Wikipedia warwiki https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syahan_nga_Pakli MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.5 first-letter Medya Pinaurog Hiruhimangraw Gumaramit Hiruhimangaw hiton gumaramit Wikipedia Hiruhimangraw hiton Wikipedia Paypay Hiruhimangraw hiton paypay MedyaWiki Hiruhimangraw hiton MedyaWiki Batakan Hiruhimangraw hiton batakan Bulig Hiruhimangaw hiton bulig Kaarangay Hiruhimangraw hiton kaarangay TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 7185 7783558 7652331 2026-06-06T21:13:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260606)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ighubad Iningles}} {{Infobox writer | name = Fyodor Dostoyevsky | image = Vasily Perov - Портрет Ф.М.Достоевского - Google Art Project.jpg | caption = Portrait of Dostoyevsky in 1872 painted by [[Vasily Perov]] | notableworks = {{plainlist | style=font-style: italic; | * [[Notes from Underground]] * [[Crime and Punishment]] * [[The Idiot]] * [[Demons (novel)|Demons]] * [[The Brothers Karamazov]] }} | spouse = {{plainlist | * Maria Dmitriyevna Isayeva (1857–1864) [her death] * [[Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina]] (1867–1881) [his death] }} | children = Sonya (1868)<br /> [[Lyubov Dostoyevskaya|Lyubov]] (1869–1926)<br /> Fyodor (1871–1922)<br /> Alexey (1875–1878) | influences = {{flatlist | * [[Honore de Balzac|Balzac]] * [[Bible]] * [[Charles Dickens|Dickens]] * [[Nikolai Gogol|Gogol]] * [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]] * [[E.T.A. Hoffmann|Hoffmann]] * [[Victor Hugo|Hugo]] * [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] * [[Plato]] * [[Alexander Pushkin|Pushkin]] * [[Realism]] * [[George Sand|Sand]] * [[Friedrich Schiller|Schiller]] * [[Socialism]] (until release) * [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] }} | influenced = {{flatlist | * Virtually every Russian writer: [[Mikhail Bulgakov|Bulgakov]] * [[Albert Camus|Camus]] * [[Anton Chekhov|Chekhov]] * [[Philip K. Dick|Dick]] * [[William Faulkner|Faulkner]] * [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] * [[Knut Hamsun|Hamsun]] * [[Ernest Hemingway|Hemingway]] * [[Hermann Hesse|Hesse]] * [[James Joyce|Joyce]] * [[Franz Kafka|Kafka]] * [[Jack Kerouac|Kerouac]] * [[Thomas Mann|Mann]] * [[Gabriel García Márquez|Márquez]] * [[Vladimir Nabokov|Nabokov]] * [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]] * [[Marcel Proust|Proust]] * [[Ernesto Sabato|Sabato]] * [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]] * [[Lev Shestov|Shestov]] * [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn|Solzhenitsyn]] * [[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy]] * [[Virginia Woolf|Woolf]] * [[Émile Zola|Zola]] }} | education = [[Military engineering-technical university]], [[St. Petersburg]] | signature = Fyodor Dostoyevsky Signature.svg }} Hi '''Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky''' (ha [[Ruso nga yinaknan|Ruso]]: '''Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский''', nga an apelyido ginsusurat gihapon nga '''Dostoyevsky''', '''Dostoievsky''', '''Dostoyevskiy''' o '''Dostoevski''') ({{DaanEstiloPitsa|Nobyembre 11|1821|Oktubre 30}}–{{DaanEstiloPitsa|Pebrero 9|1881|Enero 28}}) usa nga [[Ruso nga mga tawo|Ruso]] nga [[nobela|nobelista]] ngan manunurat hin [[fiksyon]] nga an mga sinurat, upod an ''[[Pagtalapas ngan Pagsirot]]'' ngan ''[[An Magbugto nga Karamazov]]'', mayda hilarom ngan maiha nga epekto han intelektwal nga panhunahuhan ngan literatura han kalibotan. An sinurat ni Dostoevsky nagsusubay han [[psikolohiya]] han katawhan han masamok nga [[politika]], [[sosyal]] ngan [[ispiritwalidad|ispiritwal]] nga kontexto han iya sosyudad ha Rusya han ika-19 nga siglo. Ginkikitâ hiya nga amo an nagtukod o kondi man an nahauna han [[existentialismo]] han ika-20 nga siglo, an iya ''[[Mga Sinurat tikang ha Sirong]]'' (1864), nga sinurat han mapait nga tingog han waray-ngaran nga "tawo ha sirong", gintawag ni [[Walter Kaufmann (pilosopo)|Walter Kaufmann]] nga amo an "gimaupayi nga overture nga ginsurat para han existentialismo."<ref>Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre Walter Kaufmann ISBN-10: 0452009308 page 12</ref> == Mga kasarigan == {{reflist}} == Bibliograpiya == {{refbegin||colwidth=30em}} * {{cite book|last=Belinsky|first=Vissarion|title=Polnoye sobranye|year=1847|volume=10|language=Russian|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Bloshteyn|first=Maria R.|title=The Making of a Counter-Culture Icon: Henry Miller's Dostoevsky|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofcounterc0000blos|series=G – Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series|year=2007|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-9228-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Breger|first=Louis|title=Dostoevsky: The Author As Psychoanalyst|url=http://books.google.com/?id=vxX2JGsN7PoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2008|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0843-9|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Burry|first=Alexander|title=Multi-Mediated Dostoevsky: Transposing Novels Into Opera, Film, and Drama|url=http://books.google.com/?id=lfLnzvLaB-kC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2011|publisher=Northwestern University Press|isbn=978-0-8101-2715-9|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Frank|first=Joseph|editor-last=Goldstein|editor-first=David I.|chapter=Foreword|title=Dostoevsky and the Jews|url=https://archive.org/details/dostoyevskyjews0000gold|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=1981|isbn=0-292-71528-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Malcom V.|last2=Terry|first2=Garth M.|title=New Essays on Dostoyevsky|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-15531-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Meier-Gräfe|first=Julius|title=Dostoevsky: The Man and His Work|year=1988|publisher=insel verlag|location=Frankfurt am Main|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=XfDOcmJisn0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|last=Lantz|first=Kenneth A.|title=The Dostoevsky Encyclopedia|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=[[Westport, Connecticut]]|isbn=978-0-3133-0384-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Dostoevsky: His Life and Work|last=Mochulsky|first=Konstantin|others=Trans. Minihan, Michael A|year=1967|origyear=1967|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]]|isbn=0-691-01299-7|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mDKphT8_XLsC|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Lauer|first=Reinhard|title=Geschichte der Russischen Literatur: von 1700 bis zur Gegenwart|year=2000|publisher=Verlag C.H. Beck|location=Munich|language=German|isbn=978-3-406-50267-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Lavrin|first=Janko|title=Dostoevsky: A Study|url=http://books.google.com/?id=57iTq6YSJbcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2005|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-1-4179-8844-0|ref={{harvid|Lavrin2|2005}}}}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * {{cite book|last=Leatherbarrow|first=W. J.|title=A Devil's Vaudeville: The Demonic in Dostoevsky's Major Fiction|url=https://archive.org/details/devilsvaudeville0000leat|year=2005|publisher=Northwestern University Press|isbn=978-0-8101-2049-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Leatherbarrow|first=W. J.|title=The Cambridge Companion to Dostoevskii|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-5216-5473-9|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Müller|first=Ludolf|title=Dostojewskij: Sein Leben, Sein Werk, Sein Vermächtnis|year=1982|language=German|publisher=Erich Wewel Verlag|location=Munich|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Neuhäuser|first=Rudolf|title=F.M. Dostoejevskij: Die Grossen Romane und Erzählungen; Interpretationen und Analysen|year=1993|publisher=Böhlau Verlag|location=Vienna; Cologne; Weimar|language=German|isbn=978-3-205-98112-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Paperno|first=Irina|title=Suicide As a Cultural Institution in Dostoevsky's Russia|url=https://archive.org/details/suicideascultura00pape_0|year=1997|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=9780801484254|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Reber|first=Natalie|title=Studien zum Motiv des Doppelgängers bei Dostojevskij und E.T.A. Hoffmann|location=Gießen|year=1964|language=German|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Shrayer|first=Maxim D.|editor-last=Jackson|editor-first=Robert Louis|title=A New Word on The Brothers Karamazov|url=https://archive.org/details/newwordonbrother0000unse|year=2004|publisher=Northwestern University Press|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Terras|first=Victor|title=Reading Dostoevsky|url=http://books.google.com/?id=4nV9o8k9y34C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1998|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-2991-6054-8|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Terras|first=Victor|title=The Young Dostoevsky (1846–1849): A critical study|volume=69|series=Slavistic printings and reprintings|year=1969|publisher=University of Michigan|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Rowan|authorlink=Rowan Williams|title=Dostoevsky Language, Faith and Fiction|url=https://archive.org/details/dostoevskylangua0000will|year=2008|publisher=Baylor University Press|isbn=978-1-602-58373-3|ref=harv}} ; Mga biyograpiya * {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=Fyodor Dostoevsky|url=http://books.google.com/?id=1C1K-BnFGFIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-7910-8117-4|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Frank|first=Joseph|title=Dostoevsky: A Writer in His Time|url=http://books.google.com/?id=lp1RpM8o9BQC&dq=fyodor+dostoevsky++biography|volume=1–5|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12819-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Dostoevsky: The Seeds of Revolt, 1821–1849|last=Frank|first=Joseph|year=1979|origyear=1976|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]]|isbn=978-0691013558|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pDEAXltygUIC|ref={{harvid|Frank|1979}}}} * {{cite book|title=Dostoevsky: The Years of Ordeal, 1850–1859|last=Frank|first=Joseph|year=1987|origyear=1983|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=978-0691014227|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=K98hhw0IEHgC|ref={{harvid|Frank|1987}}}} * {{cite book|title=Dostoevsky: The Stir of Liberation, 1860–1865|last=Frank|first=Joseph|year=1988|origyear=1986|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=978-0691014524|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QJj6qb6Rh3AC|ref={{harvid|Frank|1988}}}} * {{cite book|title=Dostoevsky: The Miraculous Years, 1865–1871|last=Frank|first=Joseph|year=1997|origyear=1995|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=978-0691015873|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iAs4Lz5yog0C|ref={{harvid|Frank|1997}}}} * {{cite book|title=Dostoevsky: The Mantle of the Prophet, 1871–1881|last=Frank|first=Joseph|year=2003|origyear=2002|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=978-0691115696|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mQqonU-pweEC|ref={{harvid|Frank|2003}}}} * {{cite book|last=Kjetsaa|first=Geir|title=A Writer's Life|date=15 January 1989|publisher=Fawcett Columbine|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Lavrin|first=Janko|title=Dostoevksy|url=https://archive.org/details/dostoevsky0000jank_u7q2|year=1947|publisher=New York The Macmillan Company|location=New York|ref=harv|oclc=646160256}} ; Mga sinurat * {{cite book|last=Evdokimov|first=Paul|title=Gogol et Dostoievsky: la descente aux enfers|edition=2nd|origyear=1961|year=1984|publisher=Desclée De Brouwer|isbn=978-2-2200-2485-1}} * ''New Essays on Dostoevsky'', ed. M. Jones, G. M. Terry (1983) * V. Seduro, ''Dostoevski's Image in Russia Today'' (1975) * D. Capetanakis, 'Dostoevsky', in ''Demetrios Capetanakis A Greek Poet In England'' (1947), p.&nbsp;103–116 * P. Evdokimov, ''Dostoevski et le probleme du mal'' (1942; repr. 1978) * N. Berdyaev, ''Dostoevsky'' (1934; Russian original 1923) * L. Shestov, ''Dostoevsky, Tolstoy and Nietzsche'' (1969; Russian original 1903) ; Relihiyon * {{cite book|last=Bercken|first=Wil van den|title=Christian Fiction and Religious Realism in the Novels of Dostoevsky|url=http://books.google.com/?id=mFFFtwjQnigC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2011|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-0-85728-976-6|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Jones|first=Malcolm V.|title=Dostoevsky And the Dynamics of Religious Experience|url=http://books.google.com/?id=L52TNlWprfcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=dostoevsky+and+dynamics#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2005|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-205-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last= Cassedy |first= Steven |url= http://books.google.com/?id=DI4FUgZJ1kkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |title= Dostoevsky's Religion |year= 2005 |publisher= Stanford University Press |isbn= 0-8047-5137-4 |ref= harv }} * {{cite book|last1=Pattison|first1=George|last2=Thompson|first2=Diane Oenning|url=http://books.google.com/?id=GlLm4gbPZdQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Dostoevsky and the Christian tradition|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-5217-8278-4|ref=harv}} {{refend}} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Commonscat|Fyodor Dostoyevsky}} * [http://ilibrary.ru/author/dostoevski/index.html Complete works in Russian] * [http://www.philolog.ru/fmdost/index.html Complete journalistic works in Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520150145/http://philolog.ru/fmdost/index.html |date=2012-05-20 }} * [http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/DS/issues.shtml Dostoyevsky studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506033225/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/DS/issues.shtml |date=2012-05-06 }} * [http://en.rodovid.org/wk/Person:341394 Dostoyevsky's family tree] * {{gutenberg author| id=Fyodor+Dostoyevsky|name=Fyodor Dostoyevsky}} * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-29930}} * {{IBList |type=author|id=96|name=Fyodor Dostoevsky}} * {{IMDb name|id=0234502|name=Fyodor Dostoevsky}} * [http://uiuc.libguides.com/aecontent.php?pid=184444 Research Tools on Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevskii]{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dostoyevsky, Fyodor}} [[Kaarangay:Fyodor Dostoyevsky| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1821]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1881]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Dostoevsky, Fyodor]] [[Kaarangay:Literatura|Dostoevsky, Fyodor]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Ruso nga manunurat|Dostoevsky, Fyodor]] 7xeg8q0w6ez31iilbit1vvp0hgpk3bj 0 8032 7783561 7643582 2026-06-06T21:19:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260606)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783561 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Para han lain nga kagamit han Mexico, kitaa an [[Mexico (pansayod)]].'' {{Infobox Nasod | conventional_long_name = Estados Unidos Mehikanos | common_name = Méhiko<br>México | native_name = {{native name|es|Estados Unidos Mexicanos}} | image_flag = Flag of Mexico.svg | image_flag2 = <!--not officialMexican States Standard.svg//--> | image_coat = Coat of arms of Mexico.svg | alt_coat = | symbol_type = Eskudo | national_motto = La Patria es Primero<br> (An Iroy nga Tuna Syahan) | national_anthem = <br />"[[Himno Nacional Mexicano]]"<br/>{{small|(Nasodnon nga Himno Mehikano)}}<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Himno Nacional Mexicano instrumental.ogg]]}}</div> | other_symbol_type = | other_symbol = | image_map = MEX orthographic.svg | map_width = 220px | capital = [[Syudad han Mehiko]] | coordinates = {{Coord|19|26|N|99|08|W|type:city}} | largest_city = Syudad han Mehiko | official_languages = {{unbulleted list|Waray ha [[Federal nga kagamhanan han Mexico|federal nga level]]{{ref label|iboxb|b|}}}} | recognized_regional_languages = [[Kinatsila|Espanyol]] ngan 68 nga [[Mga pinulongan han Mexico|Amerindian nga mga pinulungan]]{{ref label|iboxa|a}} | ethnic_groups = [[Tuminungnung nga mga katawhan han Mexico|56 nga Amerindian]] ngan [[Mga demograpiko han Mexico|dirudilain nga mga langlawanon nga mga ethniko nga grupo]] | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |83% [[Katolisismo|Katoliko]] |7% [[Protestantismo|Protestante]] |2% [[Kristianidad|Iba nga Kristyano]] |5% [[Irrelihiyon|Diri-relihiyoso]] |0.2% Iba |3% Waray baton<ref name="2010-census"/> }} | languages_type = [[Nasodnon nga pinulungan]] | languages = [[Kinatsila|Espanyol]] (''de facto''){{ref label|iboxb|b}} | demonym = [[Mehikano nga katawhan|Mehikano]] | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Federalismo|Federal]] nga [[Sistema nga presidentehanon|presidentehanon]] nga<br/>{{raise|0.13em|[[Republika|konstitusyonal nga republika]]<ref>{{cite web |location=MX Q|url=http://www.scjn.gob.mx/SiteCollectionDocuments/PortalSCJN/RecJur/BibliotecaDigitalSCJN/PublicacionesSupremaCorte/Political_constitucion_of_the_united_Mexican_states_2008.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511194922/http://www.scjn.gob.mx/SiteCollectionDocuments/PortalSCJN/RecJur/BibliotecaDigitalSCJN/PublicacionesSupremaCorte/Political_constitucion_of_the_united_Mexican_states_2008.pdf |archivedate=Mayo 11, 2011 |title=Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, title 2, article 40 |publisher=SCJN |accessdate=14 Agosto 2010}}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}}<!--end raise:-->}} | leader_title1 = [[Mangulo han Mehico|Mangulo]] | leader_name1 = [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] | leader_title2 = [[Mangulo han Senado (Mexico)|Mangulo han Senado]] | leader_name2 = [[Mónica Fernández Balboa]] | leader_title3 = [[Mangulo han Kamara hin mga Diputado (Mexico)|Mangulo han Kamara hin mga Diputado]] | leader_name3 = [[Laura Angélica Rojas Hernández]] | legislature = [[Kongreso han Paghiusa|Kongreso]] | upper_house = [[Senado han Republika (Mexico)|Senado]] | lower_house = [[Kamara hin mga Diputado (Mexico)|Kamara hin mga Diputado]] | sovereignty_type = [[Mehikano ng Gera hin Paglugaring|Paglugaríng]] | sovereignty_note = tikang han [[Espanya]] | established_event1 = [[Grito de Dolores|Ginpasamwak]] | established_date1 = Septyembre 16, 1810<ref name="Castro2000">{{cite book|author=Rafaela Castro|title=Chicano Folklore: A Guide to the Folktales, Traditions, Rituals and Religious Practices of Mexican Americans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdzY7YjhRroC&pg=PA83| date = 2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514639-4|page=83}}</ref> | established_event2 = [[Pagpasamwak hin Paglugaring han Imperyo Mehikano|Natuman]] | established_date2 = Septyembre 27, 1821 | established_event3 = [[Espanyol-Amerikano nga mga gera hin paglugaring|Ginkilala]] | established_date3 = Disyembre 28, 1836 | established_event4 = [[1824 nga Konstitusyon han Mexico|Syahan nga konstitusyon]] | established_date4 = Oktubre 4, 1824 | established_event5 = [[Federal nga Konstitusyon han Estados Unidos Mehikanos han 1857|Ikaduha nga konstitusyon]] | established_date5 = Pebrero 5, 1857 | established_event6 = [[Konstitusyon han Mexico|Yanâ nga konstitusyon]] | established_date6 = Pebrero 5, 1917 | area = | today = | area_km2 = 1,972,550 | area_footnote = | area_rank = ika-13 | area_sq_mi = 761,606 | percent_water = 2.5 | population_estimate = 126,577,691<ref>{{cite web |title=Indicadores demográficos de México de 1950 a 2050 |url=http://www.conapo.gob.mx/work/models/CONAPO/Mapa_Ind_Dem18/index_2.html |publisher=Consejo Nacional de Población |accessdate=3 Abril 2019 |language=Kinatsila |archive-date=2019-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103091405/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/work/models/CONAPO/Mapa_Ind_Dem18/index_2.html |url-status= }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2019 | population_estimate_rank = ika-10 | population_density_km2 = 61 | population_density_sq_mi = 157 | population_density_rank = ika-142 | GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$2.575 ka trilyon<ref name="imf-mx">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2018&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=46&pr1.y=4&c=273&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Mexico |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=Mayo 12, 2017}}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = ika-11 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,645<ref name="imf-mx"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ika-64 | GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$1.199 ka trilyon<ref name="imf-mx"/>}} | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = ika-16 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $9,614<ref name="imf-mx"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ika-69 | Gini = 49.8 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.coneval.org.mx/SalaPrensa/Comunicadosprensa/Documents/Comunicado-09-Medicion-pobreza-2016.pdf|title=CONEVAL INFORMA LA EVOLUCIÓN DE LA POBREZA 2010-2016|last=|first=|date=2017-08-30|work=CONEVAL|access-date=2019-02-25}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.774 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2017<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNDP2018">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf |title= Human Development Report 2018 – "Human Development Indices and Indicators"|publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]]|pages=23 |accessdate=Septyembre 14, 2018}}</ref> | HDI_rank = ika-74 | currency = [[Mehikano nga peso|Peso]] | currency_code = MXN | time_zone = ''Kitaa'' [[Oras ha Mehiko]] | utc_offset = −8 to −5 | utc_offset_DST = −7 to −5 | DST_note = | time_zone_DST = nagdudurudilain | antipodes = | date_format = | drives_on = tuo | calling_code = [[Mga numero hin telepono ha Mehiko|+52]] | cctld = [[.mx]] | footnote_a = {{note|iboxa}}Article 4.° han [[Balaod nga Kasahiran hin mga Katungdanan ha Pinulongan han mga Tuminongnong nga mga Katawhan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inali.gob.mx/pdf/LGDLPI.pdf |title=General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples |author=INALI |date=Marso 13, 2003 |accessdate=Nobyembre 7, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inali.gob.mx/clin-inali/ |title=Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas |publisher=Inali.gob.mx |accessdate=Hulyo 18, 2014}}</ref> | footnote_b = {{note|iboxb}}An Espanyol an ''[[de facto]]'' nga opisyal nga pinulungan han kagamhanan federal nga Mehikano. }} An '''Mehiko''' (puyde liwat igsurat ha Winaray nga '''Méhiko''' o '''Mexico'''; kasurat ha [[Kinatsila]] ngan pormal nga Winaray: '''México''' {{IPA-es|ˈmexiko||es-mx-México.ogg}}; {{lang-nah|Mēxihco}}, puyde liwat igsurat nga '''Méjico''') nga an opisyal nga ngaran '''Estados Unidos Mehikanos''' ({{lang-es|Estados Unidos Mexicanos, EUM|links=no}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Romo |first=Rafael |title=After nearly 200 years, Mexico may make the name official |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/22/world/americas/mexico-name-change/index.html?hpt=hp_t3 |newspaper=CNN|date=Nobyembre 23, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://embamex.sre.gob.mx/eua/index.php/en/about-mexico |title=About Mexico |publisher=Embajada de Mexico en Estados Unidos (Embahada han Mehiko ha Estados Unidos) |date=Disyembre 3, 2012 |accessdate=Hulyo 17, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234006/http://embamex.sre.gob.mx/eua/index.php/en/about-mexico |archivedate=Disyembre 2, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="presidencia.gob.mx">{{cite web |url=http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/index.php?DNA=91 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326223041/http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/index.php?DNA=91|url-status=dead|archive-date=Marso 26, 2010 |publisher=Presidency of Mexico |title=Official name of the country|date=Marso 31, 2005 |accessdate=Marso 26, 2010}}</ref><ref name="cia.gov"/> {{IPA-es|esˈtaðos uˈniðos mexiˈkanos||Es-mx-Estados Unidos Mexicanos.ogg}}), usá nga nasod ha salatan nga dapit han [[Amihanan nga Amerika]]. [[Mga katubtuban han Mehiko|Ginsasapitán]] iní ha amihan han [[Estados Unidos]]; ha salatan ngan katundan han [[Kalawdan Pasipiko]]; ha timugan han [[Guatemala]], [[Belize]], ngan han [[Dagat Caribe]]; ngan ha sidlangan han [[Golfo han Mexico]].<ref>Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, 3rd ed., Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, Merriam-Webster; p. 733</ref> Naglalakip hin haros {{Convert|2000000|km2|sp=us}},<ref name="cia.gov">{{CIA World Factbook link|mx|Mexico}}</ref> iní nga nasod amo an ika-lima nga gidako-i nga nasod ha mga Amerika hin bug-os nga langyab o kahaluag ngan iní an [[Talaan hin mga nasod ha langyab|ika-13 nga gidako-i nga naglulugaring nga estado]] ha kalibutan.<!-- Metrics --> Upod hin ginbanabana nga kamolupyohan hin labaw 129 ka milyon nga tawo,<ref name="countries">{{cite web|url=https://www.countries-ofthe-world.com/most-populous-countries.html/p|title=Top 100 most populous countries|website=Countries of the World.com|accessdate=Hulyo 13, 2019|date=2018-2019}}{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> an Mehiko amo an [[Talaan hin mga nasod ha kamolupyohan|ika-napulò nga nasod hin gidamo-i hin kamolupyohan]] ngan an [[Hispanophone|gidamo-i hin kamolupyohan nga nayakan-hin-Espanyol nga nasod]] ha kalibutan, samtang amo gihapon iní an ikaduhá nga gidamo-i hin kamolupyohan ha [[Latin America]] sunod han [[Brasil]].<ref name="countries" /> It Mexico usá nga [[federasyon]] nga nahihimo tikang hin 31 nga [[Mga estado han Mehiko|estado]] ngan han [[Syudad han Mehiko|Syudad han Mehiko (CDMX)]],<ref>{{cite web|website=El Financiero|title=DF no es el estado 32, aclaran legisladores|url=https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/nacional/df-no-es-el-estado-32-aclaran-legisladores|date=Enero 22, 2016|first=Victor|last=Chavez|accessdate=Hulyo 15, 2019}}</ref> nga amo an kapital o [[pamunuan nga syudad]] ngan an [[Talaan hin mga syudad ha Mehiko|syudad nga gidamo-i hin molupyo]]. Upod han mga iba nga [[Metropolitano nga mga kahaluag ha Mehiko|metropolis]] ha nasod an [[Guadalajara]], [[Monterrey]], [[Puebla de Zaragoza|Puebla]], [[Toluca]], [[Tijuana]], ngan [[León, Guanajuato|León]].<ref>{{cite web|website=City Population|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/mexico-metro.php|title=MEXICO: Metropolitan Areas|accessdate=Hulyo 13, 2019}}</ref> ==Pagbahin nga politiko-administratibo== {| float="left" class="infobox" |{{Mexico labeled map|float=right}} |} An Estados Unidos Mehikanos usa nga federasyon hin katloan kag usa (31) nga gawasnon ngan soberano nga mga estado nga nahimo hin Paghiusa o Unyon nga may-ada yakanbalaod han Distrito Federal ngan iba nga mga teritoryo. An tagsa estado mayda kalugaringon nga batakan balaod ngan kongreso pati poder judicial ngan an mga bungtohanon hin nan-eelehir o namimili ha direkta nga pagpili o pagbotos hin [[Talaan hin mga gobernador hin Mehikano nga estado|gobernador]] para hin unom-ka-tuig nga panahon hin serbisyo, pati liwat hin mga representante (''diputados locales'') ngado han ira mga tagsa-tagsa nga mga kongreso hin estado, para hin tulo-ka-tuig nga panahon hin serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Article 116|work=Political Constitution of the United Mexican States|publisher=Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States|url=http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|accessdate=2007-10-07|archive-date=2006-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113175736/http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|url-status=dead}}</ref> An 31 nga mga estado ngan an Distrito Federal tinatawag nga mga "entidades federativas", ngan ini ngatanan patas hin representasyon dida han Kongreso han Paghiusa o Kongreso han Unyon. It mga estado Mehikano ginbahin liwat ngadto hin [[Mga munisipyo han Mehiko|mga munisipyo]] (''municipios''), an giguti-ayi nga opisyal nga politikal nga entidad dida han nasod, nga gindudumara hin [[alkalde]] o [[alkalde|"presidente han munisipyo"]] (''presidente municipal''), nga na-iilihir han mga nangungukoy hin pluralidad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Article 115|work=Political Constitution of the United Mexican States|publisher=Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States|url=http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|accessdate=2007-10-07|archive-date=2006-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113175736/http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|url-status=dead}}</ref> It mga munisipyo puyde pa igbahin ngadto hin mga diri-autonomo nga [[Mga delegasyon han Mehiko|mga delegasyon]] (''delegaciones'') o ha mga semi-autonomo nga mga presidensya auxilyar (''presidencia auxiliar''). Ha batakan balaod, an [[Mehiko, Distrito Federal|Syudad han Mehiko]], komo kapital o ulohan han federasyon ngan lingkoranan han mga gahom han Paghiusa o Unyon, amo an Distrito Federal, usa nga ispisyal nga pagbahin ha politika ha Mehiko nga gintatag-iyahan han federasyon hin bug-os ngan diri ngadto hin partikular nga estado, ngan sugad man, mas limitado an lokal nga pagdumara hini kaysa han mga iba nga mga estado han nasod.<ref>{{cite web|title=Article 112|work=Political Constitution of the United Mexican States|publisher=Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States|url=http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|accessdate=2007-10-07|archive-date=2006-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113175736/http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bisan pa man, tikang han 1987 nagkaada ini hin sunod-sunod nga pagtikadako nga grado hin autonomiya ngan yana, an mga nangungukoy hini naka-elihir hin [[Mangulo han Gobyerno han Distrito Federal|mangulo han gobyerno]] (''Jefe de Gobierno'') ngan hin mga representante hin Asablea Lehislatiba hin direkta. Kondi an pagkaiba tikang han iba nga mga estado amo nga an Distrito Federal waray konstitusyon kundi balaod hin pan-gobyerno. An Syudad han Mehiko ''conterminous'' ngan ''coextensive'' han Distrito Federal. An mga ngaran han katloan kag usa nga mga estado ngan han Distrito Fderal ngan an ira mga opisyal nga mga pagpahalipot nga postal ha parentesis ginpapakita ha nasunod nga tabla, upod an mga agsob gamiton nga mga bandira han estado: {| colspan=4 class="wikitable" style="width:100%" border="0" |- | {{flag|Aguascalientes|name=Aguascalientes}} (Ags) | {{flag|Mehiko, Distrito Federal|name=Distrito Federal}} (DF) | {{flag|Estado han Mehiko|name=Estado han Mexico}} (Edomex) | {{flag|San Luis Potosí|name=San Luis Potosí}} (SLP) |- bgcolor=#F1F3F3 | {{flag|Baja California|name=Baja California}} (BC) | {{flag|Durango|name=Durango}} (Dgo) | {{flag|Nayarit|name=Nayarit}} (Nay) | {{flag|Sonora|name=Sonora}} (Son) |- | {{flag|Baja California Sur|name=Baja California Sur}} (BCS) | {{flag|Guerrero|name=Guerrero}} (Gro) | {{flag|Nuevo León|name=Nuevo León}} (NL) | {{flag|Tabasco|name=Tabasco}} (Tab) |- bgcolor=#F1F3F3 | {{flag|Chihuahua|name=Chihuahua}} (Chih) | {{flag|Guanajuato|name=Guanajuato}} (Gto) | {{flag|Oaxaca|name=Oaxaca}} (Oax) | {{flag|Tlaxcala|name=Tlaxcala}} (Tlax) |- | {{flag|Colima|name=Colima}} (Col) | {{flag|Hidalgo|name=Hidalgo}} (Hgo) | {{flag|Puebla|name=Puebla}} (Pue) | {{flag|Tamaulipas|name=Tamaulipas}} (Tamps) |- bgcolor=#F1F3F3 | {{flag|Campeche|name=Campeche}} (Camp) | {{flag|Jalisco|name=Jalisco}} (Jal) | {{flag|Quintana Roo|name=Quintana Roo}} (Q Roo) | {{flag|Veracruz|name=Veracruz}} (Ver) |- | {{flag|Coahuila|name=Coahuila}} (Coah) | {{flag|Michoacán|name=Michoacán}} (Mich) | {{flag|Querétaro|name=Querétaro}} (Qro.) | {{flag|Yucatán|name=Yucatán}} (Yuc) |- bgcolor=#F1F3F3 | {{flag|Chiapas|name=Chiapas}} (Chis) | {{flag|Morelos|name=Morelos}} (Mor) | {{flag|Sinaloa|name=Sinaloa}} (Sin) | {{flag|Zacatecas|name=Zacatecas}} (Zac) |} ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{Refbegin|30em}} * Camp, Roderic A. ''Politics in Mexico: Democratic Consolidation Or Decline?'' (Oxford University Press, 2014) * Davis, Diane. ''Urban leviathan: Mexico City in the twentieth century'' (Temple University Press, 2010) *{{cite journal | last1 = Domínguez | first1 = Jorge I | date = 2004 | title = The Scholarly Study of Mexican Politics | url = | journal = Mexican Studies / Estudios Mexicanos | volume = 20 | issue = 2| pages = 377–410 }} * Edmonds-Poli, Emily, and David Shirk. ''Contemporary Mexican Politics'' (Rowman and Littlefield 2009) *Kirkwood, Burton. ''The History of Mexico'' (Greenwood, 2000) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15456726 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224124206/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15456726 |date=2009-12-24 }} *{{Cite book|first=Enrique| last=Krauze| authorlink=Enrique Krauze| title=Mexico: Biography of Power: A history of Modern Mexico 1810–1996|url=https://archive.org/details/mexico00enri| publisher=Harper Perennial| location=New York| date = 1998| isbn=0-06-092917-0| page=896 }} *{{Cite book| editor1-first=Michael C.| editor1-last=Meyer| editor2-first=William H.|editor2-last= Beezley| title=The Oxford History of Mexico| url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112283| publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2000| isbn=0-19-511228-8| page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112283/page/n149 736] }} * Levy, Santiago. ''Good intentions, bad outcomes: Social policy, informality, and economic growth in Mexico'' (Brookings Institution Press, 2010) * Meyer, Michael C., William L. Sherman, and Susan M. Deeds. ''The Course of Mexican History'' (7th ed. Oxford U.P., 2002) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=113260662 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202103530/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=113260662 |date=2011-02-02 }} * {{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Philip |title=The history of Mexico: from pre-conquest to present |url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415872379/ |accessdate=9 Hulyo 2010 | date = 2010 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-87237-9}} * Tannenbaum, Frank. ''Mexico: the struggle for peace and bread'' (2013) * Werner, Michael S. ed. ''Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society & Culture'' (2 vol 1997) 1440pp [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98882479 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124111608/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98882479 |date=2010-01-24 }} ** Werner, Michael S. ed. '' Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico'' (2001) 850pp; a selection of unrevised articles {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links}} *{{Official website|http://en.presidencia.gob.mx/|name=The Presidency of Mexico}} *[http://www.visitmexico.com/en-i0/ Mexico Tourism Official Website | VisitMexico] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604062931/http://www.visitmexico.com/en-i0/ |date=2012-06-04 }} *{{CIA World Factbook link|mx|Mexico}} *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/mexico.htm Mexico] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085229/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/mexico.htm |date=2008-06-07 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{Dmoz|Regional/North_America/Mexico}} *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1205074.stm Mexico] from the [[BBC News]] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/Mexico Mexico] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' *{{Wikiatlas|Mexico}} *{{Wikivoyage-inline}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=MX Key Development Forecasts for Mexico] from [[International Futures]] *[http://www.conservapedia.com/Mexico_by_World_Painters Mexico by World Painters.] [[Kaarangay:Mehiko| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga nasod ha Amihanan nga Amerika]] [[Kaarangay:Nasod]] k6axv11b9fovbx0zsxdre6ayyb8v6a8 0 11054 7783557 6336310 2026-06-06T19:43:42Z Kurcke 65304 Coat of arms of Quebec (without crown).svg The crown was officially removed from the Québec coat of arms on 23 January 2026. Source: https://www.quebec.ca/gouvernement/portrait-quebec/drapeau-symboles-nationaux/armoiries 7783557 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Coat of arms of Quebec (without crown).svg|right|thumb|Tatak Buhatan han Quebec]] [[Paypay:Flag of Quebec.svg|right|thumb|Bandera han Quebec]] [[Paypay:Québec, Canada.svg|right|thumb|Mapa han Kanada nga nakalutaw an lalawigan han Quebec]] An '''Lalawigan han Quebec''' amo an usa ka probinsya ha nasod han [[Kanada]]. An kapital hini amo an syudad han [[Quebec (syudad)|Quebec]]. 2018: [[François Legault]] (CAQ) *[[Montreal]] {{turók}} {{Commonscat|Quebec}} [[Kaarangay:Quebec]] [[Kaarangay:Mga lalawigan ngan teritoryo ha Kanada]] n478uu28ey92g384vytobliweb9zz14 0 11402 7783563 7783447 2026-06-06T21:29:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260606)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name=Istanbul | native_name=''İstanbul'' | native_name_lang=tr | settlement_type=Munisipyo metropolitano | official_name=Munisipyo Metropolitano han Istanbul | image_skyline=Istanbul collage 5j.jpg | image_caption=Clockwise from top: View of [[Golden Horn]] between [[Galata]] and [[Sarayburnu|Seraglio Point]] including the [[Historic Areas of Istanbul|historic areas]]; [[Maiden's Tower]]; a [[Istanbul nostalgic tramways|nostalgic tram]] on [[İstiklal Avenue]]; [[Levent]] business district with [[Dolmabahçe Palace]]; [[Ortaköy Mosque]] in front of the [[Bosphorus Bridge]]; and [[Hagia Sophia]]. | image_alt=See caption | imagesize=300px | image_blank_emblem= | blank_emblem_type=Tatak han Munisipyo Metropolitano han Istanbul | blank_emblem_size=110px | pushpin_map=Turkey | pushpin_map_caption=Namumutang ha Turkiya | pushpin_map_alt=Turkey, with Istanbul pinpointed at the northwest along a thin strip of land bounded by water | pushpin_mapsize=300px | latd=41|latm=00|lats=49|latNS=N | longd=28|longm=57|longs=18|longEW=E | coordinates_region=TR | subdivision_type=Country | subdivision_name=[[Turkey]] | subdivision_type1=[[Geographical regions of Turkey|Region]] | subdivision_name1=[[Marmara Region|Marmara]] | subdivision_type2=[[Provinces of Turkey|Province]] | subdivision_name2=[[Istanbul Province|Istanbul]] | leader_party=[[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP]] | leader_title=Mayor | leader_name=[[Ekrem İmamoğlu]] | established_title=Established | established_date= | established_title1=&nbsp;-&nbsp;[[Byzantium]] | established_date1=c. 660 BC{{efn|name=byz-date}} | established_title2=&nbsp;-&nbsp;[[Constantinople]] | established_date2=330 AD | established_title3=&nbsp;-&nbsp;Istanbul | established_date3=1930 (officially){{efn|name=name-1930|The name of the city was officially changed to its present name of Istanbul in 1930, but the name has been in use since even before the 1453 [[Fall of Constantinople|Ottoman conquest]].}} | parts_type=Districts | parts=[[List of districts of Istanbul|39]] | area_metro_km2=5461 | area_metro_mi2=2063 | area_metro_footnotes={{efn|name=city-area}} | population_total=14,025,646 | population_as_of=31 Disyembre 2015 | population_footnotes=<ref name=citypolution.de>{{Cite web|title=Turkey: Provinces and Major Cities|quote=The population of the Turkish cities and provinces according to census results and latest register-based tabulations|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Turkey-C20.html|website=www.citytpopulation.de|publisher=Citypopulation|date=31 Disyembre 2014|accessdate=26 Hunyo 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=All urban agglomerations of the world with a population of 1 million inhabitants or more|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|website=www.citypopulation.de|publisher=Citypopulation|date=1 Abril 2015|accessdate=26 Hunyo 2015}}</ref><ref name="Population of Turkey">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/HbGetirHTML.do?id=18616|publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]]|title=The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2015|date=31 Disyembre 2015|accessdate=28 Enero 2016}}</ref> | population_rank=[[List of cities in Turkey|1st in Turkey]]<br>[[List of cities proper by population|6th in the world]] | population_density_km2= | population_demonym=Istanbulite(s)<br/>([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''İstanbullu(lar)'') | timezone=[[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset=+2 | timezone_DST=[[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST=+3 | postal_code_type=[[Postal code]] | postal_code=34000 to 34850 | area_code=0212 <small>(European side)</small> <br/>0216 <small>(Asian side)</small> | registration_plate= 34 | website={{URL|http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Home.aspx|Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality}} }} An '''Istanbul''' (/ˌɪstænˈbʊl/ o /ˌɪstænˈbuːl/ o /ɪˈstænbʊl/; Tinurkiya: İstanbul [isˈtɑnbuɫ]), ha kasaysayan kilala gihapon komo Constantinople ngan Byzantium, amo an may gidadakoi nga populasyon nga syudad ha Turkey ngan han mao nga nasod sentro han ekonomiya, kultura ngan kasaysayan. An Istanbul usa nga transcontinental nga syudad ha Eurasia, namumutang ha may Estrecho han Bosphorus (nga nagbubulag han Europa ngan Asya) ha butnga han [[Dagat Marmara]] ngan [[Itom nga Dagat]]. An sentro han pankomersyohan ngan pankasaysayan in namumutang ha may Europeo nga dapit ngan (1/3) kat-tulo han iya populasyon in namumutang naman ha may Asyano nga bahin.<ref name="wctr281">{{harvnb|WCTR Society; Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō|2004|p=281}}</ref> An syudad in sentro han pagdudumara han Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (nga cotermino han Lalawigan han Istanbul), kun diin may-ada populasyon nga 14.7 milyones nga molupyo.<ref name=citypolution.de/> An Istanbul in usa ha kanan kalibutan may pinakadamo nga tawo nga syudad ngan nagraranggo liwat hin kanan kalibutan ika-7 ha may pinakadamo nga molupyo ngan gidadakoi nga syudad han Europa. [[Paypay:Istanbul panorama and skyline.jpg|950px|center|syudad han Istanbul]] ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ===Bibliograpiya=== {{refbegin|27em}} *{{Cite book|last=ʻAner|first=Nadav|date=2005|editor-last=Pergola|editor-first=Sergio Della|editor2-last=Gilboa|editor2-first=Amos|editor3-last=Ṭal|editor3-first=Rami|title=The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute Planning Assessment, 2004–2005: The Jewish People Between Thriving and Decline|url=https://archive.org/details/jewishpeoplepoli0000unse|publisher=Gefen Publishing House Ltd|location=Jerusalem|isbn=978-965-229-346-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Athanasopulos|first=Haralambos|title=Greece, Turkey, and the Aegean Sea: A Case Study in International Law| date = 2001|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc|location=Jefferson, N.C.|isbn=978-0-7864-0943-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Barnes|first=Timothy David|title=Constantine and Eusebius|url=https://archive.org/details/constantineeuseb00barn|date=1981|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0-674-16531-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Baynes|first=Norman H.|editor-last=Baynes|editor-first=Norman H.|editor2-last=Moss|editor2-first=Henry S. L. B|title=Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.462718|date=1949|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-0-674-16531-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Boyar|first1=Ebru|last2=Fleet|first2=Kate|title=A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul| date = 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-13623-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Bloom|first1=Jonathan M.|last2=Blair|first2=Sheila|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture: Delhi to Mosque|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=RA1-PA315|accessdate=11 Abril 2013|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-530991-1|page=1|quote=Whatever the prehistoric antecedents of Istanbul, the continuous historical development of the site began with the foundation of a Greek colony from Megara in the mid-7th century BCE...|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Brink-Danan|first=Marcy|title=Jewish Life in Twenty-First-Century Turkey: The Other Side of Tolerance| date = 2011|publisher=Indiana University Press|series=New Anthropologies of Europe|location=Bloomington, Ind.|isbn=978-0-253-35690-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Brummett|first=Palmira Johnson|title=Image and Imperialism in the Ottoman Revolutionary Press, 1908–1911|url=https://archive.org/details/imageimperialism0000brum| date = 2000|publisher=SUNY Press|location=Albany, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-7914-4463-4|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Cantor|first=Norman F.|title=Civilization of the Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/civilizationofmi0000norm|date=1994|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-092553-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Çelik|first=Zeynep|title=The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_T4MUpP6zCuIC|date=1993|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, Calif., & Los Angeles|isbn=978-0-520-08239-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|author=Chamber of Architects of Turkey|title=Architectural Guide to Istanbul: Historic Peninsula| date = 2006|volume=1|publisher=Chamber of Architects of Turkey, Istanbul Metropolitan Branch|location=Istanbul|isbn=978-975-395-899-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Chandler|first=Tertius|title=Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census|url=https://archive.org/details/fourthousandyear0000chan|date=1987|publisher=St. David's University Press|location=Lewiston, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-88946-207-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Connell|first=John| date = 2010|title=Medical Tourism|series=CAB Books|publisher=CABI|location=Wallingford, Eng.|isbn=978-1-84593-660-0|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Dahmus|first=Joseph|date=1995|title=A History of the Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmiddlea0000dahm|publisher=Barnes & Noble Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7607-0036-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Davidson|first=Linda Kay|last2=Gitlitz|first2=David Martin|title=Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland: An Encyclopedia|volume=1|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.| date = 2002|isbn=978-1-57607-004-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=De Sélincourt|first=Aubery|title=The Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/histories00hero|series=Penguin Classics|editor-last=Marincola|editor-first=John M|date=2003|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|isbn=978-0-14-044908-2|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=De Souza|first=Philip|title=The Greek and Persian Wars, 499-386 B.C| date = 2003|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-96854-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor-last=Dumper|editor-first=Michael|editor2-last=Stanley|editor2-first=Bruce E.|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/citiesofmiddleea0000unse|date=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-57607-919-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Düring|first=Bleda S.|title=The Prehistory of Asia Minor: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies| date = 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-14981-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Efe|first1=Recep|last2=Cürebal|first2=Isa|chapter=Impacts of the "Marmaray" Project (Bosphorus Tube Crossing, Tunnels, and Stations) on Transportation and Urban Environment in Istanbul|title=Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Megaengineering Projects|date=2011|editor-last=Brunn|editor-first=Stanley D|publisher=Springer|location=London & New York|isbn=978-90-481-9919-8|pages=715–34|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Finkel|first=Caroline|title=Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923| date = 2005|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-02396-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Freely|first=John|title=Istanbul: The Imperial City| date = 1996|publisher=Viking|location=New York|isbn=978-0-670-85972-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Freely|first=John|title=The Companion Guide to Istanbul and Around the Marmara|url=https://archive.org/details/companionguideto0000free_x9y4|date=2000|publisher=Companion Guides|location=Woodbridge, Eng.|isbn=978-1-900639-31-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Freely|first=John|title=A History of Ottoman Architecture| date = 2011|publisher=WIT Press|location=Southampton, Eng.|isbn=978-1-84564-506-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite journal|last=Georgacas|first=Demetrius John | date = 1947 |title=The Names of Constantinople |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association |volume=78 |pages=347–67 |doi=10.2307/283503 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |jstor=283503|ref=harv }} *{{Cite book|last1=Göksel|first1=Aslı|last2=Kerslake|first2=Celia| date = 2005|title=Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar|series=Comprehensive Grammars|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Eng.|isbn=978-0-415-21761-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor-last=Göktürk|editor-first=Deniz|editor2-last=Soysal|editor2-first=Levent|editor3-last=Türeli|editor3-first=İpek| date = 2010|title=Orienting Istanbul: Cultural Capital of Europe?|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-415-58011-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Grant|first=Michael|title=The Severans: The Changed Roman Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/severanschangedr0000gran|date=1996|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-12772-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Gregory|first=Timothy E.|title=A History of Byzantium|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti0000greg_2ndedi|date=2010|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-1-4051-8471-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Gül|first=Murat|title=The Emergence of Modern Istanbul: Transformation and Modernisation of a City| date = 2012|publisher=IB.Tauris|location=London|edition=Revised Paperback Edition|isbn=978-1780763743|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Harter|first=Jim|title=World Railways of the Nineteenth Century: A Pictorial History in Victorian Engravings| date = 2005|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|edition=illustrated|isbn=978-0-8018-8089-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor-last=Holt|editor-first=Peter M.|editor2-last=Lambton|editor2-first=Ann K. S.|editor3-last=Lewis|editor3-first=Bernard|title=The Cambridge History of Islam|volume=1A| date = 1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-29135-4|edition=illustrated, reprint|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Isaac|first=Benjamin H.|title=The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest| date = 1986|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden, the Neth.|isbn=978-90-04-06921-3|edition=illustrated|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Kapucu|first1=Naim|last2=Palabiyik|first2=Hamit|title=Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age|series=USAK Publications|volume=17|publisher=USAK|location=Ankara| date = 2008|isbn=978-605-4030-01-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Karpat|first=Kemal H.|title=The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization|url=https://archive.org/details/gecekondururalmi0000karp|date=1976|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-20954-0|edition=illustrated|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor-last=Keyder|editor-first=Çağlar| date = 1999|title=Istanbul: Between the Global and the Local|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=978-0-8476-9495-2|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=King|first=Charles| date = 2014|title=Midnight at the Pera Palace, The birth of modern Istanbul|url=https://archive.org/details/midnightatperapa0000king_g1k2|publisher=Norton & Cy|location=|isbn=9780393089141-|ref=}} *{{Cite book|last1=Klimczuk|first1=Stephen|last2=Warner|first2=Gerald|date=2009|title=Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries: Uncovering Mysterious Sights, Symbols, and Societies|url=https://archive.org/details/secretplaceshidd0000klim|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4027-6207-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Knieling|first1=Jörg|last2=Othengrafen|first2=Frank|title=Planning Cultures in Europe: Decoding Cultural Phenomena in Urban and Regional Planning|series=Urban and Regional Planning and Development|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd|location=Surrey, Eng.|isbn=978-0-7546-7565-5| date = 2009|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor-last=Köksal|editor-first=Özlem|title=World Film Locations: Istanbul|publisher=Intellect Books|location=Bristol, Eng.| date = 2012|isbn=978-1-84150-567-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Köse|first=Yavuz|editor-last=Atabaki|editor-first=Touraj|editor2-last=Brockett|editor2-first=Gavin|chapter=Vertical Bazaars of Modernity: Western Department Stores and Their Staff in Istanbul (1889–1921)|title=Ottoman and Republican Turkish Labour History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.| date = 2009|isbn=978-0-521-12805-6|pages=91–114|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Landau|first=Jacob M.| date = 1984|title=Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey|publisher=E.J. Brill|location=Leiden, the Neth.|isbn=978-90-04-07070-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Limberis|first=Vasiliki|title=Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople|url=https://archive.org/details/divineheiressvir0000limb|date=1994|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-09677-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Lister|first=Richard P.|title=The Travels of Herodotus| date = 1979|publisher=Gordon & Cremonesi|location=London|isbn=978-0-86033-081-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Masters|first1=Bruce Alan|last2=Ágoston|first2=Gábor| date = 2009|title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Morris|first=Ian|title=Social Development|date=October 2010|publisher=Stanford University|location=Stanford, Calif.|url=http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf|accessdate=5 Hulyo 2012|format=pdf|ref=harv}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915115325/http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf |date=2012-09-15 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf |access-date=11 Enero 2015 |archive-date=15 Septyembre 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915115325/http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf |url-status=unfit }} *{{Cite book|last1=Mossberger|first1=Karen|last2=Clarke|first2=Susan E.|last3=John|first3=Peter|title=The Oxford Handbook of Urban Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_d9x2|series=Oxford Handbooks in Politics and International Relations|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-0-19-536786-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Necipoğlu|first=Gülru|title=Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries|url=https://archive.org/details/architecturecere0000neci|date=1991|publisher=The MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0-262-14050-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Necipoğlu|first=Gülru|contribution= From Byzantine Constantinople to Ottoman Kostantiniyye|editor-last=ölcer|editor-first=Nazan|title=From Byzantion to Istanbul|publisher=SSM|location=Istanbul| date = 2010|isbn=978-605-4348-04-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Norris|first=Pippa| date = 2010|title=Public Sentinel: News Media & Governance Reform|publisher=World Bank Publications|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-8213-8200-4|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|title=Istanbul, Turkey|series=OECD Territorial Reviews| date = 2008|publisher=OECD Publishing|location=Paris|isbn=978-92-64-04371-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|author=Oxford Business Group| date = 2009|title=The Report: Turkey 2009|publisher=Oxford Business Group|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-1-902339-13-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Papathanassis|first=Alexis|date=2011|title=The Long Tail of Tourism: Holiday Niches and Their Impact on Mainstream Tourism|url=https://archive.org/details/longtailoftouris0000unse|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-8349-3062-0|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Quantic|first=Roy| date = 2008|title=Climatology for Airline Pilots|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-0-470-69847-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Reinert|first=Stephen W.|editor-last=Mango|editor-first=Cyril|title=The Oxford History of Byzantium| date = 2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-0-19-814098-6|chapter=Fragmentation (1204–1453)|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Reisman|first=Arnold|title=Turkey's Modernization: Refugees from Nazism and Atatürk's Vision|url=https://archive.org/details/turkeysmoderniza0000reis|date=2006|publisher=New Academia Publishing, LLC|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-9777908-8-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Roebuck|first=Carl|title=Ionian Trade and Colonization|url=https://archive.org/details/ioniantradecolon0000carl| date = 1959|series=Monographs on Archaeology and Fine Arts|publisher=Archaeological Institute of America|location=New York|isbn=978-0-89005-528-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Room|first=Adrian|title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites|url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl02edroom|date=2006|publisher=McFarland & Company|location=Jefferson, N.C.|edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Rôzen|first=Mînnā|title=A History of the Jewish Community in Istanbul: The Formative Years, 1453–1566| date = 2002|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden, the Neth.|edition=illustrated|isbn=978-90-04-12530-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Sanal|first=Aslihan|editor-last=Fischer|editor-first=Michael M. J.|editor2-last=Dumit|editor2-first=Joseph|date=2011|title=New Organs Within Us: Transplants and the Moral Economy|url=https://archive.org/details/neworganswithinu0000sana|series=Experimental Futures|edition=illustrated|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Chapel Hill, N.C.|isbn=978-0-8223-4912-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Schmitt|first=Oliver Jens|title=Levantiner: Lebenswelten und Identitäten einer ethnokonfessionellen Gruppe im osmanischen Reich im "langen 19. Jahrhundert" | date = 2005|publisher=Oldenbourg|location=München|language=German|isbn=978-3-486-57713-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Stanford J.|last2=Shaw|first2=Ezel K.|title=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey|volume=2| date = 1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-29166-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Taşan-Kok|first=Tuna|title=Budapest, Istanbul, and Warsaw: Institutional and Spatial Change|publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V|location=Delft, the Neth.| date = 2004|isbn=978-90-5972-041-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jane|title=Imperial Istanbul: A Traveller's Guide: Includes Iznik, Bursa and Edirne|url=https://archive.org/details/imperialistanbul0000tayl|publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|location=New York|date=2007|isbn=978-1-84511-334-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Tigrek|first1=Sahnaz|last2=Kibaroğlu|first2=Ayșegül| date = 2011|editor-last=Kibaroğlu|editor-first=Ayșegül|editor2-last=Scheumann|editor2-first=Waltina|editor3-last=Kramer|editor3-first=Annika|title=Turkey's Water Policy: National Frameworks and International Cooperation|chapter=Strategic Role of Water Resources for Turkey|publisher=Springer|location=London & New York|isbn=978-3-642-19635-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor=Time Out Guides|title=Time Out Istanbul|url=https://archive.org/details/timeoutistanbul0000unse|publisher=Time Out Guides|location=London|date=2010|isbn=978-1-84670-115-3|ref={{sfnRef|Time Out Guides|2010}}}} *{{Cite book|last=Turan|first=Neyran|editor1-last=Sorensen|editor1-first=André|editor2-last=Okata|editor2-first=Junichiro|title=Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability|series=Library for Sustainable Urban Regeneration|publisher=Springer|location=London & New York| date = 2010|pages=223–42|chapter=Towards an Ecological Urbanism for Istanbul|isbn=978-4-431-99266-0|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|author=WCTR Society; Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō|title=Urban Transport and the Environment: An International Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/urbantransporten0000unse_l6o6|date=2004|publisher=Elsevier|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-08-044512-0|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Wedel|first=Heidi| date = 2000|editor1-last=Ibrahim|editor1-first=Ferhad|editor2-last=Gürbey|editor2-first=Gülistan|title=The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-8258-4744-9|pages=181–93|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Wynn|first=Martin|title=Planning and Urban Growth in Southern Europe|series=Studies in History, Planning, and the Environment|publisher=Mansell|location=Los Altos, Calif.| date = 1984|isbn=978-0-7201-1608-3|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|Istanbul}} *{{Wikivoyage-inline}} * [http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Home.aspx Official website of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality] * [http://english.istanbul.gov.tr/ Official website of the Istanbul Governorship] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061222171620/http://english.istanbul.gov.tr/ |date=2006-12-22 }} * [http://sehirrehberi.ibb.gov.tr/Map.aspx?&scl=6&cx=88707&cy=96189&ap=uydu&lng=en Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Interactive aerial photos (maps) of Istanbul from 1946, 1966, 1982, and 2005] * [http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Organization/MunicipalHistory/Pages/Live_City_View_in_Istanbul.aspx Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Live views of major landmarks in Istanbul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704072848/http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Organization/MunicipalHistory/Pages/Live_City_View_in_Istanbul.aspx |date=2015-07-04 }} * [http://www.istanbulbulteni.com/ Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Istanbul Bulteni Magazine official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222203756/http://www.istanbulbulteni.com/ |date=2012-02-22 }} [[Kaarangay:Mga syudad, bungto ngan baryo ha Turkeya]] [[Kaarangay:Istanbul]] qnzixzuhkilavw1seem2p6u0ovsing8 0 14624 7783566 7783418 2026-06-06T21:38:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260606)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783566 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Imperyo Bizantino''' o Sinirangan Imperyo Romano, nga kilala han mangurukoy hini nga an Imperyo Romano, an Imperyo han mga Romano ([[Griniyego]]:Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn), Romania (Ῥωμανία, Rhōmanía), o Romais (Ῥωμαΐς Rhōmaís), amo an nagsunod han Imperyo Romano han Butnga nga mga Panahon, nga nagpapalibot ha kapital hini nga [[Constantinople]] (han una Bizantium, yana Istanbul), ngan gindudumara han mga imperador nga namana tikang han mga imperador Romano. ==Mga reperensya== === Syahan nga pagkukuhaan === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|last=Choniates|first=Nicetas|authorlink=Nicetas Choniates|title=Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History by D.C. Munro (Series 1, Vol 3:1)|location=Philadelphia|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|pages=15–16| date = 1912|chapter=The Sack of Constantinople (1204)|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Cinnamus|first=Ioannes|authorlink=John Kinnamos|title=Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus|url=https://archive.org/details/deedsofjohnmanue0000kinn|location=New York and West Sussex|publisher=Columbia University Press| date = 1976|isbn=0-231-04080-6|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|author=Eusebius|authorlink=Eusebius of Caesaria|title=Life of Constantine (Book IV)|publisher=[[Christian Classics Ethereal Library]]|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.i.i.html}} * {{Cite book|author=Geoffrey of Villehardouin|authorlink=Geoffrey of Villehardouin|title= Chronicles of the Crusades (translated by Margaret R. Shaw)|publisher=Penguin Classics| date = 1963|isbn=0-14-044124-7|chapter=The Conquest of Constantinople|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Komnene|first=Anna|authorlink=Anna Komnene|title=The Alexiad (translated by Elizabeth A. S. Dawes)|publisher=Internet Medieval Sourcebook|chapter=Books X-XIII|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/annacomnena-alexiad00.html#INTRODUCTION|date=1928|ref=harv}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413122745/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/annacomnena-alexiad00.html#INTRODUCTION |date=2020-04-13 }} * {{Cite book|editor-last=Seeck|editor-first=Otto|title=Notitia Dignitatum; accedunt Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae Laterculi Prouinciarum|location=Berlin|publisher=Weidmann| date = 1876|url=http://archive.org/details/notitiadignitat00silvgoog|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} === Segundaryo nga pagkukuhaan === {{Refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book|first=Agustí|last=Alemany|title=Sources on the Alans: A Critical Compilation|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill| date = 2000|pages=170–243|isbn=90-04-11442-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Ahrweiler|first=Hélène|last2=Laiou|first2=Angeliki E.|author1-link=Helene Ahrweiler|author2-link=Angeliki Laiou|title=Studies on the Internal Diaspora of the Byzantine Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/studiesoninterna0000unse|chapter=Preface|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks| date = 1998|isbn=0-88402-247-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Anastos|first=Milton V.| date = 1962|title=The History of Byzantine Science. Report on the Dumbarton Oaks Symposium of 1961|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|issn=0070-7546|volume=16|pages=409–411| doi=10.2307/1291170|jstor=1291170|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Angold|first=Michael|title=The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204: A Political History|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantineempire10000ango|location=London|publisher=Longman| date = 1997|isbn=978-0-582-29468-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Antonucci|first=Michael| date = 1993|title=War by Other Means: The Legacy of Byzantium|journal=History Today|volume=43|issue=2|pages=11–13|issn=0018-2753|url=http://www.historytoday.com/michael-antonucci/war-other-means-legacy-byzantium|accessdate=21 Mayo 2007|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|first=Sophocles Evangelinus|last=Apostolides|title=Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods|location=Hildesheim|publisher=Georg Olms| date = 1992|isbn=3-487-05765-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Bayless|first=William N.| date = 1976|title=The Treaty with the Huns of 443|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-philology_summer-1976_97_2/page/176|journal=The American Journal of Philology|volume=97|pages=176–179|jstor=294410|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Baynes|first=Norman Hepburn| date = 1912|title=The Restoration of the Cross at Jerusalem|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_1912-04_27_106/page/287|doi=10.1093/ehr/XXVII.CVI.287|journal=The English Historical Review|volume=27|issue=106|issn=0013-8266|pages=287–299|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|editor1-last=Baynes|editor1-first=Norman Hepburn|editor2-last=Moss|editor2-first=Henry St. Lawrence Beaufort|title=Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiumintrodu00baynrich|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press| date = 1948|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Baynes|first=Spencer|chapter=Vlachs|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|edition=11th|location=New York| date = 1907|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Beaton|first=Roderick|title=The Medieval Greek Romance|url=https://archive.org/details/medievalgreekrom0000beat|location=New York and London|publisher=Routledge| date = 1996|isbn=0-415-12032-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Beckwith|first=John|title=Early Christian and Byzantine Art|location=New Haven|publisher=Yale University Press|origyear=1970| date = 1993|isbn=0-300-05296-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Béhar|first=Pierre|title=Vestiges d'Empires: La Décomposition de l'Europe Centrale et Balkanique|location=Paris|publisher=Éditions Desjonquères| date = 1999|isbn=2-84321-015-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Benz|first=Ernst|title=The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life| date = 1963|location=Piscataway|publisher=Aldine Transaction|isbn=978-0-202-36298-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Q5Z_evECb1UC|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Bideleux|first1=Robert|last2=Jeffries|first2=Ian|title=A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofeastern0000bide|location=New York and London|publisher=Routledge| date = 1998|isbn=0-415-16111-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Birkenmeier|first=John W.|title=The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill| date = 2002|isbn=90-04-11710-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Blume|first=Fred H.|editor-last=Kearley|authorlink=Fred H. Blume|editor-first=Timothy|title=Annotated Justinian Code| date = 2008|url=http://www.uwyo.edu/lawlib/blume-justinian/index.html|location=Laramie|publisher=University of Wyoming|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Bray|first=R. S.|title=Armies of Pestilence: The Impact of Disease on History|publisher=James Clarke| date = 2004|isbn=0-227-17240-X|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Browning|first=Robert|chapter=The Continuity of Hellenism in the Byzantine world: Appearance or Reality?|pages=[https://archive.org/details/greeceoldnew0000unse_o7v6/page/110 111]–128|editor1-last=Winnifrith|editor1-first=Tom|editor2-last=Murray|editor2-first=Penelope|title=Greece Old and New|url=https://archive.org/details/greeceoldnew0000unse_o7v6| date = 1983|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0-333-27836-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Browning|first=Robert|title=The Byzantine Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantineempire0000brow|location=Washington, DC|publisher=The Catholic University of America Press| date = 1992|isbn=0-8132-0754-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Bryce|first=James|title=Studies in History and Jurisprudence, Vol. 1|publisher=H. Frowde| date = 1901|isbn=1-4021-9046-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Brooke|first=Zachary Nugent|title=A History of Europe, from 911 to 1198|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofeuropef0000broo|location=London|publisher=Methuen| date = 1962|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Burns|first=Thomas S.|title=A History of Ostrogoths|location=Bloomington and Indianapolis|publisher=Indiana University Press| date = 1991|isbn=0-253-20600-6|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Bury|first=John Bagnall|authorlink=J. B. Bury|title=History of the Later Roman Empire|location=London|publisher=Macmillan| date = 1923|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/home.html|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Bury|first1=John Bagnall|last2=Philotheus|title=The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century: With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos| date = 1911|location=London|publisher=Oxford University Press|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Bury|first1=John Bagnall|title=The Early History of the Slavonic Settlements in Dalmatia, Croatia, & Serbia|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan| date = 1920|url=http://archive.org/stream/earlyhistoryofsl00consrich|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Cameron|first=Averil|authorlink=Averil Cameron| date = 1979|title=Images of Authority: Elites and Icons in Late Sixth-century Byzantium|doi=10.1093/past/84.1.3|journal=Past and Present|volume=84|issue=1|page=3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Cameron|first=Averil|title=The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 14: Late antiquity| date = 2000|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|editor=Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins and Michael Whitby|chapter=Vandal and Byzantine Africa|pages=552–569|isbn=0-521-32591-9|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Cameron|first=Averil|title=The Byzantines|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantines0000came| date = 2006|location=Oxford|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-9833-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Cameron|first=Averil|script-title=el:Οι Βυζαντινοί|location=Athens|publisher=Psychogios| date = 2009|language=Greek [translation of Cameron 2006]|isbn=978-960-453-529-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Cameron|first=Averil|title=The Byzantine and Islamic Early Near East I: Problems in the Literary Source Material| date = 1992|publisher=Darwin|editor=Averil Cameron and Lawrence I. Conrad|chapter=New Themes and Styles in Greek Literature, 7th and 8th centuries|isbn=0-87850-080-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Campbell|first=George L.|title=Compendium of the World's Languages: Abaza to Kurdish|url=https://archive.org/details/compendiumofworl00camp| date = 2000|origyear=1991|location=New York and London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-20296-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Chrysos|first=Evangelos|title=Byzantine Diplomacy: Papers from the Twenty-Fourth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Cambridge, March 1990 (Society for the Promotion of Byzant)|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantinediploma0000spri| date = 1992|publisher=Variorum|isbn=0-86078-338-3|editor=Jonathan Shepard, Simon Franklin|chapter=Byzantine Diplomacy, CE 300–800: Means and End|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Clark|first=Victoria|title=Why Angels Fall: A Journey through Orthodox Europe from Byzantium to Kosovo|url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_o2c0|location=London|publisher=Macmillan| date = 2000|isbn=0-312-23396-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=H. 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Laiou|chapter=Commerce, Trade, Markets, and Money: Thirteenth-Fifteenth Centuries|pages=771–806|url=http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-studies/the-economic-history-of-byzantium/ehb37-trade-late|ref=harv}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930114138/http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-studies/the-economic-history-of-byzantium/ehb37-trade-late |date= 30 Septyembre 2013 }} * {{Cite book|last=McDonnell|first=Myles Anthony|title=Roman Manliness: Virtus and the Roman Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/romanmanlinessvi0000mcdo|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2006|isbn=978-0-521-82788-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Meier|first=William N.| date = 2003|title=Die Inszenierung einer Katastrophe: Justinian und der Nika-Aufstand|issue=142|pages=273–300|journal=Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik|jstor=20191600|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Meyendorff|first=John|authorlink=John Meyendorff|title=The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantinelegacyi0000meye| date = 1982|location=Yonkers|publisher=St Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=0-913836-90-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Millar|first=Fergus|title=A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450)|url=https://archive.org/details/greekromanempire00ferg|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|publisher=University of California Press| date = 2006|isbn=0-520-24703-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=William|title=Monemvasia|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=27| date = 1907|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/journalofhelleni27sociuoft|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Moravcsik|first=Gyula|title=Byzantium and the Magyars| date = 1970|location=Amsterdam|publisher=Hakkert|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Mousourakis|first=George|title=The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalinstit0000mous|location=Burlington and Hampshire|publisher=Ashgate| date = 2003|isbn=0-7546-2114-6|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Neumann|first=Iver B.| date = 2006|title=Sublime Diplomacy: Byzantine, Early Modern, Contemporary|journal=Millennium: Journal of International Studies |volume=34|issue=3|pages=865–888|issn=1569-2981|ref=harv|doi=10.1177/03058298060340030201}} * {{Cite book|last1=Neubecker|first1=Ottfried|last2=Brooke-Little|first2=John Philip|title=Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning|publisher=Time Warner| date = 1997|isbn=0-316-64141-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Neville|first=Leonora Alice|title=Authority in Byzantine Provincial Society, 950–1100|url=https://archive.org/details/authorityinbyzan0000nevi|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2004|isbn=0-521-83865-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Nicol|first=Donald MacGillivray|title=The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453|url=https://archive.org/details/lastcenturiesofb0000nico|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 1993|isbn=0-521-43991-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Norwich|first=John Julius|title=A Short History of Byzantium|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofby0000norw_l9m6|location=Ringwood, Vic.|publisher=Penguin| date = 1998|isbn=978-0-14-025960-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Nystazopoulou-Pelekidou|first=Maria| date = 1970|title=Συμβολή εις την χρονολόγησιν των Αβαρικών και Σλαβικών επιδρομών επί Μαυρικίου (582–602) (μετ' επιμέτρου περί των Περσικών πολέμων) [=Contribution to the chronology of Avar and Slav raids during the reign of Maurice (582–602), with an excursus about the Persian Wars"]|language=Greek|url=http://www.byzsym.org/index.php/bz/article/view/649/567|journal=Byzantina Symmeikta|issn=1105-1639|volume=2|pages=145–206|accessdate=10 Marso 2012|ref=harv|archive-date=27 Hunyo 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627021404/http://www.byzsym.org/index.php/bz/article/view/649/567|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Obolensky|first=Dimitri|authorlink=Dimitri Obolensky|title=Byzantium and the Slavs|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiumslavs0000obol| date = 1994|location=Yonkers|publisher=St Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=0-88141-008-X|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Oikonomides|first=Nikos| date = 1999|title=L᾽"Unilinguisme" Officiel de Constantinople Byzantine|url=http://www.byzsym.org/index.php/bz/article/view/857/753|journal=Byzantina Symmeikta|issn=1105-1639|volume=13|pages=9–22|accessdate=11 Marso 2012|ref=harv|archive-date=27 Hunyo 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627030100/http://www.byzsym.org/index.php/bz/article/view/857/753|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Ostrogorsky|first=George|authorlink=George Alexandrovič Ostrogorsky|title=History of the Byzantine State|location=New Brunswick|publisher=Rutgers University Press| date = 1969|isbn=0-8135-1198-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Ostrogorsky|first=George|title=The Byzantine Empire in the World of the Seventh Century|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=13|pages=1–21| date = 1959|jstor=1291126|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/1291127}} * {{Cite book|last1=Paparrigopoulos|first1=Constantine|author1-link=Constantine Paparrigopoulos|last2=Karolidis|first2=Pavlos|author2-link=Pavlos Karolidis|title=Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους ["History of the Greek Nation"], vol. 4|publisher=Eleftheroudakis|language=Greek| date = 1925|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Parry|first=Kenneth|title=Depicting the Word: Byzantine Iconophile Thought of the Eighth and Ninth Centuries|location=Leiden and New York|publisher=Brill | date = 1996|isbn=90-04-10502-6|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Patterson|first=Gordon M.|title=The Essentials of Medieval History: 500 to 1450 AD, the Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofmedi0000patt|location=Piscataway|publisher=Research and Education Association| date = 1995|origyear=1990|isbn=978-0-87891-705-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Postan|first1=Michael Moïssey|last2=Miller|first2=Edward|last3=Postan|first3= Cynthia|title=The Cambridge Economic History of Europe (Volume 2)|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 1987|isbn=0-521-08709-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Pounds|first=Norman John Greville|title=An Historical Geography of Europe, 1500–1840|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra0000poun|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 1979|isbn=0-521-22379-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Read|first=Piers Paul|authorlink=Piers Paul Read|title=The Templars: The Dramatic History of the Knights Templar, The Most Powerful Military Order of the Crusades|url=https://archive.org/details/templars0000read_m0z1|location=New York|publisher=St. Martin's Press| date = 2000|origyear=1999|isbn=0-312-26658-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Reinert|first=Stephen W.|editor=Cyril Mango|chapter=Fragmentation (1204–1453)|title=The Oxford History of Byzantium|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2002|pages=248–283|isbn=0-19-814098-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Rice|first=David Talbot|authorlink=David Talbot Rice|title=Byzantine Art (3rd Edition)| date = 1968|location=Harmondsworth|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Robins|first=Robert Henry|title=The Byzantine Grammarians: Their Place in History|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantinegrammar0000robi| date = 1993|location=Berlin and New York|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|isbn=3-11-013574-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Rosser|first=John H.|title=Historical Dictionary of Byzantium|chapter=Introduction|location=Lanham, MA|publisher=Scarecrow| date = 2011|isbn=0-8108-7567-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Runciman|title=The Medieval Manichee: A Study of the Christian Dualist Heresy| date = 1982|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-28926-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|title=The Fall of Constantinople, 1453|url=https://archive.org/details/fallofconstantin0000runc| date = 1990|isbn=0-521-39832-0|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|title=The Last Byzantine Renaissance|url=https://archive.org/details/lastbyzantineren0000runc|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 1970|isbn=0-521-07787-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Ryan|first=Herbert J.|title=The College Student's Introduction to Theology|url=https://archive.org/details/collegestudentsi00chap| date = 1993|publisher=Liturgical Press|chapter=The Church in History|editors=Christopher Key Chapple and Thomas P. Rausch|isbn=0-8146-5841-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Sarantis|first=Alexander| date = 2009|title=War and Diplomacy in Pannonia and the Northwest Balkans during the Reign of Justinian: The Gepid Threat and Imperial Responses|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=63|pages=15–40|jstor=41219761|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Sedlar|first=Jean W.|title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500|volume=III|location=Seattle|publisher=University of Washington Press| date = 1994|isbn=0-295-97290-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Seton-Watson|first=Hugh|title=The Russian Empire, 1801–1917|url=https://archive.org/details/russianempire1800000seto|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 1967|isbn=0-19-822152-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Shahid|first=Irfan|title=The Iranian Factor in Byzantium during the Reign of Heraclius| date = 1972|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=26|pages=293–320|doi=10.2307/1291324|jstor=1291324|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Šišić|first=Ferdo|authorlink=Ferdo Šišić|title=Povijest Hrvata u vrijeme narodnih vladara: sa 280 slika i 3 karte u bojama|location=Zagreb|publisher=Nakladni zavod Matice hrvatske| date = 1990|isbn=86-401-0080-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Sotinel|first=Claire|chapter=Emperors and Popes in the Sixth Century: The Western View|editor-last=Maas|editor-first=Michael|title=The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2005|pages=267–290|isbn=0-521-81746-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Speck|first=Paul|journal=Poikila Byzantina|volume=4| date = 1984|title=Ikonoklasmus und die Anfänge der Makedonischen Renaissance|pages=175–210|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Stephenson|first=Paul|title=Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2000|isbn=0-521-77017-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web|last=Stone|first=Andrew|title=John II Komnenos (CE 1118–1143)|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/johncomn.htm|publisher=Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors|accessdate=18 Mayo 2007|ref=harv|archive-date=29 Septyembre 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929180453/http://www.roman-emperors.org/johncomn.htm|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|last=Stone|first=Andrew|title=Manuel I Komnenos (CE 1143–1180)|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/mannycom.htm|publisher=Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors|accessdate=5 Pebrero 2007|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Tarasov|first1=Oleg|last2=Milner-Gulland|first2=R. R.|title=Icon and Devotion: Sacred Spaces in Imperial Russia|url=https://archive.org/details/icondevotionsacr0000tara|location=London|publisher=Reaktion| date = 2004|isbn=1-86189-118-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Tatakes|first1=Vasileios N.|last2=Moutafakis|first2=Nicholas J.|title=[[Byzantine Philosophy]]| date = 2003|location=Indianapolis|publisher=Hackett|isbn=0-87220-563-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Teall|first=John L.| date = 1967|title=The Age of Constantine Change and Continuity in Administration and Economy|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=21|pages=11–36|jstor=1291256|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Timberlake|first=Alan|title=A Reference Grammar of Russian|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2004|isbn=978-0-521-77292-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|title=Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081|location=Stanford|publisher=Stanford University Press| date = 1995|isbn=0-8047-2420-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|title=A History of the Byzantine State and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti0000trea|location=Stanford|publisher=Stanford University Press| date = 1997|isbn=0-8047-2630-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|title=The Byzantine Revival, 780–842|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantinerevival0000warr|location=Stanford|publisher=Stanford University Press| date = 1991|isbn=0-8047-1896-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Troianos|first=Spyros|last2=Velissaropoulou-Karakosta|first2=Julia|title=Ιστορία δικαίου από την αρχαία στην νεώτερη Ελλάδα ["History of law from ancient to modern Greece"]|location=Athens|publisher=Sakkoulas| date = 1997|isbn=960-232-594-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Vasiliev|first=Alexander Alexandrovich|authorlink=Alexander Vasiliev (historian)|title=History of the Byzantine Empire| date = 1928–1935|location=Madison|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|url=http://www.intratext.com/X/ENG0832.HTM|isbn=0-299-80925-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Versteegh|first=Cornelis H. M.|title=Greek Elements in Arabic Linguistic Thinking| date = 1977|isbn=90-04-04855-3|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Watson|first=Bruce|title=Sieges: A Comparative Study|url=https://archive.org/details/siegescomparativ0000wats| date = 1993|location=Westport|publisher=Praeger|isbn=0-275-94034-9|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Weitzmann|first=Kurt|authorlink=Kurt Weitzmann|title=The Icon|url=https://archive.org/details/icon0000unse_w3g2| date = 1982|location=London|publisher=Evans Brothers|isbn=0-237-45645-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Wells|first=Herbert George|authorlink=H. G. Wells|title=A Short History of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofwo00welluoft|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan| date = 1922|isbn=0-06-492674-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Whittow|first=Mark|title=The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofbyzantiu0000whit|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, California|publisher=University of California Press| date = 1996|isbn=0-520-20496-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Wickham|first=Chris|authorlink=Christopher Wickham|title=The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780670020980|location=New York|publisher=Viking| date = 2009|isbn=0-670-02098-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Wolff|first=Robert Lee| date = 1948|title=Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_speculum_1948-01_23_1/page/1|journal=Speculum|volume=23|issue=1|pages=1–34|jstor=2853672|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Wroth|first=Warwick|title=Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum| date = 1908|publisher=British Museum Dept. of Coins and Medals|isbn=1-4021-8954-0|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|last1=Ahrweiler|first1=Hélène|last2=Aymard|first2=Maurice|title=Les Européens| date = 2000|location=Paris|publisher=Hermann|isbn=2-7056-6409-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Angelov|first=Dimiter|title=Imperial Ideology and Political Thought in Byzantium (1204–1330)| date = 2007|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-85703-1}} * Baboula, Evanthia, Byzantium, in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. ISBN 1610691776 * {{Cite book | author= Evans, Helen C. & Wixom, William D | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/188784|title=The glory of Byzantium: art and culture of the Middle Byzantine era, A.D. 843-1261 | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | date = 1997 | isbn=978-0-8109-6507-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Haldon|first=John|title=The Byzantine Wars: Battles and Campaigns of the Byzantine Era|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiumhistory0000hald| date = 2001|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire|publisher=Tempus Publishing|isbn=0-7524-1795-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Hussey|first=J. M.|title=The Cambridge Medieval History. Vol.&nbsp;IV: The Byzantine Empire| date = 1966|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * Jeffreys, Elizabeth, Byzantine Literature, in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. ISBN 1610691776 * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Runciman|title=Byzantine Civilisation|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantinecivilis0000stev| date = 1966|location=London|publisher=[[Edward Arnold (publisher)]] Limited|isbn=1-56619-574-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|title=The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and his Reign|origyear=1929| date = 1990|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-06164-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Toynbee|first=Arnold Joseph|title=Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World|url=https://archive.org/details/constantineporph0000toyn|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 1972|isbn=0-19-215253-X}} {{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}} {{refend|2}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons}} {{Wikisource portal}} {{wiktionary|Byzantine}} * {{In Our Time|Byzantine Empire|p00547j9|Byzantine_Empire}} * [http://www.roman-emperors.org/ De Imperatoribus Romanis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913043304/http://www.roman-emperors.org/ |date= 13 Septyembre 2020 }}. Scholarly biographies of many Byzantine emperors. * [http://www.anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/ 12 Byzantine Rulers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718092221/http://www.anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/ |date= 18 Hulyo 2016 }} by Lars Brownworth of [[The Stony Brook School]]; audio lectures. [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/31/education/31education.html NYTimes review]. * [http://www.cit.gu.edu.au/~s285238/Roman/RomanEmpire.html 18 centuries of Roman Empire by Howard Wiseman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928094312/http://www.cit.gu.edu.au/~s285238/Roman/RomanEmpire.html |date=2009-09-28 }} (Maps of the Roman/Byzantine Empire throughout its lifetime). * [http://www.byzantinemuseum.gr/en/ Byzantine & Christian Museum] === Mga pag-aram hin Bizantino, pagkukuhaan ngan bibliograpiya === * Fox, Clinton R. [http://www.romanity.org/htm/fox.01.en.what_if_anything_is_a_byzantine.01.htm What, If Anything, Is a Byzantine? (Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080410123427/http://www.doaks.org/Byzantine.html Byzantine studies homepage] at [[Dumbarton Oaks]]. Includes links to numerous electronic texts. * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/ Byzantium: Byzantine studies on the Internet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008060507/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/ |date=2014-10-08 }}. Links to various online resources. * [http://homepage.mac.com/paulstephenson/trans.html Translations from Byzantine Sources: The Imperial Centuries, c. 700–1204] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107172532/http://homepage.mac.com/paulstephenson/trans.html |date= 7 Nobyembre 2011 }}. Online sourcebook. * [http://www.deremilitari.org/ De Re Militari]. Resources for medieval history, including numerous translated sources on the Byzantine wars. * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1c.html Medieval Sourcebook: Byzantium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814170022/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1c.html |date=2014-08-14 }}. Numerous primary sources on Byzantine history. * [http://www.univie.ac.at/byzantine/ Bibliography on Byzantine Material Culture and Daily Life]. Hosted by the [[University of Vienna]]; in English. * [http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/greek-resources-constantinople.asp Constantinople Home Page]. Links to texts, images and videos on Byzantium. * [http://graal.org.ua/en/theodoro-principality Byzantium in Crimea: Political History, Art and Culture]. * [http://www.oeaw.ac.at/byzanz/ Institute for Byzantine Studies of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (with further resources and a repository with papers on various aspects of the Byzantine Empire)] qd5dg2yt3rdnnh7vtp4vcjgmpzpjoad 0 15070 7783564 7773472 2026-06-06T21:36:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260606)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox architect |name = Mimar Sinan <br /><small>خواجه معمار سنان آغا</small> |image = |image_size = |caption = |nationality = [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] |birth_date = c. 1489/1490 |birth_place = [[Ağırnas]], [[Karaman Eyalet|Karaman]], [[Ottoman Empire]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1588|7|17|1490|5|29}} |death_place = [[Istanbul]], [[Ottoman Empire]] |alma_mater = |practice = |significant_buildings= [[Süleymaniye Mosque]]<br>[[Selimiye Mosque]]<br>[[Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge]]<br>[[Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Üsküdar)|Mihrimah Sultan Mosque]]<br>[[Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex]]<br>[[Şehzade Mosque]]<br>[[Haseki Hürrem Sultan Hamamı|Haseki Baths]]<br>[[Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Mosque]]<br>[[Banya Bashi Mosque]]<br>[[Church of the Assumption (Uzundzhovo)|Church of the Assumption]] |significant_projects = |significant_design = |awards = }} Hi '''Koca Mi‘mār Sinān Āġā''', (Ottoman Turkish: قوجو معمار سنان آغا) Mimar Sinan o Arkitekt Sinani , (15 Abril 1489 - 9 Abril 1588) usa nga puno nga arkiteko ngan sibil nga inhenyero Otomano nira mga sultan Suleiman I, Selim II, ngan Murad III. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{hy icon}} Alboyajian, Arshag A. ''Պատմութիին հայ Կեսարիոյ'' (History of Armenian Kayseri). 2 vols. Cairo: H. Papazian, 1937. * {{Language icon|tr|Turkish}} Çelebi, Sai Mustafa (2004). Book of Buildings : Tezkiretü'l Bünyan Ve Tezkiretü'l-Ebniye (Memoirs of Sinan the Architect). Koç Kültür Sanat Tanıtım ISBN 975-296-017-0 * De Osa, Veronica (1982). ''Sinan the Turkish Michelangelo''. New York: Vantage Press ISBN 0-533-04655-6 <!-- This appears to be a novel! --> * {{Language icon|de|German}} Egli, Ernst (1954). ''Sinan, der Baumeister osmanischer Glanzzeit'', Erlenbach-Zürich, Verlag für Architektur; ISBN 1-904772-26-9 * [[Godfrey Goodwin|Goodwin, Godfrey]] (2001). ''The Janissaries''. London: Saqi Books. ISBN 978-0-86356-055-2 * ———————— (2003). "A History of Ottoman Architecture". London: Thames & Hudson Ltd (1971, reprinted 2003) ISBN 978-0-500-27429-3 * [[Ara Güler|Güler, Ara]]; Burelli, Augusto Romano; Freely, John (1992). ''Sinan: Architect of Suleyman the Magnificent and the Ottoman Golden Age''. WW Norton & Co. Inc. ISBN 0-500-34120-6 * [[Patrick Kinross|Kinross, Patrick]] (1977). ''The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire'' London: Perennial. ISBN 978-0-688-08093-8 * Kuran, Aptullah. (1987). ''Sinan: The Grand Old Master of Ottoman architecture'', Ada Press Publishers. ISBN 0-941469-00-X * {{Language icon|tr|Turkish}} Kuran, Aptullah; Ara Güler (Illustrator); Mustafa Niksarli (Illustrator). (1986) ''Mimar Sinan''. Istanbul: Hürriyet Vakfi. ISBN 3-89122-007-3 *{{cite book | last=Necipoĝlu | first= Gulru | title=The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire | publisher=Reaktion Books | location=London | year=2005 | isbn = 978-1-86189-244-7 }} * Rogers, J M. (2005). ''Sinan''. [[I.B. Tauris]] ISBN 1-84511-096-X * Saoud, Rabat (2007). ''[http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Mimar_Sinan_Great_Ottoman_Architect.pdf Sinan: The Great Ottoman Architect and Urban Designer].'' Manchester: Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilisation. * [[Brian Sewell|Sewell, Brian]]. (1992) [http://www.cornucopia.net/highlights3full.html ''Sinan: A Forgotten Renaissance''] [[Cornucopia (Magazine)|Cornucopia]], Issue 3, Volume 1. ISSN 1301-8175 *{{cite book |title = Sinan |url = https://archive.org/details/sinan0000stra_l0n0 | ISBN =0-333-02901-1 | first = Arthur | last = Stratton | authorlink= Arthur Stratton |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]]| year= 1972}} * Turner, J. (1996). ''[[Grove Dictionary of Art]]'', [[Oxford University Press]], USA; New Ed edition; ISBN 0-19-517068-7 * Van Vynckt, Randall J. (editor). (1993) ''International Dictionary of Architects and Architecture'' Volume 1. Detroit: St James Press. ISBN 1-55862-089-3 * [[Giorgio Vasari|Vasari, G.]] (1963). ''[[The Lives of Painters, Sculptors and Architects]]''. (Four volumes) Trans: A.B. Hinds, Editor: William Gaunt. London and New York: Everyman. * Wilkins, David G. ''Synan'' in Van Vynckt (1993), p.&nbsp;826. * A Guide to Ottoman Bulgaria" by Dimana Trankova, Anthony Georgieff and Professor Hristo Matanov; published by Vagabond Media, Sofia, 2011 [http://www.vagabond.bg/ottomanbulgaria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115040440/http://www.vagabond.bg/ottomanbulgaria/ |date=2011-11-15 }} ;Tertiary Sources * {{hy icon}} Zaryan, Armen. ''«Սինան»'' (Sinan). [[Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia]]. vol. x. Yerevan: [[Armenian Academy of Sciences]], 1984, pp.&nbsp;385–386. ==Kitaa gihapon== * {{Language icon|fr|French}} [[Jean-Paul Roux|Roux, Jean-Paul]] (1988). "Les Mosquées de Sinan", ''Les Dossiers d'archéologie'', May 1988, number 127. * {{Language icon|fr|French}} Stierlin, Henri (1988). "Sinan et Soliman le Magnifique", ''Les Dossiers d'archéologie'', May 1988, number 127. * {{Language icon|fr|French}} Topçu, Ali (1988a) "Sinan et l'architecture civile", ''Les Dossiers d'archéologie'', May 1988, number 127. * {{Language icon|fr|French}} Topçu, Ali (1988b)."Sinan et la modernité", ''Les Dossiers d'archéologie'', May 1988, number 127. ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{commonscat|Mimar Sinan}} * [http://www.yusufagavakfi.com Mimar Sinan founder of this Foundation - with a picture of his last will and proof of his original name] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901075716/http://www.yusufagavakfi.com/ |date=2009-09-01 }} {{tr icon}} * [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/edirne_turkey Pictures of the city of Edirne, with many pictures of the Selimiye Mosque] * [http://www.cekulvakfi.org.tr/icerik/icerik.asp?sayfaID=128 A map and a short guide for Sinan's works in Istanbul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426222613/http://www.cekulvakfi.org.tr/icerik/icerik.asp?sayfaID=128 |date=2006-04-26 }} {{tr icon}} * [http://newmanservices.com/turkey/sinan.asp Photos of some Sinan mosques in Istanbul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060414144904/http://newmanservices.com/turkey/sinan.asp |date=2006-04-14 }} * [http://newmanservices.com/turkey/map.asp Map of some Sinan mosques in Istanbul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427024521/http://newmanservices.com/turkey/map.asp |date=2006-04-27 }} * [http://mimoza.marmara.edu.tr/~avni/H62SANAT/mimarsinan.hayati.htm Master Builder of the 16th Century Ottoman Mosque] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919063309/http://mimoza.marmara.edu.tr/~avni/H62SANAT/mimarsinan.hayati.htm |date=2008-09-19 }} * [http://www.sinanasaygi.com/en/ Respect to Sinan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208165005/http://www.sinanasaygi.com/en/ |date=2007-12-08 }} (tribute site) * [http://www.istan-bul.org/indexer.php?x=28.571459&y=41.0219379&l=15&f=255 Mimar Sinan Bridge in Büyükçekmece] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727210410/http://www.istan-bul.org/indexer.php?x=28.571459&y=41.0219379&l=15&f=255 |date=2009-07-27 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/8512512.stm The Ottoman architect who linked East and West] * [http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=364816 Peerless Turkish architect claimed to be headless in tomb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717113318/http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=364816 |date=2011-07-17 }} * [http://www.mimarsinan.gen.tr Mimar Sinan's life and works] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602023016/http://www.mimarsinan.gen.tr/ |date=2011-06-02 }} {{tr icon}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sinan, Mimar}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1489]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1588]] qbwmdnq2b069n80lp7go549gg490pl4 0 17270 7783567 7783431 2026-06-06T21:42:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260606)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783567 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Olympic flag.svg|thumb]] An '''Pamulay Olimpiko''' usa nga paugnatay-hin-kusog nga nanhihitabo ha iba-iba nga syudad kada upat ka tuig. {| class="wikitable" !Añu !Eventu ! colspan="2" |See ! colspan="6" rowspan="9" | |- ! colspan="4" |Xuegos Olímpicos de Branu |- !1896 |I edición |Atenes |Grecia |- !1900 |II edición |París |Francia |- !1904 |III edición |Saint Louis |Estaos Xuníos d'América |- !''1906'' |''Xuegos Intercalaos'' |''Atenes'' | ''Grecia'' |- !1908 |IV edición |Londres |Reinu Xuníu |- !1912 |V edición |Estocolmu |Suecia |- !1916 |VI edición |Berlín |Alemaña |- | colspan="4" |<small>Suspendíos pola Primer Guerra Mundial</small> ! rowspan="7" | !Añu !Eventu ! colspan="2" |See ! rowspan="53" | |- !1920 |VII edición |Amberes |Bélxica ! colspan="4" |Xuegos Olímpicos d'Iviernu |- !1924 |VIII edición |París |Francia !1924 |I edición |Chamonix | Francia |- !1928 |IX edición |Ámsterdam |Países Baxos !1928 |II edición |Sankt Moritz | Suiza |- !1932 |X edición |Los Angeles |Estaos Xuníos d'América !1932 |III edición |Lake Placid | Estaos Xuníos d'América |- !1936 |XI edición |Berlín |Alemaña !1936 |IV edición |Garmisch-Partenkirchen | Alemaña |- !1940 |XII edición |Ḥélsinki |Finlandia !1940 |V edición |Garmisch-Partenkirchen | Alemaña |- | colspan="9" |<small>Suspendíos pola Segunda Guerra Mundial</small> |- !1944 |XIII edición |Londres |Reinu Xuníu ! !1944 |VI edición |Cortina d'Ampezzo | Italia |- | colspan="9" |<small>Suspendíos pola Segunda Guerra Mundial</small> |- !1948 |XIV edición |Londres |Reinu Xuníu ! rowspan="19" | !1948 |VII edición |Sankt Moritz | Suiza |- !1952 |XV edición |Ḥélsinki |Finlandia !1952 |VIII edición |Oslu | Noruega |- !1956 |XVI edición |Melbourne |Australia !1956 |IX edición |Cortina d'Ampezzo | Italia |- !1960 |XVII edición |Roma |Italia !1960 |X edición |Squaw Valley | Estaos Xuníos d'América |- !1964 |XVIII edición |Tokiu |Xapón !1964 |XI edición |Innsbruck | Austria |- !1968 |XIX edición |Ciudá de Méxicu |Méxicu !1968 |XII edición |Grenoble | Francia |- !1972 |XX edición |Múnich |Alemaña !1972 |XIII edición |Sapporo | Xapón |- !1976 |XXI edición |Montréal |Canadá !1976 |XIV edición |Innsbruck | Austria |- !1980 |XXII edición |Moscú |XRSS !1980 |XV edición |Lake Placid | Estaos Xuníos d'América |- !1984 |XXIII edición |Los Angeles |Estaos Xuníos d'América !1984 |XVI edición |Sarayevu | Bosnia y Herzegovina |- !1988 |XXIV edición |Seúl |Corea del Sur !1988 |XVII edición |Calgary | Canadá |- !1992 |XXV edición |Barcelona |España !1992 |XVIII edición |Albertville | Francia |- !1996 |XXVI edición |Atlanta |Estaos Xuníos d'América !1994 |XIX edición |Lillehammer | Noruega |- !2000 |XXVII edición |Sydney |Australia !1998 |XX edición |Nagano | Xapón |- !2004 |XXVIII edición |Atenes |Grecia !2002 |XXI edición |Salt Lake City | Estaos Xuníos d'América |- !2008 |XXIX edición |Beixín |China !2006 |XXII edición |Torino | Italia |- !2012 |XXX edición |Londres |Reinu Xuníu !2010 |XXIII edición |Vancouver | Canadá |- !2016 |XXXI edición |Rio de Janeiro |Brasil !2014 |XXIV edición |Sochi | Rusia |- !2020 |XXXII edición |Tokiu |Xapón |} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{Cite web|last=Beaster-Jones|first=Jayson|title=Commodification|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/view/10.1093/acref/9780195314281.001.0001/acref-9780195314281-e-1827.|work=The Grove Dictionary of American Music|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=15 Marso 2014| date = 2013}} * {{Cite book|last=Brownell|first=Susan|chapter=Introduction: Bodies before Boas, Sport before the Laughter Left|title=The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport, Race, and American Imperialism|date=2008|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln and London|isbn=978-0-8032-1098-1}} * {{Cite book | title = Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement | last1 = Buchanon | first1 = Ian | last2 = Mallon | first2 = Bill | publisher = Scarecrow Press | location = Lanham, MD | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-8108-5574-8 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=fH3hD3MkIMYC&pg=PR101&dq=commercialization+of+the+olympic+games | accessdate =20 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Burkert | first = Walter | authorlink = Walter Burkert | date = 1983 | title = Homo Necans | url = https://archive.org/details/homonecansanthro0000burk | chapter = Pelops at Olympia | publisher = University of California Press | isbn = 978-0-520-05875-0 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite news|last=CBC Sports|title=Olympic Inukshuk Irks Inuit Leader|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympic-inukshuk-irks-inuit-leader-1.548870|accessdate=2 Marso 2014|date=26 Abril 2005}} * {{Cite book|last=Cooper|first=Karen Coody|title=Spirited Encounters: American Indians Protest Museum Policies and Practices|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900759110891|date=2008|publisher=AltaMira Press|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0759110892}} * {{Cite book | title = Global entertainment media | last = Cooper-Chen | first = Anne | publisher = Lawrence Erlbaum Associates | location = Mahwah, New Jersey | date = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-8058-5168-7 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=1Su8jRiVVdoC&pg=PA228&dq=tv+influence+on+olympic+games#PPA230,M1 | accessdate =21 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Coubertin | first1 = Pierre de | authorlink = Pierre de Coubertin | last2 = Philemon | first2 = Timoleon J. | last3 = Politis | first3 = N.G. | last4 = Anninos | first4 = Charalambos | title = The Olympic Games: BC 776 – AD 1896 | work = The Olympic Games in 1896 – Second Part | publisher = Charles Beck | format = PDF | location = Athens | date = 1897 | url = http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf | accessdate = 2 Pebrero 2009 | ref = harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527211831/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf |date=27 Mayo 2008 }} * {{Cite book | last = Crowther | first = Nigel B. | date = 2007 | chapter = The Ancient Olympic Games | title = Sport in Ancient Times | url = https://archive.org/details/sportinancientti0000crow_y8b3 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | isbn = 978-0-275-98739-8 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Architecture of Greece | last = Darling | first = Janina K. | date = 2004 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | location = Santa Barbara, California | isbn = 978-0-313-32152-8 | chapter = Panathenaic Stadium, Athens | url = http://books.google.com/?id=4F-v35--l_gC&dq=Panathenaic+Stadium,+Averoff,+Constantine | accessdate =30 Enero 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book|last=Dean|first=Amber R.|title=Hauntings: Representations of Vancouver's disappeared women|date=2009|url=http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/thesescanada/vol1/AEU/TC-AEU-529.pdf|accessdate=30 Marso 2010|format=Doctoral thesis}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407203347/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/thesescanada/vol1/AEU/TC-AEU-529.pdf |date=2014-04-07 }} * {{Cite book | last = Eassom | first = Simon | date = 1994 | title = Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology | publisher = The Centre for Olympic Studies | location = Ontario | isbn = 978-0-7714-1697-2 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement | last1 = Findling | first1 = John E. | last2 = Pelle | first2 = Kimberly D. | publisher = Greenwood Press | location = Westport CT | date = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-313-32278-5 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&pg=PA283&dq=winter+games+at+the+1912+summer+olympics | accessdate =30 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Gershon | first = Richard A. | title = Telecommunications Management:Industry structures and planning strategies | date = 2000 | publisher = Lawrence Erlbaum Associates | location = Mahwah, NJ | isbn = 978-0-8058-3002-6 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=H3cu_PFsFYwC&pg=PA17&dq=1998+winter+olympics | accessdate =21 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Golden | first = Mark | date = 2009 | chapter = Helpers, Horses, and Heroes | title = Greek Sport and Social Status | publisher = University of Texas Press | isbn = 978-0-292-71869-2 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web|last=Government of Canda|title=The Four Host First Nations – Canada 2010|url=http://www.canada2010.gc.ca/invsts/hnationsh/030401-eng.cfm|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|page=Canada's Games|date=23 Disyembre 2009|archive-date=21 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221110257/http://canada2010.gc.ca/invsts/hnationsh/030401-eng.cfm|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Girginov | first1 = Vassil | last2 = Parry | first2 = Jim | date = 2005 | title = The Olympic Games Explained: A Student Guide to the Evolution of the Modern Olympic Games | publisher = Routledge | location = | isbn = 978-0-415-34604-7 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vxAmyvh0ZsQC | accessdate =3 Hulyo 2012 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book|last=Hill|first=Gord|title=The Anti-Capitalist Resistance Comic Book|url=https://archive.org/details/anticapitalistre0000hill|date=2012|publisher=Arsenal Pulp Press|location=Vancouver|isbn=978-1-55152-444-3}} * {{Cite web | url = http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_122.pdf | title = Olympic Charter | author = International Olympic Committee | publisher = International Olympic Committee | date = 2007 | format = PDF | accessdate =19 Septyembre 2012 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/2011072307003/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_122.pdf | archivedate = 23 Hulyo 2011 | ref = {{sfnRef|Olympic Charter|2007}} }} * {{Cite web|last=International Olympic Committee|title=All Games since 1896|url=http://www.olympic.org/olympic-games|accessdate=20 Pebrero 2013}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Krüger | first1 = Arnd | last2 = Murray | first2 = William J. | date = 2003 | title = The Nazi Olympics: sport, politics and appeasement in the 1930s | publisher = University of Illinois Press | isbn = 978-0-252-02815-1 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=s5ntIQv0W5IC | accessdate =3 Hulyo 2012 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite news|last=Lee|first=Jeff|title=Hyper-Hush Surrounds 2010 Games Mascots 'Til Tuesday|url=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=5336f700-2921-444b-a6fb-8deb8a787975|accessdate=16 Marso 2014|newspaper=The Vancouver Sun|date=24 Nobyembre 2007|archive-date=4 Nobyembre 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104214413/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=5336f700-2921-444b-a6fb-8deb8a787975|url-status=}} * {{Cite news|last=Lindsay|first=Hillary Bain|title=Stolen Games: 'No Olympics on Stolen Native Land' Has Become the Battle Cry for Indigenous Resistance to the Vancouver Olympics|url=http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/1099|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|newspaper=The Dominion|date=4 Abril 2007|archive-date=7 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407102601/http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/1099|url-status=}} * {{Cite news|last=Lopez|first=Franklin|title=Vancouver Activists Greet Winter Olympics Opening Ceremony with People's Summit, Protest|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2010/2/12/olympics|accessdate=2 Marso 2014|newspaper=Democracy Now!|date=12 Pebrero 2010}} * {{Cite news|last=Manuel|first=Arthur|title=Vancouver Olympics Can't Hide Canada's Dismal Record on Indigenous Peoples|url=http://www.straight.com/news/arthur-manuel-vancouver-olympics-cant-hide-canadas-dismal-record-indigenous-peoples|accessdate=16 Marso 2014|newspaper=The Georgia Straight|date=25 Enero 2010|archive-date=7 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407080659/http://www.straight.com/news/arthur-manuel-vancouver-olympics-cant-hide-canadas-dismal-record-indigenous-peoples|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book | title = Rome 1960 | url = https://archive.org/details/rome1960olympics00mara | last = Maraniss | first = David | date = 2008 | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4165-3407-5 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Matthews | first = George R. | date = 2005 | title = America's first Olympics: the St. Louis games of 1904 | publisher = University of Missouri Press | location = | isbn = 978-0-8262-1588-8 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WKRUmep515oC&lpg=PP1&dq=America's%20first%20Olympics%3A%20the%20St.%20Louis%20games%20of%201904&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q=liverpool&f=false | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Heather Andrews|title=Olympic committee blunders with Inuit-inspired logo|url=http://go.galegroup.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=RELEVANCE&inPS=true&prodId=CPI&userGroupName=sfu_z39&tabID=T004&searchId=R1&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&contentSegment=&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&currentPosition=1&contentSet=GALE%7CA191264469&&docId=GALE{{!}}A191264469&docType=GALE&role=|work=Canadian Periodicals Index Quarterly|accessdate=10 Marso 2014|date= Mayo 2005}} * {{Cite news|last=National Geographic|title=Olympic Logo No 'Friend' to Some|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/02/photogalleries/100212-vancouver-2010-winter-olympics-logo-ilanaaq/#/vancouver-english-bay-inukshuk_12792_600x450.jpg|accessdate=10 Marso 2014|newspaper=National Geographic|date=12 Pebrero 2010}} * {{Cite news|last=Nuytten|first=Jesse|title=Olympic Emblem Design Meaningful to Canadians|url=http://www.theepochtimes.com/news/5-4-29/28309.html|accessdate=10 Marso 2014|newspaper=The Epoch Times|date=29 Abril 2005|archive-date=7 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085425/http://www.theepochtimes.com/news/5-4-29/28309.html|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=O'Bonsawin|first=Christine M.|chapter=Indigenous Peoples and Canadian-Hosted Olympic Games|title=Aboriginal Peoples and Sport in Canada|date=2012|publisher=UBC Press|location=Vancouver|isbn=9780774824231|editor=Janice Forsyth and Audrey R. Giles}} * {{Cite journal|last=O'Bonsawin|first=Christine M.|title='No Olympics on stolen native land': contesting Olympic narratives and asserting indigenous rights within the discourse of the 2010 Vancouver Games|journal=Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics|date=2010|volume=13|issue=1|pages=143–156|doi=10.1080/17430430903377987}} * {{Cite web | url = http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_658.pdf | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5gKmnnDyw?url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_658.pdf | archivedate = 26 Abril 2009 | title = The Olympic Games in Antiquity | author = Olympic Museum | publisher = International Olympic Committee | date = 2007 | format = PDF | accessdate = 2 Pebrero 2009 | ref = harv | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite news|last=Paley|first=Dawn|title='No Olympics on Stolen Native Land' Resonates Across Canada|url=http://www.mediacoop.ca/audio/3057|accessdate=30 Marso 2014|date=16 Marso 2010|agency=The Media Co-op|archive-date=7 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085106/http://www.mediacoop.ca/audio/3057|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Parezo|first=Nancy J.|chapter=A 'Special Olympics': Testing Racial Strength and Endurance at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition|title=The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport, Race, and American Imperialism|date=2008|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln and London|isbn=978-0-8032-1098-1|editor=Susan Brownell}} * {{Cite book | author = Pausanias | authorlink = Pausanias (geographer) | others = translated by W. H. S. Jones and H. A. Ormerud | title = Description of Greece | url = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 | chapter = Elis 1 | chapterurl = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160&query=book%3D%235 | volume= Vol. 2 | date = 1 Enero 1926 | series = Loeb Classical Library | publisher = W. Heinemann | location = London | oclc= 10818363 | isbn = 978-0-674-99207-8 | accessdate =9 Enero 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book|last=Peavy|first=Linda|chapter=Leaving the Whites…Far Behind Them: The Girls from Fort Shaw (Montana) Indian School, Basketball Champions of the 1904 World's Fair|title=The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport, Race, and American Imperialism|date=2008|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln and London|isbn=978-0-8032-1098-1|author2=Ursula Smith|editor=Susan Brownell}} * {{Cite book | author = Pindar | authorlink = Pindar | others = translated by William H. Race | title = Olympian Odes | url = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162&query=head%3D%231 | chapter = Olympian 10 | chapterurl = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162&layout=&loc=O.+10.1 | date = 1997 | series = Loeb Classical Library | publisher = Harvard University Press | isbn = 978-0-674-99564-2 | accessdate =25 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Doping:Athletes and Drugs | last = Porterfield | first = Jason | date = 2008 | publisher = Rosen Publishing Group | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4042-1917-5 | page = 15 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=YXWa6ll5GxoC&pg=PA15&dq=Hans-Gunnar+Liljenwall, | accessdate = 30 Enero 2009 | ref = harv }}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * {{Cite news|last=Revolutionary Hip-Hop Report, The|title=No Olympics on Stolen Native Land|url=http://rhhr.org/2010/07/25/no-olympics-on-stolen-native-land/|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|newspaper=Revolutionary Hip-Hop Report|date=25 Hulyo 2010|archive-date=8 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408025637/http://rhhr.org/2010/07/25/no-olympics-on-stolen-native-land/|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book | title = The Fifth Century BC | last = Richardson | first = N.J. | date = 1992 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | editor=Lewis, D.M.; Boardman, John; Davies, J.K. | isbn = 978-0-521-23347-7 | chapter = Panhellenic Cults and Panhellenic Poets | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Nqbz8Emo3PIC&pg=PA223 | accessdate =2 Pebrero 2013 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Mega-Events and Modernity | last = Roche | first = Maurice | publisher = Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group | location = New York | date = 2000 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=aldh2YTO7XQC&printsec=copyright&dq=spartakiads+and+the+olympics | isbn = 978-0-415-15711-7 | accessdate =30 Enero 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite news|last=Rolbin-Ghanie|first=Maya|title='It's All About The Land': Native Resistance to the Olympics|url=http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/1738|accessdate=2 Marso 2014|newspaper=The Dominion|date=1 Marso 2008|archive-date=27 Hulyo 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727034649/http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/1738|url-status=}} * {{Cite journal | last = Shachar | first = Ayelet | date = 2011 | title = Picking Winners: Olympic Citizenship and the Global Race for Talent | journal = Yale Law Journal | volume = 120 | issue = 8 | pages = 2088–2139 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Olympics at the Millennium | last1 = Schaffer | first1 = Kay | last2 = Smith | first2 = Sidonie | publisher = Rutgers University Press | location = New Jersey | date = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8135-2819-9 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=nMzYdZpk8qMC&printsec=copyright&dq=olympics | accessdate =30 Enero 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book|last=Schantz|first=Otto J.|chapter=Pierre de Coubertin's Concepts of Race, Nation, and Civilization|title=The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport, Race, and American Imperialism|date=2008|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln and London|isbn=978-0-8032-1098-1|editor=Susan Brownell}} * {{Cite book | title = The Commercialisation of sport | last = Slack | first = Trevor | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | date = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-7146-8078-1 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=Kd7ieYncwxIC&pg=PA192&dq=television+and+the+olympic+games | accessdate =31 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = The Fifth Century BC | last = Spivey | first = Nigel Jonathan | date = 2004 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-280433-4 | chapter = Olympia: the Origins | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web|last=Statistics Canada|title=Aboriginal Population, City of Vancouver - 2001 Census|url=http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/socialplanning/initiatives/aboriginal/images/demographics.jpg|accessdate=31 Marso 2010| date = 2001}} * {{Cite book | last = Swaddling | first = Judith | date = 1999 | title = The Ancient Olympic Games | url = https://archive.org/details/ancientolympicga00swad | publisher = University of Texas Press | isbn = 978-0-292-77751-4 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Swaddling | first = Judith | date = 2000 | title = The Ancient Olympic Games | edition = 2 | publisher = University of Texas Press | location = Austin | isbn = 978-0-292-70373-5 | oclc = 10759486 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=2-HQMnDiLqIC | accessdate =6 Hunyo 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Sport and leisure cultures | last = Tomlinson | first = Alan | publisher = University of Minnesota Press | location = Minneapolis MN | date = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-8166-3382-1 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=JphFoBnq2R8C&pg=PA14&dq=olympic+games+television+ratings | accessdate =2 Abril 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web|last=Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games|title=Vancouver 2010 Mascots Introduced to the World|url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/128683/vancouver-2010-mascots-introduced-to-the-world|work=Canadian NewsWire|accessdate=10 Marso 2014|date=27 Nobyembre 2007|archive-date=13 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144945/http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/128683/vancouver-2010-mascots-introduced-to-the-world|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite journal | last = Weiler | first = Ingomar | date = 2004 | title = The predecessors of the Olympic movement, and Pierre de Coubertin | journal = European Review | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web|last=Wonders|first=Karen|title=Development: Human Rights Abuse|url=http://www.firstnations.de/development.htm|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|page=First Nations - Land Rights and Environmentalism in British Columbia|archive-date=2009-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026085724/http://www.firstnations.de/development.htm|url-status=}} * {{Cite book | title = Social Issues in Sport | last = Woods | first = Ron | publisher = Human Kinetics | location = Champaign IL | date = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-7360-5872-8 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=Krclca7m_z0C&pg=PA146&lpg=PA146&dq=television+ratings+decline+olympic+games+torino | accessdate =2 Abril 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = A Brief History of the Olympic Games | url = https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofol0000youn | last = Young | first = David C. | date = 2004 | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | isbn = 978-1-4051-1130-0 | chapter = The Beginnings | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = The Modern Olympics: A Struggle for Revival | url = https://archive.org/details/modernolympicsst0000youn | last = Young | first = David C. | date = 1996 | location = Baltimore | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | isbn = 978-0-8018-7207-5 | ref = harv }} {{refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book | last = Buchanan | first = Ian | authorlink = | title = Historical dictionary of the Olympic movement | url = https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00buch_0 | date = 2001 | publisher = Scarecrow Presz | location = Lanham | isbn = 978-0-8108-4054-6 }} * {{Cite book | last = Kamper | first = Erich | authorlink = |author2=Mallon, Bill | title = The Golden Book of the Olympic Games | date = 1992 | publisher = Vallardi & Associati | location = Milan | isbn = 978-88-85202-35-1 }} * {{Cite book | last = Preuss | first = Holger | authorlink = |author2=Marcia Semitiel García | title = The Economics of Staging the Olympics: A Comparison of the Games 1972–2008 | url = https://archive.org/details/economicsofstagi0000preu_j6y4 | date = 2005 | publisher = Edward Elgar Publishing | location = | isbn = 978-1-84376-893-7 }} * {{Cite book | last = Simson | first = Vyv | authorlink = |author2=Jennings, Andrew | title = Dishonored Games: Corruption, Money, and Greed at the Olympics | url = https://archive.org/details/dishonoredgamesc0000sims | date = 1992 | publisher = S.P.I. Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-56171-199-4 }} * {{Cite book | last = Wallechinsky | first = David | authorlink = David Wallechinsky | title = The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics, Athens 2004 Edition | url = https://archive.org/details/completebookof00wall | date = 2004 | publisher = SportClassic Books | location = | isbn = 978-1-894963-32-9 }} * {{Cite book | last = Wallechinsky | first = David | title = The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics, Turin 2006 Edition | url = https://archive.org/details/completebookofwi0000wall_2006 | date = 2005 | publisher = SportClassic Books | location = | isbn = 978-1-894963-45-9 }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== * {{official website|http://www.olympic.org/}} * [http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2008/08/04/sports/olympics/20080804_MEDALCOUNT_MAP.html New York Times Interactive of all the medals in the Modern Olympics] * [http://www.insidethegames.biz/ insidethegames – the latest and most up to date news and interviews from the world of Olympic, Commonwealth and Paralympic Games] * [http://www.aroundtherings.com/ ATR – Around the Rings – the Business Surrounding the Olympics] * [http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/ GamesBids.com – An Authoritative Review of Olympic Bid Business (home of the BidIndex™)] * [http://www.databaseolympics.com/index.htm Database Olympics] * [http://ezine.pk/?Olympic-Games--From-History-of-Olympics-to-the-Present-Day&id=820 History of Olympics to the Present Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313013906/http://ezine.pk/?Olympic-Games--From-History-of-Olympics-to-the-Present-Day&id=820 |date= 13 Marso 2013 }} * [http://www.dicolympic.com/?s=&l=en Dicolympic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929095743/http://www.dicolympic.com/?s=&l=en |date= 29 Septyembre 2008 }} – Dictionary about the Games from Olympia to Sochi 2014 * [http://www.olympicgameswinners.com/ Reference book about all Olympic Medalists of all times] * [http://www.theolympicgamescountdown.com Days left until the next Olympic Games | The Olympic Games Countdown | 2012 | Sochi 2014 | Rio 2016 | PyeongChang 2018 | Istanbul, Tokyo or Madrid 2020?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428231147/http://www.theolympicgamescountdown.com/ |date= 28 Abril 2022 }} * [http://www.olympics-records.com/ Olympic and Asian games records] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420084550/http://www.olympics-records.com/ |date= 20 Abril 2018 }} 8pig1cxg0ptaranqyvevk5wn160m8qn 0 17502 7783559 7782298 2026-06-06T21:17:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260606)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783559 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:SiegeofAntioch.jpeg|thumb]] An mga '''Krusada''' amo an sagunson nga gintutugotan han relihiyon nga kampanya militar han mga Latin nga Kristiyano nga Europa. An panuyuan han mga krusada amo an pagbawi han Baraan nga katunaan nga ginaragwayan ha harani 200 ka tuig, ha butnga han 1095 ngan 1291. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan|colwidth=30em}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{refbegin|60em}} * {{Cite book |author=Asbridge, Thomas |title=The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land |url=https://archive.org/details/crusadesauthorit0000asbr | date = 2011 |publisher=Ecco |isbn= 978-0-06-078729-5 }} * {{Cite book |author=Asbridge, Thomas |title=The First Crusade: A New History: The Roots of Conflict between Christianity and Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/firstcrusadenewh00asbr | date = 2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-518905-6}} * {{Cite book |author=Barber, Malcolm |authorlink=Malcolm Barber |title=The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050–1320 |url=https://archive.org/details/twocitiesmedieva0000barb_u4c2 |publisher=Routledge |location=London | date = 1992 |isbn=0-415-09682-0}} * {{Cite book |author=Bernard of Clairvaux |authorlink=Bernard of Clairvaux |title=In Praise of the New Knighthood |url=https://archive.org/details/inpraiseofnewkni0000bern |publisher=Cistercian Publications | date = 2000 |isbn=978-0879071202}} * {{Cite journal |author=Brand, Charles M. |title=The Byzantines and Saladin, 1185–1192: Opponents of the Third Crusade |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_speculum_1962-04_37_2/page/167 |journal=Speculum |volume=37 |date= Abril 1962 |pages=167–181|jstor=2849946 |issue=2 |doi=10.2307/2849946}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |author=Bréhier, Louis |title=Crusades |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04543c.htm |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia'' | date = 1908 |volume=4}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|author=Bull, Marcus |title=Origins |encyclopedia= The Oxford History of the Crusades |editor= Riley-Smith, Jonathan |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1999 |pages=15–34|isbn=0-19-280312-3}} * {{Cite book |title=The pursuit of the Millennium |url=https://archive.org/details/pursuitofmillenn00cohnrich |last=Cohn| first = Norman| date = 1970 |publisher = |isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |title= The Arabs and Mediaeval Europe|url= https://archive.org/details/bwb_KT-701-685|last= Daniel | first = Norman | date = 1979 |publisher = Longman Group Limited |isbn=0-582-78088-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |title=Europe&nbsp;– A History |last=Davies| first = Norman| date = 1997 |publisher = Pimlico|isbn=0-7126-6633-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author= Dickson, Gary |title=The Children's Crusade: Medieval History, Modern Mythistory |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | date = 2008}} * {{Cite book |author=Edington, Susan B. and Lambert, Sarah |title=Gendering the Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/genderingcrusade0000unse |location= New York|publisher= Columbia University Press | date = 2002}} * {{Cite book |first=John L. |last=Esposito |url= http://www.amazon.ca/What-Everyone-Needs-about-Islam/dp/0195157133 |title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam }} * {{Cite book |last=Findley| first=Carter Vaughan | date = 2005| title=The Turks in World History|url=https://archive.org/details/turksinworldhist0000find|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-516770-8|location=New York|ref=harv}} * Harris, Jonathan (2014), ''Byzantium and the Crusades'', Bloomsbury, 2nd ed. ISBN 978-1-78093-767-0 * {{Cite book |title= Empire of Magic: Medieval Romance and the Politics of Cultural Fantasy|last= Heng | first = Geraldine | date = 2004 |publisher = [[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=0-231-12526-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Hillenbrand| first=Carole | date = 1999| title=The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives|publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=|location=Edinburgh|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author=Hindley, Geoffrey |title=The Crusades: Islam and Christianity in the Struggle for World Supremacy | date = 2003 |url=https://archive.org/details/crusadeshistoryo00hind |publisher=Carrol & Graf |isbn=0-7867-1344-5|location=New York}} * {{Cite book |author=Hodgson, Natasha |title=Women, Crusading and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative |url=https://archive.org/details/womencrusadingho0000hodg |publisher=Boydell | date = 2007}} * {{Cite journal |author=Holt, P. M. |title=Saladin and His Admirers: A Biographical Reassessment |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=46 |issue=2 | date = 1983 |pages=235–239 |jstor=615389 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00078824 }} * {{Cite book |author= Jackson, Peter |title=The Seventh Crusade, 1244–1254 | date = 2007}} * {{Cite book |title= ''Western Representations of the Muslim Women: From Termagant to Odalisque |url= https://archive.org/details/westernrepresent0000kahf |last= Kahf | first = Mohja | date = 1999|publisher = [[University of Texas Press]]|isbn=978-0-292-74337-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author=Kolbaba, T. M. | date = 2000 |title=The Byzantine Lists: Errors of the Latins |url=https://archive.org/details/byzantinelistser0000kolb |publisher=University of Illinois }} * {{Cite book|author=Lewis, Richard D. |title=Finland: Cultural Lone Wolf|url=https://archive.org/details/finlandculturall0000lewi | date = 2005|publisher=Intercultural Press |isbn=978-1-931930-49-9}} * {{Cite book |author=Lock, Peter |title=Routledge Companion to the Crusades |publisher=Routledge |location=New York | date = 2006 |isbn=0-415-39312-4 }} * {{Cite book |author=Madden, Thomas F. |title=The New Concise History of the Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/newconcisehistor00madd | date = 2005 |publisher= Rowman & Littlefield |location= Lanham, MD |isbn= 978-0-7425-3822-1}} *{{Cite book | last = Marshall | first = Christopher | title = Warfare in the Latin East, 1192-1291 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | date = 1994 | isbn = 9780521477420|ref=harv }} * {{Cite book |author=Mayer, Hans Eberhard |title=The Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/crusades0000maye_x9b7 |edition=Second|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford | date = 1988|isbn=0-19-873097-7 }} * {{Cite journal |author=Munro, Dana Carleton |title=The Speech of Pope Urban II at Clermont, 1095 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1906-01_11_2/page/231 |journal = American Historical Review |volume= 11 |issue= 2 |date= Enero 1906 |pages= 231–242 |jstor=1834642 |doi=10.2307/1834642 }} * {{Cite book |author=Nelson, Laura N. |title=The Byzantine Perspective of the First Crusade}} <!-- MA thesis&nbsp;– replace see [https://www.worldcat.org/title/byzantine-perspective-of-the-first-crusade-a-reexamination-of-alleged-treachery-and-betrayal/oclc/166885957&referer=brief_results] here --> * {{Cite journal |author=Nicholson, Helen |title=Women on the Third Crusade |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-medieval-history_1997-12_23_4/page/n38 |journal=Journal of Medieval History |volume=23 |issue=4 | date = 1997 |doi=10.1016/S0304-4181(97)00013-4 |page=335}} * {{Cite book |author= Nicolle, David |title=Crusader Warfare Volume II: Muslims, Mongols and the Struggle against the Crusades | date = 2007}} * {{Cite book |author=Nicolle, David |title=The First Crusade 1066–99: Conquest of the Holy Land |url=https://archive.org/details/crusades00nico |series=Campaign |publisher=Osprey |location=Wellingborough, UK | date = 2003|isbn=1-84176-515-5}} * {{Cite book|author= Nicolle, David|title=The Fourth Crusade 1202–04: The Betrayal of Byzantium | date = 2011 |publisher=Osprey Publishing }} * {{Cite encyclopedia|author=Pringle, Denys |title=Architecture in Latin East|encyclopedia= The Oxford History of the Crusades |editor= Riley-Smith, Jonathan |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1999 |pages=155–175|isbn=0-19-280312-3}} * {{Cite book |author=Owen, Roy Douglas Davis |title=Eleanor of Aquitaine: Queen and Legend |url=https://archive.org/details/eleanorofaquitai0000owen |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Blackwell Publishing | date = 1993}} * {{Cite book |title = The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads|last = Retso | first = Jan | date = 2003 |publisher = [[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-7007-1679-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book | last = Riley-Smith | first = Jonathan | title = The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174-1277 | url = https://archive.org/details/feudalnobilityki0000rile | publisher = Archon Books | location = Hamden | date = 1973 | isbn = 9780208013484|ref=harv }} * {{Cite book |author= Riley-Smith, Jonathan |title=The Atlas of the Crusades |location=New York |publisher=Facts on File | date = 1990 |isbn= 0-8160-2186-4}} * {{Cite book |author=Riley-Smith, Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith |title=The Crusades: A Short History|url=https://archive.org/details/00book837650140 |edition=Second |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, CT | date = 2005 |isbn=0-300-10128-7}} * {{Cite book |author=Riley-Smith, Jonathan |title=The First Crusaders 1096–1131 |location=New York, NY |publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 1997}} * Rose, Karen (2009) "The Order of the Knights Templar" * {{Cite book |author=Runciman, Steven |authorlink=Steven Runciman |title=A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcrusade0002stev | date = 1951 |edition= reprinted 1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * {{Cite book |title=Jerusalem: The Endless Crusade |url=https://archive.org/details/jerusalemendless0000sinc |last=Sinclair| first = Andrew| date = 1995 |publisher = Crown Publishers|location=New York|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author=Strayer, Joseph Reese | date = 1992 |title=The Albigensian Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/albigensiancrusa00stra |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=0-472-06476-2}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |author=Strayer, Joseph R. |editor=Wolff, R. L. and Hazard, H. W. |encyclopedia=The Later Crusades, 1189–1311 | date = 1969 |url =http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&did=HISTORY.CRUSTWO.I0023&isize=M |title=The Crusades of Louis IX |pages=487–521}} * {{Cite book |title= Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination|url= https://archive.org/details/saracensislaminm0000tola|last= Tolan | first = John Victor| date = 2002 |publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-12333-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1= Tolan|first1=John|last2=Veinstein|first2= Gilles|last3=Henry|first3=Laurens | date = 2013 |title=Europe and the Islamic World: A History.|url= https://archive.org/details/europeislamicwor0000tola|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14705-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author=Tyerman, Christopher |title=England and the Crusades, 1095–1588 |url=https://archive.org/details/englandcrusades10000tyer |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, IL | date = 1988 |isbn=0-226-82013-0 }} * {{Cite book |author=Tyerman, Christopher |title=God's War: A New History of the Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/godswarnewhistor00tyer |publisher=Belknap Press |location=Cambridge, MA | date = 2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02387-1 }} * {{Cite book|author= Vasilʹev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich|title=History of the Byzantine Empire: 324–1453 | date = 1952|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press }} * {{Cite journal |author=Villegas-Aristizábal, L. | date = 2009 |title=Anglo-Norman involvement in the conquest of Tortosa and Settlement of Tortosa, 1148–1180 |journal=Crusades |issue=8 |pages=63–129}} * {{Cite book |author=Wickham, Chris |authorlink= Christopher Wickham |title=The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages 400–1000 |url=https://archive.org/details/inheritanceofrom0000wick |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York | date = 2009 |isbn=978-0-14-311742-1}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |author= Zacour, Norman P. |title=The Children's Crusade |editor=Wolff, R. L. and Hazard, H. W. |encyclopedia=The Later Crusades, 1189–1311 | date = 1969 |pages=325–342|url =http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&did=HISTORY.CRUSTWO.I0023&isize=M }} {{refend}} '''Dugang nga barasahon''' ::'''Mga pahiuna''' * {{Cite encyclopedia |author= Andrea, Alfred J. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Crusades | date = 2003|isbn= 0-313-31659-7|oclc= 52030565}} * {{Cite book |author=Asbridge, Thomas |title=The First Crusade: A New History: The Roots of Conflict between Christianity and Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/firstcrusadenewh00asbr | date = 2005|isbn= 0-195-18905-1|oclc=60964496}} * {{Cite book |author= France, John |title=Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, 1000–1300 |url= https://archive.org/details/westernwarfarein0000fran_i8l8 | date = 1999 |isbn=0-801-48607-6 |OCLC=40179990}} * Hillenbrand, Carole. ''The Crusades, Islamic Perspectives''. (2000) * Holt, P.M. ''The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517''. (1986) * Phillips, Jonathan. ''Holy Warriors: A Modern History of the Crusades'' (2010) * Riley-Smith, Jonathan, ed. ''The Atlas of the Crusades'' (1991) * Riley-Smith, Jonathan. ''The Crusades, Christianity, and Islam'' (2011) ::'''Pina-urog nga pag-aram''' * Boas, Adrian J. ''Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape, and Art in the Holy City under Frankish Rule'' (2001) * Bull, Marcus, and Norman Housley, eds. ''The Experience of Crusading Volume 1, Western Approaches.'' (2003) * Edbury, Peter, and Jonathan Phillips, eds. ''The Experience of Crusading Volume 2, Defining the Crusader Kingdom.'' (2003) * Florean, Dana. "East Meets West: Cultural Confrontation and Exchange after the First Crusade." ''Language & Intercultural Communication,'' 2007, Vol. 7 Issue 2, pp.&nbsp;144–151 * Folda, Jaroslav. ''Crusader Art in the Holy Land, From the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre'' (2005) * France, John. ''Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade'' (1996) * Harris, Jonathan, ''Byzantium and the Crusades'', Bloomsbury, 2nd ed. (2014) ISBN 978-1-78093-767-0 * Hillenbrand, Car. ''The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives'' (1999) * Housley, Norman. ''The Later Crusades, 1274–1580: From Lyons to Alcazar'' (1992) * James, Douglas. "Christians and the First Crusade." ''History Review'' (Dec 2005), Issue 53 * Kagay, Donald J., and L. J. Andrew Villalon, eds. ''Crusaders, Condottieri, and Cannon: Medieval Warfare in Societies around the Mediterranean.'' (2003) * Maalouf, Amin. ''Crusades Through Arab Eyes'' (1989) * Madden, Thomas F. ''et al.'', eds. ''Crusades Medieval Worlds in Conflict'' (2010) * Peters, Edward. ''Christian Society and the Crusades, 1198–1229'' (1971) * Powell, James M. ''Anatomy of a Crusade, 1213–1221,'' (1986) * Queller, Donald E., and Thomas F. Madden. ''The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople'' (2nd ed. 1999) * Riley-Smith, Jonathan.''The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading''. (1986) * Runciman, Steven. ''A History of the Crusades: Volume 2, The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East'' (1952) [https://archive.org/details/historyofcrusade02runc vol 2 online free]; ''A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades'' (1954); the classic 20th century history * Setton, Kenneth ed., ''A History of the Crusades''. (1969–1989), the standard scholarly history in six volumes, published by the University of Wisconsin Press : Includes: [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?id=History.CrusOne ''The first hundred years''] (2nd ed. 1969); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusTwo ''The later Crusades, 1189–1311''] (1969); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusThree ''The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries''] (1975); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusFour ''The art and architecture of the crusader states''] (1977); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusFive ''The impact of the Crusades on the Near East''] (1985); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusSix ''The impact of the Crusades on Europe''] (1989) * Smail, R. C. "Crusaders' Castles of the Twelfth Century" ''Cambridge Historical Journal'' Vol. 10, No. 2. (1951), pp.&nbsp;133–149. * Stark, Rodney. ''God's Battalions: The Case for the Crusades'' (2010) * Tyerman, Christopher. ''England and the Crusades, 1095–1588.'' (1988) ::'''Historiograpiya''' * Constable, Giles. "The Historiography of the Crusades" in Angeliki E. Laiou, ed. ''The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World'' (2001) [http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-studies/crusades/cr01.pdf Extract online.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703012414/http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-studies/crusades/cr01.pdf |date= 3 Hulyo 2013 }} * {{Cite book |author=Housley, Norman |authorlink= Norman Housley |title=Contesting the Crusades |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Malden, MA | date = 2006 |isbn=1-4051-1189-5|url=http://www.amazon.com/Contesting-Crusades-Norman-Housley/dp/1405111895/ }} * Illston, James Michael. '''An Entirely Masculine Activity'? Women and War in the High and Late Middle Ages Reconsidered'' (MA thesis, University of Canterbury, 2009) [http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2915 full text online] * Madden, Thomas F. ed. ''The Crusades: The Essential Readings'' (2002) * Maier, C.T. "The roles of women in the crusade movement: a survey" ''Journal of medieval history'' 2004. * Powell, James M. "The Crusades in Recent Research," '' The Catholic Historical Review'' (2009) 95#2 pp 313-19 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/catholic_historical_review/v095/95.2.powell.html in Project MUSE] * Rubenstein, Jay. "In Search of a New Crusade: A Review Essay," ''Historically Speaking'' (2011) 12#2 pp 25-27 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/historically_speaking/v012/12.2.rubenstein.html in Project MUSE] * von Güttner-Sporzyński, Darius. "Recent Issues in Polish Historiography of the Crusades" in Judi Upton-Ward, The Military Orders: Volume 4, On Land and by Sea (2008) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235718826_Recent_Issues_in_Polish_Historiography_of_the_Crusades available on Researchgate], [https://www.academia.edu/399540/Recent_Issues_in_Polish_Historiography_of_the_Crusades available on Academia.edu] ::'''Panguna nga pagkukuhaan''' * [[Malcolm Barber|Barber, Malcolm]], Bate, Keith (2010). ''Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th–13th Centuries'' (Crusade Texts in Translation Volume 18, Ashgate Publishing Ltd) * Bird, Jessalynn, et al. eds. ''Crusade and Christendom: Annotated Documents in Translation from Innocent III to the Fall of Acre, 1187-1291'' (2013) [http://www.amazon.com/Crusade-Christendom-Middle-Ages-Jessalynn-ebook/dp/B00B4FJPGA/ excerpts] * Housley, Norman, ed. ''Documents on the Later Crusades, 1274–1580'' (1996) * Krey, August C. ''The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eye-Witnesses and Participants'' (1958) * Shaw, M. R. B. ed.''Chronicles of the Crusades'' (1963) * Villehardouin, Geoffrey, and Jean de Joinville. ''Chronicles of the Crusades'' ed. by Sir Frank Marzials (2007) ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wiktionary|Crusade}} {{Commons category|Crusades}} {{Wikisource1911Enc}} * [http://crusades.boisestate.edu/ The Crusades] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010122301/http://crusades.boisestate.edu/ |date= 10 Oktubre 2010 }}, a virtual college course through [[Boise State University]] ed. by E. L. Knox. * [http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/crusades/crusade.html Crusades: A Guide to Online Resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206053422/http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/crusades/crusade.html |date= 6 Disyembre 2013 }}, Paul Crawford, 1999. * [http://www.staff.u-szeged.hu/~capitul/sscle/ The Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East]—an international organization of professional Crusade scholars * [http://www.deremilitari.org De Re Militari: The Society for Medieval Military History]—contains articles and primary sources related to the Crusades 27ua6mkbr1ai8gnprsfw46hf9cfyg85 0 17863 7783568 7783449 2026-06-06T21:44:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260606)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783568 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The_Scientific_Universe.png|right|500px]] An '''syensya''' (tikang ha [[Linatin]] ''scientia'', kasirigngon "kaaradman") amo an paghalikwat hin mga batun para madug-ngan an kaaradman, ngan an organisado nga bahin han kaaradman nga nabibilngan ha pamaagi hini. An gintikangan han syensya mababaybay ngadto san ''Ancient Egypt'' ngan Mesopotamia sadton mga 3500 tobtob 3000 BCE. An ira kontribusyon sa mathematics, [[astronomiya]] , ngan pagtaga-medisina nagbug'os san [[philosopiya]] sadton mga sina-una na mga Greyego. ==Mga Sanga san Syensya== An moderno na syensya amo in binabahin sin tulo na sanga; '' natural sciences'' (e.g., biology, chemistry, ngan physics), an pag' aram san mga butang na nakapalibot sa aton; an ''social sciences''(e.g., economics, psychology, ngan sociology), an pag'aram adton mga indibiduwal ngan mga sosyodad; ngan an ''formal sciences'' (e.g., logic, mathematics, ngan theoretical computer science), na hiunung san mga ''abstract concpt''. Lugaring la, may ada argumento kun an ''formal sciences'' matuod ba na syensya tungod kay diri ini ginpapasarig san ''empirical evidence''. Adton mga disciplina na nagamit san ''existing scientific knowledge'' para san praktikal na gamit, sugad san ''engineering'' ngan ''medicine'', amo in gintatawag na '' applied sciences''. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=Robert P. Crease|last=Crease|first=Robert P.|title=The Great Equations|url=https://archive.org/details/greatequationsbr0000crea| date = 2009|isbn=978-0-393-06204-5|location=New York|publisher=W.W. Norton|page=317|ref=harv|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}} * {{cite book|last=Crease|first=Robert P.|title=World in the Balance: the historic quest for an absolute system of measurement|url=https://archive.org/details/worldinbalancehi0000crea| date = 2011|isbn=978-0-393-07298-3|location=New York|publisher=W.W. Norton|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldinbalancehi0000crea/page/317 317]|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| first=Giuliano Toraldo | last=di Francia| title=The Investigation of the Physical World| url=https://archive.org/details/investigationofp0000tora | location=Cambridge| publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 1976| isbn=0-521-29925-X| ref=harv| postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}} Originally published in Italian as ''L'Indagine del Mondo Fisico'' by Giulio Einaudi editore 1976; first published in English by Cambridge University Press 1981. * {{cite book|last=Fara| first=Patricia| date = 2009 | title=Science : a four thousand year history|url=https://archive.org/details/sciencefourthous00fara| location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-922689-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/sciencefourthous00fara/page/408 408]|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=Feyerabend | first=Paul | authorlink=Paul Feyerabend | date = 1993 | title=Against Method | url=https://archive.org/details/againstmethod0000feye | edition=3rd | publisher=Verso | place=London | isbn=0-86091-646-4 | ref=harv }} * Feyerabend, Paul (2005). ''Science, history of the philosophy'', as cited in {{Cite book|author=Honderich, Ted |title=The Oxford companion to philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_f5n3 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [[Oxfordshire]] | date = 2005 |pages= |isbn=0-19-926479-1 |oclc= 173262485|doi=}} * {{Cite book| authorlink=Peter Godfrey-Smith| last=Godfrey-Smith | first=Peter | date = 2003| title=Theory and Reality| url=https://archive.org/details/theoryrealityint0000godf| publisher=University of Chicago| isbn=0-226-30062-5| page=[https://archive.org/details/theoryrealityint0000godf/page/272 272] | location= Chicago 60637| ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author=Feynman, R.P.| date = 1999|title=The Pleasure of Finding Things Out: The Best Short Works of Richard P. Feynman|url=https://archive.org/details/pleasureoffindin00feyn|publisher=Perseus Books Group|isbn=0-465-02395-9 | oclc = 181597764}} *{{cite book| last= Heilbron |first= J. L. (editor-in-chief) | authorlink=J. L. Heilbron| date = 2003 |title= The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science | url= https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_s7n3 |location= New York |publisher= Oxford University Press. |isbn= 0-19-511229-6 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book| authorlink= David C. Lindberg |last= Lindberg| first= D. C. |title= Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler | url= https://archive.org/details/theoriesofvision0000lind |location= Chicago |publisher= Univ. of Chicago Pr.| date = 1976| ref= harv}} * {{Cite journal|authorlink=Joseph Needham| last=Needham | first=Joseph | date = 1954 |title=[[Science and Civilisation in China]]: Introductory Orientations|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book| last1=Nola | first1=Robert | last2=Irzik | first2=Gürol | date = 2005 | title=Philosophy, science, education and culture | volume=28 | series=Science & technology education library | isbn=1-4020-3769-4 | publisher=Springer | ref=harv | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HRqDnikufC0C }} * [[David Papineau|Papineau, David]]. (2005). ''Science, problems of the philosophy of.'', as cited in {{Cite book|author=Honderich, Ted |title=The Oxford companion to philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_f5n3 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [[Oxfordshire]] | date = 2005|isbn=0-19-926479-1 |oclc= 173262485}} * {{Cite book | last=Parkin|first=D. | date = 1991|article=Simultaneity and Sequencing in the Oracular Speech of Kenyan Diviners|editor=Philip M. Peek|title=African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing|location=Indianapolis, IN|publisher=Indiana University Press|ref=harv}}. * {{Cite book| date = 1958|authorlink=Michael Polanyi|last=Polanyi|first=Michael |title=Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy| url = https://archive.org/details/personalknowledg0000pola_k8v7| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-67288-3|ref=harv|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}} * {{cite book | last=Popper | first=Karl Raimund | date = 1996 | origyear=1984 | authorlink=Karl Popper | title=In search of a better world: lectures and essays from thirty years | publisher=Routledge | place=New York, NY | isbn=0-415-13548-6 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=L33XSZE77OkC | ref=harv }} * {{Cite book | last=Popper | first=Karl R. | date = 2002 | title=[[The Logic of Scientific Discovery]] | origyear=1959 | edition= | publisher=Routledge Classics | location=New York, NY | isbn=0-415-27844-9 | oclc=59377149 | ref=harv }} * {{Cite book |last=Stanovich|first=Keith E.| date = 2007 |title=How to Think Straight About Psychology|url=https://archive.org/details/howtothinkstraig0000stan| location=Boston|publisher=Pearson Education|ref=harv | isbn=978-0-205-68590-5}}<!--Amazon Look inside for 2010 edition reveals that it is the 9th edition&nbsp;— page numbers could be tricky here --> * {{Cite book|authorlink=John Ziman|first=John |last=Ziman |title=Reliable knowledge: An exploration of the grounds for belief in science|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-22087-4| date = 1978|page=197|ref=harv|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}} {{refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} * Augros, Robert M., Stanciu, George N., "The New Story of Science: mind and the universe", Lake Bluff, Ill.: Regnery Gateway, c1984. ISBN 0-89526-833-7 * {{Cite book | last=Becker |first=Ernest | date = 1968 |title=The structure of evil; an essay on the unification of the science of man | url=https://archive.org/details/structureofevila00beck |location=New York|publisher=G. Braziller |authorlink=Ernest Becker}} * Cole, K. C., ''Things your teacher never told you about science: Nine shocking revelations'' [[Newsday]], [[Long Island, New York]], 23 Marso 1986, pg 21+ * Feynman, Richard [http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/51/02/CargoCult.pdf "Cargo Cult Science"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304000024/http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/51/02/CargoCult.pdf |date=2009-03-04 }} * {{cite book | last=Gaukroger | first=Stephen | date = 2006 | title=The Emergence of a Scientific Culture: Science and the Shaping of Modernity 1210–1685 | url=https://archive.org/details/emergenceofscien0000gauk | publisher=Oxford University Press | place=Oxford | isbn=0-19-929644-8 }} * Gopnik, Alison, [http://www.amacad.org/publications/winter2004/gopnik.pdf "Finding Our Inner Scientist"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412053853/http://www.amacad.org/publications/winter2004/gopnik.pdf |date=2016-04-12 }}, [[Daedalus (journal)|Daedalus]], Winter 2004. * Krige, John, and Dominique Pestre, eds., ''Science in the Twentieth Century'', Routledge 2003, ISBN 0-415-28606-9 * [[Yuval Levin|Levin, Yuval]] (2008). ''Imagining the Future: Science and American Democracy''. New York, Encounter Books. ISBN 1-59403-209-2 * [[Thomas Samuel Kuhn|Kuhn, Thomas]], ''[[The Structure of Scientific Revolutions]]'', 1962. * {{Cite book |first=McComas |last=William F. |url=http://earthweb.ess.washington.edu/roe/Knowability_590/Week2/Myths%20of%20Science.pdf |chapter=The principal elements of the nature of science: Dispelling the myths |title=The nature of science in science education: rationales and strategies |editor-last=McComas |editor-first=William F. | date = 1998 |publisher=Springer |isbn= 978-0-7923-6168-8 |ref=harv |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}} * {{Cite book | last=Obler | first=Paul C.|author2=Estrin, Herman A. |title = The New Scientist: Essays on the Methods and Values of Modern Science | url=https://archive.org/details/newscientistessa00oble | publisher = [[Anchor Books]], Doubleday | date = 1962}} * {{cite book | last=Russell | first=Bertrand | date = 1985 | origyear=1952 | title=The Impact of Science on Society | publisher=Unwin | place=London | isbn=0-04-300090-8 }} * {{cite book | last1= Rutherford | first1=F. James | last2= Ahlgren | first2=Andrew | date = 1990 | title= Science for all Americans | url= https://archive.org/details/scienceforallame0002ruth | publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], Oxford University Press | place=New York, NY | isbn=0-19-506771-1 }} * {{Cite book| last=Thurs | first=Daniel Patrick | date = 2007 | title=Science Talk: Changing Notions of Science in American Popular Culture| url=https://archive.org/details/sciencetalkchang00thur | pages=[https://archive.org/details/sciencetalkchang00thur/page/22 22]–52 | publisher=Rutgers University Press | location=New Brunswick, NJ | isbn=978-0-8135-4073-3 }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|voy=Science tourism}} '''Publications''' * "''[[b:GCSE Science|GCSE Science textbook]]''". [[Wikibooks]].org '''Mga balita''' * [http://www.nature.com/news/ Nature News]. Science news by the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' * [http://www.newscientist.com/ New Scientist]. An weekly magazine published by [[Reed Business Information]] * [http://www.sciencedaily.com/ ScienceDaily] * [http://www.sciencenewsline.com/ Science Newsline] * [http://sciencia.com/ Sciencia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129180040/http://sciencia.com/ |date=2011-11-29 }} * [http://www.discovermagazine.com/ Discover Magazine] * [http://www.science.ie/ Irish Science News] from Discover Science & Engineering '''Resources''' * [http://www.euroscience.org/ Euroscience] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412080435/http://www.euroscience.org/ |date=2010-04-12 }}: ** {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610204548/http://www.euroscience.org/esof.html |archivedate=10 Hunyo 2010 |title=ESOF: Euroscience Open Forum|url=http://www.euroscience.org/esof.html}} * [http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/science-and-education/ Science Development in the ''Latin American docta''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504084802/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/science-and-education/ |date=2009-05-04 }} * [http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist1.xml;chunk.id=dv1-57;toc.depth=1;toc.id=dv1-57;brand=default Classification of the Sciences]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} in ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas''. (Dictionary's new electronic format is badly botched, entries after "Design" are inaccessible. ''Internet Archive'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20080619205103/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-57 old version]). * [http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/nature/index.shtml "Nature of Science"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010084037/http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/nature/index.shtml |date=2006-10-10 }} ''[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]]'' * [http://www.science.gov/ United States Science Initiative] Selected science information provided by US Government agencies, including research & development results * [http://undsci.berkeley.edu/index.php How science works] ''[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]]'' [[category:syensya]] qdcoli81tpv2j84rtzugt29oxl3zoka 0 2118106 7783569 7779341 2026-06-07T10:09:36Z RamsesVII 61873 Image 7783569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Magnoliopsida|date=2014-06}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Pereskia zinniiflora'' | status = | image = Leuenbergeria_zinniiflora.jpeg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Caryophyllales]] | familia = [[Cactaceae]] | genus = [[Pereskia]] | species = '''Pereskia zinniiflora''' | binomial = Pereskia zinniiflora | binomial_authority = DC. | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = ''Rhodocactus zinniiflorus'' <small>(DC.) F.M. Knuth</small><br>''Rhodocactus cubensis'' <small>([[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]] & [[Joseph Nelson Rose|Rose]]) F.M. Knuth</small><br>''Pereskia cubensis'' <small>[[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]] & [[Joseph Nelson Rose|Rose]]</small> }} An '''''Pereskia zinniiflora'''''<ref name = "C132"/><ref name = "C133"/> in uska species han [[Magnoliopsida]] nga ginhulagway ni Dc.. An ''Pereskia zinniiflora'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Pereskia]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Cactaceae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/13439629| work = [[Catalogue of Life]] | title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)| date = 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 Mayo 2014}}</ref> <ref name = "C132">''UNEP-WCMC (Comps.) 2011. Checklist of CITES species (CD-ROM). CITES Secretariat, Geneva, Switzerland, and UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, United Kingdom. ISBN 2-88323-030-7. Available online at http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/pub/checklist11/index.html or from C'', 2008</ref> <ref name = "C133">''<![CDATA[Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M.T. Strong. 2007. Catalogue of the seed plants of the West Indies Website. http://botany.si.edu/antilles/WestIndies/query.cfm]]>'', 2007</ref> <ref name = "source">{{Cite web |title=(Canada);http://siit.conabio.gob.mx (Mexico) ITIS Global: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System |url=http://www.itis.gov;http/ |access-date=2014-06-10 |archive-date=2017-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429125543/http://www.itis.gov;http/ |url-status= }}</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Pereskia zinniiflora}} [[Kaarangay:Pereskia]] 83guquau8boznoey35zq3w1czo5mtux 0 2882402 7783562 7773891 2026-06-06T21:27:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260606)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Nasod |conventional_long_name = Republika han Paghiusa han Myanmar |common_name = Myanmar |native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|my|ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်‌<wbr />}}|''Pyidaunzu Thanmăda Myăma Nainngandaw''}} |image_flag = Flag of Myanmar.svg |image_coat = Variant of the State seal of Myanmar (2011-2025).svg |symbol_type = Selyo han Estado |national_anthem = {{unbulleted list |"[[Kaba Ma Kyei]]"|("Kutob han Kataposán han Kalibutan")}}<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - Kaba Ma Kyei.oga|centre]]</div> |image_map = Location Burma (Myanmar) ASEAN.svg |map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=green |region=[[ASEAN]] |region_color=dark grey |legend=Location Burma (Myanmar) ASEAN.svg}} |image_map2 = Myanmar - Location Map (2013) - MMR - UNOCHA.svg |capital = [[Naypyidaw]] (Nay Pyi Taw) |coordinates = {{Coord|19|45|N|96|6|E|type:city}} |largest_city = [[Yangon]] (Rangoon) |official_languages = [[Binirmano]] |regional_languages = {{flatlist| *[[Kachin language|Kachin]] *[[Kayah language|Kayah]] *[[Karen language|Karen]] *[[Chin language|Chin]] *[[Mon language|Mon]] *[[Rakhine language|Rakhine]] *[[Shan language|Shan]]}} |languages_type = [[Opisyal nga pagsurat]] |languages = [[Binirmano nga pagsurat]] |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 68% [[Bamar people|Bamar]] | 9% [[Shan people|Shan]] | 7% [[Karen people|Karen]] | 4% [[Rakhine people|Rakhine]] | 2% [[Mon people|Mon]] | 10% others }} |ethnic_groups_year = {{lower|0.45em|<ref name="World Factbook" />}} | religion = [[Theravada|Theravāda]] nga [[Buddhismo ha Myanmar|Buddhismo]] 87.9%<br /> [[Christianity in Myanmar|Christianity]] 6.2%<br /> [[Islam in Myanmar|Islam]] 4.3%<br />[[Religion in Myanmar|Other]] 1.6%<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census- The Union Report: Religion |url=https://myanmar.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/UNION_2-C_religion_EN_0.pdf |website=myanmar.unfpa.org |publisher=Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population MYANMAR |access-date=3 Pebrero 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329011235/http://myanmar.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/UNION_2-C_religion_EN_0.pdf |archive-date=29 Marso 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |demonym = Birmano / Burmes / Myanma<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.act.gov.au/sites/default/files/ACT%20Health%20Community%20Profile%20-%20Burma%20%282014%29.pdf|title=ACT Health Community Profile, pg. 1|publisher=Multicultural Health Policy Unit|accessdate=5 Agosto 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411161154/http://www.health.act.gov.au/sites/default/files/ACT%20Health%20Community%20Profile%20-%20Burma%20%282014%29.pdf|archive-date=11 Abril 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> |government_type = [[Unitaryo nga estado|Unitaryo]] nga [[Parlamentaryo nga sistema|parlamentaryo]] nga [[republika|konstitusyonal nga republika]] |leader_title1 = [[Mangulo han Myanmar|Mangulo]] |leader_name1 = [[Win Myint (politiko, natawo 1951)|Win Myint]] |leader_title2 = [[Konsehero han Estado han Myanmar|Konsehero han Estado]] |leader_name2 = [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] |leader_title3 = [[Sugbong-Mangulo han Myanmar|Syahan nga Sugbong-Mangulo]] |leader_name3 = [[Myint Swe (general)|Myint Swe]] |leader_title4 = [[Sugbong-Mangulo Myanmar|Ika-2 nga Sugbong-Mangulo]] |leader_name4 = [[Henry Van Thio]] |legislature = [[Katitirok han Paghiusa]] |upper_house = [[Balay hin mga Nasyonalidad]] |lower_house = {{nowrap|[[Balay hin mga Representante (Myanmar)|Balay hin mga Representante]]}} |sovereignty_type = [[Kaagi han Myanmar|Kahimo]] |established_event1 = [[Ginhadi-an han Pagan]] |established_date1 = 23 Disyembre 849 |established_event2 = [[Taungoo nga Dinastiya]] |established_date2 = 16 Oktubre 1510 |established_event3 = [[Konbaung nga Dinastiya]] |established_date3 = 29 Pebrero 1752 |established_event4 = [[Ikatulo nga Anglo-Birmano nga Gera|Pag-anexar han Britanya]] |established_date4 = 1 Enero 1886 |established_event5 = {{nowrap|[[Birmania katapos han paglugaríng, 1948–1962|Paglugaríng]]}} |established_date5 = 4 Enero 1948 |established_event6 = [[1962 Birmano nga coup d'état|Coup d'état]] |established_date6 = 2 Marso 1962 |established_event7 = [[Mangulo han Myanmar|Paghibalik han pagkamangulo]] |established_date7 = 30 Marso 2011 |area_km2 = 676,578 |area_rank = ika-39 <!--should be same as listed on [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> |area_sq_mi = 261,227 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 3.06 |population_census = 53,582,855 (2017)<ref name="worldometers.info">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/myanmar-population/|title=Myanmar Population (2018) – Worldometers|website=worldometers.info}}</ref> |population_census_year = 2017 |population_census_rank = ika-25 |population_density_km2 = 76 |population_density_sq_mi = <!--auto calculate--><!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ika-125 |GDP_PPP = $359.107 ka bilyon<ref name="IMFWEOMM">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=57&pr.y=7&sy=2016&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=518&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2018 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |accessdate=5 Marso 2019}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_year = 2018 |GDP_PPP_rank = ika-51 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $6,797<ref name="IMFWEOMM"/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ika-128 |GDP_nominal = $71.543&nbsp;nga bilyon<ref name="IMFWEOMM"/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2018 |GDP_nominal_rank = ika-72 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,354<ref name="IMFWEOMM"/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ika-155 |Gini = 38.1 <!--number only--> |Gini_year = 2015 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MM |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |accessdate=5 Marso 2019}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI = 0.578 <!--number only--> |HDI_year = 2017<!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf|title=Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical update|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|date=15 Septyembre 2018|accessdate=15 Septyembre 2018}}</ref> |HDI_rank = ika-148 |currency = [[Birmano nga kyat|Kyat]] (K) |currency_code = MMK |time_zone = [[Myanmar Standard Time|MMT]] |utc_offset = +06:30 |drives_on = tuo |calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Myanmar|+95]] |iso3166code = MM |cctld = [[.mm]] |footnote_a = |footnote_b = }} An '''Birmania''' o '''Burma''' o kundi man '''Myanmar''' (မြန်မာ{{IPA-my|mjəmà|lang}}{{refn|group=nb|An kataposán nga ''r'' ha ''Myanmar'' dirí ginbubutang para hin pagluwás kundi aada basi maipakita an haluag nga ''ah'' ({{IPA-cen|ɑː}}) nga tunog han Britaniko nga Iningles.}}) nga an buhatonon nga pagtawag '''Republika han Paghiusa han Myanmar''' usa nga nasod ha [[Salatan-Sinirangan nga Asya|Timugan nga Asya]]. Ginsasapitan an Birmania han [[India]] ngan [[Bangladesh]] ha katundan, [[Thailand]] ngan [[Laos]] ha sinirangan ngan han [[Kanan Katawhan Republika han Tsina|Tsina]] ha amihan ngan ha dumagsaan. Ha salatan, mga hin ka-tulo nga bahin han bug-os nga perimeter han Birmania hin {{convert|5876|km|mi|abbr=on}} naghihimo hin durudiritso nga labnasan hin {{convert|1930|km|abbr=on}} ha [[Bay han Bengal]] ngan han [[Dagat Andaman]]. An [[2014 Burma Census|2014 census]] han nasod nag-ihap han kamulopyohan han nasod nga 51 ka milyon nga tawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Fact_Sheets/MYA.pdf|title=Asian Development Bank and Myanmar: Fact Sheet |publisher=Asian Development Bank |date=30 Abril 2012 |accessdate=20 Nobyembre 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126023031/http://www.adb.org/Documents/Fact_Sheets/MYA.pdf |archivedate=26 Nobyembre 2011}}</ref> Han 2017, an kamolupyohan mga 54 ka milyon.<ref name="worldometers.info"/> An Birmania {{convert|676578|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} hin kadako. An pamunoan nga syudad hini [[Naypyidaw]], ngan an gidako-i nga syudad ngan kasanhi nga pamunoan [[Yangon]] (Rangoon).<ref name="World Factbook">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bm.html |work=The World Factbook |title=Burma |publisher=U.S. Central Intelligence Agency |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006115241/https://cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bm.html |archivedate=6 Oktubre 2010 |df=}}</ref> An Birmania api han [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) tikang han 1997. Upod han mga sayó nga mga sibilisasyon ha Birmania an nayakan-hin-[[Tibeto-Birmano nga mga pinulungan|Tibeto-Birmano]] nga [[mga Pyu nga syudad-nga-estado]] ha [[Igbaw nga Birmania]] ngan an [[mga Mon nga ginhadi-an]] ha [[Ubos nga Birmania]].<ref>{{Cite book | title=Early civilizations of Southeast Asia | url=https://archive.org/details/earlycivilizatio0000orei | publisher=Altamira Press | author=O'Reilly, Dougald JW | date = 2007 | location=United Kingdom | isbn=978-0-7591-0279-8}}</ref> Han ika-9 nga gatostuig, an [[Bamar nga katawhan]] kinmada ha igbaw nga siong han [[Salog Irrawaddy|Irrawaddy]] ngan, sunod han pagtuod han [[Pagan nga Ginhadi-an]] han dekada han mga 1050, an [[Binirmano|Binirmano nga pinulungan]], [[Kultura han Birmania|kultura]] ngan [[Theravada]] nga Buddhismo naghinayhinay nga nagin dominante han nasod. Nahulog tikang ha poder an Ginhadi-an han Pagan tungod han [[Syahan nga Mongol nga pagsulong ha Birmania|Mongol nga mga pagsulong]] ngan ginmawas in pipira nga mga estado nga naggigera. Han ika-16 nga gatostuig, an nasod nahiusa hin pagbalik han [[Taungoo nga dinastiya]], ngan hin halipot nga panahon, amo an gidako-i nga imperyo ha [[kaagi han Timugan nga Asya|kaagi han Kontinental nga Timugan nga Asya]].<ref>[[#Lieberman|Lieberman]], p. 152</ref> An [[Konbaung nga dinastiya]] han syahan nga bahin han ika-19 nga gatostuig naghadi hin kahaluag nga naglakip han yana nga Birmania ngan hin halipot nga panahon nagdumara han [[Manipur]] ngan [[Assam]] gihapon. An mga Britaniko nag-agaw han pagdumara han Birmania sunod hin tulo nga [[mga Gera nga Anglo-Birmano]] han ika-19 nga gatostuig ngan an nasod nahimo nga [[British nga pagdumara ha Burma|British nga kolonya]]. [[Adlaw hin paglugaring (Birmania)|Gintagaan hin paglugaring]] an Birmania han 1948, komo usá nga [[Birmania katapos han independensya, 1948–62|demoktratiko nga nasod]]. Sunod hin [[1962 nga Birmano nga kudeta|kudeta han 1962]], nahimo ini nga diktadura militar ha ilarom han [[Partido hin Programa Sosyalista han Burma]]. Han kadam'an nga bahin han mga tuig hiní nga nasod hin paglugaríng, nahiapi ini nga nasod hin masurong nga pag-aragway hin ethniko nga mga grupo ngan an [[Talaan hin mga ethniko nga grupo ha Birmania|pipira nga mga grupo ethniko han nasod]] nahibulig ha usá han mga [[Internal nga pag-awayan na Birmania|gimaihai nga mga nagpapadayon nga gera sibil]] ha kalibotan. Han hiní nga panahón, an Nasyones Unidas ngan pipira nga mga organisasyon nag sumat hin sunodsunod ngan sistematiko nga mga pagtalapas hin [[Katungdanan hin katawhan ha Birmania|mga katungdanan hin katawhan]] didâ han nasod.<ref name=UNHR>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/burma |title=Burma |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=6 Hulyo 2013}}<br/>{{Cite web|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/myanmar |title=Myanmar Human Rights |publisher=Amnesty International USA |access-date=6 Hulyo 2013}}<br/>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-burma |title=World Report 2012: Burma |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=6 Hulyo 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630121229/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-burma |archivedate=30 Hunyo 2013 |date=22 Enero 2012 }}</ref> Han 2011, an [[Konseho han Estado hin Kamuraway ngan Pagpadukwag|junta militar]] opisyal nga ginpahunong ngan ginwara sunod han [[2010 nga Birmano nga piniliay hin kasahiran|2010 nga piniliay hin kasahiran]], ngan usá nga nominal nga sibilyan nga kagamhanan ginbutáng ha poder. Iní upod han pagpagawás tikang hin pagkabihag ni [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] ngan mga bihag ha politika, nagpaupay han rekord han nasod ha katungdanan hin katawhan ngan mga relasyon ha langyaw, ngan nagdangat hin pag-iban hin mga sanction ha pagnegosyo ngan iba nga bahin han ekonomiya.<ref name=Easing>{{Cite news |author=Madhani, Aamer |title=Obama administration eases Burma sanctions before visit |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/theoval/2012/11/16/obama-lifts-sanctions-burma-visit/1710253/ |newspaper=USA Today |date=16 Nobyembre 2012}}<br/>{{Cite news |author1=Fuller, Thomas |author2=Geitner, Paul |title=European Union Suspends Most Myanmar Sanctions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/world/asia/eu-suspends-sanctions-on-myanmar.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=23 Abril 2012}}</ref> Bisan pa man, mayda pa nagpapadayon nga kritisismo han pamuhatan han kagamhanan ha mga ethniko nga mga grupo han nasod, ha pagbatón hini han ethniko nga insurekto, ngan mga pagkadelito ha relihiyon.<ref name=MinorityTreatment>{{Cite web |author=Greenwood, Faine |url=http://www.undispatch.com/the-8-stages-of-genocide-against-burmas-rohingya |title=The 8 Stages of Genocide Against Burma's Rohingya &#124; UN DispatchUN Dispatch |publisher=Undispatch.com |date=27 Mayo 2013 |access-date=13 Abril 2014 }}<br/>{{Cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/11/us-myanmar-violence-idUSBRE85A01C20120611 | title=EU welcomes "measured" Myanmar response to rioting | agency=Reuters | date=11 Hunyo 2012 | access-date= 6 Nobyembre 2019 | archive-date= 6 Agosto 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806072509/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/11/us-myanmar-violence-idUSBRE85A01C20120611 | url-status=dead }}<br/>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18395788 | title=Q&A: Communal violence in Burma | publisher=BBC | access-date=14 Oktubre 2013 }}</ref> Dida han landmark nga [[2015 nga Birmano nga piniliay hin kasahiran|2015 nga piniliay]], an partido ni Aung San Suu Kyi nakadaog hin mayoriya ha duha nga mga balayan hin magbabalaod. Bisan pa man, an [[Birmano nga militar]] nagpapabilin nga makusog nga puwersa ha politika. An Birmania api han [[East Asia Summit]], [[Non-Aligned Movement]], [[ASEAN]] ngan [[Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation|BIMSTEC]], kundi diri iní api han [[Komonwelt hin mga Nasod|Commonwealth of Nations]]. Usá ini nga nasod nga riko hin [[jade]] ngan [[Gemstone|mamahalon nga mga bato]], lana, natural gas ngan iba nga mga mineral nga katigayunan. Dako gihapon hin katigayunan an Birmania hin ''renewable'' nga enerhiya; an nasod amo an mayda gidakoi nga ''potential'' in solar nga koryente kun igtanding ha iba nga mga nasod han Dako nga Mekong nga Subrehiyon.<ref>Vakulchuk, Roman; Kyaw Kyaw Hlaing; Edward Ziwa Naing; Indra Overland; Beni Suryadi and Sanjayan Velautham (2017). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317954536 ''Myanmar’s Attractiveness for Investment in the Energy Sector. A Comparative International Perspective''.] Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) ngan Myanmar Institute of Strategic and International Studies (MISIS) nga Report. p. 8.</ref> Han 2013, an GDP (nominal) hiní nahamutáng ha US$56.7 ka bilyon ngan an GDP ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) hiní nahamutáng ha US$221.5 ka bilyon.<ref name=imf2>{{Cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=64&pr1.y=6&c=518&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Burma (Myanmar) |work=World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> An [[income gap]] ha Birmania usá han mga gidako-i ha kalibutang, tungod kay dako nga bahin han ekonomiya ginduduramahan hin mga nasuporta han kasanhi nga militar nga kagamhanan.<ref name=IncomeGap>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/aec/Income-gap-worlds-widest-30214106.html |title=Income Gap 'world's widest' |work=The Nation |access-date=15 Septyembre 2014 |author=Eleven Media |date=4 Septyembre 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915230853/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/aec/Income-gap-worlds-widest-30214106.html |archivedate=15 Septyembre 2014 }}<br/>{{Cite news | url=https://www.dvb.no/analysis/income-inequality-in-burma/33726 | title=Income inequality in Burma | publisher=Democratic Voice of Burma | access-date=15 Septyembre 2014 | author=McCornac, Dennis | date=22 Oktubre 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915230920/https://www.dvb.no/analysis/income-inequality-in-burma/33726 | archive-date=15 Septyembre 2014 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Han 2016, an Myanmar nahamutang hin 145 tikang hin 188 nga mga nasod han pagpadukwag hin katawhan, sumala han [[Human Development Index]].<ref name="HDI" /> ==Etimolohiya== An mga ngaran nga ''Birmania'', ''Burma'' ngan ''Myanmar'' ginkuhà tikang han sarusayo nga Birmano nga ngaran ''Myanma'', usá nga ethnonimo para han mayoriya nga [[Bamar]] nga ethniko nga grupo, nga diri sigurado an etimolohiya.<ref name=dgeh>{{Cite book | title=Burma | last=Hall | first=DGE | chapter=Pre-Pagan Burma | date = 1960 | edition=3 | page=13}}</ref> An mga pulong ginsisiring gihapon nga posible ginkuhà tikang ha ''Brahma Desha'' nga nahahanungod kan [[Brahma]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bV3shLzx0B4C&pg=PA352|title=Mental Culture in Burmese Crisis Politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy|last=Houtman|first=Gustaaf|date=1999|publisher=ILCAA|isbn=9784872977486|p=352}}</ref> Han 1989, an kagamhanan militar [[Pagliwat hin ngaran ha heyograpiya|ginbalhin hin opisyal]] an mga paghubad ha Ininglis hin damo nga mga ngaran nga natikang han [[British Burma|panahon nga kolonyal han Birmania]] o kundi man han panahon ugsa hini, upod han mga ginbalhin an ngaran han nasod mismo: an ''Burma'' nahimo nga ''Myanmar''. An pagbag-o hin ngaran nagpapabilin nga kontrobersyal nga butang.<ref name="Houtman1999">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bV3shLzx0B4C&pg=PA45 |title=Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics |last=Houtman |first=Gustaaf | date = 1999 |series=ILCAA Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series No. 33 |publisher=Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa |pages=43–54 |isbn=978-4-87297-748-6}}</ref> Damo nga mga politikal ngan ethniko nga mga oposisyon nga grupo ngan mga nasod nagpapadayon paggamit han ''Burma'' tungod kay diri nira ginkikila an pagkalehitimo han nagdudumara nga gobyerno militar o kundi man an katungod hiní pagbalhin han ngaran han nasod.<ref name="steinberg">{{Cite book |last=Steinberg |first=David I. |date=2002 |title=Burma: The State of Myanmar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSTuWZ0BMmMC |publisher=Georgetown University Press |page=xi |isbn=978-1-58901-285-1}}</ref> Han Abril 2016, waray kaiha katapos paglingkod ha puwesto, nagsiríng hi [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] mahitungod han pakiana kun anó nga ngaran an angay gamiton nga, "adà la iton ha iyo, kay waray dida han konstitusyon han aton nasod nga nasiring nga kinahanglan kamo gumamit hin ano là nga pulong hin partikular". Nagpadayon hiyá, "Nágámit hi ako hin agsob hit Burma kay nahiara hi ako nga gumámit hiní. Kundi diri nanganghulogán nga nakinahanglan hi akó nga ibá nga mga tawo magsugad liwat. Ngan maniningkamot akó nga sumiríng hin Myanmar hin pira nga mga panahon basi kamo nga tanan magin kumportable".<ref name=scmp>''South China Morning Post'', [http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/1937886/whats-name-not-much-according-aung-san-suu-kyi-who-tells "What's in a name? Not much, according to Aung San Suu Kyi, who tells diplomats they can use Myanmar or Burma"], Sabado, 23 Abril 2016</ref> An opisyal nga bug-os nga ngaran han nasod "Repúblika han Paghiusá han Myanmar" (ha Ininglis: ''Republic of the Union of Myanmar''; {{lang-my-Mymr|ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်}}, ''{{transl|my|Pyihtaungsu Thamada Myanma Naingngantaw}}'', {{IPA-my|pjìdàʊɴzṵ θàɴməda̰ mjəmà nàɪɴŋàɴdɔ̀|pron}}). An mga nasod nga diri nakilala hiní nga ngaran nan-gagamit lugod han halaba nga porma nga "Paghiusa han Burma" o "Paghiusa han Birmania" (ha Iningles "''Union of Burma''").{{r|World Factbook}}<ref name="NCGUB">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncgub.net/ |title=NCGUB |publisher=National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma |access-date=3 Mayo 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909080518/http://ncgub.net/ |archive-date=9 Septyembre 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ha Ininglis, an nasod tinatáwag nga ''Burma'' o kundi man ''Myanmar''. Iní nga duhá nga mga ngaran ginkuhà tíkang han ngaran han mayoriya nga Birmano nga [[Bamar nga katawhan|Bamar]] nga ethniko nga grupo. It ngaran nga ''Myanmar'' amo an sinísiring nga literaryo o kundi man pormal nga kahimo han ngaran han grupo, samtang an ngaran nga ''Burma'' ginkuha tikang han "Bamar", an diri pormal nga kahimo han ngaran han grupo.<ref name="Houtman1999" /> Depende han [[Register (sosyolingguwistiko)|register]] nga ginagamit, an pagluwás puyde ''{{transl|my|Bama}}'' ({{IPA-my|bəmà|pron}}) o kundi man ''{{transl|my|Myamah}}'' ({{IPA-my|mjəmà|pron}}).<ref name="Houtman1999" /> An ngaran nga ''Burma'' gin-gamit ha Ininglis tíkang han ika-18 nga gatostuig. Ginpapadayon an paggamit han ngaran nga ''Burma'' ha Ininglis han kagamhanan han Reino Unido.<ref name="Dittmer" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/world/burma |title=UK and Burma |publisher=[[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] |access-date=18 Enero 2015}}</ref> An opisyal nga polisiya han Estados Unidos nagpapabilin han paggamit han ngaran nga ''Burma'' nga ngaran han nasod, bisan pa man kun an websayt han [[United States Department of State|Departamento hin Estado]] naglilista han nasod nga ''Burma (Myanmar)'' ngan hi [[Barack Obama]] nagtáwag han nasod han duhá nga ngaran.<ref name=USNaming>{{Cite news |title=Burma or Myanmar? Obama calls it both on visit |url=http://asiancorrespondent.com/92211/burma-or-myanmar-obama-calls-it-both-on-visit// |agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[Asian Correspondent]] |publisher=Hybrid News Limited |location=Bristol, England |date=19 Nobyembre 2012 |access-date=19 Nobyembre 2012 |quote=Yangon, Burma (AP)&nbsp;– Ha opisyal, tinatawag pa gihapon han America ini nga Timugan nga Asya nga nasod ha ngaran nga Burma, an ginpipili nga pagtawag hin mga disidente ngan mga pro-demokrasya nga mga aktibista nga nagtipa han kasanhi nga junta militar han pagbalhin han ngaran hini hin mga 23 ka tuig hadto. |archive-date= 21 Nobyembre 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121120002/http://asiancorrespondent.com/92211/burma-or-myanmar-obama-calls-it-both-on-visit/ |url-status= }}<br/>{{Cite news |title=Hosting Burma's Leader, Obama Repeatedly Calls the Country 'Myanmar' |url=http://cnsnews.com/news/article/hosting-burma-s-leader-obama-repeatedly-calls-country-myanmar |access-date=30 Hulyo 2013 |newspaper=CNS News |date=21 Mayo 2013 }}<br/>{{Cite web |url=https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1077.html |title=Burma (Myanmar) |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |access-date=13 Abril 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020073109/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1077.html |archivedate=20 Oktubre 2013 }}</ref> An CIA ''[[World Factbook]]'' naglilista han nasod nga ''Burma'' ha kataposan nga pagkita dida han Agosto 2019.{{r|World Factbook}} An kagamhanan han Canada han uná naggamit han ''Burma'',<ref name="Dittmer" /> sugad dida han 2007 nga pamalaod hini nga nagbutang hin mga sanction,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2007-285/FullText.html|title=Special Economic Measures (Burma) Regulations|website=Government of Canada – Justice Laws Website|date=25 Hunyo 2018|access-date=15 Nobyembre 2018}}</ref> kundi tikang dida han butnga han dekada han mga 2010 agsob nga ginmamit han ''Myanmar''.<ref>{{Cite web|website=Government of Canada – Global Affairs Canada|accessdate= 15 Nobyembre 2018|title=Canada and Myanmar relations|url=http://international.gc.ca/world-monde/myanmar/relations.aspx?lang=eng|archive-date= 20 Nobyembre 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120040924/http://international.gc.ca/world-monde/myanmar/relations.aspx?lang=eng|url-status=dead}}</ref> An [[Republika Czeka]] opisyal nga nagamit hit ''Myanmar'', bisan man kun an [[Ministro hin Langyawanon nga mga Butang (Republika Czeka)|Ministro hin Langyawanon nga mga Butang]] nagamit hin ngaduhá nga ngaran nga ''Myanmar'' ngan ''Burma'' didâ ha websayt hiní.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic provides CZK 2.5&nbsp;million of immediate assistance to flood victims in Myanmar/Burma |url=http://www.mzv.cz/yangon/en/the_ministry_of_foreign_affairs_of_the.html |access-date=8 Nobyembre 2015 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic]] |date=7 Agosto 2015}}</ref> Nágámit hit ''Myanmar'' an Nasyones Unidas, pati gihapon an [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]], Australia,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Countries, economies and regions – Myanmar |url=http://dfat.gov.au/geo/myanmar/Pages/myanmar.aspx |publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government |access-date=14 Septyembre 2016}}</ref> Rusya, Alemanya,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Burma vs. Myanmar: What's in a Name |url=http://www.dw.de/burma-vs-myanmar-whats-in-a-name/a-2804762 |access-date=2 Agosto 2013 |newspaper=DW|date=1 Septyembre 2007}}</ref> Tsina, [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Norway]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mudditt|first=Jassica|title=Burma or Myanmar: Will the US make the switch?|url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/special-features/153-sanctions-to-sucess/3187-burma-or-myanmar-will-the-us-make-the-switch.html|access-date=2 Agosto 2013|date=19 Nobyembre 2012|archive-date=21 Marso 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321003449/http://mmtimes.com/index.php/special-features/153-sanctions-to-sucess/3187-burma-or-myanmar-will-the-us-make-the-switch.html|url-status=}}</ref> Hapon<ref name="Dittmer">{{Cite book |title=Burma Or Myanmar? The Struggle for National Identity |last=Dittmer |first=Lowell | date = 2010 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=aoHP2Q2I1p4C&lpg=PA103&dq=9789814313643&pg=PA2|publisher=World Scientific |isbn=9789814313643}}</ref> ngan [[Swiza]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Representations and travel advice – Myanmar |url=https://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/laender-reise-information/myanmar.html |publisher=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs |access-date=14 Septyembre 2016}}</ref> Kadam'an han mga nayakan-hin-Ininglis nga mga internasyonal nga mga media hin sumat nátáwag han násod ha ngaran nga ''Myanmar'', upod han [[BBC]],<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12990563 |work=BBC News| title=Myanmar profile | date=16 Hulyo 2013}}</ref> [[CNN]],<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/30/world/asia/myanmar-fast-facts | publisher=CNN | title=Myanmar Fast Facts | date=30 Hulyo 2013 | access-date=2019-11-06 | archive-date=2017-05-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529211524/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/30/world/asia/myanmar-fast-facts | url-status= }}</ref> [[Al Jazeera]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2013/07/201372271935496428.html |title=Myanmar blast hits anti-Muslim monk's event&nbsp;– Asia-Pacific |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=22 Hulyo 2013}}</ref> [[Reuters]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/places/myanmar |title=Myanmar |agency=Reuters |date=9 Pebrero 2009 |access-date= 6 Nobyembre 2019 |archive-date= 17 Marso 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317121843/http://uk.reuters.com/places/myanmar |url-status=dead }}</ref> ngan an [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] (ABC)/[[Radio Australia]].<ref name=ABCRA>{{Cite news |last1=Woodley |first1=Naomi |title=Carr apprehensive about Rohingyas' future in Myanmar |url=http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2013/s3801497.htm |access-date=14 Septyembre 2016 |work=AM|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=12 Hulyo 2013}}<br/>{{Cite news |title=Aung San Suu Kyi arrives in Thailand for official visit |url=http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2016-06-23/aung-san-suu-kyi-arrives-in-thailand-for-official-visit/1593108 |access-date=14 Septyembre 2016 |publisher=Radio Australia |date=23 Hunyo 2016}}</ref> An Birmania tinatawag hin ngaran tikang han ''Burma'' imbes nga ''Myanmar'' ha Kinatsila, Initalyano, [[Rinomania nga pinulungan|Rinomania]], ngan [[Griniyego|Griniyego]] – pananglitan, an ngaran nga ''Birmania'' amo an lokal nga bersyon han ''Burma'' ha Kinatsila. An Birmania gintawag nga ''Birmânia'' ha Pinortuges, ngan ''Birmanie'' ha Frinanses.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ambafrance-mm.org/Birmanie-ou-Myanmar-Le-vrai-faux |title='Birmanie ou Myanmar ? Le vrai faux débat francophone' – La France en Birmanie |publisher=Ambafrance-mm.org |access-date=13 Abril 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408202934/http://www.ambafrance-mm.org/Birmanie-ou-Myanmar-Le-vrai-faux |archive-date=8 Abril 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sugad han una, an media ha Frinanses-nga-pinulongan ha yanâ padayon nga nagamit hit ''Birmanie''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/topnews/20170904.AFP9687/birmanie-87-000-rohingyas-refugies-au-bangladesh-en-dix-jours-selon-l-onu.html |title=Birmanie: 87.000 Rohingyas réfugiés au Bangladesh en dix jours, selon l'ONU |magazine=L'Obs |date=4 Septyembre 2017 |accessdate=9 Septyembre 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/tag/birmanie|title=L'actualité sur Birmanie par L'Obs|website=L'Obs}}</ref> ===Mga pagluwás han ''Myanmar'' ha Ininglis=== Ginluluwás it ''Myanmar'' hin mga siyam nga paagi ha Ininglis: {{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|j|æ|n|ˈ|m|ɑːr}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|iː|ə|n|m|ɑːr}}, {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Myanmar.ogg|ˌ|m|j|ɑː|n|ˈ|m|ɑːr}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|j|æ|n|m|ɑːr}}, {{IPAc-en|m|i|ˈ|æ|n|m|ɑːr}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|j|ɑː|n|m|ɑːr}}, {{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|aɪ|.|ə|n|ˈ|m|ɑːr}}, {{IPAc-en|m|aɪ|ˈ|ɑː|n|m|ɑːr}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|aɪ|æ|n|m|ɑːr}}.<ref name=Myanmar>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/magazinemonitor/2007/09/how_to_say_myanmar.shtml|title=How to say Myanmar|work=Magazine Monitor|series=An occasional guide to the words and names in the news from Martha Figueroa-Clark of the [[BBC]] Pronunciation Unit|publisher=BBC|date=26 Septyembre 2007|author=Martha Figueroa-Clark}}<br/>{{Cite web |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Myanmar?q=myanmar |title=Definition of Myanmar&nbsp;– Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English) |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=1 Septyembre 2012 |archive-date= 26 Disyembre 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226082851/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Myanmar |url-status= }}<br/>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Myanmar |title=Myanmar |publisher=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=6 Hulyo 2013 }}<br/>{{Cite dictionary |author=Thackrah, J. R. |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/myanmar |title=Definition of Myanmar |dictionary=Collins English Dictionary |access-date=1 Septyembre 2012 }}<br/>{{Cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/myanmar?show=0&t=1345589109 |title=Myanmar&nbsp;– Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=1 Septyembre 2012 }}<br/>{{Cite book | title=Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society | last=Ammon | first=Ulrich | date = 2004 | edition=2nd | volume=Volume 3/3 | isbn=978-3-11-018418-1 | publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] | url=https://books.google.com/?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C&pg=PA2012 | page=2012 }}</ref> ==Heyograpiya== === Mga pagbahinbahin hin pagdumárà === {{Burma Administrative Divisions Image Map}} Ginbabahinbahin an Myanmar ngadto hin pitó nga mga estado ({{my|ပြည်နယ်}}) ngan pitó nga mga rehiyon ({{my|တိုင်းဒေသကြီး}}), nga gintáwag anay nga mga dibisyon o pagbahinbahin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.myanmars.net/myanmar/index.htm |title=Myanmar. States & Regions |publisher=Myanmar's NET |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104160039/http://www.myanmars.net/myanmar/index.htm |archive-date=4 Nobyembre 2013 }}</ref> An mga rehiyon kasagaran mga Bamar (buot sidngon, gin-uukyan hin kadam'an han dominante nga ethniko nga grupo han Birmania). It mga estado, ha unob, mga rehiyon nga gin-uukyan hin mga partikular nga mga ethniko nga grupo. Ginbabahinbahin pa an ini nga pagbahinbahin ngadto hin mga [[Mga distrito han Birmania|distrito]], nga mga ginbabahinbahin pa ngadto hin mga munisipyo, [[Ward (country subdivision)|ward]], ngan mga baranggay. Ha ubós an ihap han mga distrito, munisipyo, syudad/bungto, katitirok hin mga baranggay, ngan mga baranggay ha tagsa pagbahinbahin ngan estado han Myanmar tikan ha 31 Disyembre 2001:<ref>''List of Districts, Townships, Cities/Towns, Wards, Village Groups and Villages in Union of Myanmar'' published by Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of Union of Myanmar on 31 Disyembre 2001</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Ihap. ! Estado/Rehiyon ! Mga distrito ! Mga munisipyo ! Mga Syudad/<br />Mga Bungto ! Mga Ward ! Mga katitirok<br />hin mga baranggay ! Mga baranggay |- | 1 | [[Kachin nga Estado]] | 4 | 18 | 20 | 116 | 606 | 2630 |- | 2 | [[Kayah nga Estado]] | 2 | 7 | 7 | 29 | 79 | 624 |- | 3 | [[Kayin nga Estado]] | 3 | 7 | 10 | 46 | 376 | 2092 |- | 4 | [[Chin nga Estado]] | 2 | 9 | 9 | 29 | 475 | 1355 |- | 5 | [[Sagaing nga Estado]] | 8 | 37 | 37 | 171 | 1769 | 6095 |- | 6 | [[Tanintharyi nga Rehiyon]] | 3 | 10 | 10 | 63 | 265 | 1255 |- | 7 | [[Bago nga Rehiyon]] | 4 | 28 | 33 | 246 | 1424 | 6498 |- | 8 | [[Magway nga Rehiyon]] | 5 | 25 | 26 | 160 | 1543 | 4774 |- | 9 | [[Mandalay nga Rehiyon]] | 7 | 31 | 29 | 259 | 1611 | 5472 |- | 10 | [[Mon nga Estado]] | 2 | 10 | 11 | 69 | 381 | 1199 |- | 11 | [[Rakhine nga Estado]] | 4 | 17 | 17 | 120 | 1041 | 3871 |- | 12 | [[Yangon nga Rehiyon]] | 4 | 45 | 20 | 685 | 634 | 2119 |- | 13 | [[Shan nga Estado]] | 11 | 54 | 54 | 336 | 1626 | 15513 |- | 14 | [[Ayeyarwady nga Rehiyon]] |6 | 26 | 29 | 219 | 1912 | 11651 |- | | '''Kabug-osan''' | '''63''' | '''324''' | '''312''' | '''2548''' | '''13742''' | '''65148''' |} ==Mga tigaman== {{Mga kasarigan|group=nb}} ==Mga kasarigan== {{Mga kasarigan|30em}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |ref=Lieberman| last= Lieberman | first= Victor B. | title= Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland | date = 2003 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-80496-7}} * {{Cite book |ref=Myint-U| last=Myint-U | first=Thant | title=The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma |url=https://archive.org/details/riveroflostfoots0000than_d0r2| date = 2006 | publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux | isbn=978-0-374-16342-6}} * {{Cite book | last=Charney | first=Michael W. | title=History of Modern Burma | date = 1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * {{Cite book | last= Kemp | first= Hans | title= [Burmese Light, Impressions of the Golden Land] | url= https://archive.org/details/burmeselightimpr0000unse | edition=illustrated with text by Tom Vater | publisher=Visionary World | date = 2013 | isbn=978-9628563708}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085846/http://www.networkmyanmar.org/images/stories/PDF13/aye%20chan%20bwb.pdf "Burma's Western Border as Reported by the Diplomatic Correspondence(1947–1975)"] by Aye Chan {{refend}} {{Commons category|Burma}} {{ASEAN}} {{Timugan nga Asya}} {{Asya}} [[Kaarangay:Myanmar| ]] 4ddijt06to1a0pkq5oz3tdx9ozcn6cj 0 2885754 7783560 7776301 2026-06-06T21:18:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260606)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty |name = Herodes |title = Hadi han Judea |reign = 37 UC– c. 4 UC |coronation = |full name = |image = HerodtheGreat2.jpg |predecessor = |successor = {{plainlist| *[[Herodes Arquelao]] *[[Herodes Antipas]] *[[Felipe nga Tetrarka]] *[[Salome I]]}} |spouse = |spouse 1 = Doris |spouse 2 = [[Mariamne (ikaduha nga asawa ni Herodes)|Mariamne I]] |spouse 3 = [[Mariamne (ikatulo nga asawa ni Herodes)|Mariamne II]] |spouse 4 = [[Malthace]] |spouse 5 = [[Cleopatra han Jerusalem]] |issue = {{plainlist| *[[Antipater (anak ni Herodes nga Harangdon)|Antipater&nbsp;II]] *[[Alejandro, anak ni Herodes|Prinsipe Alejandro]] *[[Aristobulo IV|Prinsipe Aristobulo&nbsp;IV]] *Prinsesa= [[Salampsio]] *[[Herodes&nbsp;II]] *[[Herodes Antipas]] *[[Herodes Arquelao]] *[[Olympias (Herodian)|Olympias nga Herodian]] *Prinsipe Herodes *[[Felipe nga Tetrarka|Felipe]] }} |royal house = |dynasty = [[Herodes nga dinastiya]] |father = [[Antipater nga Idumaeano]] |mother = Cypros |birth_date = c. 74/73 UC |birth_place = |death_date = c. 4 UC |death_place = [[Jericho]], [[Ginhadi-an ni Herodes|Judea]] |burial_date = |burial_place= Posible ha [[Herodium]] |religion = [[Judaismo ha Ikaduha nga Templo]] }} Hi '''Herodes''' ({{efn|Ha Iningles '''Herod''' kaluwás {{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛr|ə|d}}}}; {{hebrew Name|הוֹרְדוֹס|Hordos|Hōreḏōs}}, [[Koine nga Griniyego|Griniyego]]: {{Script|Grek|Ἡρῴδης}}, ''Hērōdēs''; 74/73 UC &ndash; c. 4 UC),<ref name="Marshall 2012">Marshall, Taylor. ''The Eternal City'' (Dallas: St. John, 2012), pp. 35–65.</ref><ref name="Steinmann 2009, pp. 1">Steinmann, Andrew "When Did Herod the Great Reign?", Novum Testamentum, Volume 51, Number 1, 2009, pp. 1–29.</ref><ref name="Steinmann 2011">Steinmann, Andrew. ''From Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology'' (St. Louis: Concordia, 2011), pp. 235–238.</ref><ref name=Filmer>Filmer, W. E. "Chronology of the Reign of Herod the Great", ''[[Journal of Theological Studies]]'' ns 17 (1966), 283–298.</ref><ref name="Perowne 72">{{Cite book|title=Herod the Great|last=Perowne|year=2003|isbn=0 7509 3273 2|location=|pages=72}}</ref><ref>Knoblet, Jerry. ''Herod the Great'' (University Press of America, 2005), p. 179.</ref><ref name="Perowne 75">{{Cite book|title=Herod the Great|last=Perowne|first=Stewart|year=2003|isbn=0 7509 3273 2|location=|pages=75}}</ref><ref name="Perowne 77–79">{{Cite book|title=Herod the Great|last=Perowne|year=2003|isbn=0 7509 3273 2|location=|pages=77–79}}</ref><ref name="Perowne 79–80">{{Cite book|title=Herod the Great|last=Perowne|year=2003|isbn=0 7509 3273 2|location=|pages=79–80}}</ref> nga kilalado gihapon nga '''Herodes nga Harangdon''' ngan '''Herodes I'''{{efn|Ha Iningles '''Herod the Great''' ngan '''Herod I'''}}, usá nga [[Imperyo Romano|Romano]] nga [[kliyente nga estado|kliyente nga hadi]] han [[Judea]],<ref name="Perowne 92–93">{{Cite book|title=Herod the Great|last=Perowne|year=2003|isbn=0 7509 3273 2|location=|pages=92–93}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Peters |first= Francis E. |title= The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, Volume II: The Words and Will of God The Words And Will of God|url= https://archive.org/details/monotheistsjewsc0002fepe | publisher= Princeton University Press| year= 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first1= Aryeh |last1= Kasher |first2= Eliezer |last2= Witztum |others= Translation by Karen Gold |title= King Herod: a persecuted persecutor : a case study in psychohistory and psychobiography | publisher= Walter de Gruyter |year= 2007}}</ref> nga gintawag nga [[Ginhadi-an ni Herodes]]. An kaagi han iya naipabilin nagbulag hin mga opinyon, kay kilalado hiyá tungod han iya dagko nga mga proyekto hin pagtukod ha bug-os nga Judea, upód han iya pagpahaluag han [[Ikaduha nga Templo]] ha [[Jerusalem]] ([[Templo ni Herodes]]), an paghimo han daungan ha [[Cesarea Maritima|Caesarea Maritima]], an fortress han [[Masada]], ngan an [[Herodium]]. An mga importante nga detalye han iya kinabuhi nahitalaan han mga sinurat han syahan nga gatostuig nga AD nga Romano-Hudeo nga historiador nga hi [[Josephus]].<ref name="Schwartz 59-62">{{cite book |last=Schwartz |first=Seth |date=2014 |title=The Ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad |chapter-url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Y6pkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |chapter=Herod to Florus |pp=59–62 |isbn=978-1-107-04127-1}}</ref> Aada gihapon hi Herodes ha Cristohanon nga [[Maupay nga Sumat ni Mateo]] komo hadi han Judea nga nagsugo han [[Pamatay han mga Inosente]] han panahon han [[Pagkatawo ni Jesus|pagkatawo ni Jesus]]. Bisan pa man han iya mga pagkamalinamposon, upod hin paghimo hin nag-uusaan nga bag-o nga aristokrasya tikang hin haros waray,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Shaye|title=Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple|publisher=Prentice Hall Biblical Archeological Society|pages=269}}</ref> nagkaada pa gihapon hiya hin kritisismo tikang hin pipira nga mga historiador. An iya paghadi nagtutunga hin opinyon ha mga iskolar ngan mga historiador, nga diin mayda nagkikita han iya naipabilin nga pagpamatuod hin pagkamalinamposon, ngan mayda liwat iba nga nagkikita hini nga paghinomdom han iya pagkatirano nga paghadi.<ref name="Schwartz 59-62"/> Han kamatay ni Herodes, ginbahinbahin ha mga Romano an iya ginhadi-an ha tulo han iya mga anak nga lalaki ngan han iya bugto nga babaye—hi [[Herodes Arquelao|Arquelao]] nagin [[ethnarko]] han [[Tetrarkiya (Judea)|tetrarkiya han Judea]], hi [[Herodes Antipas]] nagin tetrarka han [[Galilea]] ngan [[Perea (Holy Land)|Peraea]], hi [[Felipe nga Tetrarka|Felipe]] nagin tetrarka han mga teritoryo ha amihan ngan sidlangan han Jordan, ngan hi [[Salome I]] gintagaan hin [[toparkiya]] upod an mga syudad han [[Yavne-Yam|Jabneh]], [[Ashdod-Sea|Ashdod]], ngan [[Phasaelis]]. ==Mga tigaman== {{notelist}} ==Mga pinambasaran== {{reflist}} {{turok}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 70 nga dekada UC]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 4 UC]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Mga tawo ha Bibliya]] 1kv9iud53sqeaucsnxcptju3oxmu9ft 0 2886539 7783565 7643440 2026-06-06T21:37:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260606)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783565 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Madonna 3 by David Shankbone-2.jpg|thumb|right|Hi Madonna]] Hi '''[[Madonna]]''' (natawo Madonna Louise Ciccone Ritchie han 16 Agosto 1958) usa ka nga artista ngan magkaranta han Estados Unidos. ==Mga tampok na pelikula==<!-- Do NOT include guest appearances on documentaries, unless she's directly responsible for the making of them. Please read WP:DIRECTORY --> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |+Key | style="background-color:#FAEB86" |{{dagger|alt=Cameo}} |Cameo |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width="100%" ! scope="col" width="25%" |Titulo ! scope="col" width="5%" |Tuig ! scope="col" |Kredito ! scope="col" |Papel ! scope="col" |(Mga) direktor ! scope="col" |US box office ! scope="col" width="2%" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |{{Sort|Certain|''[[A Certain Sacrifice]]''}} |1985 |Aktres |Bruna |{{sort|Lewicki, Stephen Jon|Stephen Jon Lewicki}} |{{n/a}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="sacrifice" /> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Vision Quest]]'' |1985 |Aktres | style="background:#FAEB86;" |Club singer {{dagger}} |{{sortname|Harold|Becker}} |{{nts|12,993,175|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="vision">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/vision-quest-v52879|title=Vision Quest (1985) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Hal|last=Erickson|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523094935/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/vision-quest-v52879|archivedate=23 Mayo 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=visionquest.htm|title=Vision Quest|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413140639/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=visionquest.htm|archivedate=13 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Desperately Seeking Susan]]'' |1985 |Aktres |Susan Thomas |{{sortname|Susan|Seidelman}} |{{nts|27,398,584|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="susan">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/desperately-seeking-susan-v13417|title=Desperately Seeking Susan (1985) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Brian J.|last=Dillard|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323061948/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/desperately-seeking-susan-v13417|archivedate=23 Marso 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=desperatelyseekingsusan.htm|title=Desperately Seeking Susan|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406192557/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=desperatelyseekingsusan.htm|archivedate=6 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Shanghai Surprise]]'' |1986 |Aktres |{{Sort|Tatlock, Gloria|Gloria Tatlock}} |{{sortname|Jim|Goddard}} |{{nts|2,315,683|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/shanghai-surprise-v44087|title=Shanghai Surprise (1986) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Paul|last=Brenner|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409212922/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/shanghai-surprise-v44087|archivedate=9 Abril 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=shanghaisurprise.htm|title=Shanghai Surprise|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124312/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=shanghaisurprise.htm|archivedate=13 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Who's That Girl (1987 film)|Who's That Girl]]'' |1987 |Aktres |{{Sort|Finn, Nikki|Nikki Finn}} |{{sortname|James|Foley|James Foley (director)}} |{{nts|7,305,209|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="wtg">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/whos-that-girl-v54419|title=Who's That Girl? (1987) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Andrea|last=LeVasseur|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531055610/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/whos-that-girl-v54419|archivedate=31 Mayo 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=whosthatgirl.htm|title=Who's That Girl|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409010209/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=whosthatgirl.htm|archivedate=9 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Bloodhounds of Broadway (1989 film)|Bloodhounds of Broadway]]'' |1989 |Aktres |{{Sort|Hathaway, Hortense|Hortense Hathaway}} |{{Sortname|Howard|Brookner}} |{{nts|43,671|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="bloodhounds">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/bloodhounds-of-broadway-v6176|title=Bloodhounds of Broadway (1989) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Hal|last=Erickson|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410131051/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/bloodhounds-of-broadway-v6176|archivedate=10 Abril 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bloodhoundsofbroadway.htm|title=Bloodhounds of Broadway|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142545/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bloodhoundsofbroadway.htm|archivedate=13 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Dick Tracy (1990 film)|Dick Tracy]]'' |1990 |Aktres |{{Sort|Mahoney, Breathless|[[Breathless Mahoney]]}} |{{Sortname|Warren|Beatty}} |{{nts|103,738,726|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="dick">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/dick-tracy-v13660|title=Dick Tracy (1990) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Mark|last=Deming|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410015050/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/dick-tracy-v13660/|archivedate=10 Abril 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=dicktracy.htm|title=Dick Tracy|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428025956/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=dicktracy.htm|archivedate=28 Abril 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Madonna: Truth or Dare]]'' <small>(aka ''In Bed with Madonna'')</small> |1991 |{{hlist|Appearance|executive producer}} |Bilang siya |{{Sortname|Alek|Keshishian}} |{{nts|15,012,935|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/truth-or-dare-v51182|title=Truth or Dare (1991) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Hal|last=Erickson|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522225001/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/truth-or-dare-v51182|archivedate=22 Mayo 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=truthordare.htm|title=Madonna: Truth or Dare|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406034304/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=truthordare.htm|archivedate=6 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Shadows and Fog]]'' |1991 |Aktres |Marie |{{Sortname|Woody|Allen}} |{{nts|2,735,731|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/shadows-and-fog-v44023|title=Shadows and Fog (1991) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Paul|last=Brenner|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409190614/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/shadows-and-fog-v44023|archivedate=9 Abril 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=shadowsandfog.htm|title=Shadows and Fog|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401053938/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=shadowsandfog.htm|archivedate=1 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |{{sort|League|''[[A League of Their Own]]''}} |1992 |Aktres |{{Sort|Mordabito, Mae|Mae Mordabito}} |{{Sortname|Penny|Marshall}} |{{nts|107,533,928|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="league">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/a-league-of-their-own-v28669|title=A League of Their Own (1992) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Paul|last=Brenner|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521151302/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/a-league-of-their-own-v28669|archivedate=21 Mayo 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=leagueoftheirown.htm|title=A League of Their Own|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411175913/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=leagueoftheirown.htm|archivedate=11 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Body of Evidence (1993 film)|Body of Evidence]]'' |1993 |Aktres |{{Sort|Carlson, Rebecca|Rebecca Carlson}} |{{Sortname|Uli|Edel}} |{{nts|13,273,595|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/body-of-evidence-v6523|title=Body of Evidence (1993) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Paul|last=Brenner|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518023527/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/body-of-evidence-v6523|archivedate=18 Mayo 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="body">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bodyofevidence.htm|title=Body of Evidence|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142542/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bodyofevidence.htm|archivedate=13 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Dangerous Game (1993 film)|Dangerous Game]]'' <small>(aka ''Snake Eyes'')</small> |1993 |Aktres |{{Sort|Jennings, Sarah|Sarah Jennings}} |{{Sortname|Abel|Ferrara}} |{{nts|23,671|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="dangerous">{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/1994-03-18/entertainment/ca-35505_1_dangerous-game|title=MOVIE REVIEW : 'Dangerous Game' a Raw, Compelling Morality Play|first=Kevin|last=Thomas|date=18 Marso 1994|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=12 Abril 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618215712/http://articles.latimes.com/1994-03-18/entertainment/ca-35505_1_dangerous-game|archivedate=18 Hunyo 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=dangerousgame.htm|title=Dangerous Game|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142846/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=dangerousgame.htm|archivedate=13 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Blue in the Face]]'' |1995 |Aktres | style="background:#FAEB86;" |Singing telegram girl {{dagger}} |{{hlist|{{Sortname|Paul|Auster}}|[[Wayne Wang]]}} |{{nts|1,268,636|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/blue-in-the-face-v134319|title=Blue in the Face (1995) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Don|last=Kaye|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625004100/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/blue-in-the-face-v134319|archivedate=25 Hunyo 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=blueintheface.htm|title=Blue in the Face|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144423/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=blueintheface.htm|archivedate=13 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Four Rooms]]'' <small>("The Missing Ingredient" segment)</small> |1995 |Aktres |Elspeth |{{Sortname|Allison|Anders}} |{{nts|4,257,354|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/four-rooms-v135797|title=Four Rooms (1995) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Mark|last=Deming|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410004950/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/four-rooms-v135797|archivedate=10 Abril 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=fourrooms.htm|title=Four Rooms|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408091136/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=fourrooms.htm|archivedate=8 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Girl 6]]'' |1996 |Aktres | style="background:#FAEB86;" |Boss No. 3 {{dagger}} |{{Sortname|Spike|Lee}} |{{nts|4,939,939|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/girl-6-v136042|title=Girl 6 (1996) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Mark|last=Deming|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410010144/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/girl-6-v136042|archivedate=10 Abril 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=girl6.htm|title=Girl 6|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412010231/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=girl6.htm|archivedate=12 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Evita (1996 film)|Evita]]'' |1996 |Aktres |{{Sortname|Eva|Perón}} |{{Sortname|Alan|Parker}} |{{nts|50,047,179|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/evita-v136655|title=Evita (1996) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Clarke|last=Fountain|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423072853/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/evita-v136655|archivedate=23 Abril 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=evita.htm|title=Evita|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808183354/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=evita.htm|archivedate=8 Agosto 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |{{sort|Next|''[[The Next Best Thing]]''}} |2000 |Aktres |{{Sort|Reynolds, Abbie|Abbie Reynolds}} |{{Sortname|John|Schlesinger}} |{{nts|14,990,582|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="TNBT">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-next-best-thing-v184308|title=The Next Best Thing (2000) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Brian J.|last=Dillard|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620191157/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-next-best-thing-v184308|archivedate=20 Hunyo 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="TNBTgross">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=nextbestthing.htm|title=The Next Best Thing|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401091040/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=nextbestthing.htm|archivedate=1 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Swept Away (2002 film)|Swept Away]]'' |2002 |Aktres |{{Sort|Leighton, Amber|Amber Leighton}} |{{Sortname|Guy|Ritchie}} |{{nts|598,645|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="swept">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/swept-away-v266885|title=Swept Away (2002) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Mark|last=Deming|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410001343/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/swept-away-v266885|archivedate=10 Abril 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=sweptaway.htm|title=Swept Away|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405215245/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=sweptaway.htm|archivedate=5 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Die Another Day]]'' |2002 |Aktres | style="background:#FAEB86;" |Verity {{dagger}} |{{Sortname|Lee|Tamahori}} |{{nts|160,942,139|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="DAD">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/die-another-day-v267158|title=Die Another Day (2002) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Mark|last=Deming|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126150607/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/die-another-day-v267158|archivedate=26 Nobyembre 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=dieanotherday.htm|title=Die Another Day|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509222229/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=dieanotherday.htm|archivedate=9 Mayo 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Agent Cody Banks]]'' |2003 |Executive producer |{{n/a}} |{{Sortname|Harald|Zwart}} |{{nts|47,938,330|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/agent-cody-banks-v276066|title=Agent Cody Banks (2003) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Michael|last=Hastings|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409221227/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/agent-cody-banks-v276066|archivedate=9 Abril 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=agentcodybanks.htm|title=Agent Cody Banks|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402043436/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=agentcodybanks.htm|archivedate=2 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London]]'' |2004 |Executive producer |{{n/a}} |{{Sort|Allen, Kevin|[[Kevin Allen (actor)|Kevin Allen]]}} |{{nts|23,630,159|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/agent-cody-banks-2-destination-london-v290199|title=Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London (2004) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Mark|last=Deming|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805093543/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/agent-cody-banks-2-destination-london-v290199|archivedate=5 Agosto 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=agentcodybanks2.htm|title=Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/697Pdtrlg?url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=agentcodybanks2.htm|archivedate=13 Hulyo 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[I'm Going to Tell You a Secret]]'' |2005 |{{hlist|Appearance|executive producer}} |Bilang siya |{{sort|Akerlund|[[Jonas Åkerlund]]}} |{{n/a}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/im-going-to-tell-you-a-secret-v337827|title=I'm Going to Tell You a Secret (2005) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806102122/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/im-going-to-tell-you-a-secret-v337827|archivedate=6 Agosto 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Arthur and the Invisibles]]'' |2006 |Aktres ([[Voice acting|voice]]) |Princess Selenia |{{Sortname|Luc|Besson}} |{{nts|15,132,763|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/arthur-and-the-invisibles-v327356|title=Arthur and the Invisibles (2006) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Jason|last=Buchanan|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423111602/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/arthur-and-the-invisibles-v327356|archivedate=23 Abril 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=arthurandtheinvisibles.htm|title=Arthur and the Invisibles|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331190448/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=arthurandtheinvisibles.htm|archivedate=31 Marso 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Filth and Wisdom]]'' |2008 |{{hlist|Director|executive producer|screenwriter}} |{{n/a}} |Madonna |{{nts|22,406|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="filth">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/filth-and-wisdom-v431671|title=Filth and Wisdom (2008) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Mark|last=Deming|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521223320/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/filth-and-wisdom-v431671|archivedate=21 Mayo 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=filthandwisdom.htm|title=Filth and Wisdom|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304005248/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=filthandwisdom.htm|archivedate=4 Marso 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[I Am Because We Are]]'' |2008 |{{hlist|Appearance|narrator|producer|screenwriter}} |Bilang siya |{{Sort|Rissman, Nathan|Nathan Rissman}} |{{n/a}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="IABWA">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/i-am-because-we-are-v447110|title=I Am Because We Are (2008) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Mark|last=Deming|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804144431/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/i-am-because-we-are-v447110|archivedate=4 Agosto 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[W.E.]]'' |2011 |{{hlist|Director|producer|screenwriter}} |{{n/a}} |Madonna |{{nts|583,455|prefix=$}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="we">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/we-v542630|title=W.E. (2011) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast|first=Jason|last=Buchanan|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=29 Marso 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608081532/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/we-v542630|archivedate=8 Hunyo 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="wegross">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=wemadonna.htm|title=W.E.|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=11 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403083612/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=wemadonna.htm|archivedate=3 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |} ==Maikling pelikula== {{for|the music videos|Madonna videography}} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width="100%" ! scope="col" width="25%" |Titulo ! scope="col" width="5%" |Tuig ! scope="col" |Kredito ! scope="col" |Papel ! scope="col" |(Mga) direktor ! scope="col" |Medyum ! scope="col" width="2%" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |{{sort|Making|''[[Sex (book)|The Making of Sex]]''}} |1992 |{{hlist|Appearance|executive producer}} |Bilang siya |{{Sortname|Fabien|Baron}} |[[VHS]] | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media notes|title=[[Sex (book)|The Making of Sex]]|others=[[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]| date = 1992|first=Fabien|last=Baron|authorlink=Fabien Baron|type=Promo [[VHS]]|publisher=[[Maverick Films|Maverick Picture Company]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |{{sort|Hire|''[[The Hire#Star|The Hire: Star]]''}} |2001 |Aktres |Superstar |{{Sort|Ritchie, Guy|Guy Ritchie}} |Internet | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="bmw">{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Business/story?id=88102|title=Ritchie Directs Wife Madonna in Cyber Film|first=Mark|last=Baumgartner|publisher=[[ABC News]]|date=8 Hunyo 2001|accessdate=31 Marso 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Confessions on a Dance Floor#Promotion|Confessions on a Promo Tour]]'' |2005 |Appearance |Bilang siya |{{Sort|Cadan, David|David Cadan}} |[[AOL]] | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mad.tv/news/new.php?id=19709|title=Confessions On A London Dance Floor|language=Greek|date=15 Nobyembre 2005|publisher=[[MAD TV (Greece)|MAD TV]]|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331040601/http://www.mad.tv/news/new.php?id=19709|archivedate=31 Marso 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Confessions Tour|Confessions Tour: Behind the Scenes]]'' |2006 |Appearance |Aktres |{{Sort|Rissman, Nathan|Nathan Rissman}} |[[DVD]] | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media notes|title=[[The Confessions Tour]]|others=[[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]| date = 2007|type=DVD+CD|publisher=[[Warner Bros. Records]]|id=44489-2}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Sticky & Sweet Tour (album)|Sticky & Sweet Tour: Behind the Scenes]]'' |2010 |Appearance |Bilang siya |{{Sort|Rissman, Nathan|Nathan Rissman}} |DVD | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media notes|title=[[Sticky & Sweet Tour (album)|Sticky & Sweet Tour]]|others=[[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]| date = 2010|type=CD+DVD|publisher=[[Warner Bros. Records]]|id=521138-2}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[The MDNA Tour|Inside the DNA of MDNA]]'' |2012 |Appearance |Bilang siya |{{Sort|Sennour, Stéphane|Stéphane Sennour}} |[[YouTube]] | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsroom.mtv.com/2012/07/10/madonna-takes-us-inside-the-dna-of-mdna-in-new-behind-the-tour-clip/|title=Madonna Takes Us 'Inside The DNA Of MDNA' In New Behind-The-Tour Clip|first=Zachary|last=Swickey|publisher=[[MTV News]]|date=10 Hulyo 2012|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413141818/http://newsroom.mtv.com/2012/07/10/madonna-takes-us-inside-the-dna-of-mdna-in-new-behind-the-tour-clip/|archivedate=13 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[secretprojectrevolution]]'' |2013 |{{hlist|Actress|director|producer|screenwriter}} |{{unknown}} |{{hlist|Madonna|[[Steven Klein (photographer)|Steven Klein]]}} |[[BitTorrent]] | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="secret">{{cite web|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/house/2013/24/radical-chic-madonna-unveils-short-film-secretprojectrevolution|title=Radical Chic: Madonna Unveils Short Film secretprojectrevolution|first=Sal|last=Cinquemani|work=[[Slant Magazine]]|date=24 Septyembre 2013|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201223935/http://www.slantmagazine.com/house/2013/24/radical-chic-madonna-unveils-short-film-secretprojectrevolution|archivedate=1 Pebrero 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Qandeel Baloch: A Very Short Story'' |2016 |Tagasalaysay |{{n/a}} |[[Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy]] |[[YouTube]] | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://community.globalcitizen.org/post/qandeel-baloch-a-very-short-story|title=Qandeel Baloch: A Very Short Story|work=[[Global Poverty Project]]|publisher=[[Global Citizen Festival|Global Citizen]]|date=28 Septyembre 2016|accessdate=11 Oktubre 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012092506/https://community.globalcitizen.org/post/qandeel-baloch-a-very-short-story|archivedate=12 Oktubre 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Her-Story'' |2017 |Aktres |{{unknown}} |Luigi & Iango |Internet | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/see-madonnas-stylish-international-womens-day-short-film-w471211|title=See Madonna's Stylish International Women's Day Short Film|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=8 Marso 2017|accessdate=11 Marso 2017|last=Legaspi|first=Althea|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311200320/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/see-madonnas-stylish-international-womens-day-short-film-w471211|archivedate=11 Marso 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Madame X (album)|World of Madame X]]'' |2019 |Appearance |Bilang siya |Nuno Xico |[[Amazon Prime]] | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Madonna-World-Madame-X/dp/B07TKNVM1V/|title=Madonna - World Of Madame X|publisher=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|accessdate=30 Hunyo 2019}}</ref> |} ==Mga dulang pang-entablado== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width="100%" ! scope="col" width="25%" |Titulo ! scope="col" width="5%" |Tuig ! scope="col" |Papel ! scope="col" |Kompositor ! scope="col" |Entablado ! scope="col" width="2%" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |''Goose and Tom-Tom'' |1986 |Lorraine |{{Sortname|David|Rabe}} |[[Vivian Beaumont Theater|Lincoln Center Theater]] | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="goose">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/19/theater/a-revival-that-may-not-revive.html|title=A Revival That May Not Revive|first=Dena|last=Kleiman|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=19 Agosto 1986|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417114418/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/19/theater/a-revival-that-may-not-revive.html|archivedate=17 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Speed-the-Plow]]'' |1988 |Karen |{{Sortname|David|Mamet}} |[[Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre|Royale Theatre]] | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.philly.com/1988-05-04/news/26259168_1_bobby-gould-bobby-hands-glengarry-glen-ross|title='Speed-the-plow' Opens On Broadway Laughs Come Quickly In New Mamet Play|first=Nels|last=Nelson|publisher=[[Philadelphia Media Network]]|date=4 Mayo 1988|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061814/http://articles.philly.com/1988-05-04/news/26259168_1_bobby-gould-bobby-hands-glengarry-glen-ross|archivedate=4 Marso 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Up for Grabs (play)|Up for Grabs]]'' |2002 |Loren |{{Sortname|David|Williamson}} |[[Wyndham's Theatre]] | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2002/may/24/theatre.artsfeatures2|title=Up for Grabs, Wyndham's Theatre, London|first=Michael|last=Billington|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=24 Mayo 2002|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216191855/http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2002/may/24/theatre.artsfeatures2|archivedate=16 Disyembre 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |} ==Telebisyon==<!-- Do NOT include guest appearances on talk shows, news programs, or music performances. Please read WP:DIRECTORY --> {{for|the televised music performances|List of Madonna live performances}} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width="100%" ! scope="col" width="25%" |Titulo ! scope="col" width="5%" |Tuig ! scope="col" |Episode ! scope="col" |Kredito ! scope="col" |Papel ! scope="col" |Kompositor ! scope="col" width="2%" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |''[[Saturday Night Live (season 11)|Saturday Night Live]]'' |1985 |"Madonna/[[Simple Minds]]" (Season 11, Episode 1) |Aktres |{{hlist|Host (Herself)|various sketches}} |{{Sortname|Lorne|Michaels}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/briangalindo/11-rare-photos-of-madonna-hosting-snl|title=11 Rare Photos Of Madonna Hosting "SNL"|first=Brian|last=Galindo|publisher=[[BuzzFeed]]|date=5 Agosto 2013|accessdate=6 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503122435/http://www.buzzfeed.com/briangalindo/11-rare-photos-of-madonna-hosting-snl|archivedate=3 Mayo 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Saturday Night Live (season 12)|Saturday Night Live]]'' |1986 |"[[Sigourney Weaver]]/[[Buster Poindexter]]" (Season 12, Episode 1) |Aktres |Herself (opening intro) |{{Sort|Michaels, Lorne|Lorne Michaels}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ovguide.com/tv_episode/saturday-night-live-season-12-episode-1-sigourney-weaverbuster-poindexter-185565|title=Watch Saturday Night Live Season 12 Episode 1 S12E1 Sigourney Weaver/Buster Poindexter|publisher=[[OVGuide]]|accessdate=6 Abril 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143747/http://www.ovguide.com/tv_episode/saturday-night-live-season-12-episode-1-sigourney-weaverbuster-poindexter-185565|archivedate=13 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Saturday Night Live (season 16)|Saturday Night Live]]'' |1991 |"[[Delta Burke]]/[[Chris Isaak]]" (Season 16, Episode 19) |Aktres |Herself ("[[Wayne's World]]" sketch) |{{Sort|Michaels, Lorne|Lorne Michaels}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ovguide.com/tv_episode/saturday-night-live-season-16-episode-19-delta-burkechris-isaak-185656|title=Watch Saturday Night Live Season 16 Episode 19 S16E19 Delta Burke/Chris Isaak|publisher=OVGuide|accessdate=6 Abril 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143744/http://www.ovguide.com/tv_episode/saturday-night-live-season-16-episode-19-delta-burkechris-isaak-185656|archivedate=13 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Saturday Night Live (season 17)|Saturday Night Live]]'' |1992 |"[[Roseanne Barr|Roseanne]] & [[Tom Arnold (actor)|Tom Arnold]]/[[Red Hot Chili Peppers]]" (Season 17, Episode 14) |Aktres |{{Sort|Rosenberg, Liz|Liz Rosenberg}} ("Coffee Talk" sketch) |{{Sort|Michaels, Lorne|Lorne Michaels}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/saturday-night-live-1992/episode-14-season-17/roseanne-and-tom-arnold-red-hot-chili-peppers/100385|title=Saturday Night Live Episode: "Roseanne and Tom Arnold; Red Hot Chili Peppers"|work=[[TV Guide]]|accessdate=6 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150110/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/saturday-night-live-1992/episode-14-season-17/roseanne-and-tom-arnold-red-hot-chili-peppers/100385|archivedate=13 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Saturday Night Live (season 18)|Saturday Night Live]]'' |1993 |"[[Harvey Keitel]]/Madonna" (Season 18, Episode 11) |Aktres |{{hlist|{{Sortname|Marilyn|Monroe}} (opening intro)|Musical Guest (Herself)}} |{{Sort|Michaels, Lorne|Lorne Michaels}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/season-18/episode/11-harvey-keitel-with-madonna-63801|title=SNL Season 18 Episode 11|publisher=NBC|accessdate=16 Enero 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Will & Grace]]'' |2003 |"[[Dolls and Dolls]]" |Aktres |Liz |{{hlist|{{Sortname|David|Kohan}}|[[Max Mutchnick]]}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="dolls">{{harvnb|Marshall|2008|p=115}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''30 Days Until I'm Famous'' |2004 |[[Television film]] |Executive producer |{{n/a}} |{{Sort|Tagliavini, Gabriela|Gabriela Tagliavini}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/carmen-electra-sean-patrick-flanery-camille-guaty-mindy-sterling-and-scott-stapp-star-in-30-days-until-im-famous-premiering-friday-may-7-at-9-pm-on-vh1-72721297.html|title=Carmen Electra, Sean Patrick Flanery, Camille Guaty, Mindy Sterling and Scott Stapp Star in '30 Days Until I'm Famous' Premiering Friday, May 7 at 9 PM* on VH1|agency=[[PR Newswire]]|date=28 Abril 2004|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413205433/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/carmen-electra-sean-patrick-flanery-camille-guaty-mindy-sterling-and-scott-stapp-star-in-30-days-until-im-famous-premiering-friday-may-7-at-9-pm-on-vh1-72721297.html|archivedate=13 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Alyx'' |2008 |Television film |Executive producer |{{n/a}} |{{hlist|{{Sort|Bredeweg, Brad|Brad Bredeweg}}|[[Amber J Lawson]]}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2002/music/news/abc-sokoloff-harmonize-music-skein-1117876888/|title=ABC, Sokoloff harmonize music skein|first=Melissa|last=Grego|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=3 Disyembre 2002|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304220955/http://variety.com/2002/music/news/abc-sokoloff-harmonize-music-skein-1117876888/|archivedate=4 Marso 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Saturday Night Live (season 35)|Saturday Night Live]]'' |2009 |"[[Ryan Reynolds]]/[[Lady Gaga]]" (Season 35, Episode 2) |Aktres |Herself ("Deep House Dish" sketch) |{{Sort|Michaels, Lorne|Lorne Michaels}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/tvclub/saturday-night-live-ryan-reynoldslady-gaga-33665|title=Saturday Night Live: "Ryan Reynolds/Lady Gaga"|first=Nathan|last=Rabin|date=4 Oktubre 2009|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|accessdate=6 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413140946/http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/saturday-night-live-ryan-reynoldslady-gaga-33665|archivedate=13 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Saturday Night Live (season 39)|Saturday Night Live]]'' |2013 |"[[Jimmy Fallon]]/[[Justin Timberlake]]" (Season 39, Episode 10) |Aktres |Herself ("The Barry Gibb Talk Show" sketch) |{{Sort|Michaels, Lorne|Lorne Michaels}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/23/madonna-barry-gibb-talk-show-snl_n_4492537.html|title='The Barry Gibb Talk Show' Returns To 'SNL' With A Very YOLO Madonna Cameo|first=Ross|last=Luippold|date=23 Disyembre 2013|work=[[HuffPost]]|accessdate=6 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229130104/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/23/madonna-barry-gibb-talk-show-snl_n_4492537.html|archivedate=29 Disyembre 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |} ==Mga patalastas== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width="100%" ! scope="col" width="20%" |Kompanya ! scope="col" width="7%" |Tuig ! scope="col" |Ibinebenta ! scope="col" |Titulo ! scope="col" |(Mga) direktor ! scope="col" width="20%" |Theme song(s) ! scope="col" |Rehiyon ! scope="col" width="2%" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Mitsubishi]] |1986–87 |Hi-Fi systems/VHS recorders |{{n/a}} |{{unknown}} |{{hlist|"[[True Blue (Madonna song)|True Blue]]"|"[[La Isla Bonita]]"|"[[Causing a Commotion]]"|"[[Spotlight (Madonna song)|Spotlight]]"}} |Japan | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="mooney">{{harvnb|Mooney|2000|p=33}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Pepsi|Pepsi-Cola]] |1989 |Soft drink beverage |"[[Like a Prayer (song)#Pepsi commercial|Make a Wish]]" |{{Sortname|Joe|Pytka}} |"[[Like a Prayer (song)|Like a Prayer]]" |International | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{harvnb|Drucker|Cathcart|1994|p=212}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Rock the Vote]] |1990 |[[United States elections, 1990]] |{{n/a}} |{{Sort|Greif, Paula|Paula Greif}} |"[[Vogue (Madonna song)|Vogue]]" |United States | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.ca.msn.com/music/photos/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=25585289&page=5|title=Madonna 'Rock The Vote'|first=Karen|last=Bliss|first2=Christine|last2=Clarke|publisher=[[MSN]]|date=15 Septyembre 2010|accessdate=6 Abril 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155459/http://entertainment.ca.msn.com/music/photos/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=25585289&page=5|archivedate=13 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Takara Holdings|Takara Shuzo]] |1995 |Shochu rice beverage |{{n/a}} |{{unknown}} |"Broken" (unreleased Madonna song) |Japan | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-61117913|title=THE WARRIOR QUEEN; Madonna's a Battling Star in Japan Ads|last=Rockett|first=Karen|work=[[Sunday Mirror]]|date=17 Agosto 1997|accessdate=6 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all|archive-date=2023-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207191600/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia|url-status=}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Max Factor]] |1999 |Cosmetics |"Max Factor Gold" |{{Sortname|Steven|Meisel}} |"[[Ray of Light (song)|Ray of Light]]" |International | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.highbeam.com/3972/article-1G1-57119711/madonna-40-new-face-max-factor|title=Madonna at 40: The new face of Max Factor|last=Sullivan|first=Paul|work=[[Boston Herald]]|date=27 Abril 1999|accessdate=6 Abril 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309182244/https://business.highbeam.com/3972/article-1G1-57119711/madonna-40-new-face-max-factor|archivedate=9 Marso 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[BMW]] |2001 |Automobiles |"[[The Hire#Star|Star]]" |{{Sort|Ritchie, Guy|Guy Ritchie}} |"[[Song 2]]" by [[Blur (band)|Blur]] |International | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="bmw" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Gap Inc.|Gap]] |2003 |Clothing |"A New Groove, A New Jean" |{{Sortname|Paul|Hunter|Paul Hunter (director)}} |"[[Hollywood (Madonna song)#Remixes|Into the Hollywood Groove]]" |International | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Madonna+and+Missy+Elliott+Get+Into+the+Groove+in+New+Gap+TV+Spots%3B...-a0131678448|title=Madonna and Missy Elliott Get Into the Groove in New Gap TV Spots; Musical Icons Create Original Song and Star in Campaign Debuting July 30|agency=PR Newswire|date=27 Hulyo 2003|accessdate=6 Abril 2014|archive-date=13 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413160029/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Madonna+and+Missy+Elliott+Get+Into+the+Groove+in+New+Gap+TV+Spots%3B...-a0131678448|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Estée Lauder Companies|Estée Lauder]] |2003 |Fragrance |"Beyond Paradise" |{{Sortname|Luc|Besson}} |"[[Love Profusion]]" |International | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="vogue2">{{cite news|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2003/08/15/madonna-sings-for-estee-lauder|title=Madonna Sings For Estee Lauder|date=15 Agosto 2003|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2013|work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226004903/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2003/08/15/madonna-sings-for-estee-lauder|archivedate=26 Pebrero 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Radio ZET]] |2004 |Radio station |{{n/a}} |{{Sortname|Tomasz|Konecki}} |"[[Music (Madonna song)|Music]]" |Poland | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/madonna-wybrala-radio-zet|title=Madonna wybrała Radio Zet|date=6 Septyembre 2004|accessdate=14 Agosto 2016|language=Polish|trans-title=Madonna has chosen Radio Zet|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917133013/http://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/madonna-wybrala-radio-zet|archivedate=17 Septyembre 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Motorola]] |2005 |Motorola ROKR E1 with [[iTunes]] phone |"Phone Booth" |{{Sortname|Jesse|Dylan}} |"[[Hung Up]]" |International | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/glittering-line-up-of-music-stars-in-new-motorola-rokr-advertising-campaign-54820112.html|title=Glittering Line-Up of Music Stars in New Motorola ROKR Advertising Campaign|agency=PR Newswire|date=8 Septyembre 2005|accessdate=6 Abril 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413205443/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/glittering-line-up-of-music-stars-in-new-motorola-rokr-advertising-campaign-54820112.html|archivedate=13 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[H&M]] |2007 |Clothing range |"[[Madonna fashion brands#M by Madonna|M by Madonna]]" |{{hlist|Madonna|Dan Cadan}} |"Purdy" by [[William Orbit]] |International | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culturepub.fr/videos/h-m-m-by-madonna|title=H&M: M by Madonna|language=French|work=Culture Pub|publisher=CBTV|accessdate=6 Abril 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150257/http://www.culturepub.fr/videos/h-m-m-by-madonna|archivedate=13 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |Brillia Mare Ariake |2007 |Apartment complex |{{n/a}} |{{Sort|Klein, Steven|Steven Klein}} |{{n/a}} |Japan | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tv.com/news/mp3-news-breakers-madonna-diddy-nin-beyonce-urban-love-8512/|title=MP3 News Breakers: Madonna, Diddy, NIN, Beyonce, Urban, Love|first=Jim|last=Welte|publisher=[[TV.com]]|date=2 Pebrero 2007|accessdate=6 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144916/http://www.tv.com/news/mp3-news-breakers-madonna-diddy-nin-beyonce-urban-love-8512/|archivedate=13 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Sunsilk]] |2008 |Hair care products |"Life Can't Wait" |{{Sort|Malik, Adnan|Adnan Malik}} |{{hlist|"[[Ray of Light (song)|Ray of Light]]"|"[[4 Minutes]]"}} |International | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amp.com.pk/2012/03/sunsilk-life-cant-wait/|title=Sunsilk 'Life Can't Wait'|publisher=Adnan Malik Productions|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143126/http://www.amp.com.pk/2012/03/sunsilk-life-cant-wait/|archivedate=13 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Dolce & Gabbana]] |2010 |MDG Sunglasses |{{n/a}} |{{Sort|Klein, Steven|Steven Klein}} |"[[Revolver (song)|Revolver]]" |Internet | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nymag.com/thecut/2010/03/madonnas_putting_her_name_on_d.html|title=Madonna’s Putting Her Name on Dolce & Gabbana Sunglasses|first=Amy|last=Odell|date=15 Marso 2010|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|accessdate=6 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144409/http://nymag.com/thecut/2010/03/madonnas_putting_her_name_on_d.html|archivedate=13 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Truth or Dare by Madonna]] |2012 |Fragrance |{{n/a}} |[[Mert and Marcus]] |"[[Girl Gone Wild]]" <small>([[Offer Nissim]] Remix)</small> |International | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.harpersbazaar.com.au/news/beauty-insider/2012/4/watch-madonnas-controversial-commercial-for-her-new-fragrance-truth-or-dare/|title=Watch: Madonna's controversial commercial for her new fragrance Truth or Dare|first=Hannah-Rose|last=Yee|work=[[Harper's Bazaar]]|date=2 Abril 2012|accessdate=6 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142907/http://www.harpersbazaar.com.au/news/beauty-insider/2012/4/watch-madonnas-controversial-commercial-for-her-new-fragrance-truth-or-dare/|archivedate=13 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Madonna fashion brands#MDNA Skin|MDNA Skin]] |2014 |Skin Care Products |"Madonna Introduces MDNA Skin" |Nuno Xico |{{n/a}} |United States | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/523567/madonna-grows-long-armpit-hair-accentuates-cleavage-in-a-lacy-corset-and-introduces-mdna-skin|title=Madonna Grows 'Long' Armpit Hair, Accentuates Cleavage in a Lacy Corset and Introduces MDNA Skin|first=Zach|last=Johnson|publisher=[[E!]]|date=21 Marso 2014|accessdate=16 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416182823/http://www.eonline.com/news/523567/madonna-grows-long-armpit-hair-accentuates-cleavage-in-a-lacy-corset-and-introduces-mdna-skin|archivedate=16 Abril 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- |} ==Mga kasarigan== {{reflist|2}} === Mga kasarigan nga libro === * {{cite book|last=Drucker|first=Susan J.|last2=Cathcart|first2=Robert S.|title=American Heroes in a Media Age| date = 1994|publisher=VNR AG|isbn=978-1-881303-19-0|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Marshall|first=Corinne|title=The Q Guide to Will & Grace|url=https://archive.org/details/qguidetowillgrac0000mars| date = 2008|publisher=[[Alyson Books]]|isbn=978-1-59350-083-2|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Mooney|first=Sean|title=5,110 Days in Tokyo and Everything's Hunky-dory: The Marketer's Guide to Advertising in Japan|url=https://archive.org/details/5110daysintokyoe0000moon| date = 2000|isbn=978-1-56720-361-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Morton|first=Andrew|title=[[Madonna (book)|Madonna]]| date = 2002|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]]|isbn=978-0-312-98310-9|authorlink=Andrew Morton (writer)|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Taraborrelli|first=Randy J.|authorlink=J. Randy Taraborrelli|title=[[Madonna: An Intimate Biography]]|publisher=Simon & Schuster| date = 2002|isbn=978-0-7432-2709-4|ref=harv}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140418165657/http://madonna.com/film/ Madonna Films] at Madonna.com * {{AllRovi person|100711|Madonna}} * {{IMDb name|187|Madonna}} 17xh9skk0czev38anl326zu6p2wqslv