Wikipedia warwiki https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syahan_nga_Pakli MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.8 first-letter Medya Pinaurog Hiruhimangraw Gumaramit Hiruhimangaw hiton gumaramit Wikipedia Hiruhimangraw hiton Wikipedia Paypay Hiruhimangraw hiton paypay MedyaWiki Hiruhimangraw hiton MedyaWiki Batakan Hiruhimangraw hiton batakan Bulig Hiruhimangaw hiton bulig Kaarangay Hiruhimangraw hiton kaarangay TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 15 7783735 7782920 2026-06-25T09:44:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783735 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float: right; width: 300px; background-color: #DEF; margin: 0px 0px 1em 1em;"><div style="padding: 0.5em;">''Inin nga artikulo mahitungod han lalawigan o probinsya. Para hin impormasyon mahitungod han isla pakadto han artikulo nga [[Leyte]]. Para hin impormasyon mahitungod han bungto, pakadto ha [[Leyte, Leyte]].''</div></div> {{Infobox probinsya Pilipinas| ngaran = Probinsya han Leyte<br />Lalawigan han Leyte | sealfile = [[File:Ph_seal_leyte.png]] | rehiyon = [[Sinirangan nga Kabisay-an]] (Rehiyon VIII) | kapital = [[Syudad han Tacloban]] | gintukod = c. [[1500]]s ug [[Marso 10]], [[1917]] | pop2000 = 1,592,336 | pop2000ranggo = ika-14 nga gidako-i| popden2000 = 279 | popden2000ranggo = ika-24 nga gihataasi| kahaluagkm2 = 5,712.8 | kahaluagranggo = ika-12 nga gidako-i| dagkosyudad = 0 | mga syudad = 2 | mga bungto = 41 | mga baranggay = 1,641 | mga distrito = 5 | mga yinaknan = [[Winaray]], [[Sinugboanon|Sinugboanon (Cebuano)]] | gobernador = Jericho Petilla | locatormapfile= [[File:Ph_locator_map_leyte.png]] }} An '''Leyte''' usa nga [[lalawigan Pilipinhon|lalawigan]] han [[Pilipinas]] nga nahimutang ha [[Mga Rehiyon han Pilipinas|rehiyon]] han [[Sinirangan nga Kabisay-an]]. An kapital han probinsya amo an [[Syudad han Tacloban]] ngan nalalakip han probinsya an tulo nga ika-upat nga amihanan nga bahin han isla han [[Leyte]]. An Leyte nahamutang ha katundan han [[Lalawigan han Samar]], ha amihanan han [[Southern Leyte]] ngan ha habagatan o salatan han [[Biliran]]. Ha katundan han Leyte ha tabok han [[Dagat han Camotes]] mabibilngan an isla ngan probinsya han [[Sugbo]]. == Katawhan ngan Kultura == Duha an yinaknan ha lalawigan han Leyte. Ha amihanan nga sidlangan han lalawigan, Binisaya nga [[Winaray]] an lumad nga yinaknan, samtang ha katundan ngan salatan han lalawigan, Binisaya nga [[Sinugboanon]] an ira yinaknan. An mga Sugboanon ha Leyte tinatawag liwat nga Kana. === Mga Bungto ngan Syudad Waraynon === <table border="0"><tr> <td valign="top"> * [[Abuyog, Leyte|Abuyog]] * [[Alangalang, Leyte|Alangalang]] * [[Babatngon, Leyte|Babatngon]] * [[Barugo, Leyte|Barugo]] * [[Burauen, Leyte|Burauen]] * [[Capoocan, Leyte|Capoocan]] * [[Carigara, Leyte|Carigara]] * [[Dagami, Leyte|Dagami]] * [[Dulag, Leyte|Dulag]] * [[Jaro, Leyte|Jaro]] * [[Javier, Leyte|Javier]] * [[Julita, Leyte|Julita]] * [[La Paz, Leyte|La Paz]] </td><td valign="top"> * [[Leyte, Leyte|Leyte]] * [[Macarthur, Leyte|Macarthur]] * [[Mahaplag, Leyte|Mahaplag]] (?) * [[Mayorga, Leyte|Mayorga]] * [[Palo, Leyte|Palo]] * [[Pastrana, Leyte|Pastrana]] * [[San Miguel, Leyte|San Miguel]] * [[Santa Fe, Leyte|Sta. Fe]] * [[Tabontabon, Leyte|Tabontabon]] * [[Syudad han Tacloban]] * [[Tanauan, Leyte|Tanauan]] * [[Tolosa, Leyte|Tolosa]] * [[Tunga, Leyte|Tunga]] </td></tr></table> === Mga Bungto ngan Syudad nga Kana/Sugboanon === <table border="0"><tr> <td valign="top"> * [[Albuera, Leyte|Albuera]] * [[Bato, Leyte|Bato]] * [[Baybay, Leyte|Baybay]] * [[Calubian, Leyte|Calubian]] * [[Hilongos, Leyte|Hilongos]] * [[Hindang, Leyte|Hindang]] * [[Inopacan, Leyte|Inopacan]] * [[Isabel, Leyte|Isabel]] * [[Kananga, Leyte|Kananga]] </td><td valign="top"> * [[Mahaplag, Leyte|Mahaplag]] (?) * [[Matag-ob, Leyte|Matag-ob]] * [[Matalom, Leyte|Matalom]] * [[Merida, Leyte|Merida]] * [[Syudad han Ormoc]] * [[Palompon, Leyte|Palompon]] * [[San Isidro, Leyte|San Isidro]] * [[Tabango, Leyte|Tabango]] * [[Villaba, Leyte|Villaba]] </td></tr></table> == Ekonomiya == Agrikultura an importante nga bahin han ekonomiya. Humay an gin-uuma labi na ha mga patag nga bahin han lalawigan, ha mga napalibot han Tacloban, samtang an pag-uma hin mga lubi, para hin coconut oil, amo iton masurong nga pagpakabuhi ha mga kabugkiran. An panagat o pangisda dako liwat nga pagpakabuhi han mga taga-Leyte. == Heyograpiya == === Politikal === Kap-atan kag usa (41) an mga [[bungto Pilipinhon|bungto]] ngan duha (2) an mga [[Mga Syudad han Pilipinas|syudad]]. An Syudad han Ormoc ''independent component city'' (o naglulugaring nga nalalakip nga syudad) han Leyte. Naglulugaring an panggobiernohan han Ormoc tikang han probinsya ngan diri hira upod han mga pinili-ay han mga opisyales han probinsya. ==== Mga Syudad ==== * [[Syudad han Ormoc]] * [[Syudad han Tacloban]] ==== Mga Bungto ==== <table border="0"><tr> <td valign="top"> * [[Abuyog, Leyte|Abuyog]] * [[Alangalang, Leyte|Alangalang]] * [[Albuera, Leyte|Albuera]] * [[Babatngon, Leyte|Babatngon]] * [[Barugo, Leyte|Barugo]] * [[Bato, Leyte|Bato]] * [[Baybay, Leyte|Baybay]] * [[Burauen, Leyte|Burauen]] * [[Calubian, Leyte|Calubian]] * [[Capoocan, Leyte|Capoocan]] * [[Carigara, Leyte|Carigara]] * [[Dagami, Leyte|Dagami]] * [[Dulag, Leyte|Dulag]] * [[Hilongos, Leyte|Hilongos]] * [[Hindang, Leyte|Hindang]] * [[Inopacan, Leyte|Inopacan]] * [[Isabel, Leyte|Isabel]] * [[Jaro, Leyte|Jaro]] * [[Javier, Leyte|Javier]] (Bugho) * [[Julita, Leyte|Julita]] * [[Kananga, Leyte|Kananga]] </td><td valign="top"> * [[La Paz, Leyte|La Paz]] * [[Leyte, Leyte|Leyte]] * [[Macarthur, Leyte|Macarthur]] * [[Mahaplag, Leyte|Mahaplag]] * [[Matag-ob, Leyte|Matag-ob]] * [[Matalom, Leyte|Matalom]] * [[Mayorga, Leyte|Mayorga]] * [[Merida, Leyte|Merida]] * [[Palo, Leyte|Palo]] * [[Palompon, Leyte|Palompon]] * [[Pastrana, Leyte|Pastrana]] * [[San Isidro, Leyte|San Isidro]] * [[San Miguel, Leyte|San Miguel]] * [[Santa Fe, Leyte|Santa Fe]] * [[Tabango, Leyte|Tabango]] * [[Tabontabon, Leyte|Tabontabon]] * [[Tanauan, Leyte|Tanauan]] * [[Tolosa, Leyte|Tolosa]] * [[Tunga, Leyte|Tunga]] * [[Villaba, Leyte|Villaba]] </td></tr></table> === Pisical === == Kasaysayan == == Kitaa Gihapon == * [[Gobernador han Leyte]] == Mga Sumpay ha Gawas == * [http://www.leyte.org.ph/ Opisyal nga Website han Probinsya han Leyte]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808135839/http://www.leyte.org.ph/ |date=2008-08-08 }} {{Leyte}} {{Sinirangan Bisayas}} [[Kaarangay:Probinsya han Pilipinas]] [[Kaarangay:Leyte (lalawigan)]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Waraynon nga lalawigan|Leyte]] [[Kaarangay:Probinsya hin Sinirangan nga Kabisay-an]] [[Kaarangay:Probinsya hin Kabisay-an]] [[Kaarangay:Kalibutan Waraynon]] avkkyoiqfrca47y6kc0knwmfywt8kht 0 3593 7783714 7611394 2026-06-24T19:19:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783714 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|thumbnail|right|200px|Bandira han Kasahistan]] An '''Kasahistan''' o kundi man '''Kazakhstan''' (ha Kinazakh: ''Қазақстан'', ''Qazaqstan''; ha Ruso: ''Казахстан'') nga an opisyal nga ngaran '''Republika han Kasahistan''' (Kinazakh: ''Қазақстан Республикасы'', ''Qazaqstan Respwblïkası''; ha Ruso: ''Республика Казахстан'', ''Respublika Kazakhstan'') usa nga nasod ha [[Asya]] ngan [[Europa]]. == Etimolohiya == An ngaran nga "Kazakh" nátíkang han [[Kahadto nga Turkic nga pinulungan|kahadto nga Turkic]] nga pulong ''qaz'', "paglinákat", nga nagpapahayag han [[Eurasian nga mga nomad|nagbuburubalhin hin lugar]] nga kultura han mga Kazakh.<ref name=etym>{{cite dictionary|title=Cossack (n.)|url=http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=Cossack&allowed_in_frame=0|dictionary=The Online Etymology Dictionary|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002024126/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Cossack&allowed_in_frame=0|archivedate=2 Oktubre 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> An ngaran nga "[[Cossack|Cossack]]" amo gihapon an gintikangan.<ref name=etym /> An [[Pinersyano|Pinersa]] nga suffix ''[[-stan]]'' nangangahulogan nga "tunà" o kundi man "lugar hin", amo nga ''Kasahistan'' o kundi man ''Kazakhstan'' puyde mangahulogan hin literal nga "tunà han mga naglilinakat". Bisan man kun an minat-an nga paggamit han ngaran gin-gagamit la pagtudlok ha mga [[Kazakh|ethniko nga mga Kazakh]], upod an mga nangungukoy ha Tsina, Rusya, Turkiya, Usbekistan ngan iba nga mga hagrani nga mga kanasoran, nagtitikadako na an paggamit han ngaran nga "Kazakh" ha pagtawag hin bisan hin-o man nga molupyo han Kasahistan, bisan han mga diri-Kazakh.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Surucu |first=Cengiz |title=Modernity, Nationalism, Resistance: Identity Politics in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan |url=https://archive.org/details/central-asian-survey_2002-12_21_4/page/385 |journal=[[Central Asian Survey]] |year= 2002 |pages=385–402 |doi=10.1080/0263493032000053208 |volume=21 |issue=4}}</ref> == Mga lalawigan == {| style="background:transparent;" cellspacing="2px" | {| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%" |- style="font-size:100%; text-align:left" |- ! [[Mga lalawigan han Kasahistan|Lalawigan]] !! [[Kapital (politika)|Kapital]] ! [[Kahaluag]]<br /> (km.²) !! [[Katawhan]] |- | [[Akmola (lalawigan)|Akmola]] || [[Kokshetau]] | 121,400 || {{0|0,}}829,000 |- | [[Aktobe (lalawigan)|Aktobe]] || [[Aktobe]] | 300,600 || {{0|0,}}661,000 |- | [[Amihanan nga Kasahistan (lalawigan)|Amihanan nga Kasahistan]] || [[Petropavl]] | 123,200 || {{0|0,}}586,000 |- | ''[[Almaty]]''⁽¹⁾ || [[Almaty]] | {{0|000,}}324.8 || 1,226,300 |- | [[Almaty (lalawigan)|Almaty]] || [[Taldykorgan]] | 224,000 || {{0|0,}}860,000 |- | ''[[Nur-Sultan]]''⁽¹⁾ || [[Nur-Sultan]] | {{0|000,}}710.2 || {{0|0,}}600,200 |- | [[Atyrau (lalawigan)|Atyrau]] || [[Atyrau]] | 118,600 || {{0|0,}}380,000 |- | ''[[Baikonur]]''⁽²⁾ || [[Baikonur]] | {{0|000,0}}57 || {{0|0,0}}70,000 |- | [[Karagandy (lalawigan)|Karagandy]] || [[Karagandy]] | 428,000 || 1,287,000 |- | [[Katundan nga Kasahistan (lalawigan)|Katundan nga Kasahistan]] || [[Oral, Kazakhstan|Oral]] | 151,300 || {{0|0,}}599,000 |- | [[Kostanay (lalawigan)|Kostanay]] || [[Kostanay]] | 196,000 || {{0|0,}}975,000 |- | [[Kyzylorda (lalawigan)|Kyzylorda]] || [[Kyzylorda]] | 226,000 || {{0|0,}}590,000 |- | [[Mangystau (lalawigan)|Mangystau]] || [[Aktau]] | 165,600 || {{0|0,}}316,847 |- | [[Pavlodar (lalawigan)|Pavlodar]] || [[Pavlodar]] | 124,800 || {{0|0,}}851,000 |- | [[Salatan nga Kasahistan (lalawigan)|Salatan nga Kasahistan]] || [[Shymkent]] | 118,600 || 1,644,000 |- | [[Sinirangan nga Kasahistan (lalawigan)|Sinirangan nga Kasahistan]] || [[Oskemen]] | 283,300 || {{0|0,}}897,000 |- | [[Zhambyl (lalawigan)|Zhambyl]] || [[Taraz]] | 144,000 || {{0|0,}}962,000 |} |[[Paypay:Kazakhstan provinces.svg|right|500px]] |} ==Pinambasaran== {{reflist}} {{turók}} {{Asya}} {{Europa}} {{Commonscat|Kazakhstan}} [[Kaarangay:Kasahistan| ]] [[Kaarangay:Nasod]] ojkso0jgyobt64ushismz6fd43oa03w 0 5155 7783701 7782390 2026-06-24T19:13:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ighubad Iningles}} {{Infobox person |image = MKGandhi.jpg |image_size = 200px |alt = The face of Gandhi in old age—smiling, wearing glasses, and with a white sash over his right shoulder |birth_name = |birth_date = {{Birth date|1869|10|2|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Porbandar#Princely Porbandar (1600 AD onwards)|Porbandar]], [[Gujarat]], [[British Raj|British India]]<ref name="Gandhi DOB">Gandhi, Rajmohan (2006), [http://books.google.co.in/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false pg 1-3].</ref> |death_date = {{Death date and age|1948|1|30|1869|10|2|df=y}} |death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[Dominion of India]] |death_cause = [[Assassination of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Pagka-asasinar pinaagi hin pagkapusil]] |resting_place = Gin-cremate ha [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]], [[Delhi]]. |resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|28.6415|N|77.2483|E|display=inline}} |nationality = Indian |other_names = Mahatma Gandhi, Bapu, Gandhiji |known_for = Prominente nga tawo han [[kagiusan han paglugaring han Indya]],<br/>nagpapahayag han pilosopiya han [[Satyagraha]] ngan [[Ahimsa]]<br/> nga nagpapasiugda hin [[waray-pagkabiyolente]],<br/> [[pasipismo]] |education = |alma_mater = Samaldas College, [[Bhavnagar]], <br/> [[Inner Temple]], [[London]] |religion = [[Hinduismo]] |spouse = [[Kasturba Gandhi]] |children = [[Harilal Gandhi|Harilal]]<br/>[[Manilal Gandhi|Manilal]]<br/>[[Ramdas Gandhi|Ramdas]]<br/>[[Devdas Gandhi|Devdas]]<br/>Anak nga namatay ha pagkabata |parents = Putlibai Gandhi (Iroy)<br/>Karamchand Gandhi (Amay) |awards = |signature = Gandhi_signature.svg |website = |footnotes = }} Hi '''Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi''' (ha [[Gujarati nga yinaknan|Gujarati]]: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી; ginromanisar: ''mohandās karamcaṃd gāndhī'', [[IPA|IPA nga kaluwas]]: /moːhənd̪aːs kərəmtʃənd̪ gaːnd̪ʱiː/) ([[Oktubre 2]] [[1869]] – [[Enero 30]], [[1948]]) usa nga nangunguna nga politikanhon ngan ispiritwal nga namuno ha [[India]] ngan han ''Indian Independence Movement''. Hiya an ginsisiringa nga amay han India, ngan talagsa ginngangaranan nga "Bapu," nga buot sidngon "amay" ha Gujarati. Hiya an pionyero<ref>[[Wikisource: The Birth of Satyagraha]] : From The Story of my Experiments with Truth, by Mohandas K. Gandhi</ref> ngan naghimo nga hinpit han ''[[Satyagraha]]'' — pagsupil pinaagi hin ''mass civil disobedience'' o dako nga diri-pagtuod nga sibil nga nahatukod ha [[ahimsa]] (bug-os nga waray-biyolensya) amo an nagin usa han mga gimakusog nga pilosopiya han ''Indian Independence Movement'', ngan naghatag hi pag-aghat ha mga dirudilain nga mga movimiento para hin mga katungod sibil ngan kagawasan ha bug-os nga kalibutan. Hi Gandhi kinikilala ngan tinatawag ha India ngan ha bug-os nga kalibutan nga '''Mahatma Gandhi''' (ha Hindi: महात्मा, / [[IPA|IPA nga kaluwas]]: məhatma /; tikang han [[Sanskrit]], ''[[Mahatma]]'': ''Harangdon nga Kalag'') ngan ''Bapu'' (ha damo nga mga [[mga yinaknan han India|Indianhon nga mga yinaknan]], ''Amay'' o ''Tatay''). ==Mga kasarigan== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== ===Mga barasahon=== {{Col-begin|width=100%}} {{Col-1-of-2}} *{{Cite book|last1=Bhana|first1=Surendra|last2=Vahed|first2=Goolam H.|title=The making of a political reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893–1914|url=| date = 2005|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-612-4}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Bondurant|first=Joan Valérie|title=Conquest of violence: the Gandhian philosophy of conflict|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4hcf8jPrSKYC|access-date=7 Pebrero 2012| date = 1971|publisher=University of California Press|id=GGKEY:NDWFBERN9B5}} * Brown, Judith M. "Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand [Mahatma Gandhi] (1869–1948)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,'' Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33318, accessed 25 Feb 2012] *{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Judith M.|title=Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915-1922|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HUo4AAAAIAAJ|access-date=25 Pebrero 2012|date=25 Oktubre 1974|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-09873-1}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Judith Margaret|title=Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=boDAE8MLAJMC|access-date=13 Enero 2012|date=23 Oktubre 1991|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-05125-4}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Judith M.|authorlink1=Judith M. Brown|last2=Parel|first2=Anthony|authorlink2=Anthony Parel|title=The Cambridge Companion to Gandhi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KLM8kMZZu-IC|access-date=7 Pebrero 2012|date=21 Pebrero 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-13345-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Chadha|first=Yogesh|title=Gandhi: a life|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vSduAAAAMAAJ|access-date=8 Pebrero 2012| date = 1997|edition=Illustrated, reprint|publisher=John Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-24378-6}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|author=Harold G. Coward|title=Indian critiques of Gandhi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GGGudMuE4PIC|access-date=11 Pebrero 2012| date = 2003|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-5910-2}}<!--used--> <!--*{{cite book|author=Chakrabarty, Bidyut |title=Social and political thought of Mahatma Gandhi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4x34We-mY40C|accessdate=13 January 2012|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-36096-8}}--> *{{Cite book|author=Desai, Mahadev Haribhai |title=Day-to-day with Gandhi: secretary's diary|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iDQKAQAAIAAJ|access-date=16 Enero 2012|publisher=Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan|chapter=Preface|chapterurl=http://www.wikilivres.ca/wiki/Day_to_Day_with_Gandhi/Volume_1/Preface|archiveurl=http://www.wikilivres.ca/wiki/Day_to_Day_with_Gandhi|archivedate=3 Hunyo 2007|others=Hemantkumar Nilkanth (translation)| date = 1930}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Easwaran|first=Eknath|authorlink=Eknath Easwaran|title=Gandhi, the man: the story of his transformation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=v_hpUlMRjWsC|access-date=8 Pebrero 2012|date=1 Agosto 1997|publisher=Nilgiri Press|isbn=978-0-915132-96-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Louis|authorlink=Louis Fischer|title=The life of Mahatma Gandhi|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofmahatmagan0000fisc_e1y3|date=4 Agosto 1997|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-00-638887-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first= Rajmohan |authorlink=Rajmohan Gandhi|title=Gandhi: the man, his people, and the empire|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC|access-date=7 Pebrero 2012| date = 2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25570-8}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Gangrade|first=K.D.|title=Moral Lessons From Gandhi S Autobiography And Other Essays|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UODB6R_LmWsC|access-date=11 Enero 2012|date=1 Enero 2004|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-084-6|chapter=Role of Shanti Sainiks in the Global Race for Armaments}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Hardiman|first=David|title=Gandhi in his time and ours: the global legacy of his ideas|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UWYV5qYZ3-oC|access-date=8 Pebrero 2012| date = 2003|publisher=C. Hurst & Co.|isbn=978-1-85065-711-8}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Hatt|first=Christine|title=Mahatma Gandhi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f6vvy-J7vhcC|access-date=26 Pebrero 2012|date=12 Abril 2002|publisher=Evans Brothers|isbn=978-0-237-52308-4}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|author=Herman, Arthur|title=Gandhi and Churchill: the epic rivalry that destroyed an empire and forged our age|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C|access-date=11 Pebrero 2012| date = 2008|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-553-80463-8}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Jai|first=Janak Raj|title=Commissions and Omissions by Indian Prime Ministers: 1947-1980|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5Wrc1K0uJTgC|access-date=26 Pebrero 2012| date = 1996|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=978-81-86030-23-3}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|author1=Jones, Constance |author2=Ryan, James D. |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hZET2sSUVsgC|access-date=13 Enero 2012|date=28 Pebrero 2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9|pages=160}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Shanti|title=Gandhi meets primetime: globalization and nationalism in Indian television|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=abPsWgqrmMMC&pg=PA170|access-date=14 Enero 2012| date = 2006|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-07244-4|page=170}}<!--used--> {{Col-2-of-2}} *{{Cite book|author=Lapping, Brian |title=End of empire|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xBsiAQAAIAAJ|access-date=16 Enero 2012|date=1 Enero 1989|publisher=Paladin|isbn=978-0-586-08870-8}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Lelyveld|first=Joseph|authorlink=Joseph Lelyveld|title=Great soul: Mahatma Gandhi and his struggle with India|url=https://archive.org/details/greatsoulmahatma0000lely|date=29 Marso 2011|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-307-26958-4}} *{{Cite book|last=Majmudar|first=Uma|title=Gandhi's pilgrimage of faith: from darkness to light|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xM4paHEq5oQC|access-date=12 Enero 2012| date = 2005|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6405-2}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Jake C.|title=Prophets of a just society|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uiBNJWqtiVcC|access-date=12 Enero 2012| date = 2002|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-068-5}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Nayyar|first=Pyarelal|title=Mahatma Gandhi—the last phase, Vol 1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=E8wBAAAAMAAJ|authorlink=Pyarelal Nayyar|access-date=16 Enero 2012| date = 1956|publisher=Navajivan Publishing House|isbn=0-85283-112-9}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Pāṇḍeya|first=Viśva Mohana|title=Historiography of India's partition: an analysis of imperialist writings|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Vu2lu-ZI-vQC|access-date=8 Pebrero 2012|date=1 Enero 2003|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0314-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Parekh|first=Bhikhu C.|title=Gandhi: a very short introduction|access-date=17 Enero 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|url= http://books.google.co.in/books?id=0chB4q7XeHcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0-19-285457-5|pages=6–9| date = 2001}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last1=Pilisuk|first1=Marc|last2=Nagler|first2=Michael N.|title=Peace Movements Worldwide: Players and practices in resistance to war|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=GTJV2UcZVHcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|access-date=21 Enero 2012| date = 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-36482-2}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last1=Rudolph|first1=Susanne Hoeber|last2=Rudolph|first2=Lloyd I.|title=Gandhi, the traditional roots of charisma|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JsPYNLAU9KYC&pg=PA48|access-date=12 Enero 2012|date=15 Abril 1983|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73136-0|page=48}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Rühe|first=Peter|title=Gandhi|url=https://archive.org/details/gandhi0000rhep|date=5 Oktubre 2004|publisher=Phaidon|isbn=978-0-7148-4459-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Schouten|first=Jan Peter|title=Jesus as guru: the image of Christ among Hindus and Christians in India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pIoKdTH7KPsC|access-date=18 Pebrero 2012|date=30 Septyembre 2008|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-2443-4}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Sharp|first=Gene|title=Gandhi as a political strategist: with essays on ethics and politics|url=https://archive.org/details/gandhiaspolitica0000shar_n9g6| date = 1979|publisher=P. Sargent Publishers|isbn=978-0-87558-090-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Shashi|first=S. S.|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh| date = 1996|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=978-81-7041-859-7}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Sofri|first=Gianni|title=Gandhi and India: a century in focus|url=https://archive.org/details/gandhiindiacentu0000sofr| date = 1999|publisher=Windrush Press|isbn=978-1-900624-12-1}} *{{Cite book|last=Sorokin|first=Pitirim Aleksandrovich|title=The ways and power of love: types, factors, and techniques of moral transformation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DGCleCxTkbIC|access-date=12 Enero 2012|date= Marso 2002|publisher=Templeton Foundation Press|isbn=978-1-890151-86-7|page=169}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Tendulkar|first=D. G.|title=Mahatma; life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LHJuAAAAMAAJ| date = 1951|publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=Delhi|ref=harv}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|last=Thacker|first=Dhirubhai|editor=Amaresh Datta|title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1345|access-date=14 Enero 2012|date=1 Enero 2006|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|pages=1345|chapter="Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand" (entry)}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|author1=Todd, Anne M. |title=Mohandas Gandhi |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=svxDMQZ7fakC| date = 2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-7910-7864-8}}; short biography for children {{Col-end}} ===Panguna nga kuruhaan=== *{{Cite book|last=Andrews|first=C. F.|title=Mahatma Gandhi's Ideas Including Selections from His Writings|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3EAV6JhQmgkC| date = 2008|publisher=Pierides Press|isbn=978-1-4437-3309-0|chapter=VII – The Teaching of Ahimsa|origyear=1930}} *{{Cite book|last=|first=|editor=Dalton, Dennis |title=Mahatma Gandhi: selected political writings|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=afqmUWX5yeoC| date = 1996|publisher=Hackett Publishing|isbn=978-0-87220-330-3}} * {{Cite book|last=|first=|editor=Duncan, Ronald|title=Selected Writings of Mahatma Gandhi|url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=54615149|date=Mayo 2011|publisher=Literary Licensing, LLC|isbn=978-1-258-00907-6}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317012750/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=54615149 |date= 17 Marso 2009 }} *{{Cite book|last1=Gandhi|first1=M. K.|last2=Fischer|first2=Louis|editor=Louis Fischer|title=The essential Gandhi: an anthology of his writings on his life, work and ideas|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialgandhia0000gand| date = 2002|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=978-1-4000-3050-7}} *{{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Mohandas Karamchand|title=Satyagraha in South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20737| date = 1928|publisher=Navajivan Publishing House|location=Ahmedabad|format=paperback|edition=1|language=Gujarati|quote=Translated by Valji G. Desai}} Free online access at [http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/Satyagraha_in_South_Africa Wikilivres.ca (1/e)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719085127/http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/Satyagraha_in_South_Africa |date= 19 Hulyo 2012 }}. Pdfs from [http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL034.PDF Gandhiserve (3/e)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121014232/http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL034.PDF |date= 21 Enero 2013 }} & [http://arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/gandhisouthafrica.pdf Yann Forget (hosted by Arvind Gupta) (1/e)]. *{{Cite book|last=Gandhi |first=Mohandas Karamchand|title=The collected works of Mahatma Gandhi| date = 1994|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|isbn=978-81-230-0239-2}} (100 volumes). Free [http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/cwmg.html online access] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509143405/http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/cwmg.html |date= 9 Mayo 2008 }} from Gandhiserve. *{{Cite book|last = Gandhi|first = Mohandas Karamchand |title = [[The Story of My Experiments with Truth|An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments With Truth]]|publisher=Navajivan Publishing House|location=Ahmedabad|edition=2|pages= | date = 1940|isbn = 0-8070-5909-9}} Also available at [[wikisource:An Autobiography or The Story of my Experiments with Truth|Wikisource]]. *{{Cite book|editor=Jack, Homer A.|title=The Gandhi reader: a source book of his life and writings|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pjN3jZQ74AoC| date = 1994|publisher=Grove Press|isbn=978-0-8021-3161-4}} *{{Cite book|author1=Johnson, Richard L.|author2=Gandhi, M. K.|title=Gandhi's experiments with truth: essential writings by and about Mahatma Gandhi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dRQcKsx-YgQC| date = 2006|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-1143-7}}<!--used--> *{{Cite book|editor=Parel, Anthony J. |title=Gandhi: 'Hind Swaraj' and Other Writings Centenary Edition|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oc47gUOPZfcC| date = 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-14602-9}} ===Mga websayt=== *{{Cite web |last = Keen |first = Shirin |title = The Partition of India |publisher = Emory University |date = 1998 |url = http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Part.html |access-date = 16 Enero 2012 |archive-date = 2011-09-02 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110902112115/http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Part.html |url-status = }} *{{Cite web |last = Sannuti |first = Arun |title = Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869–1948) – Vegetarianism: The Road to Satyagraha |publisher=International Vegetarian Union (IVU) |url = http://www.ivu.org/history/gandhi/road.html|date=6 Abril 2010 |access-date=12 Enero 2012}} *{{Cite web |url=http://www.polity.org.za/article/mbeki-mahatma-gandhi-satyagraha-100th-anniversary-01102006-2006-10-01|title=Mbeki: Mahatma Gandhi Satyagraha 100th Anniversary (01/10/2006) |last=Smith|first=Colleen|date=1 Oktubre 2006 |work=Speeches|publisher=http://www.polity.org.za |access-date=20 Enero 2012}} ===Mga artikulo hin Journal=== * {{Cite journal |last1=Cribb |first1=R. B. | date= Agosto 1985|title=The Early Political Philosophy of M. K. Gandhi, 1869-1893 |journal=Asian Profile |publisher= |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=353–360}} * {{Cite journal|title=Champaran and Gandhi: Planters, Peasants and Gandhian Politics by Jacques Pouchepadass (Review)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society_2001-04_11_1/page/99|first=David|last=Hardiman|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=11|issue=1|date= Abril 2001|pages=99–101|jstor=25188108}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Yasmin | date= Enero 2011|title=Performing Peace: Gandhi's assassination as a critical moment in the consolidation of the Nehruvian state |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=57–80 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0026749X10000223 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X10000223|format=abstract |access-date=21 Enero 2012}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Mohanty |first1=Rekha | date = 2011 |title=From Satya to Sadbhavna |journal=Orissa Review |issue=January 2011 |pages=45–49 |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Jan/engpdf/january.pdf#page=58 |access-date=23 Pebrero 2012}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Murali |first1=Atlury |date= Enero 1985 |title=Non-Cooperation in Andhra in 1920–22: Nationalist Intelligentsia and the Mobilization of Peasantry |journal=Indian Historical Review |publisher=|volume=12 |issue=1/2 |pages=188–217 |issn= 0376-9836 |ref=harv }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Norvell |first1=Lyn | date = 1997 |title=Gandhi and the Indian Women's Movement |url=https://archive.org/details/british-library-journal_spring-1997_23_1/page/12 |journal=British Library Journal |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=12–27 |issn=0305-5167}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Prashad |first1=Ganesh | date= Septyembre 1966| title=Whiggism in India|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_political-science-quarterly_1966-09_81_3/page/412 |journal=[[Political Science Quarterly]] |volume=81 |issue=3|pages= 412–431 |jstor=2147642}} * {{Cite journal|title=Power, Hegemony and Politics: Leadership Struggle in Congress in the 1930s|last=Sarkar|first=Jayabrata|journal=Modern Asian Studies|date=18 Abril 2006|volume=40|issue=2|pages=333–370|doi=10.1017/S0026749X0600179X|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Sarma |first1=Bina Kumari |date= Enero 1994|title=Gandhian Movement and Women's Awakening in Orissa |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=21 |issue=1/2 |pages=78–79|issn= 0376-9836}} * {{Cite journal|title=On the Origins of Gandhi's Political Methodology: The Heritage of Kathiawad and Gujarat|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_1971-02_30_2/page/361|last=Spodek|first=Howard|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=30|issue=2|date= Pebrero 1971| pages=361–372|jstor=2942919}} ===Mga sumat han notisya=== * {{Cite news| last=Ferrell| first=David| title =A Little Serenity in a City of Madness|newspaper =Los Angeles Times|pages =B 2|date =27 Septyembre 2001|url =http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/82514621.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+27%2C+2001&author=DAVID+FERRELL&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=B.2&desc=Surroundings%3A+Lake+Shrine%3B+%27A+Little+Serenity+in+a+City+of+Madness%27%3B+Meditation+Gardens+in+Pacific+Palisades+Are+a+Place+to+Walk%2C+Think+and+Pray|format =Abstract|access-date =14 Enero 2012|archive-date =24 Hulyo 2012|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120724125815/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/82514621.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+27%2C+2001&author=DAVID+FERRELL&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=B.2&desc=Surroundings%3A+Lake+Shrine%3B+%27A+Little+Serenity+in+a+City+of+Madness%27%3B+Meditation+Gardens+in+Pacific+Palisades+Are+a+Place+to+Walk%2C+Think+and+Pray|url-status =dead}} * {{Cite news |title=Gandhi's ashes to rest at sea, not in a museum |author=Ramesh, Randeep|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jan/16/india.international |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=16 Enero 2008 |access-date=14 Enero 2012 |location=London}} * {{Cite news |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703529004576160371482469358.html |title=Among the Hagiographers (A book review of "Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India" by Joseph Lelyveld) |author=Roberts, Andrew| authorlink=Andrew Roberts (historian) |date=26 Marso 2011 |work=BookShelf |publisher=Wall Street Journal |access-date=14 Enero 2012}} * {{Cite news|author=Unattributed|title=Of all faiths and races, together they shed their silent tears|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4cU-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=nkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2964%2C2759742|access-date=19 Enero 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=31 Enero 1948|page=5 (top centre)}} * {{Cite news|author=Unattributed|title=Over a million get last darshan|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4cU-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=nkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2273%2C2717510|page=1 (bottom left)|access-date=19 Enero 2012| newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=1 Pebrero 1948}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Mohandas K. Gandhi}} *[http://www.gandhismriti.gov.in/indexb.asp Gandhi Smriti&nbsp;— Government of India website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712110932/http://www.gandhismriti.gov.in/indexb.asp |date= 12 Hulyo 2007 }} *[http://www.gandhi-manibhavan.org/ Mani Bhavan Gandhi Sangrahalaya Gandhi Museum & Library] *[http://www.gandhifoundation.net/ Gandhi Research Foundation - One-Stop info on Gandhi] {{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand}} [[Kaarangay:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Gandhi, Mahatma]] [[Kaarangay:Politika|Gandhi, Mahatma]] [[Kaarangay:Indya|Gandhi, Mahatma]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1869]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1948]] 2s5v3d0l0crlmr2pf3b684biy74up7l 0 5690 7783733 7760304 2026-06-25T01:13:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox syudad Pilipinas | ngaran = Syudad han Lapu-Lapu | sealfile = Ph_seal_cebu_lapu-lapu.png | locatormapfile = Ph_locator_cebu_lapu-lapu.png | caption = Mapa han [[Sugbo|Sugbo]] nga nagpapakita kon hain nahamutang an Syudad han Lapu-Lapu | rehiyon = [[Butnga nga Kabisay-an]] <br />(Rehiyon VII) | probinsya = [[Sugbo|Sugbo]] | mga distrito = ika-unom nga distrito han Sugbo | mga baranggay = 30 | klase = syahan nga klase; urbano | alkalde = Arturo Radaza | kahimo nga syudad = [[Hunyo 17]], [[1961]] | kahaluagkm2 = 64.22 | pop2000 = 217,019 | popden2000 = 3,379 | mga coordinate = | }} An '''Syudad han Lapu-Lapu''' usa nga syahan nga klase nga [[syudad Pilipinhon|syudad]] ha [[lalawigan Pilipinhon|lalawigan]] o probinsya han [[Sugbo]] ha [[Butnga nga Kabisay-an]] nga rehiyon han [[Kabisay-an]] ha [[Pilipinas]]. An kahalugan han syudad naglalakip han kadam-an nga bahin han [[Isla han Mactan]], nga nahamutang hin usa ka kilometro ha timugan o salatan-sidlangan tikang han isla han Sugbo, ngan naglalakip gihapon an Syudad han Lapu-Lapu an bug-os nga Isla han Olango nga nahamutang hin lima ka kilometro ha timugan ngan pipira pa nga mga puro. An Syudad han Lapu-Lapu kabahin han darudako nga Metropolitano nga Kahaluag han Cebu o [[Metro Cebu]] nga nahasentro ha [[Syudad han Sugbo]]. Sumala han census han tuig [[2000]], mayda ini populasyon nga 217,019 ka tawo ha 44,439 nga mga panimalay. Nahasumpay an Syudad han Lapu-Lapu ha [[Syudad han Mandaue]] han Isla han Sugbo pinaagi hin duha nga tulay: an [[Tulay Mandaue-Mactan]] ngan an [[Tulay Marcelo Fernan]]. Tikang ha Mandaue, an kapital han probinsya nga amo an Syudad han Sugbo mga lima ka kilometro la an distancia. An kahaluag han yana nga syudad gintawag nga Mactan ugsa han pag-ulpot han mga Espanyol. An mga Agustiniano nagtukod han bungto han Opon han tuig 1730 ngan amo ini an ngaran han bungto hangtod han tuig [[1961]] nga diin ini ginhimo nga syudad ngan ginbalyo-an an ngaran ha dungog ni [[Lapu-Lapu]], an sinisiring nga syahan nga Pilipino nga bayani nga dida han [[1521]], nagdaog patok han Portugues nga hi [[Fernando de Magallanes]]. An [[Aeroperto Panglangyaw han Mactan-Cebu|''Mactan-Cebu International Airport'']] (o [[Aeropuerto Panglangyaw han Mactan-Cebu]] kun ha Winaray) nahamutang ha Syudad han Lapu-Lapu ngan amo ini an ikaduha nga dako in buhat nga aeropuerto han nasod. == Mga Baranggay (Mga Barrio)== An Syudad han Lapu-Lapu ginbahin ngadto hin katloan (30) nga mga [[baranggay]]. <table border=0><tr> <td valign=top> * Agus * Babag * Bankal * Baring * Basak * Buaya * Calawisan * Canjulao * Caw-oy * Cawhagan * Caubian * Gun-ob * Ibo * Looc * Mactan </td><td valign=top> * Maribago * Marigondon * Pajac * Pajo * Pangan-an * Poblacion * Punta Engaño * Pusok * Sabang * Santa Rosa * Subabasbas * Talima * Tingo * Tungasan * San Vicente </td></tr></table> ==Mga Kiritaon== * Mactan Export Processing Zone (I & II) * Cebu Light Industrial Park * Marcelo Fernan Bridge Park</li> * Vanno Beach</li> * Plantation Bay Resort & Spa * Maribago Blue Waters</li> * Waterfront Airport Hotel * Shangri-La's Mactan Island Resort and Spa * Cebu Hilton Resort and Towers * Punta Engaño (Mga Monumento kan Lapu-Lapu ngan Magallanes) * SDR Serviced Apartments * Marina Mall * Mactan Coral Golf Club * Cebu Yacht Club (on Mactan Island) * Mactan Shrine * Scuba Diving off the Mactan Coast ==Mga Litrato== '''Cebu Hilton Resort and Towers''', Lapu-lapu City, Metro Cebu <br /> <p> <p> '''Shangri-La's Mactan Island Resort and Spa''', Lapu-lapu City, Metro Cebu <br /> [[File:Shangrila_mactan.jpg]] <p> <p> ==Kitaa Gihapon== * [[Metro Cebu]] ==Mga Sumpay ha Gawas== * [http://www.lapulapucity.gov.ph/ Opisyal nga Websayt han Gobyerno han Syudad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808042730/http://www.lapulapucity.gov.ph/about-lapu-lapu-city |date=2011-08-08 }} * [http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/municipality.asp?muncode=072226000&regcode=07&provcode=22 Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114023653/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/municipality.asp?muncode=072226000&regcode=07&provcode=22 |date=2010-11-14 }} * [http://www.t-macs.com/kiso/local/ 2000 Philippine Census Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050923180448/http://www.t-macs.com/kiso/local/ |date=2005-09-23 }} * [http://www.cebuaccommodation.com/ Independiente nga Giya han Huronan ha Sugbo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311051248/http://www.cebuaccommodation.com/ |date=2007-03-11 }} * [http://www.cebulifestyles.com/ Ganghaan hin mga Websayt hin Panbiyahe mahitungod han Sugbo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312141218/http://www.cebulifestyles.com/ |date=2007-03-12 }} * [http://living.cebunetwork.com/sutukil-fresh-seafood-mactan-island/2006/05/06/ Sutukil: Lab-as o Presko nga mga karaonon hin pagkaon tikang ha dagat ha Syudad han Lapu-Lapu, Isla han Mactan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304110431/http://living.cebunetwork.com/sutukil-fresh-seafood-mactan-island/2006/05/06/ |date=2007-03-04 }} {{Metro Cebu}} {{Sugbo}} <!--{{coor title dm|10|19|N|123|57|E|region:PH_type:city}}--> [[Kaarangay:Mga Syudad ha Pilipinas|Lapu-Lapu]] s5egvn0brfeh4c0pn7uw577mfsx58h4 0 6012 7783706 7770663 2026-06-24T19:15:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|5|S|120|E|display=title}} {{Infobox Nasod | conventional_long_name = Repúblika han Indonesia | common_name = Indonesia | native_name = {{native name|id|Republik Indonesia}} | image_flag = Flag of Indonesia (physical version).svg | image_coat = National emblem of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg | symbol_type = Nasodnon nga tigaman | national_motto = ''[[Bhinneka Tunggal Ika]]'' {{small|([[Daan nga Jinawa]])}}<br />{{small|(Winaray: "Paghiusa ha Pagdirudialin")}}<br />'''[[Ideolohiya|Nasodnon nga ideolohiya]]:''' ''[[Pancasila (politika)|Pancasila]]''<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/86.htm | title = Pancasila | publisher = U.S. Library of Congress | date = 3 Pebrero 2017 | accessdate = 5 Pebrero 2017 | deadurl = bot: unknown | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170205010135/http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/86.htm | archivedate = 5 Pebrero 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>{{sfn|Vickers|2005|p=117}} | national_anthem = ''[[Indonesia Raya]]''<br />{{small|(Winaray: "Dako nga Indonesia")}}<br /><br /><center> </center> | image_map = Indonesia (orthographic projection).svg | map_width = 230px | map_caption = Kahaluag nga ginkontrolar han Indonesia ginpakita ha lunghaw | capital = [[Jakarta]] | coordinates = {{Coord|6|10.5|S|106|49.7|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | languages_type = Mga ginyayakan nga pinulongan<ref name="ethnologue">{{Cite web | url = https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ID/languages | title = Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth edition | author = Simons, Gary F. and Charles D. Fennig | publisher = SIL International | accessdate = 22 Agosto 2017 | deadurl = bot: unknown | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170822135626/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ID/languages | archivedate = 22 Agosto 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> | languages = {{hlist|[[Indonesyo|Inindones]] (official)|[[Jinawa nga pinulongan|Jinawa]]<br>|[[Sundanes nga pinulongan|Sinunda]]|[[Mga pinulongan han Indonesia|ngan 700 nga iba]]}} | languages2_type = Mga [[Script]] | languages2 = {{hlist|[[Latin nga script|Linatin]]|[[Jinawa nga script|Jinawa]]<br>|[[Binalines nga script|Binalines]]|[[Batak nga script|Batak]]|ngan iba pa}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2010 | ethnic_groups = [[Javanese nga katawhan|Javanes]] 40.22%<br>[[Sundanes nga katawhan|Sundanes]] 15.5%<br> ngan [[Mga ethniko nga grupo ha Indonesia|iba pa]] 44.28%<ref name="BPS">{{Cite web | url = http://www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/watermark%20_Kewarganegaraan%2C%20Suku%20Bangsa%2C%20Agama%20dan%20Bahasa_281211.pdf | title = Nationality, Ethnicity, Religion, and Languages of Indonesians | language = id | author = Na'im, Akhsan; Syaputra, Hendry | publisher = Statistics Indonesia | date = 2010 | accessdate = 23 Septyembre 2015 | deadurl = bot: unknown | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194534/http://www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/watermark%20_Kewarganegaraan%2C%20Suku%20Bangsa%2C%20Agama%20dan%20Bahasa_281211.pdf | archivedate = 23 Septyembre 2015 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> | religion_year = 2010 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |[[Sekular]];<ref>{{Cite web | work = Bina Nusantara University | title = Islamic Ideas versus Secularism: The Core of Political Competition in Indonesia | url = http://ir.binus.ac.id/2017/03/07/islamic-ideas-versus-secularism-the-core-of-political-competition-in-indonesia/}}</ref> |87.2% [[Islam ha Indonesia|Islam]] |9.9% [[Cristianidad ha Indonesia|Cristianidad]] |—7.0% [[Protestantismo ha Indonesia|Protestantismo]] |—2.9% [[Singbahan Katoliko ha Indonesia|Katolisismo Romano]] |1.7% [[Hinduismo ha Indonesia|Hinduismo]] |0.7% [[Buddhismo ha Indonesia|Buddhismo]] |0.2% [[Confucianismo ha Indonesia|Confucianismo]]<br />ngan iba pa<ref name="sp2010">{{Cite web | url = http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0 | title = 2010 Population Census: Population by Region and Religion | publisher = Statistics Indonesia | date = 15 Mayo 2010 | accessdate = 20 Nobyembre 2011}}</ref>{{efn|Ginkikilala han gobyerno hin opisyal in unom lâ nga mga relihiyon: Islam, Protestantismo, Katolisismo Romano, Hinduismo, Buddhismo, ngan Confucianismo;<ref name="Yang">{{Cite web | url = https://www.uni-marburg.de/fb03/ivk/mjr/pdfs/2005/articles/yang2005.pdf | title = The history and legal position of Confucianism in post-independence Indonesia | author = Yang, Heriyanto | publisher = Marburg Journal of Religion | date = Agosto 2005 | accessdate = 2 Oktubre 2006 | deadurl = bot: unknown | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170411055956/https://www.uni-marburg.de/fb03/ivk/mjr/pdfs/2005/articles/yang2005.pdf | archivedate = 11 Abril 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> bisan pa man kun ginkikilala han gobyerno gihapon an mga tuminongnong nga mga relihiyon.<ref name="Kepercayaan1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/court-recognises-indonesian-native-faiths-in-victory-for-religious-freedom-20171108-gzhcvy.html |title=Court recognises Indonesian native faiths in victory for religious freedom |publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=8 Nobyembre 2017 |accessdate=3 Disyembre 2017 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203004415/http://www.smh.com.au/world/court-recognises-indonesian-native-faiths-in-victory-for-religious-freedom-20171108-gzhcvy.html |archivedate=3 Disyembre 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Kepercayaan2">{{Cite web | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-religion/indonesian-court-recognizes-native-religions-in-landmark-ruling-idUSKBN1D71J2 | title = Indonesian court recognizes native religions in landmark ruling | author = Allard, Tom & Damiana, Jessica | publisher = Reuters | date = 7 Nobyembre 2017 | accessdate = 8 Disyembre 2017}}</ref>}}}} | demonym = [[Demographics of Indonesia|Indonesian]] | government_type = [[Unitaryo nga estado|Unitaryo]] nga [[Presidentehanon nga sistema|presidentehanon]]<br> nga [[Republika|konstitusyonal nga republika]] | leader_title1 = [[Mangulo han Indonesia|Mangulo]] | leader_name1 = [[Prabowo Subianto]] | leader_title2 = [[Sugbong Mangulo han Indonesia|Sugbong Mangulo]] | leader_name2 = [[Gibran Rakabuming Raka]] | leader_title3 = [[Regional Representative Council|DPD nga Speaker]] | leader_name3 = [[Sultan Bachtiar Najamudin]] | leader_title4 = [[People's Representative Council|DPR nga Speaker]] | leader_name4 = [[Puan Maharani]] | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Indonesia|Chief Justice]] | leader_name5 = [[Sunarto (judge)]] | legislature = [[People's Consultative Assembly]] (MPR) | upper_house = [[Regional Representative Council]] (DPD) | lower_house = [[People's Representative Council]] (DPR) | sovereignty_type = [[History of Indonesia|Kahimo]] | established_event1 = [[History of Indonesia|Hindu ngan Buddhista nga mga ginhadi-an]] | established_date1 = ika-2 nga gatostuig | established_event2 = [[Spread of Islam in Indonesia|Islamico nga mga sultanato]] | established_date2 = ika-13 nga gatostuig | established_event3 = [[Dutch East India Company]] | established_date3 = 20 Marso 1602 | established_event4 = [[Dutch East Indies]] | established_date4 = 1 Enero 1800 | established_event5 = [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies|Hapones nga pag-okupar]] | established_date5 = 9 Marso 1942 | established_event6 = [[Indonesian National Revolution|Paglugaring]] [[Proclamation of Indonesian Independence|nagdeklara]] tikang han [[Nederlandes]] | established_date6 = 17 Agosto 1945 | established_event7 = [[Estados Unidos han Indonesia]] (USI) | established_date7 = 27 Disyembre 1949 | established_event8 = USI ginwara | established_date8 = 17 Agosto 1950 | area_km2 = 1,904,569<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf | title = UN Statistics | publisher = United Nations | date = 2005 | accessdate = 31 Oktubre 2007 | deadurl = bot: unknown | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071031023924/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf | archivedate = 31 Oktubre 2007 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> | area_label = [[Langyab hin katunaan|Katunaan]] | area_rank = ika-14 | area_sq_mi = 735,358 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = | area_label2 = [[Langyab hin katubigan|Katubigan (%)]] | area_data2 = 4.85 | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Indonesia}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_census = 237.42 ka milyon<ref name="imf2"/> | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_census_year = 2010 | population_census_rank = ika-4 | population_density_km2 = 138 | population_density_sq_mi = 357 | population_density_rank = ika-88 | GDP_PPP = $3.257 ka trilyon<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = ika-7 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $12,432<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ika-96 | GDP_nominal = $1.020 ka trilyon<ref name="imf2">{{Cite web | url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=76&pr1.y=9&c=536&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= | title = World Economic Outlook: Report for Selected Countries and Subjects - Indonesia | publisher = International Monetary Fund | date = Abril 2017 | accessdate = 10 Oktubre 2017 | deadurl = bot: unknown | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171010153416/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=76&pr1.y=9&c=536&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= | archivedate = 10 Oktubre 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = ika-16 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,895<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ika-114 | Gini = 39.0 | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase//steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.indonesia-investments.com/id/news/todays-headlines/gini-ratio-indonesia-declines-economic-inequality-narrows/item7113 | title = GINI Ratio Indonesia Declines: Economic Inequality Narrows | publisher = Indonesia Investments | date = 20 Agosto 2016 | accessdate = 27 Hunyo 2017 | deadurl = bot: unknown | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170627001246/https://www.indonesia-investments.com/id/news/todays-headlines/gini-ratio-indonesia-declines-economic-inequality-narrows/item7113 | archivedate = 27 Hunyo 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.689 | HDI_year = 2015 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url = http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf | title = Human Development Report 2016: Human Development for Everyone | publisher = United Nations Development Programme | date = 21 Marso 2017 | accessdate = 18 Hulyo 2017 | deadurl = bot: unknown | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170718200510/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf | archivedate = 18 Hulyo 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> | HDI_rank = ika-113 | currency = [[Indones nga rupiah]] (Rp) | currency_code = IDR | time_zone = [[Time in Indonesia|magdirudialin]] | utc_offset = +7 ha +9 | date_format = DD/MM/YYYY | drives_on = walá <!--Note that this refers to the side of the road used, not the seating of the driver--> | calling_code = [[+62]] | cctld = [[.id]] | official_website = [http://www.indonesia.go.id/en.html indonesia.go.id] }} An '''Indonesia''' (puyde liwat igsurat nga '''Indonesya''') nga an opisyal nga pagtawag '''Republika han Indonesia''' (ha [[Indonesya nga yinaknan|Bahasa Indonesia]]: ''Indonesia'' ngan ''Republik Indonesia'') usá nga [[unitaryo nga estado|unitaryo]] nga [[soberano nga estado]] ngan [[Taramdan hin mga transcontinental nga mga nasod|transcontinental nga nasod]] nga nahamutang hin prinsipal ha [[Timugan nga Asya]], upod hin pipira nga mga teritoryo ha [[Oceania]]. Nahamutang ha butnga han [[Kalawdan Indyano|Indyano]] ngan [[Kalawdan Pasipiko|Pasipiko]] nga mga kalawdan, amo ini an gidako-i nga [[purô nga nasod]] han kalibotan, upod hin labaw hin [[Taramdan hin kapurupod'an han Indonesia|napulo kag tulo ka yukot nga nga purô]].<ref name="CIA">{{Cite web | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html | title = The World Factbook: Indonesia | publisher = Central Intelligence Agency | date = 12 Disyembre 2017 | accessdate = 19 Disyembre 2017 | archive-date = 10 Disyembre 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081210041527/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> Ha {{convert|1,904,569|km2|sqmi|lk=out|abbr=off}}, an Indonesia amo an ika-14 nga gidako-i nga nasod han kalibotan ha pagkita hin langyab hin katunaan ngan an ika-7 nga gidako-i ha pagkita hin gin-usâ nga langyab hin katunaan ngan kadagatan.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://seekingalpha.com/article/4035779-indonesia-next-major-oil-importer | title = Indonesia - The Next Major Oil Importer? | publisher = Seeking Alpha | date = 10 Enero 2017 | accessdate = 6 Pebrero 2017 | deadurl = bot: unknown | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170206005019/https://seekingalpha.com/article/4035779-indonesia-next-major-oil-importer | archivedate = 6 Pebrero 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Mayda ini ginbanabana nga kamolupyohan hin labaw {{#expr:floor({{replace|{{UN_Population|Indonesia}}|,||}}/1e6)}} ka ribo nga kamolupyohan ngan an [[Taramdan hin mga nasod ngan dependensya ha kamolupyohan|ika-4 hin gidamo-i hin kamolupyohan nga nasod]] han kalibutan, an gidamo-i hin kamolupyohan nga [[Austronesyano nga mga katawhan|Austronesyano]] nga nasod, ngan amo gihapon an gidamo-i hin kamolupyohan nga [[Islam ha tagsa nasod|nasod in Muslim-nga-mayoriya]].<ref name="MuslimPop">{{Cite web | url = http://www.pewforum.org/2010/11/04/muslim-population-of-indonesia/ | title = Muslim Population of Indonesia | publisher = Pew Research Center | date = 4 Nobyembre 2010 | accessdate = 17 Hulyo 2015 | deadurl = bot: unknown | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150717050318/http://www.pewforum.org/2010/11/04/muslim-population-of-indonesia/ | archivedate = 17 Hulyo 2015 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> An [[Java]], nga amo an [[Taramdan hin mga purô ha kamolupyohan|gidamo-i hin kamolupyohan nga purô]] han kalibotan,<ref name="IslandPop">{{Cite web | url = http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/highest-population-island | title = Highest population, island | publisher = Guinness World Records | accessdate = 6 Hunyo 2017 | deadurl = bot: unknown | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170606183647/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/highest-population-island | archivedate = 6 Hunyo 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> nagbabalay han labaw hin katunga han kamolupyohan han nasod. An republikano nga kahimo han kagamhanan han Indonesia naglalakip hin elehido nga [[People's Consultative Assembly|lehislatura]] ngan [[Mangulo han Indonesia|mangulo]]. Mayda [[Mga lalawigan han Indonesia|34 ka lalawigan]] an Indonesia, nga diin limá hiní mayda Ispesyal nga Administratibo nga status. [[Jakarta]] an pamunuan hini, nga amo an ikaduha nga [[taramdan hin mga urban nga kahaluag ha kamolupyohan|gidamo-i hin kamolupyohan nga urban nga kahaluag ha kalibutan]]; upod han iba nga mga dagko nga [[urbano nga agglomerasyon]] an [[Bandung]], [[Surabaya]] ngan [[Medan]].{{sfn|Witton|2003|pp=139, 181, 251, 435}} Nagsasaro an nasod hin linea ha tuna upod han [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Sinirangan nga Timor]], ngan han [[Sinirangan nga Malaysia|sinirangan nga dapit]] han [[Malaysia]]. Upood han iba nga mga hagrani nga mga nasod an [[Singgapura]], an [[Vietnam]], an [[Pilipinas]], an [[Australia]], an [[Palau]], ngan an [[India]]no nga teritoryo han [[Kapurupod'an han Andaman ngan Nicobar]]. Bisan pa han dako nga kamolupyohan hini ngan in hataas hin desidad ha kamolupyohan nga mga rehiyon, an Indonesia mayda dagko nga mga kalahuag hin kamingawan nga napabuhi han [[biodiversidad]] nga [[Biodiversidad nga hotspot|ikatulo ha pagkahitaas han kalibutan]].<ref name="Mongabay">{{Cite web | url = https://news.mongabay.com/2016/05/top-10-biodiverse-countries/ | title = The top 10 most biodiverse countries | author = Butler, Rhett A. | publisher = Mongabay | date = 21 Mayo 2016 | accessdate = 21 Septyembre 2017 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170921061655/https://news.mongabay.com/2016/05/top-10-biodiverse-countries/ | archivedate = 21 Septyembre 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Damo an unob nga karikohan han nasod sugad hin [[lana]] ngan [[natural nga gas]], [[lata]], [[tumbaga]] ngan [[bulawan]]. An [[pag-uma ha Indonesia|pag-uma]] naghahatag hin dako hin [[bugas]], [[palm oil]], [[tsaa]], [[kape]], [[cacao bean|cacao]], [[pantambal nga mga tanom]], mga [[panakot]] ngan [[Natural rubber|rubber]].<ref name="OEC">{{Cite web | url = http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/idn/ | title = Indonesia | publisher = The Observatory of Economic Complexity | date = 2016 | accessdate = 19 Nobyembre 2016 | deadurl = bot: unknown | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161119130257/http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/idn/ | archivedate = 19 Nobyembre 2016 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> An mga dagko nga kapadis hin pagkomersyo han Indonesia amo an [[Hapon]], an [[Estados Unidos]], an [[Tsina]] ngan an mga hagrani nga nasod han Singgapura, Malaysia ngan Australia. An Indonesia nga kapurupod'an usá nga importante nga rehiyon hin negosyo tikang han mga ika-7 nga gatostuig, han pakignegosyo han [[Srivijaya]] ngan ha urhe han [[Majapahit]] upod han [[Tsina]] ngan [[India]]. An mga lokal nga namuno hinayhinay hin nagkuha hin kanan langyaw nga mga modelo hin kultura, relihiyon, ngan politika tikang han mga sayo nga gatos tuig nga [[Common Era|CE]], ngan mga [[Hinduismo ha Timugan nga Asya|Hindu]] ngan [[Buddhismo ha Timugan nga Asya|Buddhista]] nga ginhadi-an nagmalinamposon. An [[kaagi han Indonesia|Indonesyano nga kaagi]] na-impluwensya hin mga panlangyaw nga mga gahom nga dinmaop tungod han mga unob nga karikohan hini. Mga [[Muslim]] nga negosyante ngan mga [[Sufismo|Sufi]] nga mag-aram nagdara han yana-nga-dominante nga [[Islam ha Timugan nga Asya|Islam]],<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ma38W_8unrUC | title = Islam in Indonesia: Contrasting Images and Interpretations | author = Burhanudin, Jajat; van Dijk, Kees | publisher = Amsterdam University Press | via = Google Books | date = 31 Enero 2013 | accessdate = 17 Nobyembre 2016 | deadurl = bot: unknown | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161117143517/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ma38W_8unrUC | archivedate = 17 Nobyembre 2016 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nr3DuQKDfRYC | title = Indonesia: A Global Studies Handbook | author = Lamoureux, Florence | publisher = ABC-CLIO Corporate | via = Google Books | date = 2003 | accessdate = 17 Nobyembre 2016 | deadurl = bot: unknown | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161117145213/https://books.google.com/books?id=nr3DuQKDfRYC | archivedate = 17 Nobyembre 2016 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> samtang an mga Europeo nga gahom nagdara hin [[Cristianidad ha Indonesia|Cristianidad]] ngan nag-aragway ha ira kalugaringon basi ma-monopolisar an negosyo han Kapurupod'an hin Panakot han [[Kapurupod'an han Maluku|Maluku]] dida han [[Panahon hin Pagdeskubre]]. Sunod hin tulo ngan tunga nga gatostuig hin [[Dutch nga East Indies|Olandes nga kolonyalismo]] tikang ha [[Purô han Ambon|Amboina]] ngan [[Batavia, Dutch nga East Indies|Batavia]], ngan ha urhe an bug-os nga kapurupod'an upod han [[Timor]] ngan [[Katundan nga New Guinea]], nga ha pira ka mga panahon na-interrumpido han [[Portuges nga kolonyalismo ha Indonesia|Portuges]], [[Franses ngan Britaniko nga mga interlude ha Dutch nga East Indies|Franses ngan Britaniko]] nga pagdumara, [[Nasodnon nga Rebolusyon han Indonesya|nakakuha hin paglugaring]] an Indonesia katapos han [[Ikaduha nga Gera han Kalibotan]]. Nahihimo an Indonesia hin pira ka gatos nga magkadirudilain nga mga tuminongnong nga [[Mga ethniko nga grupo ha Indonesia|ethniko]] ngan [[Mga pinulongan han Indonesia|lingguwistiko nga grupo]], nga an gidako-i-ngan-dominante-ha-politika nga grupo amo an [[Jawa nga katawhan|Javanes]] o Jawa. Mayda usá nga ginsaroan nga [[nasodnon nga identidad|pagkilala]] nga ginpadukwag, nga gintagaan hin kahimo hin [[nasodnon nga pinulongan]], pagkadirudilain nga ethniko, pluralismo ha relihiyon ha sakob hin kamolupyohan nga Muslim-nga-maoriya, ngan hin kaagi hin kolonyalismo ngan hin rebelyon patok hiní. An nasodnon nga lema han Indonesia, ''"[[Bhinneka Tunggal Ika]]"'' ("Paghiusa ha Pagdirudilain" ''ha literal'', "damo, kundi ussa"), nagpapahayag han pagkadirudilain nga naghihimo han nasod. An [[ekonomiya han Indonesia]] amo an [[Taramdan hin mga nasod ha GDP (nominal)|ika-16]] nga gidakoi han kalibutan ha nominal nga GDP ngan an [[Taramdan hin mga nasod ha GDP (PPP)|ika-7]] nga gidako-i ha GDP ha [[purchasing power parity|PPP]]. Api an Indonesia hin pipira nga mga multilateral nga mga organisasyon, upod an [[Nasyones Unidas|UN]],{{efn|name=fn1|Binmiya anay an Indonesia tikang han UN dida han 20 Enero 1965 nga pagbataon han kapili han Malaysia nga usa nga diri-permanente nga api han Konseho hin Seguridad. Nagpasamwak ini han panuyo nga "bumalik ha bug-os nga pakigbulig upod han Nasyones Unidas ngan pagbalik hin pagtambong han mga buruhaton hiní" didâ han 19 Septyembre 1966, ngan gin-imbitar ini nga bumalik-pag-api han UN han 28 Septyembre 1966.}} [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] ngan [[G20]] nga dagko nga mga ekonomiya. Usá gihapon iní nga nagtukod nga api han [[Non-Aligned Movement]], [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]], [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]], [[East Asia Summit]], [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]] ngan [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]]. ==Etimolohiya== :{{dugang nga impormasyon|Mga ngaran han Indonesia}} An ngaran nga ''Indonesia'' o ''Indonesya'' natikang han [[Griniyego|Griniyego]] nga ngaran nga [[Salog Indus|''Indós'']] (Ἰνδός) ngan an pulong nga ''nèsos'' (νῆσος), nga nangangahulogan nga "kapurupod'an nga Indyano".<ref name="EcoSeas1">{{Cite book|last=Tomascik|first=T.|author2=Mah, J.A.|author3=Nontji, A.|author4=Moosa, M.K.|title=The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas&nbsp;– Part One|url=https://archive.org/details/ecologyofindones0007unse|publisher=Periplus Editions| date = 1996|location=Hong Kong|isbn=962-593-078-7}}</ref> An ngaran natikang han ika-18 nga gatostuig, nga hirayo hin paghiuna han kahimo han naglulugaring nga Indonesia.<ref name="indoety">{{Cite web | url = http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/cetak/0804/16/0802.htm | title = The origin of Indonesia's name | author = Anshory, Irfan | publisher = Pikiran Rakyat | date = 16 Agosto 2004 | accessdate = 15 Disyembre 2006 | deadurl = bot: unknown | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061215190155/http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/cetak/0804/16/0802.htm | archivedate = 15 Disyembre 2006 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Han 1850, hi [[George Windsor Earl]], usá nga Inggles nga [[ethnolohiya|ethnolohista]], nagsuhestyon han mga pulong nga ''Indunesians''—ngan, an iya karuyag, ''Malayunesians''—para han mga nangungukoy han "Indyano nga Kapurupod'an o Malayano nga Kapurupod'an" ("''Indian Archipelago or Malay Archipelago''").{{sfn|Earl|1850|p=119}} Dida hiton gihapon nga ginmantala, usá han iya mga estudyante nga hi [[James Richardson Logan]], nággámit han ''Indonesia'' nga sinónimo para han ''Indyano nga Kapurupod'an'' (''Indian Archipelago'').<ref name="JIAEA_3">{{Cite journal|last=Logan|first=James Richardson| title=The Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago: Embracing Enquiries into the Continental Relations of the Indo-Pacific Islanders|url=https://archive.org/details/ethnologyIndian00Loga|journal=Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA)| date = 1850|pages=4:252–347}}</ref>{{sfn|Earl|1850|pp=254, 277–278}} Pero an mga Olandes nga mga akademiko nga nagsusurat hin mga pagmantalaan hin Sinirangan nga mga India naghi-alang hin paggamit han pulong nga ''Indonesia''; an ira karuyag an pagtawag nga ''Malayo nga Kapurupod'an'' (''Maleische Archipel''); an ''Nederlandes nga Sinirangan nga Indya'' (''Nederlandsch Oost Indië''), ha popular an pagtawag nga ''Indië''; ''an Sidlangan'' (''de Oost''); ngan ''Insulinde''.<ref name="Kroef">{{Cite journal|title=The Term Indonesia: Its Origin and Usage|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_july-september-1951_71_3/page/166|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|author=Justus M van der Kroef|volume=71|issue=3|pages=166–171| date = 1951|doi=10.2307/595186|jstor=595186}}</ref> Katapos han 1900, an ngaran nga ''Indonesia'' nagin masahid ha mga katitirok ha akademiya ha gawas han Nederlandes, ngan ginpili ini han mga nasyonalista nga grupo nga Indonesyano para hin pagpamahayag ha politika.<ref name="Kroef"/> Hi [[Adolf Bastian]], han Unibersidad han Berlin, nagpasikat han ngaran pinaagi han iya barasahon nga ''Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894''. An syahan nga Indones nga iskolar nga nággámit han ngaran hi [[Ki Hajar Dewantara|Suwardi Suryaningrat]] (Ki Hajar Dewantara), han pagtukod niya hin bureau hin prensa han 1913 ha Nederlandes nga gintawag niya nga ''Indonesisch Pers-bureau''.<ref name="indoety"/> ==Mga lalawigan han Indonesya== {| class="wikitable" align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" |+ style="background-color: #bfd7ff;" | '''Province map of Indonesia''' |- | align="left" | {{Indonesia provinces}} |} {| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" |+ style="background-color: #bfd7ff" | '''Mga Lalawigan han Indonesia'''<ref>References and details on data provided in the table can be found within the individual provincial articles.</ref> |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! align="center" | Selyo ! align="left" | Lalawigan ! align="right" | [[ISO 3166-2:ID|ISO]]<ref>[[ISO 3166-2:ID]] ([[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] [[ISO 3166-2|3166-2]] codes for the provinces of Indonesia)</ref> ! align="left" | Ulohan ! align="right" | Katawhan ! align="right" | Kahaluag (km²) ! align="right" | Tigaman ! align="left" | Katitirok hin Purô |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of North Maluku.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Amihan nga Maluku|Amihan nga Maluku (A. g. Moluccas)]] || ID-MU || align="left" | [[Ternate]] || align="right" | 890,000 || align="right" | 30,895 || || align="left" | [[Maluku Islands|Maluku Islands and New Guinea]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of North Sulawesi.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Amihan nga Sulawesi]] || ID-SA || align="left" | [[Manado]] || align="right" | 2,154,234 || align="right" | 15,364 || || align="left" | [[Sulawesi]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of North Sumatra.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Amihan nga Sumatra]] || ID-SU || align="left" | [[Medan]] || align="right" | 11,642,000 || align="right" | 71,680 || || align="left" | [[Sumatra]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Bali.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Bali]] || ID-BA || align="left" | [[Denpasar]] || align="right" | 3,150,000 || align="right" | 5,633 || || align="left" | [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Nusa Tenggara]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Bangka Belitung Islands.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Bangka-Belitung]] || ID-BB || align="left" | [[Pangkal Pinang]] || align="right" | 1,300,000 || align="right" | 18,725 || || align="left" | [[Sumatra]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Banten.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Banten]] || ID-BT || align="left" | [[Serang]] || align="right" | 9,083,114 || align="right" | 9,161 || || align="left" | [[Java]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Bengkulu.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Bengkulu]] || ID-BE || align="left" | [[Bengkulu (city)|Bengkulu]] || align="right" | 1,564,000 || align="right" | 21,168 || || align="left" | [[Sumatra]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Central Java.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Butnga nga Java]] || ID-JT || align="left" | [[Semarang]] || align="right" | 31,820,000 || align="right" | 32,548 || || align="left" | [[Java]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Central Kalimantan.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Butnga nga Kalimantan|Butnga nga Kalimantan (B. g. Borneo)]] || ID-KT || align="left" | [[Palangkaraya]] || align="right" | 1,912,747 || align="right" | 153,564 || || align="left" | [[Kalimantan]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Central Sulawesi.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Butnga nga Sulawesi]] || ID-ST || align="left" | [[Palu]] || align="right" | 1,820,000 || align="right" | 68,089 || || align="left" | [[Sulawesi]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Gorontalo.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Gorontalo]] || ID-GO || align="left" | [[Gorontalo (syudad)|Gorontalo]] || align="right" | 830,200 || align="right" | 12,215 || || align="left" | [[Sulawesi]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Jakarta.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Jakarta|Ispisyal nga Ulohan nga Rehiyon han Jakarta]] || ID-JK || align="left" | [[Jakarta]] || align="right" | 8,389,443 || align="right" | 750 || align="left" | Nasodnon nga ulohan, <br />direkta nga gindudumara || align="left" | [[Java]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Jambi.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Jambi]] || ID-JA || align="left" | [[Jambi (city)|Jambi]] || align="right" | 2,742,196 || align="right" | 53,436 || || align="left" | [[Sumatra]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of West Java.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Katundan nga Java]] || ID-JB || align="left" | [[Bandung]] || align="right" | 35,724,000 || align="right" | 34,817 || || align="left" | [[Java]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of West Kalimantan.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Katundan nga Kalimantan|Katundan nga Kalimantan (K. g. Borneo)]] || ID-KB || align="left" | [[Pontianak, Indonesia|Pontianak]] || align="right" | 4,073,304 || align="right" | 146,807 || || align="left" | [[Kalimantan]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of West Nusa Tenggara.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Katundan nga Nusa Tenggara]] || ID-NB || align="left" | [[Mataram (city)|Mataram]] || align="right" | 4,015,102 || align="right" | 19,709 || || align="left" | [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Nusa Tenggara]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of West Papua.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Katundan nga Papua (lalawigan)|Katundan nga Papua]] || <ref>{{flagicon image|West Papua Province Emblem.svg|border=}}An [[Katundan nga Papua (lalawigan)|Katundan nga Papua]] ginhimo tikang han katundan nga bahin han lalawigan han Papua dida han Pebrero 2003, ngan ha syahan ginhimo ini ha ilarom han ngaran nga Irian Jaya Barat, ngan gin-ngaranan hin otro nga Papua Barat (Katundan nga Papua) dida han 7 Pebrero 2007. Duro hin kakontrobersyal ini nga pagbahin.. Han Nobyembre 2004, in Indones nga korte nagsiring nga an pagbulag nagtalapas han mga balaod hin paglugaring han Papua. Kondi, an hukmanan nagsiring gihapon nga tungod kay nahimo na an bag-o nga lalawigan, angay na ini magpabilin nga bulag tikang han Papua. Gindidiri liwat han korte an paghimo hin dugang pa nga lalawigan, nga amo an Butnga nga Irian Jaya, kay diri pa tapos an pagbulag. Sumala han Hunyo, 2008, waray pa ginmantala nga kodigo hin ISO 3166-2 para han Katundan nga Papua. Kon mayda susundon nga nahinabo na, an kodigo magigin ID-PB.</ref> || align="left" | [[Manokwari]] || align="right" | 800,000 || align="right" | 115,364 || align="left" | Nalalaín nga rehiyon || align="left" | [[New Guinea|Maluku Islands and New Guinea]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of West Sulawesi.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Katundan nga Sulawesi]] || ID-SR || align="left" | [[Mamuju]] || align="right" | 938,254 || align="right" | 16,796 || || align="left" | [[Sulawesi]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of West Sumatra.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Katundan nga Sumatra]] || ID-SB || align="left" | [[Padang, Indonesia|Padang]] || align="right" | 4,241,000 || align="right" | 42,297 || || align="left" | [[Sumatra]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Lampung.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Lampung]] || ID-LA || align="left" | [[Bandar Lampung]] || align="right" | 6,731,000 || align="right" | 35,376 || || align="left" | [[Sumatra]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Maluku.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Maluku (Lalawigan ha Indonesya)|Maluku (Moluccas)]] || ID-MA || align="left" | [[Ambon, Maluku|Ambon]] || align="right" | 1,266,000 || align="right" | 46,975 || || align="left" | [[Maluku Islands|Maluku Islands and New Guinea]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Aceh.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Aceh|Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam]] || ID-AC || align="left" | [[Banda Aceh]] || align="right" | 3,930,000 || align="right" | 57,366 || align="left" | Nalalaín nga rehiyon || align="left" | [[Sumatra]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat_of_arms_of_Papua 2.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Papua (lalawigan ha Indonesya)|Papua]] || ID-PA || align="left" | [[Jayapura]] || align="right" | 2,795,182 || align="right" | 421,981 || align="left" | Nalalaín nga rehiyon || align="left" | [[New Guinea|Maluku Islands and New Guinea]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Riau.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Riau (lalawigan)|Riau]] || ID-RI || align="left" | [[Pekanbaru]] || align="right" | 4,948,000 || align="right" | 82,232 || || align="left" | [[Sumatra]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Riau Islands.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Islas Riau (lalawigan)|Islas Riau]] || ID-KR || align="left" | [[Tanjung Pinang]] || align="right" | 1,198,526 || align="right" | 21,992 || || align="left" | [[Sumatra]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of South Kalimantan.gif|border=}} || align="left" | [[Salatan nga Kalimantan|Salatan nga Kalimantan (S. g. Borneo)]] || ID-KS || align="left" | [[Banjarmasin]] || align="right" | 3,054,129 || align="right" | 36,985 || || align="left" | [[Kalimantan]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of South Sulawesi.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Salatan nga Sulawesi]] || ID-SN || align="left" | [[Makassar]] || align="right" | 7,497,701 || align="right" | 72,781 || || align="left" | [[Sulawesi]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of South Sumatra.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Salatan nga Sumatra]] || ID-SS || align="left" | [[Palembang]] || align="right" | 6,900,000 || align="right" | 53,436 || || align="left" | [[Sumatra]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat_of_arms_of_East_Java.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Sinirangan nga Java]] || ID-JI || align="left" | [[Surabaya]] || align="right" | 34,766,000 || align="right" | 47,922 || || align="left" | [[Java]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of East Kalimantan.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Sinirangan nga Kalimantan|Sinirangan nga Kalimantan (Sg.Borneo)]] || ID-KI || align="left" | [[Samarinda]] || align="right" | 2,750,369 || align="right" | 245,238 || || align="left" | [[Kalimantan]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of East Nusa Tenggara NEW.png|border=}} || align="left" | [[Sinirangan nga Nusa Tenggara]] || ID-NT || align="left" | [[Kupang]] || align="right" | 4,260,294 || align="right" | 47,876 || || align="left" | [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Nusa Tenggara]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Southeast Sulawesi.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Timugan nga Sulawesi]] || ID-SG || align="left" | [[Kendari]] || align="right" | 1,771,951 || align="right" | 38,140 || || align="left" | [[Sulawesi]] |- align="center" | {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Yogyakarta.svg|border=}} || align="left" | [[Nalalaín nga Rehiyon han Yogyakarta]] || ID-YO || align="left" | [[Yogyakarta (syudad)|Yogyakarta]] || align="right" | 3,121,000 || align="right" | 3,186 || align="left" | Nalalaín nga rehiyon (sultanato) || align="left" | [[Java]] |} ==Album== <center><gallery caption="Indonesia" widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="3"> File:Museum Nasional Indonesia.jpg|Nasodnon nga Museo han Indonesia ha [[Central Jakarta]] File:Jakarta Skyline Part 2.jpg|[[Wisma 46]], An gihataasi nga edipisyo hin opisina ha Indonesia, nga nahamutang ha butnga hin Jakarta nga skyscraper. File:Central Jakarta.JPG|Jalan Thamrin, an prinsipal nga avenida ha Central Jakarta File:Gambir Station Platform.jpg|In tren ha estasyon han [[Gambir]] ha [[Central Jakarta]] File:BungKarno-indonoob.JPG|An [[Bung Karno Stadium]] puyde makapamalay hin 100,000 nga mga magkirita File:Indonesia 2002 CIA map.png|Mapa han Indonesia File:Indonesia provinces english.png|Mga lalawigan han Indonesia File:Jalan malioboro - Jogjakarta.JPG|Malioboro, an gisikati nga dalan ha syudad han Yogyakarta Image:transjogja.jpg|Trans Jogja Bus. Usá nga sistema hin bus rapid transit ha syudad han Yogyakarta File:SOTO FOOD.jpg|Mga pinili hin [[Indonesiano nga pagluto|Indonesiano nga pagkaon]], upod an ''Soto Ayam'' (sabaw hin manok), ''sate kerang'' ([[satay|mga kebab hin shellfish]]), ''telor pindang'' (mga ginpreserba nga bunay), ''perkedel'' (fritter), and ''es teh manis'' (matam-is nga tsaa nga may hielo) File:Indonesian Army infantryman participating in the GPOI.jpg|In infanteriya nga sundalo han Indonesyano nga Ehersito nga natambong han Global Peacekeeping Operation Initiative han Nasyones Unidas Image:Panser side left.JPG|Pindad Panser "Anoa" nga ginpakita dida han Indo Defense and Aerospace Expo 2008 |Indonesian Naval vessels Image:AURI B-25.jpg|B-25 Mitchell nga mga bomber han AURI han dekada han mga 1950 Image:Jmnei.jpg|In [[Javanes nga katawhan|Javanes]] nga inhenieryo nagsasada han usa nga mga purtahan hin gun bay doors hin Dutch nga [[Brewster Buffalo|Buffalo]], Enero 1942. |[[Mazda6]] nga ginamit han Jakarta Metro Highway Patrol (''Ditlantas Polda Metro Jaya'') nga kotse hin patrolya |[[Mitsubishi Lancer]] nga ginamit han Vital Object Protection han Indonesian National Police File:ID_diesel_loco_CC_201-05_060327_4217_kta.jpg|GE U20C ha Indonesia, #CC201-05 File:Diesel locomotive CC 203 22 at Gambir Station.jpg|GE U20C "Full-Width Cabin" ha Indonesia, #CC203-22 File:ID_diesel_loco_CC_204-06_060403_2512_mri.jpg|GE U20C nga bug-os hin pagkontrol ha kompuyter nga locomotive ha Indonesia, #CC204-06 [...] </gallery></center> ==Mga tigaman== {{notelist}} ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan|25em}} ==Mga kasarigan== * {{Cite book|ref=Friend |last=Friend |first=T. |title=Indonesian Destinies |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo |publisher=Harvard University Press | date = 2003 |isbn=0-674-01137-6}} * {{Cite book|ref=Ricklefs |last=Ricklefs |first=M. C. |title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300, Second Edition |publisher=MacMillan | date = 1991 |isbn=0-333-57689-6}} * {{Cite book|ref=Schwarz |last=Schwarz |first=A. | date = 1994 |title=A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s |url=https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=1-86373-635-2}} * {{Cite book|ref=Taylor |last=Taylor |first=Jean Gelman |title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiapeoples0000tayl |publisher=Yale University Press | date = 2003 |location= New Haven and London |isbn=0-300-10518-5}} * {{Cite book|ref=Vickers |last=Vickers |first=Adrian |title=A History of Modern Indonesia |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri |publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 2005 |isbn=0-521-54262-6}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|voy=Indonesia}} ; Gobyerno * [http://www.indonesia.go.id/en/ Government of Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185129/http://www.indonesia.go.id/en/ |date= 17 Pebrero 2012 }} * [http://www.setneg.go.id/ Minister of The State Secretary] {{Id icon}} * [http://www.bps.go.id/ Statistics Center] * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/ID.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012020339/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/ID.html |date= 12 Oktubre 2014 }} ;Kasahiran nga impormasyon * {{CIA World Factbook link|id|Indonesia}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/indonesia.htm Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426085755/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/indonesia.htm |date= 26 Abril 2009 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Indonesia}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14921238 Indonesia profile] from the [[BBC News]] * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286480/Indonesia Indonesia] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' * {{Wikiatlas|Indonesia}} * [http://www.indonesia.travel/ Official Site of Indonesian Tourism] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ID Key Development Forecasts for Indonesia] from [[International Futures]] {{ASEAN}} {{Timugan nga Asya}} {{Asya}} [[Kaarangay:Indonesia| ]] [[Kaarangay:Nasod]] jcbb1hjn3hkj1cy4xozj1j3qp6x5tae 0 7300 7783732 7643060 2026-06-24T22:21:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783732 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''komix''' o '''komiks''' (tikang han [[Iningles]]: ''comics'') usa nga forma hin visual nga arte hin mga hulagway nga agsob igkombina hin texto, agsob ha forma hin mga ''speech balloon'' o mga kapsyon hin hulagway. Ha pagtikang gin-gamit ini pag-ilustrar hin mga ''caricature'' ngan pagliaw pinaagi hin nakali-aw ngan diri-importante nga mga istorya, pero yana nahimo na ini hin literary nga medium nga mayda damo nga mga subgenre.. ===An SAGING=== Mayda duha nga mag-inum, Hi Lindy ngan hi Nalding, Nagtutunga hira han puno han saging nasiring hi Lindy kan Nalding, Nalding kay akun man ini nga Saging ngan Tona akun an mga bunga ngan ugat han Saging imu la an lawas, an Nalding kay diri nasabut kumarawat la. Ngan umabot an Patu (Duck) an diyos han saging kanda Nalding balay, Nalding buk-a an itun nga lawas han Saging makita ka hin damu nga gahi hin saging itanum didtu ha hirayu nga lugar nga midyu batuhon nga tona didtu han amun guin uukyan kay subra ka damu hitun. Tikang hadtu dumamu an saging tungud kan Nalding. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan|colwidth=20em}} ====Mga academic journal==== {{Refbegin|colwidth=40em}} * {{Cite journal |ref = harv |title = The Publication and Formats of Comics, Graphic Novels, and Tankobon |first = Chris |last = Couch |date= Disyembre 2000 |issn = 1780-678X |journal = Image <nowiki>[&]</nowiki> Narrative |issue = 1 |url = http://www.imageandnarrative.be/inarchive/narratology/chriscouch.htm |accessdate = 5 Pebrero 2012 |archive-date = 4 Nobyembre 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131104223730/http://www.imageandnarrative.be/inarchive/narratology/chriscouch.htm |url-status = }} * {{Cite journal |last = Frahm |first = Ole |title = Too much is too much. The never innocent laughter of the Comics. |date= Oktubre 2003 |issn = 1780-678X |journal = Image <nowiki>[&]</nowiki> Narrative |issue = 7 |url = http://www.imageandnarrative.be/inarchive/graphicnovel/olefrahm.htm |accessdate = 5 Pebrero 2012 |ref = harv |archive-date = 6 Mayo 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210506155119/http://www.imageandnarrative.be/inarchive/graphicnovel/olefrahm.htm |url-status = dead }} * {{Cite journal |last = Groensteen |first = Thierry |title = The Current State of French Comics Theory |journal = Scandinavian Journal of Comic Art |volume = 1 |issue = 1 |date = Spring 2012 |pages = 111–122 |ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal |last = Cohen |first = Martin S. |title = The Novel in Woodcuts: A Handbook |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-literature_1977-04_6_2/page/171 |journal = Journal of Modern Literature |volume = 6 |issue = 2 |date= Abril 1977 |pages = 171–195 |publisher = [[Indiana University Press]] |jstor = 3831165 |ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal |last = Yuan |first = Ting |title = From Ponyo to 'My Garfield Story': Using Digital Comics as an Alternative Pathway to Literary Composition |journal = Childhood Education |volume = 87 |issue = 4 | date = 2011 |url = http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-254482672 |ref = harv}} {{Refend}} ====Web==== {{Refbegin|colwidth=40em}} * {{Cite web |ref = harv |first = Robert |last = Beerbohm |title = The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck Part III |work = The Search For Töpffer In America |url = http://scoop.diamondgalleries.com/Home/4/1/73/1017?articleID=43536 | date = 2003 |accessdate = 23 Hulyo 2012 |archive-date = 9 Hunyo 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130609004922/http://scoop.diamondgalleries.com/Home/4/1/73/1017?articleID=43536 |url-status = }} * {{Cite web |ref = {{SfnRef|Harvey|2010}} |url = http://classic.tcj.com/top-stories/defining-comics-again-another-in-the-long-list-of-unnecessarily-complicated-definitions/ |title = Defining Comics Again: Another in the Long List of Unnecessarily Complicated Definitions |work = [[The Comics Journal]] |publisher = [[Fantagraphics Books]] |authorlink = R. C. Harvey |first = R. C. |last = Harvey |date = 20 Disyembre 2010 |accessdate = 6 Pebrero 2013 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110914065411/http://classic.tcj.com/top-stories/defining-comics-again-another-in-the-long-list-of-unnecessarily-complicated-definitions/ |archivedate = 14 Septyembre 2011 |url-status = dead }} * {{Cite web |ref = harv |url = http://www.toonopedia.com/glossary.htm |archiveurl = http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091016112147/http://www.toonopedia.com/glossary.htm |archivedate = 16 Oktubre 2009 |deadurl = |accessdate = 5 Pebrero 2013 |first = Don |last = Markstein |work = [[Don Markstein's Toonopedia]] | date = 2010 |title = Glossary Of Specialized Cartoon-related Words and Phrases Used in Don Markstein's Toonopedia™ }} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links}} * {{DMOZ|Arts/Comics}} '''Mga academic journal''' * [http://www.comicsgrid.com/ The Comics Grid: Journal of Comics Scholarship] * [http://www.english.ufl.edu/imagetext/ ImageTexT: Interdisciplinary Comics Studies] * [http://www.imageandnarrative.be/ Image <nowiki>[&]</nowiki> Narrative] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106235640/http://www.imageandnarrative.be/ |date= 6 Nobyembre 2020 }} * [http://www.ijoca.com/ International Journal of Comic Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114223715/http://www.ijoca.com/ |date= 14 Enero 2013 }} * [http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rcom20/current Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics] '''Mga hinipos''' * [http://cartoons.osu.edu/ Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum] * [http://comics.lib.msu.edu/ Michigan State University Comic Art Collection] * [http://mulibraries.missouri.edu/specialcollections/comic.htm Comic Art Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719050622/http://mulibraries.missouri.edu/specialcollections/comic.htm |date= 19 Hulyo 2011 }} at the [[University of Missouri]] * [http://www.cartoonart.org/ Cartoon Art Museum of San Francisco] * [http://www.time.com/time/archive/collections/0,21428,c_comics,00.shtml/ ''Time'' Archives' Collection of Comics]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215055912/http://www.time.com/time/archive/collections/0,21428,c_comics,00.shtml |date=2012-12-15 }} * {{Cite web |publisher = [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] |url = http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/prints_books/features/comics/index.html |title = Comics in the National Art Library |work = Prints & Books |accessdate = 15 Marso 2011 |archive-date = 4 Nobyembre 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091104235741/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/prints_books/features/comics/index.html |url-status = dead }} '''Mga database''' * [http://www.comicbookdb.com/ Comic Book Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217051102/http://comicbookdb.com/ |date= 17 Disyembre 2019 }} * [http://comics.org/ Grand Comics Database] [[Kaarangay:Arte]] fqfwf2h8plujcq92hyuh9z3ywy60yn6 0 8032 7783716 7783561 2026-06-24T19:20:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783716 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Para han lain nga kagamit han Mexico, kitaa an [[Mexico (pansayod)]].'' {{Infobox Nasod | conventional_long_name = Estados Unidos Mehikanos | common_name = Méhiko<br>México | native_name = {{native name|es|Estados Unidos Mexicanos}} | image_flag = Flag of Mexico.svg | image_flag2 = <!--not officialMexican States Standard.svg//--> | image_coat = Coat of arms of Mexico.svg | alt_coat = | symbol_type = Eskudo | national_motto = La Patria es Primero<br> (An Iroy nga Tuna Syahan) | national_anthem = <br />"[[Himno Nacional Mexicano]]"<br/>{{small|(Nasodnon nga Himno Mehikano)}}<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Himno Nacional Mexicano instrumental.ogg]]}}</div> | other_symbol_type = | other_symbol = | image_map = MEX orthographic.svg | map_width = 220px | capital = [[Syudad han Mehiko]] | coordinates = {{Coord|19|26|N|99|08|W|type:city}} | largest_city = Syudad han Mehiko | official_languages = {{unbulleted list|Waray ha [[Federal nga kagamhanan han Mexico|federal nga level]]{{ref label|iboxb|b|}}}} | recognized_regional_languages = [[Kinatsila|Espanyol]] ngan 68 nga [[Mga pinulongan han Mexico|Amerindian nga mga pinulungan]]{{ref label|iboxa|a}} | ethnic_groups = [[Tuminungnung nga mga katawhan han Mexico|56 nga Amerindian]] ngan [[Mga demograpiko han Mexico|dirudilain nga mga langlawanon nga mga ethniko nga grupo]] | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |83% [[Katolisismo|Katoliko]] |7% [[Protestantismo|Protestante]] |2% [[Kristianidad|Iba nga Kristyano]] |5% [[Irrelihiyon|Diri-relihiyoso]] |0.2% Iba |3% Waray baton<ref name="2010-census"/> }} | languages_type = [[Nasodnon nga pinulungan]] | languages = [[Kinatsila|Espanyol]] (''de facto''){{ref label|iboxb|b}} | demonym = [[Mehikano nga katawhan|Mehikano]] | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Federalismo|Federal]] nga [[Sistema nga presidentehanon|presidentehanon]] nga<br/>{{raise|0.13em|[[Republika|konstitusyonal nga republika]]<ref>{{cite web |location=MX Q|url=http://www.scjn.gob.mx/SiteCollectionDocuments/PortalSCJN/RecJur/BibliotecaDigitalSCJN/PublicacionesSupremaCorte/Political_constitucion_of_the_united_Mexican_states_2008.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511194922/http://www.scjn.gob.mx/SiteCollectionDocuments/PortalSCJN/RecJur/BibliotecaDigitalSCJN/PublicacionesSupremaCorte/Political_constitucion_of_the_united_Mexican_states_2008.pdf |archivedate=Mayo 11, 2011 |title=Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, title 2, article 40 |publisher=SCJN |accessdate=14 Agosto 2010}}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}}<!--end raise:-->}} | leader_title1 = [[Mangulo han Mehico|Mangulo]] | leader_name1 = [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] | leader_title2 = [[Mangulo han Senado (Mexico)|Mangulo han Senado]] | leader_name2 = [[Mónica Fernández Balboa]] | leader_title3 = [[Mangulo han Kamara hin mga Diputado (Mexico)|Mangulo han Kamara hin mga Diputado]] | leader_name3 = [[Laura Angélica Rojas Hernández]] | legislature = [[Kongreso han Paghiusa|Kongreso]] | upper_house = [[Senado han Republika (Mexico)|Senado]] | lower_house = [[Kamara hin mga Diputado (Mexico)|Kamara hin mga Diputado]] | sovereignty_type = [[Mehikano ng Gera hin Paglugaring|Paglugaríng]] | sovereignty_note = tikang han [[Espanya]] | established_event1 = [[Grito de Dolores|Ginpasamwak]] | established_date1 = Septyembre 16, 1810<ref name="Castro2000">{{cite book|author=Rafaela Castro|title=Chicano Folklore: A Guide to the Folktales, Traditions, Rituals and Religious Practices of Mexican Americans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdzY7YjhRroC&pg=PA83| date = 2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514639-4|page=83}}</ref> | established_event2 = [[Pagpasamwak hin Paglugaring han Imperyo Mehikano|Natuman]] | established_date2 = Septyembre 27, 1821 | established_event3 = [[Espanyol-Amerikano nga mga gera hin paglugaring|Ginkilala]] | established_date3 = Disyembre 28, 1836 | established_event4 = [[1824 nga Konstitusyon han Mexico|Syahan nga konstitusyon]] | established_date4 = Oktubre 4, 1824 | established_event5 = [[Federal nga Konstitusyon han Estados Unidos Mehikanos han 1857|Ikaduha nga konstitusyon]] | established_date5 = Pebrero 5, 1857 | established_event6 = [[Konstitusyon han Mexico|Yanâ nga konstitusyon]] | established_date6 = Pebrero 5, 1917 | area = | today = | area_km2 = 1,972,550 | area_footnote = | area_rank = ika-13 | area_sq_mi = 761,606 | percent_water = 2.5 | population_estimate = 126,577,691<ref>{{cite web |title=Indicadores demográficos de México de 1950 a 2050 |url=http://www.conapo.gob.mx/work/models/CONAPO/Mapa_Ind_Dem18/index_2.html |publisher=Consejo Nacional de Población |accessdate=3 Abril 2019 |language=Kinatsila |archive-date=2019-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103091405/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/work/models/CONAPO/Mapa_Ind_Dem18/index_2.html |url-status= }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2019 | population_estimate_rank = ika-10 | population_density_km2 = 61 | population_density_sq_mi = 157 | population_density_rank = ika-142 | GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$2.575 ka trilyon<ref name="imf-mx">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2018&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=46&pr1.y=4&c=273&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Mexico |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=Mayo 12, 2017}}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = ika-11 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,645<ref name="imf-mx"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ika-64 | GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$1.199 ka trilyon<ref name="imf-mx"/>}} | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = ika-16 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $9,614<ref name="imf-mx"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ika-69 | Gini = 49.8 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.coneval.org.mx/SalaPrensa/Comunicadosprensa/Documents/Comunicado-09-Medicion-pobreza-2016.pdf|title=CONEVAL INFORMA LA EVOLUCIÓN DE LA POBREZA 2010-2016|last=|first=|date=2017-08-30|work=CONEVAL|access-date=2019-02-25}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.774 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2017<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNDP2018">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf |title= Human Development Report 2018 – "Human Development Indices and Indicators"|publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]]|pages=23 |accessdate=Septyembre 14, 2018}}</ref> | HDI_rank = ika-74 | currency = [[Mehikano nga peso|Peso]] | currency_code = MXN | time_zone = ''Kitaa'' [[Oras ha Mehiko]] | utc_offset = −8 to −5 | utc_offset_DST = −7 to −5 | DST_note = | time_zone_DST = nagdudurudilain | antipodes = | date_format = | drives_on = tuo | calling_code = [[Mga numero hin telepono ha Mehiko|+52]] | cctld = [[.mx]] | footnote_a = {{note|iboxa}}Article 4.° han [[Balaod nga Kasahiran hin mga Katungdanan ha Pinulongan han mga Tuminongnong nga mga Katawhan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inali.gob.mx/pdf/LGDLPI.pdf |title=General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples |author=INALI |date=Marso 13, 2003 |accessdate=Nobyembre 7, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inali.gob.mx/clin-inali/ |title=Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas |publisher=Inali.gob.mx |accessdate=Hulyo 18, 2014}}</ref> | footnote_b = {{note|iboxb}}An Espanyol an ''[[de facto]]'' nga opisyal nga pinulungan han kagamhanan federal nga Mehikano. }} An '''Mehiko''' (puyde liwat igsurat ha Winaray nga '''Méhiko''' o '''Mexico'''; kasurat ha [[Kinatsila]] ngan pormal nga Winaray: '''México''' {{IPA-es|ˈmexiko||es-mx-México.ogg}}; {{lang-nah|Mēxihco}}, puyde liwat igsurat nga '''Méjico''') nga an opisyal nga ngaran '''Estados Unidos Mehikanos''' ({{lang-es|Estados Unidos Mexicanos, EUM|links=no}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Romo |first=Rafael |title=After nearly 200 years, Mexico may make the name official |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/22/world/americas/mexico-name-change/index.html?hpt=hp_t3 |newspaper=CNN|date=Nobyembre 23, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://embamex.sre.gob.mx/eua/index.php/en/about-mexico |title=About Mexico |publisher=Embajada de Mexico en Estados Unidos (Embahada han Mehiko ha Estados Unidos) |date=Disyembre 3, 2012 |accessdate=Hulyo 17, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234006/http://embamex.sre.gob.mx/eua/index.php/en/about-mexico |archivedate=Disyembre 2, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="presidencia.gob.mx">{{cite web |url=http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/index.php?DNA=91 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326223041/http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/index.php?DNA=91|url-status=dead|archive-date=Marso 26, 2010 |publisher=Presidency of Mexico |title=Official name of the country|date=Marso 31, 2005 |accessdate=Marso 26, 2010}}</ref><ref name="cia.gov"/> {{IPA-es|esˈtaðos uˈniðos mexiˈkanos||Es-mx-Estados Unidos Mexicanos.ogg}}), usá nga nasod ha salatan nga dapit han [[Amihanan nga Amerika]]. [[Mga katubtuban han Mehiko|Ginsasapitán]] iní ha amihan han [[Estados Unidos]]; ha salatan ngan katundan han [[Kalawdan Pasipiko]]; ha timugan han [[Guatemala]], [[Belize]], ngan han [[Dagat Caribe]]; ngan ha sidlangan han [[Golfo han Mexico]].<ref>Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, 3rd ed., Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, Merriam-Webster; p. 733</ref> Naglalakip hin haros {{Convert|2000000|km2|sp=us}},<ref name="cia.gov">{{CIA World Factbook link|mx|Mexico}}</ref> iní nga nasod amo an ika-lima nga gidako-i nga nasod ha mga Amerika hin bug-os nga langyab o kahaluag ngan iní an [[Talaan hin mga nasod ha langyab|ika-13 nga gidako-i nga naglulugaring nga estado]] ha kalibutan.<!-- Metrics --> Upod hin ginbanabana nga kamolupyohan hin labaw 129 ka milyon nga tawo,<ref name="countries">{{cite web|url=https://www.countries-ofthe-world.com/most-populous-countries.html/p|title=Top 100 most populous countries|website=Countries of the World.com|accessdate=Hulyo 13, 2019|date=2018-2019}}{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> an Mehiko amo an [[Talaan hin mga nasod ha kamolupyohan|ika-napulò nga nasod hin gidamo-i hin kamolupyohan]] ngan an [[Hispanophone|gidamo-i hin kamolupyohan nga nayakan-hin-Espanyol nga nasod]] ha kalibutan, samtang amo gihapon iní an ikaduhá nga gidamo-i hin kamolupyohan ha [[Latin America]] sunod han [[Brasil]].<ref name="countries" /> It Mexico usá nga [[federasyon]] nga nahihimo tikang hin 31 nga [[Mga estado han Mehiko|estado]] ngan han [[Syudad han Mehiko|Syudad han Mehiko (CDMX)]],<ref>{{cite web|website=El Financiero|title=DF no es el estado 32, aclaran legisladores|url=https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/nacional/df-no-es-el-estado-32-aclaran-legisladores|date=Enero 22, 2016|first=Victor|last=Chavez|accessdate=Hulyo 15, 2019}}</ref> nga amo an kapital o [[pamunuan nga syudad]] ngan an [[Talaan hin mga syudad ha Mehiko|syudad nga gidamo-i hin molupyo]]. Upod han mga iba nga [[Metropolitano nga mga kahaluag ha Mehiko|metropolis]] ha nasod an [[Guadalajara]], [[Monterrey]], [[Puebla de Zaragoza|Puebla]], [[Toluca]], [[Tijuana]], ngan [[León, Guanajuato|León]].<ref>{{cite web|website=City Population|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/mexico-metro.php|title=MEXICO: Metropolitan Areas|accessdate=Hulyo 13, 2019}}</ref> ==Pagbahin nga politiko-administratibo== {| float="left" class="infobox" |{{Mexico labeled map|float=right}} |} An Estados Unidos Mehikanos usa nga federasyon hin katloan kag usa (31) nga gawasnon ngan soberano nga mga estado nga nahimo hin Paghiusa o Unyon nga may-ada yakanbalaod han Distrito Federal ngan iba nga mga teritoryo. An tagsa estado mayda kalugaringon nga batakan balaod ngan kongreso pati poder judicial ngan an mga bungtohanon hin nan-eelehir o namimili ha direkta nga pagpili o pagbotos hin [[Talaan hin mga gobernador hin Mehikano nga estado|gobernador]] para hin unom-ka-tuig nga panahon hin serbisyo, pati liwat hin mga representante (''diputados locales'') ngado han ira mga tagsa-tagsa nga mga kongreso hin estado, para hin tulo-ka-tuig nga panahon hin serbisyo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Article 116|work=Political Constitution of the United Mexican States|publisher=Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States|url=http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|accessdate=2007-10-07|archive-date=2006-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113175736/http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|url-status=dead}}</ref> An 31 nga mga estado ngan an Distrito Federal tinatawag nga mga "entidades federativas", ngan ini ngatanan patas hin representasyon dida han Kongreso han Paghiusa o Kongreso han Unyon. It mga estado Mehikano ginbahin liwat ngadto hin [[Mga munisipyo han Mehiko|mga munisipyo]] (''municipios''), an giguti-ayi nga opisyal nga politikal nga entidad dida han nasod, nga gindudumara hin [[alkalde]] o [[alkalde|"presidente han munisipyo"]] (''presidente municipal''), nga na-iilihir han mga nangungukoy hin pluralidad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Article 115|work=Political Constitution of the United Mexican States|publisher=Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States|url=http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|accessdate=2007-10-07|archive-date=2006-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113175736/http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|url-status=dead}}</ref> It mga munisipyo puyde pa igbahin ngadto hin mga diri-autonomo nga [[Mga delegasyon han Mehiko|mga delegasyon]] (''delegaciones'') o ha mga semi-autonomo nga mga presidensya auxilyar (''presidencia auxiliar''). Ha batakan balaod, an [[Mehiko, Distrito Federal|Syudad han Mehiko]], komo kapital o ulohan han federasyon ngan lingkoranan han mga gahom han Paghiusa o Unyon, amo an Distrito Federal, usa nga ispisyal nga pagbahin ha politika ha Mehiko nga gintatag-iyahan han federasyon hin bug-os ngan diri ngadto hin partikular nga estado, ngan sugad man, mas limitado an lokal nga pagdumara hini kaysa han mga iba nga mga estado han nasod.<ref>{{cite web|title=Article 112|work=Political Constitution of the United Mexican States|publisher=Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States|url=http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|accessdate=2007-10-07|archive-date=2006-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113175736/http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=12|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bisan pa man, tikang han 1987 nagkaada ini hin sunod-sunod nga pagtikadako nga grado hin autonomiya ngan yana, an mga nangungukoy hini naka-elihir hin [[Mangulo han Gobyerno han Distrito Federal|mangulo han gobyerno]] (''Jefe de Gobierno'') ngan hin mga representante hin Asablea Lehislatiba hin direkta. Kondi an pagkaiba tikang han iba nga mga estado amo nga an Distrito Federal waray konstitusyon kundi balaod hin pan-gobyerno. An Syudad han Mehiko ''conterminous'' ngan ''coextensive'' han Distrito Federal. An mga ngaran han katloan kag usa nga mga estado ngan han Distrito Fderal ngan an ira mga opisyal nga mga pagpahalipot nga postal ha parentesis ginpapakita ha nasunod nga tabla, upod an mga agsob gamiton nga mga bandira han estado: {| colspan=4 class="wikitable" style="width:100%" border="0" |- | {{flag|Aguascalientes|name=Aguascalientes}} (Ags) | {{flag|Mehiko, Distrito Federal|name=Distrito Federal}} (DF) | {{flag|Estado han Mehiko|name=Estado han Mexico}} (Edomex) | {{flag|San Luis Potosí|name=San Luis Potosí}} (SLP) |- bgcolor=#F1F3F3 | {{flag|Baja California|name=Baja California}} (BC) | {{flag|Durango|name=Durango}} (Dgo) | {{flag|Nayarit|name=Nayarit}} (Nay) | {{flag|Sonora|name=Sonora}} (Son) |- | {{flag|Baja California Sur|name=Baja California Sur}} (BCS) | {{flag|Guerrero|name=Guerrero}} (Gro) | {{flag|Nuevo León|name=Nuevo León}} (NL) | {{flag|Tabasco|name=Tabasco}} (Tab) |- bgcolor=#F1F3F3 | {{flag|Chihuahua|name=Chihuahua}} (Chih) | {{flag|Guanajuato|name=Guanajuato}} (Gto) | {{flag|Oaxaca|name=Oaxaca}} (Oax) | {{flag|Tlaxcala|name=Tlaxcala}} (Tlax) |- | {{flag|Colima|name=Colima}} (Col) | {{flag|Hidalgo|name=Hidalgo}} (Hgo) | {{flag|Puebla|name=Puebla}} (Pue) | {{flag|Tamaulipas|name=Tamaulipas}} (Tamps) |- bgcolor=#F1F3F3 | {{flag|Campeche|name=Campeche}} (Camp) | {{flag|Jalisco|name=Jalisco}} (Jal) | {{flag|Quintana Roo|name=Quintana Roo}} (Q Roo) | {{flag|Veracruz|name=Veracruz}} (Ver) |- | {{flag|Coahuila|name=Coahuila}} (Coah) | {{flag|Michoacán|name=Michoacán}} (Mich) | {{flag|Querétaro|name=Querétaro}} (Qro.) | {{flag|Yucatán|name=Yucatán}} (Yuc) |- bgcolor=#F1F3F3 | {{flag|Chiapas|name=Chiapas}} (Chis) | {{flag|Morelos|name=Morelos}} (Mor) | {{flag|Sinaloa|name=Sinaloa}} (Sin) | {{flag|Zacatecas|name=Zacatecas}} (Zac) |} ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{Refbegin|30em}} * Camp, Roderic A. ''Politics in Mexico: Democratic Consolidation Or Decline?'' (Oxford University Press, 2014) * Davis, Diane. ''Urban leviathan: Mexico City in the twentieth century'' (Temple University Press, 2010) *{{cite journal | last1 = Domínguez | first1 = Jorge I | date = 2004 | title = The Scholarly Study of Mexican Politics | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_mexican-studies_summer-2004_20_2/page/377| journal = Mexican Studies / Estudios Mexicanos | volume = 20 | issue = 2| pages = 377–410 }} * Edmonds-Poli, Emily, and David Shirk. ''Contemporary Mexican Politics'' (Rowman and Littlefield 2009) *Kirkwood, Burton. ''The History of Mexico'' (Greenwood, 2000) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15456726 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224124206/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15456726 |date=2009-12-24 }} *{{Cite book|first=Enrique| last=Krauze| authorlink=Enrique Krauze| title=Mexico: Biography of Power: A history of Modern Mexico 1810–1996|url=https://archive.org/details/mexico00enri| publisher=Harper Perennial| location=New York| date = 1998| isbn=0-06-092917-0| page=896 }} *{{Cite book| editor1-first=Michael C.| editor1-last=Meyer| editor2-first=William H.|editor2-last= Beezley| title=The Oxford History of Mexico| url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112283| publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2000| isbn=0-19-511228-8| page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112283/page/n149 736] }} * Levy, Santiago. ''Good intentions, bad outcomes: Social policy, informality, and economic growth in Mexico'' (Brookings Institution Press, 2010) * Meyer, Michael C., William L. Sherman, and Susan M. Deeds. ''The Course of Mexican History'' (7th ed. Oxford U.P., 2002) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=113260662 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202103530/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=113260662 |date=2011-02-02 }} * {{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Philip |title=The history of Mexico: from pre-conquest to present |url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415872379/ |accessdate=9 Hulyo 2010 | date = 2010 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-87237-9}} * Tannenbaum, Frank. ''Mexico: the struggle for peace and bread'' (2013) * Werner, Michael S. ed. ''Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society & Culture'' (2 vol 1997) 1440pp [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98882479 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124111608/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98882479 |date=2010-01-24 }} ** Werner, Michael S. ed. '' Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico'' (2001) 850pp; a selection of unrevised articles {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links}} *{{Official website|http://en.presidencia.gob.mx/|name=The Presidency of Mexico}} *[http://www.visitmexico.com/en-i0/ Mexico Tourism Official Website | VisitMexico] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604062931/http://www.visitmexico.com/en-i0/ |date=2012-06-04 }} *{{CIA World Factbook link|mx|Mexico}} *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/mexico.htm Mexico] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085229/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/mexico.htm |date=2008-06-07 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{Dmoz|Regional/North_America/Mexico}} *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1205074.stm Mexico] from the [[BBC News]] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/Mexico Mexico] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' *{{Wikiatlas|Mexico}} *{{Wikivoyage-inline}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=MX Key Development Forecasts for Mexico] from [[International Futures]] *[http://www.conservapedia.com/Mexico_by_World_Painters Mexico by World Painters.] [[Kaarangay:Mehiko| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga nasod ha Amihanan nga Amerika]] [[Kaarangay:Nasod]] knuqqrwim8j8gauwpgcqpqwzydrfbnj 0 8832 7783696 7782312 2026-06-24T17:05:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783696 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayl:Milkfish.jpg|right|thumb|300 px|Bangus - usa ka klase nga '''Isda''']] An '''Isda''' amo an usa ka [[hayop]] nga ugsob mabilngan ha dagat ug ha matab-ang nga tubig, may butaktok, may hasang, ngan hingbis. May ada lahos 32,000 na species an isda. Kadam'an san kaisdaan amo in gintatawag na ''ectothermic'' o ''cold blooded''. Daramo na klase sin isda an mahihiagian sa palibot sa Pilipinas. An mga masunod amo an mga kilala na isda; [[bangus]], tarukitok, [[pating]], tambantamban, [[lahing]], karpa, kipot, tangigi, unas, [[pantat]], [[haruan]], [[matambaka]], [[buraw]], sagision, iito, [[tilapia]], bangkulis, [[iliw]], [[malasugi]], [[sapsap]], baraka, bakoko, [[balanak]] ngan galunggong . [[Paypay:Cyprinus carpio.jpeg|thumbnail|Karpa]] ==Ebolusyon== Una na ginuwas an isda sadton ''[[Cambrian explosion]]'', mga 530 milyon katuig an nakalabay. An mga una na isda sigun san mga ''fossil record'' amo in digto, waray sulang, ngan ''armored'', ngan gintatawag na '''ostracoderms'''. ''Extinct'' na haros an linya san mga waray sulang na isda. Sayo na ''extant clade'', an ''lampreys'' an napareho san mga sadton wara sulang na isda. Sa ''Placoderm fossils'' an una mga sulang san isda ginuwas, san panahon sa ''Silurian''. Ngan ginsundan na ini san pagkaguwas ngan pagdaramo san mga pating. ==Taxonomiya== Ginbabahin sa tulo na ''extant class'' ngan an extinct danay sakob san tulo na extant og may kalugaringun na ''class'' sa traditional na klasipikasyon san mga isda:<ref name="Romer, A 1977">[[Alfred Romer|Romer, A.S]]. & T.S. Parsons. 1977. ''The Vertebrate Body.'' 5th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia. (6th ed. 1985)</ref><ref>Benton, M. J. (1998) The quality of the fossil record of vertebrates. Pp. 269–303, in Donovan, S. K. and Paul, C. R. C. (eds), The adequacy of the fossil record, Fig. 2. Wiley, New York, 312 pp.</ref> * Class [[Agnatha]] (''jawless fish'') ** Subclass [[Cyclostomata]] (''hagfish'' ngan ''lamprey'') ** Subclass [[Ostracodermi]] (''armoured jawless fish'') † * Class [[Chondrichthyes]] (cartilaginous fish) ** Subclass [[Elasmobranchii]] (mga [[pating]] ngan [[pagi]]) ** Subclass [[Holocephali]] ([[chimaera]]s ngan ''extinct relatives'') * Class [[Placodermi]] (''armoured fish'') † * Class [[Acanthodii]] ("spiny sharks", danay sakob san bony fishes)† * Class [[Osteichthyes]] (''bony fish'') ** Subclass [[Actinopterygii]] (''ray finned fishes'') ** Subclass [[Sarcopterygii]] (''fleshy finned fishes'', ninuno san tetrapods) ==Anatomiya== [[File:Lampanyctodes hectoris (Hector's lanternfish).svg|thumb|350px|An anatomiya san ''Lampanyctodes hectoris'' <br /> (1) – operculum (takop san hasang), (2) – lateral line, (3) – dorsal fin, (4) – fat fin, (5) – caudal peduncle, (6) – caudal fin, (7) – anal fin, (8) – photophores, (9) – pelvic fins (paired), (10) – pectoral fins (magpadis)]] ===Hasang=== Kadam'an san isda nakuha hangin pinaagi san [[hasang]] na ada sa ligid sa ngala-ngala san isda. May'ada mga mali-ulang na struktura an hasang na tinatawag na ''filaments''. An kada filament may'ada ''capillary network'' na may darako na ''surface area'' para san pagsalyo [[oxygen]] sa [[carbon dioxide]]. Nakuha an isda hangin pinaagi sa pahigop tubig na mayaman sa oxygen ngan ibubuga pagawas sa hasang. Sa iba na isda, an agos san dugo baliktad na direksyon san agos san ginhigop na tubig, an ''countercurrent exchange''. Ginbubuga san hasang an ''oxygen-poor'' na tubig pagawas. An isda sugad san [[pating]] ngan [[lamprey]], mayada daramon na gawasan an hasang. An ''bony fish'' o tonukon na isda may'ada la sayo na gawasan an hasang na natatakpan san [[operculum (fish)|operculum]]. An bata pa na ''bichir'' may'ada hasang na nakagawas, napareho ini san larva na [[ampibyan]]. ===Kasing-kasing=== May'ada ''closed-loop circulatory system'' an isda. Ginbobomba an dugo sa [[kasing-kasing]] sa bug'os na lawas. An kadam'an sa isda may kasing-kasing na may upat na parte, kaupod an duha na ''chambers'' ngan an suluran ngan guwaan.<ref name="Setaro">{{Cite book|last=Setaro|first=John F.| date = 1999|title=Circulatory System|publisher=Microsoft Encarta 99}}</ref> An una na parte amo an [[sinus venosus]], usa na manipis na ''sac'' na kolekta san dugo tikang sa mga ugat antis ipaagus ngadto sa ikaduha na parte, an [[Atrium (kasing-kasing)|atrium]], na usa na darako na ''chamber'' o kwarto. Nagseserbi an atrium na ''one-way'' na ''antechamber'', nagdadara san dugo pakadto san ikatulo na parte, an [[Ventricle (heart)|ventricle]]. An ventricle amo in usa na ''thick-walled'', ngan maskulado na kwarto ngan nagbobomba san dugo pakadto sa ikaupat na parte, an [[bulbus arteriosus]], usa na dako na tubo, ngan paguwas san kasing-kasing. An ''bulbus arteriosus'' nagkokonekta sa [[aorta]], kun diin naagi an dugo pakadto sa hasang para sa ''oxygenation''. ===Hingbis=== An hingbis san isda nagtitikang sa ''mesoderm'' (panit); pareho sini an istruktura sa tango. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web |last1=Eschmeyer |first1=William N. |last2=Fong |first2=Jon David |date=2013 |url=http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/ |title=Catalog of Fishes |publisher=California Academy of Sciences }} * {{Cite book|last1=Helfman|first1=G.|last2=Collette|first2=B.|last3=Facey|first3=D.|title=The Diversity of Fishes|url=https://archive.org/details/diversityoffishe0000helf|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|date=1997|isbn=978-0-86542-256-8|ref=harv|edition=1st}} * {{Cite book|last1=Moyle |first1=Peter B. |last2=Cech |first2=Joseph J. | date = 2003 |title=Fishes, An Introduction to Ichthyology |url=https://archive.org/details/fishesintroducti0000moyl_j9n1 |edition=5th |publisher=Benjamin Cummings |isbn=978-0-13-100847-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Nelson |first=Joseph S. |authorlink=Joseph S. Nelson |date=2006 |title=Fishes of the World |edition=4th |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9780471756446 |format=PDF |url=http://www.somas.stonybrook.edu/~conover/Textbooks/Fishes%2520of%2520the%2520World%2C%25204th%2520ed.%2520Joseph%2520S.%2520Nelson.pdf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130305052159/http://www.somas.stonybrook.edu/~conover/Textbooks/Fishes%20of%20the%20World,%204th%20ed.%20Joseph%20S.%20Nelson.pdf |archivedate=5 Marso 2013 |accessdate=30 Abril 2013 |ref=harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305052159/http://www.somas.stonybrook.edu/~conover/Textbooks/Fishes%20of%20the%20World%2C%204th%20ed.%20Joseph%20S.%20Nelson.pdf |date=2013-03-05 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.somas.stonybrook.edu/~conover/Textbooks/Fishes%20of%20the%20World,%204th%20ed.%20Joseph%20S.%20Nelson.pdf |access-date=25 Enero 2015 |archive-date=5 Marso 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305052159/http://www.somas.stonybrook.edu/~conover/Textbooks/Fishes%20of%20the%20World,%204th%20ed.%20Joseph%20S.%20Nelson.pdf |url-status= }} {{refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{Cite book|last1=Helfman |first1=G. |last2=Collette |first2=B. |last3=Facey |first3=D. |last4=Bowen |first4=B. | date = 2009 |url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/helfman/ |title=The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-2494-2 |edition=2nd}} * Moyle, Peter B. (1993) [http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=cu-J9tqy4IQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Fish:+An+Enthusiast%27s+Guide&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YUp3Up_UCo6jiAf3z4CADA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Fish%3A%20An%20Enthusiast%27s%20Guide&f=false ''Fish: An Enthusiast's Guide''] University of California Press. ISBN 9780520916654 – good lay text. * [[Neil Shubin|Shubin, Neil]] (2009) [http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=c008kdNwR1cC&dq=%22Your+Inner+Fish%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1qOyUJCqOorsmAX5xYCwDg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA ''Your inner fish: A journey into the 3.5 billion year history of the human body''] Vintage Books. ISBN 9780307277459. [http://www.uctv.tv/search-details.aspx?showID=16412 ''UCTV'' interview] ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category multi|Fish|Actinopterygii|align=right|Marine aquarium fish|Freshwater aquarium fish}} {{Wiktionary|fish}} {{Wikispecies|Actinopterygii}} {{EB1911 poster|Fish}} * [http://db.angfa.org.au/ ANGFA] – Illustrated database of freshwater fishes of Australia and New Guinea * [http://www.fischinfos.de/ Fischinfos.de] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130234923/http://fischinfos.de/ |date=2011-11-30 }} – Illustrated database of the freshwater fishes of Germany {{de icon}} * [http://www.fishbase.org/ FishBase online] – Comprehensive database with information on over 29,000 fish species * [http://fishdata.siu.edu/ Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218211743/http://fishdata.siu.edu/ |date=2015-02-18 }} – Data outlet for fisheries and aquaculture research center in the central US * [http://www.poppe-images.com/ Philippines Fishes] – Database with thousands of Philippine Fishes photographed in natural habitat * [http://www.nativefish.org/ The Native Fish Conservancy] – Conservation and study of North American freshwater fishes * [http://www.fao.org/fi/website/FIRetrieveAction.do?dom=topic&fid=2888 United Nation] – Fisheries and Aquaculture Department: Fish and seafood utilization * [http://content.lib.washington.edu/cgi-bin/queryresults.exe?CISOOP=adv&CISORESTMP=%2Fsite-templates%2Fsearch_results-sub.html&CISOVIEWTMP=%2Fsite-templates%2Fitem_viewer.html&CISOMODE=thumb&CISOGRID=thumbnail%2CA%2C1%3Btitle%2CA%2C1%3Bsubjec%2CA%2C0%3Bdescri%2C200%2C0%3B0%2CA%2C0%3B10&CISOBIB=title%2CA%2C1%2CN%3Bsubjec%2CA%2C0%2CN%3Bdescri%2CK%2C0%2CN%3B0%2CA%2C0%2CN%3B0%2CA%2C0%2CN%3B10&CISOTHUMB=3%2C5&CISOTITLE=10&CISOPARM=%2Ffishimages%3Asubjec%3Afish&x=20&y=1 University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} – Digital collection of freshwater and marine fish images * {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Fish| date = 1905|author=[[Charles B. Davenport]]; [[Ernest Ingersoll]] |short=x}} [[Kaarangay:Isda|Isda]] [[Kaarangay:hayop]] 9d82b9t9b6lolj0x4yfgh75zudy4479 0 8847 7783717 7783094 2026-06-24T19:20:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Nasod |native_name = {{lang|es|República de Cuba}} |conventional_long_name = Republika han Cuba |common_name = Cuba |image_flag = Flag of Cuba.svg |image_coat = Coat of Arms of Cuba.svg |symbol_type = Eskudo |image_map = Cuba (orthographic projection).svg | national_motto = <br>{{native phrase|es|"¡Patria o Muerte, Venceremos!"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|"¡Iroy nga Tuna o Kamatayan, magdadaog hi kitá!!"}}{{lower|0.2em|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bc.gob.cu/english/cuban_bills.asp |title=Cuban Peso Bills |publisher=Central Bank of Cuba |date=2015 |accessdate=Pebrero 14, 2017 |archive-date= 26 Septyembre 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926193856/http://www.bc.gob.cu/English/cuban_bills.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><!--end lower:-->}}<br>{{•}}<br>"{{lang|es|[[Mga trabahador han kalibotan, paghiusá!|¡Trabajadores del mundo, únanse!]]}}"<br />{{small|"¡Mga trabahador han kalibotan, paghiusá!"}} | national_anthem = ''[[La Bayamesa]]''<br />{{raise|0.2em|{{small|''An Bayamesa''&nbsp;}}{{lower|0.2em|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mipais.cuba.cu/cat_en.php?idcat=91&idpadre=83&nivel=2 |title=National symbols |publisher=Government of Cuba |accessdate=Septyembre 7, 2009}}</ref><!--end lower:-->}}<!--end raise:-->}}<br /><center>[[File:Cuban national anthem (abridged version), performed by the U.S. Navy Band.oga]]</center> |official_languages = [[Kinatsila nga yinaknan|Kinatsila]] |demonym = Cubano |ethnic_groups = 65.05% [[Europeo nga etniko nga grupo|Europeo]] ([[Espanyol nga katawhan|Espanyol]], [[Franses nga katawhan|Franses]], iba), 10.08% [[Afro-Cubano|Afrikano]] ([[Yoruba nga katawhan|Yoruba]], [[Igbo nga katawyan|Igbo]], iba), 23.84% [[Mulatto]] & [[Mestizo]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official 2002 Cuban Census |url=http://www.cubagob.cu/otras_info/censo/tablas_html/ii_3.htm |access-date= 22 Abril 2009 |archive-date= 14 Abril 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414135412/http://www.cubagob.cu/otras_info/censo/tablas_html/ii_3.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |capital = [[La Habana]] |latd=23 |latm=8 |latNS=N |longd=82 |longm=23 |longEW=W |largest_city = La Habana |government_type = [[Sosyalista nga Republika]],<br />[[Usa-nga-partido nga estado|Usa-nga-partido]] nga [[estado komunista]] |leader_title1 = [[Konseho han Estado han Cuba|Presidente]] |leader_name1 = [[Miguel Díaz-Canel]] |leader_title2 = [[Konsehon hin mga Ministro han Cuba|Premier]] |leader_name2 = [[Manuel Marrero Cruz]] |area_rank = ika-105 |area_magnitude = 1_E11 |area = 110,861 |area_km2 = 110,861 |area_sq_mi = 42,803 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = waray bale |population_estimate = 11,423,952<ref name="CIApop">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html#People |access-date= 22 Abril 2009 |archive-date= 10 Pebrero 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210152814/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html#People |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_estimate_year = 2008 |population_estimate_rank = ika-73 |population_census = 11,177,743 |population_census_year = 2002 |population_density = 102 |population_density_km2 = 102 |population_density_sq_mi = 264 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ika-97 |GDP_PPP_year = 2008 |GDP_PPP = $108.2 ka bilyon<ref name="CIAfactbookCuba">{{Citation|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html|title= Cuba|publisher= CIA World Factbook|accessdate= 6 Abril 2009|archive-date= 10 Pebrero 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160210152814/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $9,500<ref name=CIAfactbookCuba /> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2008 |GDP_nominal = $55.18 ka bilyon<ref name="CIAfactbookCuba"/> |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,830<ref name="CIApop"/><ref name="CIAfactbookCuba"/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini = 38.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2000 | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite news |title=Cuba grapples with growing inequality |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/10/us-cuba-reform-inequality-idUSN1033501920080410 |accessdate=21 Hulyo 2013 |newspaper=Reuters |archive-date=17 Septyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917130622/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/10/us-cuba-reform-inequality-idUSN1033501920080410 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.775 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015 <!--Please use the year to which the HDI data refers, not the year of publication--> | HDI_change = paghitaas <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Table 2: Trends in the Human Development Index, 1990–2014|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/trends|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|accessdate=15 Disyembre 2015}}</ref> | HDI_rank = ika-68<!--Please see talk page before adding a reference here again--> |sovereignty_type = [[Independensya]] |sovereignty_note = tikang han [[Espanya]] |established_event1 = Gindeklara^c |established_event2 = Gindeklara in Republika |established_event3 = [[Cubano nga Rebolusyon]] |established_date1 = Oktubre 10, 1868 |established_date2 = Mayo 20, 1902<br /> tikang han [[Estados Unidos]] |established_date3 = Enero 1, 1959 |currency = [[Cubano nga peso]] <!--kludge to deal with fact that template expects only one currency per country:-->(<code>[[ISO 4217|CUP]]</code>)<br />[[Cubano nga nababalhin nga peso|Nababalhin nga peso]] ^d |currency_code = CUC |time_zone = |utc_offset = -5 |time_zone_DST = (Natikang hit Marso 11; natapos hit Nobyembre 4) |utc_offset_DST = -4 |drives_on = tuo |cctld = [[.cu]] |calling_code = 53 |footnotes = ^a Sugad han naipakita dida han obverso nga bahin han 1992 nga coin<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sonic.net/~figgins/cuba/coin.gif |title=1992 coin |author=Sonic.net| accessdate= 26 Septyembre 2006}}</ref> (Tigamni nga an Kinatsila nga pulong "Patria" usa nga binabayi nga pulong ngan puyde ini maihubad ha Winaray nga "Duyan" o "Lugar nga Natawhan" or "Iroy nga Tuna".)<br />^bAn [[Konstitusyon han Cuba]] nasiring nga an "''Cuba usa nga independyente ngan soberano nga sosyalista nga estado [Artikulo 1] ngan an ngaran han Cubano nga estado amo an Republika han Cuba [Artikuko 2]''."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cubanet.org/ref/dis/const_92_e.htm|title=The Cuban constitution|accessdate= 29 Enero 2007|author=Government of Cuba|archive-date= 17 Mayo 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517085739/http://www.cubanet.org/ref/dis/const_92_e.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> An kagamit han "sosyalista nga republika" agod maipahayag an estilo hin pan-gobyernohan ha Cuba haros uniforme, bisan man kon in mga porma hin gobyerno waray unibersal nga ginkakasabotan nga tipolohya. Pananglitan, Atlapedia<ref>{{Cite web| url= http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/cuba.htm |author=Atlapedia|title=Cuba}}</ref> nagdedeskribir hini nga "Unitaryo nga Sosyalista nga Republika"; An ''Encyclopædia Britannica''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article-54401|author=Encyclopædia Britannica|authorlink=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Cuba|accessdate= 29 Enero 2007|archive-date= 7 Mayo 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507181811/http://wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article-54401|url-status=dead}}</ref> diri nagamit han pulong nga "unitaryo" sugad hit kadam-an nga mga barasahon.<br />^c Ha pagtikang han [[Napulo ka Tuig nga Gyera]].<br />^d Tikang han 1993 tubtob 2004 an [[dolyar han Estados Unidos|U.S. dollar]] gin-gamit upod han peso tubtob han pagsalyo-a han dolyar han nababalhin nga peso. }} An '''Republika han Cuba''' (ha [[Kinatsila]]: '''República de Cuba''') usa nga nasod ha Dagat han Antillas o Dagat Caribe. Ini nga nasod naglalakip han [[Isla han Cuba]], nga amo an gidako-i ngan ikaduha nga gidamo-i hin tawo nga isla han [[Antillas Mayores]], an [[Isla de la Juventud]], ngan pipira nga mga gudti-gudti nga mga puro o isla nga hagrani. [[La Habana]] an gidakoi nga syudad ngan amo an kapital han nasod. An [[Santiago de Cuba]] ngan [[Camagüey]] mga importante liwat nga mga Cubano nga syudad. Mga kilalado liwat nga mga gurugudti nga mga bungto amo an: [[Baracoa]] (nga amo an syahan nga gin-ukyan han Espanyoles ha Cuba), [[Trinidad, Cuba|Trinidad]] (usa nga [[UNESCO nga sityo hin herensya han kalibutan]] ), ngan [[Bayamo]]. An Cuba mayda populasyon nga 11 ka ribo o milyon nga tawo ngan amo an gidamoi hin populasyon nga islahanon nga nasod ha Caribe. An katawhan hini, kultura, ngan mga kustumbre tikang hin mga dirudilain nga mga pinanguhaan sugad han: an mga tuminongnong nga mga [[Taíno]] ngan [[Ciboney]] nga mga tawo; an panahon han [[Espanyol nga Imperyo|pagkolonisar han Espanya]]; an pagdara han [[Pag-uripon ha Espanyol nga Bag-o nga Kalibutan nga mga kolonya|Africano nga mga uripon]]; ngan an kaharani hini han [[Estados Unidos]]. An ngaran nga ''Cuba'' tikang han Taíno nga yinaknan ngan bisan man kon an iksakto nga kahulogan diri klaro, puyde ini mahubad nga "an lugar nga diin an mabinungahon nga tuna damo" (''cubao'' ha orihinal nga Taíno)<ref>www.alfredcarrada.org/notes8.html</ref>, o kundi man an "dako nga lugar" (''coabana'').<ref>members.dandy.net/~orocobix/terms1.htm</ref> An nasodnon nga bukad amo an "[[Hedychium coronarium|flor de mariposa]]" (Bukad han Alibangbang) ngan an nasodnon nga tamsi amo an ''Tocororo'' o an [[Cubano nga Trogon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.dtcuba.com/CubaInfoDetails.aspx?c=9&lng=2 |access-date=2009-03-09 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226002259/http://www.dtcuba.com/CubaInfoDetails.aspx?c=9&lng=2%20 |url-status= }}</ref> ==Administratibo nga pagbahinbahin== An Cuba mayda napulo kag upat (14) nga mga lalawigan o probinsya ngan usa nga ispisyal nga munisipalidad (an [[Isla de la Juventud]]). Ini han una mga kabahin hin unom nga darudako nga mga lalawigan: Pinar del Río, La Habana, Matanzas, Las Villas, Camagüey ngan Oriente. An mga yana nga mga pagbahin-bahin baga hin sugad han mga probinsya militar han panahon han Mga Gyera hin Paglugaring ha Cuba, nga diin an mga lugar nga gidako-i hin samok ginbahin-bahin. {| align=center |colspan=4|{{Mapa han Mga Lalawigan han Cuba|Map=Cuba Provinces-map.png|width=500px}} |- |align=right|'''1''' |colspan=3|[[Isla de la Juventud]] (''Puro han Kabatan-on'' o ''Puro han Pagkabata'') |- |align=right|'''2''' |[[Pinar del Río (probinsya)|Pinar del Río]] |align=right|'''9''' |[[Ciego de Ávila (probinsya)|Ciego de Ávila]] |- |align=right|'''3''' |[[La Habana (probinsya)|La Habana]] (''An Habana'') |align=right|'''10''' |[[Camagüey (probinsya)|Camagüey]] |- |align=right|'''4''' |[[La Habana|Ciudad de la Habana]] (''Syudad han Habana'') |align=right|'''11''' |[[Las Tunas (probinsya)|Las Tunas]] |- |align=right|'''5''' |[[Matanzas (probinsya)|Matanzas]] |align=right| '''12''' |[[Granma (probinsya)|Granma]] |- |align=right|'''6''' |[[Cienfuegos (probinsya)|Cienfuegos]] |align=right|'''13''' |[[Holguín (probinsya)|Holguín]] |- |align=right|'''7''' |[[Villa Clara (probinsya)|Villa Clara]] |align=right|'''14''' |[[Santiago de Cuba (probinsya)|Santiago de Cuba]] |- |align=right|'''8''' |[[Sancti Spíritus (probinsya)|Sancti Spíritus]] |align=right|'''15''' |[[Guantánamo (probinsya)|Guantánamo]] |- |} An mga lalawigan ginbahin-bahin pa ngadto hin usa ka gatos kapitoan (170) nga mga [[Mga Munisipyo han Cuba|munisipyo]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} :{{Cite journal |last= Albornoz |first= Sara Carrillo de | date = 2006 |title= On a mission: how Cuba uses its doctors abroad |journal= [[BMJ]] |volume= 333 |page= 464 |jstor= 40700096 |ref= harv |doi=10.1136/bmj.333.7566.464}} :{{Cite book |last= Alvarez |first= José |date= 2001 |chapter= Rationed Products and Something Else: Food Availability and Distribution in 2000 |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume11/pdfs/alvarez.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;11 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume11/ |location= Silver Spring,&nbsp;MD |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= 305–322 |isbn= 0-9649082-0-4 |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907034414/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume11/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume11/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907034414/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume11/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite book |last= Alvarez |first= José |date= 2004 |title= Cuban Agriculture Before 1959: The Social Situation |url= http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FE/FE48000.pdf |location= Gainesville,&nbsp;FL |publisher= Department of Food and Resource Economics, [[University of Florida]] |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Baklanoff |first= Eric N. |date= 1998 |chapter= Cuba on the Eve of the Socialist Transition: A Reassessment of the Backwardness-Stagnation Thesis |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/pdfs/31baklanoff.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;8 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |location= Silver Spring,&nbsp;MD |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= 260–272 |isbn= 0-9649082-7-1 |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907030637/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907030637/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite book |editor1-last= Chomsky |editor1-first= Aviva |editor1-link= Aviva Chomsky |editor2-last= Carr |editor2-first= Barry |editor3-last= Smorkaloff |editor3-first= Pamela Maria | date = 2004 |title= The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics |location= Durham,&nbsp;NC |publisher= [[Duke University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8223-3197-1 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Corbett |first= Ben |date= 2002 |title= This Is Cuba: An Outlaw Culture Survives |url= https://archive.org/details/thisiscubaoutlaw0000corb |publisher= [[Westview Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8133-3826-2 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last1= Crespo |first1= Nicolás |last2= Negrón Díaz |first2= Santos |date= 1997 |chapter= Cuban Tourism in 2007: Economic Impact |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume7/pdfs/crespo.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;7 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume7/ |location= Silver Spring,&nbsp;MD |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= 150–161 |isbn= 0-9649082-6-3 |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907031509/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume7/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume7/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907031509/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume7/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite book |last= Domínguez |first= Jorge I. |authorlink= Jorge I. Dominguez |date= 1978 |title= Cuba: Order and Revolution |url= https://archive.org/details/cubaorderrevolut0000domn |location= Cambridge,&nbsp;MA |publisher= [[Belknap Press]] |isbn= 978-0-674-17925-7 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Domínguez |first= Jorge I. |date= 1989 |title= To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy |url= https://archive.org/details/tomakeworldsafef0000domi |location= Cambridge,&nbsp;MA |publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-674-89325-2 |ref= CITEREFDomínguez1989 }} :{{Cite book |last= Domínguez |first= Jorge I. |date= 2003 |title= A Constitution for Cuba's Political Transition: The Utility of Retaining (and Amending) the 1992 Constitution |url= http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~jidoming/images/jid_constitution.PDF |location= Coral Gables,&nbsp;FL |publisher= Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, [[University of Miami]] |isbn= 978-1-932385-04-5 |accessdate= 19 Agosto 2012 |ref= CITEREFDomínguez2003 }} :{{Cite book |last= Espino |first= María Dolores |date= 2000 |chapter= Cuban Tourism During the Special Period |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume10/pdfs/espino.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;10 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume10/ |location= Silver Spring,&nbsp;MD |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= |isbn= 0-9649082-8-X |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907033348/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume10/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume10/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907033348/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume10/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite journal |last= Falk |first= Pamela S. |date= 1988 |title= Washing and Havana |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_wilson-quarterly_winter-1988_12_5/page/64 |journal= [[The Wilson Quarterly]] |volume= 12 |issue= 5 |pages= 64–74 |jstor= 40257732 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite journal |last= Feinsilver |first= Julie M. |date= 1989 |title= Cuba as a 'World Medical Power': The Politics of Symbolism |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_latin-american-research-review_1989_24_2/page/n4 |journal= Latin American Research Review |volume= 24 |issue= 2 |pages= 1–34 |jstor= 2503679 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |author= Gebru Tareke <!-- Ethiopian names, remember! --> |date= 2009 |title= The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa |url= https://archive.org/details/ethiopianrevolut0000gebr |location= New Haven,&nbsp;CT |publisher= [[Yale University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-300-14163-4 |ref= CITEREFTareke2009 }} :{{Cite journal |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero |authorlink= Piero Gleijeses |date= 1994 |title= 'Flee! The White Giants are Coming!': The United States, the Mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964–1965 |url= http://vi.uh.edu/pages/buzzmat/DH%20articles/gleijeses%20flee%20the%20white%20giants.pdf |journal= [[Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations|Diplomatic History]] |volume= 18 |issue= 2 |pages= 207–237 |ref= harv |doi= 10.1111/j.1467-7709.1994.tb00611.x |access-date= 12 Enero 2015 |archive-date= 17 Enero 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130117013342/http://vi.uh.edu/pages/buzzmat/DH%20articles/gleijeses%20flee%20the%20white%20giants.pdf |url-status= dead }} :{{Cite journal |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero | date = 1996 |title= Cuba's First Venture in Africa: Algeria, 1961–1965 |journal= [[Journal of Latin American Studies]] |volume= 28 |issue= 1 |pages= 159–195 |jstor= 157991 |ref= CITEREFGleijeses1996 |doi=10.1017/s0022216x00012670}} :{{Cite journal |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero | date = 1997 |title= The First Ambassadors: Cuba's Contribution to Guinea-Bissau's War of Independence |journal= Journal of Latin American Studies |volume= 29 |issue= 1 |pages= 45–88 |jstor= 158071 |ref= CITEREFGleijeses1997 |doi=10.1017/s0022216x96004646}} :{{Cite book |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero | date = 2002 |title= Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976 |location= Chapel Hill, NC |publisher= [[University of North Carolina Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8078-2647-8 |ref= CITEREFGleijeses2002 }} :{{Cite book |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero | date = 2010 |chapter= Cuba and the Cold War, 1959–1980 |title= ''In [[Melvyn P. Leffler]] & [[Odd Arne Westad]], eds.,'' The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume&nbsp;II: Crises and Détente |location= Cambridge |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |pages= 327–348 |isbn= 978-0-521-83720-0 |ref= CITEREFGleijeses2010 }} :{{Cite book |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero | date = 2013 |title= Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria, and the Struggle for Southern Africa, 1976–1991 |location= Chapel Hill, NC |publisher= [[University of North Carolina Press]] |isbn= 978-1-4696-0968-3 |ref= CITEREFGleijeses2013 }} :{{Cite book |last= Gott |first= Richard |authorlink= Richard Gott |date= 2004 |title= Cuba: A New History |url= https://archive.org/details/cubanewhistory0000gott |location= New Haven, CT |publisher= [[Yale University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-300-10411-0 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Horowitz |first= Irving Louis |authorlink= Irving Louis Horowitz | date = 1988 |title= Cuban Communism |url= https://archive.org/details/cubancommunism0000unse_b5h3 |location= New Brunswick,&nbsp;NJ |publisher= Transaction Books |isbn= 0-88738-672-5 |ref= harv }} <!-- :{{Cite book |last= Horowitz |first= Irving Louis |year= 2000 |title= ''In [[Irving Louis Horowitz]] and Jaime Suchlicki,&nbsp;eds.,'' Cuban Communism |edition= 10th |location= New Brunswick,&nbsp;NJ |publisher= [[Transaction Publishers]] |isbn= 978-0-7658-0765-6 |ref= CITEREFHorowitz2000 }} Using the 10th edition, since that's that one that Google Books has and so that is used for convenience links. --> :{{Cite journal |last= Luxenberg |first= Alan H. | date = 1988 |title= Did Eisenhower Push Castro into the Arms of the Soviets? |journal= [[University of Miami|Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs]] |volume= 30 |issue= 1 |pages= 37–71 |jstor= 165789 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Kolko |first= Gabriel |authorlink= Gabriel Kolko | date = 1994 |title= Century of War: Politics, Conflicts, and Society since 1914 |location= New York,&nbsp;NY |publisher= [[The New Press]] |isbn= 978-1-56584-191-8 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= McAlister |first= Lyle N. |date= 1984 |title= Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700 |url= https://archive.org/details/spainportugalinn0000mcal |location= Minneapolis,&nbsp;MN |publisher= [[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8166-1216-1 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Pedraza |first= Silvia |date= 2007 |title= Political Disaffection in Cuba's Revolution and Exodus |url= https://archive.org/details/politicaldisaffe0000pedr |location= New York,&nbsp;NY |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-86787-0 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Pérez-López |first= Jorge F. |date= 1996 |chapter= Cuban Military Expenditures: Concepts, Data and Burden Measures |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume6/pdfs/23perlopez.fm.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;6 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume6/ |location= Washington,&nbsp;DC |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= 124–144 |isbn= 0-9649082-5-5 |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907032902/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume6/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume6/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907032902/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume6/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite book |last= Ramazani |first= Rouhollah K. | date = 1975 |title= The Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz |url= https://archive.org/details/persiangulfstrai0000rama |location= Alphen aan den Rijn |publisher= Sijthoff & Noordhoff |isbn= 90-286-0069-8 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite journal |last1= Roberg |first1= Jeffrey L. |last2= Kuttruff |first2= Alyson |date= 2007 |title= Cuba: Ideological Success or Ideological Failure? |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_human-rights-quarterly_2007-08_29_3/page/779 |journal= [[Human Rights Quarterly]] |volume= 29 |issue= 3 |pages= 779–795 |jstor= 20072822 |ref= harv |doi= 10.1353/hrq.2007.0033 }} :{{Cite book |last= Roy |first= Joaquín |date= 2000 |title= Cuba, the United States, and the Helms-Burton Doctrine: International Reactions |url= https://archive.org/details/cubaunitedstates0000royj |location= Gainesville,&nbsp;FL |publisher= [[University of Florida Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8130-1760-0 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Scheina |first= Robert L. | date = 2003 |title= Latin America's Wars, Volume I: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899 |location= Dulles,&nbsp;VA |publisher= Brassey's |isbn= 978-1-57488-449-4 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Scott |first= Rebecca J. |authorlink= Rebecca J. Scott |date= 2000 |origyear= 1985 |title= Slave Emancipation in Cuba: The Transition to Free Labor, 1860–1899 |url= https://archive.org/details/slaveemancipatio0000scot_y7e3 |location= Pittsburgh,&nbsp;PA |publisher= [[University of Pittsburgh Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8229-5735-5 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite journal |last= Smith |first= Wayne S. |authorlink= Wayne Smith (diplomat) | date = 1996 |title= Cuba's Long Reform |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_foreign-affairs_march-april-1996_75_2/page/n144 |journal= [[Foreign Affairs]] |volume= 75 |issue= 2 |pages= 99–112 |jstor= 20047491 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last1= Smith |first1= Kirby |last2= Llorens |first2= Hugo |date= 1998 |chapter= Renaisssance and Decay: A Comparison of Socioeconomic Indicators in Pre-Castro and Current-Day Cuba |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/pdfs/30smith.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;8 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |location= Silver Spring,&nbsp;MD |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= 247–259 |isbn= 0-9649082-7-1 |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907030637/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907030637/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite book |last= Sweig |first= Julia E. |authorlink= Julia E. Sweig | date = 2004 |origyear= 2002 |title= Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground |edition= New |location= Cambridge,&nbsp;MA |publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-674-01612-5 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Thomas |first= Hugh |authorlink= Hugh Thomas (writer) |date= 1997 |title= The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870 |url= https://archive.org/details/slavetradestoryo00thom |location= New York,&nbsp;NY |publisher= [[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn= 978-0-684-81063-8 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Thomas |first= Hugh | date = 1998 |origyear= 1971 |title= Cuba; or, The Pursuit of Freedom |url= https://archive.org/details/cubaorpursuitoff0000thom |edition= updated |location= Cambridge,&nbsp;MA |publisher= [[Da Capo Press]] |isbn= 978-0-306-80827-2 |ref= CITEREFThomas1998 }} :{{Cite book |last= Westad |first= Odd Arne |authorlink= Odd Arne Westad | date = 2012 |title= Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750 |url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781847921987 |location= London |publisher= [[The Bodley Head]] |isbn= 978-1-84792-197-0 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last1= Whiteford |first1= Linda M. |last2= Branch |first2=Laurence G. | date = 2008 |title=Primary Health Care in Cuba: The Other Revolution |location= Lanham, MD |publisher= [[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn= 978-0-7425-5994-3 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Wright |first= Irene Aloha |date= 1916 |title= The Early History of Cuba, 1492–1586 |url= http://openlibrary.org/works/OL143127W/The_early_history_of_Cuba_1492-1586 |location= New York,&nbsp;NY |publisher= [[Macmillan Publishers|The Macmillan Company]] |ref= harv }} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|Cuba}} * [http://www.cubagob.cu/ingles/default.htm Government of Cuba] * {{Wikiatlas|Cuba}} * {{Wikivoyage-inline|Cuba}} * {{CIA World Factbook link|cu|Cuba}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cuba.htm Cuba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830044824/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cuba.htm |date= 30 Agosto 2008 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Caribbean/Cuba}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1203299.stm Cuba profile] from the [[BBC News]] * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/americas/cuba.jpg Map of Cuba (Political) 1994 C.I.A./Univ. of Texas, Austin] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090508101554/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/23083/welcome-to-cuba Welcome To Cuba] – slideshow by ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine * [http://www.fotopedia.com/en/Cuba fotopedia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809000828/http://www.fotopedia.com/en/Cuba |date= 9 Agosto 2010 }}, Selected photos of Cuba *{{Cite web |title=Latin American Studies: United States-Cuba Relations |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/us-cuba.htm |ref=harv}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CU Key Development Forecasts for Cuba] from [[International Futures]] * Salim Lamrani, an interview with [[Ricardo Alarcón]], President of the Cuban Parliament, "[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/salim-lamrani/cuba-meets-the-challenges_b_1356275.html Cuba Meets the Challenges of the 21st Century, Part I]" ([http://www.huffingtonpost.com/salim-lamrani/cuba-meets-the-challenges_1_b_1380163.html II], [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/salim-lamrani/-ricardo-alarcon_b_1389348.html III], [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/salim-lamrani/cuba-meets-the-challenges_2_b_1397980.html IV], [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/salim-lamrani/cuba-meets-the-challenges_3_b_1428680.html V]) ''Huffington Post'', Spring, 2012 [[Kaarangay:Cuba| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga nasod ngan teritoryo ha Caribe]] [[Kaarangay:Nasod]] aq6m8lolry1lnkb5kzzkmxirsm6egy9 0 8955 7783711 7782564 2026-06-24T19:16:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783711 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pi-unrolled-720.gif|right|375 px|thumb|Kun 1 an diyametro han lidong, an balor han sirkumperensiya amo an π]] An '''pi''' o '''π''' amo an sukol [[matematika]], nga makukuha tikang ha ratio han sirkumperensiya ngadto ha diyametro han usa ka lidong. An balor hini amo hapit ha numero ihap 3.14159. ==Mga pabaro== ;Pinanbasaran {{Reflist|20em}} ;Mga reperensya {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last=Arndt|first=Jörg|last2=Haenel|first2=Christoph|title=Pi Unleashed|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=2006|isbn=978-3-540-66572-4 <!--isbn only volume 1-->|url=http://books.google.com/?id=QwwcmweJCDQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=harv|accessdate=2013-06-05}} English translation by Catriona and David Lischka. * {{cite book|last=Ayers|first=Frank|title=Calculus|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=1964|isbn=978-0-070-02653-7|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Berggren|first=Lennart|last2=Borwein|first2=Jonathan|author2-link=Jonathan Borwein|last3=Borwein|first3=Peter|author3-link=Peter Borwein|title=Pi: a Source Book|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=1997|isbn=978-0-387-20571-7|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Beckmann|first=Peter|title=History of Pi|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpisymbo00beck|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1989|origyear=1974|isbn=978-0-88029-418-8|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Borwein|first=Jonathan|author1-link=|last2=Borwein|first2=Peter|author2-link=|title=Pi and the AGM: a Study in Analytic Number Theory and Computational Complexity|url=https://archive.org/details/piagmstudyinanal0000borw|publisher=Wiley|year=1987|isbn=978-0-471-31515-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Boyer|first=Carl B.|last2=Merzbach|first2=Uta C.|year=1991|title=A History of Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye|edition=2|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-54397-8|ref=harv}}<!-- Year from ISBN. Original citatation was just to Boyer. Possible that edition is wrong and therefore page is wrong. Editions: Boyer 1968, Boyer/Merzbach 1989, Boyer/Merzbach 1991, Merzbach/Boyer 2010, Merzbach/Boyer 2011. Verify second: Hui and 3072-sided polygon is on cited page 202 of 1991 edition; page 228 of 1968 edition. Google snippet has a hit for 3.1456 on page 168 for 1991, but does not show the number. --> * {{cite book|last=Bronshteĭn|first=Ilia|last2=Semendiaev|first2=K. A.|title=A Guide Book to Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/guidebooktomathe0000bron_o8p0|publisher=H. Deutsch|year=1971|isbn= 978-3-871-44095-3|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Eymard|first=Pierre|last2=Lafon|first2=Jean Pierre|title=The Number Pi|url=https://archive.org/details/numberpi0000eyma|publisher=American Mathematical Society|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8218-3246-2|ref=harv}}, English translation by Stephen Wilson. * {{cite book|last=Joseph|first=George Gheverghese|title=The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-691-13526-7|url=http://books.google.com/?id=c-xT0KNJp0cC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false%7C|ref=harv|accessdate=2013-06-05}}<!-- This ISBN is for the third edition from 2011! --> * {{cite book|last=Posamentier|first=Alfred S.|last2=Lehmann|first2=Ingmar|title=Pi: A Biography of the World's Most Mysterious Number|url=https://archive.org/details/pi00alfr_0|publisher=Prometheus Books|year=2004|isbn=978-1-59102-200-8|ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last=Reitwiesner|first=George|title=An ENIAC Determination of pi and e to 2000 Decimal Places|journal=Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation|year=1950|volume=4|issue= 29|pages=11–15|doi=10.2307/2002695|ref=harv }} * {{cite journal|last=Roy|first=Ranjan|title=The Discovery of the Series Formula for pi by Leibniz, Gregory, and Nilakantha|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mathematics-magazine_1990-12_63_5/page/291|journal=Mathematics Magazine|volume=63|issue=5|year=1990|pages=291–306|doi=10.2307/2690896|ref=harv }} * {{cite journal|last=Schepler|first=H. C.|title=The Chronology of Pi|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mathematics-magazine_january-february-1950_23_3/page/165|journal=Mathematics Magazine|publisher=Mathematical Association of America|year=1950|volume=23|issue=3|pages=165–170 (Jan/Feb), 216–228 (Mar/Apr), and 279–283 (May/Jun)|doi=10.2307/3029284|ref=harv }}. [<!-- http://www.jstor.org/stable/3029284 -->http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3029284 issue 3 Jan/Feb], [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3029832 issue 4 Mar/Apr], [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3029000 issue 5 May/Jun] {{refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last=Blatner|first=David|title=The Joy of Pi|publisher=Walker & Company|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8027-7562-7|doi= }} * [[Jonathan Borwein|Borwein, Jonathan]] and [[Peter Borwein|Borwein, Peter]], "The Arithmetic-Geometric Mean and Fast Computation of Elementary Functions", ''SIAM Review'', '''26'''(1984) 351–365 * Borwein, Jonathan, Borwein, Peter, and [[David H. Bailey|Bailey, David H.]], ''Ramanujan, Modular Equations, and Approximations to Pi or How to Compute One Billion Digits of Pi", ''The American Mathematical Monthly'', '''96'''(1989) 201–219 * [[Chudnovsky brothers|Chudnovsky, David V.]] and [[Chudnovsky brothers|Chudnovsky, Gregory V.]], "Approximations and Complex Multiplication According to Ramanujan", in ''Ramanujan Revisited'' (G.E. Andrews et al. Eds), Academic Press, 1988, pp 375–396, 468–472 * Cox, David A., "The Arithmetic-Geometric Mean of Gauss", ''L' Ensignement Mathematique'', '''30'''(1984) 275–330 * [[Jean-Paul Delahaye|Delahaye, Jean-Paul]], "Le Fascinant Nombre Pi", Paris: Bibliothèque Pour la Science (1997) ISBN 2902918259 * Engels, Hermann, "Quadrature of the Circle in Ancient Egypt", ''Historia Mathematica'' '''4'''(1977) 137–140 * [[Leonhard Euler|Euler, Leonhard]], "On the Use of the Discovered Fractions to Sum Infinite Series", in ''Introduction to Analysis of the Infinite. Book I'', translated from the Latin by J. D. Blanton, Springer-Verlag, 1964, pp 137–153 * Heath, T. L., ''The Works of Archimedes'', Cambridge, 1897; reprinted in ''The Works of Archimedes with The Method of Archimedes'', Dover, 1953, pp 91–98 * [[Christiaan Huygens|Huygens, Christiaan]], "De Circuli Magnitudine Inventa", ''Christiani Hugenii Opera Varia I'', Leiden 1724, pp 384–388 * [[Lam Lay Yong|Lay-Yong, Lam]] and Tian-Se, Ang, "Circle Measurements in Ancient China", ''Historia Mathematica'' '''13'''(1986) 325–340 * [[Ferdinand von Lindemann|Lindemann, Ferdinand]], [http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index.php?id=11&PPN=PPN235181684_0020&DMDID=DMDLOG_0031&L=1 "Ueber die Zahl pi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122054610/http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index.php?id=11&PPN=PPN235181684_0020&DMDID=DMDLOG_0031&L=1 |date=2015-01-22 }}, ''Mathematische Annalen'' '''20'''(1882) 213–225 * Matar, K. Mukunda, and Rajagonal, C., "On the Hindu Quadrature of the Circle" (Appendix by K. Balagangadharan). ''Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society'' '''20'''(1944) 77–82 * [[Ivan M. Niven|Niven, Ivan]], "A Simple Proof that pi Is Irrational", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'', '''53''':7 (July 1947), 507 * [[Srinivasa Ramanujan|Ramanujan, Srinivasa]], "Modular Equations and Approximations to π", ''Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics'', '''XLV''', 1914, 350–372. Reprinted in G.H. Hardy, P.V. Seshu Aiyar, and B. M. Wilson (eds), ''Srinivasa Ramanujan: Collected Papers'', 1927 (reprinted 2000), pp 23–29 * [[William Shanks|Shanks, William]], ''Contributions to Mathematics {{sic|Comprising|hide=y}} Chiefly of the Rectification of the Circle to 607 Places of Decimals'', 1853, pp. i–xvi, 10 * [[Daniel Shanks|Shanks, Daniel]] and [[John Wrench|Wrench, John William]], "Calculation of pi to 100,000 Decimals", ''Mathematics of Computation'' '''16'''(1962) 76–99 * Tropfke, Johannes, ''Geschichte Der Elementar-Mathematik in Systematischer Darstellung'' (''The history of elementary mathematics''), BiblioBazaar, 2009 (reprint), ISBN 978-1-113-08573-3 * [[François Viète|Viete, Francois]], ''Variorum de Rebus Mathematicis Reponsorum Liber VII. F. Viete, Opera Mathematica'' (reprint), Georg Olms Verlag, 1970, pp 398–401, 436–446 * [[Stan Wagon|Wagon, Stan]], "Is Pi Normal?", ''The Mathematical Intelligencer'', '''7''':3(1985) 65–67 * [[John Wallis|Wallis, John]], ''Arithmetica Infinitorum, sive Nova Methodus Inquirendi in Curvilineorum Quadratum, aliaque difficiliora Matheseos Problemata'', Oxford 1655–6. Reprinted in vol. 1 (pp 357–478) of ''Opera Mathematica'', Oxford 1693 * Zebrowski, Ernest, ''A History of the Circle: Mathematical Reasoning and the Physical Universe'', Rutgers University Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0-8135-2898-4 {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Pi}} * {{dmoz|Science/Math/Recreations/Specific_Numbers/Pi/Digits/|Digits of Pi}} * [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Pi.html "Pi"] at Wolfram Mathworld * [http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Representations+of+Pi Representations of Pi] at [[Wolfram Alpha]] * [http://www.subidiom.com/pi Pi Search Engine]: 2 billion searchable digits of {{pi}}, {{math|{{sqrt|2}}}}, and {{math|''e''}} * {{cite web|last=Eaves|first=Laurence|title={{pi}} – Pi|url=http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/pi.htm|work=Sixty Symbols|publisher=[[Brady Haran]] for the [[University of Nottingham]]|authorlink=Laurence Eaves|year=2009|access-date=2015-01-22|archive-date=2020-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706021225/http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/pi.htm|url-status=}} * {{cite web|last=Grime|first=Dr. James|title=Pi is Beautiful – Numberphile|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=NPoj8lk9Fo4|work=Numberphile|publisher=[[Brady Haran]]|year=2014}} 58xku15el5u0o9ryu5kniw7hzc7ecs7 0 14693 7783699 7782368 2026-06-24T19:11:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name=Henry Ford |image=Henry ford 1919.jpg |image_size=220px |caption=Henry Ford, {{circa|1919}} |birth_date={{Birth date|mf=yes|1863|07|30}} |birth_place=[[Greenfield Township, Michigan]], U.S. |death_date={{death date and age|mf=yes|1947|04|07|1863|07|30}} |death_place=[[Fair Lane]], [[Dearborn, Michigan]], U.S. |nationality = [[Americans|American]] |occupation=Founder of [[Ford Motor Company|Ford Motor]], [[Business magnate]], Engineering |spouse=Clara Jane Bryant |parents=William Ford and Mary Ford |children=[[Edsel Ford]] |religion=[[Episcopal Church (United States)|Protestant Episcopal]] |networth={{profit}}'''$188.1&nbsp;billion''', based on information from [[Forbes]], February 2008. |signature=Henry Ford Signature.svg }} Hi '''Henry Ford''' (Hulyo 30, 1863 - Abril 7, 1947) amo an usa ka amerikano nga inhenyero ngan negosyante. Nagtikang hiya paghimo hin sarakyan ha 1896 ngan gintukod niya an Ford Motor Company. An iya asawa amo hi Clara Bryant ngan mayda nira anak nga ginngaranan nga Edsel Bryant Ford. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== ===Mga memoir han mga prinsipal han Ford Motor Company=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Ford1922}} * {{Cite journal|last=Ford|first=Henry|last2=Crowther|first2=Samuel|authorlink=Henry Ford|authorlink2=Samuel Crowther (journalist)| date = 1926|title=Today and Tomorrow|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P9-CZT-093|publisher=Doubleday, Page & Company|location=Garden City, New York, USA|ref=harv|postscript=. ''[[Edition (books)#Co-edition|Co-edition]], 1926, London, William Heinemann. Various republications, including ISBN 0-915299-36-4.'' }} * {{Cite journal|last=Ford|first=Henry|last2=Crowther|first2=Samuel|authorlink=Henry Ford| date = 1930|title=Moving Forward|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_S0-EKW-657|publisher=Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc|location=Garden City, New York, USA|ref=harv|postscript=. ''Co-edition, 1931, London, William Heinemann.'' }} * {{Cite journal|last=Ford|first=Henry|last2=Crowther|first2=Samuel|authorlink=Henry Ford| date = 1930|title=Edison as I Know Him|publisher=Cosmopolitan Book Corporation|location=New York|ref=harv|postscript=. ''Apparent co-edition, 1930, as ''My Friend Mr. Edison'', London, Ernest Benn. Republished as ''Edison as I Knew Him'' by American Thought and Action, San Diego, 1966, OCLC 3456201. Republished as ''Edison as I Know Him'' by Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007, ISBN 978-1-4325-6158-1.'' }} * {{Cite book|last=Bennett|first=Harry; with Marcus, Paul|authorlink=Harry Bennett| date = 1951|title=We Never Called Him Henry|publisher=Fawcett Publications|location=New York|lccn=51036122|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}}. * {{Sorensen1956}} {{Refend}} ===Biograpiya=== {{Refbegin}} * Bak, Richard (2003). ''Henry and Edsel: The Creation of the Ford Empire''. Wiley ISBN 0-471-23487-7 * Brinkley, Douglas G. ''Wheels for the World: Henry Ford, His Company, and a Century of Progress'' (2003) * Halberstam, David. "Citizen Ford" ''American Heritage'' 1986 37(6): 49–64. interpretive essay * Jardim, Anne. ''The First Henry Ford: A Study in Personality and Business Leadership'' Massachusetts Inst. of Technology Press 1970. * Lacey, Robert. ''Ford: The Men and the Machine'' Little, Brown, 1986. popular biography * {{Cite book|first=David I.|last=Lewis|title=The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company|url=https://archive.org/details/publicimageofhen0000lewi_q8o6|publisher=Wayne State University Press| date = 1976|isbn=0-8143-1553-4}} * {{Cite book|first=Allan|last=Nevins|author2=Frank Ernest Hill|authorlink=Allan Nevins|title=Ford: The Times, The Man, The Company|url=https://archive.org/details/fordtimesmancomp0000nevi|publisher=Charles Scribners' Sons|location=New York| date = 1954}} [http://hdl.handle.net.proxy.cc.uic.edu/2027/heb.04045 ACLS e-book] * {{Cite book|first=Allan|last=Nevins|author2=Frank Ernest Hill|title=Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915–1933|url=https://archive.org/details/fordexpansioncha00alla|publisher=Charles Scribners' Sons|location=New York| date = 1957}} ACLS e-book * {{Cite book|first=Allan|last=Nevins|author2=Frank Ernest Hill|title=Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1933–1962|url=https://archive.org/details/forddeclinerebir00nevi|publisher=Charles Scribners' Sons|location=New York| date = 1962}} ACLS e-book * Nye, David E. ''Henry Ford: "Ignorant Idealist."'' Kennikat, 1979. * Watts, Steven. '' The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century'' (2005) {{Refend}} ===Mga pinaurog nga pag-aram=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * Baime, A.J. ''The Arsenal of Democracy: FDR, Detroit, and an Epic Quest to Arm an America at War'' (2014) * Batchelor, Ray. ''Henry Ford: Mass Production, Modernism and Design'' Manchester U. Press, 1994. * Bonin, Huber et al. ''Ford, 1902–2003: The European History'' 2 vol Paris 2003. ISBN 2-914369-06-9 scholarly essays in English; reviewed in Holden, Len. "Fording the Atlantic: Ford and Fordism in Europe" in ''Business History '' Volume 47, #1 Enero 2005 pp 122–127 * Brinkley, Douglas. "Prime Mover". ''American Heritage'' 2003 54(3): 44–53. on Model T * Bryan, Ford R. ''Henry's Lieutenants'', 1993; ISBN 0-8143-2428-2 * Bryan, Ford R. ''Beyond the Model T: The Other Ventures of Henry Ford'' Wayne State Press 1990. * Dempsey, Mary A. "Fordlandia," ''Michigan History'' 1994 78(4): 24–33. Ford's rubber plantation in Brazil * {{Cite book|last=Denslow|first=William R.| date = 2004|origyear=1957|title=10,000 Famous Freemasons|edition=Paperback republication|series=Part|volume=One, Volume 1, from A to J|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|url=|isbn=978-1-4179-7578-5|id=|ref=harv| postscript=. ''Foreword by Harry S. Truman.''}} * Grandin, Greg. ''Fordlandia: The Rise and Fall of Henry Ford's Forgotten Jungle City''. London, Icon, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84831-147-3 * {{Hounshell1984}} * Jacobson, D. S. "The Political Economy of Industrial Location: the Ford Motor Company at Cork 1912–26." ''Irish Economic and Social History'' 1977 4: 36–55. Ford and Irish politics * Kraft, Barbara S. ''The Peace Ship: Henry Ford's Pacifist Adventure in the First World War'' Macmillan, 1978 * Levinson, William A. ''Henry Ford's Lean Vision: Enduring Principles from the First Ford Motor Plant'', 2002; ISBN 1-56327-260-1 * Lewis, David L. "Ford and Kahn" ''Michigan History'' 1980 64(5): 17–28. Ford commissioned architect Albert Kahn to design factories * Lewis, David L. "Henry Ford and His Magic Beanstalk" . ''Michigan History'' 1995 79(3): 10–17. Ford's interest in soybeans and plastics * Lewis, David L. "Working Side by Side" ''Michigan History'' 1993 77(1): 24–30. Why Ford hired large numbers of black workers * McIntyre, Stephen L. "The Failure of Fordism: Reform of the Automobile Repair Industry, 1913–1940: ''Technology and Culture'' 2000 41(2): 269–299. repair shops rejected flat rates * Meyer, Stephen. ''The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908–1921'' (1981) * Nevins, Allan, and Frank Ernest Hill. '' Ford: the Times the Man the Company'' (1954); ''Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915-1933'' (1957); ''Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1933-1962'' (1963) comprehensive scholarly history * Nolan; Mary. ''Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany'' (1994) * {{Cite journal|author=Daniel M. G. Raff and Lawrence H. Summers|title=Did Henry Ford Pay Efficiency Wages?|journal=Journal of Labor Economics|date= Oktubre 1987|volume=5|issue=4|pages=S57–S86|doi=10.1086/298165|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/144424|author=Pietrykowski, Bruce.| date = 1995|title=Fordism at Ford: Spatial Decentralization and Labor Segmentation at the Ford Motor Company, 1920–1950|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-geography_1995-10_71_4/page/383| journal=Economic Geography|volume=71|issue=4|pages=383–401|ref=harv|jstor=144424 }} * {{Citation |last=Pool |first=James |last2=Pool |first2=Suzanne | date = 1978 |chapter="Chapter: Ford and Hitler" |title=Who Financed Hitler: The Secret Funding of Hitler's Rise to Power, 1919-1933 |publisher=Dial Press |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1wBoAAAAMAAJ |isbn=978-0708817568 |postscript=.}} * Roediger, David, ed "Americanism and Fordism—American Style: Kate Richards O'hare's 'Has Henry Ford Made Good?'" ''Labor History'' 1988 29(2): 241–252. Socialist praise for Ford in 1916 * Segal, Howard P. "'Little Plants in the Country': Henry Ford's Village Industries and the Beginning of Decentralized Technology in Modern America" ''Prospects'' 1988 13: 181–223. Ford created 19 rural workplaces as pastoral retreats * Tedlow, Richard S. "The Struggle for Dominance in the Automobile Market: the Early Years of Ford and General Motors" ''Business and Economic History'' 1988 17: 49–62. Ford stressed low price based on efficient factories but GM did better in oligopolistic competition by including investment in manufacturing, marketing, and management. * Thomas, Robert Paul. "The Automobile Industry and its Tycoon" ''Explorations in Entrepreneurial History'' 1969 6(2): 139–157. argues Ford did NOT have much influence on US industry, * Valdés, Dennis Nodin. "Perspiring Capitalists: Latinos and the Henry Ford Service School, 1918–1928" ''Aztlán'' 1981 12(2): 227–239. Ford brought hundreds of Mexicans in for training as managers * Wilkins, Mira and Frank Ernest Hill, ''American Business Abroad: Ford on Six Continents'' Wayne State University Press, 1964 * Williams, Karel, Colin Haslam and John Williams, "Ford versus 'Fordism': The Beginning of Mass Production?" ''Work, Employment & Society'', Vol. 6, No. 4, 517–555 (1992), stress on Ford's flexibility and commitment to continuous improvements {{Refend}} ===Padugang nga barasahon=== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Foust|first1=James C.| date = 1997|title=Mass-produced Reform: Henry Ford's Dearborn Independent|url=|journal=American Journalism|volume=14|issue=3–4| pages=411–424|ref=harv|doi=10.1080/08821127.1997.10731933 }} * Higham, Charles, ''Trading with the Enemy'' The Nazi–American Money Plot 1933–1949 ; Delacorte Press 1983 * Kandel, Alan D. "Ford and Israel" ''Michigan Jewish History'' 1999 39: 13–17. covers business and philanthropy * Lee, Albert; ''Henry Ford and the Jews''; Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1980; ISBN 0-8128-2701-5 * {{Cite journal|author=Lewis, David L.| date = 1984|title=Henry Ford's Anti-semitism and its Repercussions|url=|journal=Michigan Jewish History|volume=24|issue=1|pages=3–10|ref=harv }} * Reich, Simon (1999) "The Ford Motor Company and the Third Reich" ''Dimensions'', 13(2):15–17 [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/ford.html online] * {{Cite journal|author=Ribuffo, Leo P.| date = 1980|title=Henry Ford and the International Jew|url=|journal=American Jewish History|volume=69|issue=4|pages=437–477|ref=harv }} * {{Cite journal|author=Sapiro, Aaron L.| date = 1982|title=A Retrospective View of the Aaron Sapiro-Henry Ford Case|url=|journal=Western States Jewish Historical Quarterly|volume=15|issue=1|pages=79–84|ref=harv }} * {{Cite journal|author=Silverstein, K.| date = 2000|title=Ford and the Führer|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nation_2000-01-24_270_3/page/n3|journal=The Nation|volume=270|issue=3|pages=11–16|ref=harv }} * {{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/3662859|author=Woeste, Victoria Saker.| date = 2004|title=Insecure Equality: Louis Marshall, Henry Ford, and the Problem of Defamatory Antisemitism, 1920–1929|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-history_2004-12_91_3/page/877| journal=Journal of American History|volume=91|issue=3|pages=877–905|ref=harv|jstor=3662859 }} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons}} {{Wikisource author}} * [http://automotivehistoryonline.com/ford.htm Automobile History Online—Henry Ford history and photos] * Full text of ''[http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/7213 My Life and Work] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012023511/http://gutenberg.net/etext/7213 |date= 12 Oktubre 2008 }}'' from [[Project Gutenberg]] * [http://www.butler-bowdon.com/my-life-and-work.html Commentary on Ford's ''My Life and Work''] * [http://www.quotationsbook.com/authors/2560/Henry_Ford Notable quotations and speech excerpts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130152900/http://quotationsbook.com/authors/2560/Henry_Ford/ |date= 30 Enero 2015 }} * [http://www.myviplife.com/lifestories/vipbusiness/Henry_Ford_wa.php?c=3 Timeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043205/http://www.myviplife.com/lifestories/vipbusiness/Henry_Ford_wa.php?c=3 |date= 27 Septyembre 2007 }} * [http://www.myviplife.com/lifestories/vipbusiness/Henry_Ford_ch.php?c=3 Quotes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043140/http://www.myviplife.com/lifestories/vipbusiness/Henry_Ford_ch.php?c=3 |date= 27 Septyembre 2007 }} * [http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1958/2/1958_2_65.shtml Nevins and Hill tell the story of Peace Ship in ''American Heritage''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507100519/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1958/2/1958_2_65.shtml |date= 7 Mayo 2006 }} * [http://www.kuhistory.com/proto/story.asp?id=42 College student reports on the 1915 Peace Ship expedition] * [http://www.hfha.org/ The Henry Ford Heritage Association] * [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/llt/51/pauwels.html American Corporations and Hitler] * [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/nov98/nazicars30.htm The Washington Post reports on Ford and General Motors response to alleged collaboration with Nazi Germany] * [http://history.hanover.edu/hhr/99/hhr99_2.html Power, Ignorance, and Anti-Semitism: Henry Ford and His War on Jews] by Jonathan R. Logsdon, Hanover Historical Review 1999 * [http://www.sfgate.com/books/article/Henry-Ford-may-have-regretted-his-innovation-2644775.php Review of] "The People's Tycoon" by Steven Watts. Henry Ford may have regretted his innovation (SF Chronicle) * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/henryford/ Henry Ford] — an ''[[American Experience]]'' documentary {{DEFAULTSORT:Ford, Henry}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1863]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1947]] [[Kaarangay:Henry Ford| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] 5n15ct6njvsqn7ecqulw46ur3d4581e 0 14899 7783727 7645642 2026-06-24T20:50:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783727 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Kanal han Panama''' amo an usa ka aragian pantubig ha nasod han [[Panama]] nga nagdudugtong ha [[Kalawdan Atlantiko]] ngan [[Kalawdan Pasipiko]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * Brodhead, Michael J. 2012. [http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA564251 "The Panama Canal: Writings of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Officers Who Conceived and Built It."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408131511/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA564251 |date=2013-04-08 }} US Army Corps of Engineers History Office, Alexandria, VA. * Bruns, Sebastian (2010). Panama Canal Security: Expansion and Maritime Risk, in: Strategic Insights by Risk Intelligence. Global Maritime Security Analysis No. 29, December 2010, pp.&nbsp;4–7 (with Guy Wilson-Roberts). * Cullen, Ben. (2010). The Panama Canal and Me: A Panamax Special. ISBN 978-0-8212-7754-6 * Greene, Julie, ''The Canal Builders: Making America's Empire at the Panama Canal'' (New York: Penguin Press, 2009) * {{Cite book| first1 = Jon T.| last1 = Hoffman| first2 = Michael J| last2 = Brodhead| first3 = Carol R.| last3 = Byerly| first4 = Glenn F.| last4 = Williams| url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/panama/panamacanal/index.html| title = The Panama Canal: An Army's Enterprise| publisher = [[United States Army Center of Military History]]| year = 2009| location = Washington, D.C.| id = 70–115–1}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403023219/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/panama/panamacanal/index.html |date=2015-04-03 }} * Jaen, Omar. (2005). Las Negociaciones de los Tratados Torrijos-Carter, 1970-1979 (Tomos 1 y 2). Panama: Autoridad del Canal de Panama. ISBN 9962-607-32-9 (Obra completa) * Jorden, William J. (1984). ''Panama Odyssey''. 746 pages, illustrated. Austin: [[University of Texas Press]]. ISBN 0-292-76469-3 * Maurer, Noel, and Carlos Yu. ''The Big Ditch: How America Took, Ran, and Ultimately Gave Away the Panama Canal'' (Princeton University Press, 2010); 420 pp.&nbsp;ISBN 978-0-691-14738-3. Econometric analysis of costs ($9 billion in 2009 dollars) and benefits to US and Panama * [[David McCullough|McCullough, David]]. (1977). ''[[The Path Between the Seas|The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870-1914]]''. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-22563-4 * Mellander, Gustavo A.(1971) ''The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years''. Daville,Ill.:Interstate Publishers. OCLC 138568. * Mellander, Gustavo A.; Nelly Maldonado Mellander (1999). ''Charles Edward Magoon: The Panama Years''. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. ISBN 1-56328-155-4. OCLC 42970390. * Mills, J. Saxon. (1913). [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34124 The Panama Canal—A history and description of the enterprise] A Project Gutenberg free ebook. * Parker, Matthew. (2007). ''Panama Fever: The Epic Story of One of the Greatest Human Achievements of All Time—The Building of the Panama Canal''. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-51534-4 * Sherman, Gary. "Conquering the Landscape (Gary Sherman explores the life of the great American trailblazer, John Frank Stevens)", History Magazine, July 2008. ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons and category}} {{GeoGroupTemplate}} * [http://www.pancanal.com/ Panama Canal Authority website]—Has a simulation showing how the canal works * ''[http://www.sil.si.edu/Exhibitions/Make-the-Dirt-Fly/ Making the Dirt Fly, Building the Panama Canal]'' Smithsonian Institution Libraries * [http://www.canalmuseum.com/ Canalmuseum]—History, Documents, Photographs and Stories * [http://www.calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu/browse/azBrowse/Panama+Canal Early stereographic images of the construction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120821/http://www.calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu/browse/azBrowse/Panama+Canal |date=2014-08-26 }} University of California * [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/panama A.B. Nichols Panama Canal Collection at the Linda Hall Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114608/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/panama |date=2014-08-26 }} Archival collection of maps, blueprints, photographs, letters, and other documents, collected by [http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/panama,5315 Aurin B. Nichols]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215070224/http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/panama,5315 |date=2018-12-15 }}, an engineer who worked on the canal project through from 1899 until its completion. 0qqnq6hw58zajw9hveni1jxedv28gwu 0 14980 7783704 7770487 2026-06-24T19:14:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|90|S|0|W|display=title}} [[Image:Pole-south.gif|330px|thumb|right|1. South Geographic Pole<br>2. [[South Magnetic Pole]] (2007)<br>3. [[South Geomagnetic Pole]] (2005)<br>4. [[Pole of Inaccessibility|Katungtungan Salatan nga Gikukurii Makadtoan]] ]] An '''South Pole''' o '''Katungtungan Salatan''', gintatawag gihapon ha Ingles nga ''Geographic South Pole'', ''Celestial South Pole'', o ''Terrestrial South Pole'') in usa ha duha nga punto kun diin an kanan Kalibutan axis hit pagtuyok in natapo ha iya bawbaw. Ini an gisasalatani nga punto ha bawbaw han Kalibutan ngan namumutang ha kalingit nga banda han Kalibutan tikang ha [[North Pole]]. Namumutang ha kontinente han Antarctica, ini in kahihimutangan han United States Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, nga gintukod han 1956 ngan permamente nga may tawo tikang hadton nga tuig. ==Heyograpiya== Para han kadak-an nga panuyuan, an Heyograpiko Katungtungan Salatan in may karuyag signgon nga salatan nga punto han duha nga puntos kun diin it kanan Kalibutan axis hit pagtuyok it nagtatapo ha iya bawbaw (an lingit amo an Heyograpiko Katungtungan Amihanan). Pero, an kanan Kalibutan axis hit pagtuyok in nababantad hit talagudti, tungod hini diri gud ini sadang para han tut-on gud nga buhat. An heyograpiko koordinatos han Katungtungan Salatan in agsob simple nga ginhahatag la na 90°S, tungod han iya longitude ha heyometriya in waray hinongdan. Kun kinahanglan gud nga may-ada longitude, ini in puyde ighatag nga 0°. Ha Katungtungan Salatan, ngatanan nga direksyon in nalingi ha amihanan. Tungod hini, an mga direksyon hini nga Katungtungan in ginhahatag relatibo ha "grid north", kun natudlok paamihanan han prime meridian.<ref>[http://quest.nasa.gov/antarctica/background/cara/movpole.html "Moving the South Pole"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528071001/http://quest.nasa.gov/antarctica/background/cara/movpole.html |date=2016-05-28 }}, NASA Quest</ref> ==Eksplorasyon== ===Ugsa mag-1900=== Han 1820, pipira nga mga ekspedisyon in nangankon nga hira an syahan nakakita han Antarctica, nga an gisyasyahani amo an Ruso nga expedisyon nga pinangunahan ni Faddey Bellingshausen ngan Mikhail Lazarev.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1971 |title=Bellingshausen and the discovery of Antarctica|url=https://archive.org/details/polar-record_1971-09_15_99/page/887 |journal=Polar Record |volume=15 |issue=99 |pages=887–889 |doi=10.1017/S0032247400062112 |last1=Armstrong|first1=Terence}}</ref> An syahan nga pagtungtong in posible nahitabo lahos la kahuman hin usa ka tuig han an Amerikano nga hi Kapitan John Davis, usa nga nananakop hin seal, in tinmamak ha nyebe.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Hurtigruten|title=General Information|url=http://people.rit.edu/~msl7852/webdesign/midterm/antarctica.html|website=hurtigruten.com/us/|publisher=Hurtigruten|accessdate=2014-10-23|archive-date=2014-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023171055/http://people.rit.edu/~msl7852/webdesign/midterm/antarctica.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> An heyograpiya han baybayon han Antarctic in diri sayod tubtob han kabutngaan ngadto ha kaurhian han ika-19 gatostuig. An Amerikano nga opisyal han hukbo pandagat nga hi Charles Wilkes in nagangkon nga an Antarctica in usa nga bag-o nga kontinente base han iya eksplorasyon ha 1839–40<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Van Doren, Charles Lincoln |author2=McHenry, Robert |title=Webster's Guide to American History: A Chronological, Geographical, and Biographical Survey and Compendium|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MVU6DS6Re8gC&pg=PA1326+| date = 1971|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-081-5|page=1326}}</ref>, samatang hi James Clark Ross, han iya ekspedisyon han 1839–43, naglaum nga bangin hiya makalayag pakadto ha Katungtungan Salatan (waray ini kadayon).<ref>{{Cite book|author=Berkman, Paul Arthur |title=Science Into Policy: Global Lessons from Antarctica|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LDiGTYXZ9X4C&pg=PA35+| date = 2002|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-091560-6|page=35}}</ref> ===1900–1950=== [[File:Aan de Zuidpool - p1913-160.jpg|thumb|Kan Amundsen partido ha Katungtungan Salatan, Disyembre 1911. Tikang ha wala patu-o: [[Roald Amundsen|Amundsen]], [[Helmer Hanssen|Hanssen]], [[Sverre Hassel|Hassel]] ngan [[Oscar Wisting|Wisting]] (ginritrato han ikalima nga api nga hi [[Olav Bjaaland|Bjaaland)]].]] An syahan nga pagbiling hin ruta tikang ha Antarctica nga baybayon pakadto ha Katungtungan Salatan in ginbuhat han Briton nga explorador nga hi Robert Falcon Scott han Discovery Expedition han 1901-04. Ugaring la waray ini nagin malinamposon. Hi Scott, gin-updan ni Ernest Shackleton ngan Edward Wilson, nagbiyahe nga may panuyuan nga mangadto ha gisasalatani nga mahihimo, ngan an 31 Disyembre 1902, inmabot ha 82°16′ S.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Berkman, Paul Arthur |title=Science Into Policy: Global Lessons from Antarctica|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LDiGTYXZ9X4C&pg=PA37| date = 2002|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-091560-6|page=37}}</ref> Hi Shackleton in binmalik liwat ha Antartica komo mangulo han Briton nga Antarctica nga Expedisyon (Ekspedisyon Nimrod) nga may panuyuan makaabot ha Katungtungan Salatan. Han Enero 9, 1909, nga may tulo nga kaupod, hiya in inmabot ha 88°23' S – 112 statute milya tikang ha Katungtungan Salatan – san-o hiya mapiritan diri magpadayon ngan bumalik.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Simpson-Housley, Paul |title=Antarctica: Exploration, Perception and Metaphor|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=M1ql3mx8xYgC&pg=PA24|date= 2002|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-03602-0|page=24}}</ref> An syahan nga katawhan nga inmabot ha Heyograpiko Katungtungan Salatan in hira Norwego Roald Amundsen ngan iya partido han Disyembre 14, 1911. Hi Amundsen nag-ngaran han iya kampo nga Polheim ngan an bug-os nga plateau nga nagpapalibot nga Polonya nga Hadi Haakon VII Vidde ha pagsidungog kan Hadi Haakon VII han Norwega. Hi Robert Falcon Scott in binmalik ha Antarctica upod an iya ikaduha nga ekspedisyon, an Ekspedisyon Terra Nova, ha syahan diri hiya maaram han kan Amundsen sinikreto nga ekspedisyon. Hi Scott ngan iba pa nga upat nga tawo in inmabot ha Katungtungan Salatan han Enero 17, 1912, katloan kag upat kaadlaw kahuman kan Amundsen. Han biyahe nira pabalik, hi Scott ngan iya upat nga kaupod in namatay ha pagkagutom ngan labi nga kahagkot. Han 1914, an kan Ernest Shackleton Ekspedisyon Trans-Antarctic Imperyal in naglayag nga makatabok han Antarctica pinaagi ha Salatan Katungtungan, pero an iya barko, an Endurance, in nagbagtik ha nyebe ngan nalunod kahuman han 11 ka bulan. An biyahe ha bawbaw han tuna in waray kahimo. An Amerikano nga hi Admiral Richard Everlyn, nga ginbuligan han iya syahan nga piloto Bernt Balchen, in nagin syahan nga tawo nga nakalupad ha bawbaw han Katungtungan Salatan han Nobyembre 29, 1928. ===1950–yana=== ==Klima ngan adlaw ngan gab-i== ==Oras== Ha kadak-an nga mga lugar han Kalibutan, iton local nga oras in nakukuha tikang ha longitude, sugad nga it oras had adlaw in nahari ha posisyon han adlaw ha langit (pananglitan, iton katunga hit adlaw an adlaw aada ha iya ginhahataasi. Ini nga linya hit pagrason in pakyas dida ha Katungtungan Salatan, kun diin it adlaw nasirang ngan natunod la usa kada tuig, ngan an ngatanan nga kalinyahan han longitude, ngan tungod hini ngatanan nga sona hin oras in nagtatampo. Waray ini ''a priori'' nga rason hit paghatag ha Katungtungan Salatan hin partikular nga sona hin oras, pero para han praktikal nga konsiderasyon, an Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in nagamit hin Oras han New Zealand. Ini tungod nga an Estados Unidos in nagpapadara hin suplay nga misyon ("[[Operation Deep Freeze]]") tikang ha [[McMurdo Station]], nga nagsusuplay tikang ha [[Christchurch]], New Zealand. ==Flora ngan Fauna== Tungod han iya makalilisang nga klima, waray tuminongnong nga residente nga tanaman ngan hayop dida ha Katungtungan Salatan. Danay lugod, may ada naagi nga mga snow petrel nga makikit-an didto.<ref>Mark Sabbatini, [http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/pastIssues/2002-2003/2003_01_05.pdf "Non-human life form seen at Pole"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025113817/http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/pastIssues/2002-2003/2003_01_05.pdf |date=2012-10-25 }}, ''The Antarctic Sun'', 5 Enero 2003.</ref> Han 2000, nasumat nga may-ada mga mikrobyo nga nasabtan nga naukoy dida ha nyebe han Katungtungan Salatan, ugaring la an mga sayantista in naghuhunahuna nga waray ito nag-evolve ha Antarctica.<ref>[http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/827063.stm "Snow microbes found at South Pole"], BBC News, 10 Hulyo 2000</ref> Han Agosto 2014, an mga sayantista in nagpasabot han ira nabilgnan nga may-ada mil-mil nga durudilain nga klase hin mikroorganismo ha [[Lake Whillans]], usa nga dako nga lawas hin katubigan nga nakalubong {{convert|800|m|ft|abbr=on}} ha ilarom han Antarctica nga nyebe.<ref name="NAT-20140820">{{Cite journal |last=Fox |first=Douglas |title=Lakes under the ice: Antarctica's secret garden |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_nature_2014-08-21_512_7514/page/244 |date=20 Agosto 2014 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=512 |issue=7514 |pages=244–246 |doi=10.1038/512244a |bibcode=2014Natur.512..244F }}</ref><ref name="FRB-20140820">{{Cite web |last=Mack |first=Eric |title=Life Confirmed Under Antarctic Ice; Is Space Next? |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/ericmack/2014/08/20/life-confirmed-under-antarctic-ice-is-space-next/ |date=20 Agosto 2014 |work=[[Forbes]] |accessdate=21 Agosto 2014 }}</ref><ref name="BBC-20140820">{{Cite web |last=Amos |first=Jonathan |title=Antarctic hides extreme ecosystem |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-28853387 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=20 Agosto 2014 |accessdate=21 Agosto 2014 }}</ref> ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons|South Pole}} * [http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/obop/spo/livecamera.html Webcam han NOAA ha Katungtungan Salatan] * [http://www.adventure-antarctica.de/tag/panorama/ 360° Mga panlantaw ha Katungtungan Salatan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428185409/http://www.adventure-antarctica.de/tag/panorama/ |date=2015-04-28 }} * [http://confluence.org/confluence.php?lat=-90&lon=0&visit=1 An mga ladawan hini nga lokasyon] in mabibilngan ha [[Degree Confluence Project]] * [http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/gallery/SPO Mga ladawan ha Katungtungan Salatan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905040819/http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/gallery/SPO |date=2005-09-05 }} * [http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=1843 Poles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426023311/http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=1843 |date=2010-04-26 }} han Dibisyon Pan-Antarctico han Australia * [http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/ The Antarctic Sun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227185933/http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/ |date=2011-02-27 }} - Aada ha linya nga pinagtikangan han sumat han Taramdam Antarctica han Estados Unidos * [http://www.bigdeadplace.com/ Big Dead Place (Dako nga Patay nga Lugar)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625002841/http://www.bigdeadplace.com/ |date=2016-06-25 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6281839.stm UK team makes polar trek history] - An BBC artikulo hin notisya mahitungod han syahan nga pakadto ha Pole of Inaccessibility nga waray bulig hit makina * Pamatii an kan Ernest Shackleton paghulagway han iya [http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/my-south-polar-expedition/ Ekspedisyon ha South Pole] han 1908, ngan dugang nga pagbasa hiunong han recording ha [australianscreen online]. * An recording nga naghuhulagway kan Shackleton Ekspedisyon ha South Pole han 1908 in gidugang ngadto ha kanan [[National Film and Sound Archive]] rehistro nga [[Sounds of Australia]] ha 2007 pzoos1d8b8jgch8bky3ou934qbhxcml 0 15066 7783709 7774463 2026-06-24T19:15:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Jawaharlal Nehru |image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-61849-0001, Indien, Otto Grotewohl bei Ministerpräsident Nehru cropped.jpg |office = [[List of Prime Ministers of India|1st]] [[Prime Minister of India]] |governor_general = [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|The Earl Mountbatten of Burma]]<br>[[C. Rajagopalachari|Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] |monarch = [[George VI]] <small>(1947-1950)</small> |president = [[Rajendra Prasad]]<br>[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] |deputy = [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] |term_start = 15 Agosto 1947 |term_end = 27 Mayo 1964 |predecessor = Position established |successor = [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] <small>(Acting)</small> |office2 = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] |term_start2 = 31 Oktubre 1962 |term_end2 = 14 Nobyembre 1962 |predecessor2 = [[V. K. Krishna Menon]] |successor2 = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] |term_start3 = 30 Enero 1957 |term_end3 = 17 Abril 1957 |predecessor3 = [[Kailash Nath Katju]] |successor3 = [[V. K. Krishna Menon]] |term_start4 = 10 Pebrero 1953 |term_end4 = 10 Enero 1955 |predecessor4 = [[N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar]] |successor4 = [[Kailash Nath Katju]] |office5 = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]] |term_start5 = 13 Pebrero 1958 |term_end5 = 13 Marso 1958 |predecessor5 = [[T. T. Krishnamachari|Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachariar]] |successor5 = [[Morarji Desai]] |term_start6 = 24 Hulyo 1956 |term_end6 = 30 Agosto 1956 |predecessor6 = [[C. D. Deshmukh|Chintaman Dwarakanath Deshmukh]] |successor6 = [[T. T. Krishnamachari|Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachariar]] |office7 = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] |term_start7 = 15 Agosto 1947 |term_end7 = 27 Mayo 1964 |predecessor7 = Position established |successor7 = [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] |birth_date = {{Birth date|1889|11|14|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Allahabad]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]] |death_date = {{Death date and age|1964|5|27|1889|11|14|df=y}} |death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]] |party = [[Indian National Congress]] |spouse = [[Kamla Nehru|Kamala Kaul]] |children = [[Indira Gandhi]] |alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]<br>[[Inns of Court School of Law|Inns of Court]] |profession = [[Barrister]] |signature = Jawaharlal Nehru Signature.svg |religion = None ([[Agnostic atheism]])<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.google.co.in/newspapers?id=LZotAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jp4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=7168,1579610 |page=4 |title=The Montreal Gazette |date=9 Hunyo 1964 |publisher=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/LEADER-ARTICLEBRInter-faith-Harmony-Where-Nehru-and-Gandhi-Meet/articleshow/196028.cms |title=Inter-faith Harmony: Where Nehru and Gandhi Meet Times of India |author=Ramachandra Guha |date=23 Septyembre 2003 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref><ref>In Jawaharlal Nehru's autobiography, ''An Autobiography'' (1936), and in the Last Will & Testament of Jawaharlal Nehru, in ''Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru'', 2nd series, vol. 26, p. 612,</ref> }} Hi '''Jawaharlal Nehru''' (Hindi: जवाहरलाल नेहरू, IPA: [dʐəʋäɦəɾläl nɛɦɾu]; 14 Nobyembre 1889 – 27 Mayo 1964) amo an siyahan ngan giiihai nga primo ministro han [[Indya]] ha yana, nga nagserbi tikanga ha 1947 ngadto ha 1964. Usa hiya nga panguna nga tawo ha Gios han paglugaring han Indya. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== * {{Cite book | author = Frank Moraes | title = Jawaharlal Nehru | publisher = Jaico Publishing House | date = 2008 | isbn = 978-8179926956 | ref = CITEREFMoraes2008 | authorlink = Frank Moraes }} * {{Cite book | author = Sankar Ghose | title = Jawaharlal Nehru | publisher = Allied Publishers | date = 1993 | isbn = 978-8170233695 | ref = CITEREFGhose1993 }} * {{Cite book | author = Jeffrey Kopstein | title = Comparative Politics: Interests, Identitites, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order | publisher = Cambridge University Press | date = 2005 | isbn = 978-1139446044 | ref = CITEREFKopstein2005 }} ==Padugang nga barasahon== *[[s:A Tryst With Destiny|''A Tryst With Destiny'' historic speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru on 14 Agosto 1947]] *''Nehru: The Invention of India'' by Shashi Tharoor (November 2003) Arcade Books ISBN 1-55970-697-X *''Jawaharlal Nehru'' (Edited by S. Gopal and Uma Iyengar) (July 2003) ''The Essential Writings of Jawaharlal Nehru'' [[Oxford University Press]] ISBN 0-19-565324-6 *''Autobiography:Toward freedom'', [[Oxford University Press]] *''Jawaharlal Nehru: Life and work'' by [[M. Chalapathi Rau]], National Book Club (1 Enero 1966) *''Jawaharlal Nehru by M. Chalapathi Rau.'' [New Delhi] Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India [1973] *''Letters from a father to his daughter'' by Jawaharlal Nehru, [http://www.childrensbooktrust.com/index.htm Children's Book Trust] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208134134/http://www.childrensbooktrust.com/index.htm |date=2016-02-08 }} *''Nehru: A Political Biography'' by Michael Brecher (1959). London:Oxford University Press. *''After Nehru, Who'' by Welles Hangen (1963). London: Rupert Hart-Davis. *''Nehru: The Years of Power'' by Geoffrey Tyson (1966). London: Pall Mall Press. *''[http://www.questia.com/read/2379634?title=Independence%20and%20after%3a%20A%20Collection%20of%20Speeches%2c%201946-%201949 Independence and After: A collection of the more important speeches of Jawaharlal Nehru from September 1946 to May 1949] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605003649/http://www.questia.com/read/2379634?title=Independence%20and%20after%3A%20A%20Collection%20of%20Speeches%2C%201946-%201949 |date=2011-06-05 }}'' (1949). Delhi: The Publications Division, Government of India. *{{Cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/pdf/prof_jawaharla.pdf |title=Commanding Heights |author=Joseph Stanislaw and Daniel A. Yergin |publisher=Simon & Schuster, Inc. |location=New York |date=1988 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *"The Challenge to Indian Nationalism." by [[Selig S. Harrison]] ''Foreign Affairs'' vol. 34, no. 2 (1956): 620–636. *“Nehru, Jawaharlal." by [[Ainslie Embree|Ainslie T. Embree]], ed., and the Asia Society. ''Encyclopedia of Asian History.'' Vol. 3. Charles Scribner's Sons. New York. (1988): 98–100. ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{sisterlinks|Jawaharlal Nehru}} {{Commons category|Jawaharlal Nehru}} {{Wikiquote}} *[http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/nehru.html India Today's profile of Nehru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103174317/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/nehru.html |date=2015-11-03 }} *[http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2120/stories/20041008000307600.htm Nehru's legacy to India]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728032727/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2120/stories/20041008000307600.htm |date=2011-07-28 }} *[http://books.google.com/books?id=sI_I-jk8YWsC&dq=nehru+communalism&printsec=frontcover Nehru on Communalism] *[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/search/jawaharlal%20nehru Jawaharlal Nehru materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1889]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1964]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Nehru, Jawaharlal]] [[Kaarangay:Indya|Nehru, Jawaharlal]] [[Kaarangay:Politika|Nehru, Jawaharlal]] pdqiaqc5urve40q6cau4yqlbha624ck 0 15174 7783718 7642689 2026-06-24T19:21:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = James Prescott Joule | image = Joule_James_sitting.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = James Joule – Physicist | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1818|12|24}} | birth_place = [[Salford, Greater Manchester|Salford, Lancashire]], England, UK | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1889|10|11|1818|12|24}} | death_place = [[Sale, Greater Manchester|Sale, Cheshire]], England, UK | residence = | citizenship = British | field = [[Physics]] | work_institution = | alma_mater = | influences = [[John Dalton]]</br>[[John Davies (lecturer)|John Davies]] | known_for = [[First Law of Thermodynamics]] | prizes = }} Hi '''James Prescott Joule''' (Disyembre 24, 1818 – Oktubre 11, 1889) usa nga Ingles nga pisiko, natawo ha [[Salford]] harani ha [[manchester]]. Ha iya panahon, dako an iya naibulig ka kalibutan han [[elektrisidad]] ngan [[termodinamiko]]. Naging sikat hiya tungod an pagbiling niya han [[Balaud ni Joule]]. ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{Cite journal | author = Bottomley, J. T. | title = James Prescott Joule | date = 1882 | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 26 | pages = 617–620 |bibcode = 1882Natur..26..617B |doi = 10.1038/026617a0 | issue=678}} * {{Cite book | author = Cardwell, D. S. L. | title=James Joule: A Biography | publisher=Manchester University Press | date = 1991 | isbn=0-7190-3479-5 |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZWLQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA67#v=onepage&q&f=false }} * {{Cite journal | author = Forrester, J. | title = Chemistry and the Conservation of Energy: The Work of James Prescott Joule | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_studies-in-history-and-philosophy-of-science_1975-11_6_4/page/273 | date = 1975 | journal = Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science | volume = 6 | pages = 273–313 | doi = 10.1016/0039-3681(75)90025-4 | issue = 4}} * Fox, R, "James Prescott Joule, 1818–1889", in {{Cite book | author=North, J. | title=Mid-nineteenth-century scientists | publisher=Elsevier | date = 1969 | pages = 72–103| isbn=0-7190-3479-5}} * {{Cite book | author = Reynolds, Osbourne | title = Memoir of James Prescott Joule | date = 1892 | publisher = Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society | place = Manchester, England | url = http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109972#page/11/mode/1up | accessdate = 5 Marso 2014}} * {{Cite journal | author = Sibum, H. O. | title = Reworking the mechanical value of heat: instruments of precision and gestures of accuracy in early Victorian England | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_studies-in-history-and-philosophy-of-science_1995-03_26_1/page/73 | date = 1995 | journal = Studies in History and Philosophy of Science | volume = 26 | pages = 73–106 | doi = 10.1016/0039-3681(94)00036-9}} * {{Cite book | author = Smith, C. | title = The Science of Energy: A Cultural History of Energy Physics in Victorian Britain | location = London | publisher = Heinemann | date = 1998 | isbn = 0-485-11431-3 }} * {{ODNBweb|id=15139|title=Joule, James Prescott|first=Crosbie|last=Smith| date = 2004}}. {{DNBfirst|wstitle=Joule, James Prescott}} * {{Cite book | author=Smith, C. & Wise, M.N. | title=Energy and Empire: A Biographical Study of Lord Kelvin | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 1989 | isbn=0-521-26173-2 |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=2JYWeyAXpHUC&lpg=PA306&ots=CorbWWAw2J&dq=joule%201844&pg=PA305#v=onepage&q=joule%201844&f=false }} * {{Cite book | author=Steffens, H.J. | title=James Prescott Joule and the Concept of Energy | url=https://archive.org/details/jamesprescottjou0000stef | publisher=Watson | date = 1979 | isbn=0-88202-170-2 }} * {{Cite book | author=Walker, James | title=Physics 4th Edition| publisher=Pearson | date = 1950 | isbn= 978-0-321-54163-5 }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons and category}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikisource author}} * [http://openlibrary.org/books/OL239730M/The_scientific_papers_of_James_Prescott_Joule The scientific papers of James Prescott Joule (1884)] - annotated by Joule * [https://archive.org/stream/scientificpapers00joul The joint scientific papers of James Prescott Joule (1887)] - annotated by Joule * [http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Joule-Heat-1845.html Classic papers of 1845 and 1847 at ChemTeam website] ''On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat'' and ''On the Existence of an Equivalent Relation between Heat and the ordinary Forms of Mechanical Power'' * [http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10301513 Joule's water friction apparatus] at [[London Science Museum]] * ''[http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/JOULE1.html Some Remarks on Heat and the Constitution of Elastic Fluids]'', Joule's 1851 estimate of the speed of a gas molecule. * [http://www.bad.org.uk/Portals/_Bad/History/Historical%20poster%2006.pdf University of Manchester material on Joule] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006041736/http://bad.org.uk/Portals/_Bad/History/Historical%20poster%2006.pdf |date=2010-10-06 }} – includes photographs of Joule's house and gravesite * {{Cite DNB|wstitle=Joule, James Prescott}} * {{Cite journal | title = Dr. Joule | journal = Electrical Engineer | date = 1889 | issue = 18 October | pages = 311–312 | location = London | url = http://books.google.com/?id=PQsAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA311&lpg=PA311&dq=James+Joule+obituary | accessdate =16 Mayo 2008 | publisher = Biggs & Co}}- obituary with brief comment on Joule's family * [http://www.cse.salford.ac.uk/physics Joule Physics Laboratory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129090231/http://www.cse.salford.ac.uk/physics |date=2013-01-29 }} at the [[University of Salford]] * [http://www.joulesbrewery.co.uk] - contains further information on the origins of the Joules brewery and the link with James Prescott Joule {{DEFAULTSORT:Joule, James Prescott}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1818]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1889]] paabsek1lh1dmofpsi4kmh20hhy13wc 0 15178 7783707 7783145 2026-06-24T19:15:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sayantista | name = Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) | image = Carl von Linné.jpg | image_size = 240px | alt = Portrait of Linnaeus on a brown background with the word "Linne" in the top right corner | caption = ''Carl von Linné'', [[Alexander Roslin]], 1775.<br />Pagpintar ha lana ngadto ha<br />koleksyon hin ritrato ha [[Kastilyo Gripsholm]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1707|5|23}}<ref group=note name=birthdate>Hi Carl Linnaeus in natawo ha tuig 1707 han 13 Mayo ([[Kalendaryo Suwediko|Istilo Suwediko]]) o 23 Mayo sumala han moderno nga kalendaryo. Sumala han [[kalendaryo Julian]] naman, hiya in natawo ha 12 Mayo. (Blunt 2004, p. 12)</ref> | birth_place = [[Råshult]], parokya han Stenbrohult (yana ha sulod han [[Munisipyo han Älmhult]]), Suwesya | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1778|1|10|1707|5|23}} | death_place = ([[estado (tuna)|Estado]]) han Hammarby, Parokya han Danmark (gawas han Uppsala), Suwesya | residence = [[Suwesya]] | citizenship = | nationality = Swedeno | ethnicity = | religion = [[Luteranismo|Luteran]] | fields = [[Botaniya]]<br />[[Biyolohiya]]<br />[[Zoolohiya]] | workplaces = | alma_mater = [[Unibersidad Lund]]<br />[[Unibersidad Uppsala]]<br />[[Unibersidad han Harderwijk]] | doctoral_advisor = | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = [[Taxonomiya (biyolohiya)|Linnaeanhon nga taksonomiya]]<br />Ekolohiya<br />[[Botaniya]] | author_abbrev_bot = L. | author_abbrev_zoo = | influences = | influenced = | awards = | signature = Linne autograph.png.svg | signature_alt = Carl v. Linné | footnotes = <br />[[File:Linne CoA.jpg|center|240px]]<center>An [[coat of arms]] ni Carl von Linné.</center> }} Hi '''Carl Linnaeus''' (23 Mayo 1707 – 10 Enero 1778), kilala gihapon han iya pagtahod nga ngaran nga '''Carl von Linné''', in uska Swedeno nga botanista, magtarambal ngan zoolohista, nga naglatag han mga pondasyon han moderno nga iskima han binomial nga pag-ngaran. Hiya an sinisiring nga amay han moderno nga taksonomiya, ngan hiya liwat an sinisiring nga usa ha mga amay han moderno nga ekolohiya. Kadam-an han iya mga sinurat in nakalatin, ngan an iya ngaran ha Linatin in '''Carolus Linnæus''' (katima han tuig 1761 nagin '''Carolus a Linné'''). Hi Linnaeus in natawo ha horon nga dapit han Småland, ha salatan nga Suwesya. Hi Linnaeus in kinmarawat han iya kadam-an nga hiruhitaas nga pag-aram ha Unibersidad han Uppsala, ngan nagtikang pagtutdo ha botaniya ngada han tuig 1730. Inmukoy hiya ha langyaw han butnga nga mga tuig 1735 ngan 1738, kun diin hiya in nag-aram ngan iya liwat ginpapatik an syahan nga edisyon han iya Systema Naturae ha Nederlandes. Binmalik liwat hiya ha Suwesya, kun diin hiya in naging propesor hin medisina ngan botaniya ha Uppsala. Han dekada 1740, hiya in makadamo ginpabiyahe palibot ha Suwesya para makabiling ngan makapag-angay-angay hin mga tanaman ngan kahayopan. Han mga dekada 1750 ngan 60, hiya in nagpadayon pangolekta ngan pangalisipika hin mga kahayopan, tanaman ngan mga mineral ngan nagpapatik hin pipira nga mga bolyum. Han takna han iya kamatayon, hiya in usa ha mga gindadayawan nga sayantista ha Europa. An Swisa nga pilosopo nga hi [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] in nagpadangat hin mensahe ha iya: "Sidngi hiya nga waray ako nababaroan nga tawo nga mas labaw ha iya dinhi ha tuna." An Aleman nga manunurat nga hi [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] in nagsurat: "Labot la kanda Shakespeare ngan Spinoza, waray gud ako nababaroan ha nagkamatay nga mas nakaimpluwensiya ha akon." An Swedeno nga awtor nga hi [[August Strindberg]] in nagsurat: "Ha ungod la, hi Linnaeus in usa maniniday nga nahitabo la nga naturalista". Ha iba liwat nga mga pagdayaw, hi Linnaeus in gintatawag nga Princeps botanicorum (Prinsipe han mga Botanista), "An Pliny han Amihanan," ngan "An Ikaduha nga Adan". Ha botaniya, an pagpahalipot han ngaran hin awtor nga gingagamit para pagtudlok kan Linnaeus komo otoridad han kanan mga species nga mga ngaran in L. An kan Linnaeus lawas amo an type specimen han species nga Homo sapiens, sumala han International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, tungod an nag-uusahan nga specimen nga iya gin-adman, ha takna han pagsurat han paghulagway han species, in hiya kalugaringon la ngahaw. ==Biyograpiya== ===Unhan nga bahin han kinabuhi=== ====Pagkabata==== [[File:LA2-Rashult-2.jpg|thumb|right|Natawhan nga lugar ni Linnaeus ha [[Råshult]]]] Hi Carl Linnaeus in natawo ha baryo han [[Råshult]] ha [[Småland]], Suwesya han 23 Mayo 1707. Hiya an suhag nira Nils Ingemarsson Linnaeus ngan Christina Brodersonia. An iya amay an syahan han ira lahi nga ginmamit hin permamente nga apelyido. San-o ito, an iya kanuno-nunoan in ginmamit han patronimiko nga sistema han pagngaran han mga nasod Eskandinabya: an iya amay in ginngaranan nga Ingemarsson sunod han iya amay Ingemar Bengtsson. Han takna nga hi Nils in ginkarawat ha [[Unibersidad han Lund]], kinahanglan niya nga kumuha hin apelyido. Iya gingamit an Linatan nga ngaran Linnæus tikang ha higante nga puno han [[linden]] , nga tinmubo ha ira panimalay.<ref name="Blunt12">[[#Blunt|Blunt (2004)]], p. 12.</ref> Ini nga ngaran in ginbaybay nga lakip an [[æ]] nga ligatura. Han natawo hi Carl, ginngaranan hiya nga Carl Linnæus, nga upod an iya amay apelyido. An anak in permi liwat ginbabaybay ini nga maylakip nga æ nga ligatura, mapakinamot man nga pagsurat han dokumento ngan mapaimprenta.<ref name="Blunt13">[[#Blunt|Blunt (2004)]], p. 13.</ref> An kan Carl patronimiko in Nilsson unta, magawas nga Carl Nilsson Linnæus. ==Mga kasarigan== {{Mga kasarigan|group=note}} {{Mga kasarigan}} ===Bibliograpiya=== {{Refbegin|32em}} *{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Margaret J. |title=Carl Linnaeus: Father of Classification |url=https://archive.org/details/carllinnaeusfath00ande |date=1997 |publisher=[[Enslow Publishers]] |location=United States |isbn=978-0-89490-786-9 |ref=Anderson }} *{{Cite book |last=Blunt |first=Wilfrid |title=Linnaeus: the compleat naturalist |url=http://books.google.com/?id=N54GuRxlgrMC |date=2001 |publisher=[[Frances Lincoln]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7112-1841-3 |ref=Blunt2001 }}{{Dead link|date=Enero 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *{{Cite book |last=Blunt |first=Wilfrid |title=Linnaeus: the compleat naturalist |url=http://books.google.com/?id=FRH_EMhQYhYC |date=2004 |publisher=[[Frances Lincoln]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7112-2362-2 |ref=Blunt }} *{{Cite book |last=Bontius |first=J. |authorlink=Jacobus Bontius |date=1658 |url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/39776 |chapter=Historiae naturalis & medicae Indiae Orientalis libri sex |pages=1–226 |editor=[[Willem Piso|Gulielmo Piso]] |title=De Indiæ Utriusque re naturali et medica libri quatuordecim. Quorum contenta pagina sequens exhibet |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Elzevier |ref=Bontius }} *{{Cite book |last=Braziel |first=Jana Evans |chapter=Genre, race, erasure: a genealogical critique of "American" autobiography |pages=[https://archive.org/details/erasingpublicmem0000unse/page/34 35]–70 |title=Erasing Public Memory: Race, Aesthetics, and Cultural Amnesia in the Americas |url=https://archive.org/details/erasingpublicmem0000unse |editor=Joseph A. Young & Jana Evans Braziel | date = 2007 |publisher=[[Mercer University Press]] |isbn=978-0-88146-076-6 |ref=Braziel}} *{{Cite book |last=Broberg |first=G. |authorlink=Gunnar Broberg | date = 1975 |title=''Homo sapiens'' L. studien: Carl von Linné naturuppfattning och människolära |location=Uppsala |publisher=Almquist and Wiksell |ref=Broberg1975}} *{{Cite journal |last=Broberg |first=Gunnar |authorlink=Gunnar Broberg |date=2008 |title=The Dragonslayer |journal=[[Tijdschrift voor Skandinavistiek]] |volume=29 |issue=1–2 |pages=29–43 |url=http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/tvs/vol29/nr01/art03 |ref=Broberg2008 |access-date=30 Hulyo 2012 |archive-date=12 Enero 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130112063158/http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/tvs/vol29/nr01/art03 |url-status=dead }} *{{Cite book |last=Broberg |first=Gunnar |title=Carl Linnaeus |url=https://archive.org/details/carllinnaeus0000brob |authorlink=Gunnar Broberg |date=2006 |publisher=[[Swedish Institute]] |location=Stockholm |isbn=978-91-520-0912-3 |ref=Broberg }} * {{Cite book | last1=Davis | first1=P. H. | last2=Heywood | first2=V. H. | date = 1973 | title=Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy | location=Huntington, New York | publisher=Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company | ref=Davis }} *{{Cite book |last=Frängsmyr |first=Tore |last2=Lindroth |first2=Sten |last3=Eriksson |first3=Gunnar |last4=Broberg |first4=Gunnar |title=Linnaeus, the man and his work |url=http://books.google.com/?id=RrKiQgAACAAJ&dq=Linnaeus+the+man+and+his+works |date=1983 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles |isbn=978-0-7112-1841-3 |ref=Frängsmyr }} *{{Cite book |last=Frodin |first=D. G. |date=2001 |title=Guide to Standard Floras of the World: an Annotated, Geographically Arranged Systematic Bibliography of the Principal Floras, Enumerations, Checklists, and Chorological Atlases of Different Areas |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-79077-2 |chapter=The evolution of floras |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aMjXCF4rmDUC&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27 |pages=24–51 |ref=Frodin }} *{{Cite book |last1=Gribbin |first1=Mary |last2=Gribbin |first2=John |title=Flower Hunters |url=http://books.google.com/?id=yDC7gu-sCMsC |date=2008 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-956182-7 |ref=Gribbin }} *{{Cite book |editor1-last=McNeill |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=F. R. Barrie, H. M. Burdet, V. Demoulin, D. L. Hawksworth, K. Marhold, D. H. Nicolson, J. Prado, P. C. Silva, J. E. Skog, J. H. Wiersema & N. J. Turland | date = 2006 |title=[[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature]] (Vienna Code) |series=Regnum Vegetabile |volume=146 |publisher=A. R. G. Gantner Verlag |isbn=978-3-906166-48-3 |ref=ICBN}} *{{Cite book |last=Keevak |first=Michael | date = 2011 |title=Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-14031-5 |ref=Keevak}} *{{Cite book |last=Koerner |first=Lisbet |title=Linnaeus: Nature and Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/linnaeusnaturena00koer_0 | date = 1999 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=Harvard |isbn=978-0-674-09745-2 |ref=Koerner}} *{{Cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |date=1735 |title=Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species |pages=1–12 |location=Leiden |publisher=Haak |url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15373 |ref=L1735 }} *{{Cite book |last1=Linnaeus |first1=Carolus |coauthors=Hendrik Engel & Maria Sara Johanna Engel-Ledeboer | date = 1964 |origyear=1735 |title=[[Systema Naturae]] |edition=facsimile of the 1st |location=Nieuwkoop, Netherlands |publisher=B. de Graaf |oclc=460298195 |ref=Engel}} *{{Cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |date=1758 |title=Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |volume=1 |edition=[[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th]] |pages=[1–4], 1–824 |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |location=Stockholm |url=http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN362053006 |ref=L1758 }} *{{Cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |date=1771 |title=Mantissa plantarum altera generum editionis VI et specierum editionis II |url=http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/spa/Libro.php?Libro=947 |pages=[1–7], 144–588 |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |location=Stockholm |ref=L1771 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930150525/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/spa/Libro.php?Libro=947 |date=2011-09-30 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/spa/Libro.php?Libro=947 |access-date=30 Hulyo 2012 |archive-date=30 Septyembre 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930150525/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/spa/Libro.php?Libro=947 |url-status= }} *{{Cite book |last=Loring Brace |first=C. |date=2005 |title="Race" is a Four Letter Word. The Genesis of the Concept |url=https://archive.org/details/raceisfourletter0000brac |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-517351-2 |ref=Loring }} *{{Cite book |last=Marks |first=Jonathan |chapter=Ten facts about human variation |title=Human Evolutionary Biology |editor1-last=Muehlenbein |editor1-first=Michael |date=2010 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-87948-4 |pages=265–276 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3NRf_8gwmO8C&pg=PA265 |ref=Marks }} *{{Cite journal |last=Östholm |first=Hanna |date=2007 |title=The Linnaean Legacy: Three Centuries after his Birth |editor=Mary J. Morris and Leonie Berwick |chapter=Making memorials: early celebrations of Linnaeus |volume=Special Issue No. 8 |pages=35–44 |journal=The Linnean |publisher=Newsletter and Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London |url=http://www.linnean.org/fileadmin/images/Linnean/Special_Issue_8_-_The_Linneaen_Legacy.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |ref=Östholm |access-date=30 Hulyo 2012 |archive-date=17 Hulyo 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717202527/http://www.linnean.org/fileadmin/images/Linnean/Special_Issue_8_-_The_Linneaen_Legacy.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{Cite journal |last=Quammen |first=David |authorlink=David Quammen |date=Hunyo 2007 |title=The Name Giver |journal=[[National Geographic Magazine|National Geographic]] |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/06/linnaeus-name-giver/david-quammen-text/1 |accessdate=3 Abril 2010 |ref=Quammen |archive-date=2010-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415180613/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/06/linnaeus-name-giver/david-quammen-text/1 |url-status= }} * {{Cite book | last1=Reveal | first1=James L. | last2=Pringle | first2=James S. | date = 1993 | chapter=7. Taxonomic Botany and Floristics" | title=Flora of North America | volume=1 | location=New York & Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-505713-9 | ref=Reveal }} *{{Cite book | last=Simpson | first=George Gaylord | date=1961 | title=Principles of Animal Taxonomy | url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofanim0000simp_h9n2 | location=New York & London | publisher=Columbia University Press | ref=Simpson }} </ref> *{{Cite book |last=Slotkin |first=J. S. | date = 1965 |title=Readings in early Anthropology |publisher=[[Methuen Publishing]] |chapter=The Eighteenth Century |pages=175–243 |ref=Slotkin}} *{{Cite journal |last=Sprague |first=T. A. | date = 1953 |title=Linnaeus as a nomenclaturist |url=https://archive.org/details/taxon_1953-05_2_3/page/40 |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=40–46 |doi=10.2307/1217339 |jstor=1217339 |ref=Sprague}} *{{Cite book |last=Stace |first=Clive A. |authorlink=Clive A. Stace | date = 1991 |title=Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics |url=https://archive.org/details/planttaxonomybio0000cliv |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-42785-2 |ref=Stace}} *{{Cite book |last=Stafleu |first=Frans A. |authorlink=Frans Stafleu | date = 1971 |title=Linnaeus and the Linnaeans: the Spreading of their Ideas in Systematic Botany, 1735–1789 |url=https://archive.org/details/linnaeuslinnaean0000staf |location=Utrecht |publisher=[[International Association for Plant Taxonomy]] |isbn=978-90-6046-064-1 |ref=Stafleu}} *{{Cite journal |last=Stearn |first=W. T. |authorlink=William T. Stearn | date = 1959 |title=The Background of Linnaeus' Contributions to the Nomenclature and Methods of Systematic Biology |journal=[[Systematic Zoology]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=4–22 |ref=Stearn}} *{{Cite book |last=Stöver |first=Dietrich Johann Heinrich |title=The life of Sir Charles Linnæus |url=http://books.google.com/?id=ogwXAAAAYAAJ |editor=Joseph Trapp | date = 1794 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-19-850122-0 |ref=Stöver}} *{{Cite book |author=Van den Hoek, C., D. G. Mann & H. M. Jahns | date = 2005 |title=Algae: An Introduction to Phycology |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-30419-1 |ref=Hoek}} *{{Cite journal |last=Veitch |first=H. J. |authorlink=Harry Veitch | date = 1897 |title=''Nepenthes'' |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society]] |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=226–262 |ref=Veitch}} *{{Cite book |title=The Evolution of Modern Humans in Africa: a Comprehensive Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofmoder0000will_l3i1 |last=Willoughby |first=Pamela | date = 2007 |publisher=[[AltaMira Press]] |isbn=978-0-7591-0119-7 |ref=Willoughby}} *{{Cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Don E. |author2=DeeAnn M. Reeder | date = 2005 |title=[[Mammal Species of the World]]: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference |volume=1 |edition=3rd |publisher=[[JHU Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0 |ref=Wilson}} *{{Cite book |author=Windelspecht, Michael | date = 2002 |title=Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the 17th century |url=https://archive.org/details/groundbreakingsc0000wind |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-313-31501-5 |ref=Windelspecht}} {{Refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== *{{Cite book |author=C. L. Brightwell | date = 1858 |url=http://www.archive.org/details/lifeoflinnaeus00brigiala |title=A Life of Linnaeus |location=London |publisher=J. Van Voorst}} *{{Cite book |author=Lys de Bray | date = 2001 |title=The Art of Botanical Illustration: A history of classic illustrators and their achievements |url=https://archive.org/details/artofbotanicalil0000debr |pages=[https://archive.org/details/artofbotanicalil0000debr/page/62 62]–71 |publisher=Quantum Publishing Ltd |location=London |isbn=978-1-86160-425-5}} *{{Cite book |author=Edmund Otis Hovey | date = 1908 |url=http://www.archive.org/details/bicentenaryofbir00hoveiala |title=The Bicentenary of the Birth of Carolus Linnaeus |location=New York |publisher=New York Academy of Sciences}} *{{Cite book |author=Sverker Sörlin & Otto Fagerstedt |title=Linné och hans apostlar | date = 2004 |isbn=978-91-27-35590-3 |publisher=Natur och kultur/Fakta |location=Stockholm |language=Swedish}} *{{Cite book |author=J. L. P. M. Krol | date = 1982 |chapter=Linnaeus' verblijf op de Hartekamp |title=Het Landgoed de Hartekamp in Heemstede |location=Heemstede |isbn=978-90-70712-01-3 |language=Dutch}} *{{Cite book |editor=Lars Hansen |title=The Linnaeus Apostles – Global Science & Adventure |series=8 vols. 11 books |location=London & Whitby |publisher=The IK Foundation & Company | date = 2007–2011 |isbn=978-1-904145-26-4}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Carl von Linné}} ''Mga biograpiya'' * [http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/online/index-en.html Biography] at the Department of Systematic Botany, [[Uppsala University|University of Uppsala]] * [http://linnean.org/index.php?id=47 Biography] at The Linnean Society of London * [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/linnaeus.html Biography] from the [[University of California Museum of Paleontology]] * A four minute [https://youtube.com/watch?v=Gb_IO-SzLgk biographical video] from the London [[Natural History Museum]] on YouTube * [http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/tl-2/browse.cfm?vol=3#page/87 Biography] from Taxonomic Literature, 2nd Edition. 1976-2009. ''Kuruhaan'' * {{gutenberg author| id=Carl_von_Linné| name=Carl von Linné}} * [http://www.linnaeus.info The Linnaeus Apostles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215174247/http://www.linnaeus.info/ |date= 15 Disyembre 2018 }} * [http://www.linnean-online.org/ The Linnean Collections] * [http://linnaeus.c18.net/ The Linnean Correspondence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119125502/http://linnaeus.c18.net/ |date=2011-01-19 }} * [http://goran.waldeck.se/Ento3E.htm Linnaeus' Disciples and Apostles] * [http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Library/LinnaeanDiss.shtml The Linnaean Dissertations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616073944/http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Library/LinnaeanDiss.shtml |date= 16 Hunyo 2010 }} * [http://linnaeus.nrm.se/botany/fbo/welcome.html.en Linnean Herbarium] * [http://www.linnaeus2007.se/ The Linnæus Tercentenary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912071812/http://www.linnaeus2007.se/ |date= 12 Septyembre 2016 }} * [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/825 Works by Carl von Linné] at the [[Biodiversity Heritage Library]] ''Lain'' * Linnaeus was depicted by [[Jay Hosler]] in a parody of ''Peanuts'' titled "[http://www.jayhosler.com/Charlie.jpg Good ol' Charlie Darwin]". * The [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7133/index.html 15 March 2007 issue] of ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' featured a picture of Linnaeus on the cover with the heading "Linnaeus's Legacy" and devoted a substantial portion to items related to Linnaeus and Linnaean taxonomy. * A [[tattoo]] of Linnaeus' [http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2010/03/06/what-is-man-science-tattoo/ definition of the order Primates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202022413/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2010/03/06/what-is-man-science-tattoo/ |date= 2 Disyembre 2010 }} mentioned by [[Carl Zimmer]] * ''[[Ginkgo biloba]]'' [http://www.xs4all.nl/~kwanten/harderwijk.htm tree at the University of Harderwijk], said to have been planted by Linnaeus in 1735 {{DEFAULTSORT:Linnaeus, Carl}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1707]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1778]] [[Kaarangay:Carl Linnaeus| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Suwesya]] qvyeo8afg423pskmowo2t7xacngk7bv 0 15244 7783705 7783391 2026-06-24T19:14:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Matsuo Bashō (松尾 芭蕉) | image = | alt = Usá nga istatwa ni Bashō ha Hiraizumi, Iwate | caption = Usá nga istatwa ni Bashō ha [[Hiraizumi, Iwate]] | pseudonym = Sōbō (宗房)<br />Tōsē (桃青)<br />Bashō (芭蕉) | birth_name = Matsuo Kinsaku (松尾 金作) | birth_date = 1644 | birth_place = Harani ha [[Ueno, Mie|Ueno]], [[Iga Province]] | death_date = Nobyembre 28, 1694 (panuigon 50) | death_place = [[Osaka]]<ref>Louis Frédéric, [http://books.google.gr/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&dq= ''Japan Encyclopedia''], Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 71.</ref> | occupation = Maniniday | nationality = [[Hapon]]es | notableworks = ''[[Oku no Hosomichi]]'' | influenced = [[Imagismo]], [[Beat nga Henerasyon]]; [[Robbie Basho]], [[Steffen Basho-Junghans]] }} Hi {{nihongo|'''Matsuo Bashō'''|松尾 芭蕉||extra=1644 – 1694}}, natawo nga {{nihongo|松尾 金作}}, nga han uná {{nihongo|'''Matsuo Chūemon Munefusa'''|松尾 忠右衛門 宗房}},<ref>{{Cite web | script-title=ja:松尾芭蕉 | url=http://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%9D%BE%E5%B0%BE%E8%8A%AD%E8%95%89 | publisher=The Asahi Shimbun Company | accessdate= 22 Nobyembre 2010 |language=Hinapon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | script-title=ja:芭蕉と伊賀上野 | url=http://www.ict.ne.jp/~basho/country/bashotoiga.html | publisher=芭蕉と伊賀 Igaueno Cable Television | accessdate=22 Nobyembre 2010 | language=ja | archive-date=2016-03-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110906/http://www.ict.ne.jp/~basho/country/bashotoiga.html | url-status= }}</ref> amo an gisikati nga maniniday han [[Edo nga panahon]] ha [[Hapon]]. Ha iya kinabuhi, ginkilala hi Bashō tungod han iya mga buhat dida han burublig nga ''[[Renku|haikai no renga]]'' nga kahimo; yanâ, katapos hin mga gatostuig nga pagkomentaryo, ginkilala hiyá nga amo an giuupayi nga maestro hin [[haiku]] (nga gintawag nga [[hokku]]) usa nga siday nga may 5-7-5 nga mga [[laton]]. An mga siday ni Matsuo Bashō kilalado ha langyaw; ngan, ha Hapon, damo han iya mga siday ginkada ha mga monumento ngan mga minat-an nga mga lugar. Bisan man kon hi Bashō kilalado ha Katundan tungod han iya hokku, hiyá ngahaw nagtuo ngan an iya gimaupayi nga buhat dida han pagdará ngan pagtambong ha [[renku]]. Ginkutlo hiyá ha pagsiríng, “Damo han mga nasunod ha akon nakasurat hin hokku hin maupay sugad ha akon. It diin hi ako nagpapakita kun hin-o gud hi ako dida hit pagsumpay hin mga garagaray nga haikai.”<ref>Drake, Chris. 'Bashō’s “Cricket Sequence” as English Literature', in ''Journal of Renga & Renku'', Issue 2, 2012. p7</ref> ==Lista hin mga buhat== [[File:Haiseiden.jpg|thumb|Haiseiden ([[:ja:俳聖殿|俳聖殿]], Paghinumdom nga Hall hin Maniniday) ha [[Iga, Mie]], nga gintukod paghinumdom han ika-300 nga anibersaryo han pagkatawo ni Bashō.]] [[File:Matsuo Basho - Een woedende zee - Rapenburg 75, Leiden.JPG|thumb|[[Mga siday ha bungbung ha Leiden]]: Bashō]] * ''[[The Seashell Game|Kai Ōi]]'' (The Seashell Game) (1672) * {{nihongo|''Edo Sangin''|江戸三吟}} (1678) * {{nihongo|''Inaka no Kuawase''|田舎之句合}} (1680) * {{nihongo|''Tōsei Montei Dokugin Nijū Kasen''|桃青門弟独吟廿歌仙}} (1680) * {{nihongo|''Tokiwaya no Kuawase''|常盤屋句合}} (1680) * {{nihongo|''Minashiguri''|虚栗||"A Shriveled Chestnut"}} (1683) * ''Nozarashi Kikō'' (Record of a Weather-Exposed Skeleton) (1684) * ''*Fuyu no Hi'' ([[Winter Days]]) (1684) * ''Haru no Hi'' (Spring Days) (1686)* * ''Kawazu Awase'' (Frog Contest) (1686) * ''Kashima Kikō'' (A Visit to Kashima Shrine) (1687) * ''Oi no Kobumi'', or ''Utatsu Kikō'' (Record of a Travel-Worn Satchel) (1688) * ''Sarashina Kikō'' (A Visit to Sarashina Village) (1688) * ''Arano'' (Wasteland) (1689)* * ''Hisago'' (The Gourd) (1690)* * {{nihongo|''[[Sarumino]]''|猿蓑||"Monkey's Raincoat"}} (1691)* * ''Saga Nikki'' (Saga Diary) (1691) * ''Bashō no Utsusu Kotoba'' (On Transplanting the Banana Tree) (1691) * ''Heikan no Setsu'' (On Seclusion) (1692) * ''Fukagawa Shū'' (Fukagawa Anthology) * ''Sumidawara'' (A Sack of Charcoal) (1694)* * ''Betsuzashiki'' (The Detached Room) (1694) * ''[[Oku no Hosomichi]]'' (Narrow Road to the Interior) (1694)<ref>Kokusai 1948, pp. 248-9</ref> * ''Zoku Sarumino'' (The Monkey's Raincoat, Continued) (1698)* ===Mga paghubad ha Iningles=== * {{Cite book|author= Matsuo, Bashō|others= trans. David Landis Barnhill|title= Bashō’s Journey: Selected Literary Prose by Matsuo Bashō |url= https://archive.org/details/bashosjourneylit0000mats| date = 2005 |location=Albany, NY |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn= 978-0-7914-6414-4}} * {{Cite book |author= Matsuo, Bashō|others=trans. Nobuyuki Yuasa|title=The Narrow Road to the Deep North and Other Travel Sketches|url= https://archive.org/details/narrowroadtodeep008800| date = 1966|location=Harmondsworth|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-044185-7|oclc=469779524}} * {{Cite book |author= Matsuo, Bashō|others= trans. Sam Hamill |title=Narrow Road to the Interior and Other Writings|url= https://archive.org/details/narrowroadtointe0000mats| date = 2000 |location=Boston |publisher=Shambhala|isbn= 978-1-57062-716-3 }} * {{Cite book|author= Matsuo, Bashō|others= trans. Sam Hamill |title=The Essential Bashō | date = 1999 |location=Boston | publisher=Shambhala |isbn=978-1-57062-282-3}} * {{Cite book|author= Matsuo, Bashō|others= trans. David Landis Barnhill|title=Bashō's Haiku: Selected Poems of Matsuo Bashō|url= https://archive.org/details/bashoshaikuselec0000mats| date = 2004 |location=Albany, NY |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn= 978-0-7914-6166-2}} * {{Cite book|author= Matsuo, Bashō|others= trans. Donald Keene, illustrated by Masayuki Miyata|title=The Narrow Road to Oku |url= https://archive.org/details/narrowroadtookuo0000mats_m7w2| date = 1997 |location=Tokyo |publisher=Kodansha International|isbn= 978-4-7700-2028-4}} * {{Cite book|author= Matsuo, Bashō, et al. |others= trans. Maeda Cana|title=Monkey's Raincoat |url= https://archive.org/details/monkeysraincoat0000unse_r2b8 | date = 1973 |location=New York |publisher=Grossman Publishers. SBN 670-48651-5 |isbn= 0670486515}} * {{Cite book|author=Matsuo, Bashō |others= trans. Jane Reichhold |title=Basho: The Complete Haiku | date = 2008 |location=Tokyo |publisher=Kodansha International |isbn= 978-4-7700-3063-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Matsuo, Bashō et al. |others= trans. Earl Miner and Hiroko Odagiri |title=The Monkey’s Straw Raincoat and Other Poetry of the Basho School |url=https://archive.org/details/monkeysstrawrain0000unse | date = 1981|location=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn= 978-0-691-06460-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Matsuo, Bashō |others= trans. Lucien Stryk |title=On Love and Barley: Haiku of Basho|url=https://archive.org/details/liang.onlovebarleyhaik0001mats | date = 1985|publisher=Penguin Classics|isbn=978-0-14-044459-9 }} ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensiya== *{{Cite journal | last = Carter| first = Steven| date = 1997|title =On a Bare Branch: Bashō and the Haikai Profession| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_january-march-1997_117_1/page/57| journal =Journal of the American Oriental Society| volume = 117| issue = 1| pages = 57–69|doi =10.2307/605622 | jstor = 605622}} * Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2014). ''Utagawa Hiroshige's 53 Stations of the Tokaido''. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. B00LM4APAI * {{Cite book| author=Lawlor, William| title=Beat Culture: Lifestyles, Icons, and Impact |location=Santa Barbara| publisher= ABC-CLIO | date = 2005 |isbn= 978-1-85109-405-9}} *{{Cite book|author=岡村 健三 (Kenzō Okamura)|title=芭蕉と寿貞尼 (Bashō to Jutei-ni)|location=Ōsaka|publisher=芭蕉俳句会 (''Bashō Haiku Kai'')| date = 1956}} * {{Cite book|author= Shirane, Haruo |title=Traces of Dreams: Landscape, Cultural Memory, and the Poetry of Basho|url= https://archive.org/details/tracesofdreamsla0000shir | location=Stanford, California |publisher=Stanford University Press | date = 1998|isbn= 0-8047-3099-7}} * {{Cite book|author= Ueda, Makoto |title=The Master Haiku Poet, Matsuo Bashō|url= https://archive.org/details/matsuobasho00ueda |location=Tokyo|publisher=Kodansha International | date = 1982 |isbn= 0-87011-553-7}} * {{Cite book|author= Ueda, Makoto |title=Matsuo Bashō |url= https://archive.org/details/matsuobasho0102ueda |location=Tokyo|publisher=Twayne Publishers| date = 1970}} * {{Cite book|author= Ueda, Makoto |title=Bashō and His Interpreters: Selected Hokku with Commentary|url= https://archive.org/details/liang.bashohisinterpre0000mako_h9c4 | location=Stanford, California |publisher=Stanford University Press | date = 1992|isbn= 0-8047-1916-0}} * Slawenski, Kenneth. 2010. ''J.D. Salinger: A Life''. New York: Random House, ISBN 978-1-4000-6951-4 * Takarai, Kikaku (2006). ''An Account of Our Master Basho's Last Days'', translated by Nobuyuki Yuasa in ''Springtime in Edo''. Hiroshima, Keisuisha. ISBN 4-87440-920-2 * {{Cite book|author=Kokusai Bunka Shinkōkai (国際文化振興会)|title=Introduction to Classic Japanese Literature| date = 1948|publisher=Kokusai Bunka Shinkōkai|location=Tokyo}} *Matsuo, Bashō (1966). "The narrow road to the Deep North", translated by Nobuyuki Yuasa. Harmondsworth, Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044185-9 ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikisource|Author:Matsuo Bashō|Matsuo Bashō}} {{Commons category|Matsuo Basho}} * {{Cite web |url=http://carlsensei.com/classical/index.php/author/view/1 |title= Matsuo Bashō (松尾芭蕉) |publisher=Classical Japanese Database | accessdate= 12 Mayo 2008}} Mga dirudilain nga mga siday ni Bashō, ha orihinal ngan mga ginhubad * {{Cite web |url=http://www.haikupoetshut.com/basho1.html |title=Interpretations of Bashō |publisher=Haiku Poets Hut | accessdate= 12 Mayo 2008}} Comparison of translations by R.&nbsp;H. Blyth, Lucien Stryck and Peter Beilenson of several Bashō haiku. * {{Cite web |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/02/bashos-trail/bashos-trail-interactive |title=On the Poet's Trail | author= Norman, Howard |publisher=National Geographic Magazine |date= Pebrero 2008 | accessdate= 12 Mayo 2008}} Interactive Travelogue of Howard Norman's journey in Basho's footsteps, including a map of the route taken. * {{Cite web |url=http://simplyhaiku.com/SHv4n3/features/Nobuyuki.html |title=An Account of Our Master Bashō's Last Days |publisher=Simply Haiku: A Quarterly Journal of Japanese Short Form Poetry |accessdate=29 Hunyo 2008 |archive-date=2009-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204034805/http://simplyhaiku.com/SHv4n3/features/Nobuyuki.html |url-status= }} A translation by Nobuyuki Yuasa of an important manuscript by Takarai Kikaku, also known as Shinshi, one of Bashō’s followers. *{{worldcat id|id=lccn-n81-14364}} * {{Cite web |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/24996714/Matsuo-Bash%C5%8D-Complete-Haiku-in-Japanese |title=Matsuo Bashō - Complete Haiku in Japanese |publisher=André von Kugland | accessdate= 9 Enero 2010}} *[http://www2.yamanashi-ken.ac.jp/~itoyo/basho/basho.htm bashoDB] * {{Cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/dr_phinaes/haikaitranslation.html |title=Phinaes' Haikai Linked Verse Translations | date = 2007 |author=Price, Sean |accessdate= 2 Nobyembre 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231213310/http://www.geocities.com/dr_phinaes/haikaitranslation.html |archivedate= 31 Disyembre 2007 |url-status=dead }} Translations of renku by Bashō and his disciples, by Sean Price. * {{Cite web |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/02/bashos-trail/howard-norman-text |title=On the Poet's Trail | author= Norman, Howard |publisher=National Geographic Magazine |date= Pebrero 2008 | accessdate= 12 Mayo 2008 |authorlink= Howard Norman}} Travels along the path Matsuo Bashō followed for Oku no Hosomichi. Photography by Mike Yamashita. *[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/153737 Bridge of dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art], a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this artist (see index) {{DEFAULTSORT:Matsuo, Basho}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1644]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1694]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Literatura]] [[Kaarangay:Hapon]] caoivkoezi74d6duoomu96ugmury8wv 0 17270 7783720 7783567 2026-06-24T19:22:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783720 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Olympic flag.svg|thumb]] An '''Pamulay Olimpiko''' usa nga paugnatay-hin-kusog nga nanhihitabo ha iba-iba nga syudad kada upat ka tuig. {| class="wikitable" !Añu !Eventu ! colspan="2" |See ! colspan="6" rowspan="9" | |- ! colspan="4" |Xuegos Olímpicos de Branu |- !1896 |I edición |Atenes |Grecia |- !1900 |II edición |París |Francia |- !1904 |III edición |Saint Louis |Estaos Xuníos d'América |- !''1906'' |''Xuegos Intercalaos'' |''Atenes'' | ''Grecia'' |- !1908 |IV edición |Londres |Reinu Xuníu |- !1912 |V edición |Estocolmu |Suecia |- !1916 |VI edición |Berlín |Alemaña |- | colspan="4" |<small>Suspendíos pola Primer Guerra Mundial</small> ! rowspan="7" | !Añu !Eventu ! colspan="2" |See ! rowspan="53" | |- !1920 |VII edición |Amberes |Bélxica ! colspan="4" |Xuegos Olímpicos d'Iviernu |- !1924 |VIII edición |París |Francia !1924 |I edición |Chamonix | Francia |- !1928 |IX edición |Ámsterdam |Países Baxos !1928 |II edición |Sankt Moritz | Suiza |- !1932 |X edición |Los Angeles |Estaos Xuníos d'América !1932 |III edición |Lake Placid | Estaos Xuníos d'América |- !1936 |XI edición |Berlín |Alemaña !1936 |IV edición |Garmisch-Partenkirchen | Alemaña |- !1940 |XII edición |Ḥélsinki |Finlandia !1940 |V edición |Garmisch-Partenkirchen | Alemaña |- | colspan="9" |<small>Suspendíos pola Segunda Guerra Mundial</small> |- !1944 |XIII edición |Londres |Reinu Xuníu ! !1944 |VI edición |Cortina d'Ampezzo | Italia |- | colspan="9" |<small>Suspendíos pola Segunda Guerra Mundial</small> |- !1948 |XIV edición |Londres |Reinu Xuníu ! rowspan="19" | !1948 |VII edición |Sankt Moritz | Suiza |- !1952 |XV edición |Ḥélsinki |Finlandia !1952 |VIII edición |Oslu | Noruega |- !1956 |XVI edición |Melbourne |Australia !1956 |IX edición |Cortina d'Ampezzo | Italia |- !1960 |XVII edición |Roma |Italia !1960 |X edición |Squaw Valley | Estaos Xuníos d'América |- !1964 |XVIII edición |Tokiu |Xapón !1964 |XI edición |Innsbruck | Austria |- !1968 |XIX edición |Ciudá de Méxicu |Méxicu !1968 |XII edición |Grenoble | Francia |- !1972 |XX edición |Múnich |Alemaña !1972 |XIII edición |Sapporo | Xapón |- !1976 |XXI edición |Montréal |Canadá !1976 |XIV edición |Innsbruck | Austria |- !1980 |XXII edición |Moscú |XRSS !1980 |XV edición |Lake Placid | Estaos Xuníos d'América |- !1984 |XXIII edición |Los Angeles |Estaos Xuníos d'América !1984 |XVI edición |Sarayevu | Bosnia y Herzegovina |- !1988 |XXIV edición |Seúl |Corea del Sur !1988 |XVII edición |Calgary | Canadá |- !1992 |XXV edición |Barcelona |España !1992 |XVIII edición |Albertville | Francia |- !1996 |XXVI edición |Atlanta |Estaos Xuníos d'América !1994 |XIX edición |Lillehammer | Noruega |- !2000 |XXVII edición |Sydney |Australia !1998 |XX edición |Nagano | Xapón |- !2004 |XXVIII edición |Atenes |Grecia !2002 |XXI edición |Salt Lake City | Estaos Xuníos d'América |- !2008 |XXIX edición |Beixín |China !2006 |XXII edición |Torino | Italia |- !2012 |XXX edición |Londres |Reinu Xuníu !2010 |XXIII edición |Vancouver | Canadá |- !2016 |XXXI edición |Rio de Janeiro |Brasil !2014 |XXIV edición |Sochi | Rusia |- !2020 |XXXII edición |Tokiu |Xapón |} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{Cite web|last=Beaster-Jones|first=Jayson|title=Commodification|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/view/10.1093/acref/9780195314281.001.0001/acref-9780195314281-e-1827.|work=The Grove Dictionary of American Music|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=15 Marso 2014| date = 2013}} * {{Cite book|last=Brownell|first=Susan|chapter=Introduction: Bodies before Boas, Sport before the Laughter Left|title=The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport, Race, and American Imperialism|date=2008|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln and London|isbn=978-0-8032-1098-1}} * {{Cite book | title = Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement | last1 = Buchanon | first1 = Ian | last2 = Mallon | first2 = Bill | publisher = Scarecrow Press | location = Lanham, MD | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-8108-5574-8 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=fH3hD3MkIMYC&pg=PR101&dq=commercialization+of+the+olympic+games | accessdate =20 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Burkert | first = Walter | authorlink = Walter Burkert | date = 1983 | title = Homo Necans | url = https://archive.org/details/homonecansanthro0000burk | chapter = Pelops at Olympia | publisher = University of California Press | isbn = 978-0-520-05875-0 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite news|last=CBC Sports|title=Olympic Inukshuk Irks Inuit Leader|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympic-inukshuk-irks-inuit-leader-1.548870|accessdate=2 Marso 2014|date=26 Abril 2005}} * {{Cite book|last=Cooper|first=Karen Coody|title=Spirited Encounters: American Indians Protest Museum Policies and Practices|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900759110891|date=2008|publisher=AltaMira Press|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0759110892}} * {{Cite book | title = Global entertainment media | last = Cooper-Chen | first = Anne | publisher = Lawrence Erlbaum Associates | location = Mahwah, New Jersey | date = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-8058-5168-7 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=1Su8jRiVVdoC&pg=PA228&dq=tv+influence+on+olympic+games#PPA230,M1 | accessdate =21 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Coubertin | first1 = Pierre de | authorlink = Pierre de Coubertin | last2 = Philemon | first2 = Timoleon J. | last3 = Politis | first3 = N.G. | last4 = Anninos | first4 = Charalambos | title = The Olympic Games: BC 776 – AD 1896 | work = The Olympic Games in 1896 – Second Part | publisher = Charles Beck | format = PDF | location = Athens | date = 1897 | url = http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf | accessdate = 2 Pebrero 2009 | ref = harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527211831/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf |date=27 Mayo 2008 }} * {{Cite book | last = Crowther | first = Nigel B. | date = 2007 | chapter = The Ancient Olympic Games | title = Sport in Ancient Times | url = https://archive.org/details/sportinancientti0000crow_y8b3 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | isbn = 978-0-275-98739-8 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Architecture of Greece | last = Darling | first = Janina K. | date = 2004 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | location = Santa Barbara, California | isbn = 978-0-313-32152-8 | chapter = Panathenaic Stadium, Athens | url = http://books.google.com/?id=4F-v35--l_gC&dq=Panathenaic+Stadium,+Averoff,+Constantine | accessdate =30 Enero 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book|last=Dean|first=Amber R.|title=Hauntings: Representations of Vancouver's disappeared women|date=2009|url=http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/thesescanada/vol1/AEU/TC-AEU-529.pdf|accessdate=30 Marso 2010|format=Doctoral thesis}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407203347/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/thesescanada/vol1/AEU/TC-AEU-529.pdf |date=2014-04-07 }} * {{Cite book | last = Eassom | first = Simon | date = 1994 | title = Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology | publisher = The Centre for Olympic Studies | location = Ontario | isbn = 978-0-7714-1697-2 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement | last1 = Findling | first1 = John E. | last2 = Pelle | first2 = Kimberly D. | publisher = Greenwood Press | location = Westport CT | date = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-313-32278-5 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&pg=PA283&dq=winter+games+at+the+1912+summer+olympics | accessdate =30 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Gershon | first = Richard A. | title = Telecommunications Management:Industry structures and planning strategies | date = 2000 | publisher = Lawrence Erlbaum Associates | location = Mahwah, NJ | isbn = 978-0-8058-3002-6 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=H3cu_PFsFYwC&pg=PA17&dq=1998+winter+olympics | accessdate =21 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Golden | first = Mark | date = 2009 | chapter = Helpers, Horses, and Heroes | title = Greek Sport and Social Status | publisher = University of Texas Press | isbn = 978-0-292-71869-2 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web|last=Government of Canda|title=The Four Host First Nations – Canada 2010|url=http://www.canada2010.gc.ca/invsts/hnationsh/030401-eng.cfm|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|page=Canada's Games|date=23 Disyembre 2009|archive-date=21 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221110257/http://canada2010.gc.ca/invsts/hnationsh/030401-eng.cfm|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Girginov | first1 = Vassil | last2 = Parry | first2 = Jim | date = 2005 | title = The Olympic Games Explained: A Student Guide to the Evolution of the Modern Olympic Games | publisher = Routledge | location = | isbn = 978-0-415-34604-7 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vxAmyvh0ZsQC | accessdate =3 Hulyo 2012 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book|last=Hill|first=Gord|title=The Anti-Capitalist Resistance Comic Book|url=https://archive.org/details/anticapitalistre0000hill|date=2012|publisher=Arsenal Pulp Press|location=Vancouver|isbn=978-1-55152-444-3}} * {{Cite web | url = http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_122.pdf | title = Olympic Charter | author = International Olympic Committee | publisher = International Olympic Committee | date = 2007 | format = PDF | accessdate =19 Septyembre 2012 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/2011072307003/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_122.pdf | archivedate = 23 Hulyo 2011 | ref = {{sfnRef|Olympic Charter|2007}} }} * {{Cite web|last=International Olympic Committee|title=All Games since 1896|url=http://www.olympic.org/olympic-games|accessdate=20 Pebrero 2013}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Krüger | first1 = Arnd | last2 = Murray | first2 = William J. | date = 2003 | title = The Nazi Olympics: sport, politics and appeasement in the 1930s | publisher = University of Illinois Press | isbn = 978-0-252-02815-1 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=s5ntIQv0W5IC | accessdate =3 Hulyo 2012 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite news|last=Lee|first=Jeff|title=Hyper-Hush Surrounds 2010 Games Mascots 'Til Tuesday|url=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=5336f700-2921-444b-a6fb-8deb8a787975|accessdate=16 Marso 2014|newspaper=The Vancouver Sun|date=24 Nobyembre 2007|archive-date=4 Nobyembre 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104214413/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=5336f700-2921-444b-a6fb-8deb8a787975|url-status=}} * {{Cite news|last=Lindsay|first=Hillary Bain|title=Stolen Games: 'No Olympics on Stolen Native Land' Has Become the Battle Cry for Indigenous Resistance to the Vancouver Olympics|url=http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/1099|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|newspaper=The Dominion|date=4 Abril 2007|archive-date=7 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407102601/http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/1099|url-status=}} * {{Cite news|last=Lopez|first=Franklin|title=Vancouver Activists Greet Winter Olympics Opening Ceremony with People's Summit, Protest|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2010/2/12/olympics|accessdate=2 Marso 2014|newspaper=Democracy Now!|date=12 Pebrero 2010}} * {{Cite news|last=Manuel|first=Arthur|title=Vancouver Olympics Can't Hide Canada's Dismal Record on Indigenous Peoples|url=http://www.straight.com/news/arthur-manuel-vancouver-olympics-cant-hide-canadas-dismal-record-indigenous-peoples|accessdate=16 Marso 2014|newspaper=The Georgia Straight|date=25 Enero 2010|archive-date=7 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407080659/http://www.straight.com/news/arthur-manuel-vancouver-olympics-cant-hide-canadas-dismal-record-indigenous-peoples|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book | title = Rome 1960 | url = https://archive.org/details/rome1960olympics00mara | last = Maraniss | first = David | date = 2008 | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4165-3407-5 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Matthews | first = George R. | date = 2005 | title = America's first Olympics: the St. Louis games of 1904 | publisher = University of Missouri Press | location = | isbn = 978-0-8262-1588-8 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WKRUmep515oC&lpg=PP1&dq=America's%20first%20Olympics%3A%20the%20St.%20Louis%20games%20of%201904&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q=liverpool&f=false | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Heather Andrews|title=Olympic committee blunders with Inuit-inspired logo|url=http://go.galegroup.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=RELEVANCE&inPS=true&prodId=CPI&userGroupName=sfu_z39&tabID=T004&searchId=R1&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&contentSegment=&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&currentPosition=1&contentSet=GALE%7CA191264469&&docId=GALE{{!}}A191264469&docType=GALE&role=|work=Canadian Periodicals Index Quarterly|accessdate=10 Marso 2014|date= Mayo 2005}} * {{Cite news|last=National Geographic|title=Olympic Logo No 'Friend' to Some|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/02/photogalleries/100212-vancouver-2010-winter-olympics-logo-ilanaaq/#/vancouver-english-bay-inukshuk_12792_600x450.jpg|accessdate=10 Marso 2014|newspaper=National Geographic|date=12 Pebrero 2010}} * {{Cite news|last=Nuytten|first=Jesse|title=Olympic Emblem Design Meaningful to Canadians|url=http://www.theepochtimes.com/news/5-4-29/28309.html|accessdate=10 Marso 2014|newspaper=The Epoch Times|date=29 Abril 2005|archive-date=7 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085425/http://www.theepochtimes.com/news/5-4-29/28309.html|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=O'Bonsawin|first=Christine M.|chapter=Indigenous Peoples and Canadian-Hosted Olympic Games|title=Aboriginal Peoples and Sport in Canada|date=2012|publisher=UBC Press|location=Vancouver|isbn=9780774824231|editor=Janice Forsyth and Audrey R. Giles}} * {{Cite journal|last=O'Bonsawin|first=Christine M.|title='No Olympics on stolen native land': contesting Olympic narratives and asserting indigenous rights within the discourse of the 2010 Vancouver Games|journal=Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics|date=2010|volume=13|issue=1|pages=143–156|doi=10.1080/17430430903377987}} * {{Cite web | url = http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_658.pdf | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5gKmnnDyw?url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_658.pdf | archivedate = 26 Abril 2009 | title = The Olympic Games in Antiquity | author = Olympic Museum | publisher = International Olympic Committee | date = 2007 | format = PDF | accessdate = 2 Pebrero 2009 | ref = harv | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite news|last=Paley|first=Dawn|title='No Olympics on Stolen Native Land' Resonates Across Canada|url=http://www.mediacoop.ca/audio/3057|accessdate=30 Marso 2014|date=16 Marso 2010|agency=The Media Co-op|archive-date=7 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085106/http://www.mediacoop.ca/audio/3057|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Parezo|first=Nancy J.|chapter=A 'Special Olympics': Testing Racial Strength and Endurance at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition|title=The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport, Race, and American Imperialism|date=2008|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln and London|isbn=978-0-8032-1098-1|editor=Susan Brownell}} * {{Cite book | author = Pausanias | authorlink = Pausanias (geographer) | others = translated by W. H. S. Jones and H. A. Ormerud | title = Description of Greece | url = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 | chapter = Elis 1 | chapterurl = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160&query=book%3D%235 | volume= Vol. 2 | date = 1 Enero 1926 | series = Loeb Classical Library | publisher = W. Heinemann | location = London | oclc= 10818363 | isbn = 978-0-674-99207-8 | accessdate =9 Enero 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book|last=Peavy|first=Linda|chapter=Leaving the Whites…Far Behind Them: The Girls from Fort Shaw (Montana) Indian School, Basketball Champions of the 1904 World's Fair|title=The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport, Race, and American Imperialism|date=2008|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln and London|isbn=978-0-8032-1098-1|author2=Ursula Smith|editor=Susan Brownell}} * {{Cite book | author = Pindar | authorlink = Pindar | others = translated by William H. Race | title = Olympian Odes | url = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162&query=head%3D%231 | chapter = Olympian 10 | chapterurl = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162&layout=&loc=O.+10.1 | date = 1997 | series = Loeb Classical Library | publisher = Harvard University Press | isbn = 978-0-674-99564-2 | accessdate =25 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Doping:Athletes and Drugs | last = Porterfield | first = Jason | date = 2008 | publisher = Rosen Publishing Group | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4042-1917-5 | page = 15 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=YXWa6ll5GxoC&pg=PA15&dq=Hans-Gunnar+Liljenwall, | accessdate = 30 Enero 2009 | ref = harv }}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * {{Cite news|last=Revolutionary Hip-Hop Report, The|title=No Olympics on Stolen Native Land|url=http://rhhr.org/2010/07/25/no-olympics-on-stolen-native-land/|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|newspaper=Revolutionary Hip-Hop Report|date=25 Hulyo 2010|archive-date=8 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408025637/http://rhhr.org/2010/07/25/no-olympics-on-stolen-native-land/|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book | title = The Fifth Century BC | last = Richardson | first = N.J. | date = 1992 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | editor=Lewis, D.M.; Boardman, John; Davies, J.K. | isbn = 978-0-521-23347-7 | chapter = Panhellenic Cults and Panhellenic Poets | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Nqbz8Emo3PIC&pg=PA223 | accessdate =2 Pebrero 2013 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Mega-Events and Modernity | last = Roche | first = Maurice | publisher = Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group | location = New York | date = 2000 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=aldh2YTO7XQC&printsec=copyright&dq=spartakiads+and+the+olympics | isbn = 978-0-415-15711-7 | accessdate =30 Enero 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite news|last=Rolbin-Ghanie|first=Maya|title='It's All About The Land': Native Resistance to the Olympics|url=http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/1738|accessdate=2 Marso 2014|newspaper=The Dominion|date=1 Marso 2008|archive-date=27 Hulyo 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727034649/http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/1738|url-status=}} * {{Cite journal | last = Shachar | first = Ayelet | date = 2011 | title = Picking Winners: Olympic Citizenship and the Global Race for Talent | url = https://archive.org/details/yale-law-journal_2011-06_120_8/page/2088 | journal = Yale Law Journal | volume = 120 | issue = 8 | pages = 2088–2139 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Olympics at the Millennium | last1 = Schaffer | first1 = Kay | last2 = Smith | first2 = Sidonie | publisher = Rutgers University Press | location = New Jersey | date = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8135-2819-9 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=nMzYdZpk8qMC&printsec=copyright&dq=olympics | accessdate =30 Enero 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book|last=Schantz|first=Otto J.|chapter=Pierre de Coubertin's Concepts of Race, Nation, and Civilization|title=The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport, Race, and American Imperialism|date=2008|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln and London|isbn=978-0-8032-1098-1|editor=Susan Brownell}} * {{Cite book | title = The Commercialisation of sport | last = Slack | first = Trevor | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | date = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-7146-8078-1 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=Kd7ieYncwxIC&pg=PA192&dq=television+and+the+olympic+games | accessdate =31 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = The Fifth Century BC | last = Spivey | first = Nigel Jonathan | date = 2004 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-280433-4 | chapter = Olympia: the Origins | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web|last=Statistics Canada|title=Aboriginal Population, City of Vancouver - 2001 Census|url=http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/socialplanning/initiatives/aboriginal/images/demographics.jpg|accessdate=31 Marso 2010| date = 2001}} * {{Cite book | last = Swaddling | first = Judith | date = 1999 | title = The Ancient Olympic Games | url = https://archive.org/details/ancientolympicga00swad | publisher = University of Texas Press | isbn = 978-0-292-77751-4 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Swaddling | first = Judith | date = 2000 | title = The Ancient Olympic Games | edition = 2 | publisher = University of Texas Press | location = Austin | isbn = 978-0-292-70373-5 | oclc = 10759486 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=2-HQMnDiLqIC | accessdate =6 Hunyo 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Sport and leisure cultures | last = Tomlinson | first = Alan | publisher = University of Minnesota Press | location = Minneapolis MN | date = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-8166-3382-1 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=JphFoBnq2R8C&pg=PA14&dq=olympic+games+television+ratings | accessdate =2 Abril 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web|last=Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games|title=Vancouver 2010 Mascots Introduced to the World|url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/128683/vancouver-2010-mascots-introduced-to-the-world|work=Canadian NewsWire|accessdate=10 Marso 2014|date=27 Nobyembre 2007|archive-date=13 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144945/http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/128683/vancouver-2010-mascots-introduced-to-the-world|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite journal | last = Weiler | first = Ingomar | date = 2004 | title = The predecessors of the Olympic movement, and Pierre de Coubertin | journal = European Review | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web|last=Wonders|first=Karen|title=Development: Human Rights Abuse|url=http://www.firstnations.de/development.htm|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|page=First Nations - Land Rights and Environmentalism in British Columbia|archive-date=2009-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026085724/http://www.firstnations.de/development.htm|url-status=}} * {{Cite book | title = Social Issues in Sport | last = Woods | first = Ron | publisher = Human Kinetics | location = Champaign IL | date = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-7360-5872-8 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=Krclca7m_z0C&pg=PA146&lpg=PA146&dq=television+ratings+decline+olympic+games+torino | accessdate =2 Abril 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = A Brief History of the Olympic Games | url = https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofol0000youn | last = Young | first = David C. | date = 2004 | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | isbn = 978-1-4051-1130-0 | chapter = The Beginnings | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = The Modern Olympics: A Struggle for Revival | url = https://archive.org/details/modernolympicsst0000youn | last = Young | first = David C. | date = 1996 | location = Baltimore | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | isbn = 978-0-8018-7207-5 | ref = harv }} {{refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book | last = Buchanan | first = Ian | authorlink = | title = Historical dictionary of the Olympic movement | url = https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00buch_0 | date = 2001 | publisher = Scarecrow Presz | location = Lanham | isbn = 978-0-8108-4054-6 }} * {{Cite book | last = Kamper | first = Erich | authorlink = |author2=Mallon, Bill | title = The Golden Book of the Olympic Games | date = 1992 | publisher = Vallardi & Associati | location = Milan | isbn = 978-88-85202-35-1 }} * {{Cite book | last = Preuss | first = Holger | authorlink = |author2=Marcia Semitiel García | title = The Economics of Staging the Olympics: A Comparison of the Games 1972–2008 | url = https://archive.org/details/economicsofstagi0000preu_j6y4 | date = 2005 | publisher = Edward Elgar Publishing | location = | isbn = 978-1-84376-893-7 }} * {{Cite book | last = Simson | first = Vyv | authorlink = |author2=Jennings, Andrew | title = Dishonored Games: Corruption, Money, and Greed at the Olympics | url = https://archive.org/details/dishonoredgamesc0000sims | date = 1992 | publisher = S.P.I. Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-56171-199-4 }} * {{Cite book | last = Wallechinsky | first = David | authorlink = David Wallechinsky | title = The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics, Athens 2004 Edition | url = https://archive.org/details/completebookof00wall | date = 2004 | publisher = SportClassic Books | location = | isbn = 978-1-894963-32-9 }} * {{Cite book | last = Wallechinsky | first = David | title = The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics, Turin 2006 Edition | url = https://archive.org/details/completebookofwi0000wall_2006 | date = 2005 | publisher = SportClassic Books | location = | isbn = 978-1-894963-45-9 }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== * {{official website|http://www.olympic.org/}} * [http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2008/08/04/sports/olympics/20080804_MEDALCOUNT_MAP.html New York Times Interactive of all the medals in the Modern Olympics] * [http://www.insidethegames.biz/ insidethegames – the latest and most up to date news and interviews from the world of Olympic, Commonwealth and Paralympic Games] * [http://www.aroundtherings.com/ ATR – Around the Rings – the Business Surrounding the Olympics] * [http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/ GamesBids.com – An Authoritative Review of Olympic Bid Business (home of the BidIndex™)] * [http://www.databaseolympics.com/index.htm Database Olympics] * [http://ezine.pk/?Olympic-Games--From-History-of-Olympics-to-the-Present-Day&id=820 History of Olympics to the Present Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313013906/http://ezine.pk/?Olympic-Games--From-History-of-Olympics-to-the-Present-Day&id=820 |date= 13 Marso 2013 }} * [http://www.dicolympic.com/?s=&l=en Dicolympic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929095743/http://www.dicolympic.com/?s=&l=en |date= 29 Septyembre 2008 }} – Dictionary about the Games from Olympia to Sochi 2014 * [http://www.olympicgameswinners.com/ Reference book about all Olympic Medalists of all times] * [http://www.theolympicgamescountdown.com Days left until the next Olympic Games | The Olympic Games Countdown | 2012 | Sochi 2014 | Rio 2016 | PyeongChang 2018 | Istanbul, Tokyo or Madrid 2020?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428231147/http://www.theolympicgamescountdown.com/ |date= 28 Abril 2022 }} * [http://www.olympics-records.com/ Olympic and Asian games records] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420084550/http://www.olympics-records.com/ |date= 20 Abril 2018 }} 3b946w5t55lqqr38h2hv31e88vyh2bd 0 17293 7783703 7782332 2026-06-24T19:13:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious building | building_name=Basílika Papal ni San Pedro ha Vaticano<br /><small>{{lang|it|Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano}} {{it icon}}<br />{{lang|la|Basilica Sancti Petri}} {{la icon}}</small> |infobox_width=340px | image=Ca' Rezzonico - Interno della basilica di San Pietro a Roma - Giampaolo Pannini.jpg | image_size=300px | caption=An sulod ha Basílika ni San Pedro ni [[Giovanni Paolo Pannini]]|alt=Usa nga detalyado hin duro nga hulagway hin dako nga sulod. An hitaas nga atop arko. An mga bungbung ngan mga harigi nga nasuporta han atop ginbutangan hin mga ginhorma nga kerubim ngan iba nga mga iskultura nga ginsagulan hin mga bukad nga motif. Damo nga mga tawo naglalakatlakat dida hit singbahan. Baga hira hin gudti kun igkumpara dida han edifisyo. | location={{Flagicon|VAT}} [[Syudad han Vaticano]] | geo={{Coord|41|54|8|N|12|27|12|E|type:landmark_region:VA|display=inline,title}} | religious_affiliation=[[Katoliko Romano]] | consecration_year=1626 | status=[[Basilica mayor]] | leadership= | website= [http://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/san_pietro/index_it.htm Opisyal nga websayt {{it icon}}] | architect=[[Donato Bramante]]<br> [[Antonio da Sangallo the Younger]]<br> [[Michelangelo]]<br> [[Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola]]<br> [[Giacomo della Porta]]<br> [[Carlo Maderno]]<br> [[Gianlorenzo Bernini]] | architecture_style=[[Renasimyento nga arkitektura|Renasimyento]] ngan [[Baroque]] | groundbreaking ={{start date|1506|4|18|df=y}} | year_completed={{end date|1626|11|18|df=y}} | specifications = yes | capacity = | length = {{convert|730|ft|m}} | width = {{convert|500|ft|m}} | height_nave = {{convert|151.5|ft|m}} | height_max = {{convert|452|ft|m}} | dome_dia_outer = {{convert|137.7|ft|m}} | dome_dia_inner = {{convert|136.1|ft|m}} <!-- -Please don't add any more specifications here. The IMPORTANT concept, that it is a very large building, has been dealt with. - --> }} An '''Basilica Papal ni San Pedro ha Vaticano''' (Iningles: ''Papal Basilica of St. Peter''; KInatsila: ''Basilica Papal de San Pedro''; ha Initalyano: ''Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano''; Linatin: ''Basilica Sancti Petri'') nga tinatawag hin agsob ha halipot nga '''Basilica ni San Pedro''' (Iningles: ''St. Peter's Basilica''; Kinatsila: ''Basilica de San Pedro''; Initalyano: ''Basilica di San Pietro''), usa nga dako nga singbahan ha [[Syudad han Vaticano]]. Urog ini tawagon nga "gidadako-i ngan giuupayi nga singbahan han Kristiyanismo". ==Mga Arsopadi tikang 1053== Lista hin mga [[arsopadi]] ha Basilica Vaticano:<ref>Source: the respective biographical entries on [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/essay.htm Essay of a General List of Cardinals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214042144/http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/essay.htm |date=2018-02-14 }} by Salvador Miranda with corrections provided by Werner Maleczek, ''Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216'', Wien 1984 for the period before 1190 until 1254</ref> [[File:Francis Inauguration fc06.jpg|thumb|alt= The exterior of the basilica on a sunny day. In the foreground, hundreds of robed priests look towards a podium where there is an altar, and a group of white robed figures attends the Pope.|The inauguration of [[Pope Francis]] in 2013]] *Giovanni (1053) *[[Cardinal Deusdedit|Deusdedit]] (1092) *Azzo (1103–1104) *Rustico de' Rustici (ca. 1128–1131?) *Griffone (1138–1139) *Pietro (ca.1140?–1144) *Bernard (1145?–1176?) *Giovanni da Sutri (1176/78–1180) *Ugolino di Segni (ca.1191/1200–1206) *Guido Pierleoni (1206/7–1228) *Stefano Conti (1229–1254) *Riccardo Annibaldi (1254–1276) *[[Papa Nicolas III|Giovanni Gaetano Orsini]] (1276–1277) *Matteo Orsini Rosso (1277 or 1288–1305) *[[Napoleone Orsini Frangipani]] (1306–1342) *[[Annibaldo di Ceccano]] (1342–1350) *Guillaume de La Jugie (1362–1365) *Rinaldo Orsini (1366–1374) *Hugues de Saint-Martial (1374–1378) *Philippe d'Alençon (1378–1397) *Cristoforo Maroni (1397–1404) *[[Angelo II Acciaioli|Angelo Acciaioli]] (1404–1408) *Antonio Calvi (1408–1411) *Pedro Fernandez de Frias (1412–1420) *[[Antonio Correr]] (1420–1434) *[[Giordano Orsini (died 1438)|Giordano Orsini]] (1434–1438) *[[Giuliano Cesarini]] (1439–1444) *[[Papa Pablo II|Pietro Barbo]] (1445–1464) *Richard Olivier (1464–1470) *[[Giovanni Battista Zeno]] (1470–1501) *[[Juan López (priest)|Juan López]] (1501) *[[Ippolito d'Este]] (1501–1520) *Marco Cornaro (1520) *Franciotto Orsini (1520–1530) *[[Francesco Cornaro (cardinal)|Francesco Cornaro]] (1530–1543) *[[Alessandro Farnese (cardinal)|Alessandro Farnese]] (1543–1589) *Giovanni Evangelista Palotta (1589–1620) *[[Scipione Caffarelli-Borghese]] (1620–1633) *[[Francesco Barberini (seniore)|Francesco Barberini]] (1633–1667) *[[Carlo Barberini]] (1667–1704) *Francesco Nerli (1704–1708) *[[Annibale Albani]] (1712–1751) *[[Henry Benedict Stuart]] (1751–1807) *[[Romualdo Braschi-Onesti]] (1807–1817) *[[Alessandro Mattei]] (1817–1820) *[[Pietro Francesco Galleffi]] (6 Mayo 1820 – 18 Hunyo 1837) *[[Giacomo Giustiniani]] (1 Hulyo 1837 – 24 Pebrero 1843) *[[Mario Mattei]] (11 Marso 1843 – 7 Oktubre 1870) *[[Niccola Clarelli Parracciani]] (8 Oktubre 1870 – 7 Hulyo 1872) *[[Edoardo Borromeo]] (10 Hulyo 1872 – 30 Nobyembre 1881) *[[Edward Henry Howard]] (12 Disyembre 1881 – 16 Septyembre 1892) *Francesco Ricci Paracciani (6 Oktubre 1892 – 9 Marso 1894) *[[Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro]] (21 Marso 1894 – 16 Disyembre 1913) *[[Rafael Merry del Val]] (12 Enero 1914 – 26 Pebrero 1930) *[[Papa Pío XII|Eugenio Pacelli]] (25 Marso 1930 – 2 Marso 1939) *[[Federico Tedeschini]] (14 Marso 1939 – 2 Nobyembre 1959) *[[Domenico Tardini]] (14 Nobyembre 1959 – 30 Hulyo 1961) *[[Paolo Marella]] (14 Agosto 1961 – 8 Pebrero 1983) *[[Aurelio Sabattani]] (8 Pebrero 1983 – 1 Hulyo 1991) *[[Virgilio Noè]] (1 Hulyo 1991 – 24 Abril 2002) *[[Francesco Marchisano]] (24 Abril 2002 – 10 Oktubre 2006) *[[Angelo Comastri]] (10 Oktubre 2006 – yana) ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== [[Image:Rom, Vatikan, Petersdom - Silhouette bei Sonnenuntergang 3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Silhouette]] of St. Peter's Basilica at sundown (view from [[Castel Sant'Angelo]]).]] {{refbegin|60em}} *{{CathEncy |wstitle=Basilica of St. Peter |title=Basilica of St. Peter |first=Paul Maria |last=Baumgarten |ref=harv}} *{{cite journal |last=Bannister |first=Turpin | date = 1968 |title=The Constantinian Basilica of Saint Peter at Rome |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_society-of-architectural-historians-journal_1968-03_27_1/page/3 |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=3–32 |authorlink=Turpin Bannister |oclc= 19640446 |doi=10.2307/988425 |jstor=988425 |ref=harv}}{{subscription required |date=December 2012}} *{{cite journal |last=Betts |first=Richard J. | date = 1993 |title=Structural Innovation and Structural Design in Renaissance Architecture |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=52 |number=1 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/990755 |pages=5–25 |ref=harv |doi=10.2307/990755 }} *{{cite journal |last=Boorsch |first=Suzanne | date = 1982 |title=The Building of the Vatican: The Papacy and Architecture |journal=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin |location=New York |volume=XL |issue=3 |oclc=39642638 |pages=4–64 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last=Hintzen-Bohlen |first=Brigitte |title=Rome and the Vatican City |first2=Jürgen |last2=Sorges |publisher=Könemann |location=Köln | date = 2001 |isbn=3-8290-3109-2 }} *{{cite journal |last=Finch |first=Margaret | date = 1991 |title=The Cantharus and Pigna at Old Saint Peter's |journal=Gesta |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=16–26 |doi=10.2307/767006 |jstor=767006 |ref=harv}}{{subscription required |date=December 2012}} *{{cite book|last=Dzyubanskyy |first=Taras |title=The Development of the Cult of St. Peter in the Vatican: from the poor man's grave to the largest basilica in the world |location=Lviv | date = 2010 |publisher= |isbn=}} *{{cite book |last=Fletcher |first=Banister |title=Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/sirbanisterfletc0000flet_c4l9 |publisher=Architectural Press |location=London | date = 2001 |isbn=0-7506-2267-9 |authorlink=Banister Fletcher |edition=20th |origyear=First published 1896 |ref=harv}}{{clarify |reason=This work not referenced from article text; |date=December 2012}} *{{cite book |last=Fletcher |first=Banister |title=History of Architecture on the Comparative Method for the student, craftsman, and amateur |publisher=Macmillan Pub Company |location=New York | date = 1975 |isbn=9997460553 |authorlink=Banister Fletcher |url=http://www.archive.org/details/historyofarchite00flet |ref=harv }}{{clarify |reason=Citation is to a 1975 edition, link is to 1905 edition. Which is correct? |date=December 2012}} *{{cite journal |last=Frommel |first=Christoph | date = 1986 |title=Papal Policy: The Planning of Rome during the Renaissance in The Evidence of Art: Images and Meaning in History |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-interdisciplinary-history_summer-1986_17_1/page/39 |journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary History |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |location=Cambridge |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=39–65 |issn=0022-1953 |doi=10.2307/204124 |jstor=204124 |ref=harv }}{{subscription required |date=December 2012}} *{{cite book |last=Hartt |first=Frederick |title=History of Italian Renaissance Art |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs | date = 2006 |isbn=0-13-188247-3 |edition=6th |authorlink=Frederick Hartt |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last=Korn |first=Frank J. |title=Hidden Rome |url=https://archive.org/details/hiddenrome0000korn |publisher=Paulist Press |location=New York | date = 2002 |isbn=0-8091-4109-4 }} *{{cite journal |last=McClendon |first=Charles | date = 1989 |title=The History of the Site of St. Peter's Basilica, Rome |journal=Perspecta: the Yale Architectural Journal |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |volume=25 |pages=32–65 |issn=00790958 |doi=10.2307/1567138 |jstor=1567138 |ref=harv}} *{{cite web |last=Lees-Milne |first=James |title=Saint Peter's{{spaced ndash}}the story of Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome |publisher=Hamish Hamilton |location=London | date = 1967 |oclc=1393052 |url=http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Docs/JLM/SaintPeters-1.htm |authorlink=James Lees-Milne |ref=harv }} *{{cite book |last=Gardner |first=Helen |authorlink=Helen Gardner (art historian) |last2=Kleiner |first2=Fred S. |last3=Mamiya |first3=Christin J. |title=Gardner's Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective |publisher=Wadsworth |location=Belmont | date = 2005 |edition=12th |isbn=0-495-00479-0 |volume=2 |pages=499–500, 571–575 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Lanciani|first=Rodolfo|title=Pagan and Christian Rome| date = 1892|publisher=Houghton, Mifflin and Company|location=Boston and New York|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANPAC/3*.html|chapter=Chapter III: Christian Churches}} *{{cite book |last=Goldscheider |first=Ludwig |title=Michelangelo |url=https://archive.org/details/michelangelopain0000gold |publisher=Phaidon |location=Oxford | date = 1996 |isbn=0-7148-3296-0 |edition=6th |ref=harv }} *{{cite book |last=Pevsner |first=Nikolaus |title=An Outline of European Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofeuropea00pevs |authorlink=Nikolaus Pevsner |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Baltimore | date = 1963 |isbn=978-0-14-020109-3 |edition=7th |oclc=2208913 }} *{{cite book |last=Pinto |first=Pio |title=The Pilgrim's Guide to Rome |url=https://archive.org/details/pilgrimsguidetor00pint |publisher=Harper & Row |location=San Francisco | date = 1975 |isbn=0-06-013388-0 }} *{{cite book |last=Scotti |first=R. A. |title=Basilica: the Splendor and the Scandal{{spaced ndash}}Building of St. Peter's |url=https://archive.org/details/basilicasplendor00rasc |publisher=Plume |location=New York | date = 2007 |isbn=0-452-28860-6 |ref=harv }} *{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/11/1118_vaticanmain.html |title=Inside the Vatican |date=28 Oktubre 2010 |origyear=2004 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |work=National Geographic News |accessdate=30 Disyembre 2008 }} *{{cite web |title=Saint Peter's{{spaced ndash}}Truth Unveiled: Bernini’s Bell Towers and the Allegory of Truth: Urban VIII’s Bell Towers |url=http://bernini2013.org/truth-unveiled-by-time/urban-viiis-bell-towers/ |ref=harv |access-date=2015-01-24 |archive-date=2014-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610233733/http://bernini2013.org/truth-unveiled-by-time/urban-viiis-bell-towers/ |url-status= }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons|Basilica Sancti Petri}} *[http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/monumenti/basilica-di-s-pietro.html# Vaticanstate.va] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222012054/http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/monumenti/basilica-di-s-pietro.html |date=2019-02-22 }} ‒ official website with images and information about the Basilica *[http://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/san_pietro/index_it.htm Vatican.va] ‒ official website with contact details {{it icon}} *[http://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/san_pietro/vr_tour/index-en.html "Virtual Reality Tour of the Basilica of Saint Peter"] *[http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org St Peter's Basilica.org] ‒ unofficial website on the architecture of the basilica, with images and extracts of texts gathered from different books. *[http://maps.google.com/maps?q=vatican&ll=41.901806,12.455138&spn=0.004081,0.007298&t=h&hl=en Google Maps]: Vatican ‒ Satellite image of the Basilica *[http://www.arounder.eu/spa/spa.html Vatican City, Piazza San Pietro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509031103/http://www.arounder.eu/spa/spa.html |date=2007-05-09 }} ‒ VR panorama with map and compass effect by Tolomeus *[http://www.arounder.eu/sanpietro.mov Vatican City, Piazza San Pietro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615025100/http://www.arounder.eu/sanpietro.mov |date=2007-06-15 }} ‒ QTVR panorama hi-res (15 Mb) by Tolomeus [[Kaarangay:Basilica ni San Pedro| ]] [[Kaarangay:Relihiyon]] 8ecs62wjcs2t7lvh3lr2q39t17tetre 0 17466 7783697 7783075 2026-06-24T18:53:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = James Cook | image = Captainjamescookportrait.jpg | caption = James Cook, portrait by [[Nathaniel Dance-Holland]], {{circa|1775}}, [[National Maritime Museum]], [[Greenwich]] | birth_date = {{OldStyleDate|7 November|1728|27 October}} | birth_place = [[Marton, Middlesbrough|Marton]], (in present-day [[Middlesbrough]]) Yorkshire, England | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1779|2|14|1728|11|7}} | death_place = Hawaii | education = Postgate School, [[Great Ayton]] | occupation = Explorer, navigator, cartographer | title = [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] | spouse = Elizabeth Batts | parents = James Cook, Grace Pace | children = James Cook, Nathaniel Cook, Elizabeth Cook, Joseph Cook, George Cook, Hugh Cook | nationality = British | signature = James Cook Signature.svg | website = }} Hi '''Kapitan James Cook''', (Oktubre 27, 1728 - Pebrero 14, 1779) usa nga Inglis nga eksplorador, navigador ngan cartograpo. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} === Bibliograpiya === *{{cite book|last=Beaglehole|first=John Cawte|title=The Life of Captain James Cook|authorlink=John Cawte Beaglehole|publisher=[[A & C Black]]|date=1974|isbn=0-7136-1382-3|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Collingridge|first=Vanessa|authorlink=Vanessa Collingridge|title=Captain Cook: The Life, Death and Legacy of History's Greatest Explorer|url=https://archive.org/details/captaincooklifed0000coll|date=February 2003|publisher=Ebury Press|isbn=0-09-188898-0|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Fernandez-Armesto|first=Felipe|title=Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration|url=https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern|date=2006|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|isbn=0-393-06259-7|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Robin|title=Captain James Cook and his times|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dhsOAAAAQAAJ|date=1979|isbn=978-0-7099-0050-4|publisher=Taylor & Francis|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Hayes|first=Derek|title=Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of exploration and Discovery|date=1999|publisher=Sasquatch Books|isbn=1-57061-215-3|url=http://books.google.com/?id=sl57oHrVXGoC|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Horwitz|first=Tony|authorlink=Tony Horwitz|title=Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before|url=https://archive.org/details/intoblueboldlygo0000horw|date=October 2003|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-6455-8|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Captain James Cook|first=Richard|last=Hough|date=1994|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|authorlink=Richard Hough|isbn=0-340-82556-1|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_t9u3|last=Kemp|first=Peter|first2=I. C. B. |last2=Dear|date=2005|publisher=OUP|isbn=978-0-19-860616-1|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Narrative of the voyages round the world, performed by Captain James Cook; with an account of his life during the previous and intervening periods|first=Andrew|last=Kippis|date=1788|url=http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77n/}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426035955/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77n/ |date=2012-04-26 }} *{{cite book|authorlink=Frank McLynn|last=McLynn|first=Frank|date=2011|title=Captain Cook: Master of the Seas|url=https://archive.org/details/captaincookmaste0000mcly|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-11421-8|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Moorhead|first=Alan|date=1966|title=Fatal Impact: An Account of the Invasion of the South Pacific, 1767–1840|publisher=H Hamilton|isbn=0-241-90757-8|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|authorlink=Gananath Obeyesekere|last=Obeyesekere|first=Gananath|date=1992|title=The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-05752-4|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789982012584|publisher=Princeton University Press|last=Obeyesekere|first=Gananath|date=1997|isbn=978-0-691-05752-1|quote=With new preface and afterword replying to criticism from Sahlins|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Captain Cook in the Pacific|url=https://archive.org/details/captaincookinpac0000rigb|first=Nigel|last=Rigby|last2=van der Merwe|first2=Pieter|date=2002|publisher=National Maritime Museum, London UK|isbn=0-948065-43-5|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Robson|first=John|date=2004|title=The Captain Cook Encyclopædia|publisher=Random House Australia|isbn=0-7593-1011-4|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Captain Cook's War and Peace: The Royal Navy Years 1755-1768|first=John|last=Robson|date=2009|publisher=University of New South Wales Press|isbn=9781742231099|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Islands of history|url=https://archive.org/details/islandsofhistory00sahl|publisher=University of Chicago Press|first=Marshall David|last=Sahlins|authorlink= Marshall David Sahlins|date=1985|isbn=978-0-226-73358-6|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=How "Natives" Think: About Captain Cook, for example|url=https://archive.org/details/hownativesthinka0000sahl|publisher=University of Chicago Press|last=Sahlins|first=Marshall David|date=1995|isbn=978-0-226-73368-5}} *{{cite book|title=The Australian Language: An Examination of the English Language and English Speech as Used in Australia, from Convict Days to the Present|url=https://archive.org/details/australianlangua0000bake|last=Sidney|first=John Baker|location=Melbourne|publisher=Sun Books|date=1981|isbn=978-0-7251-0382-8|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=James Cook Maritime Scientist|url=https://archive.org/details/jamescookmaritim0000stam|publisher=Caedmon of Whitby Press|last=Stamp|first= Tom and Cordelia|date=1978|location=Whitby|isbn=0-905355-04-0|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Sykes|first=Bryan|title=[[The Seven Daughters of Eve]]|publisher=Norton Publishing: New York City, NY and London, England|isbn=0-393-02018-5|date=2001|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Wagner|first=A. R.|title=Historic Heraldry of Britain|url=https://archive.org/details/historicheraldry0000wagn|date=1972|publisher=Phillimore & Co Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-0-85033-022-9|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Captain Cook's Journal during his first voyage round the world made in H.M. Bark "Endeavour" 1768–71|first=W. J. L.|last=Wharton|date=1893|url=http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77j/}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322055659/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77j/ |date=2012-03-22 }} ==Padugang nga barasahon== *{{cite book|last=Aughton|first=Peter|title=Endeavour: The Story of Captain Cook's First Great Epic Voyage|publisher=Cassell & Co.|date=2002|location=London|isbn=978-0-304-36236-3|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|editor-last=Edwards|editor-first=Philip|title=James Cook: The Journals|url=https://archive.org/details/journalsofcaptai00jame|date=2003|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|isbn=0-14-043647-2|quote=Prepared from the original manuscripts by J. C. Beaglehole 1955–67|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|editor-last=Forster|editor-first=Georg|title=A Voyage Round the World|editor-link=Georg Forster|date=1986|publisher=Wiley-VCH|isbn=978-3-05-000180-7|ref=harv|quote=Published first 1777 as: ''A Voyage round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop Resolution, Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years, 1772, 3, 4, and 5''}} *{{Citation | last1=Hawkesworth | first1=John | authorlink1=John Hawkesworth (book editor) | last2=Byron | first2=John | authorlink2=John Byron | last3=Wallis | first3=Samuel | authorlink3=Samuel Wallis | last4=Carteret | first4=Philip | authorlink4=Philip Carteret | last5=Cook | first5=James | authorlink5=James Cook | last6=Banks | first6=Joseph | authorlink6=Joseph Banks | title=An account of the voyages undertaken by the order of His present Majesty for making discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere, and successively performed by Commodore Byron, Captain Wallis, Captain Carteret, and Captain Cook, in the Dolphin, the Swallow, and the Endeavour drawn up from the journals which were kept by the several commanders, and from the papers of Joseph Banks, esq | publication-date=1773 | publisher=London Printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell | accessdate=1 Enero 2015 }}, [http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/hv01/contents.html Volume I], [http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/hv23/contents.html Volume II-III] *{{cite book |authorlink=Andrew Kippis|first=Andrew|last=Kippis|title=The Life and Voyages of Captain James Cook|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeandvoyagesc00kippgoog|publisher=[[George Newnes]], London & [[Charles Scribner's Sons]], New York|date=1904|ref=harv}} *Richardson, Brian. (2005) ''Longitude and Empire: How Captain Cook's Voyages Changed the World'' University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 0-7748-1190-0. *Sydney Daily Telegraph (1970) ''Captain Cook: His Artists — His Voyages'' The Sydney Daily Telegraph Portfolio of Original Works by Artists who sailed with Captain Cook. Australian Consolidated Press, Sydney *Thomas, Nicholas ''The Extraordinary Voyages of Captain James Cook''. Walker & Co., New York. ISBN 0-8027-1412-9 (2003) *{{cite journal|last=Villiers |first=Alan|authorlink=Alan Villiers|date=Summer 1956–57|title=James Cook, Seaman|journal=[[Quadrant (magazine)|Quadrant]]|volume=1|issue=1|pages=7–16}} *Villiers, Alan John, ''Captain James Cook'' Newport Beach, California: Books on Tape (1983) *{{cite book|editor-last=Williams|editor-first=Glyndwr|editor-link=Glyndwr Williams|title=Captain Cook's Voyages: 1768–1779|date=1997|publisher=The Folio Society|location=London}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Library resources box |onlinebooks=no |by=no |lcheading=Cook, James, 1728–1779 }} {{Commons|James Cook|James Cook}} {{Commons category|James Cook|Category:James Cook}} {{Wikisource|Author:James Cook|Author:James Cook}} *[http://www.captaincooksociety.com/ Captain Cook Society]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019234215/http://www.captaincooksociety.com/ |date=2008-10-19 }} *[http://ns1763.ca/hfxrm/cookjmon.html Captain Cook historic plaque, Halifax] ===Biographical dictionaries=== *[http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010231b.htm 'Cook, James (1728–1779)', [[Australian Dictionary of Biography]], Volume 1, [[Melbourne University Publishing|Melbourne University Press]], 1966, pp.&nbsp;243–4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309043105/http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010231b.htm |date=2009-03-09 }} *[http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=1817 Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online''] *{{DNZB|title=James Cook biography|id=1C25|plainlink=y}} from the ''[[Dictionary of New Zealand Biography]]'' ===Journals=== *[http://nla.gov.au/nla.ms-ms1 ''The Endeavour'' journal (1)] and [http://www.nla.gov.au/pub/endeavour/ ''The Endeavour'' journal (2)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060329203108/http://www.nla.gov.au/pub/endeavour/ |date=2006-03-29 }}, as kept by James Cook&nbsp;– digitised and held by the [[National Library of Australia]] *[http://southseas.nla.gov.au/ The South Seas Project]: maps and online editions of the Journals of James Cook's First Pacific Voyage, 1768–1771. Includes full text of journals kept by Cook, Joseph Banks and Sydney Parkinson, as well as the complete text of John Hawkesworth's 1773 Account of Cook's first voyage. *[http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/data/corral/adm55/adm55_index.html Digitised copies of log books from James Cook's voyages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606103401/http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/data/corral/adm55/adm55_index.html |date=2011-06-06 }} at the [http://badc.nerc.ac.uk British Atmospheric Data Centre] *{{gutenberg author| id=James+Cook | name=James Cook}} *{{librivox author|James+Cook}} *[http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-RGO-00014-00058/1 Log book of Cook's second voyage]: high-resolution digitised version in Cambridge Digital Library ===Collections and museums=== *[http://www.nma.gov.au/cook/ Cook's Pacific Encounters: Cook-Forster Collection online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120000346/http://www.nma.gov.au/cook/ |date=2011-11-20 }} Images and descriptions of more than 300 artefacts collected during the three Pacific voyages of James Cook. *[http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/search.aspx?advanced=colAssParty%3a%22Captain+James+Cook%22 Images and descriptions of items associated with James Cook at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023173221/http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/search.aspx?advanced=colAssParty%3a%22Captain+James+Cook%22 |date=2013-10-23 }} *{{NRA|P6407}} *[http://www.captcook-ne.co.uk/ccbm/index.htm James Cook Birthplace Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720010546/http://www.captcook-ne.co.uk/ccbm/index.htm |date=2011-07-20 }} *[http://www4.uwm.edu/libraries/AGSL/cook.cfm Cook's manuscript maps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031025752/http://www4.uwm.edu/libraries/AGSL/cook.cfm |date=2013-10-31 }} of the south-east coast of Australia, held at the American Geographical Society Library at UW Milwaukee. {{DEFAULTSORT:Cook, James}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1728]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1779]] [[Kaarangay:James Cook| ]] 7n2s6ltupgbvyxwc7uoxebamnjucfyc 0 17499 7783729 7650955 2026-06-24T21:07:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783729 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Katloan ka tuig nga gyera''' (1618-1648) amo an usa ha ginsasamoki nga aragway ha kaagi han Europa. Kadam-an han aragway nahitabo ha [[Aleman]] ngan an iba ha durudilain nga nasod han Europa. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{cite book|chapter=The Swedish army from Lützen to Narva|title=Sweden's Age of Greatness, 1632–1718|url=https://archive.org/details/swedensageofgrea0000unse|last=Åberg|first=A.|editor=Roberts, M.|year=1973|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=London|isbn=}} * {{cite book|title=Germany in the Thirty Years War|last=Benecke|first=Gerhard|year=1978|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=London|isbn=}} * Bonney, Richard. ''The Thirty Years' War 1618–1648'' (Osprey, 2002), 96pp; focus on combat * Dukes, Paul, ed. (1995) ''Muscovy and Sweden in the Thirty Years' War 1630-1635'' Cambridge University Press. * Grosjean, Alexia (2003) ''An Unofficial Alliance: Scotland and Sweden, 1569-1654'', Brill, Leiden. * {{cite book|title=The Thirty Years' War & German Memory in the Nineteenth Century|last=Cramer|first=Kevin|year=2007|publisher=University of Nebraska|location=Lincoln|isbn=978-0-8032-1562-7}} * {{cite book|title=History of the Thirty Years' War|last=Gindely|first=Antonín|year=1884|publisher=Putnam|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ZDxvj7NG_1sC}} * {{cite journal|doi=10.2307/204823|last=Gutmann|first=Myron P.|year=1988|title=The Origins of the Thirty Years' War|url=http://jstor.org/stable/204823|journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary History|volume=18|issue=4|pages=749–770}} * Kamen, Henry. "The Economic and Social Consequences of the Thirty Years' War," ''Past and Present'' (1968) 39#1 pp 44–61 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/649855 in JSTOR] * {{cite book|title=The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000|last=Kennedy|first=Paul|authorlink=Paul Kennedy|year=1988|publisher=Harper Collins|location=New York}} * {{cite book|title=The Thirty Years' War|last=Langer|first=Herbert|year=1980|publisher=Blandford Press|location=Poole, England}} * Lynn, John A., ''The Wars of Louis XIV: 1667–1714'' (Longman Publishers: Harlow, England, 1999). * {{cite book|title=Scotland and the Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648|last=Murdoch|first=Steve|year=2001|publisher=Brill}} *Murdoch, S., K. Zickermann and A. Marks (2012), ‘The Battle of Wittstock 1636: Conflicting Reports on a Swedish Victory in Germany’, ''Northern Studies'', vol. 43, pp.&nbsp;71–109. * Murdoch, Steve and Alexia Grosjean (2014), ''Alexander Leslie and the Scottish generals of the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648'' Pickering & Chatto, London * {{cite book|title=The Thirty Years' War|last=Parker|first=Geoffrey|authorlink=Geoffrey Parker (historian)|year=1984|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul|location=London}} * Parrott, D (2001) ''Richelieu’s Army: War, Government and Society in France, 1624-1642'' Cambridge: CUP. * {{cite journal|doi=10.1093/past/6.1.31|last=Polišenský|first=J. V.|year=1954|title=The Thirty Years' War|journal=Past and Present|volume=6|pages=31–43}} * {{cite journal|doi=10.1093/past/39.1.34|last=Polišenský|first=J. V.|year=1968|title=The Thirty Years' War and the Crises and Revolutions of Seventeenth-Century Europe|journal=Past and Present|volume=39|pages=34–43}} * Joseph Polisensky (2001), 'A Note on Scottish Soldiers in the Bohemian War, 1619-1622' in Steve Murdoch (ed.), ''Scotland and the Thirty Years' war, 1618-1648'' Brill, Leiden, pp.&nbsp;109–115. * {{cite book|title=Epidemics Resulting from Wars|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicsresulti00prin|last=Prinzing|first=Friedrich|year=1916|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford}} * Rabb, Theodore K. "The Effects of the Thirty Years' War on the German Economy," ''Journal of Modern History'' (1962) 34#1 pp.&nbsp;40–51 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1874817 in JSTOR] * {{cite book|title=Gustavus Adolphus: A History of Sweden, 1611–1632|last=Roberts|first=Michael|year=1953, 1958|isbn=|url=https://archive.org/details/gustavusadolphus0002unse}} * Thion, S. (2008) ''French Armies of the Thirty Years’ War'', Auzielle: Little Round Top Editions. * {{cite book|title=The Cambridge Modern History, vol 4: The Thirty Years War|last=Ward|first=A. W.|year=1902|url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100053841}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012180542/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100053841 |date=2007-10-12 }} * {{cite book|title=Thirty Years War|url=https://archive.org/details/thirtyyearswar00wedg_0|last=Wedgwood|first=C.V.|authorlink=C. V. Wedgwood|coauthors=forward by [[Anthony Grafton]],|year=2005|publisher=The New York Review of Books, Inc.|location=New York|isbn=1-59017-146-2}} * {{cite book|title=Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War|last=Wilson|first=Peter H.|year=2009|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9592-3}} ===Mga panguna nga pagkukuhaan=== * Sir Thomas Kellie, ''Pallas Armata or Military Instructions for the Learned, The First Part'' (Edinburgh, 1627). * Monro, R. ''His Expedition with a worthy Scots Regiment called Mac-Keyes'', (2 vols., London, 1637). * Helfferich, Tryntje, ed. ''The Thirty Years' War: A Documentary History,'' (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2009). 352 pages. 38 key documents including diplomatic correspondence, letters, broadsheets, treaties, poems, and trial records. [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0872209393/ excerpt and text search] * Wilson, Peter H. ed. ''The Thirty Years' War: A Sourcebook'' (2010); includes state documents, treaties, correspondence, diaries, financial records, artwork; 240pp *Dr Bernd Warlich has edited four diaries of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). These valuable sources can be viewed at: http://www.mdsz.thulb.uni-jena.de/sz/index.php ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Thirty Years War}} {{Wikisource1911Enc}} *[http://www.czech.cz/en/czech-republic/history/all-about-czech-history/the-thirty-years-war/ The Thirty Years' War – Czech republic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611170018/http://www.czech.cz/en/czech-republic/history/all-about-czech-history/the-thirty-years-war/ |date=2008-06-11 }} *[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Thirty_Years'_War Thirty Years' War – LoveToKnow 1911] *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14648b.htm The Thirty Years' War – The Catholic Encyclopedia] *[http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/thirty_years_war.htm The Thirty Years' War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310123001/http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/thirty_years_war.htm |date=2010-03-10 }} LearningSite *[http://www.timelines.info/history/conflict_and_war/15th_-_17th_century_conflicts/thirty_years_war/ Thirty Years' War Timeline] *[http://www.westfaelischer-frieden.de Project "Peace of Westphalia" (among others with Essay Volumes of the 26th Exhibition of the Council of Europe "1648: War and Peace in Europe", 1998/99)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530113024/https://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/finde/langDatensatz.php?urlID=459&url_tabelle=tab_websegmente |date=2020-05-30 }} *''[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6775 History of the Thirty Years' War]'' by [[Friedrich von Schiller]] at [[Project Gutenberg]] *[http://www.pipeline.com/~cwa/TYWHome.htm The Thirty Years' War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509124540/http://www.pipeline.com/~cwa/TYWHome.htm |date=2008-05-09 }} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b015c342#synopsis BBC Radio4 documentary – The Invention of Germany: The Thirty Years' War and Magdeburg] d77557gptm6shnf0jbmsza2paf4qah5 0 17502 7783722 7783559 2026-06-24T19:23:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783722 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:SiegeofAntioch.jpeg|thumb]] An mga '''Krusada''' amo an sagunson nga gintutugotan han relihiyon nga kampanya militar han mga Latin nga Kristiyano nga Europa. An panuyuan han mga krusada amo an pagbawi han Baraan nga katunaan nga ginaragwayan ha harani 200 ka tuig, ha butnga han 1095 ngan 1291. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan|colwidth=30em}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{refbegin|60em}} * {{Cite book |author=Asbridge, Thomas |title=The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land |url=https://archive.org/details/crusadesauthorit0000asbr | date = 2011 |publisher=Ecco |isbn= 978-0-06-078729-5 }} * {{Cite book |author=Asbridge, Thomas |title=The First Crusade: A New History: The Roots of Conflict between Christianity and Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/firstcrusadenewh00asbr | date = 2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-518905-6}} * {{Cite book |author=Barber, Malcolm |authorlink=Malcolm Barber |title=The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050–1320 |url=https://archive.org/details/twocitiesmedieva0000barb_u4c2 |publisher=Routledge |location=London | date = 1992 |isbn=0-415-09682-0}} * {{Cite book |author=Bernard of Clairvaux |authorlink=Bernard of Clairvaux |title=In Praise of the New Knighthood |url=https://archive.org/details/inpraiseofnewkni0000bern |publisher=Cistercian Publications | date = 2000 |isbn=978-0879071202}} * {{Cite journal |author=Brand, Charles M. |title=The Byzantines and Saladin, 1185–1192: Opponents of the Third Crusade |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_speculum_1962-04_37_2/page/167 |journal=Speculum |volume=37 |date= Abril 1962 |pages=167–181|jstor=2849946 |issue=2 |doi=10.2307/2849946}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |author=Bréhier, Louis |title=Crusades |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04543c.htm |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia'' | date = 1908 |volume=4}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|author=Bull, Marcus |title=Origins |encyclopedia= The Oxford History of the Crusades |editor= Riley-Smith, Jonathan |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1999 |pages=15–34|isbn=0-19-280312-3}} * {{Cite book |title=The pursuit of the Millennium |url=https://archive.org/details/pursuitofmillenn00cohnrich |last=Cohn| first = Norman| date = 1970 |publisher = |isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |title= The Arabs and Mediaeval Europe|url= https://archive.org/details/bwb_KT-701-685|last= Daniel | first = Norman | date = 1979 |publisher = Longman Group Limited |isbn=0-582-78088-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |title=Europe&nbsp;– A History |last=Davies| first = Norman| date = 1997 |publisher = Pimlico|isbn=0-7126-6633-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author= Dickson, Gary |title=The Children's Crusade: Medieval History, Modern Mythistory |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | date = 2008}} * {{Cite book |author=Edington, Susan B. and Lambert, Sarah |title=Gendering the Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/genderingcrusade0000unse |location= New York|publisher= Columbia University Press | date = 2002}} * {{Cite book |first=John L. |last=Esposito |url= http://www.amazon.ca/What-Everyone-Needs-about-Islam/dp/0195157133 |title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam }} * {{Cite book |last=Findley| first=Carter Vaughan | date = 2005| title=The Turks in World History|url=https://archive.org/details/turksinworldhist0000find|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-516770-8|location=New York|ref=harv}} * Harris, Jonathan (2014), ''Byzantium and the Crusades'', Bloomsbury, 2nd ed. ISBN 978-1-78093-767-0 * {{Cite book |title= Empire of Magic: Medieval Romance and the Politics of Cultural Fantasy|last= Heng | first = Geraldine | date = 2004 |publisher = [[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=0-231-12526-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Hillenbrand| first=Carole | date = 1999| title=The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives|publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=|location=Edinburgh|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author=Hindley, Geoffrey |title=The Crusades: Islam and Christianity in the Struggle for World Supremacy | date = 2003 |url=https://archive.org/details/crusadeshistoryo00hind |publisher=Carrol & Graf |isbn=0-7867-1344-5|location=New York}} * {{Cite book |author=Hodgson, Natasha |title=Women, Crusading and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative |url=https://archive.org/details/womencrusadingho0000hodg |publisher=Boydell | date = 2007}} * {{Cite journal |author=Holt, P. M. |title=Saladin and His Admirers: A Biographical Reassessment |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-soas_1983_46_2/page/235 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=46 |issue=2 | date = 1983 |pages=235–239 |jstor=615389 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00078824 }} * {{Cite book |author= Jackson, Peter |title=The Seventh Crusade, 1244–1254 | date = 2007}} * {{Cite book |title= ''Western Representations of the Muslim Women: From Termagant to Odalisque |url= https://archive.org/details/westernrepresent0000kahf |last= Kahf | first = Mohja | date = 1999|publisher = [[University of Texas Press]]|isbn=978-0-292-74337-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author=Kolbaba, T. M. | date = 2000 |title=The Byzantine Lists: Errors of the Latins |url=https://archive.org/details/byzantinelistser0000kolb |publisher=University of Illinois }} * {{Cite book|author=Lewis, Richard D. |title=Finland: Cultural Lone Wolf|url=https://archive.org/details/finlandculturall0000lewi | date = 2005|publisher=Intercultural Press |isbn=978-1-931930-49-9}} * {{Cite book |author=Lock, Peter |title=Routledge Companion to the Crusades |publisher=Routledge |location=New York | date = 2006 |isbn=0-415-39312-4 }} * {{Cite book |author=Madden, Thomas F. |title=The New Concise History of the Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/newconcisehistor00madd | date = 2005 |publisher= Rowman & Littlefield |location= Lanham, MD |isbn= 978-0-7425-3822-1}} *{{Cite book | last = Marshall | first = Christopher | title = Warfare in the Latin East, 1192-1291 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | date = 1994 | isbn = 9780521477420|ref=harv }} * {{Cite book |author=Mayer, Hans Eberhard |title=The Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/crusades0000maye_x9b7 |edition=Second|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford | date = 1988|isbn=0-19-873097-7 }} * {{Cite journal |author=Munro, Dana Carleton |title=The Speech of Pope Urban II at Clermont, 1095 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1906-01_11_2/page/231 |journal = American Historical Review |volume= 11 |issue= 2 |date= Enero 1906 |pages= 231–242 |jstor=1834642 |doi=10.2307/1834642 }} * {{Cite book |author=Nelson, Laura N. |title=The Byzantine Perspective of the First Crusade}} <!-- MA thesis&nbsp;– replace see [https://www.worldcat.org/title/byzantine-perspective-of-the-first-crusade-a-reexamination-of-alleged-treachery-and-betrayal/oclc/166885957&referer=brief_results] here --> * {{Cite journal |author=Nicholson, Helen |title=Women on the Third Crusade |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-medieval-history_1997-12_23_4/page/n38 |journal=Journal of Medieval History |volume=23 |issue=4 | date = 1997 |doi=10.1016/S0304-4181(97)00013-4 |page=335}} * {{Cite book |author= Nicolle, David |title=Crusader Warfare Volume II: Muslims, Mongols and the Struggle against the Crusades | date = 2007}} * {{Cite book |author=Nicolle, David |title=The First Crusade 1066–99: Conquest of the Holy Land |url=https://archive.org/details/crusades00nico |series=Campaign |publisher=Osprey |location=Wellingborough, UK | date = 2003|isbn=1-84176-515-5}} * {{Cite book|author= Nicolle, David|title=The Fourth Crusade 1202–04: The Betrayal of Byzantium | date = 2011 |publisher=Osprey Publishing }} * {{Cite encyclopedia|author=Pringle, Denys |title=Architecture in Latin East|encyclopedia= The Oxford History of the Crusades |editor= Riley-Smith, Jonathan |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1999 |pages=155–175|isbn=0-19-280312-3}} * {{Cite book |author=Owen, Roy Douglas Davis |title=Eleanor of Aquitaine: Queen and Legend |url=https://archive.org/details/eleanorofaquitai0000owen |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Blackwell Publishing | date = 1993}} * {{Cite book |title = The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads|last = Retso | first = Jan | date = 2003 |publisher = [[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-7007-1679-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book | last = Riley-Smith | first = Jonathan | title = The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174-1277 | url = https://archive.org/details/feudalnobilityki0000rile | publisher = Archon Books | location = Hamden | date = 1973 | isbn = 9780208013484|ref=harv }} * {{Cite book |author= Riley-Smith, Jonathan |title=The Atlas of the Crusades |location=New York |publisher=Facts on File | date = 1990 |isbn= 0-8160-2186-4}} * {{Cite book |author=Riley-Smith, Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith |title=The Crusades: A Short History|url=https://archive.org/details/00book837650140 |edition=Second |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, CT | date = 2005 |isbn=0-300-10128-7}} * {{Cite book |author=Riley-Smith, Jonathan |title=The First Crusaders 1096–1131 |location=New York, NY |publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 1997}} * Rose, Karen (2009) "The Order of the Knights Templar" * {{Cite book |author=Runciman, Steven |authorlink=Steven Runciman |title=A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcrusade0002stev | date = 1951 |edition= reprinted 1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * {{Cite book |title=Jerusalem: The Endless Crusade |url=https://archive.org/details/jerusalemendless0000sinc |last=Sinclair| first = Andrew| date = 1995 |publisher = Crown Publishers|location=New York|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author=Strayer, Joseph Reese | date = 1992 |title=The Albigensian Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/albigensiancrusa00stra |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=0-472-06476-2}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |author=Strayer, Joseph R. |editor=Wolff, R. L. and Hazard, H. W. |encyclopedia=The Later Crusades, 1189–1311 | date = 1969 |url =http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&did=HISTORY.CRUSTWO.I0023&isize=M |title=The Crusades of Louis IX |pages=487–521}} * {{Cite book |title= Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination|url= https://archive.org/details/saracensislaminm0000tola|last= Tolan | first = John Victor| date = 2002 |publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-12333-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1= Tolan|first1=John|last2=Veinstein|first2= Gilles|last3=Henry|first3=Laurens | date = 2013 |title=Europe and the Islamic World: A History.|url= https://archive.org/details/europeislamicwor0000tola|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14705-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author=Tyerman, Christopher |title=England and the Crusades, 1095–1588 |url=https://archive.org/details/englandcrusades10000tyer |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, IL | date = 1988 |isbn=0-226-82013-0 }} * {{Cite book |author=Tyerman, Christopher |title=God's War: A New History of the Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/godswarnewhistor00tyer |publisher=Belknap Press |location=Cambridge, MA | date = 2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02387-1 }} * {{Cite book|author= Vasilʹev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich|title=History of the Byzantine Empire: 324–1453 | date = 1952|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press }} * {{Cite journal |author=Villegas-Aristizábal, L. | date = 2009 |title=Anglo-Norman involvement in the conquest of Tortosa and Settlement of Tortosa, 1148–1180 |journal=Crusades |issue=8 |pages=63–129}} * {{Cite book |author=Wickham, Chris |authorlink= Christopher Wickham |title=The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages 400–1000 |url=https://archive.org/details/inheritanceofrom0000wick |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York | date = 2009 |isbn=978-0-14-311742-1}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |author= Zacour, Norman P. |title=The Children's Crusade |editor=Wolff, R. L. and Hazard, H. W. |encyclopedia=The Later Crusades, 1189–1311 | date = 1969 |pages=325–342|url =http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&did=HISTORY.CRUSTWO.I0023&isize=M }} {{refend}} '''Dugang nga barasahon''' ::'''Mga pahiuna''' * {{Cite encyclopedia |author= Andrea, Alfred J. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Crusades | date = 2003|isbn= 0-313-31659-7|oclc= 52030565}} * {{Cite book |author=Asbridge, Thomas |title=The First Crusade: A New History: The Roots of Conflict between Christianity and Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/firstcrusadenewh00asbr | date = 2005|isbn= 0-195-18905-1|oclc=60964496}} * {{Cite book |author= France, John |title=Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, 1000–1300 |url= https://archive.org/details/westernwarfarein0000fran_i8l8 | date = 1999 |isbn=0-801-48607-6 |OCLC=40179990}} * Hillenbrand, Carole. ''The Crusades, Islamic Perspectives''. (2000) * Holt, P.M. ''The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517''. (1986) * Phillips, Jonathan. ''Holy Warriors: A Modern History of the Crusades'' (2010) * Riley-Smith, Jonathan, ed. ''The Atlas of the Crusades'' (1991) * Riley-Smith, Jonathan. ''The Crusades, Christianity, and Islam'' (2011) ::'''Pina-urog nga pag-aram''' * Boas, Adrian J. ''Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape, and Art in the Holy City under Frankish Rule'' (2001) * Bull, Marcus, and Norman Housley, eds. ''The Experience of Crusading Volume 1, Western Approaches.'' (2003) * Edbury, Peter, and Jonathan Phillips, eds. ''The Experience of Crusading Volume 2, Defining the Crusader Kingdom.'' (2003) * Florean, Dana. "East Meets West: Cultural Confrontation and Exchange after the First Crusade." ''Language & Intercultural Communication,'' 2007, Vol. 7 Issue 2, pp.&nbsp;144–151 * Folda, Jaroslav. ''Crusader Art in the Holy Land, From the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre'' (2005) * France, John. ''Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade'' (1996) * Harris, Jonathan, ''Byzantium and the Crusades'', Bloomsbury, 2nd ed. (2014) ISBN 978-1-78093-767-0 * Hillenbrand, Car. ''The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives'' (1999) * Housley, Norman. ''The Later Crusades, 1274–1580: From Lyons to Alcazar'' (1992) * James, Douglas. "Christians and the First Crusade." ''History Review'' (Dec 2005), Issue 53 * Kagay, Donald J., and L. J. Andrew Villalon, eds. ''Crusaders, Condottieri, and Cannon: Medieval Warfare in Societies around the Mediterranean.'' (2003) * Maalouf, Amin. ''Crusades Through Arab Eyes'' (1989) * Madden, Thomas F. ''et al.'', eds. ''Crusades Medieval Worlds in Conflict'' (2010) * Peters, Edward. ''Christian Society and the Crusades, 1198–1229'' (1971) * Powell, James M. ''Anatomy of a Crusade, 1213–1221,'' (1986) * Queller, Donald E., and Thomas F. Madden. ''The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople'' (2nd ed. 1999) * Riley-Smith, Jonathan.''The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading''. (1986) * Runciman, Steven. ''A History of the Crusades: Volume 2, The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East'' (1952) [https://archive.org/details/historyofcrusade02runc vol 2 online free]; ''A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades'' (1954); the classic 20th century history * Setton, Kenneth ed., ''A History of the Crusades''. (1969–1989), the standard scholarly history in six volumes, published by the University of Wisconsin Press : Includes: [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?id=History.CrusOne ''The first hundred years''] (2nd ed. 1969); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusTwo ''The later Crusades, 1189–1311''] (1969); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusThree ''The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries''] (1975); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusFour ''The art and architecture of the crusader states''] (1977); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusFive ''The impact of the Crusades on the Near East''] (1985); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusSix ''The impact of the Crusades on Europe''] (1989) * Smail, R. C. "Crusaders' Castles of the Twelfth Century" ''Cambridge Historical Journal'' Vol. 10, No. 2. (1951), pp.&nbsp;133–149. * Stark, Rodney. ''God's Battalions: The Case for the Crusades'' (2010) * Tyerman, Christopher. ''England and the Crusades, 1095–1588.'' (1988) ::'''Historiograpiya''' * Constable, Giles. "The Historiography of the Crusades" in Angeliki E. Laiou, ed. ''The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World'' (2001) [http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-studies/crusades/cr01.pdf Extract online.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703012414/http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-studies/crusades/cr01.pdf |date= 3 Hulyo 2013 }} * {{Cite book |author=Housley, Norman |authorlink= Norman Housley |title=Contesting the Crusades |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Malden, MA | date = 2006 |isbn=1-4051-1189-5|url=http://www.amazon.com/Contesting-Crusades-Norman-Housley/dp/1405111895/ }} * Illston, James Michael. '''An Entirely Masculine Activity'? Women and War in the High and Late Middle Ages Reconsidered'' (MA thesis, University of Canterbury, 2009) [http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2915 full text online] * Madden, Thomas F. ed. ''The Crusades: The Essential Readings'' (2002) * Maier, C.T. "The roles of women in the crusade movement: a survey" ''Journal of medieval history'' 2004. * Powell, James M. "The Crusades in Recent Research," '' The Catholic Historical Review'' (2009) 95#2 pp 313-19 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/catholic_historical_review/v095/95.2.powell.html in Project MUSE] * Rubenstein, Jay. "In Search of a New Crusade: A Review Essay," ''Historically Speaking'' (2011) 12#2 pp 25-27 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/historically_speaking/v012/12.2.rubenstein.html in Project MUSE] * von Güttner-Sporzyński, Darius. "Recent Issues in Polish Historiography of the Crusades" in Judi Upton-Ward, The Military Orders: Volume 4, On Land and by Sea (2008) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235718826_Recent_Issues_in_Polish_Historiography_of_the_Crusades available on Researchgate], [https://www.academia.edu/399540/Recent_Issues_in_Polish_Historiography_of_the_Crusades available on Academia.edu] ::'''Panguna nga pagkukuhaan''' * [[Malcolm Barber|Barber, Malcolm]], Bate, Keith (2010). ''Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th–13th Centuries'' (Crusade Texts in Translation Volume 18, Ashgate Publishing Ltd) * Bird, Jessalynn, et al. eds. ''Crusade and Christendom: Annotated Documents in Translation from Innocent III to the Fall of Acre, 1187-1291'' (2013) [http://www.amazon.com/Crusade-Christendom-Middle-Ages-Jessalynn-ebook/dp/B00B4FJPGA/ excerpts] * Housley, Norman, ed. ''Documents on the Later Crusades, 1274–1580'' (1996) * Krey, August C. ''The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eye-Witnesses and Participants'' (1958) * Shaw, M. R. B. ed.''Chronicles of the Crusades'' (1963) * Villehardouin, Geoffrey, and Jean de Joinville. ''Chronicles of the Crusades'' ed. by Sir Frank Marzials (2007) ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wiktionary|Crusade}} {{Commons category|Crusades}} {{Wikisource1911Enc}} * [http://crusades.boisestate.edu/ The Crusades] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010122301/http://crusades.boisestate.edu/ |date= 10 Oktubre 2010 }}, a virtual college course through [[Boise State University]] ed. by E. L. Knox. * [http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/crusades/crusade.html Crusades: A Guide to Online Resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206053422/http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/crusades/crusade.html |date= 6 Disyembre 2013 }}, Paul Crawford, 1999. * [http://www.staff.u-szeged.hu/~capitul/sscle/ The Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East]—an international organization of professional Crusade scholars * [http://www.deremilitari.org De Re Militari: The Society for Medieval Military History]—contains articles and primary sources related to the Crusades 4jvt7savwhjh3w87b2r1vnsbavr6nve 0 17627 7783702 7643124 2026-06-24T19:13:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783702 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Electron shell 079 Gold.svg|thumb]] [[Paypay:Au-TableImage.svg|thumb]] [[Paypay:Native gold nuggets.jpg|thumb]] An '''bulawan'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 51. </ref> in usa ka [[elemento kimiko|elemento kimikal]] nga may-ada tigaman nga Au (tikang ha Linatin nga: aurum "bulawan") ngan ihap atomica nga 79. An bulawan in suok, mahumok, mainggat, napupukpok, ngan madali mahorma nga metal. Iton puro nga bulawan in malamrag nga darag it kolor ngan nainggat nga nahigaraan nga kinokonsidera nga nakakaanyag, ngan kaya maimentenar bisan diri naooxidizar ha hangin o tubig. Ha pagiging kimikal, an bulawan in usa ka transition metal ngan usa ha hugpo 11 nga elemento. Usa ini ha mga makuri magreak nga solido nga elemento kimikal. Usa ini nga ginkakaruyag nga metal ha paghimo hin mga alahas, skultur ngan rayandayan tikang-katikang hit kaagi. ==Kasaysayan== [[File:Indian gold tribute donor Apadana.jpg|thumb|upright|''Tribute-bearer'' na Indian sa [[Apadana]], ginkuha tikang sa [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] ''[[satrapy]]'' sa ''[[Hindush]]'', nagbubuhat sin bulawan, sadton ca.500 BC.<ref name="CDA">"Furthermore the second member of Delegation XVIII is carrying four small but evidently heavy jars on a yoke, probably containing the gold dust which was the tribute paid by the Indians." in {{Cite book |last1=Iran |first1=Délégation archéologique française en |title=Cahiers de la Délégation archéologique française en Iran |date=1972 |publisher=Institut français de recherches en Iran (section archéologique) |pages=146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itIRAQAAMAAJ }}</ref>]] An pinakauna na nihitala na metal na gingamit han katawhan an bulawan, na mahihiagian sa libot na puro o wara halo. May ada digto na kantindad sin bulawan na nahiagian san mga kweba sa [[Espana]] sadton ''late [[Paleolithic]]'' na panahon, c. 40,000 BC.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.gold-eagle.com/gold_digest/history_gold.html | title = History of Gold | publisher = Gold Digest | accessdate = 4 Pebrero 2007 }}</ref> An mga kagamitan na bulawan una naman nagkaguwa sa pagtikang san ''pre-dynastic period'' sa Egypt, sadton katangpusan san ''fifth millennium BC'' ngan pagtikang san ikaupat na millenium. An ''smelting'' o pagtunaw san bulawan nadevelop naman sadton ''4th millennium''; May ada liwat mga gamit na bulawan na nahiagian nagtitikang sa ''Lower Mesopotamia'' sadton ''4th millennium''.<ref>Sutherland, C.H.V, Gold (London, Thames & Hudson, 1959) p 27 ff.</ref> May ada pa liwat mga bulawan na gamit na nagtikang sa [[Balkans]] sadton 4th millennium BC, sugad san mga nahiagian sa [[Varna Necropolis]] harani san Lawa Varna sa [[Bulgaria]], ngan gin'aanunganung san usa na '' source (La Niece 2009)'' na amo an pinakauna na "well-dated" na nahiagian na bulawan na gamit.<ref name="La Niece">{{Cite book |last=La Niece |first=Susan (senior metallurgist in the British Museum Department of Conservation and Scientific Research) |url=https://books.google.com/?id=oAfITjcHiZ0C&printsec=frontcover |title=Gold |page=10 |publisher=Harvard University Press |accessdate=10 Abril 2012 |isbn=978-0-674-03590-4 |date=15 Disyembre 2009}}</ref> San tuig 1990, an bulawan na gamit na nahiagian san kweba na sementeryo sa [[Nahal Qana]] sadton 4th millennium BC sa [[West Bank]] an pinakauna na nagtikang sa Levant.<ref name="Gopher, Tsuk, Shalev and Gophna">{{Cite journal |last=Gopher |first=A. |first2=T. |last2=Tsuk |first3=S. |last3=Shalev |first4=R. |last4=Gophna |last-author-amp=yes |title=Earliest Gold Artifacts in the Levant |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_august-october-1990_31_4/page/436 |date= 1990 |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=31 |issue=4 August–October|pages=436–443 |jstor=2743275 |doi=10.1086/203868}}</ref> Mga bulawan na gamit sugad san ''[[golden hats]]'' ngan an [[Nebra disk]] nagtikang sa sentro san Europa sadton 2nd millennium BC [[European Bronze Age|Bronze Age]]. ==Produksyon== San tuig 2017, An mga dumagko na produser san bulawan amo an; [[Tsina]] na may ada 455 tolinada, [[Australia]], na magmina sin 270 tolinada, ngan sinusundan san [[Russia]] na may 250 tolinada. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * Hart, Matthew, [http://books.google.com/books?id=kSI5AAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Gold : the race for the world’s most seductive metal"], New York : Simon & Schuster, 2013. ISBN 9781451650020 ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons}} {{Wiktionary}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080417110808/http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/element.asp Chemistry in its element podcast] (MP3) from the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]]'s [[Chemistry World]]: [http://www.rsc.org/images/CIIE_Gold_48k_tcm18-118269.mp3 Gold] www.rsc.org * [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/079.htm Gold] at ''[[The Periodic Table of Videos]]'' (University of Nottingham) * [http://www.lateralscience.co.uk/gold/auriferous.html ''Getting Gold'' 1898 book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612192416/http://www.lateralscience.co.uk/gold/auriferous.html |date= 12 Hunyo 2016 }}, www.lateralscience.co.uk * {{Wayback |date=20080307000911 |url=http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/other/mining/techdocs/gold.pdf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080307000911/http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/other/mining/techdocs/gold.pdf |archivedate= 7 Marso 2008 |title=Technical Document on Extraction and Mining of Gold }}, www.epa.gov * [http://www.pniok.de/au.htm Picture in the Element collection from Heinrich Pniok] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029163833/http://www.pniok.de/au.htm |date= 29 Oktubre 2012 }}, www.pniok.de * [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/119785/rec/1 The Art of Precolumbian Gold: The Jan Mitchell Collection], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF) [[Kaarangay:Bulawan| ]] [[Kaarangay:Elemento Kimikal]] ivfv08o833932nie3bufznr3pwrxryl 0 17643 7783730 7770330 2026-06-24T21:53:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783730 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:ClimateMap World.png|thumb]] An '''klema'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 169. </ref> ginuupod an estaditika han kapaso, kahulos, presyure atmosperika, hangin, uran, ihap han partikulo atmosperika ngan iba pa nga elemento meteorolohikal ha usa ka rehiyon han hilaba nga panahon. == Pinanbasaran == {{reflist}} == Padugang nga barasahon== *[http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/2012/4/the-study-of-climate-on-alien-worlds The Study of Climate on Alien Worlds; Characterizing atmospheres beyond our Solar System is now within our reach] Kevin Heng July–August 2012 [[American Scientist]] ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{commons category|Climate}} *[http://img.kb.dk/tidsskriftdk/pdf/gto/gto_0048-PDF/gto_0048_69887.pdf Johannes Reumert: "Vahls climatic divisions. An explanation" (''Geografisk Tidsskrift'', Band 48; 1946)] * [http://www.bjerknes.uib.no/default.asp?lang=2 The Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR – Norway)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307210402/http://www.bjerknes.uib.no/default.asp?lang=2 |date=2015-03-07 }} * [http://www.cnrs.fr/climate The Earth's climate – Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS – France)] * [http://www.climate.gov NOAA Climate Services Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703210729/http://www.climate.gov/ |date=2011-07-03 }} * [http://www.igbp.net/page.php?pid=504 IGBP Climate-change Index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723154421/http://www.igbp.net/page.php?pid=504 |date=2011-07-23 }} * [http://www.economics.noaa.gov/?goal=climate&file=home/ The Economics of Climate-based Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725192912/http://www.economics.noaa.gov/?goal=climate&file=home%2F |date=2011-07-25 }} NOAA Economics * [http://www.agclimate.org AgClimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325123832/http://agclimate.org/ |date=2018-03-25 }} [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] * [http://128.194.106.6/~baum/climate_modeling.html Climate Models and modeling groups]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203222718/http://128.194.106.6/%7Ebaum/climate_modeling.html |date=2013-02-03 }} * [http://climateapps2.oucs.ox.ac.uk/cpdnboinc/ Climate Prediction Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125010853/http://climateapps2.oucs.ox.ac.uk/cpdnboinc/ |date=2005-11-25 }} * [http://www.worldclimate.com WorldClimate] * [http://www.atmosphere.mpg.de/enid/1442 ESPERE Climate Encyclopaedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050902220920/http://www.atmosphere.mpg.de/enid/1442 |date=2005-09-02 }} * [http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/climate.html Climate index and mode information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119201227/http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/climate.html |date=2016-11-19 }} regarding the Arctic * [http://www.beringclimate.noaa.gov/ A current view of the Bering Sea Ecosystem and Climate] * [http://www.climate-charts.com/index.html Climate: Data and charts for world and US locations] * [http://www.everyspec.com/MIL-HDBK/MIL-HDBK-0300-0499/MIL_HDBK_310_1851/ MIL-HDBK-310, Global Climate Data] [[U.S. Department of Defense]] Data on natural environmental starting points for engineering analyses to derive environmental design criteria * [http://www.ipcc-data.org IPCC Data Distribution Centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519152028/http://www.ipcc-data.org/ |date=2016-05-19 }} Climate data and guidance on its use. * [http://historicalclimatology.com HistoricalClimatology.com] Analysis and reconstructions of past, present and future climates. Updated 2013. * [http://www.globalclimatemonitor.org Globalclimatemonitor] Climate web viewer containing accessible climatic information from 1901, including near-real-time monthly precipitation and temperature. Download data in a variety of GIS formats. a311ndm4aac3n3sw4gyfawxsl08k191 0 17756 7783725 7783124 2026-06-24T19:24:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783725 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:LampFlowchart.svg|thumb]] Ha matematika, pagihap, lingwistika, an '''algoritmo''' amo an surundan nga naghahatag hin solusyon ha usa ka problema nga agsob gamiton ha pagkalkula ngan pag proseso hin mga datos. == Pinanbasaran == {{Reflist|30em}} == Mga reperensya== {{refbegin|30em}} * Axt, P. (1959) On a Subrecursive Hierarchy and Primitive Recursive Degrees, ''Transactions of the American Mathematical Society'' 92, pp.&nbsp;85–105 * Bell, C. Gordon and Newell, Allen (1971), ''Computer Structures: Readings and Examples'', McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. ISBN 0-07-004357-4. * {{cite book|last=Bellah|first=Robert Neelly|year=1985|authorlink=Robert N. Bellah|title=Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life| location=Berkeley| isbn=978-0-520-25419-0|publisher=University of California Press|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=XsUojihVZQcC |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|author1-link=Andreas Blass|first1=Andreas|last1=Blass|author2-link=Yuri Gurevich|first2=Yuri|last2=Gurevich|year=2003|url=http://research.microsoft.com/~gurevich/Opera/164.pdf|title=Algorithms: A Quest for Absolute Definitions|journal= Bulletin of European Association for Theoretical Computer Science|volume= 81}} Includes an excellent bibliography of 56 references. * {{cite book| last1 = Boolos| first1 = George| last2 = Jeffrey| first2 = Richard| title = Computability and Logic| url = https://archive.org/details/computabilitylog0000bool_r8y9| edition = 4th| origyear = 1974| year = 1999| publisher = Cambridge University Press, London| isbn = 0-521-20402-X| ref = harv| author1-link = George Boolos| author2-link = Richard Jeffrey }}: cf. Chapter 3 ''Turing machines'' where they discuss "certain enumerable sets not effectively (mechanically) enumerable". * {{cite book| last = Burgin| first = Mark| title = Super-Recursive Algorithms| url = https://archive.org/details/superrecursiveal0000burg| year = 2004| publisher = Springer| isbn = 978-0-387-95569-8 }} * Campagnolo, M.L., [[Cris Moore|Moore, C.]], and Costa, J.F. (2000) An analog characterization of the subrecursive functions. In ''Proc. of the 4th Conference on Real Numbers and Computers'', Odense University, pp.&nbsp;91–109 * {{Cite journal|last=Church|first=Alonzo|authorlink=Alonzo Church|title=An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-mathematics_1936-04_58_2/page/345|journal=The American Journal of Mathematics|volume=58|pages= 345–363|year=1936a|doi=10.2307/2371045|issue=2|jstor=2371045}} Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;89ff. The first expression of "Church's Thesis". See in particular page 100 (''The Undecidable'') where he defines the notion of "effective calculability" in terms of "an algorithm", and he uses the word "terminates", etc. * {{Cite journal|last=Church|first=Alonzo|authorlink=Alonzo Church|title=A Note on the Entscheidungsproblem|journal=The Journal of Symbolic Logic|volume=1|year=1936b|pages=40–41|doi=10.2307/2269326|issue=1|jstor=2269326}} {{cite journal|last=Church|first=Alonzo|title=Correction to a Note on the Entscheidungsproblem|journal=The Journal of Symbolic Logic|volume=1|year=1936|pages=101–102|doi=10.2307/2269030|issue=3|jstor=2269030}} Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;110ff. Church shows that the Entscheidungsproblem is unsolvable in about 3 pages of text and 3 pages of footnotes. * {{cite book| last = Daffa'| first = Ali Abdullah al-| title = The Muslim contribution to mathematics| year = 1977| publisher = Croom Helm| location = London| isbn = 0-85664-464-1 }} * {{cite book| last = Davis| first = Martin| authorlink = Martin Davis| title = The Undecidable: Basic Papers On Undecidable Propositions, Unsolvable Problems and Computable Functions| url = https://archive.org/details/undecidablebasic0000davi| year = 1965| publisher = Raven Press| location = New York| isbn = 0-486-43228-9 }} Davis gives commentary before each article. Papers of [[Gödel]], [[Alonzo Church]], [[Alan Turing|Turing]], [[J. Barkley Rosser|Rosser]], [[Kleene]], and [[Emil Post]] are included; those cited in the article are listed here by author's name. * {{cite book| last = Davis| first = Martin| authorlink = Martin Davis| title = Engines of Logic: Mathematicians and the Origin of the Computer| year = 2000| publisher = W. W. Nortion| location = New York| isbn = 0-393-32229-7 }} Davis offers concise biographies of [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]], [[George Boole|Boole]], [[Gottlob Frege|Frege]], [[Georg Cantor|Cantor]], [[David Hilbert|Hilbert]], Gödel and Turing with [[John von Neumann|von Neumann]] as the show-stealing villain. Very brief bios of [[Joseph-Marie Jacquard]], [[Babbage]], [[Ada Lovelace]], [[Claude Shannon]], [[Howard Aiken]], etc. * {{DADS|algorithm|algorithm}} * {{cite journal|title= Evolution and moral diversity |author=Dean, Tim |journal=Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication|year=2012|volume=7}} * {{cite book| last = Dennett| first = Daniel| authorlink = Daniel Dennett| title = Darwin's Dangerous Idea| url = https://archive.org/details/darwinsdangerous0000denn_c9g4| year = 1995| publisher = Touchstone/Simon & Schuster| location = New York| isbn = 0-684-80290-2 }} * [[Yuri Gurevich]], [http://research.microsoft.com/~gurevich/Opera/141.pdf ''Sequential Abstract State Machines Capture Sequential Algorithms''], ACM Transactions on Computational Logic, Vol 1, no 1 (July 2000), pages 77–111. Includes bibliography of 33 sources. * {{cite book| last1=Hertzke| first1=Allen D.|last2=McRorie|first2=Chris| year=1998|editor1-last=Lawler| editor1-first=Peter Augustine| editor2-last=McConkey|editor2-first=Dale|chapter=The Concept of Moral Ecology|title=Community and Political Thought Today|location =Westort, CT|publisher=[[Praeger]]|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Kleene|first=Stephen C.|authorlink=Stephen Kleene|title=General Recursive Functions of Natural Numbers|journal=Mathematische Annalen|volume=112|pages=727–742|url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index.php?id=11&PPN=GDZPPN002278499&L=1|year=1936|doi=10.1007/BF01565439|issue=5|access-date=2015-01-30|archive-date=2014-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092121/http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index.php?id=11&PPN=GDZPPN002278499&L=1|url-status=dead}} Presented to the American Mathematical Society, September 1935. Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;237ff. Kleene's definition of "general recursion" (known now as mu-recursion) was used by Church in his 1935 paper ''An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory'' that proved the "decision problem" to be "undecidable" (i.e., a negative result). * {{Cite journal|last=Kleene|first=Stephen C.|authorlink=Stephen Kleene |title= Recursive Predicates and Quantifiers|journal=American Mathematical Society Transactions|volume=54|pages=41–73|year=1943 |doi= 10.2307/1990131|issue=1|jstor=1990131}} Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;255ff. Kleene refined his definition of "general recursion" and proceeded in his chapter "12. Algorithmic theories" to posit "Thesis I" (p.&nbsp;274); he would later repeat this thesis (in Kleene 1952:300) and name it "Church's Thesis"(Kleene 1952:317) (i.e., the [[Church thesis]]). * {{cite book| last = Kleene| first = Stephen C.| authorlink = Kleene| title = Introduction to Metamathematics| edition = Tenth Edition 1991| year = 1952|edition=First| publisher = North-Holland Publishing Company| isbn = 0-7204-2103-9 }} Excellent—accessible, readable—reference source for mathematical "foundations". * {{cite book| last = Knuth| first = Donald| authorlink = Donald Knuth| title = Fundamental Algorithms, Third Edition| year = 1997| publisher = Addison–Wesley| location = Reading, Massachusetts| isbn = 0-201-89683-4 }} * {{Cite book|last=Knuth|first=Donald|authorlink=Donald Knuth|title=Volume 2/Seminumerical Algorithms, The Art of Computer Programming First Edition|publisher=Addison–Wesley|location=Reading, Massachusetts|year=1969|isbn= }} * Kosovsky, N. K. ''Elements of Mathematical Logic and its Application to the theory of Subrecursive Algorithms'', LSU Publ., Leningrad, 1981 * {{Cite journal|last=Kowalski|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Kowalski|title=Algorithm=Logic+Control|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_association-for-computing-machinery-communications_1979-07_22_7/page/424|journal=[[Communications of the ACM]]|volume=22|issue=7|pages=424–436|year=1979|doi=10.1145/359131.359136}} * [[A. A. Markov]] (1954) ''Theory of algorithms''. [Translated by Jacques J. Schorr-Kon and PST staff] Imprint Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954 [i.e., Jerusalem, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1961; available from the Office of Technical Services, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington] Description 444 p.&nbsp;28&nbsp;cm. Added t.p. in Russian Translation of Works of the Mathematical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, v. 42. Original title: Teoriya algerifmov. [QA248.M2943 Dartmouth College library. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, number OTS 60-51085.] * {{cite book| last = Minsky| first = Marvin| authorlink = Marvin Minsky| title = Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines| url = https://archive.org/details/computationfinit0000marv| edition = First| year = 1967| publisher = Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ| isbn = 0-13-165449-7 }} Minsky expands his "...idea of an algorithm—an effective procedure..." in chapter 5.1 ''Computability, Effective Procedures and Algorithms. Infinite machines.'' * {{Cite journal|last=Post|first=Emil|authorlink=Emil Post|title=Finite Combinatory Processes, Formulation I |journal=The Journal of Symbolic Logic |volume=1 |year=1936 |pages=103–105 |doi=10.2307/2269031 |issue=3 |jstor=2269031}} Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;289ff. Post defines a simple algorithmic-like process of a man writing marks or erasing marks and going from box to box and eventually halting, as he follows a list of simple instructions. This is cited by Kleene as one source of his "Thesis I", the so-called [[Church–Turing thesis]]. * {{Cite book|last=Rogers, Jr|first=Hartley|title=Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_026268051|publisher=The MIT Press|year=1987|isbn=0-262-68052-1}} * {{Cite journal|last=Rosser|first=J.B.|authorlink=J.B. Rosser|title=An Informal Exposition of Proofs of Godel's Theorem and Church's Theorem|journal=Journal of Symbolic Logic|volume= 4 |year=1939}} Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;223ff. Herein is Rosser's famous definition of "effective method": "...a method each step of which is precisely predetermined and which is certain to produce the answer in a finite number of steps... a machine which will then solve any problem of the set with no human intervention beyond inserting the question and (later) reading the answer" (p.&nbsp;225–226, ''The Undecidable'') * {{cite book |last=Santos-Lang |first=Christopher |year=2014 |editor1-first=Simon |editor1-last=van Rysewyk |editor2-first=Matthijs |editor2-last=Pontier |title=Machine Medical Ethics |publisher=Springer |location=Switzerland |pages=111–127 |chapter=Moral Ecology Approaches to Machine Ethics |url=http://grinfree.com/MoralEcology.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-08108-3_8 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208131430/http://grinfree.com/MoralEcology.pdf |date=2015-02-08 }} * {{Cite book|last=Scott|first=Michael L.|title=Programming Language Pragmatics |url=https://archive.org/details/programminglangu0000scot_i7d2|edition=3rd |publisher=Morgan Kaufmann Publishers/Elsevier|year=2009|isbn=978-0-12-374514-9}} * {{cite book| last = Sipser| first = Michael| title = Introduction to the Theory of Computation| url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontoth00sips| year = 2006| publisher = PWS Publishing Company| isbn = 0-534-94728-X }} * {{cite book |last=Sober |first=Elliott |last2=Wilson |first2=David Sloan |year=1998 |title=Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior |url=https://archive.org/details/untoothersevolut00sobe |location=Cambridge |publisher=Harvard University Press}} * {{Cite book|last=Stone|first=Harold S.|title=Introduction to Computer Organization and Data Structures|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoco0000ston_s4o5|edition=1972|publisher=McGraw-Hill, New York|isbn=0-07-061726-0|year=1972}} Cf. in particular the first chapter titled: ''Algorithms, Turing Machines, and Programs''. His succinct informal definition: "...any sequence of instructions that can be obeyed by a robot, is called an ''algorithm''" (p.&nbsp;4). * {{cite book| last = Tausworthe| first = Robert C| title = Standardized Development of Computer Software Part 1 Methods| url = https://archive.org/details/standardizeddeve0000taus| year = 1977| publisher = Prentice-Hall, Inc.| location = Englewood Cliffs NJ| isbn = 0-13-842195-1 }} * {{Cite journal|last=Turing|first=Alan M.|authorlink=A. M. Turing|title=On Computable Numbers, With An Application to the Entscheidungsproblem|journal=[[Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society]], Series 2|volume=42|pages= 230–265 |year=1936–37|doi=10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230 }}. Corrections, ibid, vol. 43(1937) pp.&nbsp;544–546. Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;116ff. Turing's famous paper completed as a Master's dissertation while at King's College Cambridge UK. * {{Cite journal|last=Turing|first=Alan M.|authorlink=A. M. Turing|title=Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals|journal=Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society|volume=45|pages=161–228|year=1939|doi=10.1112/plms/s2-45.1.161}} Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;155ff. Turing's paper that defined "the oracle" was his PhD thesis while at Princeton USA. * {{Cite book | first1 = Wendell | last1 = Wallach | first2 = Colin | last2 = Allen |date=November 2008 | title = Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right from Wrong | url = https://archive.org/details/moralmachinestea0000wall | isbn = 978-0-19-537404-9 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = USA | ref = harv}} * [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] (2006), [http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/documents/2100_2106_02.htm ''2106.02 **>Mathematical Algorithms: 2100 Patentability''], Manual of Patent Examining Procedure (MPEP). Latest revision August 2006 === Mga segundarya nga reperensya === * {{cite book| last = Bolter| first = David J.| title = Turing's Man: Western Culture in the Computer Age| url = https://archive.org/details/turingsmanwester0000bolt| edition = 1984| year = 1984| publisher = The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill NC| isbn = 0-8078-1564-0 }}, ISBN 0-8078-4108-0 pbk. * {{cite book| last = Dilson| first = Jesse| authorlink = Dilson| title = The Abacus| url = https://archive.org/details/abacusworldsfirs0000dils| edition = (1968,1994)| year = 2007| publisher = St. Martin's Press, NY| isbn = 0-312-10409-X }}, ISBN 0-312-10409-X (pbk.) * {{cite book| last = van Heijenoort| first = Jean| authorlink = van Heijenoort| title = From Frege to Gödel, A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879–1931| url = https://archive.org/details/fromfregetogdels0000jean| edition = (1967)| year = 2001| publisher = Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA| isbn = 0-674-32449-8 }}, 3rd edition 1976[?], ISBN 0-674-32449-8 (pbk.) * {{cite book| last = Hodges| first = Andrew| title = Alan Turing: The Enigma| url = https://archive.org/details/alanturingenigma00hodg| edition = (1983)| year = 1983| publisher = Simon and Schuster, New York| isbn = 0-671-49207-1 }}, ISBN 0-671-49207-1. Cf. Chapter "The Spirit of Truth" for a history leading to, and a discussion of, his proof. {{refend}} == Padugang nga barasahon == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book| author = Jean Luc Chabert| title = A History of Algorithms: From the Pebble to the Microchip| url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_0116404090940| year = 1999| publisher = Springer Verlag| isbn = 978-3-540-63369-3 }} * {{cite book| title = Algorithmics.: The Spirit of Computing.| year = 2004| publisher = Addison-Wesley| isbn = 978-0-321-11784-7 }} * [[Donald Knuth|Knuth, Donald E.]] (2000). ''[http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~uno/aa.html Selected Papers on Analysis of Algorithms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701190647/http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~uno/aa.html |date=2017-07-01 }}''. Stanford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Information. * Knuth, Donald E. (2010). ''[http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~uno/da.html Selected Papers on Design of Algorithms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716225848/http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~uno/da.html |date=2017-07-16 }}''. Stanford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Information. * {{cite book| last = Berlinski| first = David| title = The Advent of the Algorithm: The 300-Year Journey from an Idea to the Computer| year = 2001| publisher = Harvest Books| isbn = 978-0-15-601391-8 }} * {{cite book|author = Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest and Clifford Stein| title = Introduction To Algorithms, Third Edition| year = 2009| publisher = MIT Press | isbn =978-0262033848 }} {{refend}} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{wiktionary}} {{wikibooks|Algorithms}} {{WVD}} * {{springer|title=Algorithm|id=p/a011780}} * {{dmoz|Computers/Algorithms/|Algorithms}} * {{MathWorld | urlname=Algorithm | title=Algorithm}} * [http://www.nist.gov/dads/ Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050624234059/http://www.nist.gov/dads/ |date=2005-06-24 }}—[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] * [http://www.softpanorama.org/Algorithms/index.shtml Algorithms and Data Structures by Dr Nikolai Bezroukov] ; Mga repositoryo han Algorithmo * [http://www.cs.sunysb.edu/~algorith/ The Stony Brook Algorithm Repository]—[[State University of New York at Stony Brook]] * [http://www.netlib.org/ Netlib Repository]—[[University of Tennessee]] and [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] * [http://calgo.acm.org/ Collected Algorithms of the ACM]—[[Association for Computing Machinery]] * [http://www-cs-staff.stanford.edu/~knuth/sgb.html The Stanford GraphBase] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206222112/http://www-cs-staff.stanford.edu/%7Eknuth/sgb.html |date=2015-12-06 }}—[[Stanford University]] * [http://www.combinatorica.com/ Combinatorica]—[[University of Iowa]] and [[State University of New York at Stony Brook]] * [http://www.algorithmic-solutions.com/ Library of Efficient Datastructures and Algorithms (LEDA)]—previously from [[Max-Planck-Institut für Informatik]] * [http://www.keithschwarz.com/interesting/ Archive of Interesting Code] * [http://allmyalgorithms.org A semantic wiki to collect, categorize and relate all algorithms and data structures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210083145/http://allmyalgorithms.org/ |date=2024-12-10 }} ; Lecture notes * [http://compgeom.cs.uiuc.edu/~jeffe//teaching/algorithms/ Algorithms Course Materials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329060052/http://compgeom.cs.uiuc.edu/~jeffe/teaching/algorithms/ |date=2007-03-29 }}. Jeff Erickson. [[University of Illinois]]. ; Community * [https://plus.google.com/communities/101392274103811461838 Algorithms] on [[Google+]] [[Kaarangay:Mga algoritmo]] aefgsjyb23xdkmn0x0z5xjw0r3vrtdp 0 17996 7783710 6327810 2026-06-24T19:16:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783710 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Epistemolohiya''' (tikang ha Griniyego nga ἐπιστήμη - episteme-, "kaaradman, syensya" + λόγος, "logos") o teyoridad hin kaaradman amo an sanga han pilosopiya mahitungod han kaaradman. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== <!-- Please order books alphabetically by the author's last name --> {{Refbegin|2}} *{{Cite journal | last1 = Annis | first1 = David | year = 1978 | title = A Contextualist Theory of Epistemic Justification | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_american-philosophical-quarterly_1978-07_15_3/page/213| journal = American Philosophical Quarterly | volume = 15 | issue = | pages = 213–219 }} *[[Alfred Jules Ayer|Ayer, Alfred Jules]]. 1936. ''[[Language, Truth, and Logic]]''. *BonJour, Laurence. 2002. ''Epistemology: Classic Problems and Contemporary Responses''. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. *{{Cite journal | last1 = Boufoy-Bastick | first1 = Z. | year = 2005 | title = Introducing 'Applicable Knowledge' as a Challenge to the Attainment of Absolute Knowledge | url = | journal = Sophia Journal of Philosophy | volume = 8 | issue = | pages = 39–51 }} *[[Bovens, Luc]] & [[Stephan Hartmann|Hartmann, Stephan]]. 2003. ''Bayesian Epistemology''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. *[[Panayot Butchvarov|Butchvarov, Panayot]]. 1970. ''The Concept of Knowledge''. Evanston, Northwestern University Press. *{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/00048409812348411 | last1 = Cohen | first1 = Stewart | year = 1998 | title = Contextualist Solutions to Epistemological Problems: Skepticism, Gettier, and the Lottery | url =https://archive.org/details/australasian-journal-of-philosophy_1998-06_76_2/page/289| journal = Australasian Journal of Philosophy | volume = 76 | issue = 2| pages = 289–306 }} *Cohen, Stewart. 1999. "Contextualism, Skepticism, and Reasons", in Tomberlin 1999. *[[Jonathan Dancy|Dancy, Jonathan]]. 1991. ''An Introduction to Contemporary Epistemology'' (Second Edition). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-631-13622-3 *{{Cite journal | last1 = DeRose | first1 = Keith | authorlink = Keith DeRose | year = 1992 | title = Contextualism and Knowledge Attributions | url = | journal = Philosophy and Phenomenological Research | volume = 15 | issue = | pages = 213–19 }} *DeRose, Keith. 1999. "Contextualism: An Explanation and Defense", in Greco and Sosa 1999. *[[René Descartes|Descartes, Rene]]. 1641. ''[[Meditations on First Philosophy]]'' *Feldman, Richard. 1999. "Contextualism and Skepticism", in Tomberlin 1999, pp.&nbsp;91–114. *[[Edmund Gettier|Gettier, Edmund]]. 1963. "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?", ''Analysis'', Vol. 23, pp.&nbsp;121–23. [http://www.ditext.com/gettier/gettier.html Online text]. *Greco, J. & Sosa, E. 1999. ''Blackwell Guide to Epistemology'', Blackwell Publishing. *[[Errol Harris|Harris, Errol E.]] 1970. ''Hypothesis And Perception'', George Allen and Unwin, London, Reprinted 2002 Routledge, London. *{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9205.1989.tb00275.x | last1 = Harwood | first1 = Sterling | authorlink = Sterling Harwood | year = 1989 | title = Taking Skepticism Seriously – And In Context | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_philosophical-investigations_1989-07_12_3/page/223| journal = Philosophical Investigations | volume = 12 | issue = 3| pages = 223–233 }} *Hay, Clare. 2008. ''The Theory of Knowledge: A Coursebook'', The Lutterworth Press, Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-7188-3088-5 *Hawthorne, John. 2005. "The Case for Closure", ''Contemporary Debates in Epistemology'', Peter Sosa and Matthias Steup (ed.): 26–43. *[[Vincent F. Hendricks|Hendricks, Vincent F]]. 2006. ''Mainstream and Formal Epistemology'', New York: [[Cambridge University Press]]. *[[Kant, Immanuel]]. 1781. ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]''. *[[Keeton, Morris T.]] 1962. "Empiricism", in ''Dictionary of Philosophy'', Dagobert D. Runes (ed.), Littlefield, Adams, and Company, Totowa, NJ, pp.&nbsp;89–90. *[[Søren Kierkegaard|Kierkegaard, Søren]]. 1844. ''[[Philosophical Fragments]]''. *[[Richard Kirkham|Kirkham, Richard]]. 1984. "Does the Gettier Problem Rest on a Mistake?" ''Mind'', 93. *[[Peter D. Klein|Klein, Peter]]. 1981. ''Certainty: a Refutation of Skepticism'', Minneapolis, MN: [[University of Minnesota Press]]. *[[Henry E. Kyburg, Jr.|Kyburg, H.E.]] 1961. ''Probability and the Logic of Rational Belief'', Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. *[[Alfred Korzybski|Korzybski, Alfred]]. 1994 (1933). ''Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics'', Fifth Edition. Ft. Worth, TX: Institute of General Semantics. *{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/00048409612347521 | last1 = Lewis | first1 = David | authorlink = David Kellogg Lewis | year = 1996 | title = Elusive Knowledge | url =https://archive.org/details/australasian-journal-of-philosophy_1996-12_74_4/page/549| journal = Australian Journal of Philosophy | volume = 74 | issue = 4| pages = 549–67 }} *[[Morin, Edgar]]. 1986. ''La Méthode, Tome 3, La Connaissance de la connaissance'' (Method, 3rd volume : The knowledge of knowledge) *[[Adam Morton|Morton, Adam]]. 2002. ''A Guide Through the Theory of Knowledge'' (Third Edition) Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-0012-5 *Nelson, Quee. 2007. ''The Slightest Philosophy'', Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing, 296 pages. *[[Ilkka Niiniluoto|Niiniluoto, Ilkka]]. 2002. ''Critical Scientific Realism'', Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. *[[Plato]]. ''[[Meno]]''. *[[Karl Popper|Popper, Karl R.]] 1972. ''Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach'', Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. *Preyer, G./Siebelt, F./Ulfig, A. 1994. ''Language, Mind and Epistemology'', Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. *[[Ayn Rand|Rand, Ayn]]. 1979. ''Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology'', New York: Meridian. *[[Bertrand Russell|Russell, Bertrand]]. 1912. ''The Problems of Philosophy'', New York: Oxford University Press. *[[Bertrand Russell|Russell, Bertrand]]. 1940. ''An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth'', Nottingham: Spokesman Books. *[[George Santayana|Santayana, George]]. 1923. ''[[Scepticism and Animal Faith]]'', New York: Charles Scribner's Sons – London: Constable and Co. *[[African Spir|Spir, African]]. 1877. ''Denken und Wirklichkeit: Versuch einer Erneuerung der kritischen Philosophie'' (Thought and Reality: Attempt at a Renewal of Critical Philosophy), (Second Edition) Leipzig: J. G. Findel. *{{Cite journal | last1 = Schiffer | first1 = Stephen | authorlink = Stephen Schiffer | year = 1996 | title = Contextualist Solutions to Skepticism | url = | journal = Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society | volume = 96 | issue = | pages = 317–33 }} *Steup, Matthias. 2005. "Knowledge and Skepticism", ''Contemporary Debates in Epistemology'', Peter Sosa and Matthias Steup (eds.): 1–13. *Tomberlin, James (ed.). 1999. ''Philosophical Perspectives 13, Epistemology'', Blackwell Publishing. *[[Ludwig Wittgenstein|Wittgenstein, Ludwig]]. 1922. ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'', C.K. Ogden (trns.), Dover. [http://www.kfs.org/~jonathan/witt/tlph.html Online text]. {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wiktionary|epistemology}} {{Wikiquote|epistemology}} {{Commons category|epistemology}} '''''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' articles:''' *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/ Epistemology] by Matthias Steup. *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-bayesian/ Bayesian Epistemology] by William Talbott. *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-evolutionary/ Evolutionary Epistemology] by Michael Bradie & William Harms. *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-epistemology/ Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science] by Elizabeth Anderson. *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-naturalized/ Naturalized Epistemology] by Richard Feldman. *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-social/ Social Epistemology] by Alvin Goldman. *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-virtue/ Virtue Epistemology] by John Greco. *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-how/ Knowledge How] by Jeremy Fantl. '''Mga iba nga sumpay:''' *The [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/ London Philosophy Study Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923081848/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/Language.htm |date=2009-09-23 }} offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject: [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/Ep&Meth.htm Epistemology & Methodology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301033140/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/Ep%26Meth.htm |date=2021-03-01 }} *{{PhilPapers|category|epistemology}} *[http://philpapers.org/browse/knowledge-how/ Knowledge-How] at Philpapers *{{InPho|taxonomy|2374}} *{{IEP|Epistemo|Epistemology}} *[http://pantheon.yale.edu/~kd47/What-Is-Epistemology.htm What Is Epistemology?] – a brief introduction to the topic by Keith DeRose. *[http://dostoevskiansmiles.blogspot.com/2008/10/justified-true-belief-and-critical.html Justified True Belief and Critical Rationalism] by Mathew Toll *[http://www.galilean-library.org/int5.html Epistemology Introduction, Part 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050128145134/http://www.galilean-library.org/int5.html |date=2005-01-28 }} and [http://www.galilean-library.org/int20.html Part 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222135250/http://www.galilean-library.org/int20.html |date=2005-12-22 }} by Paul Newall at the Galilean Library. *[http://www.ditext.com/clay/know.html ''Teaching Theory of Knowledge'' (1986)] — Marjorie Clay (ed.), an electronic publication from The Council for Philosophical Studies. *[http://www.galilean-library.org/manuscript.php?postid=43783 An Introduction to Epistemology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614013051/http://www.galilean-library.org/manuscript.php?postid=43783 |date=2009-06-14 }} by Paul Newall, aimed at beginners. *{{YouTube|lI9-YgSzsEQ|A short film about epistemology, for beginners}} [[Kaarangay:Epistemolohiya]] byyhhlclzmoy7m7sau1mar8kybv8syx 0 18001 7783712 7783649 2026-06-24T19:18:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 6 books for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783712 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:504px-Pinguiculagrandiflora1web.jpg|thumb]] An '''Botaniká'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 46.</ref> , '''Botany''', syensya han tanom, phytolohiya, o biyolohiya han tanom amo an sanga han biyolohiya ngan an pag-aram syentipiko han kinabuhi han tanom ngan pag-uswag hini. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Acharya | first1 = Deepak | last2 = Anshu | first2 = Shrivastava | title = Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices | date = 2008 | isbn = 81-7910-252-1 | publisher = Aavishkar Publishers | location = Jaipur, India}} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Addelson|2003}} | last = Addelson | first = Barbara | url = http://www.bgci.org/education/article/414/ | title = Natural Science Institute in Botany and Ecology for Elementary Teachers | publisher = Botanical Gardens Conservation International | date = Disyembre 2003 | accessdate = 8 Hunyo 2013 | archive-date = 23 Mayo 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130523155525/http://www.bgci.org/education/article/414 | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Anderson |first=Edward F. |date=2001 |title=The Cactus Family |url=https://archive.org/details/cactusfamily0000ande |publication-place=Pentland, Oregon |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-498-5 }} * {{Cite journal |ref=harv |last1=Armstrong |first1=G. A. |last2=Hearst |first2=J. E. |title=Carotenoids 2: Genetics and Molecular Biology of Carotenoid Pigment Biosynthesis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_faseb-journal_1996-02_10_2/page/228 |journal=FASEB J. |volume=10 |issue=2 |date=1996 |pmid=8641556 |pages=228–37 }} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Becker | first1 = Burkhard | last2 = Marin | first2 = Birger | title = Streptophyte Algae and the Origin of Embryophytes | journal = Annals of Botany | url = http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/103/7/999.abstract | date = 2009 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | accessdate = 16 Hunyo 2013 | doi = 10.1093/aob/mcp044 | volume = 103 | issue = 7 | pmid = 19273476 | pmc = 2707909 | pages = 999–1004 }} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Beerling|first1=D. J.|last2=Osborne|first2=C. P.|last3=Chaloner|first3=W. G.|date=2001|title=Evolution of Leaf-form in Land Plants Linked to Atmospheric CO2 Decline in the Late Palaeozoic Era|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2001-03-15_410_6826/page/352|journal=Nature|volume=410|issue=6826|doi=10.1038/35066546|pmid=11268207|pages=352–4}} * {{Cite journal| ref = harv | last1 = Benderoth| first1 = Markus | last2 = Textor| first2 = Susanne| last3 = Windsor| first3 = Aaron J.| last4 = Mitchell-Olds| first4 = Thomas| last5 = Gershenzon | first5 = Jonathan | last6 = Kroymann| first6 = Juergen | title = Positive Selection Driving Diversification in Plant Secondary Metabolism |date= Hunyo 2006|volume=103|issue=24 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | location = Washington, D.C.| jstor= 30051907| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0601738103| pmid = 16754868| pmc = 1482576|bibcode = 2006PNAS..103.9118B| pages = 9118–23 }} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Ben-Menahem | first = Ari | title = Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences | date = 2009 | isbn = 3-540-68831-5 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin|volume=1}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Bennett | first1 = Charles E. | last2 = Hammond | first2 = William A. | title = The Characters of Theophrastus – Introduction | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=n0JgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR30 | date = 1902 | publisher = Longmans, Green, and Co. | location = London | accessdate = 27 Hunyo 2012 }} * {{Cite book | ref = harv|last1=Bennett|first1=K. D.|last2=Willis|first2= K. J.|chapter=Pollen| date = 2001|title=Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments|volume= 3: Terrestrial, Algal, and Siliceous Indicators |editor-last=Smol|editor-first=John P.|editor2-last=Birks|editor2-first=H. John B.|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|place=Dordrecht, Germany}} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last = Bird | first = Adrian | title = Perceptions of Epigenetics | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2007-05-24_447_7143/page/396 | journal = Nature | volume = 447 | issue = 7143 | date = Mayo 2007 | pmid = 17522671 | doi = 10.1038/nature05913 | bibcode = 2007Natur.447..396B | pages = 396–8 }} * {{Cite journal| ref = harv| last1 = Björn| first1 = L. O.| last2 = Callaghan| first2 = T. V.| last3 = Gehrke| first3 = C.| last4 = Johanson| first4 = U.| last5 = Sonesson| first5 = M.| title = Ozone Depletion, Ultraviolet Radiation and Plant Life| journal = Chemosphere - Global Change Science| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1465997299000380| volume = 1| issue = 4| date = Nobyembre 1999| publisher = Elsevier Ltd.| location = Philadelphia| accessdate = 16 Hunyo 2013| doi = 10.1016/S1465-9972(99)00038-0| pages = 449}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Bold | first = H. C. | title = The Plant Kingdom | url = https://archive.org/details/plantkingdom0000bold | edition = 4th | date = 1977 | isbn = 0-13-680389-X | publisher = Prentice-Hall | location = Englewood Cliffs, NJ }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Braselton|2013}} | last = Braselton | first = J. P. | url = http://www.ohio.edu/people/braselto/readings/plantbiol.html | title = What is Plant Biology? | date = 2013 | publisher = Ohio University | accessdate = 3 Hunyo 2013 | archive-date = 24 Septyembre 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924071530/http://www.ohio.edu/people/braselto/readings/plantbiol.html | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Burger|2013}} | last = Burger | first = William C. | title = Angiosperm Origins: A Monocots-First Scenario | url = http://fieldmuseum.org/explore/angiosperm-origins-monocots-first-scenario | date = 2013 | publisher = The Field Museum | location = Chicago | access-date = 31 Enero 2015 | archive-date = 23 Oktubre 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023131822/http://fieldmuseum.org/explore/angiosperm-origins-monocots-first-scenario | url-status = }} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Burrows | first = W. J. | title = Processes of Vegetation Change | url = https://archive.org/details/processesofveget0000burr | date = 1990 | isbn = 0-04-580013-8 | publisher = Unwin Hyman | location = London }} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Butz | first = Stephen D. | title = Science of Earth Systems | date = 2007 | isbn = 1-4180-4122-X | publisher = Delmar Cengage Learning | edition = 2 | location = Clifton Park, NY }} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last1=Campbell|first1=Neil A.|last2=Reece|first2=Jane B.|last3=Urry|first3=Lisa Andrea|last4=Cain|first4=Michael L.|last5=Wasserman|first5=Steven Alexander|last6=Minorsky|first6=Peter V.|last7=Jackson|first7=Robert Bradley|title=Biology|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780536785541|edition=8|date=2008|publisher=Pearson - Benjamin Cummings|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-0-321-54325-7}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv |last=de Candolle |first=Alphonse |author-link=Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle | date = 2006 |title=Origin of Cultivated Plants |location=Glacier National Park, MT |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |isbn=978-1-4286-0946-4}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Capon | first = Brian | title = Botany for Gardeners | url = https://archive.org/details/botanyforgardene0000capo_k8y2 | date = 2005 | edition = 2nd | isbn = 0-88192-655-8 | publisher = Timber Publishing | location = Portland, OR }} * {{Cite journal | ref = {{sfnRef|Cavalier-Smith|2004}} | last = Cavalier-Smith | first = Thomas | date = 2004 | title = Only Six Kingdoms of Life | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B | volume = 271 | pages = 1251–1262 | url = http://www.cladocera.de/protozoa/cavalier-smith_2004_prs.pdf | format = PDF | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2004.2705 | pmid = 15306349 | pmc = 1691724 | issue = 1545 }} * {{Cite journal| ref = {{sfnRef|Chaffey|2007}}| last = Chaffey| first = Nigel| date = 2007| title = Esau's Plant Anatomy, Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: their Structure, Function, and Development| journal = Annals of Botany| volume = 99| issue = 4| url = http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/99/4/785.2.full| doi = 10.1093/aob/mcm015| pages = 785}} * {{Cite book | ref = {{harvid|Chapman et al.|2001}} | last1 = Chapman | first1 = Jasmin | last2 = Horsfall | first2 = Peter | last3 = O'Brien | first3 = Pat | last4 = Murphy | first4 = Jan | last5 = MacDonald | first5 = Averil | title = Science Web | url = https://archive.org/details/scienceweb0000jasm | date = 2001 | publisher = Nelson Thornes | location = Cheltenham, GB | isbn = 0-17-438746-6 }} * {{Cite journal | ref = {{sfnRef|Chase et al.|2003}} | title = An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the Orders and Families of Flowering Plants: APG II | date = 2003 | last1 = Chase | first1 = Mark W. | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | publisher = The Linnean Society of London | volume = 141 | pages = 399–436 | url = http://ktriop.bio.ug.edu.pl/upload/preview/0f0c6bdcb447f9defaa482c50120a62d.pdf | format = PDF | last2 = Bremer | first2 = Birgitta | last3 = Bremer | first3 = Kåre | last4 = Reveal | first4 = James L. | last5 = Soltis | first5 = Douglas E. | last6 = Soltis | first6 = Pamela S. | last7 = Stevens | first7 = Peter S. | doi = 10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x | issue = 4 | access-date = 2015-01-31 | archive-date = 2016-03-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181438/http://ktriop.bio.ug.edu.pl/upload/preview/0f0c6bdcb447f9defaa482c50120a62d.pdf | url-status = }} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Chini|first1=A.|last2=Fonseca|first2=S.|last3=Fernández|first3=G.|last4=Adie|first4=B.|last5=Chico|first5=J. M.|last6=Lorenzo|first6=O.|last7=García-Casado|first7=G.|last8=López-Vidriero|first8=I.|last9=Lozano|first9=F. M.|last10=Ponce|first10=M. R.|last11=Micol|first11=J. L.|last12=Solano|first12=R.|date=2007|title=The JAZ Family of Repressors is the Missing Link in Jasmonate Signaling|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2007-08-09_448_7154/page/666|journal=Nature|volume=448|issue=7154|doi=10.1038/nature06006|pmid=17637675|bibcode=2007Natur.448..666C|pages=666–71}} * {{Cite news | ref=harv | last=Cocking | first=Edward C. | title=Obituary: Professor F. C. Steward | url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-professor-f-c-steward-1511531.html | location=London | work=The Independent | date=18 Oktubre 1993 | accessdate=5 Hulyo 2013 }} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last = Copeland | first = Herbert Faulkner | title = The Kingdoms of Organisms | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1938-12_13_4/page/383 | journal = Quarterly Review of Biology | volume = 13 | pages = 383–420 | date = 1938 | doi = 10.1086/394568 | issue = 4 }} * {{Cite journal | ref = {{sfnRef|Costa|Shaw|2007}} | last1 = Costa | first1 = Silvia | last2 = Shaw | first2 = Peter | title = 'Open Minded' Cells: How Cells Can Change Fate | journal = Trends in Cell Biology | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | date = Marso 2007 | pmid = 17194589 | doi = 10.1016/j.tcb.2006.12.005 | url = http://cromatina.icb.ufmg.br/biomol/seminarios/outros/grupo_open.pdf | format = PDF) | pages = 101–6 | access-date = 31 Enero 2015 | archive-date = 15 Disyembre 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131215042638/http://cromatina.icb.ufmg.br/biomol/seminarios/outros/grupo_open.pdf | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last1=Cousens|first1=Roger|last2=Mortimer|first2=Martin|title=Dynamics of Weed Populations|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0qw24PtWGQAC&pg=PA243|date=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-49969-9}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Dallal | first = Ahmad | title = Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History | date = 2010 | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven, CT | isbn = 978-0-300-15911-0 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=97l0L7zKagkC&lpg=PT197&dq=Ab%C5%AB%20%E1%B8%A4an%C4%ABfa%20D%C4%ABnawar%C4%AB&pg=PT197#v=onepage&q=Ab%C5%AB%20%E1%B8%A4an%C4%ABfa%20D%C4%ABnawar%C4%AB&f=false }} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Darwin | first = Charles | title = The Power of Movement in Plants | date = 1880 | publisher = Murray | location = London | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/converted/pdf/1880_Movement_F1325.pdf | format = PDF }} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv|last1= Demole|first1=E.|last2= Lederer|first2=E.|last3=Mercier|first3=D.| date = 1962|title=Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasminIsolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin|journal= Helvetica Chimica Acta |volume=45|issue=2|doi=10.1002/hlca.19620450233 | pages = 675}} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Devos | first1 = Katrien M. | last2 = Gale | first2 = M. D. | title = Genome Relationships: The Grass Model in Current Research | date = Mayo 2000 | journal = The Plant Cell | publisher = American Society of Plant Physiologists | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 637–646 | url = http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/content/full/12/5/637 | pmid = 10810140 | pmc = 139917 | jstor = 3870991 | doi = 10.2307/3870991 }} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Ehrhardt|first1=D. W.|last2=Frommer|first2=W. B.|title=New Technologies for 21st Century Plant Science|journal=The Plant Cell|date=Pebrero 2012|url=http://www.plantcell.org/content/early/2012/02/21/tpc.111.093302.full.pdf+html|format=PDF|doi=10.1105/tpc.111.093302|volume=24|issue=2|pmid=22366161|pmc=3315222|pages=374–94}} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last = Ereshefsky | first = Marc | date = 1997 | title = The Evolution of the Linnaean Hierarchy | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_biology-philosophy_1997-10_12_4/page/493 | journal = Biology and Philosophy | publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers | volume = 12 | doi = 10.1023/A:1006556627052 | issue = 4 | pages = 493 }} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Ferro|first1=Myriam|last2=Salvi|first2=Daniel|last3=Rivière-Rolland|first3=Hélène |last4=Vermat|first4=Thierry |last5=Seigneurin-Berny|first5=Daphné|last6=Grunwald|first6=Didier |last7=Garin|first7=Jérôme|last8=Joyard|first8=Jacques|last9=Rolland|first9=Norbert|display-authors=4|title=Integral Membrane Proteins of the Chloroplast Envelope: Identification and Subcellular Localization of New Transporters|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2002-08-20_99_17/page/11487|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (of the USA)|date=20 Agosto 2002|volume=99|issue=17|doi=10.1073/pnas.172390399|bibcode = 2002PNAS...9911487F|pages=11487 }} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last = Fairon-Demaret | first = Muriel | doi = 10.1016/0034-6667(95)00127-1 | title = ''Dorinnotheca streelii'' Fairon-Demaret, ''gen. et sp. nov.'', a New Early Seed Plant From the Upper Famennian of Belgium | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_review-of-palaeobotany-and-palynology_1996-10_93_1-4/page/217 | journal = Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology | volume = 93 | date = Oktubre 1996 | pages = 217 }} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Finney | first1 = D. J. | authorlink = D. J. Finney| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1995.0033 | title = Frank Yates 12 Mayo 1902&nbsp;– 17 Hunyo 1994| journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society| volume = 41 |date= Nobyembre 1995| jstor = 770162 | pages = 554}} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Floros|Newsome|Fisher|2010}} | url = http://www.ift.org/knowledge-center/read-ift-publications/science-reports/~/media/Knowledge%20Center/Science%20Reports/IFTScientificReview_feedingtheworld.pdf | format = PDF | last1 = Floros | first1 = John D. | last2 = Newsome | first2 = Rosetta | last3 = Fisher | first3 = William | date = 2010 | title = Feeding the World Today and Tomorrow: The Importance of Food Science and Technology | publisher = Institute of Food Technologists | accessdate = 1 Marso 2012 | archive-date = 16 Pebrero 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120216152705/http://www.ift.org/knowledge-center/read-ift-publications/science-reports/~/media/Knowledge%20Center/Science%20Reports/IFTScientificReview_feedingtheworld.pdf | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Fry|first=S. C.| date = 1989|title=The Structure and Functions of Xyloglucan|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|publisher=The Company of Biologists|location=Cambridge|volume=40}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Gordh | first1 = Gordon | last2 = Headrick | first2 = D. H. | url = http://books.google.com/?id=d0XSwMJLDg4C&pg=PA134&lpg=PA134&dq=botane+boskein+botany#v=onepage&q=botane%20boskein%20botany&f=false | title = A Dictionary of Entomology | publisher = CABI Publishing | location = Cambridge, MA | date = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-85199-291-4 }} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Gray | first1 = Asa | authorlink1 = Asa Gray | last2 = Sargent | first2 = Charles | title = Scientific Papers of Asa Gray: Selected by Charles Sprague Sargent | date = 1889 | publisher = Houghton Mifflin | location = Boston, MA | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=_48KAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA292 | accessdate = 26 Pebrero 2012 }} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Greene | first = Edward Lee | title = Landmarks of botanical history: a study of certain epochs in the development of the science of botany: part 1, Prior to 1562 A.D. | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=c6DPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 | date = 1909 | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | location = Washington, D.C. }} * {{Cite journal|ref = harv |last1=Glynn|first1=Jonathan M.|last2=Miyagishima|first2=Shin-ya|last3=Yoder|first3=David W.|last4=Osteryoung|first4=Katherine W.|last5=Vitha|first5=Stanislav|title=Chloroplast Division|journal=Traffic|date= 1 Mayo 2007|volume=8|issue=5|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0854.2007.00545.x|pmid=17451550|pages = 451–61}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|doi=10.1104/pp.110.165308|title=The Path from C3 to C4 Photosynthesis| date = 2010 |last1=Gowik|first1=U.|last2=Westhoff|first2=P. |journal=Plant Physiology|volume=155|pmid=20940348|issue=1|pmc=3075750|pages=56–63}} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Grime | first1 = J. P. | last2 = Hodgson | first2 = J. G. | title = Botanical Contributions to Contemporary Ecological Theory | date = 1987 | journal = The New Phytologist | volume = 106 |jstor = 2433023}} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Gust|1996}} | url = http://bioenergy.asu.edu/photosyn/study.html | last = Gust | first = Devens | date = 1996 | title = Why Study Photosynthesis? | publisher = Arizona State University | accessdate = 26 Pebrero 2012 | archive-date = 9 Pebrero 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120209225717/http://bioenergy.asu.edu/photosyn/study.html | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book |ref = harv |last = Hancock |first = James F. |date = 2004 |title = Plant Evolution and the Origin of Crop Species |url = https://archive.org/details/plantevolutionor0000hanc |publisher = CABI Publishing |location = Cambridge, MA |isbn = 0-85199-685-X }} * {{Cite journal| ref = harv|last=Haberlandt|first=G. | date = 1902|title= Kulturversuche mit isolierten Pflanzenzellen|publisher=Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien Sitzungsberichte|location=Vienna|language=German|journal= Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche|issue=1|volume= 111|pages=69–92}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Harris | first = Henry | title = The Birth of the Cell | date = 2000 | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven, CT | isbn = 0-300-08295-9}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Heinhorst|first1=S.|last2=Cannon|first2=G. C.|title=DNA Replication in Chloroplasts|journal=Journal of Cell Science|date=Enero 1993|issue=104|url=https://journals.biologists.com/jcs/article/104/1/1/23430/DNA-replication-in-chloroplasts|accessdate=2 Hulyo 2013|volume=104|pages=1}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last1=Herrera|first1=C. M.|last2=Pellmyr|first2=O.|date=2002|title=Plant Animal Interactions: An Evolutionary Approach|url=https://archive.org/details/plantanimalinter0000unse_p8f1|publisher=Blackwell Science|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=978-0-632-05267-7}} * {{Cite journal |ref=harv |last=Hill | first=Arthur W. | date = 1915 | title=The History and Functions of Botanic Gardens | journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume=2 | pages=185–240 | doi=10.2307/2990033 | issue=1/2 | jstor=2990033 }} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Hoek | first1 = Christiaan | last2 = Mann | first2 = D. G. | last3 = Jahns | first3 = H. M. | date = 2005 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC&printsec=frontcover | title = Algae: An Introduction to Phycology | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-521-30419-9 }} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0050 |title=The Origin of Plastids | date = 2008 |last1=Howe |first1=C. J. |last2=Barbrook |first2=A. C. |last3=Nisbet |first3=R. E. R |last4=Lockhart |first4=P. J. |last5=Larkum |first5=A. W. D. |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=363 |issue=1504 |pmid=18468982 |pmc=2606771|pages=2675–85}} * {{Cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Hunter|2008}} |url=http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=10140 |title=What Genes Remember |first=Philip |last=Hunter |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=Mayo 2008 |issue=146 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501094940/http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=10140 |archivedate=1 Mayo 2008 |accessdate=24 Agosto 2013 |url-status=unfit }} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Iyer | first = Meena | title = Faith & Philosophy of Zoroastrianism | date = 2009 | isbn = 978-81-7835-724-9 | publisher = Kalpaz Publications | location = Delhi, India}} * {{Cite journal|ref={{sfnRef|Janzen|Forrest|Spouge|Hajibabaei|2009}}| title = A DNA Barcode for Land Plants |last1=Janzen|first1=Daniel H. with the CBOL Plant Working Group|last2=Forrest|first2=L. L.|last3=Spouge|first3=J. L.|last4=Hajibabaei|first4=M.|last5=Ratnasingham|first5=S.|last6=Van Der Bank|first6=M.|last7=Chase|first7=M. W.|last8=Cowan|first8=R. S.|last9=Erickson|first9=D. L.|display-authors=4|journal = Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)| date = 4 Agosto 2009 | volume = 106 | issue = 31 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0905845106 | pmc = 2722355 | pmid = 19666622|bibcode = 2009PNAS..10612794H|last10=Fazekas|first10=A. J.|last11=Graham|first11=S. W.|last12=James|first12=K. E.|last13=Kim|first13=K.-J.|last14=Kress|first14=W. J.|last15=Schneider|first15=H.|last16=Van Alphenstahl|first16=J.|last17=Barrett|first17=S. C.H.|last18=Van Den Berg|first18=C.|last19=Bogarin|first19=D.|last20=Burgess|first20=K. S.|last21=Cameron|first21=K. M.|last22=Carine|first22=M.|last23=Chacon|first23=J.|last24=Clark|first24=A.|last25=Clarkson|first25=J. J.|last26=Conrad|first26=F.|last27=Devey|first27=D. S.|last28=Ford|first28=C. S.|last29=Hedderson|first29=T. A.J.|last30=Hollingsworth|first30=M. L.|pages=12794–7 }} * {{Cite journal|ref={{sfnRef|Jasechko|Sharp|Gibson|Birks|2013}}|last1=Jasechko|first1=Scott|last2=Sharp|first2=Zachary D.|last3=Gibson|first3=John J.|last4=Birks|first4=S. Jean|last5= Yi|first5= Yi |last6=Fawcett|first6=Peter J. |title=Terrestrial Water Fluxes Dominated by Transpiration|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2013-04-18_496_7445/page/347|journal=Nature|date=3 Abril 2013|doi=10.1038/nature11983|bibcode = 2013Natur.496..347J|volume=496|issue=7445|pages=347–50|pmid=23552893 }} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Jeffreys | first = Diarmuid | date = 2005 | publisher = Bloomsbury | location = New York | title = Aspirin : The Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug | url = http://books.google.com/?id=x-sL4iNQOgcC&pg=PA38 | isbn = 978-1-58234-600-7 }} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Judd| first1 = W. S.| last2 = Campbell| first2 = C. S.| last3 = Kellogg| first3 = E. A.| last4 = Stevens| first4 = P. F.| last5 = Donoghue| first5 = M. J.| date = 2002 | title = Plant Systematics, a Phylogenetic Approach| publisher = Sinauer Associates | location = Sunderland, MA| isbn = 0-87893-403-0}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Karp | first = Gerald | date = 2009 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=arRGYE0GxRQC&pg=PA382&lpg=PA382&dq=august+weismann+gametes#v=onepage&q=august%20weismann%20gametes&f=false | title = Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | location = Hoboken, NJ | isbn = 978-0-470-48337-4 }} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Kenrick|first1=Paul|last2=Crane|first2=Peter R.|title=The Origin and Early Evolution of Plants on Land|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1997-09-04_389_6646/page/32|journal=Nature|volume=389|date=Septyembre 1997|doi=10.1038/37918|bibcode=1997Natur.389...33K|issue=6646|pages=33}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-68696-5_1 |chapter=Diversity and Evolution of Plastids and Their Genomes |title=The Chloroplast |series=Plant Cell Monographs | date = 2009 |last1=Kim |first1=E. |last2=Archibald |first2=J. M. |isbn=978-3-540-68692-7 |volume=13 |editor1-first=Anna Stina |editor1-last=Sandelius |editor2-first=Henrik |editor2-last=Aronsson}} * {{Cite journal| ref = harv |last=Klemm|first=Dieter|last2=Heublein|first2=Brigitte|last3=Fink|first3=Hans-Peter|last4= Bohn|first4= Andreas|title=Cellulose: Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material|journal=ChemInform|date=6 Septyembre 2005|volume=36|issue=36|publisher= John Wiley & Sons|location=Hoboken, NJ|doi=10.1002/chin.200536238}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Kolattukudy|first=Pappachan E.|editor-last=Kerstiens|editor-first=G.|date=1996|series=Environmental Plant Biology Series|chapter=3|title=Plant Cuticles|url=https://archive.org/details/plantcuticlesint0000unse|publisher=BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd|location=Oxford|isbn=1-85996-130-4}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv |last1=Kress|first1= W. J.|last2= Wurdack|first2= K. J.|last3=Zimmer|first3=E. A.|last4= Weigt|first4=L. A.|last5=Janzen|first5=D. H. |title=Use of DNA Barcodes to Identify Flowering Plants |journal=Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) |volume=102 |issue=23 |date= Hunyo 2005 |pmid=15928076 |pmc=1142120 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0503123102|bibcode = 2005PNAS..102.8369K|pages=8369–74 }} [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0503123102/DC1 Supporting Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103053256/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0503123102/DC1 |date=3 Nobyembre 2007 }} * {{Cite journal| ref =harv|last1=Lee|first1= Ernest K.|last2= Cibrian-Jaramillo|first2= Angelica|last3= Kolokotronis|first3= Sergios-Orestis|last4= Katari|first4= Manpreet S.|last5= Stamatakis|first5= Alexandros|last6= Ott|first6= Michael|last7=Chiu|first7=Joanna C.|last8= Little|first8= Damon P.|last9=Stevenson|first9= Dennis W.|last10= McCombie|first10= W. Richard|last11= Martienssen|first11= Robert A.|last12= Coruzzi|first12= Gloria|last13= Desalle|first13= Rob| date = 2011|title=A Functional Phylogenomic View of the Seed Plants|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=7|issue=12|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1002411| editor1-last =Sanderson| editor1-first =Michael J| pages =e1002411| pmid =22194700| pmc =3240601}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Leonelli|first1=Sabina|last2=Charnley|first2=Berris|last3=Webb|first3=Alex|last4=Bastow|first4=Ruth|title=Under One Leaf, A Historical Perspective on the UK Plant Science Federation|journal=New Phytologist|date=2012|url=http://academia.edu/3314509/Under_One_Leaf._A_Historical_Perspective_on_the_UK_Plant_Science_Federation|pmid=22530650|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.4168.x|last5=Janzen|first5=DH|volume=102|issue=23|pages=8369–74|pmc=}} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Lepp|2012}} | last = Lepp | first = Heino | url = http://www.anbg.gov.au/bryophyte/life-cycle-sporophyte-dev-mosses.html | date = 2012 | title = Mosses | publisher = Australian National Botanic Gardens | accessdate = 14 Hulyo 2013 }} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Levey | first = Martin | title = Early Arabic Pharmacology: An Introduction Based on Ancient and Medieval Sources | date = 1973 | publisher = Brill Archive | location = Leiden | isbn = 978-90-04-03796-0 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=LtYUAAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA116&dq=%22Ibn%20al-Baitar%22&pg=PA116#v=onepage&q&f=false }} * {{Cite journal| ref = harv |last1=Lewis|first1=Louise A.|last2=McCourt|first2=Richard M.| date = 2004|title=Green Algae and the Origin of Land Plants|journal= American Journal of Botany|location=St. Louis, MO|volume=91| doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535| issue = 10| pmid = 21652308| pages = 1535–56}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | url = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbota%2Fnh | title = Botane (βοτάνη) | last1 = Liddell | first1 = Henry George | last2 = Scott | first2 = Robert | publisher = Clarendon Press via Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University | location = Oxford | date = 1940 }} * {{Cite journal |ref=harv |last=Lilburn |first=Timothy G. |last2=Harrison |first2=Scott H. |last3=Cole |first3=James R. |last4=Garrity |first4=George M. | date = 2006 |title=Computational aspects of systematic biology |journal=Briefings in Bioinformatics |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=186–195 |doi=10.1093/bib/bbl005 |pmid=16772262 }} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Lin|first1=Z.|last2=Zhong|first2=S.|last3=Grierson|first3=D.|date=2009|title=Recent Advances in Ethylene Research|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-botany_2009_60_12/page/3311|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|location=Oxford|volume=60|issue=12|doi=10.1093/jxb/erp204|pmid=19567479|pages=3311–36}} * {{Cite journal| ref = harv |last1=López-Bautista|first1=J. M.|last2= Waters|first2=D.A.|last3=Chapman|first3=R.L.| date = 2003|title= Phragmoplastin, Green Algae and the Evolution of Cytokinesis|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|location=Reading, UK|volume=53| doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.02561-0| issue = 6| pages = 1715}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|doi=10.1104/pp.010898|title=Evolution of Sucrose Synthesis| date = 2002|last1=Lunn|first1=J. E.|journal=Plant Physiology|volume=128|issue=4|pmid=11950997|pmc=154276|pages=1490–500}} * {{Cite journal| ref = harv | last = Lüttge| first = Ulrich | title = Photosynthetic Flexibility and Ecophysiological Plasticity: Questions and Lessons from Clusia, the Only CAM Tree, in the Neotropics | journal = New Phytologist|volume=171|issue=1 | date = 2006| location = Hoboken, NJ| jstor = 3694480| doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01755.x| pmid = 16771979| pages = 7–25}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Mann | first = J. | title = Secondary Metabolism, 2nd ed. | url = https://archive.org/details/secondarymetabol00mann | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 1987 | location = Oxford | isbn = 0-19-855529-6 }} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Mauseth | first = James D. | title = Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology | edition = 3rd | date = 2003 | isbn = 0-7637-2134-4 | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Sudbury, MA}} ** {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Mauseth | first = James D. | title = Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology | edition = 5th | date = 2012 | isbn = 978-1-4496-6580-7 | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Sudbury, MA}} * {{Cite book|ref= harv|last1= McNeill|first1= J.|last2= Barrie|first2= F. R.|last3= Buck|first3= W. R.|last4= Demoulin|first4= V.|last5= Greuter|first5= W.|last6= Hawksworth|first6= D. L.|last7= Herendeen|first7= P. S.|last8= Knapp|first8= S.|last9= Marhold|first9= K.|last10= Prado|first10= J.|last11= Prud'homme Van Reine|first11= W. F.|last12= Smith|first12= G. F.|last13= Wiersema|first13= J. H.|last14= Turland|first14= N. J.|volume= Regnum Vegetabile 154|title= International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011|date= 2011|publisher= A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG|isbn= 978-3-87429-425-6|url= http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title}} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title |access-date=16 Oktubre 2022 |archive-date=25 Disyembre 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225103142/https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title |url-status=unfit }} * {{Cite web|ref=harv|last=Medbury|first=Scot|date=1993|title=Taxonomy and Arboreturm Design|url=http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1993-53-3-taxonomy-and-arboretum-design.pdf|publisher=Harvard University|format=PDF|accessdate=26 Hulyo 2013|archive-date=9 Hunyo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609153849/http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1993-53-3-taxonomy-and-arboretum-design.pdf|url-status=}} * {{Cite journal| ref = harv|last1=Mithila|first1=J.|last2=Hall|first2=J. C.|last3= Victor|first3= J. M.|last4= Saxena|first4=P. K.|title=Thidiazuron Induces Shoot Organogenesis at Low Concentrations and Somatic Embryogenesis at High Concentrations on Leaf and Petiole Explants of African Violet (Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl)| url = https://archive.org/details/plant-cell-reports_2003-01_21_5/page/408|journal=Plant Cell Reports|date= Enero 2003|pmid=12789442| volume = 21| issue = 5| doi = 10.1007/s00299-002-0544-y| pages = 408–14|doi_brokendate= 10 Enero 2015}} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv |last=Morgensen|first=H. L.| date = 1996|title= The Hows and Whys of Cytoplasmic Inheritance in Seed Plants|journal= American Journal of Botany|volume=83|issue=3|jstor=2446172}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Morton | first = Alan G. | date = 1981 | title = History of Botanical Science: An Account of the Development of Botany from Ancient Times to the Present Day | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofbotanic0000mort | publisher = Academic Press | location = London | isbn = 978-0-12-508380-5 }} * {{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Needham |first=Joseph |last2=Lu |first2=Gwei-djen |last3=Huang |first3=Hsing-Tsung | date = 1986 |title=Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. 6 Part 1 Botany |publication-place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press }} * {{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Nobel |first=P. S. |date=1983 |title=Biophysical Plant Physiology and Ecology |url=https://archive.org/details/biophysicalplant0000nobe |location=San Francisco |publisher=W. H. Freeman |isbn=0-7167-1447-7 }} * {{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Oberlies |first=Thomas | date = 1998 |title=Die Religion des Rgveda |publication-place=Wien |publisher=Sammlung De Nobili |isbn=978-3-900271-31-2 |language=German}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv |title=All Hands on Deck—The Role of Chloroplasts, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and the Nucleus in Driving Plant Innate Immunity |url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-plant-microbe-interactions_2010-11_23_11/page/1368 | date = 2010 |last1=Padmanabhan |first1=Meenu S. |last2=Dinesh-Kumar |first2=S. P. |journal=Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions |publisher= The American Phytopathological Society|location=St. Paul, MN|volume=23 |issue=11 |doi=10.1094/MPMI-05-10-0113 |pmid=20923348|pages=1368–80}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Panaino | first = Antonio | title = Ideologies as Intercultural Phenomena: Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium of the Assyrian and Babylonian Intellectual Heritage Project, Held in Chicago, USA, October 27–31, 2000 | publisher = Mimesis Edizioni | location = Bologna | date = 2002 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=hUNFLpQSqbkC&lpg=PA93&dq=%22First%2C%20the%20books%20of%20the%20Nabatean%20corpus%20themselves%20claim%20to%20be%20translations%20from&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q&f=false | isbn = 978-88-8483-107-1 }}{{Dead link|date=Enero 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Porley| first1 = Ron | last2 = Hodgetts| first2 = Nick | title = Mosses and Liverworts | date = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-00-220212-1|work=New Naturalist series No.97 | publisher = HarperCollins UK| location = London}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Possingham|first1=J. V.|last2=Rose|first2=R. J.|title=Chloroplast Replication and Chloroplast DNA Synthesis in Spinach Leaves|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=18 Mayo 1976|volume=193|issue=1112|doi=10.1098/rspb.1976.0047|url=http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/193/1112/295.full.pdf|format=PDF|bibcode=1976RSPSB.193..295P|pages=295}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Proctor | first1 = M. |last2 = Yeo | first2 = P. | title = The Pollination of Flowers, New Naturalist series| date = 1973| publisher = Harper Collins | location = London|isbn=0-00-219504-6}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Raven | first1 = Peter H. | last2 = Evert | first2 = Ray H. | last3 = Eichhorn | first3 = Susan E. | title = Biology of Plants | url = https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0 | edition = 7th | date = 2005 | isbn = 0-7167-1007-2 | publisher = W. H. Freeman | location = New York }} * {{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Reed |first=Howard S. |date=1942 |title=A Short History of the Plant Sciences |url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofpl0000reed |location=New York |publisher=Ronald Press }} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last = Reik | first = Wolf | title = Stability and Flexibility of Epigenetic Gene Regulation in Mammalian Development | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2007-05-24_447_7143/page/424 | journal = Nature | volume = 447 | issue = 7143 | date = Mayo 2007 | pmid = 17522676 | doi = 10.1038/nature05918 | bibcode = 2007Natur.447..425R | pages = 425–32 }} * {{Cite journal| ref = harv|last1=Renner|first1=S. S.|last2=Ricklefs|first2=R. E.| date = 1995|title=Dioecy and its Correlates in the Flowering Plants| url = https://archive.org/details/american-journal-of-botany_1995-05_82_5/page/596|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=82|jstor=2445418| doi = 10.2307/2445418| issue = 5| pages = 596}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last1=Rochaix|first1=J. D.|last2=Goldschmidt-Clermont|first2=M.|last3=Merchant|first3=Sabeeha|title=The Molecular Biology of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria in Chlamydomonas|date=1998|publisher=Kluwer Academic|location=Dordrecht, Germany|isbn=978-0-7923-5174-0|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=apv1hktfq_8C&pg=PA550#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Roux|first=Stanley J.|title=Ca²⁺ and Phytochrome Action in Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bioscience_1984-01_34_1/page/25|journal=BioScience|location=Berkeley, California|date=1984|volume=34|issue=1|jstor=1309422|doi=10.2307/1309422|pmid=11540810|pages=25–9}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Russin|first1=William A.|last2=Evert|first2=Ray F.|last3=Vanderveer|first3=Peter J.|last4=Sharkey|first4=Thomas D.|last5=Briggs|first5=Steven P.|title=Modification of a Specific Class of Plasmodesmata and Loss of Sucrose Export Ability in the ''sucrose export defective1'' Maize Mutant|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-cell_1996-04_8_4/page/645|journal=The Plant Cell|date=1996|volume=8|issue=4|format=PDF|pmc=161126|pages=645–658|doi=10.1105/tpc.8.4.645|pmid=12239395}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Sattler|first=R.|date=1992|title=Process morphology: structural dynamics in development and evolution|journal=Canadian Journal of Botany|volume=70|issue=4|url=http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/78/5/577.full.pdf|format=PDF|pages=708–714|doi=10.1139/b92-091}} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Sattler | first = R. | last2 = Jeune | first2 = B. | date = 1992| title = Multivariate analysis confirms the continuum view of plant form| journal = Annals of Botany| volume = 69| pages = 249–262}} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last = Savidan|first= Y. H.| date = 2000|title= Apomixis: Genetics and Breeding|journal=Plant Breeding Reviews|volume=18|doi=10.1002/9780470650158.ch2 | isbn = 978-0-470-65015-8 | pages = 13}} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last = Scharf | first = Sara T. | date = 2009 | title = Identification Keys, the "Natural Method," and the Development of Plant Identification Manuals|journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=42 | issue = 1|pages=73–117 | doi = 10.1007/s10739-008-9161-0 | pmid = 19831202}} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Scharlemann | first1 = J. P. W. | last2 = Laurance | first2 = W. F. | title = How Green are Biofuels? | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2008-01-04_319_5859/page/42 | date = 2008 | journal = Science | publisher = American Association for the Advancement of Science | volume = 319 | doi = 10.1126/science.1153103 | issue = 5859 | pmid = 18174426 | pages = 43–4 }} * {{Cite journal | ref = {{sfnRef|Schell|Van Montagu|1977}}|last1=Schell |first1=J.|last2=Van Montagu |first2=M.|title= The Ti-plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a Natural Vector for the Introduction of Nif Genes in Plants?|journal= Basic Life Sciences| date = 1977|volume=9|pmid=336023 | pages = 159–79 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-0880-5_12|isbn=978-1-4684-0882-9 }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Schoening|2005}} | last = Schoening | first = Steve | url = http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/weedhome/pdfs/noxious_weed_plan.pdf | format = PDF | date = 2005 | title = California Noxious and Invasive Weed Action Plan | publisher = California Department of Food and Agriculture | accessdate = 1 Marso 2012 }} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv |title=Fatty Acid Export from the Chloroplast. Molecular Characterization of a Major Plastidial Acyl-Coenzyme a Synthetase from Arabidopsis | date = 2002 |last1=Schnurr |first1=J. A. |last2=Shockey |first2=J. M. |last3=De Boer |first3=G. J. |last4=Browse |first4=J. A.|journal=Plant Physiology |volume=129 |issue=4 |pages=1700–9 |pmid=12177483 |pmc=166758|doi=10.1104/pp.003251 }} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Silyn-Roberts | first = Heather | url = http://books.google.com/?id=hVUU7Gq8QskC&lpg=PA198&dq=species%20epithet%20capitalize&pg=PA198#v=onepage&q=species%20epithet%20capitalize | title = Writing for Science and Engineering: Papers, Presentation | date = 2000 | isbn = 0-7506-4636-5 | publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann | location = Oxford }} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Small|first=Michael|title=Dynamics of Biological Systems|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=T2ueAopatF0C&pg=PA118|date=2012|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-1-4398-5336-8}} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv| last1= Sobotka|first1=Roman|last2= Sáková|first2=Lenka|last3= Curn|first3= Vladislav | date = 2000|title= Molecular Mechanisms of Self-incompatibility in Brassica|journal=Current Issues in Molecular Biology|volume=2|issue=4|pmid=11471754 | pages = 103–12}} * {{Cite book |ref= harv |last= Spector |first= Tim |date= 2012 |title= Identically Different: Why You Can Change Your Genes |url= https://archive.org/details/globalbrainevolu0000bloo |location= London |publisher= Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn= 978-0-297-86631-2 }} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv| last= Sprague | first = T. A.| title = The Herbal of Valerius Cordus | date = 1939| journal = The Journal of the Linnean Society of London | publisher = Linnean Society of London| volume = LII | issue = 341|doi= 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1939.tb01598.x | first2 = M. S. | pages = 1| last2 = Sprague }} * {{Cite journal |last=Stace |first=Clive A. |date=2010a |title=Classification by molecules: What's in it for field botanists? |journal=Watsonia |volume=28 |url=http://www.watsonia.org.uk/Wats28p103.pdf |accessdate=6 Hulyo 2013 |ref=harv |archive-date=26 Hulyo 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726104027/https://www.watsonia.org.uk/Wats28p103.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book| ref = harv |last=Stace |first=Clive | date = 2010b |title=New Flora of the British Isles |edition=3rd |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-70772-5}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Starr|first=Cecie|title=The Unity and Diversity of Life|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dAyuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299|date=2009|edition=AP|publisher=Brooks/Cole, Cenpage Learning|location=Belmomt, California|isbn=978-1-111-58097-1|http://books.google.com/books?id=dAyuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299}}{{Dead link|date=Enero 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * {{Cite book |ref=harv |last1=Stewart |first1=Wilson Nichols |last2=Rothwell |first2=Gar W. |date=1993 |title=Paleobiology and the Evolution of Plants |url=https://archive.org/details/paleobotanyevolu0000stew |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-38294-6 }} * {{Cite book |ref=harv |last1=Stover |first1=R. H. |last2=Simmonds |first2=N. W. |title=Bananas |url=https://archive.org/details/bananas0000stov |edition=3rd |publisher=Longman |location=Harlow, England |date=1987 |isbn=978-0-582-46357-8 }} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Sumner|first=Judith|title=The Natural History of Medicinal Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryof0000sumn|publisher=Timber Press|location=New York|date=2000|isbn=0-88192-483-0}} * {{Cite journal| ref = harv |last1=Sun|first1=Yuh-Ju|last2=Forouhar|first2=Farhad|last3=Li Hm|first3=Hsou-min|last4=Tu|first4=Shuh-Long|last5=Yeh|first5=Yi-Hong|last6=Kao|first6=Sen|last7=Shr|first7=Hui-Lin|last8=Chou|first8=Chia-Cheng|last9=Chen|first9=Chinpan |last10=Hsiao|first10=Chwan-Deng|title=Crystal Structure of Pea Toc34, a Novel GTPase of the Chloroplast Protein Translocon|journal=Nature Structural Biology| date = 2002|volume=9|issue=2|doi=10.1038/nsb744|pmid=11753431| pages = 95–100}} * {{Cite journal |ref= harv |last= Sussex |first= I. |date= 2008 |title= The Scientific Roots of Modern Plant Biotechnology |journal= The Plant Cell |volume= 20 |issue= 5 |doi= 10.1105/tpc.108.058735 |url= http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/5/1189.full.pdf+html |format= PDF |pmid= 18515500 |pmc= 2438469 |pages= 1189–98 }} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Taiz | first1 = Lincoln | last2 = Zeiger | first2 = Eduardo | edition = 3rd | title = Plant Physiology | date = 2002 | isbn = 0-87893-823-0 | publisher = Sinauer Associates | location = Sunderland, MA}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Takaichi|first=Shinichi|title=Carotenoids in Algae: Distributions, Biosyntheses and Functions|journal=Marine Drugs|date= Hunyo 2011|volume=9|issue=12|doi=10.3390/md9061101|pmc=3131562|pages=1101–1118}} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Tansley| first1 = A. G.| title =The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Terms and Concepts | journal = Ecology|publisher=Ecological Society of America |location=Washington, D.C. | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 284| date = 1935|doi = 10.2307/1930070|jstor=1930070}} * {{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Taylor |first=T.N. |last2=Taylor |first2=E.L. |last3=Krings |first3=M. |date=2009 |title=Paleobotany, The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants |url=https://archive.org/details/paleobotanybiolo0000tayl |edition=2nd |publication-place=Amsterdam; Boston |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-373972-8 }} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Thompson|first1=James E.|last2=Fry|first2=Stephen C.| date = 2001|title=Restructuring of Wall-bound Xyloglucan by Transglycosylation in Living Plant Cells|journal=The Plant Journal |publisher=John Wiley & Sons| location = West Sussex, England|volume=26 |issue=1|doi=10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01005.x|pmid=11359607|pages=23–34}} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Waggoner|2001}} | url = http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html | last = Waggoner | first = Ben | date = 2001 | title = University of California Museum of Paleontology | publisher = University of California-Berkeley | accessdate = 27 Pebrero 2012 }} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last1=Went|first1=F. W.|last2=Thimann|first2=K. V.|date=1937|title=Phytohormones|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|url=http://ia700408.us.archive.org/33/items/phytohormones00went/phytohormones00went.pdf|format=PDF}} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Willis| first1 = A. J.| title =The Ecosystem: An Evolving Concept Viewed Historically | journal =Functional Ecology|publisher=British Ecological Society|location=London| volume = 11 | issue =2 | date = 1997|doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2435.1997.00081.x | pages = 268}} * {{Cite journal | ref = {{sfnRef|Woese et al.|1977}} | last1 = Woese | first1 = C. R. | last2 = Magrum | first2 = W. E. | last3 = Fox | first3 = L. J. | last4=Wolfe | first4 = G. E. | last5 = Woese | first5 = R. S. | title = An Ancient Divergence Among the Bacteria | url = https://archive.org/details/journal-of-molecular-evolution_1977_9_4/page/7 | journal = Journal of Molecular Evolution | volume = 9 | pages = 305–311 | issue = 4 |date= Agosto 1977 | pmid = 408502 | doi = 10.1007/BF01796092}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Yaniv | first1 = Zohara | last2 = Bachrach | first2 = Uriel | title = Handbook of Medicinal Plants | date = 2005 | isbn = 1-56022-994-2 | publisher = Haworth Press | location = Binghampton, NY}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 =Yates|first1= F.|last2= Mather|first2= K. | date = 1963|title=Ronald Aylmer Fisher 1890–1962|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=9|jstor=769423}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Zohary | first1 = Daniel | last2 = Hopf | first2 = Maria | title = Domestication of Plants in the Old World | url = https://archive.org/details/domesticationofp0003zoha | date = 2000 | edition = 3rd | isbn = 978-0-19-850356-9 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford }} * {{Cite journal| ref={{sfnRef|Arabidopsis Genome Initiative|2000}}| author=The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative| title=Analysis of the Genome Sequence of the Flowering Plant Arabidopsis thaliana| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2000-12-14_408_6814/page/796| journal=Nature| publisher=Nature Publishing Group| location=London| date=2000| volume=408| doi=10.1038/35048692| pmid=11130711| issue=6814| pages=796–815}} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Plant Hormones|2013}} | url = https://agrikaido.com/plant-hormones/auxins/ | title = Auxins | publisher = Plant Hormones, Long Ashton Research Station, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council | accessdate = 15 Hulyo 2013 }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|National Center for Biotechnology Information|2004}} | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/genetics_cell.html | title = A Basic Introduction to the Science Underlying NCBI Resources | date = 30 Marso 2004 | publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information | accessdate = 5 Marso 2012 }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Online Etymology Dictionary|2012}} | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=botany&searchmode=none | title = Botany | publisher = Online Etymology Dictionary | date = 2012 | accessdate = 24 Pebrero 2012 }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|National Museum of Wales|2007}} | url = http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/852/?article_id=131 | title = Early Herbals – The German Fathers of Botany | publisher = National Museum of Wales | date = 4 Hulyo 2007 | accessdate = 19 Pebrero 2012 | archive-date = 29 Hunyo 2012 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120629144256/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/852/?article_id=131 | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|National Science Foundation|1989}} | url = http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=120 | title = Katherine Esau | publisher = National Science Foundation | date = 1989 | accessdate = 26 Hunyo 2013 }} * {{Cite web|ref={{sfnRef|Botanical Society of America|2013}}|url=http://www.botany.org/bsa/millen/mil-chp1.html#Evolution|title=Evolution and Diversity, Botany for the Next Millennium: I. The Intellectual: Evolution, Development, Ecosystems|publisher=Botanical Society of America|accessdate=25 Hunyo 2013|archive-date=1998-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980131020409/http://www.botany.org/bsa/millen/mil-chp1.html#Evolution|url-status=}} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|University of Maryland Medical Center|2011}} | url = http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/herbal-medicine-000351.htm | title = Herbal Medicine | publisher = University of Maryland Medical Center | accessdate = 2 Marso 2012 | archive-date = 2 Marso 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120302205401/http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/herbal-medicine-000351.htm | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Cleveland Museum of Natural History|2012}} | url = https://www.cmnh.org/discover/science/paleobotany-paleoecology | title = Paleobotany | publisher = Cleveland Museum of Natural History | accessdate = 30 Hulyo 2014 | archive-date = 2014-08-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140811074831/https://www.cmnh.org/discover/science/paleobotany-paleoecology | url-status = }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|University of California-Davis|2012}} | url = http://phymap.ucdavis.edu/brachypodium/phymapintro.jsp | title = Physical Map of ''Brachypodium'' | publisher = University of California-Davis | accessdate = 26 Pebrero 2012 | archive-date = 24 Agosto 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110824105534/http://phymap.ucdavis.edu/brachypodium/phymapintro.jsp | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Missouri Botanical Garden|2009}} | url = http://www.mbgnet.net/bioplants/earth.html | title = Plants and Life on Earth | publisher = Missouri Botanical Garden | date = 2009 | accessdate = 10 Marso 2012 }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikibooks|Botany}} {{Commons category|Botany}} {{Wikisource portal|Botany}} {{WVD}} {{refbegin|30em}} * {{dmoz|Science/Biology/Botany/|Botany}} * [http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Databases.shtml Botany databases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103035558/http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Databases.shtml |date=3 Enero 2011 }} at the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation * [http://www.kuleuven-kortrijk.be/bioweb/?page=guide&lang=en/ High quality pictures of plants and information about them] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131150733/http://www.kuleuven-kortrijk.be/bioweb/?page=guide&lang=en%2F |date=31 Enero 2012 }} from Catholic University of Leuven * [http://wildflower.utexas.edu/ Native Plant Information Network] * [http://plants.usda.gov/index.html USDA plant database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202091149/http://plants.usda.gov/index.html |date=2010-12-02 }} * [http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/www-vl/ The Virtual Library of Botany] * [http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/loc Larry Oglesby Collection] in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library {{refend}} [[Kaarangay:Botanika]] pf17a4yhgv4fdkurmu4hlyj2827thkv 0 18135 7783731 7652336 2026-06-24T22:18:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783731 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Colouring pencils.jpg|thumb]] An '''kolor'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 170. </ref> amo an biswal perseptuwal nga propertidad nga ha tawo ginaarangay hini ha [[pula]], [[darag]], [[muya]] ngan iba pa. "Kulur" u "Balangau" (Iningles:Color) (Pambansa:Kulay) [[parihu]] hit [[tikang]] ha [[PRISMA]] nga mga [[pawa]] == Pinanbasaran == {{reflist}} == Mga sumpay ha gawas ngan mga pagkukuhaan == {{Wikidata property |1=P462 |2=color }} * [http://www.fadu.uba.ar/sitios/sicyt/color/bib.htm Bibliography Database on Color Theory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907151050/http://www.fadu.uba.ar/sitios/sicyt/color/bib.htm |date=2011-09-07 }}, [[Buenos Aires University]] * {{sep entry|color|Color|Barry Maund}} * {{iep|color|Color}} * [http://www.research.ibm.com/people/l/lloydt/color/color.HTM Why Should Engineers and Scientists Be Worried About Color?] * [[Robert Ridgway]]'s [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/nat_hist&CISOPTR=1733&REC=1 ''A Nomenclature of Colors'' (1886)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320155832/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/nat_hist&CISOPTR=1733&REC=1 |date=2012-03-20 }} and [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/nat_hist&CISOPTR=1559&REC=1 ''Color Standards and Color Nomenclature'' (1912)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320155856/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/nat_hist&CISOPTR=1559&REC=1 |date=2012-03-20 }} - text-searchable digital facsimiles at Linda Hall Library * [[Albert Henry Munsell]]'s [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/26054/26054-h/26054-h.htm A Color Notation], (1907) at Project Gutenberg * [http://www.aic-color.org/ AIC], [[International Colour Association]] * [http://video.pbs.org/video/2293574270 The Effect of Color | OFF BOOK]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005105712/http://video.pbs.org/video/2293574270/ |date=2013-10-05 }} Documentary produced by [[Off Book (web series)]] * [http://philologus.gr/2008-08-02-10-20-04/33/287-colours Study of the history of colors] [[Kaarangay:kolor]] j3ugir1li5uffhq6ez8hg38elpu6kyq 0 19033 7783726 7770329 2026-06-24T20:41:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783726 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hopetoun falls.jpg|thumb]] An '''kalibongan''' (alternatibo nga kasurat: '''kalibungan'''), ha haluag nga pagpasabot, amo an kapareho ha natural nga kalibutan, pisikal nga kalibutan, o materyal nga kalibutan. An kalibongan in natudlok ha panhitabo han pisikal nga kalibutan, ngan ha kinabuhi. Lakip ini an bisan ano kadako nga butang tikang ha subatomica ngadto ha [[sangkalibutan]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{sisterlinks}} * [http://www.iucnredlist.org/ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (iucnredlist.org)] * [http://www.wild.org/ The Wild Foundation – The heart of the global wilderness conservation movement (wild.org)]* * [http://www.fauna-flora.org/ Fauna & Flora International is taking decisive action to help save the world’s wild species and spaces (fauna-flora.org)] * [http://www.eurowildlife.org European Wildlife is a Pan-European non-profit organization dedicated to nature preservation and environmental protection (eurowildlife.org)] * [http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html Nature Journal (nature.com)] * [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ The National Geographic Society (nationalgeographic.com)] * [http://www.arkive.org Record of life on Earth (arkive.org)]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427162729/http://www.arkive.org/ |date=2016-04-27 }} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/ BBC – Science and Nature (bbc.co.uk)] * [http://www.pbs.org/topics/science-nature/ PBS – Science and Nature (pbs.org)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317023819/http://www.pbs.org/topics/science-nature/ |date=2015-03-17 }} * [http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_animals/ Science Daily (sciencedaily.com)] * [http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/index_en.htm European Commission – Nature and Biodiversity (ec.europa.eu)] * [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/ Natural History Museum (.nhm.ac.uk)] * [http://eol.org/ Encyclopedia of Life (eol.org)]. * [http://www.science.gov/browse/w_123.htm Science.gov – Environment & Environmental Quality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808080158/http://www.science.gov/browse/w_123.htm |date=2002-08-08 }}. i7k6l6q908hgc2ecwdnem4gssk2r30k 0 19303 7783724 6178933 2026-06-24T19:23:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783724 wikitext text/x-wiki Ha [[kimika]], an '''base''' kasirigngon mayda pH nga 8 kutob 14. Ini nga sustensiya, puydi makakarawat hin mga proton. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} == Padugang nga barasahon == *{{cite journal | author = Jensen, William B.| title = The origin of the term "base"| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_2006-08_83_8/page/n27| journal = The Journal of Chemical Education | year = 2006 | volume = 83 | pages = 1130 | doi = 10.1021/ed083p1130 | issue = 8}} {{Commonscat|Bases}} e8b6vjnwy7arj6t6ujunfhc3mgilkyk 0 19483 7783728 7647190 2026-06-24T20:52:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783728 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Photo-SMDcapacitors.jpg|thumb]] An '''kapasitor''' usa nga butang elektronika nga nagtitirok hin kusog han kuryente. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== *{{cite book |title=Introduction to Electric Circuits |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=l-weAQAAIAAJ |last=Dorf |first=Richard C. |last2=Svoboda |first2=James A. |edition=5th |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=New York |year=2001 |isbn=9780471386896}} *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society LXXII, Appendix 8, 1782 (Volta coins the word ''condenser'') *{{cite book |title=Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=a_C8QgAACAAJ |last=Ulaby |first=Fawwaz Tayssir |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=1999 |location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey |isbn=9780130115546}} *{{cite journal |title=Super Charged: A Tiny South Korean Company is Out to Make Capacitors Powerful enough to Propel the Next Generation of Hybrid-Electric Cars |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ieee-spectrum_2005-01_42_1/page/32 |last=Zorpette |first=Glenn |year=2005 |journal=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=32 |edition=North American |doi=10.1109/MSPEC.2005.1377872}} * {{cite book|last1=Deshpande|first1=R.P.|title=Capacitors|date=2014|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=9780071848565}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikibooks |1=Electronics |2=Capacitors |3=Capacitors }} {{Wiktionary}} {{Commons category|Capacitors}} *[https://nationalmaglab.org/education/magnet-academy/watch-play/interactive/capacitor Capacitors: Interactive Tutorial] National High Magnetic Field Laboratory *{{cite web |url=http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/VON_KLEIST_BIO.html |title=Adventures in Cybersound – Ewald Christian von Kleist |last=Currier |first=Dean P. |year=2000 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625014024/http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/VON_KLEIST_BIO.html |archivedate=2008-06-25 |access-date=2015-01-27 |url-status=live }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.sparkmuseum.com/BOOK_LEYDEN.HTM |title=The First Condenser – A Beer Glass |publisher=SparkMuseum}} *[http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/capacitor.htm/printable Howstuffworks.com: How Capacitors Work] *[http://www.iequalscdvdt.com/ CapSite 2015: Introduction to Capacitors] *[http://www.sentex.ca/~mec1995/gadgets/caps/caps.html Capacitor Tutorial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706205029/http://www.sentex.ca/~mec1995/gadgets/caps/caps.html |date=2011-07-06 }} – Includes how to read capacitor temperature codes * [http://www.robotplatform.com/electronics/capacitor/capacitor.html Introduction to Capacitor and Capacitor codes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106110057/http://www.robotplatform.com/electronics/capacitor/capacitor.html |date=2019-11-06 }} * [http://www.capacitorlab.com/low-esr-capacitor-manufacturers/ Low ESR Capacitor Manufacturers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215034411/http://www.capacitorlab.com/low-esr-capacitor-manufacturers/ |date=2015-02-15 }} * [http://freecircuits.org/2012/01/capacitors-basics-working/ How Capacitor Works – Capacitor Markings and Color Codes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011092520/http://freecircuits.org/2012/01/capacitors-basics-working/ |date=2013-10-11 }} 0umn63egeuonamw78dmjrh5n6zm78yw 0 19796 7783713 7783313 2026-06-24T19:19:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783713 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Handicapped Accessible sign.svg|thumb|Kanasodnon Tigaman han Pagpa-agi]] An '''Kaulangan''' amo an aspeto han tawo may deperensya ha pisikal nga panlawas, sugad han mga diri nakakalakat, ngan puydi liwat an mga may deperensya han panhunahuna. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== {{refbegin|35em}} * {{Cite conference |last1=Arditi |first1=A. |last2=Rosenthal |first2=B. | date = 1998 |title=Developing an objective definition of visual impairment |conference=Vision '96: Proceedings of the International Low Vision Conference |pages=331–334 |location=Madrid, Spain: [[ONCE]] |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Burkhauser |first1=Richard V. |last2=Schmeiser |first2=Maximilian D.|last3=Weathers II |first3=Robert R.|date= Enero 2012 |title=The Importance of Anti-Discrimination and Workers' Compensation Laws on the Provision of Workplace Accommodations Following the Onset of a Disability |journal=Industrial & Labor Relations Review |volume=65 |issue=1 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Darling |first=Peter |date= Agosto 2007 |title=Disabilities and the Workplace |journal=Business NH Magazine |volume=24 |issue=8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=DePoy |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Gilson |first2=Stephen French | date = 2004 |title=Rethinking Disability: Principles for Professional and Social Change |url=https://archive.org/details/rethinkingdisabi0000depo |location=Pacific Grove, California |publisher=Brooks Cole |isbn=978-0-534-54929-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last=Donovan |first=Rich |date=1 Marso 2012 |title=The Global Economics of Disability |url=http://www.returnondisability.com/pdf-docs/The_Global_Economics_of_Disability_2012.pdf |publisher=Return on Disability |accessdate=11 Agosto 2012 |ref=harv |archive-date=13 Septyembre 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913222254/http://www.returnondisability.com/pdf-docs/The_Global_Economics_of_Disability_2012.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Ducy |first1=Elizabeth McAdams |last2=Stough |first2=Laura M. |last3=Clark |first3=M. Carolyn | date = 2012 |title=Choosing Agency in the Midst of Vulnerability: Using Critical Disability Theory to Examine a Disaster Narrative |work=Critical Qualitative Research Reader |editor1-last=Steinberg |editor1-first=Shirley R. |editor2-last=Cannella |editor2-first=Gaile S. |location=New York |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-1-4331-0688-0 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Miles |first=Albert S | date = 1994 |title=Brown v. Board of Education and the American with Disabilities Act: Vistas of equal educational opportunities for African Americans |journal=Journal of Negro Education |volume=63 |issue=3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last1=Nikora |first1=Linda Waimari |last2=Karapu |first2=Rolinda |last3=Hickey |first3=Huhana |last4=Te Awekotuku |first4=Ngahuia | date = 2004 |title=Disabled Maori and Disability Support Options |url=http://waikato.researchgateway.ac.nz/bitstream/10289/460/1/content.pdf |publisher=Maori&nbsp;& Psychology Research Unit, University of Waikato |accessdate=11 Agosto 2012 |ref=harv |archive-date=13 Mayo 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513220653/https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10289/460/content.pdf;jsessionid=CC679321B8E56B193727B2B489F9B94F?sequence=1 |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Stough |first=Laura M. | date = 2009 |title=The Effects of Disaster on the Mental Health of Individuals With Disabilities |work=Mental Health and Disasters |editor1-last=Neria |editor1-first=Yuval |editor2-last=Galea |editor2-first=Sandro |editor3-last=Norris |editor3-first=Fran H. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-41282-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last=Yeo |first=Rebecca | date = 2005 |title=Disability, poverty, and the new development agenda |publisher=Disability Knowledge and Research Programme |url=http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/Disability/RedPov_agenda.pdf |accessdate=19 Hunyo 2013 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Albrecht |editor-first=Gary L. | date = 2005 |title=Encyclopedia of disability |location=Thousand Oaks, California |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=978-0-7619-2565-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Bowe |first=Frank | date = 1978 |title=Handicapping America: Barriers to disabled people |url=https://archive.org/details/handicappingamer00bowe |location=New York |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-010422-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Charlton |first=James I. |title=Nothing about us without us : disability oppression and empowerment | date = 2004 |publisher=Univ. of California Press |location=Berkeley, Calif. [u.a.] |isbn=9780520224810 |edition=[3. Dr]}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glenn |first=Eddie | date = 1995 |title=African American Women with Disabilities: An Overview |url=http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/Us_Eu/ada_e/pres_com/pres-dd/glenn.html |encyclopedia=[http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/Us_Eu/ada_e/pres_com/pres-dd/glenn.html Disability and diversity: New leadership for a new era] |editor1-last=Walker |editor1-first=S. |editor2-last=Turner |editor2-first=K. A. |editor3-last=Haile-Michael |editor3-first=M.|editor4-last=Vincent |editor4-first=A. |editor5-last=Miles |editor5-first=M. D. |location=Washington, DC |publisher=President’s Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities and Howard University Research and Training Center for Access to Rehabilitation and Economic Opportunity}} * {{Cite book |last=Johnstone |first=David | date = 2001 |edition=2nd |title=An Introduction to Disability Studies |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontodi0000john_k7w3 |location= |publisher=Fulton |isbn=978-1-85346-726-4}} * {{Cite book |last1=Masala |first1=Carmelo |last2=Petretto |first2=Donatella Rita | date = 2008 |title=Psicologia dell'Handicap e della Riabilitazione |trans_title=The Psychology of Handicap and Rehabilitation |language=Italian |location=Rome |publisher=Kappa |isbn=978-88-15-06226-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Oliver |first=Michael | date = 1997 |title=The Politics of Disablement |location=London |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |isbn=978-0-333-43293-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Pearson |first=Charlotte | date = 2006 |title=Direct Payments and Personalisation of Care |url=https://archive.org/details/directpaymentspe0000unse |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press |isbn=978-1-903765-62-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Shakespeare |first=Tom |author2=with Anne Kerr | date = 1999 |title=Genetic Politics: from Eugenics to Genome |url=https://archive.org/details/geneticpoliticsf0000kerr |location=Cheltenham |publisher=New Clarion Press |isbn=978-1-873797-25-9}} * {{Cite journal |last=Burch |first=Susan |date= Hulyo 2009 |title=(Extraordinary) Bodies of Knowledge: Recent Scholarship in American Disability History |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_magazine-of-history_2009-07_23_3/page/29 |journal=OAH Magazine of History |volume=23 |pages=29–34 |issn=0882-228X |doi=10.1093/maghis/23.3.29 |issue=3}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kaushik |first=R. | date = 1999 |title=Access Denied: Can we overcome disabling attitudes |journal=Museum International |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=48–52 |publisher=UNESCO |issn=1468-0033 |doi=10.1111/1468-0033.00217}} * {{Cite journal |last=Lansing |first=Michael J. |date= Enero 2009 |title='Salvaging the Man Power of America': Conservation, Manhood, and Disabled Veterans during World War I |pages=32–57 |journal=Environmental History |volume=14 |location= |publisher= |issn=1084-5453 |doi=10.1093/envhis/14.1.32}} * {{Cite journal |last=Longmore |first=Paul |date= Hulyo 2009 |title=Making Disability an Essential Part of American History |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_magazine-of-history_2009-07_23_3/page/11 |journal=OAH Magazine of History |volume=23 |pages=11–15 |isbn= |issn=0882-228X |doi=10.1093/maghis/23.3.11 |issue=3}} * {{Cite journal | author = Masala C, Petretto DR | title = From disablement to enablement: conceptual models of disability in the 20th century | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_disability-and-rehabilitation_2008_30_17/page/n4 | journal = Disability and Rehabilitation | volume = 30 | issue = 17 | pages = 1233–1244 | date = 2008 | pmid = 18821191 | doi = 10.1080/09638280701602418 | issn = 0963-8288 }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== * {{dmoz|Society/Disabled}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|disability}} * {{Wikiquote-inline}} * {{Commons category-inline|Disabled people}} 7td44k0xwohnig8gf6peouk2ayhw0ka 0 25376 7783700 7747903 2026-06-24T19:12:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783700 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Oryza sativa - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-232.jpg|thumbnail|an paray, orayza sativa]] {{iba nga kagamit|Banwa (pansayod)|iba nga mga kagamit han Banwa}} [[File:WIKI-Grass.jpg|thumb]] An '''banwá'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 34.</ref> o '''sagbót''' (Iningles:Grass) (Pambansa:Damo) usa ka gropo hin mga tanom. Daramo nga klase may ada an banwa sugad han [[humay|paray]], tikog, [[tubo (banwa)|tubo]], tangbo, [[Kawayan (tanaman)|kawayan]], [[trigo]], [[tanglad]], kogon, ngan tigbaw. An tulo nga pamilya han banwa amo an pamilya ''[[Poaceae]]'' (kilala liwat na ''Gramineae''), pamilya ''[[Cyperaceae]]'' ngan pamilya ''[[Juncaceae]]''. Ha ''Gramineae'' ada an paray, trigo, kawayan, [[mais]], ngan tangbo. ==Mga Gamit== Daramo an pinaggagamitan han mga banwa lain pa ha pagkaon han mga hayop na sugad sa karabaw, baka, kabayo ug kanding. Ha paray nagtitikang an bugas ug pilit. An Mais gamit ha pagkaon ha tawo ngan hayop. Ginkukuhaan liwat ini asyete nga gamit panluto. Ha tubo naman nagtitikang an asukar ngan molasses. An tikog ginagamit panhimo banig. An kawayan ginagamit ha panhimo mga kalawid, o pan'alad. An patong ngan kabugawan gamit panhimo mga lingkuran ug balay. Didi liwat ginkukuha an dabong. Ha trigo naman nagtitikang an harina na pantinapay. An tangbo ginagamit panhimo silhig-tangbo. An tanglad ginagamit na panakot ha panluto. Haros natananan kun diri natanan na myembro san banwa pwede gamiton sa paghimo papel. == Ebolusyon == Tubtob sanhi, an mga ''fossil'' nagtututdo na an banwa nag-evolve sadton 55 milyon katuig an nakalabay. An mga naingun sa banwa na ''[[phytolith]]s'' san ''[[Cretaceous]] [[dinosaur]] [[coprolite]]'' nas'iisdog sa edad ngadto sa 66 milyon katuig an nakalabay.<ref name=DinosDined>{{cite journal | coauthors = Sues, H.D. | year = 2005 | title = Dinosaurs Dined on Grass | journal = Science | volume = 310 | issue = 5751 | pages = 1126hor = Piperno, D.R. | doi = 10.1126/science.1121020 | author = Piperno, D. R. | pmid = 16293745 }}</ref><ref name=Prasad2005>{{cite journal | author = Prasad, V. | coauthors = Stroemberg, C.A.E.; Alimohammadian, H.; Sahni, A. | year = 2005 | title = Dinosaur Coprolites and the Early Evolution of Grasses and Grazers | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2005-11-18_310_5751/page/1177 | journal = Science(Washington) | volume = 310 | issue = 5751 | pages = 1177–1180 | doi=10.1126/science.1118806 | pmid = 16293759 }}</ref> Sa mga bag'o na ''dating'' san tribu san paray na [[Oryzeae]] nagpapaimud na nagtitikang sa naabot sa 107 ngadto 129 milyon katuig an nakalabay.<ref>Prasad V., Strömberg C. A., Leaché A. D., Samant B., Patnaik R., Tang L., Mohabey D.M., Ge S., Sahni A. (2011). Late Cretaceous origin of the rice tribe provides evidence for early diversification in Poaceae. Nat Commun. 2:480. {{doi|10.1038/ncomms1482}} PMID 21934664</ref> An relasyon san mga ''subfamilies [[Bambusoideae]], [[Ehrhartoideae]]'' ngan ''[[Pooideae]]'' sa ''BEP clade'' nagsusumat na an ''Bambusoideae'' ngan ''Pooideae'' mas harani na urupod kaysa ngadto san ''Ehrhartoideae''.<ref>Wu ZQ, Ge S (2011) The phylogeny of the BEP clade in grasses revisited: Evidence from the whole-genome sequences of chloroplasts. Mol Phylogenet Evol</ref> An pagburublag sinin mga ''subfamily'' nahinabo sulod sa 4 milyon katuig. [[Paypay:YosriNov04Pokok Serai.JPG|thumbnail|tanglad]] == Mga kasarigan == {{reflist}} [[Kaarangay:Banwa]] dbaklgsh9vep6v2xokp8i87mrd4mv6z 0 32210 7783719 7775720 2026-06-24T19:21:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Pinortuges |nativename = ''{{lang|pt|português}}'' |pronunciation = {{IPA-pt|puɾtuˈɣeʃ|}}, {{IPA-pt|poʁtuˈɡes|}} |states = [[Portugal]], [[Brasil]], [[Angola]], [[Mozambique]] ngan iba pa nga mga [[Lusophone]] nga nasod |speakers = 250 ka milyon<!--Published figure of 216 million assumes 30% of Angola. More likely figure of 20% takes 2M off, thus rounding off to 210M rather than 220M. Splitting the diff and listing 215M.--> |date = 2010 |ref = ne2010 |speakers2 = Tanan nga ([[syahan nga pinulongan|L1]] upod han [[Ikaduha nga pinulongan|L2]]): 250 ka milyon (2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/portuguese|title=Portuguese language|publisher=University of Leicester|accessdate=30 Hunyo 2014|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226150151/https://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/LANGUAGEScourses/portuguese|url-status=}}</ref> |familycolor = Indo-Europeo |fam2 = [[Italic nga mga pinulongan|Italic]] |fam3 = [[Romanse nga mga pinulongan|Romanse]] |fam4 = [[Katundan nga Romanse nga mga pinulongan|Katundan nga Romanse]] |fam5 = [[Ibero-Romanse nga mga pinulongan|Ibero-Romanse]] |fam6 = [[Katundan nga Iberico nga mga pinulongan|Katundan nga Iberico]] |fam7 = [[Ginalyego-Pinortuges]] |ancestor = [[Medieval nga Ginalyego]] |script = [[Latin nga pagsurat|Latin]] ([[Pinortuges nga abakadahan]])<br />[[Pinortuges nga Braille]] | nation = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title=[[Heyograpiko nga pagbahinbahin han Pinortuges|9 ka nasod]] | {{flag|Angola}} | {{flag|Brasil}} | {{flag|Cabo Verde}} | {{flag|Guinea Ecuatorial}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=7775 |title=Acts continue to mark Portuguese Language and Portuguese Culture Day|author=Government of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea}}</ref> | {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} | {{flag|Mozambique}} | {{flag|Portugal}} | {{flag|São Tomé ngan Príncipe}} | {{flag|Sinirangan nga Timor}} | }}<br /> {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title=[[Heyograpiko nga pagbahinbahin han Pinortuges|1 nga dependensya]] |{{flag|Macau}} }}<br /> |minority ={{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title=[[Heyograpiko nga pagbahinbahin han Pinortuges|12 ka nasod]] | {{flag|Andorra}} | {{flag|Canada}} | [[File:Flag of Daman and Diu.svg|24px]] [[Daman ngan Diu]] ([[India]]) | {{flag|Estados Unidos}} | {{flag|Fransya}} | {{flag|Galicia}} ([[Espanya]]) | [[File:Flag of Goa.svg|24px]] [[Goa]] ([[India]]) | {{flag|Hapon}} | {{flag|Luxemburgo}} | [[File:Flag of Malacca.svg|24px]] [[Malacca]] ([[Malaysia]]) | {{flag|Namibia}} | {{flag|Paraguay}} | {{flag|South Africa}} | {{flag|Swiza}} | {{flag|Uruguay}} | {{flag|Venezuela}} }} <br>[[Taramdan hin mga internasyonal nga organisasyon nga nagamit han Pinortuges nga opisyal nga pinulongan|Damo nga mga internasyonal nga mga organisasyon]] |agency=[[Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa]]<br /> [[Academia Brasileira de Letras]]&nbsp;(Brasil)<br /> [[Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Classe de Letras]]&nbsp;(Portugal)<br /> [[Galician Academy of the Portuguese Language|Academia Galega da Língua Portuguesa]]&nbsp;(Galicia)<br />[[CPLP]] |iso1=pt |iso2=por |iso3=por |lingua=51-AAA-a |map=Detailed SVG map of the Lusophone world.svg |mapcaption= {{legend|#002375|Tuminongnong nga pinulongan}} {{legend|#1886FE|Opisyal ngan administratibo nga pinulongan}} {{legend|#79BDFF|Kultural o pan-ikaduha nga pinulongan}} |notice=IPA |sign = Manually coded Portuguese |glotto=port1283 |glottorefname=Portuguese }} An '''Pinortuges''' (lumad ngan tuminongnong nga ngaran: {{lang|pt|português}} o kundi man, ha bug-os, {{lang|pt|língua portuguesa}}) usá nga katundan nga [[Mga Romanse nga pinulonganRomance languages|Romanse nga pamulong, pinulongan, o yinaknan]] ngan amo an nag-uusá nga opisyal nga pinulongan han [[Portugal]], [[Brasil]], [[Cabo Verde]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Mozambique]], [[Angola]], ngan [[São Tomé ngan Príncipe]].<ref name="CPLP">{{cite web|url=https://www.cplp.org/id-2597.aspx|title=Estados-membros da CPLP|last=|first=|date=7 Pebrero 2017|website=|language=Portuguese|accessdate=|archive-date=2017-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207182400/https://www.cplp.org/id-2597.aspx|url-status=}}</ref> Mayda gihapon ini status hin pagka-co-opisyal ha [[Sinirangan nga Timor]], [[Guinea Ecuatorial]] ngan [[Macau]] ha Tsina. Komo resulta hin pagpahilawig ha kolonyal nga kapanahonan, mayda kultural nga presensya hin mga nayakan hin Pinortuges ngan [[Mga creole nga pinulongan nga nahibase-ha-Pinortuges|Pinortuges nga creole]] nga mabibilngan gihapon ha [[Goa]], [[Daman ngan Diu]] ha India;<ref>{{cite book|title=Learner English: a Teacher's Guide to Interference and Other Problems|author1=Michael Swan |author2=Bernard Smith |year=2001|chapter=Portuguese Speakers|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> ha [[Batticaloa]] ha sidlangan nga labnasan han [[Sri Lanka]]; ha [[Indonesia]]no nga purô han [[Flores]]; ha estado han [[Malacca]] ha [[Malaysia]]; ngan an [[ABC nga kapurupod'an (Antillas Menores)|ABC nga kapurupod'an]] ha Caribe nga diin ginyayakan an [[Papiamento]], samtang an [[Cabo Verdeanon nga Creole]] amo an ginyayakan hin hirayo nga Creole nga nahibase-ha-Pinortuges. In nayakan-hin-Pinortes nga tawo o nasod puyde tawagon nga "[[Lusophone]]" ha Ininggles ngan Pinortuges. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== {{Reflist|2}} * ''História da Lingua Portuguesa'' [http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/conhecer/bases-tematicas/historia-da-lingua-portuguesa.html/ Instituto Camões] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206190639/http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/conhecer/bases-tematicas/historia-da-lingua-portuguesa.html |date=2016-02-06 }} * ''A Língua Portuguesa'' in [http://www.linguaportuguesa.ufrn.br/ Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil] (...) ===Literatura=== * ''Poesia e Prosa Medievais'', by Maria Ema Tarracha Ferreira, Ulisseia 1998, 3rd ed., ISBN 978-9-72-568124-4. * ''Bases Temáticas—Língua, Literatura e Cultura Portuguesa'' in [http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/area-conhecer-bases-tematicas Instituto Camões] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605122734/http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/area-conhecer-bases-tematicas |date=2014-06-05 }} * ''Portuguese Literature'' in [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12307a.htm The Catholic Encyclopedia] ===Phonology, orthography and grammar=== * {{Cite journal |last=Barbosa |first=Plínio A. |last2=Albano |first2=Eleonora C. |year= 2004 |title=Brazilian Portuguese |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=227–232 |doi=10.1017/S0025100304001756 |ref=harv |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }} * {{Cite journal |last=Cruz-Ferreira |first=Madalena |year= 1995 |title=European Portuguese |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-phonetic-association-journal_1995-12_25_2/page/90 |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=90–94 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300005223 |ref=harv |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }} * Mateus, Maria Helena & d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000) ''The Phonology of Portuguese'' ISBN 01-9823-581-X [http://books.google.com/books?id=Onr9OFylajYC&pg=PP1&ots=qYJ80vag4U&dq=Phonology+of+Portuguese&hl=pt-BR&sig=6ZYy5zVrjHgGIbS8FeqxHuXf--Q#PPA1,M1 (Excerpt available at Google Books)] * Bergström, Magnus & Reis, Neves ''Prontuário Ortográfico'' Editorial Notícias, 2004. * [http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/cpp2/index.html A pronúncia do português europeu—European Portuguese Pronunciation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710051842/http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/cpp2/index.html |date=2014-07-10 }} * [http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/mapa02.html Dialects of Portuguese at the Instituto Camões] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204211046/http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/mapa02.html |date=2012-02-04 }} * [http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/mapa06.html Audio samples of the dialects of Portugal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418071536/http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/mapa06.html |date=2017-04-18 }} * [http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/mapa07.html Audio samples of the dialects from outside Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427031743/http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/mapa07.html |date=2015-04-27 }} * [http://learn101.org/portuguese.php Portuguese Grammar] ===Reference dictionaries=== * [[Antônio Houaiss]] (2000), ''[[Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa]]'' (228,500 entries). * [[Aurélio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira]], ''[[Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa]]'' (1809pp) * [http://www.italian.org.cn/web/epcd/ English–Portuguese–Chinese Dictionary (Freeware for Windows/Linux/Mac)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707050228/http://www.italian.org.cn/web/epcd/ |date=2011-07-07 }} ===Linguistic studies=== * Cook, Manuela. Portuguese Pronouns and Other Forms of Address, from the Past into the Future - Structural, Semantic and Pragmatic Reflections, Ellipsis, vol. 11, APSA, www.portuguese-apsa.com/ellipsis, 2013 * Cook, Manuela. Uma Teoria de Interpretação das Formas de Tratamento na Língua Portuguesa, Hispania, vol 80, nr 3, AATSP, 1997 * Cook, Manuela. On the Portuguese Forms of Address: From "Vossa Mercê" to "Você", Portuguese Studies Review 3.2, Durham: University of New Hampshire, 1995 * Lindley Cintra, Luís F. [http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/biblioteca/novaproposta.pdf ''Nova Proposta de Classificação dos Dialectos Galego- Portugueses''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109125936/http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/biblioteca/novaproposta.pdf |date=2013-11-09 }} (PDF) Boletim de Filologia, Lisboa, Centro de Estudos Filológicos, 1971. ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{InterWiki|code=pt}} {{sisterlinks|d=Q5146|wikt=Category:Portuguese language|b=Portuguese|commons=Category:Portuguese language|voy=Portuguese phrasebook|v=Category:Portuguese|n=no|species=no|mw=no|m=no|q=no|s=no}} *{{DMOZ|Reference/Dictionaries/World_Languages/P/Portuguese/}} * [http://www.learnbrazilianportuguesefast.com/ Learn Portuguese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217224458/http://learnbrazilianportuguesefast.com/ |date=2014-12-17 }} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/portuguese/ Learn Portuguese] [[BBC]] * [https://www.livelingua.com/fsi-portuguese-course.php USA Foreign Service Institute Portuguese basic course] * {{pt icon}} [http://www.slp.pt/ Society for the Portuguese Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304055138/http://www.slp.pt/ |date=2013-03-04 }} (''Sociedade da Língua Portuguesa'') * [http://www.aulp.org/ AULP—Associação das Universidades de Língua Portuguesa] Portuguese Language Universities Association. * [http://www.academia.org.br/ ABL—Academia Brasileira de letras] (em português)—(Brazilian Academy of Letters) (Portuguese) [[Kaarangay:Portugal]] [[Kaarangay:Yinaknan]] fc2bzlsckz9x25lpg01w9hlcigpxa3z 0 2317547 7783723 7774262 2026-06-24T19:23:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783723 wikitext text/x-wiki An talaan na nagpapaimud sin mga ''major parameters'' san mga superconductors na may simple na struktura (daramo na metallic na alloys an wara didi). an X:Y mao an material X na gin-''doped'' element Y, ''T''_C amo an gihitas'e na nahitala na ''transition temperature'' sa [[kelvin]] ngan an ''H''_Camo an kritikal na ''magnetic field'' sa [[tesla (unit)|tesla]]. An "Non-metals" na hani mao an mga materyales na ginkokonsidera na metal, kudi nagiging superconduktor pag mabug'at an ''doping''. An "BCS" kun an ''superconductivity'' nai-eksplikar o diri san [[BCS theory]]. {|class="wikitable sortable" ! Formula ! ''T''_C (K) ! ''H''_C (T) ! [[Superconductor classification|Type]] ! [[BCS theory|BCS]] ! References |- |'''''Metals''''' | | | | | |- |[[Aluminium|Al]] |1.20 |0.01 |I |yes |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cochran|first1=John|last2=Mapother|first2=D.|title=Superconducting Transition in Aluminum|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physical-review_1958-07-01_111_1/page/n134|journal=Physical Review|volume=111|page=132|year=1958|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.111.132|bibcode=1958PhRv..111..132C}}</ref><ref name=m/><ref name=e/> |- |[[Cadmium|Cd]] |0.52 |0.0028 |I |yes |<ref name=m/><ref name=e>{{cite journal|last1=Eisenstein|first1=Julian|title=Superconducting Elements|journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|volume=26|page=277|year=1954|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.26.277|bibcode=1954RvMP...26..277E|issue=3}}</ref> |- |[[Gallium|Ga]] |1.083 |0.0058 |I |yes |<ref name=b1>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ULXZwEJeElYC&pg=PA283|page=283|title=Atomic and electronic structure of solids|author=Efthimios Kaxiras|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=0-521-52339-7}}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> |- |[[Hafnium|Hf]] |0.165 | |I |yes |<ref name=m/> |- |[[Mercury (element)|α-Hg]] |4.15 |0.04 |I |yes |<ref name=m/><ref name=e/> |- |[[Mercury (element)|β-Hg]] |3.95 |0.04 |I |yes |<ref name=m/><ref name=e/> |- |[[Gallium|Ga]] |1.1 |0.005 |I |yes |<ref name=m/><ref name=e/> |- |[[Indium|In]] |3.4 |0.03 |I |yes |<ref name=m/><ref name=e/> |- |[[Iridium|Ir]] |0.14 |0.0016<ref name=b1/> |I |yes |<ref name=m/> |- |[[Lanthanum|α-La]] |4.9 | |I |yes |<ref name=m>{{cite journal|last1=Matthias|first1=B.|last2=Geballe|first2=T.|last3=Compton|first3=V.|title=Superconductivity|journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|volume=35|page=1|year=1963|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.35.1|bibcode=1963RvMP...35....1M}}</ref> |- |[[Lanthanum|β-La]] |6.3 | |I |yes |<ref name=m/> |- |[[Molybdenum|Mo]] |0.92 |0.0096 |I |yes |<ref name=m/><ref name=b1/> |- |[[Niobium|Nb]] |9.26 |0.82 |II |yes |<ref name=m/><ref name=e/> |- |[[Osmium|Os]] |0.65 |0.007 |I |yes |<ref name=m/> |- |[[Protactinium|Pa]] |1.4 | |I |yes |<ref name=pa/> |- |[[Lead|Pb]] |7.19 |0.08 |I |yes |<ref name=m/><ref name=e/> |- |[[Rhenium|Re]] |2.4 |0.03 |I |yes |<ref name=m/><ref name=e/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Daunt|first1=J.|last2=Smith|first2=T.|title=Superconductivity of Rhenium|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physical-review_1952-10-15_88_2/page/n131|journal=Physical Review|volume=88|page=309|year=1952|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.88.309|bibcode=1952PhRv...88..309D|issue=2}}</ref> |- |[[Ruthenium|Ru]] |0.49 |0.005 |I |yes |<ref name=m/><ref name=e/> |- |[[Tin|Sn]] |3.72 |0.03 |I |yes |<ref name=m/><ref name=e/> |- |[[Tantalum|Ta]] |4.48 |0.09 |I |yes |<ref name=m/><ref name=e/> |- |[[Technetium|Tc]] |7.46–11.2 |0.04 |II |yes |<ref name=m/><ref name=e/> |- |[[Thorium|α-Th]] |1.37 |0.013 |I |yes |<ref name=m/><ref name=e/> |- |[[Titanium|Ti]] |0.39 |0.01 |I |yes |<ref name=m/><ref name=e/> |- |[[Thallium|Tl]] |2.39 |0.02 |I |yes |<ref name=m/><ref name=e/> |- |[[Uranium|α-U]] |0.68 | |I |yes |<ref name=m/><ref name=pa/> |- |[[Uranium|β-U]] |1.8 | |I |yes |<ref name=pa/> |- |[[Vanadium|V]] |5.03 |1 |II |yes |<ref name=m/><ref name=e/> |- |[[Tungsten|α-W]] |0.015 |0.00012 |I |yes |<ref name=b1/><ref name=pa>{{cite journal| author = R. D. Fowler et al. | title = Superconductivity of Protactinium| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_physical-review-letters_1965-11-29_15_22/page/860 | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.| volume = 15 |page = 860 | year = 1965| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.15.860 | bibcode=1965PhRvL..15..860F| issue = 22}}</ref><ref name=al>{{cite journal| author = A. E. Lita et al. | title = Tuning of Tungsten Thin Film Superconducting Transition Temperature for Fabrication of Photon Number Resolving Detectors| journal = IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity| volume = 15 |page = 3528 | year = 2001 | doi =10.1109/TASC.2005.849033| issue = 2}}</ref> |- |[[Tungsten|β-W]] |1–4 | | | |<ref name=al/> |- |[[zinc|Zn]] |0.855 |0.005 |I |yes |<ref name=m/><ref name=e/> |- |[[zirconium|Zr]] |0.55 |0.014 |I |yes |<ref name=m/><ref name=e/> |- |'''''Compounds''''' | | | | | |- |Ba₈Si₄₆ |8.07 |0.008 |II |yes |<ref name="Rachi2006">{{cite journal|last1=Rachi|first1=Takeshi|last2=Kumashiro|first2=Ryotaro|last3=Fukuoka|first3=Hiroshi|last4=Yamanaka|first4=Shoji|last5=Tanigaki|first5=Katsumi|title=Sp3-network superconductors made from IVth-group elements|doi=10.1016/j.stam.2006.02.012|year=2006|pages=S88|volume=7|journal=Science and Technology of Advanced Materials|format= free download|bibcode = 2006STAdM...7S..88R }}</ref> |- |[[Covalent superconductors#Intercalated graphite|C₆Ca]] |11.5 |0.95 |II | |<ref name=cac6>{{cite journal|last1=Emery|first1=Nicolas|last2=Hérold|first2=Claire|last3=Marêché|first3=Jean-François|last4=Lagrange|first4=Philippe|doi=10.1088/1468-6996/9/4/044102|title=Synthesis and superconducting properties of CaC6|year=2008|page=044102|volume=9|journal=Science and Technology of Advanced Materials|format= free download|bibcode=2008STAdM...9d4102E|issue=4}}</ref> |- |[[Covalent superconductors#Intercalated graphite|C₆Li₃Ca₂]] |11.15 | |II | |<ref name=cac6/> |- |[[Covalent superconductors#Intercalated graphite|C₈K]] |0.14 | |II | |<ref name=cac6/> |- |[[Covalent superconductors#Intercalated graphite|C₈KHg]] |1.4 | |II | |<ref name=cac6/> |- |[[Covalent superconductors#Intercalated graphite|C₆K]] |1.5 | |II | |<ref name=gic>{{cite journal| author =I.T Belash et al. |title =Superconductivity of GIC with Li, Na and K| journal= Synthetic Metals| volume =34| year =1990| page =455| doi=10.1016/0379-6779(89)90424-4|last2 =Zharikov|first2 =O.V|last3 =Palnichenko|first3 =A.V}}</ref> |- |[[Covalent superconductors#Intercalated graphite|C₃K]] |3.0 | |II | |<ref name=gic/> |- |[[Covalent superconductors#Intercalated graphite|C₃Li]] |<0.35 | |II | |<ref name=gic/> |- |[[Covalent superconductors#Intercalated graphite|C₂Li]] |1.9 | |II | |<ref name=gic/> |- |[[Covalent superconductors#Intercalated graphite|C₃Na]] |2.3–3.8 | |II | |<ref name=gic/> |- |[[Covalent superconductors#Intercalated graphite|C₂Na]] |5.0 | |II | |<ref name=gic/> |- |[[Covalent superconductors#Intercalated graphite|C₈Rb]] |0.025 | |II | |<ref name=cac6/> |- |[[Covalent superconductors#Intercalated graphite|C₆Sr]] |1.65 | |II | |<ref name=cac6/> |- |[[Covalent superconductors#Intercalated graphite|C₆Yb]] |6.5 | |II | |<ref name=cac6/> |- |[[Fullerene#Superconductivity|C₆₀Cs₂Rb]] |33 | |II |yes |<ref>{{cite journal | author = K. Tanigaki T. W. Ebbesen S. Saito J. Mizuki J. S. Tsai Y. Kubo & S. Kuroshima| year = 1991 | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 352 | pages = 222–223| doi = 10.1038/352222a0 | title = Superconductivity at 33 K in CsxRbyC60 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1991-07-18_352_6332/page/222| issue=6332 | bibcode=1991Natur.352..222T| last2 = Ebbesen | last3 = Saito | last4 = Mizuki | last5 = Tsai }}</ref> |- |[[Fullerene#Superconductivity|C₆₀K₃]] |19.8 |0.013 |II |yes |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Xiang|first1=X. -D.|last2=Hou|first2=J. G.|last3=Briceno|first3=G.|last4=Vareka|first4=W. A.|last5=Mostovoy|first5=R.|last6=Zettl|first6=A.|last7=Crespi|first7=V. H.|last8=Cohen|first8=M. L.|title=Synthesis and Electronic Transport of Single Crystal K3C60|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1992-05-22_256_5060/page/1190|journal=Science|volume=256|issue=5060|pages=1190–1|year=1992|pmid=17795215|doi=10.1126/science.256.5060.1190|bibcode = 1992Sci...256.1190X }}</ref><ref name="Rachi2006" /> |- |[[Fullerene#Superconductivity|C₆₀Rb_X]] |28 | |II |yes |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rosseinsky|first1=M.|last2=Ramirez|first2=A.|last3=Glarum|first3=S.|last4=Murphy|first4=D.|last5=Haddon|first5=R.|last6=Hebard|first6=A.|last7=Palstra|first7=T.|last8=Kortan|first8=A.|last9=Zahurak|first9=S.|last10=Makhija|first10=A.|title=Superconductivity at 28 K in Rb_{x}C_{60}|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=66|issue=21|pages=2830–2832|year=1991|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.2830|pmid=10043627|bibcode=1991PhRvL..66.2830R}}</ref> |- |[[Covalent superconductors#Diamond|Diamond:B]] |11.4 |4 |II |yes |<ref name="nature">E. Ekimov et al. "Superconductivity in diamond" [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6982/abs/nature02449.html Nature 428 (2004) 542] ([http://www.nims.go.jp/NFM/paper1/SuperconductingDiamond/01nature02449.pdf Superconducting diamond])</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ekimov|first1=Evgeny A|last2=Sidorov|first2=Vladimir A|last3=Zoteev|first3=Andrey V|last4=Lebed|first4=Yury B|last5=Thompson|first5=Joe D|last6=Stishov|first6=Sergey M|doi=10.1088/1468-6996/9/4/044210|title=Structure and superconductivity of isotope-enriched boron-doped diamond|year=2008|page=044210|volume=9|journal=Science and Technology of Advanced Materials |format=free download|bibcode=2008STAdM...9d4210E|issue=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Takano|first1=Y|last2=Takenouchi|first2=T|last3=Ishii|first3=S|last4=Ueda|first4=S|last5=Okutsu|first5=T|last6=Sakaguchi|first6=I|last7=Umezawa|first7=H|last8=Kawarada|first8=H|last9=Tachiki|first9=M|title=Superconducting properties of homoepitaxial CVD diamond|journal=Diamond and Related Materials|volume=16|page=911|year=2007|doi=10.1016/j.diamond.2007.01.027|issue=4–7 |bibcode = 2007DRM....16..911T |display-authors=9}}</ref> |- |FeB4 |2.9 | |I | |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kurzweilai.net/first-fully-computer-designed-superconductor |title=First fully computer-designed superconductor |publisher=KurzweilAI |accessdate=2013-10-11 |archive-date=2013-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010141345/http://www.kurzweilai.net/first-fully-computer-designed-superconductor |url-status= }}</ref> |- |[[Indium(III) nitride|InN]] |3 | |II |yes |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Inushima|first1=Takashi|doi=10.1016/j.stam.2006.05.009|title=Electronic structure of superconducting InN|year=2006|pages=S112|volume=7|journal=Science and Technology of Advanced Materials |format=free download|bibcode=2006STAdM...7S.112I}}</ref> |- |[[Indium(III) oxide|In₂O₃]] |3.3 |~3 |II |yes |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Makise|first1=Kazumasa|last2=Kokubo|first2=Nobuhito|last3=Takada|first3=Satoshi|last4=Yamaguti|first4=Takashi|last5=Ogura|first5=Syunsuke|last6=Yamada|first6=Kazumasa|last7=Shinozaki|first7=Bunjyu|last8=Yano|first8=Koki|last9=Inoue|first9=Kazuyoshi|last10=Nakamura|first10=Hiroaki|title=Superconductivity in transparent zinc-doped In2O3films having low carrier density|doi=10.1088/1468-6996/9/4/044208|year=2008|page=044208|volume=9|journal=Science and Technology of Advanced Materials |format=free download|issue=4|bibcode = 2008STAdM...9d4208M }}</ref> |- |[[Covalent superconductors#Silicon|Si:B]] |0.4 |0.4 |II |yes |<ref>E. Bustarret et al. [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7118/abs/nature05340.html Nature 444 (2006) 465]</ref> |- |[[Covalent superconductors#Silicon carbide|SiC:B]] |1.4 |0.008 |I |yes |<ref name=muranaka>{{cite journal|last1=Muranaka|first1=Takahiro|last2=Kikuchi|first2=Yoshitake|last3=Yoshizawa|first3=Taku|last4=Shirakawa|first4=Naoki|last5=Akimitsu|first5=Jun|title=Superconductivity in carrier-doped silicon carbide|doi=10.1088/1468-6996/9/4/044204|year=2008|page=044204|volume=9|journal=Science and Technology of Advanced Materials |format=free download|bibcode=2008STAdM...9d4204M|issue=4}}</ref> |- |[[Covalent superconductors#Silicon carbide|SiC:Al]] |1.5 |0.04 |II |yes |<ref name="muranaka"/> |- |'''''Binary alloys''''' | | | | | |- |[[Lanthanum hexaboride|LaB₆]] |0.45 | | |yes |<ref>{{cite journal| author = G. Schell, H. Winter, H. Rietschel, and F. Gompf| journal = Phys. Rev. B | volume = 25 | year = 1982| page = 1589| title= Electronic structure and superconductivity in metal hexaborides | doi =10.1103/PhysRevB.25.1589| issue = 3 |bibcode = 1982PhRvB..25.1589S }}</ref> |- |[[Magnesium diboride|MgB₂]] |39 |74 |II |yes |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nagamatsu|first1=Jun|last2=Nakagawa|first2=Norimasa|last3=Muranaka|first3=Takahiro|last4=Zenitani|first4=Yuji|last5=Akimitsu|first5=Jun|title=Superconductivity at 39 K in magnesium diboride|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2001-03-01_410_6824/page/62|journal=Nature|volume=410|issue=6824|pages=63–4|year=2001|pmid=11242039|doi=10.1038/35065039|bibcode=2001Natur.410...63N}}</ref> |- |Nb₃Al |18 | |II |yes |<ref name=m/> |- |[[Niobium-germanium|Nb₃Ge]] |23.2 |37 |II |yes |<ref>{{cite journal |title = Preparation of Nb₃Ge films by chemical transport reaction and their critical properties |first = Gin-ichiro |last = Oya |author2 = E. J. Saur |journal = [[Journal of Low Temperature Physics]] |volume = 34 |issue = 5–6 |year = 1979 |doi = 10.1007/BF00114941 |pages = 569–583 |url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/vxl533x085p02128/fulltext.pdf?page=1 |bibcode = 1979JLTP...34..569O }}{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> |- |[[Niobium monoxide|NbO]] |1.38 | |II |yes |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hulm|first1=J. K.|last2=Jones|first2=C. K.|last3=Hein|first3=R. A.|last4=Gibson|first4=J. W.|title=Superconductivity in the TiO and NbO systems|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-low-temperature-physics_1972_7_3-4/page/291|journal=Journal of Low Temperature Physics|volume=7|page=291|year=1972|doi=10.1007/BF00660068|bibcode=1972JLTP....7..291H|issue=3–4}}</ref> |- |[[Niobium nitride|NbN]] |16 | |II |yes |<ref name=m/> |- |[[Niobium-tin|Nb₃Sn]] |18.3 |30 |II |yes |<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Physical Review | volume = 95 | pages = 1435–1435 | year = 1954 | title = Superconductivity of Nb₃Sn | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_physical-review_1954-09-15_95_6/page/n71 | first = B. T. | last = Matthias | coauthors = Geballe, T. H.; Geller, S.; Corenzwit, E. | doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.95.1435 | bibcode=1954PhRv...95.1435M | issue = 6}}</ref> |- |[[Niobium-titanium|NbTi]] |10 |15 |II |yes |<ref name=m/> |- |[[Yttrium borides|YB₆]] |8.4 | |II |yes |<ref name=fisk>{{cite journal| author = Z. Fisk et al.| journal = Mater. Res. Bull. | volume = 11 | year = 1976| page = 1019| title= Growth of YB₆ single crystals | doi =10.1016/0025-5408(76)90179-3| issue = 8 | last2 = Schmidt | first2 = P.H. | last3 = Longinotti | first3 = L.D. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| title =Superconducting energy gap of YB₆ studied by point-contact spectroscopy | journal = Physica C| volume= 460–462| year = 2007| page = 626| author = P. Szabo et al.| doi = 10.1016/j.physc.2007.04.135|bibcode = 2007PhyC..460..626S | last2 = Kačmarčík| first2 = Jozef| last3 = Samuely| first3 = Peter| last4 = Girovský| first4 = Ján| last5 = Gabáni| first5 = Slavomir| last6 = Flachbart| first6 = Karol| last7 = Mori| first7 = Takao}}</ref><ref name =zrb/> |- |[[Titanium nitride|TiN]] |5.6 | | |yes |<ref name=prop>{{cite book|page=193|url=http://books.google.com/?id=pbt-RWodmVAC&pg=PA193|title=Handbook of refractory carbides and nitrides: properties, characteristics, processing, and applications|author =Hugh O. Pierson| publisher = William Andrew | year =1996| isbn= 0-8155-1392-5}}</ref> |- |[[Zirconium nitride|ZrN]] |10 | | |yes |<ref name=nitrides>{{cite journal| doi =10.1002/sia.740150606| title =Characterization of nitrogen distribution profiles in fcc transition metal nitrides by means ofTc measurements| url =https://archive.org/details/sim_surface-and-interface-analysis-sia_1990-06_15_6/page/377| year =1990| author =Lengauer, Walter| journal =Surface and Interface Analysis| volume =15| page =377| issue =6 }}</ref> |- |ZrB₁₂ |6.0 | |I |yes |<ref name=zrb>{{cite journal| author = M. I. Tsindlekht et al.| journal = Phys. Rev. B | volume = 78 | year = 2008| page = 024522| title= Linear and nonlinear low-frequency electrodynamics of surface superconducting states in an yttrium hexaboride single crystal | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevB.78.024522| issue = 2 |arxiv = 0707.2211 |bibcode = 2008PhRvB..78b4522T | last2 = Genkin | first2 = V. | last3 = Leviev | first3 = G. | last4 = Felner | first4 = I. | last5 = Yuli | first5 = O. | last6 = Asulin | first6 = I. | last7 = Millo | first7 = O. | last8 = Belogolovskii | first8 = M. | last9 = Shitsevalova | first9 = N. | display-authors = 9 }}</ref> |} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==See also== {{colbegin|3}} * [[Conventional superconductor]] * [[covalent superconductors]] * [[High-temperature superconductivity]] * [[Room temperature superconductor]] * [[Superconductivity]] * [[Superconductor classification]] * [[Technological applications of superconductivity]] * [[Timeline of low-temperature technology]] * [[Type-I superconductor]] * [[Type-II superconductor]] * [[Unconventional superconductor]] {{colend}} [[Category:Superconductivity]] 7tqc6k1r8ntla9qmvmxqyl9crxogpra 0 2542197 7783695 7605993 2026-06-24T15:25:31Z Average Portuguese Joe 47898 7783695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Magnoliopsida|date=2014-09}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Ulex densus'' | status = LC | image = Ulex densus kz01.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Fabales (plantae)|Fabales]] | familia = [[Fabaceae]] | genus = [[Ulex]] | species = '''Ulex densus''' | binomial = Ulex densus | binomial_authority = [[Philip Barker Webb|Webb]] | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = | status_ref = <ref name = "iucn"/> | status_system = iucn3.1 }} An '''''Ulex densus'''''<ref name = "C132"/><ref name = "C133"/> in uska species han [[Magnoliopsida]] nga ginhulagway ni [[Philip Barker Webb]]. An ''Ulex densus'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Ulex]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Fabaceae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Ginklasipika han [[IUCN]] an species komo [[diri gud kababarak-an]].<ref name = "iucn"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/11472748|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)| date = 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 Mayo 2014}}</ref> <ref name = "C132"><![CDATA[Heywood,V.H. & Ball,P.W.]]>, 1968 ''Leguminosae.In:Flora Europaea Vol.2.ed.Tutin,T.G.et al.''</ref> <ref name = "C133">Webb,P.B., 1852 ''Ann.Sci.Nat.ser.3 (Bot.), Vol.17''</ref> <ref name = "source">[http://www.ildis.org ILDIS World Database of Legumes]</ref> <ref name = "iucn">{{IUCN2012.2|assessors= | date = 2011|id= 162242|title= Ulex densus|downloaded= 24 Oktubre 2012}}</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Ulex densus|''Ulex densus''}} {{Wikispecies|Ulex densus|''Ulex densus''}} [[Kaarangay:Ulex]] e3oqr3pdt1vb7ckg6zhbwafrvzrx5cw 0 2728405 7783694 7783680 2026-06-24T13:14:12Z Ercé 14362 file 7783694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Magnoliopsida|date=2014-10}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Hura crepitans'' | status = | image = Hura crepitans (fruit).jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Malpighiales]] | familia = [[Euphorbiaceae]] | genus = [[Hura]] | species = '''Hura crepitans''' | binomial = Hura crepitans | binomial_authority = [[Carl von Linné|L.]] | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = ''Hura strepens'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig von Willdenow|Willd.]]</small><br>''Hura senegalensis'' <small>[[Henri Ernest Baillon|Baill.]]</small><br>''Hura crepitans'' var.'' strepens'' <small></small><br>''Hura crepitans'' var.'' senegalensis'' <small></small><br>''Hura crepitans'' var.'' ovata'' <small></small><br>''Hura crepitans'' f.'' ovata'' <small></small><br>''Hura crepitans'' var.'' orbicularis'' <small></small><br>''Hura crepitans'' f.'' orbicularis'' <small></small><br>''Hura crepitans'' var.'' oblongifolia'' <small></small><br>''Hura crepitans'' f.'' oblongifolia'' <small></small><br>''Hura crepitans'' var.'' membranacea'' <small></small><br>''Hura crepitans'' var.'' genuina'' <small></small><br>''Hura brasiliensis'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig von Willdenow|Willd.]]</small> }} [[File:Hura crepitans-wood MHNT.BOT.2013.22.72.jpg|thumb|''Hura crepitans-wood'']] [[File:Hura crepitans MHNT.BOT.2017.10.21.jpg|thumb|''Hura crepitans'']] An '''''Hura crepitans'''''<ref name = "C132"/> in uska species han [[Magnoliopsida]] nga ginhulagway ni [[Carl von Linné]]. An ''Hura crepitans'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Hura]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Euphorbiaceae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/9729535|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)| date = 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 Mayo 2014}}</ref> <ref name = "C132">L., 1753 ''In: Sp. Pl. : 1008''</ref> <ref name = "source">[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Hura crepitans|''Hura crepitans''}} {{Wikispecies|Hura crepitans|''Hura crepitans''}} [[Kaarangay:Hura]] 53uhgt6tn4t13lbr6lbbwkojew6vjt0 0 2875356 7783708 6229884 2026-06-24T19:15:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260624sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = George III | image = Allan Ramsay - King George III in coronation robes - Google Art Project.jpg | caption = Ritrato hin pagkoronar ni [[Allan Ramsay (artista)|Allan Ramsay]], 1762 | alt = Bug-os-nga-kahilaba nga ritrato ha mga oleo hin nagbarbas nga batan-on nga George ha badò han ika-napulo-kag-walo nga gatos: bulawan nga chaketa ngan mga breech, ermine nga mantilya, ginpulbuhan nga wig, busag nga mga medyas, ngan mayda buckle nga mga sapatos. | reign = 25 Oktubre 1760 – <br/> 29 Enero 1820 | coronation = 22 Septyembre 1761 | cor-type = britain | succession = {{plainlist| *[[Talaan hin mga Britaniko nga monarka|Hadì han Gran Bretanya ngan Irlanda]]{{efn|name=note 1|Hadì han Reino Unido tikang han 1 Enero 1801 nga padayon, sunod han [[Mga Acta hin Unyon 1800]].}} *[[Elector han Hanover]]{{efn|name=note 2|Hadì han Hanover tikang 12 Oktubre 1814 nga padayon.}}}} | moretext = ([[Estilo han Britaniko nga soberano#Mga Estilo hin Britániko nga mga soberano|dugang pa...]]) | predecessor = [[George II han Gran Bretanya|George II]] | regent =[[George IV han Reino Unido|George, Prinsipe nga Rehente]] ''(1811–20)'' | successor = [[George IV han Reino Unido|George IV]] | reg-type1 = [[Primer Ministro han Reino Unido|Mga Primer Ministro]] | regent1 = {{List collapsed|title=''Kitaa an lista'' |[[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle|Duke han Newcastle]] |[[John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute|Earl han Bute]] |[[George Grenville]] |[[Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham|Marquess han Rockingham]] |[[William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham|Earl han Chatham]] |[[Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton|Duke han Grafton]] |[[Frederick North, Lord North|Lord North]] |[[William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne|Earl han Shelburne]] |[[William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland|Duke han Portland]] |[[William Pitt the Younger]] |[[Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth|Henry Addington]] |[[William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville|Lord Grenville]] |[[Spencer Perceval]] |[[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool|Earl han Liverpool]]}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Charlotte han Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]|1761|1818|end=died}} | issue = {{unbulleted list |[[George IV han Reino Unido|George IV]]|[[Prinsipe Frederick, Duke han York ngan Albany]]|[[William IV han Reino Unido|William IV]]|[[Charlotte, Prinsesa Royal]]|[[Prinsipe Edward, Duke han Kent ngan Strathearn]]|[[Prinsesa Augusta Sophia han Reino Unido|Prinsesa Augusta]]|[[Prinsesa Elizabeth han Reino Unido|Prinsesa Elizabeth]]| [[Ernest Augustus, Hadì han Hanover]]|[[Prinsipe Augustus Frederick, Duke han Sussex]]|[[Prinsipe Adolphus, Duke han Cambridge]]|[[Prinsesa Mary, Dukesa han Gloucester ngan Edinburgh]]|[[Prinsesa Sophia han Reino Unido|Prinsesa Sophia]]|[[Prinsipe Octavius han Gran Bretanya|Prinsipe Octavius]]|[[Prinsipe Alfred han Gran Bretanya|Prinsipe Alfred]]|[[Prinsesa Amelia han Reino Unido|Prinsesa Amelia]]}} | full name = George William Frederick | house = [[Panimalay han Hanover|Hanover]] | father = [[Frederick, Prinsipe han Wales]] | mother = [[Prinsesa Augusta han Saxe-Gotha|Augusta han Saxe-Gotha]] | birth_date = 4 Hunyo 1738 {{small|<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Daan nga Estilo ngan Bag-o nga Estilo nga mga pitsa|N.S.]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}{{efn|name=date}} | birth_place = [[Norfolk House]], [[St. James's Square]], [[London]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1820|1|29|1738|6|4|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Windsor Castle]], [[Windsor, Berkshire]] | date of burial = 16 Pebrero 1820 | place of burial = [[St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]] | signature = George III Signature.svg | signature_alt = Handwritten "George" with a huge leading "G" and a curious curlicue at the end }} Hi '''George III''' (puyde liwat igWinaray an ngaran nga '''Jorge III''', bug-os nga ngaran ''George William Frederick'', natawo 4 Hunyo 1738{{efn|name=date|24 Mayo han [[Daan nga Estilo ngan Bag-o nga Estilo nga mga pitsa|Daan nga Estilo]] nga [[Juliano nga kalendaryo]] nga gin-gámit ha Gran Bretanya kutob 1752.}} - 29 Enero 1820) amo an [[Hadì han Gran Bretanya]] ngan [[Hadì han Irlanda]] tikang 25 Oktubre 1760 tubtob han [[Mga Acta hin Unyon 1800|paghiusá han duhá nga nasod]] han 1 Enero 1801, nga tikang hadto hiyá an Hadì han [[Reino Unido han Gran Bretanya ngan Irlanda]] tubtob han iya kamatayan. Hiyá gihapón ha dungán nga panahon an Duke ngan [[prinsipe-nga-elektor]] han [[Elektorado han Brunswick-Lüneburg|Brunswick-Lüneburg ("Hanover")]] didâ han [[Baraan nga Imperyo Romano]] ugsa magin [[Hadì han Hanover]] han 12 Oktubre 1814. Hiyá an ikatuló nga Britániko nga monarka han [[Panimalay han Hanover]], kundi an pagkaiba ha iya tikang han duhá nga nanguna ha iya, natawo hiyá ha Inglaterra, nagyakan hin Ininggles nga iya syahan nga pamulong,<ref name="rh">{{cite web|publisher=Royal Household|accessdate=18 Abril 2016|title=George III|work=Official website of the British monarchy|url=https://www.royal.uk/george-iii-r-1760-1820|language=Ininggles}}</ref> ngan waray bumisita han Hanover.<ref>Brooke, p. 314; Fraser, p. 277</ref> An iya kinabuhi ngan upod hiní an iya paghadì, nga mauruihá kaysa bisan hin-o han mga nanguna ha iya, natigmanan hin mga sunodsunod nga pagkadelito nga militar nga naglakip han iya mga ginhadi-an, dako nga bahin han iba nga dapit han Europa, ngan mga lugar nga mga hiruhigrayo ha Afirka, ha mga Amerika ngan ha Asya. Ha sayó nga bahin han iya paghadi, nalúpig han Gran Bretanya an Fransya didâ han [[Pito ka Tuig nga Gera]], nga diin an Britanya amo an nagin dominante nga gahom ha Amihan nga Amerika ngan Indya. Bisan pa man, damo han mga kolonya nga Americano han Britanya waray la maiha hin mawarâ didâ han [[Amerikano nga Rebolusyonaryo nga Gera|Amerikano nga Gera hin Independensya]]. Mga dúgang pa nga mga gera patok han [[Franses nga Rebolusyon|rebolusyonaryo]] ngan [[Syahan nga Imperyo Franses|Napoleonico nga Fransya]] tikang 1793 nagtapós ha pagkalupig ni [[Napoleon]] ha [[Pag-awayan ha Waterloo]] han 1815. Ha urhe nga bahin han iya kinabuhi, nagkaada hi George III hin pagbinalikbalik, ngan ha urhe permanente, nga [[Mental disorder|pagkasakit ha panhunahunà]]. Bisan pa man kun ginsiríng nga mayda niya han sakit ha dugô nga [[porphyria]], an gintikángan han iya sakit nagpapabilin nga waray mahisabti. Katapos hin kataposan nga pagbalik han sakit han 1810, gintúkod in usá nga [[Rehensya nga era|rehensya]], ngan an suhag nga anak-nga-lalaki ni George III, hi [[George IV han Reino Unido|George, Prinsipe han Wales]], nagdumarà nga [[Prinsipe nga Rehente]]. Han kamatay ni George III, sinmunod an Prinsipe nga Rehente han iya amay ha ngaran nga George IV. An pag-analisar ha kasaysayan han kinabuhi ni George III inmagi hin "kaleidoscope hin nagbuburubalhin nga mga paglantaw" nga nagdepende hin dako han mga panhunahuna han mga nagsurat hin biyograpiya mahiunong ha iya ngan an mga ginkuhaan nga aada para ha ira.<ref>Butterfield, p. 9</ref> Tubtob hin utro nga pag-aseso han iya kinabuhi han ikaduha nga tunga han ika-20 nga gatostuig, an pagkilala ha iya ha Estados Unidos komo usá nga tirano; ngan ha Britanya, hiyá an nahimo nga "ginsayop para han waray pagkamalinamposon han imperyalismo".<ref>Brooke, p. 269</ref> ==Mga tigaman== {{notelist}} ==Mga kasarigan== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Bibliograpiya== * Ayling, Stanley (1972). ''George the Third''. London: Collins. {{ISBN|0-00-211412-7}}. * Benjamin, Lewis Saul (1907). ''Farmer George''. Pitman and Sons. * [[Jeremy Black (historian)|Black, Jeremy]] (2006). ''George III: America's Last King''. New Haven: Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-11732-9}}. * [[John Brooke (English historian)|Brooke, John]] (1972). ''King George III''. London: Constable. {{ISBN|0-09-456110-9}}. * [[Herbert Butterfield|Butterfield, Herbert]] (1957). ''George III and the Historians''. London: Collins. * Cannon, John (2004). [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10540 "George III (1738–1820)"]. ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Oxford University Press. * Cannon, John; Griffiths, Ralph (1988). ''The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-822786-8}}. * Carretta, Vincent (1990). ''George III and the Satirists from Hogarth to Byron''. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press. {{ISBN|0-8203-1146-4}}. * Colley, Linda (1994). ''Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837''. Yale University Press. * [[Antonia Fraser|Fraser, Antonia]] (1975). ''The Lives of the Kings and Queen of England''. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. {{ISBN|0-297-76911-1}}. * [[Christopher Hibbert|Hibbert, Christopher]] (1999). ''George III: A Personal History''. London: Penguin Books. {{ISBN|0-14-025737-3}}. * Medley, Dudley Julius (1902). [https://books.google.com/books?id=xi4GAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA501&lpg=PA501&dq=george+iii+crown+estate+debts&source=web&ots=TlpsTqmua0&sig=7iGsFpjmpQx7yykQd7Zd34e41sQ ''A Student's Manual of English Constitutional History'']. * O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson (2014). ''The Men Who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire''. * Pares, Richard (1953). ''King George III and the Politicians''. Oxford University Press. * Reitan, E. A. (editor) (1964). ''George III, Tyrant Or Constitutional Monarch?''. Boston: D. C. Heath and Company. A compilation of essays encompassing the major assessments of George III up to 1964. * [[John C. G. Röhl|Röhl, John C. G.]]; Warren, Martin; Hunt, David (1998). ''Purple Secret: Genes, "Madness" and the Royal Houses of Europe''. London: Bantam Press. {{ISBN|0-593-04148-8}}. * Sedgwick, Romney (ed.; 1903). ''Letters from George III to Lord Bute, 1756–1766''. Macmillan. * Simms, Brendan; Riotte, Torsten (2007). ''The Hanoverian Dimension in British History, 1714–1837''. Cambridge University Press. * {{cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1468-229X.1985.tb02477.x| author=Thomas, Peter D. G. | year = 1985 | title = George III and the American Revolution | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_history-us_1985-02_70_228/page/16| journal=History | volume = 70 | issue = 228| pages = 16–31 }} * [[Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet|Trevelyan, George]] (1912). ''George the Third and Charles Fox: The Concluding Part of the American Revolution''. New York: Longmans, Green. * [[J. Steven Watson|Watson, J. Steven]] (1960). ''The Reign of George III, 1760–1815''. London: Oxford University Press. * [[Alison Weir|Weir, Alison]] (1996). ''Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy, Revised edition''. London: Random House. {{ISBN|0-7126-7448-9}}. * Wheeler, H. F. B.; Broadley, A. M. (1908). ''Napoleon and the Invasion of England. Volume I''. London: John Lane The Bodley Head. ==Mga dugang nga barasahon== * Black, Jeremy (Fall 1996). "Could the British Have Won the American War of Independence?" ''Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research.'' '''74''' (299): 145–154. [http://hdl.handle.net/1811/30022 online 90-minute video lecture given at Ohio State in 2006; requires Real Player] * Ditchfield, G. M. (2002). ''George III: An Essay in Monarchy''. Basingstoke: Palgrave. {{ISBN|0-333-91962-9}}. * Hecht, J. Jean (1966). "The Reign of George III in Recent Historiography". In: Elizabeth Chapin Furber, ed. ''Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939'', pp.&nbsp;206–234. Harvard University Press. * {{cite journal| doi = 10.1136/bmj.1.5479.65|author1=Macalpine, Ida |author2=Hunter, Richard | year = 1966 | title = The 'insanity' of King George III: a classic case of porphyria | pmc = 1843211| journal=Br. Med. J. | volume = 1 | issue = 5479| pages = 65–71 | pmid=5323262}} * {{cite journal|author1=Macalpine, I. |author2=Hunter, R. |author3=Rimington, C. |title=Porphyria in the Royal Houses of Stuart, Hanover, and Prussia|journal=British Medical Journal|year=1968|volume=1|issue=5583 |pages=7–18|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1984936/pdf/brmedj02065-0057.pdf|pmc=1984936|pmid=4866084|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5583.7}} * [[Lewis Bernstein Namier|Namier, Lewis B.]] (1955). "King George III: A Study in Personality" in ''Personalities and Power''. London: Hamish Hamilton. * {{cite journal|last=O'Shaughnessy|first=Andrew Jackson|title='If Others Will Not Be Active, I Must Drive': George III and the American Revolution|journal=Early American Studies|volume=2|issue=1|date=Spring 2004|pages=iii, 1–46|doi=10.1353/eam.2007.0037}} * [[Charles Grant Robertson|Robertson, Charles Grant]] (1911). [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924014654044#page/n6/mode/1up ''England under the Hanoverians'']. London: Methuen. * Smith, Robert A. (1984). "Reinterpreting the Reign of George III". In: Richard Schlatter, ed. ''Recent Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing since 1966'', pp.&nbsp;197–254. Rutgers University Press. ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|s=Author:George III of the United Kingdom}} * {{UK National Archives ID|F42002}} * {{NPG name|name=King George III}} * [http://georgianpapersprogramme.com Georgian Papers Programme] * [http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/223267 George III papers, including references to madhouses and insanity from the Historic Psychiatry Collection, Menninger Archives, Kansas Historical Society] {{turok}} {{DEFAULTSORT:George 03}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1738]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1820]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Politika]] [[Kaarangay:Reino Unido]] 3idcct19mftwehz0w2ruy43k6atiwuh 0 2881550 7783715 7642682 2026-06-24T19:20:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783715 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" cellspacing="5" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px;" tabindex="0" ! colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" |<span class="fn">Jenifer</span> |- | colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; " | <br> Hi Jenifer han 2016. |- ! style="text-align:left; " |Natawo | class="" style="" | <span class="nickname">Jenifer Yaël Dadouche-Bartoli</span><br> 15 Nobyembre 1982 (<span class="bday">1982-11-15</span>)<span class="noprint"> (edad&nbsp;35)</span><br> [[Nice]], Fransya |- ! style="text-align:left; " |Trabaho | class="role" style="" | Magkaranta, manunurat-hin-kanta, aktris |- ! style="text-align:left; " |Mga tuig nga aktibo | class="" style="" | 2001–yanâ |- ! style="text-align:left; " |Padis | class="" style="" | [[Jean-Pascal Lacoste]] (2001–2002)<br> [[Yodelice]] (2002–2008)<br> [[Pascal Obispo]] (2008–2009) <br> Nicolas Ori (2009–2012)<br> [[Thierry Neuvic]] (2013–2016) |- ! style="text-align:left; " |Mga anak | class="" style="" | Aaron Nouchy (natawo 2003) Joseph Neuvic (natawo 2014) |- | colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; " | '''Karera ha Musika''' |- ! style="text-align:left; " |[[Genre ha Musika|Mga genre]] | class="" style="" | [[French Pop]], Pop, [[pop rock]], [[Adult Contemporary]] |- ! style="text-align:left; " |Mga instrumento | class="note" style="" | Vocals |- ! style="text-align:left; " |Mga tuig nga aktibo | class="" style="" | 2001–present |- ! style="text-align:left; " |[[Label hin rekord|Mga label]] | class="" style="" | [[Mercury Records]]<br> [[Universal Music Group]] |- ! style="text-align:left; " |Mga nahanunungod nga mga buhat | class="" style="" | [[Marc Lavoine]], [[Calogero (singer)|Calogero]], [[Tina Arena]], [[Kyo (band)|Kyo]], [[Olivia Ruiz]] |- ! style="text-align:left; " |Websayt | class="" style="" | [http://www.jenifer.com.fr Jenifer.com.fr]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404012953/http://www.jenifer.com.fr/ |date=2013-04-04 }} |} <span>Hi</span>''' Jenifer Yaël Dadouche-Bartoli''' (natawo 15 Nobyembre 1982 ha [[Nice]], Fransya), kilalado han mononimo nga '''Jenifer''', usá nga Franses nga magkaranta ngan aktris. Tikang han pakadaog han syahan nga season han ''Star Academy France'' han 2002, nagkaada hiyá hin pípira nga mga hit single didâ han mga Franses, Belhika, ngan Swisa nga mga chart. ==Biyograpiya== Gindara hi Jenifer Bartoli upod han iya manghod nga bugto nga lalaki nga hi Jonathan, han ira iroy ngan amay, hira Michel Dadouche ngan Christine Bartoli. An iya iroy, parte Corsicana-Italyana ngan parte Belhika; an iya amay usa nga Hudeyo-Arhelyano. Tikang hiya hin modesto nga tinikangan.  Inmapi hiyá dida han ''Graines de star'' nga pasalida ha telebisyon han 1997, kundi waray ini magmalinamposon. Nagdesidir hi Jenifer nga kumadto ha Paris ngan tumambong han casting para han syahan nga serye han ''Star Academy'' ha Fransya, nga nagpadayon nga magin dako nga hit dida ha Franses nga telebisyon. Napilì hiyá ngan ha urhe nagdaog. Sinmunod an hit nga single "J'attends L'amour" (''Naghuhulat hi akó hin gugma''). Katapos han tour upod han iya banda nga nagsunod han iya pagdaog, nag-tour hiya nga solo nga artista tikang han Oktubre 2002 tubtob January 2003, ngan ha urhe nagpasundayag ha Paris Olympia, which nga iya inop tikang han pagkabata. An iya debut nga album nga gintutulo-han-iya-kalugaringon-ngaran nagpadayon nga nabaligya hin labaw tulo-ka-bahin-hin-tag-upat ka milyon nga kopya. An album nag-feature hin kanta nga ginsurat ni Marc Lavoine ngan hin duet upod han iya igkasi-estudyante ha Star Academy nga hi Mario. An ika-duhá nga single "Au Soleil" amo an nagin usá han mga "tubes de l'été" (Summer nga hit) han 2002 ha Fransya. Gin-utro pagpagawás an album ha urhe nga maglakip hin duha nga bag-o nga mga track: "Entre Humains" ngan "Des Mots Qui Résonnent." An kataposan amo an nagin iya ikatulo nga single nga upod han nangunguna nga napulò ha Fransya ngan siring ni Jenifer nga ini nauruangay ha iya nga estilo hin musika, kay ini mas pop/rock. Ha katosan, mayda ika-upat nga kanta nga ginpagawás, an ballad nga "Donne Moi Le Temps". An gin-utro-pagpagawás nga album nagbaligya hin labaw usá ka ribo nga kopya. Han 2004 binmalik hi Jenifer ngadto han eksena upod han iya ikaduha, purupersonal, nga melankoliya nga album "Le Passage". Upod hin iba, ini nga album naglakip hin mga kanta nga ginsurat ni Calogero, Kyo, Tina Arena ngan usá nga kanta nga ginsurat-hin-upod ni Jenifer. Didâ hini nga album an mga single "Ma Révolution" (''Akon Rebolusyon''), "Le Souvenir De Ce Jour" (''An Paghinumdom Hini nga Adlaw''), "C'est De L'Or" (''Bulawan Ini'') and "Serre Moi" (''Kapti hi akó''). Ginsuportahan an album hin extensibo nga tour palibot han Fransya ngan ginsundan ini hin pagpagawás hin live nga album "Jenifer Fait Son Live" ngan hin kaupod nga DVD. [[Paypay:Jenifer-concert-olympia-26-07-2005-1.jpg|thumb|Hi Jenifer hin usá nga pasundayag han 2005.]] Nagsiring hiyá nga karúyag gihapon hiyá magpagawás hin musika ha Ininggles gawás han Fransya. Han Nobyembre 2010, nagpagawás hi Jenifer han iya ika-upat nga studio album nga tinatawag "Appelle-moi Jen" (''Tawagi ako [nga] Jen''), nga nagchart ha ika-13 nga ihap ha Fransya. Pop/rock-electronika ini nga album nga mayda kanan dekada 1980 nga kanta hin Franses nga pagkaparehas. Ginpagawás an syahan nga single han album, "Je danse"(''Násáyaw hi akó''), didâ han Septyembre 2010. Usá nga hit ha Fransya ini nga kanta pati gihapon ha Belhika, nga sinmaka ngadto han ika-3 ka posisyon ha mga chart. Han 2012, usá hiya nga coach han ''The Voice'' (upod kanda Florent Pagny, Garou ngan Mika) para han TF1. Nagtampò hi Jenifer upod han Franses nga musiko nga hi Maxim Nucci hin limá ka tuig ugsa hirá magbulag dida han Pebrero 2008. Mayda nira anak nga an ngaran hi Aaron (natawo 5 Disyembre 2003). Ginkakilala ni Jenifer an Franses nga aktor nga hi Thierry Neuvic didâ han set han pelíkula nga ''Les Francis''. Nagtikang hirá pag-upod didâ han Hulyo 2013. Han Abril 2014, nagpasangyaw hi Jenifer nga gindadara niya in ikaduha nga anak kan Neuvic. Han 13 Agosto 2014, nag-anak hiyá hin batà nga lalaki nga ginngaranan Joseph. Nagbulag an magpadis dida han Enero 2016. ==Pilantropiya== Api hi Jenifer han Les Enfoirés nga charity ensemble tikang han 2003.<ref>[http://www.enfoires.com/enfoiretheque/enfoires/enfoires.php?nom=jenifer&lg=fr "Jenifer"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023011941/http://www.enfoires.com/enfoiretheque/enfoires/enfoires.php?nom=jenifer&lg=fr |date=2017-10-23 }} (ha Frinanses). ''Enfoires.com''. Ginkuhà 23 Pebrero 2017.</ref> ==Mga premyo== * NRJ Radio's NRJ Music Awards : ** ''Gimaupayi nga Franses nga bag-o nga nag-abot'' (2003) ** ''Gimaupayyi nga Franses nga album'' (2005) ** ''Gimaupayi nga Fransesa nga babayi artista'' (2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011) * MTV Europe Music Awards ** ''Gimaupayi nga Franses nga artista'' (2004) ==Diskograpiya== === Mga album === ==== Mga album ha studio ==== {| class="wikitable" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" ! align="center" rowspan="2" width="10" |Tuig ! align="center" rowspan="2" width="180" |Título ! align="center" colspan="5" |Mga peak na pagposisyon ha chart ! align="center" rowspan="2" width="90" |Mga baligya<br> (Fransya)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/communaute/index.php?/topic/40669-les-ventes-et-jenifer-a-fait-deux/|title=Charts in France – Jenifer Sales|publisher=chartsinfrance.net|accessdate=17 Enero 2013}}</ref> ! align="center" rowspan="2" width="120" |Mga pagsertipika (SNEP) |- ! width="40" |<small>[[Fransya|FRA]]<br> <ref name="charts">[http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Jenifer LesCharts.com: Jenifer discography page]</ref></small> ! width="50" |<small>[[Fransya|FRA]] <br> DL</small> ! width="40" |<small>[[Belhika|BEL <br> (Fl)]]<br> </small> ! width="40" |<small>[[Belhika|BEL <br> (Wa)]]<br> </small> ! width="40" |<small>[[Swiza|SWI]]<br> </small> |- | align="center" |2002 |''Jenifer'' | align="center" |2 | align="center" |— | align="center" |— | align="center" |1 | align="center" |9 |<center>780,000</center> |<center>Platinum</center> |- | align="center" |2004 |''Le Passage'' | align="center" |2 | align="center" |— | align="center" |— | align="center" |3 | align="center" |16 |<center>410,000</center> |<center>Platinum</center> |- | align="center" |2007 |''Lunatique'' | align="center" |1 | align="center" |3 | align="center" |— | align="center" |2 | align="center" |25 |<center>250,000</center> |<center>Platinum</center> |- | align="center" |2010 |''Appelle-moi Jen'' | align="center" |13 | align="center" |5 | align="center" |— | align="center" |10 | align="center" |— |<center>100,000</center> |<center>Platinum</center> |- | align="center" |2012 |''L'Amour et Moi'' | align="center" |3 | align="center" |3 | align="center" |— | align="center" |1 | align="center" |46 |<center>120,000</center> |<center>Platinum</center> |- | align="center" |2013 |''Ma déclaration'' | align="center" |2 | align="center" |— | align="center" |83 | align="center" |1 | align="center" |23 |<center>100,000</center> |<center>Platinum</center> |- | align="center" |2016 |''Paradis secret'' | align="center" |9<br> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-albums-fusionnes/?ye=2016&we=44|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums Fusionnes – SNEP (Week 44, 2016)|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|language=Frinanses|accessdate=7 Nobyembre 2016}}</ref> | align="center" |— | align="center" |— | align="center" |17 | align="center" |50 |- |2018 |''Nouvelle page'' | | | | | |} ==== Mga live nga album ==== {| class="wikitable" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" ! align="center" rowspan="2" width="10" |Tuig ! align="center" rowspan="2" width="180" |Título ! align="center" colspan="4" |Posisyon ha chart |- ! width="40" |<small>FRA<br> </small> ! width="50" |<small>FRA <br> DL</small> ! width="40" |<small>BEL<br> (Wa)<br> </small> ! width="40" |<small>SWI<br> </small> |- | align="center" |2005 |''Jenifer fait son live'' | align="center" |6 | align="center" |14 | align="center" |6 | align="center" |77 |} === Mga single === {| class="wikitable" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" ! align="center" rowspan="2" width="10" |Tuig ! align="center" rowspan="2" width="300" |Título ! align="center" colspan="3" |Posisyon ha chart ! align="center" rowspan="2" width="100" |Album |- ! width="40" |<small>[[Fransya|FRA]]<br> </small> ! width="40" |<small>[[Belhika|BEL<br> (Wa)]]<br> </small> ! width="40" |<small>[[Swiza|SWI]]<br> </small> |- | align="center" rowspan="4" |2002 |"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)" <br> <small>(upod kan Olivia Ruiz & Carine Haddadou)</small> | align="center" |1 | align="center" |11 | align="center" |– | align="center" |''Star Academy, L'Album'' |- |"J'attends l'amour" | align="center" |2 | align="center" |2 | align="center" |– | align="center" rowspan="4" | ''Jenifer'' |- |"Au soleil" | align="center" |2 | align="center" |4 | align="center" |63 |- |"Des mots qui résonnent!" | align="center" |4 | align="center" |3 | align="center" |15 |- | align="center" |2003 |"Donne-moi le temps" | align="center" |8 | align="center" |7 | align="center" |18 |- | align="center" rowspan="2" |2004 |"Ma révolution" | align="center" |9 | align="center" |9 | align="center" |21 | align="center" rowspan="4" | ''Le passage'' |- |"Le souvenir de ce jour" | align="center" |6 | align="center" |7 | align="center" |27 |- | align="center" rowspan="2" |2005 |"C'est de l'or" | align="center" |14 | align="center" |17 | align="center" |71 |- |"Serre-moi" | align="center" |25 | align="center" |14 | align="center" |21 |- | align="center" |2007 |"Tourner ma page" | align="center" |3 | align="center" |3 | align="center" |37 | align="center" rowspan="3" | ''Lunatique'' |- | align="center" rowspan="2" |2008 |"Comme un hic" | align="center" |10 | align="center" |6 | align="center" |73 |- |"Si c'est une île" | align="center" |– | align="center" |– | align="center" |– |- | align="center" |2010 |"Je danse" | align="center" |29 | align="center" |3 | align="center" |– | align="center" rowspan="3" | ''Appelle-moi Jen'' |- | align="center" rowspan="2" |2011 |"L'envers du paradis" | align="center" |59 | align="center" |– | align="center" |– |- |"L'amour fou" | align="center" |86 | align="center" |– | align="center" |– |- | align="center" rowspan="2" |2012 |"Sur le fil" | align="center" |24 | align="center" |11 | align="center" |– | align="center" rowspan="3" |''L'amour et moi'' |- |"L'amour et moi" | align="center" |26 | align="center" |22 | align="center" |– |- | align="center" rowspan="10" |2013 |"Les jours électriques" | align="center" |52 | align="center" |– | align="center" |– |- |"Poupée de cire, poupée de son" | align="center" |21 | align="center" |16 | align="center" |– | align="center" rowspan="8" |''Ma déclaration'' |- |"Résiste" | align="center" |85 | align="center" |– | align="center" |– |- |"Ella, elle l'a" | align="center" |90 | align="center" |– | align="center" |– |- |"Evidemment" | align="center" |97 | align="center" |– | align="center" |– |- |"Si Maman si" | align="center" |117 | align="center" |– | align="center" |– |- |"La déclaration" | align="center" |148 | align="center" |– | align="center" |– |- |"Diego libre dans sa tête" | align="center" |164 | align="center" |– | align="center" |– |- |"Message personnel" | align="center" |190 | align="center" |– | align="center" |– |- |"L'air du vent" | align="center" |43 | align="center" |– | align="center" |– | align="center" |''We Love Disney'' |- | align="center" rowspan="3" |2016 |"Paradis secret" | align="center" |7 | align="center" |44 | align="center" |– | align="center" rowspan="3" | ''Paradis secret'' |- |"Mourir dans tes yeux" | align="center" |34 | align="center" |– | align="center" |– |- |"Aujourd'hui" | align="center" |151 | align="center" |– | align="center" |– |- |2017 |"Au soleil" | | | | |- |2018 |"Notre idylle" | | | | |- | rowspan="3" |2019 |"Encore et encore" | | | | |- |"Les choses simples" | | | | |- |"On oublie le reste" | | | | |} ==Filmograpiya== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" ! Tuig ! Título ! Papel ! Direktor ! class="unsortable" | Mga tigaman |- | 2012–2015 | ''The Voice: la plus belle voix'' | iya kalugaringon (Coach) | nagsirbe hin upat ka season (2012–2015) |- | 2014 | ''Les Francis'' | Laetitia | Fabrice Begotti |- | 2017 | ''Don't Tell Her'' | Laura Brunel | Solange Cicurel |- |2014-2017 |The Voice Kids |iya kalugaringon (Coach) |nagpapadayon nga coach |} ==Mga kasarigan== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== * (Frinanses) [http://www.jenifer.com.fr/ Opisyal nga websayt ni Jenifer]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404012953/http://www.jenifer.com.fr/ |date=2013-04-04 }} * (Ininggles) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202204727/http://www.rfimusique.com/siteen/biographie/biographie_7974.asp Biyograpiya ni Jenifer], tikang ha Radio France Internationale [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1982]] [[Kaarangay:Mga buhi nga tawo]] [[Kaarangay:Musika]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Fransya]] 9scg0v30eulk7oyg42ht3m8bsrazjvf 0 2886842 7783721 7647156 2026-06-24T19:22:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783721 wikitext text/x-wiki Hi '''Jerry Grácio''' usa nga [[Waray]] nga [[paragsiday]] tikang ha [[Mondragon, Northern Samar]] . Nagin komisyoner han [[Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino]] para ha Winaray nga pinulungan han [[Samar (purô)|Samar]]-[[Leyte]]-[[Biliran]]. Iya ginsaliwanan hi Dr. [[Carmelita Abdurahman]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://kwf.gov.ph/lupon-ng-komisyoner/ |access-date=2021-01-27 |archive-date=2020-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215090006/http://kwf.gov.ph/lupon-ng-komisyoner/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://varsitarian.net/filipino/20191108/pangangalaga-sa-katutubong-wika-ng-bansa-sapat-ba</ref> == Mga Pahidungog == *''Carlos Palanca Memorial Award for Poetry in Filipino''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://panitikan.ph/2018/03/30/jerry-b-gracio/ |access-date=2020-04-26 |archive-date=2019-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907015236/http://panitikan.ph/2018/03/30/jerry-b-gracio/ |url-status= }}</ref> *''Gawad Likhaan: U.P. Centennial Literary Awards for Filipino Poetry''<ref>https://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/07/09/08/centennial-literary-awards-winners-announced</ref> == Mga Himo == *Libro nga ''Bagay Tayo'' *Libro nga ''Hindi Tayo Bagay'' == Kontrobersiya == === Aktibismo ha Administrayon ni Duterte === Kumo usa nga ''appointed'' han [[mangulo han Pilipinas]] kay napapailarom an ahensya han [[Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino]] ha mga opisina han presidente, gikukusugi hini magbira kan Presidente [[Rodrigo Duterte|Duterte]].<ref>https://www.bulatlat.com/2020/02/01/oustduterte-netizens-criticize-govt-incompetence-in-addressing-ncoronavirus/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://tnt.abante.com.ph/tag/jerry-b-gracio/ |access-date=2020-04-26 |archive-date=2021-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803102157/https://tnt.abante.com.ph/tag/jerry-b-gracio/ |url-status= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.publicusasia.com/dutertes-senate-hopefuls-get-the-movie-star-treatment/ |access-date=2020-04-26 |archive-date=2021-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802051915/https://www.publicusasia.com/dutertes-senate-hopefuls-get-the-movie-star-treatment/ |url-status= }}</ref><ref>https://opinion.inquirer.net/119448/bato-boomerangs</ref> === Magluad nga Siday === Gin-uran han kritisismo an usa ha mga sinurat niya nga siday nga may titulo nga ''“Silip”'' nga ginsisiring nga duro nga maluad, uraurahan nga sekswal, ngan nakakawaray respeto ha Ginoo kumo usa hiya nga [[Singbahan Katoliko|Katoliko]].<ref>'''Ang Sabi Nila Event''', ''Silip'' ni Jerry Gracio</ref> ===Pagdiri han Paggamit han Pulong nga Filipino=== Ini la hiya an komisyoner han [[Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino]] an nadiri han paggamit han pulong nga [[Tinag-alog|Filipino]] ha pagyayakan ha kadam-an. Mahinunumduman nga nagkamay ada takna nga ginkuha hiya nga ''speaker'' ha usa nga selebrasyon han eskuwelahan ha [[Buwan ng Wika]] para hibatian an iya mga pamulong hiunong ha pinulungan ngan kun ano an mga mandô hit komisyon ha tama nga paggamit hini. Agud, ginpalanatan niya ha iya yakan nga diri hiya magamit hiton nga pulong ha hinungdan nga diri hiya ''“komportable”''. Iton gihapon gin-''post'' niya ha iya mismo akawnt ha ''social media'' nga gin-uran han kritisismo bahin hiton nga butang.<ref>'''Mahinunumduman nga iya mismo iton gin-post ha iya Facebook account.''' ''Tuig 2017.''</ref> === Pagbuhi ha puwesto ha Komisyon === Ha pagpasara han ABS-CBN hiunong ha mga pagtalapas han balaud han Republika han Pilipinas, kumo usa nga empleyado hini nga istasyon hi Gracio, duro an kabido niya hini nga nagin kiwa han administrasyon. Bumuhi hiya ha puwesto nga komisyoner han pinulungan nga Waray han Samar-Leyte ha Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (Commission on Filipino Language).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.banatpilipinasnews.com/2020/07/14/commisioner-ng-kwf-naghain-ng-resignation-letter-sa-ikatlong-beses/ |access-date=2020-07-16 |archive-date=2020-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716142320/https://www.banatpilipinasnews.com/2020/07/14/commisioner-ng-kwf-naghain-ng-resignation-letter-sa-ikatlong-beses/ |url-status= }}</ref> Dugang pa niya, diri niya nasisikmura nga magtrabaho ha administrasyon ni Duterte. An iya nagin aksyon iginbatikos han kadam-an nga tagasuporta han mangulo.<ref>https://tnt.abante.com.ph/tag/commissioner-jerry-gracio/</ref><ref>https://www.hatawtabloid.com/2020/07/14/jerry-gracio-sariling-resignasyon-iginiit-sa-kwf/amp/</ref> == Kitaa Gihapon == *[[Bayot]] *[[Paragsiday]] *[[Waraynon nga literatura|Waraynon nga Literatura]] *[[Mondragon, Northern Samar]] == Mga Kasarigan == {{DEFAULTSORT:Gracio, Jerry}} [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Waraynon nga manunurat]] [[Kaarangay:Kalibutan Waraynon]] [[Kaarangay:Sinirangan nga Kabisay-an]] rtu3gu2ikzjj4k5p81hay66u6lxp48h 0 2905992 7783698 7782999 2026-06-24T18:53:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783698 wikitext text/x-wiki Gin-anak hi '''Kenneth James Peace''' ha Paisley hadton ika-28 han Setyembre, [[1963]]. Usa hiya nga Escotes nga [[kompositor]], piyanista ha konsyerto, ngan artista biswal. == Kaagi ha Kinabuhi == [[Paypay:James Peace in Wiesbaden.jpg|thumb|347x347px|James Peace ha Wiesbaden]] Igin-anak hi '''James Peace''' ha Paisley, [[Scotland|Escocia]] hadton ika-28 han Setyembre, 1963. An dakû nga bahín han iya pagkabata, iya iginpuyô ha Helensburgh, usa nga lugar barakasyunan ha may katundan hit Escocia. <ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110527164145/http://www.wiesbadener-tagblatt.de/region/wiesbaden/meldungen/10206548.htm Birgitta Lamparth. "Keine ‘stacheligen’ Klänge", Wiesbadener Tagblatt (Aleman na peryodiko), 10 Pebrero 2011]</ref><ref name=":1">Julia Anderton. "Tango wie eine süß-saure Geschichte". Wiesbadener Kurier (Aleman na peryodiko), 24 Marso 2012</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Soledad Carrizo-Araya. "Una entrevista al compositor James Peace". Hoja de Ruta Digital. Disyembre 2022 |url=https://hojaderutadigital.mx/una-entrevista-al-compositor-james-peace/ |access-date=2025-12-31 |archive-date=2024-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523121450/https://hojaderutadigital.mx/una-entrevista-al-compositor-james-peace/ |url-status= }}</ref> Damô an mga artista ha iya pamilya (pananglitan, hi John McGhie), ngan naurupod pa gihapon niya hi Felix Burns, usa nga sikat nga [[kompositor]] hin [[musika]] pansayaw hadton siyahan nga katungâ han [[ika-20 nga gatostuig]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">Sabine Klein. "Meine Musik ist wie ich - sehr romantisch". Frankfurter Rundschau (Aleman na peryodiko), 1992, edisyon 254, pahina 2</ref> Han otso anyos hiya, nagmatrikula hiya ha pagpiyano ngan an iya siyahan nga pasalida ha [[publiko]] nahitabo hadton katorse anyos hiya, kun diin iya gintukar an musika ni Scott Joplin.<ref name=":2" /> Han dise sais hiya, nakarawat hiya ha Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama (yana gintatawag na nga Royal Conservatoire of Scotland) komo pinakabata nga regulár nga estudyante tikang katikang.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">G. Müller. "Die Seele des Klaviers tanzt Tango". Kulturspiegel Wetterau (Aleman na peryodiko). 17 Marso 2001, pahina 5</ref> Hadton 1983, ginmradwar hiya tikang ha [[Unibersidad]] han [[Glasgow]] nga may batsilyer-en-artes (B.A.) nga título ha panudluan hin [[piano]]. Pagkasunod nga tuig, nakakarawát hiya hin diploma ha pagtukar hin musika kahuman niya tukaron an kan Mendelssohn Piano Concerto No.1 kaupod an orkestra han RSAMD.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">"James Peace". ''FRIZZ'' (Aleman nga magasin). Enero 2001, pahina 5</ref> Kahuman han iya pormal nga pangeskuylahan, nagtrabaho hiya komo piyanista ngan nagpuyo ha [[Edinburgh]], Escocia hadton 1988-1991.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> [[Paypay:Tango Milonga op. 26.wav|left|thumb|211x211px|Tango Milonga op. 26]] [[Paypay:Tango XVIII by James Peace (James Peace, piano).wav|left|thumb|211x211px|Tango XVIII ni James Peace (James Peace, piano)]] Nag-ukóy hi James Peace ha [[Bad Nauheim]], [[Alemanya]] ([[Inaleman]]: ''Bundesrepublik Deutschland'') tikang 1991-2009.<ref>Manfred Merz. "Virtuose, gefühlsbetonte Welt der Romantik", Wetterauer Zeitung (Aleman na peryodiko), 12 Disyembre, 1992, pahina 19</ref><ref>"James Peace". The Tango Times (magasin ha New York). Numero han edisyon: 2002/2003 (39). Pahina 1 - 5</ref> Tikang 1998, naghimo hiya hin pagtuon han [[tanggo]] ngan nagbug-os han [[CD]] nga ''Tango escocés'' hin iya kalugaringon nga mga komposisyon ha piyano nga igin-alagid-agid ha tanggo. Ug han 2002, nahimo hiya nga onoraryo nga miyembro han Victoria College of Music.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">[https://search.nls.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=44NLS_ALMA21615957400004341&context=L&vid=44NLS_VU1&lang=en_US&search_scope=SCOPE1&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,Tango%20escoc%C3%A9s&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''Tango escocés'']</ref><ref name=":7">[https://pad.philharmoniedeparis.fr/pad/doc/ALOES/0795887/tango-escoces-scottish-tango-k-james-peace-comp-piano Philharmonie de Paris. ''Tango escocés'']</ref><ref name=":8">[https://www.muziekweb.nl/Link/KHX3103/Tango-escoc%C3%A9s de bibliotheek. ''Tango escocés'']</ref><ref name=":9">"James Peace". La Cadena (nga magasin ha Olanda). Septyembre 2002, pahina 26</ref> Ha mao ngahaw nga tuig, nagbuhat hiya hin iya pan-usahan o solo nga nagsusudoy nga konsyerto ha norte han Alemanya hadton Setyembre/Oktubre ug ha Ekstremo Oryente pagka-Nobyembre, ngan ginpasundayag ha siyahan nga higayón an iya ''Tango XVII'' ha [[Hong Kong]].<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040806204941/http://www.tangotang.com/discus/messages/13/266.html?1034001060 ''TangoTang'', Hong Kong (香港). Balita, 8 Oktubre 2002] </ref><ref>[https://www.scmp.com/article/393890/james-peace "James Peace". 南華早報 (peryodiko ha Hong Kong). 9 Oktubre 2002]</ref> [[Paypay:James Peace - Idylls Op.4b.webm|center|thumb|311x311px|James Peace - Idylls Op.4b]] Ha sumunod nga mga katuigan, an iya mga pasundayag nakatutok ha [[Europa]]. Iginpasundayag na niya an iya mga kalugaringon tanggo ha mga masunod nga mga siyudad kauluhan: [[Amsterdam]], [[Atenas]],<ref>Brosyur han konsyerto ''{Για σένα Αγγελική}''. Atenas, 27 Abril 2016</ref> [[Berlin]],<ref>Tangodanza (Aleman nga magasin). Numero han edisyon: 1/2002 - 9</ref> [[Bruselas]], [[Helsinki]],<ref>poster han konsyerto (konsyerto nga paglibot ha Finlandia, 2014)</ref> [[Lisboa]],<ref name=":2" /><ref>Poster han konsyerto (konsyerto nga paglibot ha Portugal, 2016)</ref> [[London]], [[Madrid]],<ref name=":2" /><ref>Poster han konsyerto (konsyerto nga paglibot sa Espanya: ''¡Feliz Cincuenta Cumpleaños - 2013!'')</ref> [[Oslo]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200608114526/https://listen.no/event/konsert-kl-13-00-james-peace-flygel-tangos-romanticos-musikk-av-peace-piazzolla-albeniz-utstillingssalene-er-stengt Listen.no. James Peace (flygel). Munch Museet. Oslo, 16 Oktubre, 2004] </ref> [[Reykjavík]]<ref>[https://www.mbl.is/greinasafn/grein/823608/ Ríkarður Ö. Pálsson. "Skozkir Slaghörputangoár". Morgunblaðið (nga peryodiko ha Islandya). 14 Oktubre 2004]</ref> ug [[Vienna]].<ref>Brosyur han konsyerto (Vienna). 23 Enero 2005</ref> Han 2008, nahimo hiya nga onoraryo nga miyembro han London College of Music komo pagkilala han iya mga kontribusyon ha tanggo.<ref name=":10">[https://search.nls.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=44NLS_VU1&tab=default_tab&docid=44NLS_ALMA21438757900004341&lang=en_US&context=L&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,K.%20James%20Peace&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''K. James Peace in Wiesbaden'']</ref><ref name=":11">[https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D1022200380 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. ''K. James Peace in Wiesbaden'']</ref><ref name=":12">[https://whittakerlive.blogspot.com/2012/05/new-dvd-interview-with-wiesbaden.html Whittaker Live. "Wiesbadener Highlander K. James Peace - New DVD"]</ref> Kahuman hin makadaliay nga panahon ha Edimburgo, bumalik hiya hadton Pebrero 2010 ha Alemanya agud mag-ukoy ha [[Wiesbaden]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Nakaghatag ini hin bag-o nga mga inspirasyon ha paglaráng ug naghimo hiya hin mga haglipot nga mga pelikula hiunong han pipira han iya mga kalugaringon komposisyon. Usa an dokumentaryo nga ''James Peace in Wiesbaden'' han iya mga búhat hini nga henerò.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> [[Paypay:Cover page, Eternal Song Op.32 by James Peace (study score).png|thumb|320x320px|Cobre page, Eternal Song Op.32 ni James Peace (iskor han pag-aram)]] == Mga Premyo ngan Pagkilala == ●     Siyahan nga Premyo, ''Agnes Millar'' Kompetisyon. [[Glasgow]], 1983<ref name=":4" /> ●      Siyahan nga Premyo, ''Dunbartonshire EIS'' Kompetisyon. Glasgow, 1984<ref name=":4" /> ●      Siyahan nga Premyo, ''Sibelius Essay'' Kompetisyon. Glasgow, 1985<ref name=":4" /> ●     Onoraryo nga diploma, ''TIM'' Kompetisyon. [[Roma]], 2000<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> ●      Onoraryo nga diploma, ''IBLA Foundation''. [[New York (estado)|New York]], 2002 <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> ●     Panhinumduman nga Medalya (Primera Klase), ''International Piano Duo Association''. [[Tokyo]], 2002<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Piano Duo Association (東京), Tokyo. Listahan sa mga mananaog sa premyo, 2002 |url=http://ipda-pianoduo.com/composition-concour-list-english.html |access-date=2025-12-31 |archive-date=2020-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527164059/http://www.ipda-pianoduo.com/composition-concour-list-english.html |url-status= }}</ref> ●     Bulawan nga Medalya, ''Académie Internationale de Lutèce''. [[Paris]], 2008<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Mga Nag-una nga Komposisyon == [[Paypay:Eternal Song Op.32 by James Peace (bars 602 - 606).pdf|thumb|294x294px|Eternal Song Op.32 ni James Peace (mga bar 602 - 606)]] ●     The Waterfall (''An Busáy'')<ref>Hessisches Staatstheater. Brosyur han konsyerto 12/19 Septiyembre 2021</ref> ●     Idylls (''Mga Dalikyat nga Sumat Hiunong han Kahurunán'') ●     Lento Lacrimoso (''Hilom nga mga Luha'') ●     Forgotten Leaves (''Pinanngalimtan nga Kadahunan'') ●     Sonata for Oboe and Piano (''Sonata Para han Obo ug Piyano'') ●     Ballade (''Balada'') ●     Ceremonial March no.1 (''Martsa Panseremonya Numero Uno'') ●      Ceremonial March no.2 (''Martsa Panseremonya Numero Duha'') ●     Autumn Gold (''Bulawan han Katlayâ'')<ref>"Violine schwebt über das Orchester". Schwäbische Post (nga peryodiko ha  Aleman). 4 Hunyo, 1994</ref> ●     Eternal Song (''Kanta nga Waray Katapusán'') <ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://search.nls.uk/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9935400923804341&context=L&vid=44NLS_INST:44NLS_VU1&lang=en&search_scope=MainCatalogue&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,James%20peace&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''Eternal Song Op.32, Peace, K. James''] </ref> ●     ​"Para ha Heyorhiya​" ([[Heorhyano]]: ''საქართველოსთვის'') (Mga liriko/pulong: Tamar Chikvaidze, Zurab Chikvaidze ug James Peace) ●     24 Tanggo (para han nga solo piano)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref>[https://www.britishviolasociety.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Latest-news-from-the-British-Viola-Society.-August-2023-compressed.pdf British Viola Society Newsletter, Agosto 2023] </ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240522135254/https://hojaderutadigital.mx/una-corta-historia-del-tango/ Hoja de Ruta Digital, México. "Una corta historia del tango", 22 Marso 2024]</ref><ref>[https://search.nls.uk/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9941547953804341&context=L&vid=44NLS_INST:44NLS_VU1&lang=en&search_scope=MainCatalogue&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,James%20peace&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''Tangos op.33, Peace, K. James'']</ref> == Mga sumpay ha gawas == ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSX1c8EUukg&list=RDsSX1c8EUukg&start_radio=1 Souvenir de Buenos Aires - youtube]'' ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZcMRNnwNJhk&list=RDZcMRNnwNJhk&start_radio=1 Lento Lacrimoso - youtube]'' ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_VKxG2dmQn4&list=RD_VKxG2dmQn4&start_radio=1 Autumn Gold - youtube]'' == Mga reperensya == <references /> [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1963]] [[Kaarangay:Musika]] [[Kaarangay:Mga buhi nga tawo]] 0uqcdyfbbsllkyxl8ro8ceol82j5uhq 0 2906431 7783734 2026-06-25T04:50:17Z ~2026-36752-02 67793 Bag-o nga pakli: {{Infobox person | name = José Rafael Cordero Sánchez | image = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|12|14}} | birth_place = Barquisimeto, Venezuela | occupation = Musikero, kompositor, kronista sosyal, aktibista, filmmaker | nationality = Venezolano | known_for = Odio a Maduro, musika politikal }} '''Hi José Rafael Cordero Sánchez''' (natawo Disyembre 14, 1990) usa ka Venezolanong '''musikero''', '''kompositor''', '''kronista sosyal... 7783734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = José Rafael Cordero Sánchez | image = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|12|14}} | birth_place = Barquisimeto, Venezuela | occupation = Musikero, kompositor, kronista sosyal, aktibista, filmmaker | nationality = Venezolano | known_for = Odio a Maduro, musika politikal }} '''Hi José Rafael Cordero Sánchez''' (natawo Disyembre 14, 1990) usa ka Venezolanong '''musikero''', '''kompositor''', '''kronista sosyal''', '''aktibista''' ug '''filmmaker'''. Kilala hiya tungod han iya musika nga may temang politikal ug sosyal mahitungod ha sitwasyon ha Venezuela. == Kabuhi == Natawo hiya ha syudad han '''Barquisimeto''', estado han Lara, Venezuela. Nagtuon hiya han kursong sistema analisis ug administrasyon ha Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado. Desde joven, interesado na hiya ha musika, pagsusurat ug mga isyu sosyal. == Karera == Ginagamit ni Cordero Sánchez an musika bilang gamit para han protesta ug kronika han kinabuhi han katawhan ha Venezuela. Nagkombina hiya han mga genre sugad han electronic pop, synth-pop ug reggaeton. === Mga importante nga mga buhat === * '''Odio a Maduro''' (album 2020 ug Vol. 2) – usa ka koleksyon han protesta batok han rehiman * '''Crisisdosis''' * '''Me Iré De Aquí''' * '''Cumplirás''' * '''Libertad''' – para han pagkagawas han mga preso politikal * '''Observa la silla de terror''' – musika video ug kortometrahe nga may tema han horror ug sikolohikal Nagprodyus man hiya hin mga pelikula ug digital content. Ginagamit niya an iya plataporma para han pagdefensa han tawhanon nga katungod, labi na han '''preso politikal''' ha Venezuela ug han '''animal rights'''. == Impluwensya == An iya musika usa ka kombinasyon han personal nga kasumuko, pagkritika han politika ug paglaum para han kauswagan. Damo nga iya mga kanta nagsusumat han kahimtang han krisis sosyal, ekonomiya ug politikal ha nasyon. == Mga Eksternal nga Link == * [https://joserafaelcorderosanchez.site/ Opisyal nga Website] * [https://open.spotify.com/artist/4nLuvtvNeZ3xfwFy8JvU1f Spotify] * [https://www.discogs.com/artist/8550372-Jos%C3%A9-Rafael-Cordero-S%C3%A1nchez Discogs] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tecw_E4UGUg Crisisdosis - Official Music Video] * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9919343/ IMDb] == Mga Referensya == {{Reflist}} * José Rafael Cordero Sánchez Official Website. "About". Retrieved 2026. * Discogs. "José Rafael Cordero Sánchez". Retrieved 2026. * Stage 32. "Jose Rafael Cordero Sanchez Bio". Retrieved 2026. [[Category:Venezolanong musikero]] [[Category:Kompositor]] [[Category:Aktibista]] [[Category:Natawo 1990]] [[Category:Filmmaker]] 2m6xypifo5nvvnb77wvbcjaznbvmls5