url= http://www.npg.org.uk/whatson/exhibitions/bp-portrait-award-2013/the-exhibition/exhibitors/bp-2013-exhibitor-6.php}}</ref><ref name="Japan Portraits">{{citation | title= 'Japan Portraits'. | publisher= Carl Randall – artist website | date = 2016 | url= http://www.carlrandall.com/japan-portraits }}</ref> ==Pakigsumpayan ha langyaw== An Tokyo usa ha nagtukod nga membro han Asian Network of Major Cities 21 ngan membro liwat han Council of Local Authorities for International Relations. An Tokyo in nagtukod nga membro liwat han C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group. ===Mga bugto nga syudad, mga bugto nga estado, ngan mga saragbot hit pakipagsangkay=== Han 2016, an Tokyo in may-ada mga saragbot pagkakaruha o pakipagsangkay ha masunod nga napulo kag-duha ka mga syudad ngan estado: <ref name="TMG">{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/LINKS/sister.htm|title=Sister Cities (States) of Tokyo – Tokyo Metropolitan Government|accessdate=30 Mayo 2016|archive-date=2016-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611131633/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/LINKS/sister.htm|url-status=}}</ref> {{Div col}} * {{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City]], Estados Unidos (tikang hadin Pebrero 1960) * {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Beijing]], Tsina (tikang hadin Marso 1979) * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], Fransya ("Saragbot hit pakipagsangkay ngan pagburubligay", tikang hadin Hulyo 1982)<ref name=P1>{{cite web |url=http://next.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/friendship-and-cooperation-agreements/rub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784 |title=Friendship and cooperation agreements |publisher=Marie de Paris |location=Paris |accessdate=2016-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701024003/http://next.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/friendship-and-cooperation-agreements/rub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784 |archive-date=2016-07-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|AUS}} [[New South Wales]], Australia (tikang hadin Mayo 1984)<!-- Note that Tokyo is twinned with New South Wales – not Sydney --> * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea (tikang hadin Septyembre 1988) * {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia (tikang hadin Oktubre 1989) * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[São Paulo (state)|Estado han São Paulo]], Brazil (tikang hadin Hunyo 1990)<!-- Note that Tokyo is twinned with the state – not the city --> * {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Cairo]], Ehipto (tikang hadin Oktobre 1990) * {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Russia (tikang hadin Hulyo 1991) * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Berlin]], Germany (tikang hadin Mayo 1994) * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rome]], Italya ("Saragbot hit pakipagsangkay ngan pagburubligay", tikang hadin Hulyo 1996) * {{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]], United Kingdom (tikang hadin Oktobre 2015) {{Div col end}} ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{refbegin|30em}} * Fiévé, Nicolas and Paul Waley. (2003). ''Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo''. London: RoutledgeCurzon. 10-ISBN 070071409X/13-ISBN 9780700714094; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/japanese-capitals-in-historical-perspective-place-power-and-memory-in-kyoto-edo-and-tokyo/oclc/51527561&referer=brief_results OCLC 51527561] * McClain, James, John M Merriman and Kaoru Ugawa. (1994). ''Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 10-ISBN 0801429870/13-ISBN 9780801429873; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/edo-and-paris-urban-life-and-the-state-in-the-early-modern-era/oclc/30157716&referer=brief_results OCLC 30157716] * Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&client=firefox-a ''Japan encyclopedia'']. Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition OCLC 58053128] * Sorensen, Andre. (2002). ''The Making of Urban Japan: Cities and Planning from Edo to the Twenty First Century''. London: RoutledgeCurzon. 10-ISBN 0415226511/13-ISBN 9780415226516; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/making-of-urban-japan-cities-and-planning-from-edo-to-the-twenty-first-century/oclc/48517502?referer=di&ht=edition OCLC 48517502] {{refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{Z148}} ===Mga pagtugway === * Bender, Andrew, and Timothy N. Hornyak. ''Tokyo'' (City Travel Guide) (2010) * Mansfield, Stephen. ''Dk Eyewitness Top 10 Travel Guide: Tokyo'' (2013) * Waley, Paul. ''Tokyo Now and Then: An Explorer's Guide''. (1984). 592 pp * Yanagihara, Wendy. ''Lonely Planet Tokyo Encounter'' (2012) {{Z148}} ===Kontemporaryo=== * Allinson, Gary D. ''Suburban Tokyo: A Comparative Study in Politics and Social Change''. (1979). 258 pp. * Bestor, Theodore. ''Neighbourhood Tokyo'' (1989). [http://www.questia.com/read/91986553?title=Neighborhood%20Tokyo online edition] * Bestor, Theodore. ''Tsukiji: The Fish Market at the Centre of the World''. (2004) [http://www.questia.com/read/105652913?title=Tsukiji%3a%20%20The%20Fish%20Market%20at%20the%20Center%20of%20the%20World online edition] * Fowler, Edward. ''San'ya Blues: Labouring Life in Contemporary Tokyo''. ( 1996) ISBN 0-8014-8570-3. * Friedman, Mildred, ed. ''Tokyo, Form and Spirit''. (1986). 256 pp. * Jinnai, Hidenobu. ''Tokyo: A Spatial Anthropology''. (1995). 236 pp. * Reynolds, Jonathan M. "Japan's Imperial Diet Building: Debate over Construction of a National Identity". ''Art Journal''. 55#3 (1996) pp 38+. * Sassen, Saskia. ''The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo''. (1991). 397 pp. * Sorensen, A. ''Land Readjustment and Metropolitan Growth: An Examination of Suburban Land Development and Urban Sprawl in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area'' (2000) * Waley, Paul. "Tokyo-as-world-city: Reassessing the Role of Capital and the State in Urban Restructuring". ''Urban Studies'' 2007 44(8): 1465–1490. ISSN 0042-0980 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]] {{Z148}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links||wikt=Tokyo|commons=東京|v=no|n=Category:Tokyo|q=no|s=no|b=Enjoy Tokyo|species=no|voy=Tokyo|display=Tokyo}} * {{official website|http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/}} {{Tokyo}} {{Mga rehiyon ngan mga bahin han pagdudumara han Hapon}} {{turók}} {{Commons category|Tokyo}} [[Kaarangay:Tokyo| ]] [[Kaarangay:Kantō (rehiyon)]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Syudad han Hapon]] [[Kaarangay:Mga prefektura han Hapon]] [[Kaarangay:Mga ulohan ha Asya]] e2nynjvvtdydhd5884lva4zmryy5ih2 0 13678 7783316 7782385 2026-05-24T19:17:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260524sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783316 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''katungod pantawo''' amo an kinahanglanon nga katungod ngan katalwasan nga mayda ngatanan nga tawo. Pananglitan ha katungod pantawo, upod dinhi an katungod sibil ngan pulitika, sugad han katungod mabuhi ngan matalwas, katalwasan makapagyakan, ngan patas ha atubangan han balaod; ngan pansosyodad, pankultura ug pagpakabuhi nga mga katungod, kaupod dinhi an katungod magbulig ha kahiaraan o kultura, an katungod makakaon, katungod makapagpakabuhi, ngan katungod makapag-aram. :"Ngatanan nga tawo natawo nga talwas ug pareho ha dignidad ngan katungod. Mayda hira panhunahuna ug pamurootboot nga dapat magbuhat ha igkasitawo hin may hinongdan nga pagkamagburugto. ::--Artikulo 1 han '''Sangkalibutan Nga Pag-Asoy Bahin Han Kanan Tawo Mga Katungod''' nga ginpadig-on han [[Nagkaurusa nga mga Nasod]]-- ==Kitaa Gihapon== * [[Sangkalibutan Nga Pag-Asoy Bahin Han Kanan Tawo Mga Katungod]] * [[:en:Human Rights Day|Human Rights Day]] - [[Disyembre 10]] ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== ===Mga libro=== * {{Cite book |last= Beitz |first= Charles R. |title= The idea of human rights | date = 2009 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= Oxford |isbn= 978-0-19-957245-8 |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |last= Moyn |first= Samuel |title= [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674064348 The last utopia: human rights in history] | date = 2010 |publisher= Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |location= Cambridge, Mass. |isbn= 978-0-674-06434-8 |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |last= Donnelly |first= Jack |title= Universal human rights in theory and practice |url= https://archive.org/details/universalhumanri0000donn | date = 2003 |publisher= Cornell University Press |location= Ithaca |isbn= 978-0-8014-8776-7 |edition= 2nd |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |last= Ball |last2= Gready |first= Olivia |title= The no-nonsense guide to human rights |url= https://archive.org/details/nononsenseguidet0000ball | date = 2006 |work= New Internationalist |location= Oxford |isbn= 978-1-904456-45-2 |first2= Paul |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |last= Freeman |first= Michael |title= Human rights : an interdisciplinary approach | date = 2002 |publisher= Polity Press |location= Cambridge |isbn= 978-0-7456-2355-9 |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |last= Doebbler |first= Curtis F. J |title= Introduction to international human rights law. | date = 2006 |publisher= Cd Publishing |isbn= 978-0-9743570-2-7 |ref= harv }} * Keys, Barbara J. (2014). ''Reclaiming American Virtue: The Human Rights Revolution of the 1970s.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. * {{Cite book |last= Shaw |first= Malcolm |title= International Law |url= https://archive.org/details/internationallaw0000shaw_i0o6 | date = 2008 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |location= Leiden |isbn= 978-0-511-45559-9 |edition= 6th |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |last= Ishay |first= Micheline R. |title= The history of human rights : from ancient times to the globalization era |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofhumanri0000isha_l5h5 | date = 2008 |publisher= University of California Press |location= Berkeley, Calif. |isbn= 0-520-25641-7 |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |title= Principles of Public International Law |url= https://archive.org/details/principlesofpubl0000brow_z1a3 |publisher= OUP |last= Brownlie |first= Ian |edition= 6th | date = 2003 |isbn= 0-19-955683-0 |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |last= Glendon |first= Mary Ann |title= A world made new : Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url= https://archive.org/details/worldmadenewelea00glen | date = 2001 |publisher= Random House |location= New York |isbn= 978-0-679-46310-8 }} * {{Cite book |last1= Sepúlveda |last2= van Banning |last3= Gudmundsdóttir |last4= Chamoun |last5= van Genugten |first1= Magdalena |first2= Theo |first3= Gudrún |first4= Christine |first5= Willem J.M. |title= Human rights reference handbook | date = 2004 |publisher= University of Peace |location= Ciudad Colon, Costa Rica |isbn= 9977-925-18-6 |edition= 3rd ed. rev. |ref= {{SfnRef|Sepúlveda et al.|2004}} }}[http://www.hrea.org/erc/Library/display_doc.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrc.upeace.org%2Ffiles%2Fhuman%2520rights%2520reference%2520handbook.pdf&external=N] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328001040/http://www.hrea.org/erc/Library/display_doc.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrc.upeace.org%2Ffiles%2Fhuman%2520rights%2520reference%2520handbook.pdf&external=N |date= 28 Marso 2012 }} * {{Cite book |last= Ignatieff |first= Michael |title= Human rights as politics and idolatry |url= https://archive.org/details/humanrightsaspol0000igna | date = 2001 |publisher= Princeton University Press |location= Princeton, N.J. |isbn= 0-691-08893-4 |edition= 3. print. |ref= harv }} ===Mga artikulo=== * {{Cite journal |title= Ships Passing in the Night: The Current State of the Human Rights and Development Debate seen through the Lens of the Millennium Development Goals |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_human-rights-quarterly_2005-08_27_3/page/n6 |last= Alston |first= Philip |date= Agosto 2005 |volume= 27 |issue= 3 |pages= 755–829 |doi= 10.1353/hrq.2005.0030 |ref= harv |journal= Human Rights Quarterly }} * {{Cite journal |url= http://www.springerlink.com/content/bbgl735nwh725y05/ |title= Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights and the religious relativism of human rights |last= Endsjø |first= Dag Øistein |journal= Human Rights Review | date = 2005 |volume= 6:2 |pages= 102–10 |ref= harv |doi= 10.1007/s12142-005-1020-1 |issue= 2 }}{{Dead link|date= Disyembre 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * {{Cite journal |url= http://www.law.northwestern.edu/journals/jihr/v2/5/#note1 |title= The Rule of Law in The Universal Declaration of Human Rights |last= Glendon |first= Mary Ann |journal= Northwestern University Journal of International Human Rights |date= Abril 2004 |volume= 2 |page= 5 |ref= harv |access-date= 24 Enero 2015 |archive-date= 20 Hulyo 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110720014500/http://www.law.northwestern.edu/journals/jihr/v2/5/#note1 |url-status= dead }} ===Online=== * {{Cite encyclopedia |title= Human Rights |encyclopedia= The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |last= Nickel |first= James | date = 2010 |edition= Fall 2010 |url= http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rights-human/ |ref= harv }} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title= Human Rights |encyclopedia= The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |last= Fagan |first= Andrew | date = 2005 |url= http://www.iep.utm.edu/hum-rts/ |issn= 2161-0002 |ref= harv }} ===Miscellaneous=== * {{Cite speech |title= On the Adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights |first= Eleanor |last= Roosevelt |event= Third regular session of the United Nations General Assembly |location= Paris, France |date= 9 Disyembre 1948 |url= http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/eleanorrooseveltdeclarationhumanrights.htm |ref= harv }} * {{Cite journal |title= Universal Declaration of Human Rights |publisher= UN General Assembly |date= 10 Disyembre 1948 |url= http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b3712c.html |id= 217 A (III) |ref= {{SfnRef|UDHR|1948}} |postscript= <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{Inconsistent citations}} }} ==Mga sumpay sa gawas== * [http://www.amnesty.org/ Amnesty International] * [http://hroniki.info/ Katungod pantawo - Rusya] * [http://www.hrichina.org/ Katungod pantawo - Tsina] {{Sister project links}} * [http://www.un.org/rights/ United Nations: Human Rights] * [http://www.hrbaportal.org UN Practitioner's Portal on HRBA Programming] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114002756/https://hrbaportal.org/ |date= 14 Nobyembre 2019 }} UN centralised webportal on the Human Rights-Based Approach to Development Programming * [http://www.ishr.ch/guides-to-the-un-system/simple-guide-to-treaty-bodies Simple Guide to the UN Treaty Bodies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001212156/http://www.ishr.ch/guides-to-the-un-system/simple-guide-to-treaty-bodies |date= 1 Oktubre 2013 }} (International Service for Human Rights) * [http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices] U.S. Department of State. * [http://ictj.org/ International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ)] * [http://www.iidh.org The International Institute of Human Rights] * [http://www.ihrlaw.org IHRLaw.org] International Human Rights Law – comprehensive online resources and news * {{dmoz|Society/Issues/Human_Rights_and_Liberties}} jf7t4t1p3da9s7zmjrep8yt1u2agj0w 0 14621 7783312 7783148 2026-05-24T19:10:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260524sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |name = Charles Darwin |birth_name=Charles Robert Darwin |image = Charles Darwin seated crop.jpg |alt=Three quarter length studio photo showing Darwin's characteristic large forehead and bushy eyebrows with deep set eyes, pug nose and mouth set in a determined look. He is bald on top, with dark hair and long side whiskers but no beard or moustache. His jacket is dark, with very wide lapels, and his trousers are a light check pattern. His shirt has an upright wing collar, and his cravat is tucked into his waistcoat which is a light fine checked pattern. |caption = Darwin, edad 45 han tuig 1854, ha panahon han ginbubuhat niya pakadto han publikasyon han ''[[On the Origin of Species|{{nowrap|On the Origin of Species}}]]'' |birth_date = {{birth date|1809|2|12|df=y}} |birth_place = [[The Mount, Shrewsbury]], [[Shropshire]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1882|4|19|1809|2|12|df=yes}} |death_place = [[Down House]], [[Downe]], [[Kent]], United Kingdom |residence = England |citizenship = [[British Citizenship|British]] |nationality = [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] |ethnicity = English |fields = [[natural history|Naturalist]] |workplaces = [[Geological Society of London]] |alma_mater = (tertiary education):<br> [[University of Edinburgh]] (medicine) <br />[[University of Cambridge]] (ordinary Bachelor of Arts) |doctoral_advisor = <!--there were no PhDs in Cambridge at the time--> |academic_advisors = [[John Stevens Henslow]]<br />[[Adam Sedgwick]] |doctoral_students = <!--there were no PhDs in Cambridge at the time--> |notable_students = |known_for = ''[[The Voyage of the Beagle]]''<br>''[[On the Origin of Species]]''<br>[[evolution]] by <br>[[natural selection]],<br>[[common descent]] |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = [[Alexander von Humboldt]]<br>[[John Herschel]]<br>[[Charles Lyell]] |influenced = [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]]<br>[[Thomas Henry Huxley]]<br>[[George Romanes]]<br>[[Ernst Haeckel]]<br>[[John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury|Sir John Lubbock]] |awards = [[Royal Medal]] (1853)<br>[[Wollaston Medal]] (1859)<br>[[Copley Medal]] (1864) |signature = Charles Darwin Signature.svg |signature_alt = "Charles Darwin", with the surname underlined by a downward curve that mimics the curve of the initial "C" |footnotes = |spouse = [[Emma Darwin]] (1839-1896) }} Hi '''Charles Robert Darwin''' (12 Pebrero 1809 – 19 Abril 1882) amo an usa ka Ingles nga naturalista syentipiko nga nagpahimatuod ngan naglatag hin mga kasarigan nga ngatanan nga kinabuhi nagtikang ha kapareho nga tinikangan (ebolusyon), pamaagi han tinatawag niya nga pagpili natural. ==Mga reperensya== {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{Cite news | last = Anonymous | date = 1882 | title =Obituary: Death Of Chas. Darwin | periodical =[[The New York Times]] | issue =21 Abril 1882 | url =http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0212.html | accessdate =30 Oktubre 2008 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Balfour | first =J. H. | authorlink = John Hutton Balfour | date = 11 Mayo 1882 | title = [[s:Transactions & Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh/Obituary Notice of Charles Robert Darwin|Obituary Notice of Charles Robert Darwin]] | journal=[[Transactions & Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh]] | issue = 14 | pages = 284–298|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Bannister | first =Robert C. | date = 1989 | title = Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought. | location = Philadelphia | publisher=Temple University Press | isbn =0-87722-566-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Bowler | first = Peter J. | date = 2003 | title = Evolution: The History of an Idea | url = https://archive.org/details/evolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8 | edition = 3rd | publisher=University of California Press | isbn = 0-520-23693-9|ref=harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Browne | first = E. Janet | authorlink = Janet Browne | date = 1995 | title = Charles Darwin: vol. 1 Voyaging | url = https://archive.org/details/charlesdarwin0000jane | publication-place = London | publisher=Jonathan Cape | isbn = 1-84413-314-1|ref=harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Browne | first = E. Janet | date = 2002 | title = Charles Darwin: vol. 2 The Power of Place | publication-place = London | publisher=Jonathan Cape | isbn = 0-7126-6837-3|ref=harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 1835 | title = Extracts from letters to Professor Henslow | publication-place = Cambridge | publisher=[privately printed] | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =1 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 1837 | title =Notebook B: (Transmutation of species) | publisher=Darwin Online | id =CUL-DAR121 | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR121.-&pageseq=1 | accessdate =20 Disyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last= Darwin | first= Charles | date = 1839 | title=Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Journal and remarks. 1832–1836. | location= London | publisher=Henry Colburn | volume=III | url= http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.3&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =24 Oktubre 2008|ref=harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | author-link = | date = 1842 | publication-date = 1909 | contribution =Pencil Sketch of 1842 | contribution-url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1556&pageseq=33 | editor-last = Darwin | editor-first = Francis | editor-link = Francis Darwin | title =The foundations of The origin of species: Two essays written in 1842 and 1844. | publisher=Cambridge University Press | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1556&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | isbn = 0-548-79998-9 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last= Darwin | first= Charles | author-link= | date = 1845 | title= Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. 2d edition | location= London | publisher=John Murray | url= http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F20&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =24 Oktubre 2008|ref=harv }} * {{Cite journal | last = Darwin | first = Charles | last2 = Wallace | first2 = Alfred Russel | author2-link = Alfred Russel Wallace | date = 1858 | title =[[On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection]] | edition = | series = Zoology 3 | publication-place = | journal=Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London | pages = 46–50 | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02500.x|ref=harv | volume = 3 | issue = 9}} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 1859 | title =On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life | edition =1st | publication-place = London | publisher=John Murray | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =24 Oktubre 2008|ref=harv | isbn = 1-4353-9386-4 }} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | author-link = | date = 1868 | title = The variation of animals and plants under domestication | publication-place = London | publisher=John Murray | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F880.1&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =1 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv | isbn = 1-4191-8660-4}} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 1871 | title =The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex | edition =1st | publication-place = London | publisher=John Murray | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_TheDescentofMan.html | accessdate =24 Oktubre 2008|ref=harv | isbn = 0-8014-2085-7 }} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 1872 | title = The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life | edition = 6th | location = London | publisher=John Murray | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F391&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =1 Nobyembre 2009 |ref=harv | isbn = 1-4353-9386-4}} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 1887 | editor-last = Darwin | editor-first = Francis | editor-link =Francis Darwin | title = The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter | location = London | publisher=John Murray | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_LifeandLettersandAutobiography.html | accessdate =4 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv | isbn = 0-404-08417-6}} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 1958 | editor-last = Barlow | editor-first = Nora | editor-link =Nora Barlow | title =The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his granddaughter Nora Barlow | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=F1497&viewtype=text | location = London | publisher=Collins | accessdate =28 Septyembre 2013|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 2006 | contribution =Journal | contribution-url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR158.1-76&pageseq=1 | editor-last =van Wyhe | editor-first = John | title =Darwin's personal 'Journal' (1809–1881) | publisher=Darwin Online | id =CUL-DAR158.1–76 | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/vanWyhe_JournalDAR158.html | accessdate =20 Disyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Desmond | first = Adrian | authorlink = Adrian Desmond | last2 = Moore | first2 = James | author2-link = James Moore (biographer) | date = 1991 | title = Darwin | url = https://archive.org/details/darwin0000desm | location = London | publisher=Michael Joseph, Penguin Group | isbn = 0-7181-3430-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Desmond | first = Adrian | author-link = | last2 = Moore | first2 = James | author2-link = James Moore (biographer) | last3=Browne | first3=Janet | date = 2004 | title = [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] | publication-place = Oxford, England | publisher=Oxford University Press | doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/7176|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Dobzhansky | first = Theodosius | author-link = Theodosius Dobzhansky | date= Marso 1973 | title = Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-biology-teacher_1973-03_35_3/page/n14 | journal = The American Biology Teacher | volume = 35 | pages = 125–129 | ref = harv | doi = 10.2307/4444260 | issue = 3 }} * {{Cite journal | last = Eldredge | first = Niles | author-link = Niles Eldredge | date = 2006 | title = Confessions of a Darwinist | periodical = The Virginia Quarterly Review | issue = Spring 2006 | pages = 32–53 | url = http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2006/spring/eldredge-confessions-darwinist/ | accessdate = 4 Nobyembre 2008 | ref = harv | archive-date = 2013-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110620/http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2006/spring/eldredge-confessions-darwinist/ | url-status = }} * {{Cite book | last = FitzRoy | first = Robert | author-link = Robert Fitzroy | date = 1839 | title = Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle, Volume II | publication-place = London | publisher=Henry Colburn | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.2&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =4 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Freeman | first = R. B. | author-link = R. B. Freeman | date = 1977 | title = The Works of Charles Darwin: An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist | publication-place = Folkestone | publisher=Wm Dawson & Sons Ltd | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A1&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =4 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv | isbn = 0-208-01658-9}} *{{Cite book | last = Freeman | first = R. B. | title = Charles Darwin: A companion | publisher = [[The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online]] | date = 2007 | edition =2nd online | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A27b&viewtype=text&pageseq=114 | pp = 107, 109 | accessdate=25 Disyembre 2014|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal | last =Herbert | first = Sandra | date = 1980 | title =The red notebook of Charles Darwin | journal=Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) | series =Historical Series | issue = 7 (24 April) | pages =1–164 | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1583e&pageseq=1 | accessdate =11 Enero 2009|ref=harv }} * {{Cite journal | last =Herbert | first = Sandra | date = 1991 | title =Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author | journal=British Journal for the History of Science | issue = 24 | pages =159–192 | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A342&pageseq=1 | accessdate =24 Oktubre 2008|ref=harv | doi =10.1017/S0007087400027060 | volume =24 }} * {{Cite book | last= Keynes | first= Richard | author-link = Richard Keynes | date = 2000 | title = Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. | publisher=Cambridge University Press | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1840&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =22 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv | isbn= 0-521-46569-9}} * {{Cite book | last= Keynes | first= Richard | date = 2001 | title=Charles Darwin's Beagle Diary | publisher=Cambridge University Press | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1925&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =24 Oktubre 2008|ref=harv | isbn= 0-521-23503-0}} * {{Cite web |last = Kotzin |first = Daniel | date = 2004 |title = Point-Counterpoint: Social Darwinism |publisher = Columbia American History Online |url = http://caho-test.cc.columbia.edu/pcp/14008.html |accessdate = 22 Nobyembre 2008 |ref = harv |archive-date = 19 Hulyo 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719072856/http://caho-test.cc.columbia.edu/pcp/14008.html |url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book|last=Larson|first=Edward J.|authorlink=Edward Larson|title=Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionremarka00lars|publisher=Modern Library| date = 2004|isbn=0-679-64288-9|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web | last = Leff | first = David | date = 2000 | title = AboutDarwin.com | url = http://www.aboutdarwin.com/index.html | edition = 2000–2008 | accessdate = 30 Disyembre 2008 | ref = harv | archive-date = 28 Agosto 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130828111301/http://www.aboutdarwin.com/index.html | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite journal | last = Leifchild | date=19 Nobyembre 1859 | title =Review of 'Origin' | periodical =[[Athenaeum (magazine)|Athenaeum]] | issue = 1673 | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=image&itemID=CUL-DAR226.1.8&pageseq=1 | accessdate =22 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Miles | first = Sara Joan | date = 2001 | title =Charles Darwin and Asa Gray Discuss Teleology and Design | journal=Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith | volume = 53 | pages =196–201 | url =http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2001/PSCF9-01Miles.html | accessdate =22 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite news |last = Moore |first = James |author-link = James Moore (biographer) | date = 2005 |title = Darwin – A 'Devil's Chaplain'? |publisher = American Public Media |url = http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/moore-devilschaplain.pdf |format = PDF |accessdate = 22 Nobyembre 2008 |ref = harv |archive-date = 27 Pebrero 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080227014518/http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/moore-devilschaplain.pdf |url-status = dead }} * {{Cite news |last = Moore |first = James | date = 2006 |title = Evolution and Wonder – Understanding Charles Darwin |series = Speaking of Faith (Radio Program) |publisher = American Public Media |url = http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/transcript.shtml |accessdate = 22 Nobyembre 2008 |ref = harv |archive-date = 22 Disyembre 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081222020720/http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/transcript.shtml |url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book | last = Owen | first = Richard | author-link = Richard Owen | date = 1840 | editor-last = Darwin | editor-first = C. R. | title = Fossil Mammalia Part 1 | series =The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle | location = London | publisher=Smith Elder and Co|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Paul | first =Diane B. | date = 2003 | contribution =Darwin, social Darwinism and eugenics | editor-last = Hodge | editor-first = Jonathan | editor2-last = Radick | editor2-first = Gregory | title =The Cambridge Companion to Darwin | url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00hodg | publisher=Cambridge University Press | pages =[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00hodg/page/n229 214]–239 | isbn = 0-521-77730-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web | last = Smith | first = Charles H. | title = Alfred Russel Wallace on Spiritualism, Man, and Evolution: An Analytical Essay | date = 1999 | url = http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/essays/ARWPAMPH.htm | accessdate = 7 Disyembre 2008 | ref = harv | archive-date = 2008-12-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081205020823/http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/essays/ARWPAMPH.htm | url-status = }} * {{Cite journal | last = Sulloway | first =Frank J. | author-link =Frank Sulloway | date = 1982 | title =Darwin and His Finches: The Evolution of a Legend | journal=Journal of the History of Biology | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages =1–53 |format=PDF | url =http://www.sulloway.org/Finches.pdf | accessdate =9 Disyembre 2008 | doi = 10.1007/BF00132004|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web | last = Sweet | first = William | title = Herbert Spencer | publisher=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy | date = 2004 | url = http://www.iep.utm.edu/spencer/ | accessdate =16 Disyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web | last = Wilkins | first = John S. | date = 1997 | title =Evolution and Philosophy: Does evolution make might right? | publisher=[[TalkOrigins Archive]] | url = http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolphil/social.html | accessdate =22 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Wilkins | first = John S. | date = 2008 | contribution =Darwin | editor-last = Tucker | editor-first = Aviezer | title =A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography | series =Blackwell Companions to Philosophy | pages =405–415 | publication-place =Chichester | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | isbn =1-4051-4908-6|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = van Wyhe | first = John | title = Mind the gap: Did Darwin avoid publishing his theory for many years? | journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society | volume = 61 | issue =2| pages = 177–205 | date = 27 Marso 2007 | doi = 10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171 | url= http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A544&pageseq=1 | accessdate =7 Pebrero 2008|ref=harv }} * {{Cite web | last =van Wyhe | first = John | date = 2008 | title =Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist: A biographical sketch | publisher=Darwin Online | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/darwin.html | accessdate =17 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last =van Wyhe | first =John | publication-date =1 Septyembre 2008 | date = 2008b | title =Darwin: The Story of the Man and His Theories of Evolution | publication-place =London | publisher=Andre Deutsch Ltd | isbn =0-233-00251-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last =von Sydow | first = Momme | date = 2005 | contribution =Darwin – A Christian Undermining Christianity? On Self-Undermining Dynamics of Ideas Between Belief and Science | contribution-url =http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20090326070105/http://www.psych.uni-goettingen.de/abt/1/sydow/von_Sydow_(2005)_Darwin_A_Christian_Undermining_Christianity.pdf | editor-last = Knight | editor-first =David M. | editor2-last = Eddy | editor2-first =Matthew D. | title =Science and Beliefs: From Natural Philosophy to Natural Science, 1700–1900 | location = Burlington | publisher=Ashgate | pages =141–156 | isbn =0-7546-3996-7 | accessdate =16 Disyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web | last = Yates | first = Simon | date = 2003 | title =The Lady Hope Story: A Widespread Falsehood | publisher=[[TalkOrigins Archive]] | url =http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/hope.html | accessdate =15 Disyembre 2006|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{sisterlinks|s=Charles Robert Darwin|author=yes|wikt=no|species_author=Charles Robert Darwin}} {{Library resources box |onlinebooks=yes |by=yes |viaf= 27063124 |label=Charles Darwin }} * [[The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online]] – [http://darwin-online.org.uk/ Darwin Online]; Darwin's publications, private papers and bibliography, supplementary works including biographies, obituaries and reviews * [http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/ Darwin Correspondence Project] Full text and notes for complete correspondence to 1867, with summaries of all the rest ** Darwin-Hooker letters, images and text jointly published at [http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/darwinhooker Cambridge Digital Library] and [http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwin-hooker-letters Darwin Correspondence Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711123808/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwin-hooker-letters |date= 11 Hulyo 2014 }} * {{gutenberg author| id=Charles+Darwin| name=Charles Darwin}}; public domain * [http://darwin.amnh.org/ Darwin Manuscript Project] * [http://librivox.org/newcatalog/search.php?title=&author=charles+darwin&status=all&action=Search Works by Charles Darwin in audio format] from [[LibriVox]] * [http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/natural_science/topics/3696/ Video and radio clips] [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] * {{dmoz|Science/Biology/History/People/Darwin,_Charles/}} * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n78-95637}} * {{NRA|P7461}} * [http://www.thesecondevolution.com/darwin_intro.html A Pictorial Biography of Charles Darwin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705135038/http://www.thesecondevolution.com/darwin_intro.html |date= 5 Hulyo 2014 }} * [http://www.rationalrevolution.net/articles/darwin_nazism.htm Mis-portrayal of Darwin as a Racist] * [http://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=zlY48eTMIq2I.kAz5eIDk_Q1I Google Map of Charles Darwin’s Voyage of the Beagle 1832-1836] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125153030/https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=zlY48eTMIq2I.kAz5eIDk_Q1I |date= 25 Enero 2015 }} * [http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs/darwinvolcano.html Darwin's Volcano] – a short video discussing Darwin and Agassiz' coral reef formation debate * {{Cite EB1911| wstitle=Darwin, Charles Robert}} * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/interactive/2009/feb/12/charles-darwin '' The life and times of Charles Darwin'', an audio slideshow, The Guardian, Thursday 12 February 2009,] (3 min 20 sec). * [http://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/showcases/charlesdarwin/ Darwin's Brave New World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622123730/http://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/showcases/charlesdarwin/ |date=2013-06-22 }} – A 3 part drama-documentary exploring Charles Darwin and the significant contributions of his colleagues Joseph Hooker, Thomas Huxley and Alfred Russel Wallace also featuring interviews with [[Richard Dawkins]], David Suzuki, Jared Diamond * [http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/dossiers/dosdarwinE/darwin.html A naturalist's voyage around the world] Account of the ''Beagle'' voyage using animation, in English from [[French National Centre for Scientific Research|Centre national de la recherche scientifique]] * {{Cite book|last=''Anonymous''|others=Illustrated by [[s:Author:Frederick Waddy|Waddy, Frederick]]|title=Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cartoon_portraits_and_biographical_sketches_of_men_of_the_day/C._R._Darwin,_F.R.S.|accessdate=28 Disyembre 2010| date = 1873|publisher=Tinsley Brothers|location=London|pages=6–7}} * View books owned and annotated by [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/collection/darwinlibrary Charles Darwin] at the online Biodiversity Heritage Library. * [http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/darwin_mss Digitised Darwin Manuscripts] in [[Cambridge Digital Library]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Darwin, Charles}} [[Kaarangay:Charles Darwin| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1809]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1882]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Darwin, Charles]] 6cbp8d668b7zcj2lf1iq0q6hy92e08l 0 18006 7783314 7783078 2026-05-24T19:15:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260524sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Ottoman sultan |Sultan_Name= Sulemian I |title=[[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan of]] [[Ottoman Empire|the Ottoman Empire]]<br />[[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]]<br />[[Caliph|Islamic Caliph]]<br />[[Amir al-Mu'minin]] |image_portrait= EmperorSuleiman.jpg |image_tugra= Tughra of Suleiman I the Magnificent.svg |caption= Suleyman I attributed to school of [[Titian]] c.1530 |reign= 1520–1566 (46 years) |Military= Growth of the Ottoman Empire |coronation= 30 September 1520 |name = Suleiman the Magnificent<br />سلطان سليمان اول |full name= Suleiman bin Selim bin Bayezid bin Mehmed bin Murad bin Mehmed bin Bayezid bin Murad bin Orhan bin Osman bin Ertuğrul |before= [[Selim I]] |after= [[Selim II]] |suc-type= Heir Apparent |consort= [[Hürrem Sultan]] | =[[Roxelana|Hürrem Sultan]] (Roxelana) |issue= [[Shahzade Mahmud]] (1511–1521)<br /> [[Shahzade Mustafa]] (1515–1553)<br /> [[Shahzade Mehmed]] (1523–1543)<br /> [[Mihrimah Sultana]] (1524–1578)<br /> [[Selim II]] (1525–1574)<br /> [[Şehzade Beyazıt|Shahzade Bayezid]] (1527–1561)<br /> [[Shahzade Cihangir]] (1535–1553)<br /> |royal house= [[House of Osman]] |father= [[Selim I]] |mother= [[Ayşe Hafsa Sultan]] |birth_date={{birth date|1494|11|06|df=y}} |birth_place=[[Trabzon]] |death_date= 5/6 September 1566 (aged 71) |death_place=[[Szigetvár]], [[Hungary]] |burial_place=[[Süleymaniye Mosque]], [[Constantinople]]<ref>''The Encyclopædia Britannica'', Vol.7, Edited by Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 3; ''Constantinople, the capital of the Turkish Empire...''</ref><ref>[http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368294/Istanbul Britannica, Istanbul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218080707/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368294/Istanbul |date=2007-12-18 }}:''When the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, the capital was moved to Ankara, and Constantinople was officially renamed Istanbul in 1930.''</ref> (present day [[Istanbul]]) |spouse 2= [[Haseki]] [[Hürrem Sultan]] <br />[[Mahidevran Sultan]] |religion=[[Sunni Islam]] |}} Hi '''Suleiman I''' (Tinurkiya Otomano: سليمان Sulaymān, Tinurkiya: Süleyman; agsob igtawag nga ''Kanuni Sultan Süleyman'') (6 Nobyembre 1494 – 5/6/7 Septyembre 1566), amo an ikanapulo ngan gihahalaba-i nga namuno nga Sultan han Imperyo Otomano, tikang 1520 kutob ha iya kamatay han 1566. == Mga kasarigan == {{reflist}} == Mga reperensya == ;Nakaimprenta nga kuruhaan <div class="references-small"> *{{cite book |last=Ahmed|first=Syed Z|title=The Zenith of an Empire : The Glory of the Suleiman the Magnificent and the Law Giver |url=https://archive.org/details/zenithofempiregl0000ahme|year=2001 |publisher=A.E.R. Publications |isbn=978-0-9715873-0-4}} *{{cite book |last=Atıl |first=Esin |title=The Age of Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent|year=1987 |publisher=National Gallery of Art |location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-89468-098-4}} *{{cite journal|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198704/the.golden.age.of.ottoman.art.htm|title=The Golden Age of Ottoman Art|accessdate=2007-04-18|journal=Saudi Aramco World|year=1987|month=July/August|volume=38|issue=4|pages=24–33|issn=1530-5821|location=Houston, Texas|publisher=Aramco Services Co|last=Atıl|first=Esin|archive-date=2011-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609191610/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198704/the.golden.age.of.ottoman.art.htm|url-status=}} *{{cite book |last=Barber|first=Noel|authorlink=Noel Barber|title=Lords of the Golden Horn : From Suleiman the Magnificent to Kamal Ataturk |url=https://archive.org/details/lordsofgoldenhor0000barb|publisher=Pan Books|location=London|year=1976 |isbn=978-0-330-24735-1}} *{{cite book |last=Clot | first=André | authorlink=André Clot |title=Suleiman the Magnificent : The Man, His Life, His Epoch|year=1992 |publisher=[[Saqi Books]] |location=London|isbn=978-0-86356-126-9}} * Garnier, Edith ''L'Alliance Impie'' Editions du Felin, 2008, Paris ISBN 978-2-86645-678-8 [http://www.neopodia.mobi/20090519-histoire-renaissance-alliance-impie-francois-1er-ier-ottoman-soliman-suleyman-charles-quint-forces-en-presence Interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818015845/http://www.neopodia.mobi/20090519-histoire-renaissance-alliance-impie-francois-1er-ier-ottoman-soliman-suleyman-charles-quint-forces-en-presence |date=2009-08-18 }} *{{cite book |last=Greenblatt |first=Miriam |title=Süleyman the Magnificent and the Ottoman Empire |year=2003|publisher=Benchmark Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7614-1489-6}} *{{cite book |last=Imber|first=Colin|title=The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650 : The Structure of Power |url=https://archive.org/details/ottomanempire1300000imbe|year=2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |isbn=978-0-333-61386-3}} *{{cite book |last=Kinross|first=Patrick|authorlink=John Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross|title=The Ottoman centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/ottomancenturies00kinr|publisher=Morrow |year=1979 |location=New York|isbn=978-0-688-08093-8}} *{{cite journal|journal=International journal of Middle East studies|last=Labib|first=Subhi|title=The Era of Suleyman the Magnificent: Crisis of Orientation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1979-11_10_4/page/435|location=London|publisher=Cambridge University Press|month=November|year=1979|pages=435–451|volume=10|issue=4|issn=0020-7438}} *{{cite book |last=Lamb|first=Harold|authorlink=Harold Lamb |title=Suleiman, the Magnificent, Sultan of the East|url=https://archive.org/details/suleimanthemagni001564mbp|location=Garden City, N.Y. |publisher=Doubleday |year=1951 |oclc=397000 |isbn=1-4067-7271-2}} *{{cite book |last=Levey|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Levey |title=The World of Ottoman Art |url=https://archive.org/details/worldofottomanar0000leve_n0z4|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=1975 |isbn=0-500-27065-1}} *{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard|authorlink=Bernard Lewis |title=What Went Wrong? : Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response|url=https://archive.org/details/whatwentwrongcla0000lewi |year=2002|publisher=Phoenix|location=London |isbn=978-0-7538-1675-2}} *{{cite book |last=Mansel |first=Phillip |title=Constantinople : City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924|url=https://archive.org/details/constantinopleci0000mans |year=1998|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |location=New York |isbn=978-0-312-18708-8}} *{{cite book |last=Merriman|first=Roger Bigelow |title=Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.87496|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1944|oclc=784228 |isbn=1-4067-7272-0}} *{{cite journal|journal=National geographic|last=Severy|first=Merle |title=The World of Süleyman the Magnificent |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_national-geographic_1987-11_172_5/page/n25|location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Geographic Society |month=November |year=1987 |pages=552–601 |volume=172|issue=5 |issn=0027-9358}} *{{cite book |last=Sicker|first=Martin |title=The Islamic World In Ascendancy : From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna|url=https://archive.org/details/islamicworldinas0000sick|year=2000 |publisher=Praeger |location=Westport, Connecticut |isbn=978-0-275-96892-2}} *{{cite journal |title=Suleiman The Lawgiver |accessdate=2007-04-18 |journal=Saudi Aramco World |year=1964 |month=March/April |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=8–10 |issn=1530-5821 |location=Houston, Texas |publisher=Aramco Services Co |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196402/.suleiman.the.lawgiver..htm |archive-date=2007-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513164833/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196402/.suleiman.the.lawgiver..htm |url-status= }}</div> ;Aada-ha-linya nga kuruhaan <div class="references-small"> *{{cite web |url=http://www.bartleby.com/67/794.html|title=1548-49|accessdate=2007-04-18 |work=The Encyclopedia of World History|year=2001}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/67/795.html|title=1553-55|accessdate=2007-04-18|work=The Encyclopedia of World History|year=2001|archive-date=2009-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130012437/http://bartleby.com/67/795.html|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/sample-10.html |title=A 400 Year Old Love Poem|accessdate=2007-04-18 |work=Women in World History Curriculum Showcase}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/MidEast/04/embree/embree.htm|title=Suleiman The Magnificent|accessdate=2007-04-18|first=Mark|last=Embree|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930054118/http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/MidEast/04/embree/embree.htm|archivedate=2006-09-30|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309091926/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/yayinlarimiz/NEWSPOT/1999/JulyAug/N6.htm|title=Suleyman the Magnificent Poet|archivedate=2006-03-09|url=http://www.byegm.gov.tr/yayinlarimiz/NEWSPOT/1999/JulyAug/N6.htm|accessdate=2007-04-18|last=Halman|first=Talat|year=1988|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.malta.com/about-malta/history-of-malta.html|title=The History of Malta|accessdate=2007-04-27|first=|last=|year=2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501155037/http://www.malta.com/about-malta/history-of-malta.html|archivedate=2007-05-01|url-status=live}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.turkcebilgi.net/kim-kimdir/m/muhibbi-kanuni-sultan-suleyman-31612.html |title=Muhibbî (Kanunî Sultan Süleyman) |accessdate=2008-01-13 |work=Türkçe Bilgi—Kim kimdir? |language=Turkish }} *{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7D6163EF935A15752C0A961948260|title=The Age of Sultan Suleyman |accessdate=2007-08-09 |first=John |last=Russell|date=2007-01-26|publisher=New York Times}} *{{cite web|url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575054_2/Suleiman_I.html|title=Suleiman I|accessdate=2008-04-17|first=Malcolm|last=Edward Yapp|work=Microsoft Encarta|year=2007|archive-date=2008-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003071213/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575054_2/Suleiman_I.html|url-status=dead}} </div> *A Guide to Ottoman Bulgaria" by Dimana Trankova, Anthony Georgieff and Professor Hristo Matanov; published by Vagabond Media, Sofia, 2011 [[www.vagabond.bg/ottomanbulgaria]] == Dugang nga barasahon == <div class="references-small"> *[[Alum Bati]], "Harem Secrets", Trafford, 2008, ISBN=1-4251-5750-5 *{{cite book |last=Bridge |first=Anthony|title=Suleiman the Magnificent, Scourge of Heaven |url=https://archive.org/details/suleimanmagnific0000brid |year=1983 |location=New York |publisher=F. Watts |oclc=9853956 |isbn=0-88029-169-9}} *{{cite book |last=Downey |first=Fairfax Davis |title=The Grand Turke, Suleyman the Magnificent, sultan of the Ottomans |year= |publisher=Minton, Balch & Company |location=New York|oclc=25776191}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/OTTOMAN/SULEYMAN.HTM |last=Hooker |first=Richard |title=The Ottomans: Suleyman |accessdate=2007-09-02 |archive-date=1999-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990117031057/http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/OTTOMAN/SULEYMAN.HTM |url-status=dead }} *{{cite book |last=Lybyer|first=Albert Howe|title=The government of the Ottoman empire in the time of Suleiman the Magnificent |url=https://archive.org/details/governmentottom01lybygoog|year=1913 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Harvard University Press |oclc=1562148 |isbn=0-404-14681-3}} </div> *[[André Clot]] ''Soliman Le Magnifique'', Fayard, Paris, 1983, 469 p.&nbsp;ISBN 2-213-01260-1 == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Commonscat|Suleiman I}} * [http://ansiklopedika.org/Kanuni Detailed information about Suleiman the Magnificent on Ansiklopedika.org]{{Dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} {{tr}} *[http://www.sinanasaygi.com/en/eserler.asp?action=eserDetay&ID=77 Sultan Suleyman Tomb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224133530/http://www.sinanasaygi.com/en/eserler.asp?action=eserDetay&ID=77 |date=2007-12-24 }} *[http://www.paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Genl%20Images/Single%20Frames/Suleiman.htm Portraits and Tughra of Suleiman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614160210/http://paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Genl%20Images/Single%20Frames/Suleiman.htm |date=2006-06-14 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Suleiman 01}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1494]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1566]] [[Kaarangay:Imperyo Otomano]] [[Kaarangay:Turkeya|Suleiman 01]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Suleiman 01]] [[Kaarangay:Politika|Suleiman 01]] in2qeul6zlpap3wpx9btrgsxv0dtevd 0 19796 7783313 7782414 2026-05-24T19:12:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260524sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783313 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Handicapped Accessible sign.svg|thumb|Kanasodnon Tigaman han Pagpa-agi]] An '''Kaulangan''' amo an aspeto han tawo may deperensya ha pisikal nga panlawas, sugad han mga diri nakakalakat, ngan puydi liwat an mga may deperensya han panhunahuna. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== {{refbegin|35em}} * {{Cite conference |last1=Arditi |first1=A. |last2=Rosenthal |first2=B. | date = 1998 |title=Developing an objective definition of visual impairment |conference=Vision '96: Proceedings of the International Low Vision Conference |pages=331–334 |location=Madrid, Spain: [[ONCE]] |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Burkhauser |first1=Richard V. |last2=Schmeiser |first2=Maximilian D.|last3=Weathers II |first3=Robert R.|date= Enero 2012 |title=The Importance of Anti-Discrimination and Workers' Compensation Laws on the Provision of Workplace Accommodations Following the Onset of a Disability |journal=Industrial & Labor Relations Review |volume=65 |issue=1 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Darling |first=Peter |date= Agosto 2007 |title=Disabilities and the Workplace |journal=Business NH Magazine |volume=24 |issue=8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=DePoy |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Gilson |first2=Stephen French | date = 2004 |title=Rethinking Disability: Principles for Professional and Social Change |url=https://archive.org/details/rethinkingdisabi0000depo |location=Pacific Grove, California |publisher=Brooks Cole |isbn=978-0-534-54929-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last=Donovan |first=Rich |date=1 Marso 2012 |title=The Global Economics of Disability |url=http://www.returnondisability.com/pdf-docs/The_Global_Economics_of_Disability_2012.pdf |publisher=Return on Disability |accessdate=11 Agosto 2012 |ref=harv |archive-date=13 Septyembre 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913222254/http://www.returnondisability.com/pdf-docs/The_Global_Economics_of_Disability_2012.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Ducy |first1=Elizabeth McAdams |last2=Stough |first2=Laura M. |last3=Clark |first3=M. Carolyn | date = 2012 |title=Choosing Agency in the Midst of Vulnerability: Using Critical Disability Theory to Examine a Disaster Narrative |work=Critical Qualitative Research Reader |editor1-last=Steinberg |editor1-first=Shirley R. |editor2-last=Cannella |editor2-first=Gaile S. |location=New York |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-1-4331-0688-0 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Miles |first=Albert S | date = 1994 |title=Brown v. Board of Education and the American with Disabilities Act: Vistas of equal educational opportunities for African Americans |journal=Journal of Negro Education |volume=63 |issue=3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last1=Nikora |first1=Linda Waimari |last2=Karapu |first2=Rolinda |last3=Hickey |first3=Huhana |last4=Te Awekotuku |first4=Ngahuia | date = 2004 |title=Disabled Maori and Disability Support Options |url=http://waikato.researchgateway.ac.nz/bitstream/10289/460/1/content.pdf |publisher=Maori&nbsp;& Psychology Research Unit, University of Waikato |accessdate=11 Agosto 2012 |ref=harv |archive-date=13 Mayo 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513220653/https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10289/460/content.pdf;jsessionid=CC679321B8E56B193727B2B489F9B94F?sequence=1 |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Stough |first=Laura M. | date = 2009 |title=The Effects of Disaster on the Mental Health of Individuals With Disabilities |work=Mental Health and Disasters |editor1-last=Neria |editor1-first=Yuval |editor2-last=Galea |editor2-first=Sandro |editor3-last=Norris |editor3-first=Fran H. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-41282-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last=Yeo |first=Rebecca | date = 2005 |title=Disability, poverty, and the new development agenda |publisher=Disability Knowledge and Research Programme |url=http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/Disability/RedPov_agenda.pdf |accessdate=19 Hunyo 2013 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Albrecht |editor-first=Gary L. | date = 2005 |title=Encyclopedia of disability |location=Thousand Oaks, California |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=978-0-7619-2565-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Bowe |first=Frank | date = 1978 |title=Handicapping America: Barriers to disabled people |url=https://archive.org/details/handicappingamer00bowe |location=New York |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-010422-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Charlton |first=James I. |title=Nothing about us without us : disability oppression and empowerment | date = 2004 |publisher=Univ. of California Press |location=Berkeley, Calif. [u.a.] |isbn=9780520224810 |edition=[3. Dr]}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glenn |first=Eddie | date = 1995 |title=African American Women with Disabilities: An Overview |url=http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/Us_Eu/ada_e/pres_com/pres-dd/glenn.html |encyclopedia=[http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/Us_Eu/ada_e/pres_com/pres-dd/glenn.html Disability and diversity: New leadership for a new era] |editor1-last=Walker |editor1-first=S. |editor2-last=Turner |editor2-first=K. A. |editor3-last=Haile-Michael |editor3-first=M.|editor4-last=Vincent |editor4-first=A. |editor5-last=Miles |editor5-first=M. D. |location=Washington, DC |publisher=President’s Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities and Howard University Research and Training Center for Access to Rehabilitation and Economic Opportunity}} * {{Cite book |last=Johnstone |first=David | date = 2001 |edition=2nd |title=An Introduction to Disability Studies |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontodi0000john_k7w3 |location= |publisher=Fulton |isbn=978-1-85346-726-4}} * {{Cite book |last1=Masala |first1=Carmelo |last2=Petretto |first2=Donatella Rita | date = 2008 |title=Psicologia dell'Handicap e della Riabilitazione |trans_title=The Psychology of Handicap and Rehabilitation |language=Italian |location=Rome |publisher=Kappa |isbn=978-88-15-06226-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Oliver |first=Michael | date = 1997 |title=The Politics of Disablement |location=London |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |isbn=978-0-333-43293-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Pearson |first=Charlotte | date = 2006 |title=Direct Payments and Personalisation of Care |url=https://archive.org/details/directpaymentspe0000unse |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press |isbn=978-1-903765-62-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Shakespeare |first=Tom |author2=with Anne Kerr | date = 1999 |title=Genetic Politics: from Eugenics to Genome |url=https://archive.org/details/geneticpoliticsf0000kerr |location=Cheltenham |publisher=New Clarion Press |isbn=978-1-873797-25-9}} * {{Cite journal |last=Burch |first=Susan |date= Hulyo 2009 |title=(Extraordinary) Bodies of Knowledge: Recent Scholarship in American Disability History |journal=OAH Magazine of History |volume=23 |pages=29–34 |issn=0882-228X |doi=10.1093/maghis/23.3.29 |issue=3}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kaushik |first=R. | date = 1999 |title=Access Denied: Can we overcome disabling attitudes |journal=Museum International |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=48–52 |publisher=UNESCO |issn=1468-0033 |doi=10.1111/1468-0033.00217}} * {{Cite journal |last=Lansing |first=Michael J. |date= Enero 2009 |title='Salvaging the Man Power of America': Conservation, Manhood, and Disabled Veterans during World War I |pages=32–57 |journal=Environmental History |volume=14 |location= |publisher= |issn=1084-5453 |doi=10.1093/envhis/14.1.32}} * {{Cite journal |last=Longmore |first=Paul |date= Hulyo 2009 |title=Making Disability an Essential Part of American History |journal=OAH Magazine of History |volume=23 |pages=11–15 |isbn= |issn=0882-228X |doi=10.1093/maghis/23.3.11 |issue=3}} * {{Cite journal | author = Masala C, Petretto DR | title = From disablement to enablement: conceptual models of disability in the 20th century | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_disability-and-rehabilitation_2008_30_17/page/n4 | journal = Disability and Rehabilitation | volume = 30 | issue = 17 | pages = 1233–1244 | date = 2008 | pmid = 18821191 | doi = 10.1080/09638280701602418 | issn = 0963-8288 }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== * {{dmoz|Society/Disabled}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|disability}} * {{Wikiquote-inline}} * {{Commons category-inline|Disabled people}} 5y7m06htcp29z09v292laheg373acvb 0 419613 7783319 6656058 2026-05-25T09:14:12Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing Chaetophractus_vellerosus3.jpg with [[File:Chaetophractus_villosus3.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · As with the file Chaetophractus_veller 7783319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Mammalia|date=2013-03}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Chaetophractus vellerosus'' | status = LC | image = Chaetophractus villosus3.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammalia]] | ordo = [[Cingulata]] | familia = [[Dasypodidae]] | genus = [[Chaetophractus]] | species = '''Chaetophractus vellerosus''' | binomial = Chaetophractus vellerosus | binomial_authority = ([[Gray (awtor)|Gray]], 1865) | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | infraclassis = [[Eutheria]] | synonyms = | status_ref = <ref name = "iucn"/> | status_system = iucn3.1 }} An '''''Chaetophractus vellerosus'''''<ref name = "col728"/><ref name = "col734"/><ref name = "col735"/><ref name = "col738"/> in uska species han [[Mammalia]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni [[Gray (awtor)|Gray]] hadton 1865. An ''Chaetophractus vellerosus'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Chaetophractus]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Dasypodidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Ginklasipika han [[IUCN]] an species komo [[diri gud kababarak-an]].<ref name = "iucn"/> ==Subspecies== Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:<ref name = "COL"/> * ''C. v. pannosus'' * ''C. v. vellerosus'' ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/chaetophractus+vellerosus/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "col728">Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (1992) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing</ref> <ref name = "col734"> (1998) , website, Mammal Species of the World</ref> <ref name = "col735">Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (2005) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vols. 1 & 2</ref> <ref name = "col738">Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World</ref> <ref name = "source">''ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System''. Orrell T. (custodian), 26 Abril 2011</ref> <ref name = "iucn">{{IUCN2012.2|assessors= | date = 2010|id= 4368|title= Chaetophractus vellerosus|downloaded= 24 Oktubre 2012}}</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Chaetophractus vellerosus}} {{Wikispecies|Chaetophractus vellerosus|''Chaetophractus vellerosus''}} [[Kaarangay:Chaetophractus]] buhm5e2phh1vjj9b7lc3i8ttjpdoapa 0 1495590 7783320 7748654 2026-05-25T10:47:24Z JackyM59 65736 Photograph updated 7783320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Diptera|date=2013-08}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Episyrphus balteatus'' | status = | image = Hoverfly October 2007-21.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Diptera]] | familia = [[Syrphidae]] | genus = [[Episyrphus]] | species = '''Episyrphus balteatus''' | binomial = Episyrphus balteatus | binomial_authority = (De Geer, 1776) | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | synonyms = ''Syrphus proximus'' <small>Abreu, 1924</small><br>''Syrphus signatus'' <small>Abreu, 1924</small><br>''Syrphus cretensis'' <small>[[Becker (awtor)|Becker]], 1921</small><br>''Episyrphus hirayamae'' <small>[[Matsumura (awtor)|Matsumura]], 1918</small><br>''Episyrphus fallaciosus'' <small>[[Matsumura (awtor)|Matsumura]], 1917</small><br>''Syrphus andalusiacus'' <small>[[Gabriel Strobl|Strobl]], 1899</small><br>''Syrphus pleuralis'' <small>[[Thomson (awtor)|Thomson]], 1869</small><br>''Musca nectarina'' <small>[[Gmelin (awtor)|Gmelin]], 1790</small><br>''Musca elegans'' <small>[[Charles Joseph de Villers|Villers]], 1789</small><br>''Syrphus nectareus'' <small>[[Fabricius (awtor)|Fabricius]], 1787</small><br>''Musca alternata'' <small>[[Franz Paula von Schrank|Schrank]], 1781</small><br>''Musca scitulus'' <small>[[Harris (awtor)|Harris]], 1780</small><br>''Musca scitule'' <small>[[Harris (awtor)|Harris]], 1780</small><br>''Musca palustris'' <small>[[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Scopoli]], 1763</small><br>''Musca cannabina'' <small>[[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Scopoli]], 1763</small> }} An '''''Episyrphus balteatus'''''<ref name = "COL"/> in uska species han [[Diptera]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni De Geer hadton 1776. An ''Episyrphus balteatus'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Episyrphus]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Syrphidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/episyrphus+balteatus/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "source">''Systema Dipterorum''. Pape T. & Thompson F.C. (eds), 6 Enero 2011</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Episyrphus balteatus}} {{Wikispecies|Episyrphus balteatus|''Episyrphus balteatus''}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> Paypay:2013-06-07 20-55-16-syrphidae.JPG Paypay:Female Episyrphus balteatus on yellow Ranunculus sp.jpg Paypay:Syrphe à ceinture (Episyrphus balteatus).jpg </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Episyrphus]] 2xp83uehqu8fnay7tp3bkrglo78quya 0 1837112 7783317 6605119 2026-05-24T22:06:22Z Fredlyfish4 14794 7783317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Coleoptera|date=2013-09}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Berosus exiguus'' | status = | image = Berosus_exiguus_dorsal.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Coleoptera]] | familia = [[Hydrophilidae]] | genus = [[Berosus]] | species = '''Berosus exiguus''' | binomial = Berosus exiguus | binomial_authority = ([[Thomas Say|Say]], 1825) | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Hydrophiloidea]] | synonyms = }} An '''''Berosus exiguus'''''<ref name = "col3"/><ref name = "col485"/> in uska species han [[Coleoptera]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni [[Thomas Say]] hadton 1825. An ''Berosus exiguus'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Berosus]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Hydrophilidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/berosus+exiguus/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "col3"> (1996) , database, NODC Taxonomic Code</ref> <ref name = "col485">Hansen, Michael (1999) , World Catalogue of Insects, volume 2: Hydrophiloidea (s. str.) (Coleoptera)</ref> <ref name = "source">''ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System''. Orrell T. (custodian), 26 Abril 2011</ref> </references> [[Kaarangay:Berosus]] ojurgn66bizq8p0gpwnvpjjwj9dtl3t 0 1837114 7783318 6605135 2026-05-24T22:08:43Z Fredlyfish4 14794 7783318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Coleoptera|date=2013-09}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Berosus pugnax'' | status = | image = Berosus pugnax dorsal.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Coleoptera]] | familia = [[Hydrophilidae]] | genus = [[Berosus]] | species = '''Berosus pugnax''' | binomial = Berosus pugnax | binomial_authority = Leconte, 1863 | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Hydrophiloidea]] | synonyms = }} An '''''Berosus pugnax'''''<ref name = "col3"/><ref name = "col485"/> in uska species han [[Coleoptera]] nga ginhulagway ni Leconte hadton 1863. An ''Berosus pugnax'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Berosus]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Hydrophilidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/berosus+pugnax/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "col3"> (1996) , database, NODC Taxonomic Code</ref> <ref name = "col485">Hansen, Michael (1999) , World Catalogue of Insects, volume 2: Hydrophiloidea (s. str.) (Coleoptera)</ref> <ref name = "source">''ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System''. Orrell T. (custodian), 26 Abril 2011</ref> </references> [[Kaarangay:Berosus]] l16hz5hfc06006lj20n4tv39ptqpq5v 0 2114089 7783310 7777976 2026-05-24T16:27:44Z RamsesVII 61873 Image 7783310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Magnoliopsida|date=2014-06}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Dendrocereus nudiflorus'' | status = | image = Leptocereus_nudiflorus_7.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Caryophyllales]] | familia = [[Cactaceae]] | genus = [[Dendrocereus]] | species = '''Dendrocereus nudiflorus''' | binomial = Dendrocereus nudiflorus | binomial_authority = ([[Georg Engelmann|Engelm.]] ex [[Francisco Adolfo Sauvalle|Sauvalle]]) [[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]] & [[Joseph Nelson Rose|Rose]] | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = ''Cereus nudiflorus'' <small>[[Georg Engelmann|Engelm.]] ex [[Francisco Adolfo Sauvalle|Sauvalle]]</small> }} An '''''Dendrocereus nudiflorus'''''<ref name = "C132"/> in uska species han [[Magnoliopsida]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni [[Georg Engelmann|Georg George Engelmann]] ngan [[Francisco Adolfo Sauvalle]], ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni [[Nathaniel Lord Britton]] och [[Joseph Nelson Rose]]. An ''Dendrocereus nudiflorus'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Dendrocereus]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Cactaceae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/13438976| work = [[Catalogue of Life]] | title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)| date = 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 Mayo 2014}}</ref> <ref name = "C132">''Checklist of CITES Species Part 1 CITES species index'', 2011</ref> <ref name = "source">{{Cite web |title=(Canada);http://siit.conabio.gob.mx (Mexico) ITIS Global: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System |url=http://www.itis.gov;http/ |access-date=2014-06-09 |archive-date=2017-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429125543/http://www.itis.gov;http/ |url-status= }}</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Dendrocereus nudiflorus}} {{Wikispecies|Dendrocereus nudiflorus|''Dendrocereus nudiflorus''}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> File:Cactus 01.JPG File:Cactus 04.JPG File:Cactus 06.JPG File:Dendrocereus nudiflorus.jpg File:Dendrocereus nudiflorus0.jpg File:The Cactaceae Vol II, plate XIV filtered.jpg </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Dendrocereus]] 0ghzpxum8cupcursbb3p1n93h3vzdep 0 2882270 7783309 6233502 2026-05-24T14:14:53Z IvanScrooge98 28946 /* */ image 7783309 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:David Spade 1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Spade, 2010]] Hi '''David Wayne Spade''' ([[Hulyo]] 22, 1964) in usa ka aktor nga Amerikano. {{turok}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Spade, David}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1964]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Spade, David]] [[Kaarangay:Mga turók]] nouuxp0geruxb2ptxqtwkzpu46ie3rj 0 2898333 7783311 7758686 2026-05-24T18:15:04Z HJ Mitchell 67434 Requesting speedy deletion (Spam). (TwinkleGlobal) 7783311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Paraa|1=Spam}} ''' = Artificial Intelligence Policy = '''Artificial Intelligence Policy''' is a set of legislative, regulatory, and ethical principles that govern the development, use, and evaluation of artificial intelligence (AI) systems. These principles aim to ensure accountability, transparency, and the protection of human rights in the use of such technologies in the public, private, and international sectors. <ref>[https://oecd.ai/en/ai-principles]</ref> == Legislation in the United States == In the United States, the use of AI is partially regulated by existing civil rights and anti-discrimination laws. In particular, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employment discrimination, which also extends to automated recruitment systems<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/title-vii-civil-rights-act-1964|title=Title VII of the Civil Rights Act|publisher=EEOC}}</ref>. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) contains provisions that ensure the accessibility of digital technologies, including AI<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ada.gov|title=Americans with Disabilities Act|publisher=ADA.gov}}</ref>. Section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) guarantees the non-discriminatory use of AI in healthcare systems<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/civil-rights/for-individuals/section-1557/index.html|title=ACA Section 1557|publisher=HHS.gov}}</ref>. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) also implements the HTI-1 regulation, which establishes transparency and interoperability requirements for AI in medicine<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.healthit.gov/topic/laws-regulation-and-policy/health-data-technology-and-interoperability-certification-program|title=HTI-1 Certification Program|publisher=HealthIT.gov}}</ref>. == State Laws == In the U.S., a number of state-level legislative acts have been adopted: Virginia's HB 747 regulates the risks of using high-risk AI systems<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legiscan.com/VA/text/HB747/id/2915334|title=Virginia HB 747|publisher=LegiScan}}</ref>. Colorado's SB24-205 outlines responsibilities to protect consumers from potentially harmful algorithms<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205|title=Colorado SB24-205|publisher=Colorado General Assembly}}</ref>. California's SB 942 sets transparency requirements for AI systems<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legiscan.com/CA/text/SB942/id/3021807|title=California SB 942|publisher=LegiScan}}</ref>. == Local Regulation == New York City enforces Local Law 144, which requires an annual audit for bias in automated employment decision tools<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/about/automated-employment-decision-tools.page|title=NYC Local Law 144|publisher=nyc.gov}}</ref>. == Standards and Guidelines == The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued guidance for developers using AI in medical technologies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/considerations-use-artificial-intelligence-support-regulatory-decision-making-drug-and-biological|title=FDA Guidance on AI|publisher=FDA.gov}}</ref>. The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed the AI Risk Management Framework (AI RMF), which outlines best practices for businesses and governments<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nist.gov/itl/ai-risk-management-framework|title=NIST AI RMF|publisher=NIST.gov}}</ref>. The international standard [[ISO/IEC 42001:2023]] defines requirements for AI management systems and has already been referenced in court practices as a benchmark for "commercially reasonable actions"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/81230.html|title=ISO/IEC 42001:2023|publisher=ISO.org}}</ref>. == International Legislation == The [[European Union]] adopted the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) in 2024, which outlines mandatory requirements for developers and users of AI, including risk categorization and transparency obligations<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai|title=EU AI Act|publisher=European Commission}}</ref>. In Canada, the Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (AIDA) is under consideration to regulate the implementation of AI and protect personal data<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitecase.com/insight-our-thinking/ai-watch-global-regulatory-tracker-canada|title=Canada AIDA|publisher=White & Case}}</ref>. == Compliance Measures == To comply with legislative and ethical AI requirements, organizations implement various measures aimed at reducing risks and increasing transparency. These measures include independent algorithm audits, the creation of ethics committees, reporting on AI usage, and certification according to industry standards. In some cases, companies implement internal or external AI governance frameworks containing policies for the development, [https://pacific.ai/healthcare-ai-governance-a-review-of-evaluation-frameworks/ testing], and deployment of algorithms. These policies often include principles of non-discrimination, transparency, data protection, and accountability. They may be developed either internally or by specialized consulting firms. It is also common practice to involve third-party experts or organizations to evaluate compliance with these policies and ethical standards. This includes bias audits, legal compliance checks, and recommendations for improved risk management. == See also == [[Artificial intelligence]] [[Ethics of artificial intelligence]] [[Automated decision-making]] == References == <references /> 3ork5zsvjiykeokd4qxfxpng5tci2ag